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Sacred prostitution

2026-05-06T19:31:25Z

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{{short description|Sexual rite performed in the context of religious worship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
[[File:Ishtar vase Louvre AO17000.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Inanna]]/[[Ishtar]], Mesopotamian goddess of sex and fertility, depicted on a ceremonial vase]]
'''Sacred prostitution''', '''temple prostitution''', '''cult prostitution''',<ref name="Schulz">{{Cite news|title = Sex in the Service of Aphrodite: Did Prostitution Really Exist in the Temples of Antiquity?|url = http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/sex-in-the-service-of-aphrodite-did-prostitution-really-exist-in-the-temples-of-antiquity-a-685716.html|newspaper = Der Spiegel|date = 26 March 2010|access-date = 1 January 2016|first = Matthias|last = Schulz|archive-date = 26 November 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181126072714/http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/sex-in-the-service-of-aphrodite-did-prostitution-really-exist-in-the-temples-of-antiquity-a-685716.html|url-status = live}}</ref> and '''religious prostitution''' are purported [[Ritual|rite]]s consisting of [[Prostitution|paid intercourse]] performed in the context of [[religious worship]], possibly as a form of [[fertility rite]] or divine marriage ({{Transliteration|el|[[hieros gamos]]}}). Scholars prefer the terms "[[Sexual ritual|sacred sex]]" or "sacred sexual rites" in cases where payment for services is not involved.

The historicity of literal sacred prostitution, particularly in some places and periods, is a controversial topic within the academic world.{{sfn|Cooper|1971|pp=18–19}} Historically mainstream historiography has considered it a probable reality, based on the abundance of ancient sources and chroniclers detailing its practices,<ref name="Schulz"/>{{sfn|Stol|2016|pp=419–435}} although it has proved harder to differentiate between true prostitution and sacred sex without remuneration.<ref name=Westen>[[Joan Goodnick Westenholz]], ''Tamar, Qedesha, Qadishtu, and Sacred Prostitution in Mesopotamia'', [[The Harvard Theological Review]] 82, 198</ref> Beginning in the late 20th century, a number of scholars have challenged the veracity of sacred prostitution as a concept, suggesting that the claims are based on mistranslations, misunderstandings or outright inventions of ancient authors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beard |first=Mary |last2=Henderson |first2=John |date=November 1997 |title=With This Body I Thee Worship: Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0424.00072 |journal=Gender & History |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=480–503 |doi=10.1111/1468-0424.00072 |issn=0953-5233|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Stol|2016|pp=419–435}}<ref name="Budin3" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Larson |first=Paul |title=Sacred Prostitution |date=2010 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion |pages=804–805 |editor-last=Leeming |editor-first=David A. |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-0-387-71802-6_600 |access-date=2024-03-16 |place=Boston, MA |publisher=Springer US |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-71802-6_600 |isbn=978-0-387-71801-9 |editor2-last=Madden |editor2-first=Kathryn |editor3-last=Marlan |editor3-first=Stanton|url-access=subscription }}{{dead link|date=August 2025}}</ref> Authors have also interpreted evidence as [[prostitution|secular prostitution]] administered in the temple under the patronage of [[fertility deity|fertility deities]], not as an act of religious worship by itself.<ref>Martin Gruber, ''Hebrew Qedesha and her Canaanite and Akkadian Cognates'', Ugarit-Forschungen 18, 1986</ref><ref>[[Gerda Lerner]], ''The Origin of Prostitution in Ancient Mesopotamia'', Signs 11, 1986</ref>

== Definitions ==
Sacred prostitution has many different characteristics depending on the region, class and the religious ideals of the period and the place, and consequently can have many different definitions.

Historian Stephanie Budin offers one definition: "Sacred prostitution is the sale of a person’s body for sexual purposes where some portion (if not all) of the money or goods received for this transaction belongs to a deity." Budin references three types of such sacred prostitution references in [[Classical antiquity|Classical]] sources: once-in-a-lifetime and/or sale-of-virginity prostitution to honor a goddess, professional prostitutes owned by a deity's sanctuary or the deity itself, and temporary prostitution before marriage or for certain rituals.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Pirenne-Delforge |first=Vinciane |date=2009 |title=Review of St. L. Budin, The myth of sacred prostitution in Antiquity. |url=https://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009.04.28/ |journal=Bryn Mawr Classical Review}}</ref>{{sfn|Budin|2008|p=3}}

==Ancient Near East==
[[File:Ishtar vase Louvre AO17000-detail.jpg|100px|thumb|[[Inanna]] depicted wearing the ceremonial [[headdress]] of the [[high priestess]]]]
[[Ancient Near East]]ern societies along the [[Tigris]] and [[Euphrates]] rivers featured many shrines and temples or ''houses of heaven'' dedicated to various [[deities]]. The 5th-century BCE historian [[Herodotus]]'s account and some other testimony from the [[Hellenistic Period]] and [[Late Antiquity]] suggest that ancient societies encouraged the practice of sacred sexual rites not only in [[Babylonia]] and [[Cyprus]], but throughout the [[Near East]].

The work of gender researchers like Daniel Arnaud,{{sfn|Arnaud|1973|pp=111–115}} Julia Assante{{sfn|Assante|2003}} and Stephanie Budin<ref name="Budin3" /> has cast the whole tradition of scholarship that defined the concept of sacred prostitution into doubt. Budin regards the concept of sacred prostitution as a myth, arguing that the practices described in the sources were misunderstandings of either non-remunerated [[ritual sex]] or non-sexual religious ceremonies, or possibly even invented as rhetorical devices.<ref name="Budin3" />

===Sumer===
Through the twentieth century, scholars generally believed that a form of sacred marriage rite (''[[hieros gamos]]'') was staged between the kings in the ancient Near Eastern region of [[Sumer]] and the high priestesses of [[Inanna]], the [[Mesopotamian mythology|Sumerian goddess]] of sexual love, fertility, and warfare, later called [[Ishtar]]. The king would have sex with the priestess to represent the union of [[Dumuzid, the Shepherd|Dumuzid]] with [[Inanna]].<ref name=Day_2004>{{harvnb|Day|2004|pp=2–21}}</ref> According to the noted Assyriologist [[Samuel Noah Kramer]], the kings would further establish their legitimacy by taking part in a ritual sexual act in the temple of the fertility goddess Ishtar every year on the tenth day of the New Year festival [[Akitu]].{{sfn|Kramer|1969}}

However, no certain evidence has survived to prove that sexual intercourse was included, despite many popular descriptions of the habit.{{sfn|Frazer|1922|loc=[[s:The Golden Bough/Adonis in Cyprus|Chapter 31: Adonis in Cyprus]]}} It is possible that these unions never occurred but were embellishments to the image of the king; hymns which praise Ancient Near Eastern kings for coupling with the goddess [[Ishtar]] often speak of them as running {{convert|320|km|abbr=on}}, offering sacrifices, feasting with the sun-god [[Utu]], and receiving a royal crown from [[Anu|An]], all in a single day.{{sfn|Sweet|1994|pp=85–104}} Some modern historians argue in the same direction,<ref name="Budin3" />{{sfn|Assante|2003|pp=13–47}}{{sfn|Yamauchi|1973|pp=213–222}} though their posture has been disputed.<ref name=Day_2004 />

===Babylonia===
According to [[Herodotus]], the rites performed at these temples included sexual intercourse, or what scholars later called sacred sexual rites:

{{blockquote|The foulest Babylonian custom is that which compels every woman of the land to sit in the temple of [[Aphrodite]] ([[Ishtar]]) and have intercourse with some stranger at least once in her life. Many women who are rich and proud and disdain to mingle with the rest, drive to the temple in covered carriages drawn by teams, and stand there with a great retinue of attendants. But most sit down in the sacred plot of Aphrodite, with crowns of cord on their heads; there is a great multitude of women coming and going; passages marked by line run every way through the crowd, by which the men pass and make their choice. Once a woman has taken her place there, she does not go away to her home before some stranger has cast money into her lap, and had intercourse with her outside the temple; but while he casts the money, he must say, "I invite you in the name of [[Mylitta]]". It does not matter what sum the money is; the woman will never refuse, for that would be a sin, the money being by this act made sacred. So she follows the first man who casts it and rejects no one. After their intercourse, having discharged her sacred duty to the goddess, she goes away to her home; and thereafter there is no bribe however great that will get her. So then the women that are fair and tall are soon free to depart, but the uncomely have long to wait because they cannot fulfil the law; for some of them remain for three years, or four. There is a custom like this in some parts of Cyprus.{{sfn|Herodotus|loc=[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+1.199 vol.1 p.199]}}}}

The British anthropologist [[James Frazer]] accumulated citations to prove this in a chapter of his magnum opus ''[[The Golden Bough]]'' (1890–1915),<ref>{{harvnb|Frazer|1922|loc=abridged ed. [[s:The Golden Bough/Adonis in Cyprus|Chapter 31: Adonis in Cyprus]]}}; see also the more extensive treatment {{harvnb|Frazer|1914|loc=3rd ed. volumes 5 and 6}}. Frazer's argument and citations are reproduced in slightly clearer fashion by {{harvnb|Henriques|1961|loc=vol. I, ch. 1}}</ref> and this has served as a starting point for several generations of scholars. Frazer and Henriques distinguished two major forms of sacred sexual rites: temporary rite of unwed girls (with variants such as dowry-sexual rite, or as public [[defloration]] of a bride), and lifelong sexual rite.{{sfn|Henriques|1961|loc=vol. I, ch. 1}} However, Frazer took his sources mostly from authors of [[Late Antiquity]] (i.e. 150–500 AD), not from the Classical or [[Hellenistic period]]s.<ref>[[Herodotus]] and [[Strabo]] are the only sources mentioned by Frazer that were active prior to the 2nd century AD; his other sources include [[Deipnosophistae|Athenaeus]], [[De Dea Syria|pseudo-Lucian]], [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], and the Christian church historians [[Sozomen]] and [[Socrates of Constantinople]].</ref> This raises questions as to whether the phenomenon of temple sexual rites can be generalised to the whole of the ancient world, as earlier scholars typically did.

In [[code of Hammurabi|Hammurabi's code of laws]], the rights and good name of female sacred sexual priestesses were protected. The same legislation that protected married women from slander applied to them and their children. They could inherit property from their fathers, collect income from land worked by their brothers, and dispose of property. These rights have been described as extraordinary, taking into account the role of women at the time.{{sfn|Qualls-Corbett|1988|p=37}}

===Terms associated with temple prostitution in Sumer and Babylonia===
All translations are sourced from the [[Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=University of Pennsylvania |title=Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary |url=http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/nepsd-frame.html |website=Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary |publisher=University of Pennsylvania |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=5 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605041059/http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/nepsd-frame.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Akkadian terms were used in the Akkadian Empire, Assyria, and Babylonia. The terms themselves come from lexical profession lists on tablets dating back to the Early Dynastic period.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English !! Sumerian !! Akkadian !! Signs !! Cuneiform
|-
| Abbess || nin-diĝir || ''ēntu'' || SAL.TUG2.AN || 𒊩𒌆𒀭
|-
| Priestess || lukur || ''nadītu'' || SAL.ME || 𒊩𒈨
|-
| Nun || nugig || ''[[qadištu]]'' || NU.GIG || 𒉡𒍼
|-
| Hierodule Priestess || nubar || ''kulmašītu'' || NU.BAR || 𒉡𒁇
|-
| Cult Prostitute || amalu || ''ištaru'' || GA2×AN.LUL || 𒂼𒈜
|-
| A Class of Women || sekrum || ''sekretu'' || ZI.IG.AŠ || 𒍣𒅅𒀸
|-
| Prostitute || geme2karkid || ''harīmtu'' || SAL×KURTE.A.KID || 𒊩𒆳𒋼𒀀𒆤
|-
| Prostitute (EDIIIb) || geme2karkid || ''harīmtu'' || SAL×KURTE.A.AK || 𒊩𒆳𒋼𒀀𒀝
|}
Notes on the [[cuneiform]]: by convention Akkadian is italicised, spoken Sumerian is lowercase and cuneiform sign transliteration is uppercase. In addition, a [[determinative]] sign is written as a superscript. Determinatives are only written and never spoken. In spoken Sumerian [[homophones]] are distinguished by a numerical subscript.

===Hittites===
The [[Hittites]] practiced sacred prostitution as part of a cult of deities, including the worship of a mated pair of deities, a bull god and a lion goddess, while in later days it was the mother-goddess who became prominent, representing fertility, and (in Phoenicia) the goddess who presided over human birth.{{sfn|Singh|1997|p=6}}

===Phoenicia===
It has been argued that sacred prostitution, worked by both males and females, was a custom of ancient [[Phoenicians]].<ref name=Sai/><ref>{{Cite web|title = Las mujeres en la religión fenicio-púnica|url = https://archivoshistoria.com/las-mujeres-en-la-religion-fenicio-punica/|date = 2 November 2018|access-date = 28 June 2022|first = Christian|last = San José Campos|publisher = Archivos Historia|language = Spanish|archive-date = 2 July 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220702120306/https://archivoshistoria.com/las-mujeres-en-la-religion-fenicio-punica/|url-status = live}}</ref> It would be dedicated to the deities [[Astarte]] and [[Adonis]], and sometimes performed as a festival or social rite in the cities of [[Byblos]], [[Afqa]] and [[Baalbek]] (later named [[Heliopolis (Lebanon)|Heliopolis]])<ref name=Mone/> as well as the nearby Syrian city of [[Palmyra]].<ref name=Sai/>
[[File:Centro_de_Interpretación_del_Yacimiento_de_Cancho_Roano._Paneles_informativos_I_06.jpg|thumb|Complex of [[Cancho Roano]], [[Spain]], a proposed place of temple prostitution]]
At the Etruscan site of [[Pyrgi]], a center of worship of the eastern goddess [[Astarte]], archaeologists identified a temple consecrated to her and built with at least 17 small rooms that may have served as quarters for temple prostitutes.<ref name=St>Biblical Archaeology Society Staff, [https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-israel/sacred-prostitution-in-the-story-of-judah-and-tamar/ Sacred Prostitution in the Story of Judah and Tamar?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716134256/https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-israel/sacred-prostitution-in-the-story-of-judah-and-tamar/ |date=16 July 2019 }}, 7 August 2018</ref> Similarly, a temple dedicated to her equated goddess [[Atargatis]] in [[Dura-Europos]], was found with nearly a dozen small rooms with low benches, which might have used either for sacred meals or sacred services of women jailed in the temple for adultery.<ref name=St/><ref name=Lipinski2013>{{harvnb|Lipiński|2013|pp=9–27}}</ref> Pyrgi's sacred prostitutes were famous enough to be apparently mentioned in a lost fragment of [[Gaius Lucilius|Lucilius]]'s works.<ref name=PuGa>Ana María Jiménez Flores, ''Cultos fenicio-púnicos de Gádir: Prostitución sagrada y Puella Gaditanae'', 2001. Habis 32. [[Universidad de Sevilla]].</ref>

In northern Africa, the area of influence of the Phoenician colony of [[Carthage]], this service was associated to the city of [[Sicca Veneria|Sicca]], a nearby city that received the name of ''Sicca Veneria'' for its temple of [[Astarte]] or [[Tanit]] (called [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] by Roman authors).<ref name=PuGa/> [[Valerius Maximus]] describes how their women gained gifts by engaging in prostitution with visitors.<ref>[[Valerius Maximus]], ''Factorum et dictorum memorabilium libri novem'', II. 6.15</ref>

Phoenicio-Punic settlements in [[Hispania]], like [[Cancho Roano]], [[Gadir]], [[Castulo]] and La Quéjola, have suggested this practice through their archaeology and iconography. In particular, Cancho Roano features a sanctuary built with multiple cells or rooms, which has been identified as a possible place of sacred prostitution in honor to Astarte.<ref name=Mone>Teresa Moneo, ''Religio iberica: santuarios, ritos y divinidades (siglos VII-I A.C.)'', 2003, Real Academia de la Historia, {{ISBN|9788495983213}}</ref> A similar institution might have been found in Gadir. Its posterior, renowned erotic dancers called ''[[puellae gaditanae]]'' in Roman sources (or ''cinaedi'' in the case of male dancers) might have been desecrated heirs of this practice, considering the role occupied by sex and dance on Phoenician culture.<ref name=Sai>José María Blázquez Martínez, ''La diosa de Chipre'', Real Academia de la Historia. Saitabi. Revista de la Facultat de Geografia i Història, 62-63 (2012-2013), pp. 39-50</ref><ref name=PuGa/><ref name=Euro>Guadalupe López Monteagudo, María Pilar San Nicolás Pedraz, ''Astarté-Europa en la península ibérica - Un ejemplo de interpretatio romana'', Complurum Extra, 6(I), 1996: 451-470</ref>

Another center of cult to Astarte was [[Cyprus]], whose main temples were located in [[Paphos]], [[Amathus]] and [[Kition]].<ref name=Mone/> The epigraphy of the Kition temple describes personal economic activity on the temple, as sacred prostitution would have been taxed as any other occupation, and names possible practitioners as ''grm'' (male) and ''lmt'' (female).<ref name=PuGa/><ref>Julio González Alcalde, ''Simbología de la diosa Tanit en representaciones cerámicas ibéricas'', Quad. Preh. Arq. Cast. 18, 1997</ref>

===Ancient Israel===
The [[Hebrew Bible]] uses two different words for prostitute, ''zonah'' ({{langx|he|זונה|zonā}})<ref name="zanah">Associated with the corresponding verb ''zanah''.{{cite web|title=Genesis 1:1 (KJV)|url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h2181|website=[[Blue Letter Bible]]|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=17 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117060240/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h2181|url-status=live}} incorporating [[Strong's concordance]] (1890) and [[Wilhelm Gesenius|Gesenius]]'s Lexicon (1857)</ref> and ''qedesha'' ({{lang|he|קדשה}} ''qəḏēšā'').<ref name="zanah" /> ''Zonah'' meant an ordinary prostitute or "loose woman'".<ref name="zanah" /> ''Qedeshah'' literally means "set apart" (in feminine form), from the [[triliteral]] {{lang|he|קדש}} ''[[Q-D-Š]]'', meaning "holy, consecrated, set apart".<ref name="zanah" /> ''Zonah'' and ''qedeshah'' are not interchangeable terms: the former occurs 93 times in the Bible,<ref>{{cite web|title=Lexicon results for ''zanah'' (Strong's H2181)|url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h2181|website=[[Blue Letter Bible]]|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=17 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117060240/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h2181|url-status=dead}}</ref> whereas the latter is only used in five places,<ref>{{cite web|title=Lexicon results for ''qĕdeshah'' (Strong's H6948)|url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h6948|website=[[Blue Letter Bible]]|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-date=29 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829175407/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h6948|url-status=dead}} incorporating [[Strong's concordance]] (1890) and [[Wilhelm Gesenius|Gesenius]]'s Lexicon (1857).</ref> conveying different connotations.

This double meaning has led to the belief that qedeshot (the plural of qedesha) were not ordinary prostitutes, but sacred ones who worked out of fertility temples.<ref name="Oxfordqedeshah">{{harvnb|Grossman et al|2011|p=596}}</ref> However, the lack of solid evidence{{sfn|Yamauchi|1973|pp=213–222}}{{sfn|Kamionkowski|2003|pp=21–22}}{{sfn|Westenholz|1989|pp=245–265}} has indicated that the word might refer to prostitutes who offered their services in the vicinity of temples, where they could attract a larger number of clients.<ref name="Oxfordqedeshah" /> The term might have originated as consecrated maidens employed in Canaanite and Phoenician temples, which became synonymous with harlotry for Biblical writers.<ref name=Lipinski2013/>{{sfn|Bird|2020|pp=6, 13}}

In any case, the translation of sacred prostitute has continued, however, because it explains how the word can mean such disparate concepts as "sacred" and "prostitute".<ref name="DeGrado">{{harvnb|DeGrado|2018}}</ref> As put by DeGrado, "neither the interpretation of the {{lang|he|קדשה}} as a 'priestess-not-prostitute' (according to Westenholz) nor as a 'prostitute-not-priestess' (according to Gruber) adequately represents the semantic range of Hebrew word in biblical and post-biblical Hebrew."<ref name="DeGrado"/>

Male prostitutes were called ''qadesh''.{{sfn|Gruber|1986|pp=133–148}} The Hebrew word ''kelev'' "dog" may also signify a male dancer or prostitute.<ref>[https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h3611 Lexicon results for ''kelev'' (Strong's H3611)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142953/https://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?t=kjv&strongs=h3611 |date=12 June 2018 }}, incorporating [[Strong's Concordance]] (1890) and [[Wilhelm Gesenius|Gesenius]]'s Lexicon (1857).</ref>

The [[Mosaic Law]] as outlined in the [[Book of Deuteronomy]] was not universally observed in [[Israelite]] culture under the [[Davidic line]] in the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|United Kingdom of Israel]], as recorded in the [[Books of Kings]]. According to [[2 Kings 22]], the [[Kingdom of Judah]] had lost "the Book of the Law". During the reign of King [[Josiah]], [[Hilkiah]], the [[High Priest of Israel]], discovered it in "[[Solomon's Temple|the House of the Lord]]" and realized that the people have disobeyed, particularly regarding prostitution.<ref>2 Kings 22:8</ref>{{sfn|Sweeney|2001|p=137}}

== Ancient Greece and Hellenistic world ==

===Ancient Greece===
{{Main|Sacred prostitution in ancient Greece}}
{{See also|Prostitution in ancient Greece#Temple prostitution in Corinth}}
The Greek term ''hierodoulos'' or ''hierodule'' has sometimes been taken to mean ''sacred holy woman'', but it is more likely to refer to a former slave freed from slavery in order to be dedicated to a god.<ref name="Budin3">{{harvnb|Budin|2008}}; more briefly the case that there was no sacred prostitution in Greco-Roman Ephesus {{harvnb|Baugh|1999}}; see also the book review by Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge, [http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-04-28.html Bryn Mawr Classical Review, April 28, 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112120922/http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-04-28.html |date=12 January 2014 }}.</ref>

There were different levels of prostitutes within Ancient Greek society, but two categories are specifically related to sacred or temple prostitution. The first category are ''hetaires'', also known as courtesans, typically more educated women that served within temples. The second category are known as ''hierodoules'', slave women or female priests who worked within temples and served the sexual requests of visitors to the temple.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=TSOUCALAS|first1=Gregory|last2=MICHALEAS|first2=Spyros|last3=ANDROUTSOS|first3=Georges|last4=VLAHOS|first4=Nikolaos|last5=KARAMANOU|first5=Marianna|title=Female prostitution, hygiene, and medicine in ancient Greece: A peculiar relationship|date=2021|journal=Archives of the Balkan Medical Union|volume=56|issue=2|pages=229–233|doi=10.31688/ABMU.2021.56.2.12|s2cid=237858610|doi-access=free}}</ref>

While there may not be a direct connection between temples and prostitution, many prostitutes and courtesans worshipped Aphrodite, the goddess of love. Prostitutes would use their earnings to pay for dedications and ritualistic celebrations in honour of Aphrodite. Some prostitutes also viewed the action of sexual service and sexual pleasure as an act of devotion to the goddess of love, worshipping Aphrodite through an act rather than a physical dedication.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cyrino|first=Monica Silveira|title=Aphrodite|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9781136615917}}</ref>

In the temple of Apollo at [[Bulla Regia]], a woman was found buried with an inscription reading: "Adulteress. Prostitute. Seize [me], because I fled from Bulla Regia." It has been speculated she might have been a woman forced into sacred prostitution as a punishment for adultery.<ref name=St/>

==== Temple(s) of Aphrodite ====
The act of sacred prostitution within the [[Temple of Aphrodite at Acrocorinth|Temple of Aphrodite]] in the city of [[Corinth]] was well-known and well-spread. Greek writer-philosopher [[Strabo]] comments, "the Temple of Aphrodite was so rich that it owned a thousand temple-slaves, courtesans, whom both men and women had dedicated to the goddess". Within the same work, Strabo compares Corinth to the city of Comana, confirming the belief that temple prostitution was a notable characteristic of Corinth.<ref name=":0"/>

Prostitutes performed sacred functions within the temple of Aphrodite. They would often burn incense in honor of Aphrodite. Chameleon of Heracleia recorded in his book, ''On Pindar'', that whenever the city of Corinth prayed to Aphrodite in manners of great importance, many prostitutes were invited to participate in the prayers and petitions.<ref name=":0"/>

The girls involved in temple prostitution were typically slaves owned by the temple. However, some of the girls were gifts to the temple from other members of society in return for success in particular endeavors. One example that shows the gifting of girls to the temple is the poem of [[Athenaeus]], which explores the athlete Xenophon’s actions of gifting a group of courtesans to Aphrodite as a thanks-offering for his victory in a competition.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Strong|first=Rebecca|title=The most Shameful Practice: Temple Prostitution in the Ancient Greek World|publisher=University of California, Los Angeles|year=1997|pages=74–75}}</ref>

Specifically in 464 BC, Xenophon was victorious in the Olympic Games and donated 100 slaves to Aphrodite’s temple. [[Pindar]], a famous Greek poet, was commissioned to write a poem that was to be performed at Xenophon’s victory celebration in Corinth. The poet acknowledged that the slaves would serve Aphrodite as sacred prostitutes within her temple at Corinth.<ref name=":1">Blegen, C. "THE CORINTHIAN GODDESS: Aphrodite and Her Hierodouloi."</ref>

Another temple of Aphrodite was named Aphrodite Melainis, located near the city gates in an area known as “Craneion”. It is the resting place of Lais, who was a famous prostitute in Greek history. This suggests that there was a connection with ritual prostitution within temples of Aphrodite.<ref name=":0"/>

There is a report that was found of an epigram of [[Simonides]] commemorating the prayer of the prostitutes of Corinth on behalf of the salvation of the Greeks from the invading [[Achaemenid Empire]] in the [[Greco-Persian Wars]] of the early fifth century BCE. Both temple prostitutes and priestesses prayed to Aphrodite for help, and were honoured for their potent prayers, which Greek citizens believed contributed to the repelling of the Persians.<ref name=":1" />

Athenaeus also alludes to the idea that many of Aphrodite’s temples and sanctuaries were occupied by temple prostitutes. These prostitutes were known to practise sexual rituals in different cities which included Corinth, Magnesia, and Samos.<ref>Manning, W. "The Double Tradition of Aphrodite's Birth and Her Semitic Origins". ''Scripta Mediterranea'', Vol. 23, Mar. 2015, https://scripta.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/scripta/article/view/40023.</ref>

==== Signs of sacred prostitution within Minoan Crete ====
Some evidence of sacred prostitution was evident in [[Minoan Crete]]. The building in question is known as the "East Building", but was also referred to as "the House of the Ladies" by the excavator of the building. Some believe that the architecture of this building seemed to reflect the grooming needs of women, but could also have been a [[brothel]] for high status individuals.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Platon|first=Lefteris|date=2015|title=Sacred Prostitution in Minoan Crete? A New Interpretation of Some Old Archaeological Findings|journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections|volume=7|issue=3|pages=76–89|doi=10.2458/azu_jaei_v07i3_platon |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The structure of the interior of the building seemed to suggest that the building was used for prostitution. Large clay vats typically used for bathing were found within the building, along with successive doors within the corridors. The successive doors suggested privacy, and within the time period, was associated with two functions: storage of valuable goods and protection of the private moments of its residents. Because the ground floors were found practically empty, the possibility that the building was used for prostitution increases.<ref name=":4" />

There were also religious embellishments found within the "East Building", such as vases and other vessels that seemed to be connected to religious rituals. The vessels were covered in motifs related to sacrilegious rituals, such as the sacral knot and the image of birds flying freely. The functions of the vessels would have been offering food or liquid in relation to the rituals. Combining these two factors, it is a possibility that sacred prostitution existed within this building.<ref name=":4" />

===Hellenistic world===
In the Greek-influenced and colonised world, "sacred prostitution" was known in [[Cyprus]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Watson|first1=Andrea|title=It was an ancient form of sex tourism|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20161017-it-was-an-ancient-form-of-sex-tourism|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 February 2018|date=18 October 2016|archive-date=14 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414024938/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20161017-it-was-an-ancient-form-of-sex-tourism|url-status=live}}</ref> (Greek-settled since 1100 BC), [[Sicily]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stupia |first1=Tiziana |title=Salome re-awakens: Beltane at the Temple of Venus in Sicily – Goddess Pages |url=https://www.goddess-pages.co.uk/salome-re-awakens-beltane-at-the-temple-of-venus-in-sicily-2/ |website=goddess-pages.co.uk |access-date=25 August 2019 |archive-date=25 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825161740/https://www.goddess-pages.co.uk/salome-re-awakens-beltane-at-the-temple-of-venus-in-sicily-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> (Hellenised since 750 BC), in the [[Kingdom of Pontus]]{{sfn|Debord|1982|p=97}} (8th century BC) and in [[Cappadocia]] (c. 330 BC hellenised).{{sfn|Yarshater|1983|p=107}} [[2 Maccabees]] ({{bibleverse||2 Maccabees|6:4–5|KJV}}) describes sacred prostitution in the [[Second Temple]] under the reign of the Hellenistic ruler [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]].

==== Cyprus ====
A passage in Herodotus explains a Babylonian custom where before marriage, girls had to offer themselves for sex, presumably within a temple, as required by rites of a goddess equivalent to Aphrodite in their culture. [[Herodotus]] records that a similar practice or custom took place within Cyprus, with girls offering themselves up for sex as required by the rites of Aphrodite.<ref>Herodotus, ''History''. Rawlinson, G. (trans.), New York: Tudor Publishing Company, 1936</ref> Ennius and Ovid corroborate each other on the idea that Aphrodite established the act of prostitution within the city of Cyprus.<ref name=":2">Serwint, Nancy. "Aphrodite and her Near Eastern sisters: spheres of influence". ''Engendering Aphrodite: Women and Society in Ancient Cyprus'', American Schools of Oriental Research, Boston (2002): 325–350.</ref>

A temple of Kition also shows evidence of sacred prostitution. On a marble plaque, it lists sacred prostitutes among other professions (bakers, scribes, barbers) that were part of ritual personnel at some Cypriot temples.<ref name=":2" />

==== Temple of Aphaca ====
The temple of Aphaca may be another source of evidence for temple prostitution.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Gibson|first=Craig|date=2019|title=Temple Prostitution at Aphaca: An Overlooked Source|journal=Classical Quarterly|volume=69|issue=2|pages=928–931|doi=10.1017/S0009838819000697|s2cid=211942060}}</ref> The process is similar to regular prostitution, where male customers paid two or three obol in the form of or in addition to dedications to Aphrodite in exchange for sex with a temple prostitute. In the temple of Aphaca specifically, the men would dedicate their payment to "Cyprian Aphrodite" before engaging in sex with a temple prostitute.<ref name=":3" />

==Ancient Rome and late antiquity==
===Ancient Rome===
{{Main|Prostitution in ancient Rome#Prostitution and religion}}

===Late antiquity===
The Roman emperor [[Constantine I|Constantine]] closed down a number of temples to [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] or similar deities in the 4th century AD, as the Christian church historian [[Eusebius]] proudly noted.<ref name="3.55" /> [[Eusebius]] also writes that the [[Phoenicia]]n cities of [[Afqa|Aphaca]] and [[Baalbek|Heliopolis]] ([[Baalbek]]) continued to practice temple prostitution until the emperor [[Constantine I|Constantine]] put an end to the rite in the 4th century AD.<ref name="3.55">[[Eusebius]], ''Life of Constantine'', [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iii.lv.html 3.55] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211042349/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iii.lv.html |date=11 February 2009 }} and [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iii.lviii.html 3.58] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710041137/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iii.lv.html |date=10 July 2018 }}</ref>

==Asia==

===India===
{{main|Devadasi}}

People in some Indian states practice [[hierodulic]] prostitution, with similar customary forms such as basavi,<ref>{{cite web|title=What is child hierodulic servitude?|url=http://anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/hieroras.htm|website=[[Anti-Slavery International|Anti-Slavery Society]]|access-date=5 April 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160102084104/http://anti-slaverysociety.addr.com/hieroras.htm |archive-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> and involves dedicating pre-pubescent and young adolescent girls from villages in a ritual marriage to a Hindu deity or a Hindu temple, who then work in the temple and function as spiritual guides, dancers, and prostitutes servicing male devotees in the temple. The [[Devadasi]]s were originally seen as intercessors who allowed upper-caste men to have contact with the gods, though they did develop sexual relations with other men. Before [[Muslim rule of India|Muslim rule]] in the 14th century, they could live an existence apart from the men, with inheritance rights, wealth and influence, as well as living outside of the dangers of marriage.<ref>{{cite book|author=Melissa Hope Ditmore|title=Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work, Volumen 1|date=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-03-133296-8-5}}</ref>

The system was criticised by [[British Raj|British colonial government]] while defended by Brahmins, leading to a decline in support for the system and the devadasis soon turned to [[Prostitution in India|prostitution]].{{sfn|Dunbar|2015}} Many scholars have stated that the Hindu scriptures do not mention the system.{{sfn|Ruspini|Bonifacio|2018}} [[Human Rights Watch]] also reports claims that devadasis are forced into this service and, at least in some cases, to practise prostitution for upper-caste members.<ref>Human Rights Watch. [http://hrw.org/campaigns/caste/presskit.htm Caste: Asia's Hidden Apartheid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030423143405/http://hrw.org/campaigns/caste/presskit.htm |date=23 April 2003 }}</ref> Various state governments in [[India]] enacted laws to ban this practice both prior to India's independence and more recently. They include Bombay Devdasi Act, 1934, Devdasi (Prevention of dedication) Madras Act, 1947, Karnataka Devdasi (Prohibition of dedication) Act, 1982, and Andhra Pradesh Devdasi (Prohibition of dedication) Act, 1988.<ref>United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. [https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw37/responses/cedaw.c.ind.q.3.add.1%20single.pdf Thirty-seventh session: 15 January – 2 February 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724025833/http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw37/responses/cedaw.c.ind.q.3.add.1%20single.pdf |date=24 July 2017 }}</ref> However, the tradition continues in certain regions of India, particularly the states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=thehindu>{{cite news|title = 'Project Combat' launched to eradicate 'Devadasi' system|date = 30 January 2006|url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/30/stories/2006013020130300.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060525083259/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/30/stories/2006013020130300.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 25 May 2006|work = [[The Hindu]]|access-date = 31 January 2007}}</ref>

=== Indonesia ===
{{Main|Mount Kemukus}}

===Japan===
During the [[Kamakura period]], many [[Shinto shrine|shrines]] and temples, which provided for {{Transliteration|ja|[[miko]]}}, fell into bankruptcy. [[Wandering miko|Some miko started travelling in search of livelihood]] and came to be known as {{Transliteration|ja|aruki miko}} (歩き巫女 lit. walking shrine-maiden). While aruki miko primarily provided religious services, they were also widely associated with prostitution.{{sfn|Kuly|2003|p=199}} However, no religious reasons for miko prostitution are known, and hence the act might be unrelated to sacred prostitution.

=== Nepal ===
{{Main|Deuki}}

The Deukis are temple prostitutes in Nepal. The practice is banned but still exists. Wealthier families from the Kanari, [[Thakuri]] and [[Bista]] buy girls from poorer families to be dedicated to a temple; they are not allowed to marry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/entertainment/documentary-sheds-light-deuki-system|title=Documentary sheds light on Deuki system |date=18 May 2016|access-date=26 June 2024|newspaper=Himalayan News Service}}</ref>

==Mesoamerica and South America==
[[File:Statue of Xochipilli (From the National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico City).jpg|thumb|150px|Statue of Xochipili, Aztec god of art, games, dance, flowers, and song. Patron of homosexuals and homosexual prostitutes]]

===Maya===
The [[Maya civilization|Maya]] maintained several [[phallic]] religious cults, possibly involving homosexual temple prostitution.{{sfn|Greenberg|1988|p=164}}

===Mexica===
The Franciscan Spanish Friar [[Bernardino de Sahagún]] wrote that the [[Mexica]] performed sexual acts as part of religious practice. This may be evidence for the existence of sacred prostitution in Mesoamerica, or it may be confusion or accusational polemic. He also speaks of kind of prostitutes named ''ahuianime'' ("pleasure girls"), whom he described as "an evil woman who finds pleasure in her body... [A] dissolute woman of debauched life."{{sfn|Bernardino de Sahagún|1982|pp=55–56}}

The Aztec god [[Xōchipilli]] (taken from both [[Toltec]] and Maya cultures) was patron of both homosexuals and homosexual prostitutes.{{sfn|Trexler|1995|pp=132–133}}{{sfn|Keen|1990|p=97}}{{sfn|Estrada|2003|pp=10–14}}{{sfn|Taylor|1987|p=87}} [[Xochiquetzal]] was worshiped as a goddess of sexual power, and as patroness of prostitutes and artisans involved in the manufacture of luxury items.{{sfn|Clendinnen|1991|p=163}}{{sfn|Miller|Taube|1993|p=190}}{{sfn|Smith|2003|p=203}}

===Inca===
The [[Inca]] sometimes dedicated young boys as temple prostitutes. The boys were dressed in girl's clothing, and chiefs and head men would have ritual sexual intercourse with them during religious ceremonies and on holy days.{{sfn|Guerra|1971|p=91}}{{sfn|Flornoy|1958|pp=191–192}}

==Recent Western occurrences==
In the 1970s and early 1980s, some religious cults practised sacred prostitution as an instrument to recruit new converts. Among them was the [[cult]] [[Family International|Children of God, also known as The Family]], who called this practice "[[Flirty Fishing]]". They later abolished the practice due to the growing [[AIDS]] epidemic.{{sfn|Williams|1998|p=320}}

In [[Ventura County]], California, Wilbur and [[Mary Ellen Tracy]] established their own temple, the ''Church Of The Most High Goddess'', in the wake of what they described as a divine revelation. Sexual acts played a fundamental role in the church's sacred rites, which were performed by Mary Ellen Tracy herself in her assumed role of High Priestess.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Padilla |first1=Steve |title=Woman Tells Court She Performed Sex Acts for Religious Reasons |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-08-31-me-1666-story.html |website=Los Angeles Times |access-date=13 June 2020 |date=31 August 1989 |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613081719/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-08-31-me-1666-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Local newspaper articles about the Neopagan church quickly got the attention of local law enforcement officials, and in April 1989, the Tracys' house was searched and the couple arrested on charges of [[pimping]], [[procuring (prostitution)|pandering]] and [[prostitution]]. They were subsequently [[convicted]] in a trial in [[State court (United States)|state court]] and sentenced to jail terms: Wilbur Tracy for 180 days plus a $1,000.00 fine; Mary Ellen Tracy for 90 days plus mandatory screening for [[Sexually transmitted disease|STDs]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/02/us/religion-based-on-sex-gets-a-judicial-review.html?pagewanted=1|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Religion Based On Sex Gets A Judicial Review|date=2 May 1990|access-date=24 November 2015|archive-date=12 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212065514/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/05/02/us/religion-based-on-sex-gets-a-judicial-review.html?pagewanted=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19911225&id=lwEzAAAAIBAJ&pg=2917,3256597|title=Star-News – Google News Archive Search|access-date=18 May 2015|archive-date=16 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116072046/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1454&dat=19911225&id=lwEzAAAAIBAJ&pg=2917,3256597|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some modern sacred prostitutes act as [[sexual surrogate]]s as a form of therapy. In places where prostitution is illegal, sacred prostitutes may be paid as therapists, escorts, or performers.{{sfn|Hunter|2006|p=419-420}}

==Modern views==
According to Avaren Ipsen, from [[University of California, Berkeley]]'s Commission on the Status of Women, the myth of sacred prostitution works as "an enormous source of [[self-esteem]] and as a model of [[sex positivity]]" to many [[sex worker]]s.<ref name=Avar>{{harvnb|Ipsen|2014}}</ref> She compared this situation to the figure of [[Mary Magdalene]], whose status as a prostitute, though short-lived according to Christian texts and disputed among academics, has been celebrated by sex working collectives (among them [[Sex Workers Outreach Project USA]]) in an effort to de-stigmatize their job.<ref name=Avar/> Ipsen speculated that academic currents trying to deny sacred prostitution are ideologically motivated, attributing them to the "desires of [[feminist]]s, including myself, to be 'decent.'"<ref name=Avar/>

In her book ''The Sacred Prostitute: Eternal Aspect of the Feminine'', [[psychoanalyst]] Nancy Qualls-Corbett praised sacred prostitution as an expression of [[female sexuality]] and a bridge between the latter and the [[divine]], as well as a rupture from mundane sexual degradation. "[The sacred prostitute] did not make love in order to obtain admiration or devotion from the man who came to her... She did not require a man to give her a sense of her own identity; rather this was rooted in her own womanliness."{{sfn|Qualls-Corbett|1988|p=40}} Qualls also equated censuring sacred prostitution to demonize female sexuality and vitality. "In her temple, men and women came to find life and all that it had to offer in sensual pleasure and delight. But with the change in cultural values and the institutionalization of [[monotheism]] and [[patriarchy]], the individual came to the House of God to prepare for death."{{sfn|Qualls-Corbett|1988|p=43}}

This opinion is shared by several schools of [[modern Paganism]],<ref name=Avar/><ref name=Pike>{{harvnb|Pike|2004|pp=122, 126–127}}</ref> among them [[Wicca]],<ref name=Wicca>{{harvnb|Holland|2008}}</ref> for whom sacred prostitution, independently from its historical backing, embodies the sacralization of sex and a celebration of the communion between female and [[male sexuality]].<ref name=Pike/> This practice is associated to [[spiritual healing]] and [[sex magic]].<ref name=Wicca/> Within secular thinking, [[philosopher]] [[Antonio Escohotado]] is a popular adept of this current, favoring particularly the role of ancient sacred prostitutes and priestesses of [[Ishtar]]. In his seminal work ''Rameras y esposas'', he extols them and their cult as symbols of [[female empowerment]] and [[sexual freedom]].{{sfn|Escohotado|2018}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Deuki]]
*[[Devadasi]]
*[[Hetaera]]
*[[Shamhat]]
*[[Sex worker]]
*[[Sex magic]]
*[[Promiscuity#Primitive promiscuity|Primitive promiscuity]]
*[[Hijra (South Asia)]]
*[[Sexuality in ancient Rome]]
*[[List of fertility deities]]
*[[List of love and lust deities]]
*[[Padre Putas]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

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* {{cite book |editor1-last=Ditmore |chapter=Sacred Prostitution, Contemporary |editor1-first=Melissa Hope |author1-last=Hunter |author1-first=Jennifer Tibe |title=Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work, Volume 2 |date=2006 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-32970-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5WyPfynlwMC&q=%22Modern+sacred+prostitutes%2C+also+called%22&pg=PA419 |language=en |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116072029/https://books.google.com/books?id=-5WyPfynlwMC&q=%22Modern+sacred+prostitutes%2C+also+called%22&pg=PA419 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Ipsen |first1=Avaren |title=Sex Working and the Bible |date=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317490661 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6bgBQAAQBAJ&q=sacred |language=en |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116072029/https://books.google.com/books?id=h6bgBQAAQBAJ&q=sacred |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kamionkowski |first1=S. Tamar |title=Gender Reversal and Cosmic Chaos: A Study in the Book of Ezekiel |date=2003 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9780567137876 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U0WvAwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116072031/https://books.google.com/books?id=U0WvAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book|author1-link=Benjamin Keen |last1=Keen |first1=Benjamin |title=The Aztec Image in Western Thought |date=1990 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=9780813515724 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G63OWSXfZBkC&q=temple |language=en |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116072030/https://books.google.com/books?id=G63OWSXfZBkC&q=temple |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kramer |first1=Samuel Noah |title=The sacred marriage rite; aspects of faith, myth, and ritual in ancient Sumer. |date=1969 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0253350350}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kuly |first1=Lisa |title=Locating Transcendence in Japanese Minzoku Geinô: Yamabushi and Miko Kagura |journal=Ethnologies |year=2003 |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=191–208 |doi=10.7202/007130ar|issn=1481-5974|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lipiński |first1=Edward |title=Cult Prostitution and Passage Rites in the Biblical World |journal=The Biblical Annals |date=April 2013 |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=9–27 |url=http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/The_Biblical_Annals/The_Biblical_Annals-r2013-t3-n1/The_Biblical_Annals-r2013-t3-n1-s9-27/The_Biblical_Annals-r2013-t3-n1-s9-27.pdf |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717192438/http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/The_Biblical_Annals/The_Biblical_Annals-r2013-t3-n1/The_Biblical_Annals-r2013-t3-n1-s9-27/The_Biblical_Annals-r2013-t3-n1-s9-27.pdf |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Mary |author-link1=Mary Ellen Miller |first2=Karl |last2=Taube |author-link2=Karl Taube |year=1993 |title=The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya: An Illustrated Dictionary of Mesoamerican Religion |url=https://archive.org/details/godssymbolsofa00mill |url-access=registration |publisher=[[Thames & Hudson]] |location=London |isbn=0-500-05068-6 |oclc=27667317 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Pike |first1=Sarah M. |title=New Age and Neopagan Religions in America |date=2004 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231124034 |url=https://archive.org/details/newageneopaganre00pike |url-access=registration |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last1=Qualls-Corbett |first1=Nancy |title=The Sacred Prostitute: Eternal Aspect of the Feminine |date=1988 |publisher=Inner City Books |isbn=9780919123311 |url=https://archive.org/details/sacredprostitute0000qual |url-access=registration }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Rickard |first1=Kelley |title=A Brief Study into Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity |journal=ResearchGate |year=2015 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283422341 }}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Ruspini |editor1-first=Elisabetta |editor2-last=Bonifacio |editor2-first=Glenda Tibe |title=Women and Religion: Contemporary and Future Challenges in the Global Era |date=2018 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=9781447336372 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vF5jDwAAQBAJ&q=devadasi+hindu+scriptures&pg=PT106 |language=en |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116072033/https://books.google.com/books?id=vF5jDwAAQBAJ&q=devadasi+hindu+scriptures&pg=PT106 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Nagendra Kr |title=Divine Prostitution |date=1997 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=9788170248217 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYEdPoGAaz0C |language=en |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116072033/https://books.google.com/books?id=nYEdPoGAaz0C |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Michael E. |author-link=Michael E. Smith (archaeologist)|year=2003 |title=The Aztecs |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |location=Malden, MA |isbn=0-631-23015-7 |oclc=48579073}}
* {{cite book |last1=Stol |first1=Marten |title=Women in the Ancient Near East |date=2016 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=9781614512639 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt_VDAAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=Temple Prostitution |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116072051/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt_VDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Sweeney |first1=Marvin Alan |title=King Josiah of Judah: The Lost Messiah of Israel |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195133240 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXc8DwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116072538/https://books.google.com/books?id=sXc8DwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Sweet |first1=R. |editor1-last=Robbins |editor1-first=Emmet |editor2-last=Sandahl |editor2-first=Stella |title=Corolla Torontonensis : studies in honour of Ronald Morton Smith |publisher=TSAR |isbn=9780920661222|chapter=A New Look at the 'Sacred Marriage' in Ancient Mesopotamia|year=1994}}
* {{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Clark L |editor1-last=Murray |editor1-first=Stephen O. |title=Male homosexuality in Central and South America |date=1987 |publisher=Instituto Obregón |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnKGAAAAIAAJ |language=en |chapter=Legends, Syncretism, and Continuing Echoes of Homosexuality from Pre-Columbian and Colonial Mexico |isbn=9780942777581 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116072539/https://books.google.com/books?id=qnKGAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last1=Trexler |first1=Richard C. |title=Sex and conquest: gendered violence, political order, and the European conquest of the Americas |date=1995 |publisher=Cornell University Press|language=en}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Westenholz |first1=Joan Goodnick |title=Tamar, Qědēšā, Qadištu, and Sacred Prostitution in Mesopotamia |journal=The Harvard Theological Review |year=1989 |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=245–265|issn=0017-8160|jstor=1510077 |doi=10.1017/S0017816000016199 |s2cid=162848021 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Miriam |title=Heaven's Harlots: My Fifteen Years as a Sacred Prostitute in the Children of God Cult |url=https://archive.org/details/heavensharlotsmy00will |url-access=registration |date=1998 |publisher=Eagle Brook |isbn=9780688155049 |language=en }}
* {{cite book |last1=Yamauchi |first1=Edwin M. |editor1-last=Hoffner |editor1-first=Harry A. |title=Orient and Occident: Essays Presented to Cyrus H. Gordon on the Occasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday |date=1973 |publisher=Butzon & Bercker |isbn=9783766688057 |language=en |chapter=Cultic Prostitution: a Case Study in Cultural Diffusion}}
* {{cite book |last1=Yarshater |first1=Ehsan |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |date=1983 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521200929 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&q=sacred+prostitution+in+Cappadocia&pg=PA107 |language=en |access-date=20 November 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116072540/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&q=sacred+prostitution+in+Cappadocia&pg=PA107 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.matrifocus.com/SAM05/spotlight.htm#1 Stuckey, H. Johanna. "Sacred Prostitutes".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219092824/http://matrifocus.com/SAM05/spotlight.htm#1 |date=19 December 2012 }} MatriFocus. 2005 vol 5–1.
*{{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|23:18–19|HE}}, and a [https://web.archive.org/web/20090506011058/http://www.homepages.ihug.com.au/~kimkemmis/bibhom/Deut.htm discussion]
*Jenin Younes (2008), [https://web.archive.org/web/20090108223720/http://courses.cit.cornell.edu/nes275/studentproj/jy84/index.html Sacred Prostitution in Ancient Israel]

{{Prostitution}}
{{Sex}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sacred prostitution| ]]
[[Category:Religious practices|Prostitution]]
[[Category:Religious sex rituals]]
[[Category:Prostitution]]
[[Category:Religious occupations]]
[[Category:Sexual controversies]]
[[Category:Holiness]]
[[Category:History of prostitution]]
[[Category:Inanna]]
[[Category:Tanit]]
[[Category:Books of the Maccabees]]
[[Category:Second Temple]]
[[Category:Antiochus IV Epiphanes]]
[[Category:Constantine the Great]]
[[Category:Eusebius]]

Colachal Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T19:04:29Z

Writepedia: started new article!

{{short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Colachel
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 231
| map_image = Constitution-Colachel.svg
| mla = [[Tharahai Cuthbert]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Color box|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}}} [[TVK-led Alliance|TVK+]]
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanniyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 265,015
| reservation = None
}}
'''Colachel''' is an assembly constituency located in [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency]] in [[Kanyakumari district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Travancore-Cochin Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
|1952*
|[[A. K. Chellaiya]]
|
|[[Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress]]
|-
| [[1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1954]]
| [[D. D. Daniel|T. T. Daniel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Nadu Congress}}
|-
|}
{{asterisk}}Braniel seat

=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| [[Lourdammal Simon]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[A. Swamidhas]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[A. Chidambaranatha Nadar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[A. Pauliah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[R. Athiswami]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[S. Retnaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[F. M. Rajarathnam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="2"|[[A. Pauliah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Era Bernard]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[K. T. Pachaimal]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[S. Jeyapaul]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="3"|[[J. G. Prince]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[Tharahai Cuthbert]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.16}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.99}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.23}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.01}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|39.33}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Janata Party}}|30.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.98}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|55.64}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#1954|1954]]|{{party color|Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress}}|59.14}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Tharahai Cuthbert]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=66,207 |percentage= |change= }} {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Prem Alex Lawrence |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=63,374 |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Sivakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=54,384 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ancy Shoba Rani|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=12,458 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=581 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,833 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263448|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[J. G. Prince]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=90,681 |percentage=49.56% |change=9.37% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh P. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=65,849 |percentage=35.99% |change=11.37% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Antony Aslin J. |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=18,202 |percentage=9.95% |change=8.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Lathis Mary S. |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,127 |percentage=1.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sivakumar M. |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,332 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anthony Muthu S. M. |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=1,218 |percentage=0.67% |change=0.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishna Kumar A. |party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha |votes=1,145 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=878 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,832 |percentage=13.57% |change=-1.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=182,969 |percentage=67.95% |change= 4.17% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 269,287 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.37% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. G. Prince]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=67,195 |percentage=40.19% |change=0.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramesh P |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=41,167 |percentage=24.62% |change=0.03% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. T. Patchaimal]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,218 |percentage=23.46% |change=-8.58% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sambathchandra R. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=12,909 |percentage=7.72% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Prabaharan T. |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=2,281 |percentage=1.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,593 |percentage=0.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anthonymuthu |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=1,000 |percentage=0.60% |change=-0.48% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Alexanderrajkumar A |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=772 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvaraj M |party=Independent politician |votes=339 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Aakhashdhev M |party= |votes=277 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Christopher M. |party=Independent politician |votes=230 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,028 |percentage=15.57% |change=7.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=167,205 |percentage=63.78% |change= -0.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 262,175 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 0.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[J. G. Prince]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=58,428 |percentage=40.16% |change=-6.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Larence. P |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,607 |percentage=32.03% |change=13.09% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramesh. P |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,778 |percentage=24.59% |change=-2.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Anthony Muthu. S. M |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=1,566 |percentage=1.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Varkees Tharuma Raj. G |party=Independent politician |votes=1,262 |percentage=0.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Abu Thahir. A. P |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=872 |percentage=0.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kathiresan. V |party=Independent politician |votes=537 |percentage=0.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Selvaraj. M |party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha |votes=438 |percentage=0.30% |change=-0.28% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,821 |percentage=8.13% |change=-11.66% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=226,321 |percentage=64.28% |change= 2.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,488 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.83% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Jeyapaul]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,641 |percentage=46.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. R. Gandhi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,321 |percentage=27.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. T. Pachaimal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,413 |percentage=18.94% |change=-27.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Wellington. S |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=4,941 |percentage=4.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Linga Perumal. C |party=Independent politician |votes=656 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Surendran Nair. K |party=Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha |votes=626 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dharmendra Kumar. S. N |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=449 |percentage=0.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thomas. S |party=Independent politician |votes=310 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumaraswamy. H |party=Independent politician |votes=164 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karunakaran |party=Independent politician |votes=142 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balakrishnan. C |party=Independent politician |votes=109 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,320 |percentage=19.78% |change=3.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=107,772 |percentage=61.67% |change= 11.63% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 174,762 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.76% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. T. Pachaimal]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,354 |percentage=46.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sambath Chandra |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=27,265 |percentage=29.76% |change=17.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Era Bernard]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,296 |percentage=22.15% |change=-20.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Frederick |party=Independent politician |votes=1,206 |percentage=1.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Raja Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=502 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,089 |percentage=16.47% |change=8.75% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=91,623 |percentage=50.04% |change= -10.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,117 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.37% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Era Bernard]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,217 |percentage=42.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Kutty |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=33,791 |percentage=35.13% |change=18.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sambath Chandra. R. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=11,528 |percentage=11.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pauliah. A. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,401 |percentage=8.73% |change=-51.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandra Sekhar |party=Independent politician |votes=186 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jaipal. J. T. |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=168 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sreekumaran Thampy. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=137 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandrasekaran. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=130 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Tharchis Xavier. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=130 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnuswamy. E. |party=Independent politician |votes=83 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugan. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=71 |percentage=0.07% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,426 |percentage=7.72% |change=-29.91% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,181 |percentage=60.36% |change= 4.38% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,972 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -17.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[A. Pauliah]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=52,641 |percentage=60.01% |change=20.82% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bathakbishnan R. |party=Janata Dal |votes=19,626 |percentage=22.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Appancheyl S. |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,968 |percentage=17.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thomas S. |party=Independent politician |votes=111 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Johnson M. |party=Independent politician |votes=108 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Soosai Nayagom S. |party=Independent politician |votes=101 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jacobe Mianous T. |party=Independent politician |votes=99 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Lingaraja N. |party=Independent politician |votes=73 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,015 |percentage=37.63% |change=24.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,727 |percentage=55.98% |change= -10.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,212 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 20.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Pauliah-A. M |party=Indian National Congress |votes=36,611 |percentage=39.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sambath Chandra-R |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,414 |percentage=26.13% |change=4.26% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[F. M. Rajarathnam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,747 |percentage=20.07% |change=-19.26% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jonas |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,292 |percentage=14.23% |change=-25.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raveendran. A. M |party=Independent politician |votes=187 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Soosai Michael. P. M |party=Independent politician |votes=173 |percentage=0.19% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,197 |percentage=13.06% |change=12.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=93,424 |percentage=66.84% |change= -5.30% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,330 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.14% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[F. M. Rajarathnam]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,585 |percentage=39.33% |change=6.36% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. R. Gandhi |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,996 |percentage=38.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Paramonydhas |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,678 |percentage=21.87% |change=-45.16% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajendran |party=Independent politician |votes=138 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=589 |percentage=0.69% |change=-33.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=85,397 |percentage=72.14% |change= 16.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,569 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -27.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Retnaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,949 |percentage=67.03% |change=38.33% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sanotsham. M. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,127 |percentage=32.97% |change=8.28% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,822 |percentage=34.06% |change=32.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,076 |percentage=56.12% |change= -6.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 115,330 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Janata Party |swing= 36.63% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. Athiswami]] |party=Janata Party |votes=21,131 |percentage=30.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Retnaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,949 |percentage=28.70% |change=-15.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=F.M. Rasarathinam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=17,165 |percentage=24.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Pauliah |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,264 |percentage=16.21% |change=-38.78% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,182 |percentage=1.70% |change=-9.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,509 |percentage=62.59% |change= -8.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,755 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -24.58% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Pauliah]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,401 |percentage=54.98% |change=6.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Retnaraj]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,852 |percentage=43.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Eugene A. |party=Independent politician |votes=773 |percentage=1.14% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,549 |percentage=11.10% |change=8.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=68,026 |percentage=70.99% |change= -1.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,695 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Chidambaranatha Nadar]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,325 |percentage=48.37% |change=4.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Retnaraj |party=Swatantra Party |votes=27,879 |percentage=45.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Y. Devadason |party=Independent politician |votes=2,887 |percentage=4.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Louis |party=Independent politician |votes=532 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,446 |percentage=2.39% |change=-9.62% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,623 |percentage=72.31% |change= -2.76% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,726 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= -7.27% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Swamidhas]] |party=Independent politician |votes=36,054 |percentage=55.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Lourdammal Simon]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,275 |percentage=43.63% |change=2.90% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=John Russel |party=Independent politician |votes=471 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,779 |percentage=12.00% |change=7.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=64,800 |percentage=75.07% |change= 31.31% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,634 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.91% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Lourdammal Simon]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,055 |percentage=40.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Doraiswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=12,443 |percentage=36.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. K. Ram. |party=Independent politician |votes=3,309 |percentage=9.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Johnson |party=Independent politician |votes=2,875 |percentage=8.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. M. Shahul Hamid |party=Independent politician |votes=1,826 |percentage=5.29% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,612 |percentage=4.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,508 |percentage=43.76% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 78,859 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1954===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election]]: Colachel}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Thompson Tharmaraj Daniel |party=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |votes=15,542 |percentage=59.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramachandra Nadar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,738 |percentage=40.86% |change=40.86% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,804 |percentage=18.28% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,280 |percentage=69.48% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,824 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Travancore Tamil Nadu Congress |loser= |swing= -18.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|8.18|77.25|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]

Karra Samu

2026-05-06T17:08:39Z

Writepedia: put up

{{Short description|Indian martial art}}
{{AI-generated|certain=y|date=October 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox martial art
| name = Karra Samu
| image =Karra Samu vector.png
| imagecaption =
| aka = Karra Seva
| focus = [[Weapons]]
| hardness = [[Semi-contact]]
| country = [[India]]
| creator =
| formation =
| famous pract =
| parenthood =
| descendant arts =
| meaning =
| origin = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| olympic = No
}}

'''Karra Samu''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: కర్ర సము) is an [[Indian martial art]] indigenous to the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. Dating back over 3,000 years, it is characterised by stylised combat techniques using sticks, and was historically practiced for self-defence and local security.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-09 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Karra Samu Championship 2024 held in Guntur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-karra-samu-championship-2024-held-in-guntur/articleshow/114088170.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |quote=Karra Samu, also known as Karru Samu or Karra Seva, is an ancient martial art form that dates back over 3,000 years.}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=S. Nagaraja |date=2022-08-14 |title=NRIs committed to revive karra samu back home |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/Aug/13/nris-committed-to-revive-karra-samu-back-home-2487452.html |access-date=2025-12-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |quote=But with time the martial art became a mere pastime exercise and was completely forgotten. The rural sport is said to be around 3,000 years old.}}</ref> Karra Samu was developed by the [[Agriculture|agrarian]] communities of [[Andhradesa|Andhra]] as a practical means of protection against wild animal attacks, [[Banditry|bandits]], and rival clan raids. Over time, it evolved into a structured discipline with ceremonial and performative aspects.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Annam |first=Bandhavi |date=2022-04-18 |title=Karra samu gains popularity as more people develop interest in the martial art |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/Apr/18/karra-samu-gains-popularity-as-more-people-develop-interest-in-the-martial-art-2443314.html |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |quote=Earlier, youngsters trained in stick fighting to protect themselves and their villages. It helped them in preventing thefts which were then common in villages.But with time the martial art became a mere pastime exercise and was completely forgotten.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2024 |title=Reviving The Lost Traditional Sports 'Kathi Samu' And 'Karra Samu' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/reviving-the-lost-traditional-sports-kathi-samu-and-karra-samu-756760 |quote=it originated as a form of self-defense against prevalent village thefts and to thwart robbers during travels.}}</ref>

The art gained particular prominence during the medieval period, especially in the [[Battle of Palnadu|Palnadu Wars]] of the late 12th century, where it was employed in actual combat. Under [[British Raj|British colonial rule]], public practice of martial arts was restricted, leading to Karra Samu’s decline. Today, it survives as both a martial sport and a cultural heritage tradition.

== Etymology ==
The name derives from the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] words karra (కర్ర), meaning “stick,” and samu (సము), meaning “combat,” “fight,” or “technique of attack and defence.”<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganguly |first=Nivedita |date=2024-04-26 |title=Reviving tradition: Karrasamu returns to Andhra Pradesh's martial arts scene |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/reviving-tradition-karrasamu-returns-to-andhra-pradeshs-martial-arts-scene/article68104887.ece |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The literal meaning ''stick combat'' precisely describes the core of the art. Oral tradition suggests that the term was in use for centuries in [[Andhradesa|Andhra]], long before martial arts terminology became formalised in the modern period. In ceremonial contexts, the word ''seva'' (“service”) is sometimes used ''karra seva'' to indicate the art as an offering or performance during religious events and community gatherings.

== Origin and History ==
Karra Samu’s roots are deeply intertwined with the social and cultural history of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Scholars trace its origins back more than 3,000 years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Karra Samu developed its own distinctive style, shaped by the agrarian lifestyle, terrain, and community defence needs of Andhra’s villages. Unlike many martial arts that were refined under royal patronage, Karra Samu is believed to have been created and sustained by farming and herding communities as a grassroots method of protection. In rural Andhra, where villagers often travelled long distances through forests, scrublands, and open fields, carrying a stout stick served multiple purposes as a walking aid, a tool for herding cattle, and a ready weapon for fending off [[Wildlife|wild animals]], [[Banditry|bandits]], and [[Rivalry|rival]] [[clan]]s. [[Oral tradition]]s from the [[Palnadu]] region describe farmers practising coordinated stick manoeuvres during their free time, honing both individual skill and group tactics.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.ndtv.com/videos/reviving-the-lost-traditional-sports-kathi-samu-and-karra-samu-756760 |title=Video {{!}} Reviving The Lost Traditional Sports 'Kathi Samu' And 'Karra Samu' |language=en |access-date=2025-08-12 |via=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>

The martial art rose to greater prominence during the medieval period, particularly in the [[Battle of Palnadu|Palnadu Wars]] of the late 12th century. Local militia groups and peasant levies employed Karra Samu techniques in close combat, both in open battlefields and in skirmishes around forts and villages. During the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], martial training was encouraged even at the village level, and Karra Samu became part of the regimen taught in garidi (training arenas), where experienced practitioners would instruct younger men in both combat and discipline. While effective in battle, Karra Samu also served as a symbol of communal strength. Villages would organise competitive bouts during festivals, turning martial skill into a display of athleticism, courage, and unity. These contests often involved choreographed exchanges as well as free sparring, blending sport with ritualised combat.

Under [[British Raj|British colonial rule]], the public display of indigenous martial arts was discouraged or restricted in certain areas, leading to a decline in formal training. Nevertheless, Karra Samu survived in rural pockets, particularly in [[Rayalaseema]] and [[Coastal Andhra]], where its competitive and acrobatic nature made it a popular attraction at jatara (village fairs) and temple celebrations. Today, it is preserved both as a martial sport and as part of Andhra Pradesh’s intangible cultural heritage.

== Cultural Significance ==
In Andhra Pradesh, Karra Samu occupies a unique cultural space, blending martial discipline with festive entertainment. Performances are a common feature during [[Sankranti]], [[Ugadi]], temple fairs (''tirunallu''), and wedding processions. These events often take place at crossroads or temple courtyards, accompanied by rhythmic drumming (''tasha'') and whistles (''bigulu'').

Beyond its entertainment value, Karra Samu serves as a symbol of local pride and ancestral bravery. In certain regions, proficiency in the art is seen as a marker of manhood, though modern revival efforts have increasingly promoted women’s participation. Elders view its continued practice as a link to village solidarity and collective defence traditions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-02 |title=Practising 'karra samu' for self-defence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
Karrasamu stands as a symbol of the '''Mala community’s''' martial heritage, exemplifying resilience, communal defense, and physical dexterity. It preserves ancestral techniques while adapting to contemporary needs for self-defense and cultural expression.

== Practice and Techniques ==
Karra Samu is trained in an open arena called a garidi, which may be a dedicated courtyard or simply a cleared ground in the village. The art consists of:

* Footwork patterns (''adugulu'') for mobility and evasion.
* Striking techniques (''vidulu'') using single or double sticks.
* Blocks and parries to defend against strikes.
* Disarm techniques to neutralise opponents.
* Flourishes and spins for display and psychological intimidation.

The sticks are usually made from bamboo or neem wood, measuring between 4 and 5 feet. In some ceremonial performances, practitioners switch to ''kathi samu'' (sword combat) for advanced displays of skill. Training often incorporates conditioning drills to improve reflexes, balance, and endurance.

== Revival and Modern Practice ==
By the mid-20th century, [[industrialisation]] and urban migration led to a decline in Karra Samu’s practice. However, the last two decades have seen a deliberate revival effort led by cultural organisations, sports departments, and independent ''gurus'' (masters).

Revival has been spurred by:

* Martial arts festivals that feature Karra Samu alongside ''kusti'' (wrestling) and ''silambam''.
* Government and [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] led heritage programs aimed at preserving intangible cultural heritage.
* Increased visibility through local television, YouTube channels, and social media.

A major milestone came in 2024, when the ''Karra Samu Championship'' in [[Guntur]] Rural attracted over 100 competitors, including young women, marking a shift towards gender-inclusive training. Many schools in Andhra’s rural districts have now integrated Karra Samu into physical education as a form of traditional sport and self-defence training.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-09 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Karra Samu Championship 2024 held in Guntur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-karra-samu-championship-2024-held-in-guntur/articleshow/114088170.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Karra Samu stands as one of the few surviving Telugu martial arts with a direct lineage to self defence traditions rather than elite military training. Its survival owes much to the oral transmission of knowledge and the enthusiasm of local communities to maintain the practice as a living tradition. Today, it is recognised not only as a martial discipline but also as a cultural performance, a sporting event, and a self-defence method for the modern era.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-22 |title=Karrasamu can be a potent defence for women |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/Karrasamu-can-be-a-potent-defence-for-women/article14396907.ece |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== In Historical culture ==
Karrasamu, also referred to as Karra Samu or Karra Seva, is a traditional stick-based martial art indigenous to Andhra Pradesh, India. This martial practice is historically associated with the Mala community, a dominant Dalit group in the region, whose roots etymologically trace to the Sanskrit word Malla, meaning "wrestler" or "soldier." It emphasizes collective defense, village protection, and personal self-defense, particularly in rural and agrarian settings.
Historical Context:
Karrasamu dates back over 3,000 years, emerging as a practical method for rural communities to defend themselves against wild animals, bandits, and rival clans. It was sustained as a grassroots martial discipline rather than being patronized by royal courts.
Mala Community Association: The Malas were historically employed as village watchmen and militias, especially during the Palnadu Wars (late 12th century) and the Kakatiya period and Vijayanagara Empire, showcasing their expertise in martial strategies and combat. Prominent Mala warriors served as chiefs of local militias and played key roles in consolidating village security.
Military Significance: Techniques from Karrasamu were effectively applied in open-field skirmishes, fort defenses, and coordinated village defense. The Malas’ martial skill was recognized by early rulers, and they were also recruited by colonial forces due to their expertise.

Karra Samu, while primarily rooted in traditional village practice, has been depicted in [[Telugu cinema]] and television as a symbol of rural valor and heritage. Its visual appeal, marked by swift stick movements and rhythmic footwork, has made it a favoured choice for action choreography in films portraying village life or historical settings.

Notable examples include [[Guntur Kaaram|''Guntur Kaaram'' (2024)]], in which the protagonist uses Karra Samu techniques in an early fight sequence to emphasise his rustic upbringing and martial skill. Other films such as ''Palnadu'' (1958) and [[Rayalaseema Ramanna Chowdary|''Rayalaseema Ramanna Chowdary'' (2000)]] have incorporated stick-fighting scenes reminiscent of Karra Samu, often in the context of family feuds or village disputes.

Television serials set in rural Andhra have also occasionally featured Karra Samu in festival or competition scenes, presenting it as both entertainment and a marker of cultural pride. These portrayals, though often stylised for cinematic effect, have contributed to the renewed public awareness of the art form among younger audiences.
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of films featuring Karra Samu
!Year
!Film
!Language(s)
!Lead actor(s) / Performer(s)
|-
|1951
|[[Pathala Bhairavi|''Pathala Bhairavi'']]
|Telugu
|[[N. T. Rama Rao]]
|-
|1998
|[[Bavagaru Bagunnara|''Bavagaru Bagunnara'']]
|Telugu
|[[Chiranjeevi]]
|-
|2014
|[[Govindudu Andarivadele|''Govindudu Andarivadele'']]
|Telugu
|[[Ram Charan]]
|-
|2024
|[[Guntur Kaaram|''Guntur Kaaram'']]
|Telugu
|[[Mahesh Babu]]
|}

== See also ==

* [[Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Indian martial arts]]

== References ==
<references />
{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Indian martial arts}}
{{stick fighting}}

[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Stick-fighting]]
[[Category:Indian martial artists]]

Bombing of Aizawl

2026-05-06T09:21:36Z

Writepedia: started post

{{Short description|Aerial bombing attacks in 1966}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Bombing of Aizawl
| partof = the [[Mizo National Front uprising]]
| width =
| image = Mizoram bombing 1966-2-resize.jpg
| image_size = 250
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption = Planes above Aizawl
| date = 4 March 1966 - 8 March 1966
| place = [[Aizawl]], [[Mizo district]]
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
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| territory =
| result =
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{flag|Republic of India}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Mizoram Sawrkawr Flag.png}} [[Mizo National Front]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 =
| commander2 =
| commander3 =
| units1 =
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| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
The '''bombing of Aizawl''' was an Indian [[aerial bombing]] attack on the city of [[Aizawl]], the capital of the [[Mizo district]] (now [[Mizoram]]), during the [[Mizo National Front uprising]]. The [[Indian Air Force]] deployed jet fighters from the Toofani Squadron and Hunter Squadron.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=101}} The aircraft identified in the operation were [[Dassault Ouragan|French Dassault Ouragun]].{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=104}}

The bombing of Aizawl remains the only time in the history of independent India that the air force was used to bomb targets within its own territory.{{sfn|Chima|Saikia|2023|p=41}}

==Background==
{{main|Mizo National Front uprising}}
After Operation Jericho, the Mizo National Front took over several areas of the Mizo district and occupied Aizawl. They sieged the [[Assam Rifles]] Headquarters and demanded surrender. The Indian Army made attempts to fly in reinforcements from Kumbhirgram in Silchar however strong fire of the MNF rebels deterred any safe landings. General [[Sam Manekshaw]] flew in a [[de Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou|Caribou]] aircraft for reconnaissance. However, the aircraft returned due to bullet holes and nearly wounding Manekshaw. As a result the government authorised the [[Indian Air Force]] to accompany the helicopters as escorts to ease the pressure of besieged Indian forces.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=102}}

==The attacks==
Four Toofanis and Hunters were seen flying over Aizawl at 10am on 5 March 1966. The planes completed preliminary surveillance before the first shots were fired at Tuikhuahtlang. Tuikhuahtlang was an area housing a water reservoir which the MNF forces had captured. Another argument is that Laldenga's house and the Boy's English Middle School which was used to feed MNF volunteers were also grouped close by. The aircraft opened fire destroying the circuit house and inflaming the Armed Police Headquarters at Armed Veng. Other areas set aflame were Khatla, Republic Veng, Chhinga Veng and Dawrpui's main makert area. The fighters used machine gun rounds of 16mm and 20mm and rocket propelled bombs of 60mm.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=105}} The jet fighters flew in pairs, firing 20mm, 30mm and 40mm calibre machine guns and dropping [[incendiary bombs]]. The MNF rebels moved out of Aizawl and while travelling to Hlimen stopped at Kulikawn. A MNF member, J. Lalsangzuala had picked up empty cartridges which was examined and the calibre measures were taken by the MNF.{{sfn|Zamawia|2012}} On 6 March, the planes returned firing at several areas. Helicopeters also landed with reinforcements.{{sfn|Zamawia|2012}}

General D.K. Palit stated in his book, that the IAF fighters carried out an air strike at 1130 hours and strafed hostile positions. This was repeated in the afternoon. Palit claimed success for melting away the hostiles from occupying Aizawl.{{sfn|Palit|1984|p=264}}

According to Hminga, the foreign secretary of Mizoram sawkar, up to 195 bombs were dropped on Aizawl alone.{{sfn|Hminga|1966}} Residents and inhabitants of Aizawl evacuated for their safety towards [[Reiek]] and [[Sialsuk]] mountains for shelter from the bombing and strafing. According to J.V Hluna, 13 people were killed as a direct result of the bombing.{{sfn|Explore Mizoram|2019}}

The Indian Army threatened to bomb Lunglei after gaining control of the district headquarters. Church leaders intervened and requested the army not to bomb the town and took responsibility to secure the surrender of the MNF rebels.{{sfn|Nag|2011|p=3}}

After Aizawl was burning, the MNF rebels withdrew to Khawchhete, a village south of South Hlimen. They took Bawichhuaka the counsellor of the [[Mizo Union]] with them. Laldenga and his party waited on the outskirts of [[Demagiri]] to cross into [[East Pakistan]] as the Indian Army cleared Demagiri.{{sfn|Nibedon|2013}}

===Further bombings===
On 7 March, the IAF targeted sites away from Aizawl, such as Hnahlan near [[Champhai]]. At 2pm, two jet fighters flew over Hnahlan and strafed and bombed the village. Approximately 200 of the 270 houses were completely destroyed with three people dead. The food stock and animals were collaterally burnt to ashes.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=106}} Pukpui and Bunhmun were also attacked by jet fighters in the same month. Pukpui was known as the home village of [[Laldenga]], leader of the MNF. The villagers were herded out and watched as the pilots fired upon the houses in front of them. In Bunghmun the army was attacked by the MNF. As a result, two jet fighters flew a couple rounds above it.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=106}} On the second round it strafed with machine gun fire and the third round saw the dropping of bombs. The village was burnt down from the bombs and finished off by army personnel.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=107}}

In September 1966, two jet fighters flew over South Mualthuam as villagers worked in the firleds. They flew south towards Tuipui and opened machine gun fire on the village. A few months later in January 1967, the IAF aided the Indian Army by firing rounds at Hmuntlang. The villagers evacuated and recorded that on return the animals were found dead and large bomb craters were found.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=107}}

==Impact==
Significant financial damage further damaged the economy of Aizawl. Wealthy businessmen fled Aizawl on the day of the bombings. Due to the lack of bank vaults, cash and monetary savings were stored at home which would be destroyed in the bombing campaign. Logistical resources such as petrol stored in barrels burnt down as collateral from various house fires caused by the incendiary bombs.{{sfn|Explore Mizoram|2019}}

The bombings also impacted local Mizo culture and history. As the inhabitants of Aizawl evacuated, they left behind cultural possessions which were destroyed. As a result the Mizoram State Museum was required to import artefacts and replicas from Myanmar. The bombing set back the progress for Mizo archaeologists and archivists who lost access to historical records and documentation.{{sfn|Explore Mizoram|2019}}

Due to the evacuation of the residents of Aizawl, the Indian forces began to occupy Aizawl in the time being. After the bombings when the residents returned a lot of the houses had been thoroughly looted or completely destroyed by the security forces personnel. On March 9, 1966, all the men were assembled in the Bara Bazar to clean up the town. A number of corpses were found and buried into graves dug nearby.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=133}}

==Political responses==
===Northeast delegates===

The decision to airstrike Aizawl was brought to the assembly by Stanley Nichols-Roy on 5 April 1966. He had returned from the Mizo Hills with Hoover Hynniewta and Professor G.G. Swell, where they presented their opinion that, based on the evidence gathered on their visit, the decision was more excessive than the appropriate amount needed. The government in Assam and Delhi both denied the use of the air force to counter the uprising. Indira Gandhi, in a statement to the ''Hindustan Standard'' on 9 March, was prompted on the use of the air force, which she stated was only used to deploy men and drop supplies. Stanley Nichols Roy and Hoover Hynniewta condemned the excessive use of force and the denial of the Indian government's orders for it to be carried out. Eye witness accounts and material evidence from their visit were presented, and they became the first members to strongly oppose the decision.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=100}}

The question of the bombing of Aizawl is still debated even among the [[Mizo people]]. According to Wing Commander Lalzawma who served as a Commissioned Officer at Tezpur, the fighters had used 60MMRP (Rocket Propelled) now obsolete and machine guns of 20MM and 16MM calibre when bombs used by such fighters were 250, 500 or 1000 pounds in variety. His statement orates that 6 fighters from the 29 Toofani squadron were sent to Kumbigram from Tezpur and Hunter aircraft from the 17 Hunter squadron in Jorhat had been deployed for missions in the Mizo district. Shell and casings found at sites in Aizawl bear testimony and there is no argument on the identification of highly explosive weapons used by the fighters in their mission. The debate terms the weapons as bombs as they were purposed to detonate or explode on impact. Hoover Hynniewta presented fragments of the bombs from their visit to Aizawl. Hynniewta and Nichols Roy had witnessed a bomb explosion. They took photographs of a bomb which didn't explode. It was touched and photographed with fragments collected. Testimonies of over 100 people were collected which recorded the loud explosions heard in the hills when the planes flew over and fire breaking out in the houses. Rockets were also used. The fragments presented were bullets and broken piece of iron sheet.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=101}}

===Indian government===
====Denial====
[[Indira Gandhi]] denied the use of the IAF in the bombing of Aizawl. In a statement to the ''Hindustan Standard'' on 9 March 1966, Gandhi responded to the claim by denying it. She elaborated by stating that the use of the IAF was to drop men and supplies.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=100}}

The [[Government of Assam]] denied the aerial bombing of Aizawl. This was due to the lack of evidence from independent agencies. However, sources from the Indian Army stated that due to the inability to deploy supplies via helicopters being shot at, the IAF called for air strikes by jet fighters on 5 March.{{sfn|Nag|2011|p=4}} Chief Minister [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]] stated via a report that the MNF's intention to burn down the Assam Rifles Headquarters led to the burning of Aizawl. The MNF who set fire to the market area hoped the winds would carry the fire to the Assam Rifles allegedly backfired.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=134}}

Indian historians eventually admitted the aerial bombing of Aizawl had occurred. Matthew Thomas, a commanding officer in the operations, recalled that the IAF was utilised to scatter the hostile positions around the battalion area. It succeeded in scattering the hostiles, but at the cost of Aizawl catching on fire. From 9–13 March, the IAF also bombed Demagiri to relieve the garrison there according to Thomas.{{sfn|Nag|2011|p=5}}

====Justification====
The Indian narrative argues the airstrikes were effective in curbing the hostiles and their insurgency. However the fighters targets were not restricted to hostile hideouts. A majority of the population of Aizawl had retreated into neighbouring villages and forest hideouts. Many civilians were rendered homeless as the bombs and rockets burned down properties or damaged them beyond repair. The bombing of Aizawl was also not protected under the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA). AFSPA empowered armed forces consisting of the army and air force operating as land forces. A debate in the Lok Sabha was commented on by Naushir Bharucha stating that it probably meant "the government very mercifully has not permitted the air forces to shoot or strafe the area... or to bomb". The minister of home affairs did not confirm this interpretation.{{sfn|Hluna|Tochhawng|2012|p=103}} Several academics have outlined that the airstrikes aggravated the support for the MNF insurgency and created contempt in the local population for the Indian government.

==Legacy==
Every year on 5 March, the day is recognised as ''Zoram Ni'' in remembrance of the bombing of Aizawl and other sites in Mizoram.{{sfn|Khojol|2022}}

In 2010, there was a public outcry in Mizoram for the Indian Government to issue a formal apology to the disproportionate use of force and bombing of Aizawl.{{sfn|Chakraborty|2010}}

==See also==
*[[Mizo National Front uprising]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite news |last=Explore Mizoram |date=4 March 2019 |title=Zawlkhawpuiin senmei a chan ni kha!|language=Mizo|trans-title=The day Aizawl burned down |url=https://www.exploremizoram.com/2019/03/zawlkhawpuiin-senmei-chan-ni-kha.html#google_vignette |work=Explore Mizoram |location=Aizawl |publisher= |access-date=1 June 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hluna |first1=Dr. J.V |last2=Tochhawng |first2=Rini|date=2012 |title=The Mizo Uprising: Assam Assembly Debates on the Mizo Movement, 1966-1971|location=Newcastle, UK |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-44384042-2}}
*{{cite news|last=Hminga|date=1 April 1966|title=The Mizo people|issue=56595|work=The Times|publisher=Gale Primary Sources|location=Aizawl}}
*{{cite book|last1=Chima|first1=Jugdep|last2=Saikia|first2=Pahi|title=Insurgency in India's Northeast: Identity Formation, Postcolonial Nation.State building, and Secessionist Resistance|date=2023|publisher=Taylor and Francis|location=New York|isbn=978-1-003-38896-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVbJEAAAQBAJ|access-date=29 May 2025}}
*&{{Cite web |last=Khojol |first=Henry L. |date=2022-03-02 |title=The day Mizoram declared independence from India, 56 years ago |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/mizoram/2022/03/02/the-day-mizoram-declared-independence-from-india-56-years-ago/ |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}
*{{cite conference |url=http://www.mcrg.ac.in/PP46.pdf |title=A Gigantic Panopticon: Counter Insurgency Operation and Modes of Discipline and Punishment in North East India |last1=Nag |first1=Sajal|date=2011 |location=Kokatta|conference=Development, Logistics, And, Governance: Fourth Critical Studies conference |id=}}
*{{cite book |last1=Nibedon |first1=Nirmal |title=Mizoram: The Dagger Brigade |date=2013 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |location=Atlanta, Georgia |isbn=978-1-935501-82-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eeFKAQAAQBAJ |access-date=13 February 2025}}
*{{cite book |last=Palit |first=D.K. |date=1984 |title=Sentinels of the Northeast: The Assam Rifles |url= |location=India |publisher=Palit & Palit}}
*{{cite book |last1=Roluahpuia |title=Nationalism in the Vernacular |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781009346061 |isbn=9781009346061 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009346061 |access-date=9 February 2025}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Anup Shekhar|date=2010 |title=Memory of a Lost Past, Memory of Rape: Notalgia, Trauma and the Construction of Collective Social Memory Among the Zo Hnahthlak |url=https://journals.codesria.org/index.php/icp/article/view/5132/5426 |journal=Identity, Culture and Politics |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=87–104|access-date=6 December 2024}}
*{{cite book |last=Zamawia |first=R. |date=2012 |title=Zofate Zinkawngah: zalènna mei a mit tùr a ni lo |url= |location=India |publisher=R. Zamawia| language=Mizo|trans-title=Mizo Journey: The fire of freedom is not to be extinguished}}

[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Explosions in 1966]]
[[Category:1966 in India]]
[[Category:Mizo National Front uprising]]

Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan

2026-05-05T18:27:39Z

Writepedia: started entry

{{short description|Indian thriller drama television series}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name = Ishq Mein Marjawan 3
| image = Fanaa- Ishq Mein Marjawan.PNG
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| creator = Dipti Kalwani
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story = Dipti Kalwani, Shokhi Banerjee
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = ''Ishq Mein Marjawan''
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 155
| list_episodes =
| producer = Dipti Kalwani Karishma Jain [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 25 minutes
| company = Sunny Side Up Films Pvt Ltd [[4 Lions Films]]
| network = [[Colors TV]] (31 January 2022–5 August 2022) [[Voot]] (8 August 2022–2 September 2022)
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|1|31}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|9|2}}
| related = ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]'' ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2]]'' ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan 2: Naya Safar]]'' 
}}

'''''Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] series produced by Dipti Kalwani, Karishma Jain and [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]. The third installment of ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]'' franchise, it stars [[Ayaz Ahmed]], [[Zain Imam]], [[Reem Shaikh]] and [[Akshit Sukhija]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zain Imam to play the anti-hero in Dipti Kalwani's Fanaa, Akshit Sukhija and Reem Shaikh join the cast too |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/zain-imam-to-play-the-anti-hero-in-gul-khans-fanaa-akshit-sukhija-and-reem-shaikh-join-the-cast-too/articleshow/88294041.cms |access-date=15 December 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=15 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Series aired on [[Colors TV]] From 8 August 2022 to 2 September 2022. It is digitally available on [[Voot]] app.

==Plot==


Agastya is a suave businessman and tech-genius, who unconditionally loves Paakhi, so much so that his feelings for her gradually turn into an obsession. Paakhi, on the other hand, is optimistic and carefree and runs an event management company. They are best friends and share their lives with each other. Paakhi likes to live in her fairytale world and believes that she is the universe's favourite child. However, she is oblivious to the fact that Agastya, whom she so adores and blindly trusts, is the one who has been pulling the strings of her life creating an illusion for her. As the story unfolds, Paakhi falls in love with a virtuous oncologist, Dr Ishaan Tandon, so Agastya, plans and plots to shake every pillar of her existence. Agastya's strong affection for Paakhi leads to many complexities and a whirlwind of emotions.

Paakhi discovers the truth about Agastya. Distraught by what Agastya did, Paakhi collaborates with Ishaan to make Agastya confess his crime. On the other hand, Agastya's step-mother Meera returns to snatch Agastya's property and wealth. Paakhi finally manages to expose Agastya. But before Paakhi could punish him, Agastya kidnaps her. On the other hand, Virat meets with an accident and the case is handed to his brother Karanjit. Paakhi manages to flee from Agastya but meets with an accident. When doctors lose hope on Paakhi, Agastya walks on coal to save her. After knowing all this Paakhi develops a soft corner for Agastya. Agastya and Paakhi celebrate their three-month anniversary. Paakhi mixes sleeping pills in Agastya's drink and flees, however, she is kidnapped by Meera. Meera calls Agastya into the forest where Agastya learns that his henchmen Yug is actually Meera's biological son and his half-brother. Agastya tries to save Paakhi but she takes a bullet for him. Paakhi falls down a cliff, Agastya goes mad, and Meera along with Yug frame Agastya for Paakhi's death. Agastya is sent to a mental asylum, where he is given shocks, which makes him lose his sanity and revert to the mental age of a child.

===6 months later===
Meera made all the members of Raichand family and Srivastav family her servants. She even uses Agastya's mental condition for her pleasure. Neelima's finds a lookalike of Paakhi, Bulbul, who is a dancer by profession. Bulbul becomes best friend with the mentally disabled Agastya and even gets a job by blackmailing Meera. It is then revealed that Bulbul is in fact Paakhi in reality who is pretending to be Bulbul to take revenge from Meera. Agastya also recovers and they expose Meera. Pakhi and Agastya reunite and live happily but Ishaan returns to take revenge and creates misunderstandings between the two leading Pakhi to believe that Agastya never changed and was only pretending. Pakhi is pregnant with Agastya's child but due to the misunderstandings, she doesn't tell him and leaves the city forever to raise the child on her own. She leaves letters behind for her own family and Agastya.

===6 years later===
Pakhi lives in Shimla with her and Agastya's daughter Tara while Agastya lives with his family in Delhi. Tara insists Pakhi to take her to Delhi so that she can participate in a competition for kids which was organised by Agastya. Unaware of the fact that Agastya is organizing the competition, Pakhi and Tara come to Delhi so that Tara can take part in it. Eventually Pakhi and Agastya meet. Ishaan who is still obsessed with Pakhi tries to kidnap her and kill Agastya but ends up being shot to death by the police. Meera returns to destroy Tara, Agastya and Pakhi. Agastya and Pakhi clear their misunderstandings and save Tara from Meera.Meera ends up burnt to death. The show ends with the family happy and united with the birth of Pakhi and Agastya's second child.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Reem Shaikh]] as Paakhi "Bulbul" Srivastav Raichand: Prema and Sameer's daughter; Shanaya's sister; Agatsya's wife; Tara and Baby's mother (2022)
* [[Zain Imam]] in a [[Dual role|double role]] as
** Agastya Raichand: Meera's step-son; Yug's half-brother; Paakhi's husband; Tara and Baby's father (2022)
** Arjun "Vicky" Sharma: Agatsya's look-alike; Meera's henchman (2022)

===Recurring===
* [[Akshit Sukhija]] as Dr. Ishaan Tandon: Vibhushan's son; Shubham's brother; Paakhi's ex-fiancé (2022)
* [[Ayaz Ahmed]] as Yug Raichand – Meera's son; Agastya's henchmen and half-brother; Naveli's cousin; Shanaya's Love Interest (2022)
* [[Kishwer Merchant]] as Meera Raichand – Agastya's step-mother; Yug's mother (2022)
* Avinash Sahijwani as Sameer Srivastav – Anuj's brother; Prema's husband; Pakhi and Shanaya's father;Tara and Baby's grandfather (2022)
* Mamta Verma as Prema Srivastav – Sameer's wife; Pakhi and Shanaya's mother; Tara and Baby's grandmother (2022)
* Shruti Chaudhary as Shanaya Srivastav – Sameer and Prema's younger daughter; Pakhi's sister; Mohit's cousin; Yug's Love Interest (2022)
* Riddhi Sharma as Tara Raichand – Pakhi and Agastya’s daughter Baby's sister (2022)
* Gargi Patel/Meenakshi Sethi as Neelima Raichand – Mona's mother; Agastya, Naveli and Yug's grandmother (2022)
* James Ghadge as Mohit Srivastav – Anuj and Leela's son; Paakhi and Shanaya's cousin (2022)
* Melanie Nazareth as Mona Raichand Nanda: Neelima's daughter; Naveli's mother; Agastya and Yug's aunt (2022)
* Prachi Kadam/Arista Mehta as Naveli Nanda – Mona's daughter; Agastya and Yug's cousin (2022)
* [[Manoj Chandila]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Ranjit Singh – Virat's brother (2022)
* Sagar Parekh as Shubham Tandon – Vibhushan's younger son; Ishaan's brother (2022)
* [[Aashish Kaul]] as Vibhushan Tandon – Ishaan and Shubham's father (2022)
* [[Afzaal Khan]] as Anuj Srivastav – Sameer's brother; Leela's husband; Mohit's father (2022)
* Swati Tarar as Leela Srivastav – Anuj's wife; Mohit's mother (2022)
* [[Sangeeta Panwar]] as Jugnu – Agastya's daima (2022)
* [[Krip Suri]] as [[Inspector]] Virat Singh – Ranjit's brother (2022)
* Amruta Vedpathak as Tanya Verma – Pakhi's friend (2022)
* Bhawna Ahuja as Tina Ahuja – Agastya's business associate (2022)
* Rishikesh Ingley as Devesh Khanna – Agastya's business rival (2022)
* [[Aakash Talwar]] as Rajeev Kumar Ranveer's brother (2022)
* Ahmad Harhash as Ranveer Kumar: Rajeev's brother (2022)

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The show was initially titled as ''Fanaa - Tere Ishq Mein'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reem Sameer Sheikh and Zain Imam to play leads in Fanaa Tere Ishq Mein|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/reem-sameer-shaikh-and-zain-imam-to-play-leads-in-fanaa-tere-ishq-mein-350938|website=The Tribune}}</ref> but was later retitled ''Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan's comparisons to Netflix's You|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/zain-imam-reacts-to-fanaa-ishq-mein-marjawan-s-comparisons-to-netflix-s-you-interview-1909920-2022-02-07|access-date=7 February 2022|website=India Today|date=7 February 2022|language=en}}</ref> From August 8, 2022, the series is streaming on Voot under the name ''Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan Aakhri Imtihaan'' which went off air on 2 September 2022.

=== Casting ===
[[Reem Shaikh]] was cast to play Paakhi Srivastava.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/my-character-paakhi-is-a-happy-soul-and-im-like-that-in-real-life-too-reem-shaikh/articleshow/89150579.cms|title=My character Paakhi is a happy soul and I'm like that in really life too- Reem Shaikh|website=The Times Of India|date=27 January 2022 }}</ref> [[Akshit Sukhija]] was chosen to play Dr. Ishaan Tandon while [[Zain Imam]] was selected to play Agastya Raichand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/akshit-sukhija-roped-in-for-fanaa-ishq-mein-marjawaan-358723|title=Akshit Sukhija roped in for Fanaa Ishq Mein Marjawan|website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/zain-imam-on-fanaa-ishq-mein-marjawan-while-playing-an-obsessive-lover-i-try-not-to-lose-my-sanity/videoshow/89133862.cms|title=Zain Imam on Fanaa - Ishq Mein Marjawan: While playing an obsessive lover, I try not to lose my sanity|website=[[Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> [[Aakash Talwar]] bagged a special appearance as Rajeev.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/molkki-actor-aakash-talwar-all-set-to-enter-fanaa-ishq-mein-marjawan/articleshow/89221152.cms|title=Molkki actor Aakash Talwar all set to enter Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan|website=[[Times of India]]|date=30 January 2022 |language=en|access-date=31 January 2022}}</ref> Later, [[Ayaz Ahmed]] and [[Krip Suri]] joined in February 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/krrip-kapur-suri-joins-the-cast-of-fanaa-ishq-mein-marjawan/articleshow/89456561.cms|title=Krrip Kapur Suri joins the cast of Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan|website=[[Times of India]]|date=9 February 2022 |language=en|access-date=12 February 2022}}</ref> In April 2022, [[Manoj Chandila]] and [[Kishwer Merchant]] were introduced.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=15 April 2022|title=Manoj Chandila joins the cast of 'Fanaa Ishq Mein Marjawaan'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/manoj-chandila-joins-the-cast-of-fanaa-ishq-mein-marjawaan/articleshow/90862202.cms|access-date=28 April 2022|work=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=21 April 2022|title=Kishwer Merchant resumes work post maternity break; joins the cast of 'Fanaa - Ishq Mein Marjawaan'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kishwer-merchant-resumes-work-post-maternity-break-joins-the-cast-of-fanaa-ishq-mein-marjawaan/articleshow/90970848.cms|access-date=28 April 2022|work=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

In July 2022, [[Akshit Sukhija]] quit the show.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maheshwari|first=Neha|date=20 July 2022|title=I had great expectations from my character in Fanaa - Ishq Mein Marjawan but I didn't get my due as an actor: Akshit Sukhija|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-had-great-expectations-from-my-character-in-fanaa-ishq-mein-marjawan-but-i-didnt-get-my-due-as-an-actor-says-akshit-sukhija-whose-journey-on-the-show-is-ending-soon/articleshow/93003404.cms|access-date=23 July 2022|work=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of programmes broadcast by Colors TV]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.colorstv.com/shows/fanaa/ ''Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan''] at [[Colors TV]]
* [https://www.voot.com/shows/fanaa-ishq-mein-marjawan/100713 Fanaa: Ishq Mein Marjawan] on [[Voot]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
{{Colors Programmes}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Aditi Sanwal

2026-05-01T08:11:49Z

Writepedia:

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aditi Sanwal
| image =
| caption =
| other_names =
| birth_name = Aditi
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Jhansi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| education = [[M. S. Ramaiah Medical College]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2019–present
}}
'''Aditi Sanwal''' is an Indian actress who works in films and television. She made her debut with various TV commercials followed by her television debut in 2019 by playing the lead role of Rajkumari [[Durdhara]] in '' [[Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]'' In 2020 she portrayed Kukki Bajaj in the show '' [[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series) |Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''. She played the lead role of Kashvi Sahay in fantasy series ''[[Baalveer 3]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Baalveer 3's Aditi Sanwal gets candid about her role as Kaashvi, says "I have been given the freedom to interpret my character" |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/baalveer-3s-aditi-sanwal-gets-candid-about-her-role-as-kaashvi-says-i-have-been-given-the-freedom-to-interpret-my-character/articleshow/100080397.cms |access-date=2023-06-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[Baalveer|''Baalveer 4'']]. She made her web debut with ''[[Operation MBBS]]'' 2 as Lata. She has worked in films like [[Ae Watan Mere Watan|''Aye Watan Mere Watan'']], ''Saale Aashiq'' and ''[[Pintu Ki Pappi]]''.

== Early life and education ==
Sanwal is from [[Jhansi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She completed her MBBS degree from [[M. S. Ramaiah Medical College]], [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/i-am-a-bit-sceptical-taking-up-new-work-due-to-the-ongoing-crisis-aditi/story-TpK2X3DhOtj0uMmxO54tEM.html|title=I am a bit sceptical taking up new work due to the ongoing crisis: Aditi|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
|2024
|''[[Ae Watan Mere Watan]]''
|Antara
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[Pintu Ki Pappi]]''
|Aditi
|-
|''Saale Aashiq''
|Meena
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV series) |Chandragupta Maurya]]''
| [[Durdhara]]
|Lead
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-20 |title=Aditi Sanwal to pair opposite Faizal Khan in Chandragupta Maurya |work=EasternEye |url=https://www.easterneye.biz/aditi-sanwal-to-pair-opposite-faizal-khan-in-chandragupta-maurya/ |access-date=2023-06-06 |language=}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series) |Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
| Kukki Bajaj
|Parallel Lead
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=I'm talkative like Kukki: Aditi Sanwal |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/im-talkative-like-kukki-aditi-sanwal-130450 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]''
| Dr. Prabha Shah
|Guest appearance
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditi Sanwal Joins Baal Veer 3's Cast, Says She's 'Extremely Happy |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/im-extremely-happy-aditi-sanwal-on-joining-the-cast-of-baal-veer-season-3-7300723.html |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=News18 |date=15 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Baalveer 3]]''
| Kaashvi Sahay
| rowspan="4" |Lead
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=Aditi Sanwal joins the cast of Baalveer 3 |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/aditi-sanwal-joins-the-cast-of-baalveer-3-487013 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Deewani]]''
|Meera Tiwari
|
|-
|''[[Baalveer 4]]''
| rowspan="2" |Kaashvi Sahay
|
|-
|2025
|[[Baalveer|''Baalveer 5'']]
|
|-
| 2025–2026
| ''[[Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi 2]]''
| Mitali Sarabhai
|
|
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Operation MBBS]]''
| Lata
|
|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Aditi Sanwal Joins The Cast Of Fantasy Drama 'Baalveer 3' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/aditi-sanwal-joins-the-cast-of-fantasy-drama-baalveer-3--news-268850 |access-date=1 July 2023 |work=Outlook India}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm10191580|name=Aditi Sanwal}}

{{Subject bar
|portal1 = Asia
|portal2 = Biography
|portal3 = Bollywood
|portal4 = India
|portal5 = Film
|portal6 = Television
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanwal, Aditi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Konkani alphabets

2026-04-25T15:32:27Z

Writepedia: put up...

{{Short description|Scripts to write the Konkani language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
'''Konkani alphabets''' refers to the five different scripts ([[Devanagari]], [[Latin script|Roman]], [[Kannada script|Kannada]], [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] and [[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]] scripts) currently used to write the [[Konkani language]].

As of 1987, the "Goan Antruz dialect" in the [[Devanagari]] script has been declared Standard Konkani and promulgated as an official language in the Indian state of [[Goa]].<ref>Goa, Daman and Diu Act, 1987 section 1 subsection 2 clause (c) defines "Konkani language" as Konkani in Devanagari script, and section 3 subsection 1 promulgates Konkani to be the official language of the Union Territory.</ref><ref name="Official">On 20 August 1992 the Parliament of India, by effecting the 78th amendment to the Constitution of India, included Konkani in Devanagari script in the VIIIth Schedule of the Constitution of India.</ref> [[Konkani in the Roman script]] is not mandated as an official script by law. However, an ordinance passed by the [[government of Goa]] allows the use of Roman script for official communication. This ordinance has been put into effect by various ministries in varying degrees. For example, the 1996 Goa Panchayat Rules<ref>{{Cite web|date=1996|title=1996 Panchayat Raj Act And Rules|archive-date=10 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610181357/https://panchayatsgoa.gov.in/pdfdoc/Panchayat_Raj_Act_and_Rules.pdf#zoom=100|url=https://panchayatsgoa.gov.in/pdfdoc/Panchayat_Raj_Act_and_Rules.pdf?#zoom=100|url-status=live|publisher=Government of Goa}}</ref> stipulate that the various forms used in the election process must be in both the Roman and Devanagari script. Although Konkani is spoken by 2.3 million to 2.5 million people, its scripts are usually dismissed in the modern age, with people often resorting to writing in Hindi (in phonetic sense) or Kannada.

==Ancient==
The earliest inscription in Konkani in [[Goykanadi]] script (extinct now) is of the Gupta period in the 2nd century CE found at Aravalem, Goa. It reads

{{cquote| '''śacipurācē śirasi'''}}
(On the top of Shachipura)

The famous inscription at the foot of the colossal Jain monolith Gomaṭēśvara (Bāhubali) ''Konkani: gomṭo - pretty masc., īśvar - God'' at Shravanabelagola of 981 CE reads,

{{cquote|[[File:Chavundaraya.png|300px|center|thumb|śrīcāvuṇḍarājē̃ kara viyālē̃, śrīgaṅgārājē̃ suttālē̃ kara viyālē̃]]}}
([[Chavundaraya]] got it done, Gangaraya got it done again.)<ref>Chavundaraya was the military chief of the Ganga dynasty King Gangaraya. This inscription on the Bahubali statue draws attention to a Basadi (Jain temple) initially built by him and then modified by Gangaraya in the 12th century CE Ref: S. Settar in Adiga (2006), p 256</ref>

At the foot of the Gommateshwara at Shravanabelagola there are two inscriptions. One on the right foot and one on the left. On the right foot the inscription is written in old Kannada. On the left foot it is in Devanagari.

==Present==

The rules for writing Konkani in the [[Devanagari]] script are elucidated in a book released by the Goa Konkani Academy titled ''kōṅkaṇī śuddhalēkhanācē nēm''. While the rules for writing [[Konkani in the Roman script]] are elucidated in a book titled ''thomas sṭīvans koṅkaṇi kēndr Romi Lipi'' by writer Pratap Naik, released by Konkani singer Ullās Buyā̃v at [[Dalgado Konkani Academy]] and in ''Romi Lipient Konknni Kors''.<ref name="RomiKors">{{cite book |last1=Almeida, SJ |first1=Matthew |title=''Romi Lipient Konknni Kors'' |publisher=[[Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr]]}}</ref>

===Vowels and syllabic consonants===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="7"| '''Short vowel'''
! colspan="7"| '''Long vowel'''
|-
! {{vert header|[[Devanagari|dev.]]}}
! {{vert header|[[Kannada script|kan.]]}}
! {{vert header|[[Malayalam script|mal.]]}}
! {{vert header|[[Konkani in the Roman script|''romi'']]}}
! {{vert header|[[Arabic script|ara.]]}}
! {{vert header|[[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]}}
! {{vert header|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]}}
! {{vert header|[[Devanagari|dev.]]}}
! {{vert header|[[Kannada script|kan.]]}}
! {{vert header|[[Malayalam script|mal.]]}}
! {{vert header|[[Konkani in the Roman script|''romi'']]}}
! {{vert header|[[Arabic script|ara.]]}}
! {{vert header|[[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]}}
! {{vert header|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]}}
|-
| अ || ಅ || അ || (ø or o) || ا،ع || {{IAST | a}} || {{IPA | /ɐ/}}
| आ || ಆ || ആ || a || آ || {{IAST | ā}} || {{IPA | /ɑː/}}
|-
| इ || ಇ || ഇ || i || ? || {{IAST | i}} || {{IPA | /i/}}
| ई || ಈ || ഈ || i || ي || {{IAST | ī}} || {{IPA | /iː/}}
|-
| उ || ಉ || ഉ || u || ? || {{IAST | u}} || {{IPA | /u/}}
| ऊ || ಊ || ഊ || u || و || {{IAST | ū}} || {{IPA | /uː/}}
|-
| ऋ || ಋ || ഋ || ru || ? || {{IAST | ṛ }} || {{IPA | /ɹ̩/}}
| ॠ || ೠ || ൠ || ? || ? || {{IAST | ṝ}} || {{IPA | /ɹ̩ː/}}
|-
| ऌ || ಌ || ഌ || ? || ? || {{IAST | ḷ }} || {{IPA | /l̩/}}
| ॡ || ೡ || ൡ || ? || ? || {{IAST | ḹ}} || {{IPA | /l̩ː/}}
|-
| ऍ || ? || ? || e || ? || {{IAST | ê}} || {{IPA | /æ/}}
| colspan="7"| {{center|—}}
|-
| ऎ || ಎ || എ || (ê or e) || اے || {{IAST | e }} || {{IPA | /e/}}
| ए || ಏ || ഏ || (ê or e) || اے || {{IAST | ē}} || {{IPA | /eː/}}
|-
| colspan="7"| {{center|—}}
| ऐ || ಐ || ഐ || oi || اے || {{IAST | ai }} || {{IPA | /ʌj/}}
|-
| ऑ || ? || ? || o || ? || {{IAST | ô}} || {{IPA | /æ/}}
| colspan="7"| {{center|—}}
|-
| ऒ || ಒ || ഒ || (ô or o) || او || {{IAST | o }} || {{IPA | /o/}}
| ओ || ಓ || ഓ || (ô or o) || او || {{IAST | ō}} || {{IPA | /oː/}}
|-
| colspan="7"| {{center|—}}
| औ || ಔ || ഔ || ov || او || {{IAST | au}} || {{IPA | /ʌʋ/}}
|}

====Observations====

* ॠ, ऌ and ॡ are rarely used in Konkani except to render ''tatsam'' words. e.g. कॣप्त (imagined-derivative of कल्पना)
* Under Portuguese rule, the Konkani language was modified to fit the Roman syllabary system. As a result, Roman orthography has eliminated or deformed some original Konkani sounds.<ref>A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992 By Manohararāya Saradesāya (pg. 22)</ref> e.g.
*
# अ, ओ and ऑ are most often rendered in the Roman script by single letter '''o'''. e.g.:
#* अ - '''क'''रता kartā is written as '''ko'''rta or even '''co'''rta (also written as k'''ø'''rta, preserving the original konkani vowel <ref>"Speak Konkani, Konknni Uloi" by Shaileshchandra P. Raikar; Kuldeep Publications (published June 2023) (pg. 3)</ref>)
#* ओ - '''दो'''न dōn is written as d'''o'''n.
#* ऑ - '''पो'''रनें pornẽ is written as p'''o'''rnem
# ऍ and ए are rendered by '''e''' and '''ê''' respectively, but most often to make it easy, both vowels are rendered by '''e''' in the Roman script. However, the same deformation is rendered by the Devanagari script as both the syllables ऍ and ए are written as '''े''' (ए). E.g. मेज (count) and मेज (table).
# ऍ - कॅनरा kænarā is written as Kanara or Canara.
* In the Roman script, Nasal vowels in certain cases are represented by a tilde (~) above the character e.g. pãy (foot). However, the usage of tilde (~) is to be used less. If the vowel at the end of a word is nasalized (if the word ends with a nasal vowel), use '''m''' after the vowel. If the m in the final position of word is supposed to be pronounced as a consonant, use '''m''''. If the vowel in the middle of the word is nasalized (i.e. non-final vowel), use '''n''', except when the nasal vowel precedes '''p,b,f,n'''. E.g. kombi, unddo, ganv, hatamni.<ref name="RomiKors"/>
* For explicit differentiation, closed vowels (ए and ओ) are represented with a circumflex (ê and ô), while open vowels (ऍ and ऑ) are represented by (e and o).<ref name="RomiKors"/> However, the circumflex is sometimes omitted if it is expected that the reader will know the correct vowel sound.

===Consonants===

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; height:400px; width:80%"
|-
!
! colspan="8"| [[Plosive]]
! colspan="2"| [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
! colspan="2"| [[Approximant]]
! colspan="4"| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! colspan="4"| [[Voiceless alveolar affricate|Affricative]]
|-
! [[Voice (phonetics)|Voicing]] →
| colspan="4"| [[Voice (phonetics)|Unvoiced]]
| colspan="8"| [[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
| colspan="2"| [[Voice (phonetics)|Unvoiced]]
| colspan="2"| [[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
| colspan="2"| [[Voice (phonetics)|Unvoiced]]
| colspan="2"| [[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]
|-
! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspiration]] →
| colspan="2"| ''Unaspirated''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="beige"| ''Aspirated''
| colspan="2"| ''Unaspirated''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="beige"| ''Aspirated''
| colspan="4"| ''Unaspirated''
| colspan="4" bgcolor="beige"| ''Aspirated''
| colspan="2"| ''Unaspirated''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="beige"| ''Aspirated''
|-
! [[Guttural]]
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |क-ಕ-Ka-க-ک||{{IAST|ka}} {{IPA|/k/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ख-ಖ-Kha-ഖ-كھ||{{IAST|kha}} {{IPA|/kʰ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ग-ಗ-Ga-ഗ-گ||{{IAST|ga}} {{IPA|/ɡ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |घ-ಘ-Gha-ഘ-گھ||{{IAST|gha}} {{IPA|/ɡʱ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ङ-ಞ-Nga-ങ-?||{{IAST|ṅa}} {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
| colspan="4"|
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ह-ಹ-Ha-ഹ-ہ،ح||{{IAST|ha}} {{IPA|/ɦ/}}
|-
! [[Palatal]]
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |च-ಚ-Cha-ച-چ||{{IAST|ca}} {{IPA|/c/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |छ-ಛ-Chha-ഛ-چھ||{{IAST|cha}} {{IPA|/cʰ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ज-ಜ-Ja-ജ-ج||{{IAST|ja}} {{IPA|/ɟ,/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |झ-ಝ-Jha-ഝ-جھ||{{IAST|jha}} {{IPA|/ɟʱ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ञ-ಙ-Nja-ഞ-?||{{IAST|ña}} {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |य-ಯ-Ya-യ-ي||{{IAST|ya}} {{IPA|/j/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |श-ಶ-Sha,Xa-ശ-ش||{{IAST|śa}} {{IPA|/ɕ, ʃ/}}
| colspan="2" rowspan="4"|
|-
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ट-ಟ-Tta-ട-ٹ||{{IAST|ṭa}} {{IPA|/ʈ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ठ-ಠ-Ttha-ഠ-ٹھ||{{IAST|ṭha}} {{IPA|/ʈʰ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ड-ಡ-Dda-ഡ-ڈ||{{IAST|ḍa}} {{IPA|/ɖ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ढ-ಢ-Ddha-ഢ-ڈھ||{{IAST|ḍha}} {{IPA|/ɖʱ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ण-ಣ-Nna-ണ-?||{{IAST|ṇa}} {{IPA|/ɳ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |र-ರ-Ra-ര-ر||{{IAST|ra}} {{IPA|/r/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ष-ಷ-Xa-ഷ-?||{{IAST|ṣa}} {{IPA|/ʂ/}}
|-
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |त-ತ-Ta-ത-ط،ت||{{IAST|ta}} {{IPA|/t̪/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |थ-ಥ-Tha-ഥ-تھ||{{IAST|tha}} {{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |द-ದ-Da-ദ-د||{{IAST|da}} {{IPA|/d̪/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ध-ಧ-Dha-ധ-دھ||{{IAST|dha}} {{IPA|/d̪ʱ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |न-ನ-Na-ന-ن||{{IAST|na}} {{IPA|/n/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ल-ಲ-La-ല-ل||{{IAST|la}} {{IPA|/l/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |स-ಸ-Sa-സ-ص،س||{{IAST|sa}} {{IPA|/s/}}
|-
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |प-ಪ-Pa-പ-پ||{{IAST|pa}} {{IPA|/p/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |फ-ಫ-Pha-ഫ-پھ||{{IAST|pha}} {{IPA|/pʰ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ब-ಬ-Ba-ബ-ب||{{IAST|ba}} {{IPA|/b/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |भ-ಭ-Bha-ഭ-بھ||{{IAST|bha}} {{IPA|/bʱ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |म-ಮ-Ma-മ-م||{{IAST|ma}} {{IPA|/m/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |व-ವ-Va-വ-و||{{IAST|va}} {{IPA|/ʋ/}}
| colspan="2"|
|-
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
| colspan="16"|
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |च़-?-Cha-?-?||{{IAST|ca}} {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}}
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:16px" |ज़-?-Za-?-ز،ظ،ذ||{{IAST|ja}} {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}}
|-
! [[Voiceless labiodental fricative|Labiodental]]
| colspan="12"|
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:18px" |फ़-ಫ಼-Fa-ف||{{IAST|fa}} {{IPA|/f/}}
|-
! [[Retroflex lateral flap|Retroflex Lateral flap]]
| colspan="10"|
| bgcolor="#CCCCCC" style="font-size:18px" |ळ-ಳ-Lla-ള-?||{{IAST|ḷa}} {{IPA|/ɺ̢/}}
|}

====Observations====
* ಚ and ച in the Kannada and Malayalam scripts respectively, render two sounds, (c) and (t͡ʃ).
* ಜ and ജ in the Kannada and Malayalam scripts respectively, render two sounds, (ɟ) and (d͡ʒ).
* In the Roman script, a retroflex consonant is got by simply doubling the corresponding dental consonant; e.g. त - ta, ट - Tta.
* Roman Konkani does not distinguish between श and ष. Both are written as Sha or Xa and pronounced as श.
* Roman Konkani does not distinguish between फ and फ़. Both are normally written as '''F''' and pronounced accordingly. e.g. '''tomorrow''' फाल्लॆक (phāllek)- fallek (fāllek)
* ن ''nūn'' in the Nawayati Konkani script not only is a separate consonant, but also performs the role of the anusvāra. It indicates a homorganic nasal preceding another consonant; e.g. رنگ ''raṅg'', انڈو ''aṇḍo''. It also undergoes nasalisation; e.g. ہانؤ hāṃv.
* ع, '''ayin'' غ ''ghayin'' and ح ''he'' in the Nawayati Konkani script are used for incorporated Perso-Arabic words.
* Joined characters are denoted with an apostrophe ('), e.g., mell'lo. m followed by an apostrophe at the end of a word indicates that the m consonant is to be pronounced, and that it is not a nasal vowel, e.g. kam'.<ref name="RomiKors"/>

===Nasal consonants and nasalisation===

In Konkani, the {{IAST|anusvāra|}} '''ं''' {{IAST|ṃ|}} is traditionally defined as representing a nasal stop homorganic to a following [[plosive]],({{lang|hi-Latn|anunāsika}}) and also [[Nasal vowel|vowel nasalisation]]. The precise phonetic value of the phoneme is dependent on the phonological environment.<ref>Varma, Siddheshwar (1929), Critical studies in the phonetic observations of Indian grammarians</ref> Word-finally, it is realized as nasalization of the preceding vowel (e.g. ''{{lang|knn-Latn|bā̃yi}}'' {{IPA|[bãːyi]}}, "a well"). It results in vowel nasalization also medially between a short vowel and a non-[[obstruent]] (''{{lang|hi-Latn|tũvẽ}}'' {{IPA|[tʊ̃ʋe]}} "you (acc.)"). It is pronounced as a homorganic nasal, with the preceding vowel becoming nasalized [[allophone|allophonically]], in the following cases: between a long vowel and a voiced stop (''{{lang|knn-Latn|tāṃbo}}'' {{IPA|[taːmbo]}} "copper", ''{{lang|knn-Latn|cāṃdī}}'' {{IPA|[tʃaːndiː]}} "silver"), between a long vowel and a voiceless stop (''{{lang|knn-Latn|dāṃt}}'' {{IPA|[daːnt]}} "tooth"), and also between a short vowel and an obstruent (''{{lang|knn-Latn|sāṃbayi-}}'' {{IPA|[saːmbay]}} "to support", The last rule has two sets of exceptions where the {{lang|knn-Latn|anusvāra|}} effects only a nasalization of the preceding short vowel. Words from the first set are morphologically derived from words with a long nasalized vowel (''{{lang|knn-Latn|mā̃s}}'' {{IPA|[mãs]}}, "meat". In such cases the vowel is sometimes denasalized ({{IPA|[maːs]}}. The second set is composed of a few words like ''({{lang|knn-Latn|pā̃vcẽ}}'' {{IPA|[pãʋtʃɛ̃]}}, "to arrive".)

===Avagraha (ऽ)===

Konkani is one of the few modern Indo-Aryan languages to apply the ''avagraha'' beyond mere sustenance of an exclamation, cry or shout in speech. It is used by verbs in continuous tense. The avagraha is not used in Standard Konkani in the continuous tense. Its use is however popular and prevalent amongst the Canara Saraswats, both Gaud and Bhanap, writing in their native Amchigele dialect, in the continuous tense with the aim of conforming to the schwa deletion rule.<ref name="parijnan">{{cite book | title=Hā̃va āmmi | author=Parijnanashram III | author-link=Parijnanashram III | year=2008|edition=First | publisher=Sharvari Arts | location=Mumbai | pages=5–7}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sentence !! Konkani in [[Devanagari]]
|-
| He was doing || तॊ करतलॊऽशिलॊ
|-
| He is doing || तॊ करतऽसा
|-
| He will be doing|| तॊ करतलॊऽसतलॊ
|}

(According to the [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion rule in Indo-Aryan languages]], करत आसा will be read as'' karat āsā'' and not as'' karta'sā'' as prevalent pronunciation is.)

The avagraha is also used to mark the non-elision of word-final inherent ''a'', which otherwise is a modern orthographic convention: बैसऽ baisa "sit" versus बैस bais.

===Schwa deletion===
[[File:Schwa IPA symbol.svg|thumb|100px|right|The [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] symbol for the schwa]]

The '''[[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|schwa deletion]]''' or '''schwa syncope''' phenomenon plays a crucial role in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and several other [[Indo-Aryan languages]], where [[schwa]]s implicit in the written scripts of those languages are obligatorily deleted for correct pronunciation.<ref name="hyman1988">{{Citation | title=Language, speech, and mind |author1=Larry M. Hyman |author2=Victoria Fromkin |author3=Charles N. Li | date=1988|volume=1988|issue=2 | isbn=0-415-00311-3 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6IOAAAAQAAJ | quote=''... The implicit /a/ is not read when the symbol appears in word-final position or in certain other contexts where it is obligatorily deleted (via the so-called schwa-deletion rule which plays a crucial role in Konkani word phonology ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref28cuzum">{{Citation | title=Indian linguistics, Volume 37 | year=1976 | publisher=Linguistic Society of India, 1976 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3ljAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... the history of the schwa deletion rule in Gujarati has been examined. The historical perspective brings out the fact that schwa deletion is not an isolated phenomenon; the loss of final -a has preceded the loss of medial -a-; ...''}}</ref> Schwa syncope is extremely important in these languages for intelligibility and unaccented speech. It also presents a challenge to non-native speakers and [[speech synthesis]] software because the scripts, including Nagar Barap, do not provide indicators of where schwas should be dropped.<ref name="bhatia1987">{{Citation | title=A history of the Hindi grammatical tradition: Hindi-Hindustani grammar, grammarians, history and problems | author=Tej K. Bhatia | year=1987 | isbn=90-04-07924-6 | publisher=BRILL | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJOXzRXsSK0C | quote=''... Hindi literature fails as a reliable indicator of the actual pronunciation because it is written in the Devanagari script ... the schwa syncope rule which operates in Hindi ...''}}</ref>

This means the schwa ('ə') implicit in each consonant of the script is "obligatorily deleted" at the end of words and in certain other contexts,<ref name="Konkanverter">{{Cite web|url=http://konkanverter.com/toolkit/understanding-schwa/|title=Transliteration to Kannada Script - Understanding Schwa|access-date=9 February 2021|website=Konkanverter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620010714/http://konkanverter.com/toolkit/understanding-schwa/|archive-date=20 June 2020}}</ref> unlike in Sanskrit. This phenomenon has been termed the "''schwa syncope rule''" or the "''schwa deletion rule''" of Konkani. In other words, when a vowel-preceded consonant is followed by a vowel-succeeded consonant, the schwa inherent in the first consonant is deleted.<ref name="choudhury2004">{{Citation | title=A Diachronic Approach for Schwa Deletion in Indo Aryan Languages |author1=Monojit Choudhury |author2=Anupam Basu |author3=Sudeshna Sarkar |date = July 2004| journal=Proceedings of the Workshop of the ACL Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology (SIGPHON) | publisher=Association for Computations Linguistics | url=http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W04/W04-0103.pdf | quote=''... schwa deletion is an important issue for grapheme-to-phoneme conversion of IAL, which in turn is required for a good Text-to-Speech synthesizer ...''}}</ref> However, this formalization is inexact and incomplete (i.e. sometimes deletes a schwa when it shouldn't or, at other times, fails to delete it when it should), and can yield errors. Schwa deletion is computationally important because it is essential to building [[Speech synthesis|text-to-speech]] software for Konkani.<ref name="choudhury2004" /> Without the appropriate deletion of schwas, any speech output would sound unnatural.

It has been proposed that the character ø could be used in Konkani in the Roman script to denote the schwa o sound, as against the regular vowel o sound.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pinto, SDB |first1=Fr. Jason |title=Konknniponn: Sudarit Romi Lipi - Ek Sankov |date=April 2024 |publisher=Gulab |pages=24-25 |url=https://online.fliphtml5.com/cmlao/mtoo/#p=24 |access-date=22 June 2025 |language=gom}}</ref> For example, the word ''बरो'' would be spelt as ''børo'' rather than ''boro''. This would facilitate automatic transliteration from the Roman script to other script, and would also make the Roman script the only script capable of indicating schwa retention and deletion.

====Vowel nasalization====
With some words that contain /n/ or /m/ consonants separated from succeeding consonants by schwas, the schwa deletion process has the effect of nasalizing any preceding vowels. Some examples in Konkani include:
* jẽvaṇ => jẽvlo

====Schwa rules====
# The final inherent अ is generally omitted. E.g. देव is dēv, not ''dēva''.
# Schwa is retained in single letter words. E.g. क is ka, not ''k''.
# Schwa is omitted if the next letter is a consonant conjunct. E.g. आमच्या is Āmcyā, not ''Āmacyā''.
# Schwa is retained in the second letter of a three letter word that ends अ. E.g. करप is karap, not ''karp''.
# Schwa is omitted from the second letter of a three letter word that ends with a vowel other than अ. E.g. चॆरकॊ is cerko, not ''cerako''.
# Schwa is omitted from the second letter of a word with four letters. E.g. करपाची is karpāci, not ''karapāci''.
# Schwa is retained in the third letter of a word with four letters, if the final letter ends with a vowel other than अ. E.g. आंगवणी is Āṅgvaṇī, not ''Āṅgvṇī''.
# Verb roots always end in a consonant even if they undergo declination. e.g. आपंव +चॆं= आपंवचॆं, hence one says ''āpãvcẽ '' not ''āpãvacẽ '', आपय+ता=आपयता, hence we say ''āpaytā'' not ''āpayatā''.

As a result of schwa syncope, the Konkani pronunciation of many words differs from that expected from a literal Sanskrit-style rendering of Devanagari. For instance, करता is ''kartā'' not ''karatā'', आपयता is ''āpaytā'' not ''āpayatā''', वेद is ''vēd'' not ''vēda'' and मिरसांग is ''mirsāṅg'' not ''mirasāṅga''.

For instance, the letter sequence '''ळब''' is pronounced differently in म'''ळब''' (sky) and म'''ळबा'''र (in the sky). In मळब, there is no schwa deletion for the letter ळ, since it is the second letter in a three letter word that ends with अ. Hence it is pronounced as ma'''ḷab'''. In मळबार, the letter ळ has schwa deletion since it is the second letter of a word with four letters. Hence it is pronounced as ma'''ḷbā'''r.<ref name="Konkanverter" /> While native speakers correctly pronounce the sequences differently in different contexts, non-native speakers and voice-synthesis software can make them "sound unnatural", making it difficult for the listener to grasp the intended meaning.

==Proposed scripts==
There have been various proposals to have a script specifically for Konkani. In 1965, S. V. Raykar from Sirsi in [[Karnataka]] devised a distinctive script for Konkani by combining features of the Devanagari and Kannada scripts.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|last=P. Masica|first=Colin|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|isbn=9780521299442|location=Cambridge|pages=470|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC}}</ref> Similarly, in 2020, Ronan Lewis from [[Udupi]] created a unique script for Konkani using alphabets from various languages including Arabic, French and Hebrew.<ref>{{Cite news|title=13-year old boy scripts history with a new script for Konkani|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/features/13-year-old-boy-scripts-history-with-a-new-script-for-konkani|last=Kamath|first=Bhuvana|date=12 September 2020|access-date=9 February 2021|work=NewsKarnataka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209055129/https://www.newskarnataka.com/features/13-year-old-boy-scripts-history-with-a-new-script-for-konkani|archive-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> There is also a movement to revive the Goykanadi script and a proposal has been made to introduce a Unicode block for Goykanadi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20264-goyakanadi.pdf|title=Introducing the Goyakanadi Alphabet|date=20 August 2020|access-date=9 February 2021|website=Unicode Technical Site|last=Basty|first=Shashank Shenoy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103081236/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20264-goyakanadi.pdf|archive-date=3 January 2021|publication-date=1 October 2020}}</ref> In 1993, Gajanana Ghantkar wrote the book ''History of Goa through Gõykanadi script'', which has many historical Konkani documents written in Goykanadi, along with its Devanagari transliteration.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Goa through Gõykanadi script|last=Ghantkar|first=Gajanana|publisher=Rajahauns Vitaran|year=1993|isbn=9788185339931|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRluAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Konkani phonology]]
* [[Konkani language]]
* [[Konkani language agitation]]
* [[Goykanadi]]

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.firstpost.com/living/romi-konkani-the-story-of-a-goan-script-born-out-of-portuguese-influence-which-faces-possible-decline-6510431.html Romi Konkani: The story of a Goan script, born out of Portuguese influence, which faces possible decline, Karthik Malli (Firstpost)]

{{Konkani language topics}}

{{list of writing systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konkani Script}}
[[Category:Konkani|Script, Konkani]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]

Mumbai CSMT–Hingoli Deccan Jan Shatabdi Express

2026-04-25T02:19:16Z

Writepedia: starting a details...

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 87CEFA
| name = Mumbai CSMT–Hingoli Deccan Jan Shatabdi Express
| logo =
| image = Jan Shatabdi express at Jalna railway station.jpg
| caption =
| type = [[Jan Shatabdi Express]]
| first = * {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|01|01}} (inaugural)
* {{start date and age|df=yes|2024|03|09}} (extended up to {{rws|Hingoli Deccan}})
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]] (CSMT)
| stops = 12
| end = [[Hingoli Deccan railway station|Hingoli Deccan]] (HNL)
| distance = {{cvt|660|km}}
(longest Janshatabdi train in all over India by distance )
| journeytime = 12 hours 20 minutes
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC Chair Car, Second Class Seating
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = On-board catering E-catering
| observation = Rake sharing with 12109/12110 [[Panchvati Express]]
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|allk=on}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 12071 / 12072
| speed = {{cvt|53|km/h}} average including halts.
| map = {{Mumbai CSMT– Hingoli Deccan Jan Shatabdi Express Route|inline=y}}
| map_state =
}}

The ''' Mumbai CSMT–Hingoli Deccan Jan Shatabdi''' is a day train (as it returns to the station of origin on the same day). It connects the historical District of Marathwada [[Hingoli]] to the state capital [[Mumbai]]. The actual origination station was extended to [[Jalna (city)|Jalna]] in August 2015 and later extended to Hingoli Deccan. The [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] is the fastest and most comfortable train option from [[Hingoli]] to [[Mumbai]]. It also helps connect other districts in Marathwada, like Hingoli ,Parbhani, Jalna, Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar, to the State Capital, Mumbai. It is the only Janshatabdi in Marathwada and the longest-distance-covering Janshatabdi train in India.

==Etymology==
The name 'Jan' means [[people]] in [[Sanskrit]] language (and hence in many other Indian languages), hence this version of [[Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi]] is meant for the ordinary people. [[Jan Shatabdi]] is an inter-city superfast train connecting major metropolitan cities, at a low price. This train can be considered a 'down-scale' version of [[Shatabdi Express|Shatabdi]] trains.<ref>{{citation |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/trains/janshatabdi |work=indiarailinfo.com |title=52 Jan Shatabdi Express Trains }}</ref>

===Hingoli Jan Shatabdi===
12071/72 – Hingoli Jan Shatabdi runs between [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|CSMT Mumbai]] and [[Hingoli Deccan railway station|Hingoli]]. It is a daily Super Fast offered by the [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]. It had been extended to [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus|CSMT Mumbai]]. As per the time table effective 1 July 2013, it has been reverted to [[Dadar railway station|Dadar]] & now shares its rake with the 12051/52 [[Dadar Madgaon JanShatabdi Express]]. The train initially used to terminate at [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] but w.e.f. August 9, 2015 it has been extended to Jalna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2956&did=1438951608456786CDC9A5BF8717A52C45E0E53AF97EE.web103|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211009/http://www.cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=2956&did=1438951608456786CDC9A5BF8717A52C45E0E53AF97EE.web103|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2015|title=Central Railway / Indian Railways Portal}}</ref> Now it extended upto Hingoli

From Jalna the train is numbered 12072 and it departs at 04:20 am and reaches [[Dadar railway station|CSMT Mumbai]] at 4:50 thus taking approx. 12hrs 30mins hours to cover a distance of {{convert|660|km|0|abbr=on}}. En route it halts at Parbhani , Jalna, [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Manmad Junction railway station|Manmad Junction]], [[Nasik Road railway station|Nashik Road]], [[Kalyan Junction railway station|Kalyan Junction]] and [[Thane railway station|Thane]]. But it also stops at [[Kasara railway station|Kasara]] and [[Igatpuri railway station|Igatpuri]] as operational stops.<ref>{{citation |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/840/1669/1620 |work=indiarailinfo.com |title=12072/Jalna - Mumbai CSMT Jan Shatabdi Express (PT), AWB/Aurangabad --> CSMT/Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (Mumbai) }}</ref>

On the return journey, the train is numbered 12071 and departs from Dadar at 1400 hrs and arrives at Jalna at 2140 hrs.<ref>{{citation |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/818/1620/1669 |work=indiarailinfo.com |title=12071/Mumbai CSMT - Jalna Jan Shatabdi Express, CSMT/Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus (Mumbai) --> AWB/Aurangabad }}</ref>

The ''' Hingoli Jan shatabdi''' is a fourteen-coach train and has ten Jan shatabdi class chair cars, two AC chair car and 2 luggage-cum-brake vans as part of its seating configuration.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/bandrajaipur-garib-rath-flagged-off/281037/ |title=Bandra-Jaipur Garib Rath flagged off |date=4 October 2012 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004135720/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/bandrajaipur-garib-rath-flagged-off/281037/ |archive-date=4 October 2012 }}</ref>

==Locomotion==
earlier was [[WDM-3A]] so was [[WDG-4D]]. As the route is completely electrified, it is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Kalyan|Kalyan Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from end to end.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:12072 Janshatabdi Express at Dadar station.jpg|''12072 Jan Shatabdi Express'' at [[Dadar railway station|Dadar]] station
File:12052 Dadar Madgaon Jan Shatabdi Express - 2nd Class seating.jpg|''12072 Dadar T. - Jalna Jan Shatabdi Express'' - 2nd Class seating
File:12052 Dadar Madgaon Jan Shatabdi Express - AC Chair Car.jpg|''12072 Dadar T. - Jalna Jan Shatabdi Express'' - AC Chair Car
File:12052 Dadar Madgaon Jan Shatabdi Express at Madgaon Station.jpg|''12072 Dadar T. - Jalna Jan Shatabdi Express''
File:12052 Dadar Madgaon Jan Shatabdi Express - 10th Second class seating coach.jpg|''12072 Dadar T. - Jalna Jan Shatabdi Express'' - 10th Second class seating coach
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url= http://www.indianrail.gov.in/jan_shatabdi.html |title= Jan-Shatabdi Train Names with Details |publisher= indianrail.gov.in }}

{{Central Railway}}
{{Railways in Western India}}
{{Jan Shatabdi Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumbai CSMT - Jalna Jan Shatabdi Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Jan Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2007]]
[[Category:Transport in Aurangabad]]
[[Category:Transport in Jalna]]

Katta Varadaraju

2026-04-24T19:13:05Z

Writepedia: stub

{{Short description|16th century Indian poet}}
{{Infobox writer
| honorific_prefix = Sahiti Bhoja
| name = Katta Varadaraju కట్ట వరదరాజ
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Cuddapah]], [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. (modern day [[Andhra Pradesh]], India).
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Poet
| nationality = [[India]]n
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period = [[Prabandha (Telugu)| Prabandha Period]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =

| notableworks = [[Sri Ramayanamu]] Sriranga Mahatmyam Parama Bhagavata Charitra
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents = Haridasaraju (father)
Krishnamba (mother)
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Katta Varadaraju''' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]: కట్ట వరదరాజ) (17th century [[Common Era|CE]]) was a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last= M. Kulasekhara Rao |title=A History of Telugu Literature |author2= |publisher=For copies, M. Indira Devi |year=1988 |volume= |page=258 |quote=Katta Varadaraju, the writer of one of the Ramayanas in Telugu, was not a king himself, but belonged to an illustrious royal family of famous Kari Kala Chola, who constructed an anicut across river Kaveri, besides ruling vast empire of Chola. Because of the Kaveri anicut, this family was called Katta ( dam ) thereafter. Varada raju's forefathers were related to the family of Vijayanagar kings. Historians feel, according to the available sources, that this poet lived in the seventeenth century A.D around 1660.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpAOAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

==Biography==
Katta Varadaraju was born to Haridasaraju and Krishnamba at [[Cuddapah]] in the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Amaresh Datta |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A to Devo |author2= |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |isbn=9780836422832 |volume=1 |page=69 |quote=Katta Varadaraja Ramayana : Varadaraja is a ' solar ' kshatriya of Cuddapah region.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WqERAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> His grandfather was Rangappa Raju, an ally of the Vijayanagara Emperor [[Rama Deva Raya]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=S. Gopalan, N. Venkata Rao |title=Sri Rāmāyanamu: Bala and Ayodhya kandas |author2= |publisher=The Government Oriental Manuscripts Library, Madras |year=1950 |isbn= |volume= |page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aml0482agE4C}}</ref> He is a Kshatriya of the solar race and a descendant of the legendary Chola king [[Karikala|Karikala Chola]].<ref>
*{{Cite journal |editor1-last=Dr. C. A. Padmanabha Sastry |title=Surnames in Andhra : A Historical Study |author2=|journal=The Quarterly Journal of the Mythic Society (Bangalore) |publisher= Mythic Society |year=1987 |volume=78 -79 |page=227|quote= There was a famous poet in Telugu literature called Katta Varadaraju. In the introductory peom, he describes the origin of his surname Katta. According to it Katta, the surname of his family is attributed to Karikala chola, who constructed a dam ( Katta ) for the river Kaveri. The family of the poet belongs to the lineage of Karikala chola and the predecessors of his family cherished the Katta ( a dam or bridge ) to their family to show their gratitude towards Karikala chola. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smVxRdFgyDUC}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last= Challa Radhakrishna Sarma |title=Ramblings in Telugu Literature |author2= |publisher=Lakshminarayana Granthamala |year=1978 |volume= |page=14 |quote=Katta Varadaraju who is said to have lived during 1600-1650 has written a Ramayana in dvipada metre . In the introduction , he said that he acquired his surname ' Katta ' as he was born in the family of Karikala Chola who constructed banks ( katta ) on Kaveri .|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nk3vAAAAIAAJ}}
</ref>

==Notable works==
* [[Sri Ramayanamu]]
* Sriranga Mahatmyam
* Parama Bhagavata Charitra
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Varadaraju, Katta}}
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:People from the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:16th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara poets]]
[[Category:Scholars from the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Vejalpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:55Z

Writepedia: Put Up The Post First Draft

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vejalpur
| mla = Amit Thaker
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gandhinagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gandhinagar]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:388893}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 42
}}

'''Vejalpur''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Ahmedabad district|Ahmedabad]] district and it came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Ahmedabad City Taluka (Part) Villages – Vastrapur, [[Maktampur]], Gyaspur, Vejalpur (M), Makarba (CT), Sarkhej-Okaf (M), Jodhpur (M).

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Political Party
|-
| [[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| rowspan="2" | Kishor Chauhan
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| Amit Thaker
|}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin| title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2022]]: Vejalpur<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2023 |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amit Thaker
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 128049
|percentage = 56.18
|change = +2.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajendra Patel (Rajubhai Makarba)
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 68398
|percentage = 30.01
|change = -13.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kalpesh Patel (Bholabhai)
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 22194
|percentage = 9.74
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Zainab Shaikh
|party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = 2313
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Parthiv Vijaykumar Dave
|party = Right to Recall Party
|votes = 132
|percentage = 0.06
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = NOTA
|votes = 2890
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 59,651
|percentage = 26.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 227943
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:380533}}

}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Vejalpur<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kishor Babulal Chauhan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,17,748
|percentage = 53.43
|change = -4.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mihirbhai Shah
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 95,181
|percentage = 43.19
|change = +6.03
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 22,567
|percentage = 10.24
|change = -10.76
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,20,397
|percentage = 67.40
|change = -3.98
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:326977}}
|ref=<ref name=election2017/>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Vejalpur}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=9 June 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kishor Babulal Chauhan
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,13,507
|percentage = 58.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Murjtujakhan Akbarkhan Pathan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 72,522
|percentage = 37.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,985
|percentage = 21.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,95,162
|percentage = 71.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ahmedabad district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|23.01|72.52|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

KSR Bengaluru–Hubli Jan Shatabdi Express

2026-04-07T19:06:16Z

Writepedia:

{{short description|Jan Shatabdi Express train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 87CEFA
| name = KSR Bengaluru City - SSS Hubballi Junction ''Jan Shatabdi Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]], [[Jan Shatabdi Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|2002|11|24|df=yes}}<ref>{{URL|http://www.irfca.org/~karthik/bluelightning.html}}{{URL|http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rapr2002/12042002/r120420021.html}}</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railways (SWR)]]
| ridership =
| start = [[KSR Bengaluru]] '''(SBC)'''
| stops = 9
| end = [[SSS Hubballi]] '''(UBL)'''
| distance = {{cvt|470|km}}
| journeytime = 7 hours 10 minutes in both directions
| frequency = Daily<ref>{{URL|http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/jan-shatabdi-to-bangalore-to-run-daily/article2628423.ece}}</ref>
| class = [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], [[Indian Railways coaching stock|2nd Class seating]]
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = No
| catering = No
| observation =
| entertainment =
| baggage = Overhead racks
| other facilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification = Yes
| trainnumber = 12079/12080
| speed = {{cvt|130|km/h}} maximum {{cvt|66|km/h}} average, including halts
| map = [[File:(Hubli - Bangalore) Janshatabdi Express Route map.png|260px|(Hubli - Bangalore) Janshatabdi Express Route map]] {{Bengaluru–Hubli Jan Shatabdi Express Route|inline=y}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''The 12079/80 KSR Bengaluru - SSS Hubballi ''Jan Shatabdi Express''''' is a Daily [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] train of the [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] series belonging to [[Indian Railways]] - [[South Western Railway zone]] that runs between [[KSR Bengaluru ]] and [[Hubballi Junction railway station|Hubballi Junction]] in [[India]]. It is the fastest train after the [[KSR Bengaluru-Dharwad Vande Bharat Express]] between Bengaluru and Hubballi.

The tracks between Hubballi and Bengaluru are fully doubled, along with some straightening of the shorter radius curves. This has resulted in this train running faster by about 30 minutes, with a total journey time of 7 hours compared to 7 hours and 30 minutes earlier.

The SBC DWR Vande Bharat Express between Dharwad and Bengaluru and Belagavi and KSR Bengaluru Vande Bharat Express is faster than this train.

It operates as train number 12079 from [[KSR Bengaluru]] to {{rws|Hubballi Junction}} and as train number 12080 in the reverse direction serving the state of [[Karnataka]].

It is part of the [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] series launched by the former railway minister of [[India]], Mr. [[Nitish Kumar]] in the 2002–03 Rail Budget<ref>{{URL|http://pib.nic.in/archive/railbudget/railbgt2002-03/railbgtsp1.html}}{{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20160126012037/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/jan_shatabdi.html}}</ref>.

==Coaches==

The 12079/80 {{rws|Bangalore City}} {{rws|Hubli}} Jan Shatabdi Express has two [[Indian Railways coaching stock|AC Chair Car]], 12 [[Indian Railways coaching stock|2nd Class seating]] and two EOG. It does not carry a [[Dining car|Pantry car coach]]<ref>{{URL|1=http://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=449&did=138898413502782619B9490EEA6A338731236AA7A9914.web103}}</ref>.

As is customary with most train services in India, Coach Composition may be amended at the discretion of [[Indian Railways]] depending on demand.

==Service==

The 12079/80 {{rws|Bangalore City}} {{rws|Hubli}} Jan Shatabdi Expres covers the distance of {{cvt|470|km}} in 7 hours 00 mins at {{cvt|67|km/h}} in both directions.

As the average speed of the train is above {{cvt|55|km/h|round=5}}, as per [[Indian Railways]] rules, its fare includes a Superfast surcharge.

==Routing==

The 12079/80 {{rws|Bangalore City}} {{rws|Hubballi}} Jan Shatabdi Express runs from [[KSR Bengaluru]] via {{rws|Yesvantpur Junction}}, {{rws|Tumakuru}}, {{rws|Arsikere Junction}}, {{rws|Birur Junction}}, [[Chikjajur]] Junction, {{rws|Davangere}}, {{rws|Harihar}}, [[Ranibennur]], and {{rws|Haveri}} to {{rws|Hubballi Junction}}.

==Traction==

As the entire route is electrified, A [[Krishnarajapuram]]-based [[WAP-7|WAP 7]] locomotive powers the train for its entire journey.

==Operation==

12079 [[Bangalore City railway station|Bangalore City]] [[Hubli Junction railway station|Hubli]] Jan Shatabdi Express runs from [[Bangalore City railway station|Bangalore City Junction]] on a daily basis arriving [[Hubli Junction railway station|Hubli Junction]] the same day [http://etrain.info/in?TRAIN=12079].

12080 [[Hubli Junction railway station|Hubli]] [[Bangalore City railway station|Bangalore City]] Jan Shatabdi Express runs from [[Hubli Junction railway station|Hubli Junction]] on a daily basis arriving [[Bangalore City railway station|Bangalore City Junction]] the same day [http://etrain.info/in?TRAIN=12080].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
*{{URL|http://pib.nic.in/archive/railbudget/railbgt2002-03/railbgtsp1.html}}
*{{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20160126012037/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/jan_shatabdi.html}}
*{{URL|http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rapr2002/12042002/r120420021.html}}
*{{URL|1=http://swr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=449&did=138898413502782619B9490EEA6A338731236AA7A9914.web103}}
*{{URL|http://www.firstpost.com/topic/place/bangalore-bangalore-city-hubli-jan-shatabdi-crossing-chalukya-express-video-U20sFhqTPoA-3826-1.html}}
*{{URL|https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042947/http://www.irfca.org/~karthik/bluelightning.html}}
*{{URL|http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/jan-shatabdi-to-bangalore-to-run-daily/article2628423.ece}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |accessdate=2014-04-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408180437/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archivedate=8 April 2014 |df=dmy }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=irfca.org|accessdate=2014-04-05}}

{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Jan Shatabdi Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bangalore City - Hubli Jan Shatabdi Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Hubli-Dharwad]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Jan Shatabdi Express trains]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2002]]

Panna-Mukta oilfield

2026-03-27T19:17:07Z

Writepedia: stub.

{{Short description|Oilfield in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox oil field
| name = Panna-Mukta
| image =
| caption =
| location_map = India
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.362976|71.941223|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| relief = yes
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Gulf of Khambhat]]
| location = off the coast of [[Mumbai]]
| block =
| offonshore = Offshore
| operators = [[Reliance Industries]], [[BG Group]], [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]]
| partners =
| contractors =
| discovery =
| start_development =
| start_production =
| peak_year =
| abandonment =
| peak_of_production_oil_bbl/d =
| peak_of_production_oil_tpy =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmscm/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_bcm/y =
| oil_production_bbl/d = 19000
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil = 2016
| production_gas_mmcuft/d = 205
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas = 2010
| est_oil_bbl = 287
| est_oil_t =
| recover_oil_bbl =
| recover_oil_t =
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm =
| recover_gas_bft =
| recover_gas_bcm =
| formations =
}}
[[File:Exercise PRASTHAN conducted in Western Offshore Development Area under aegis of Western Naval Command, 2017 (6).jpg|thumb|View from the [[ONGC]] oil platform Heera, located about 40 nautical miles west of Mumbai harbour, in the Heera–Panna oilfield.]]
[[File:An Mi 17 helicopter of the Indian Air Force approaching an oil rig for casualty evacuation drill as a part of Exercise Prasthan.jpg|thumb|An [[Indian Air Force]] [[Mil Mi-17]] helicopter approaching an oil rig in the Panna oilfield, approximately 100 km southwest of Mumbai.]]
[[File:Exercise PRASTHAN conducted in Western Offshore Development Area under aegis of Western Naval Command, 2017 (3).jpg|thumb|[[MARCOS]] descend from a helicopter onto the ONGC oil platform Heera during an exercise Prasthan 2017.]]
The '''Panna-Mukta oilfield''' consists of two contiguous offshore oil fields to the northwest of [[Mumbai]], India.

==Location==
The Panna field is {{convert|95|km}} northwest of Mumbai, and has an area of {{convert|430|km2}}. It is just north of the Bassein gas field and about {{convert|50|km}} east of the [[Bombay High]] oilfield. The Mukta field is about {{convert|100|km}} northwest of Mumbai, and has an area of {{convert|777|km2}}. Average water depth is {{convert|45|m}} in the Panna field and {{convert|65|m}} in the Mukta field.<ref name=Reliance2006/>
As of May 1999 estimated recoverable reserves of oil were 287 million barrels.
Source rock is of Panna Formation <ref name=Infraline19990520/>

==Ownership==

The Panna-Mukta oil field and the Tapti gas field to the north were discovered by the Indian state-owned [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] (ONGC), who initially operated the fields.<ref name=Comptroller201009/>
Following a privatization policy a [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]] - [[Enron]] consortium gained a 25-year lease on the oil field in February 1994. Oil production at that time was 12,000 barrels per day.<ref name=Express19980520/>
The lease was awarded under a production sharing arrangement.
The Government of India would receive a variable share of profit depending on the investment multiple.
In December 1994 a joint venture between ONGC (40%), Enron (30%) and Reliance (30%) took control of the field.<ref name=Comptroller201009/>

In 2002 British Gas ([[BG Group|BG]]) bought [[Enron]]'s 30% share of the Panna-Mukta and Tapti fields for $350 million.<ref name=EconTimes20020701/>
The other two stakeholders remained the ONGC with 40% and Reliance with 30%.<ref name=Chronicle20100806/>
Initially, BG continued as operator in place of Enron.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-03-21/news/27332907_1_joint-operatorship-tapti-panna-oilfield
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017005352/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-03-21/news/27332907_1_joint-operatorship-tapti-panna-oilfield
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=17 October 2015
|work=Economic Times
|title=BG still operating Panna oilfield
|date=21 Mar 2002
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>
However, there was a dispute between the partners over operation of the field, with BG wanting to control operations and the two Indian firms wanting a more equal sharing of control.<ref name=EconTimes20020701/>

==Controversy==

The contract was awarded during the tenure of [[Satish Sharma]] as petroleum minister.
The Comptroller and Auditor General of India wrote a report that was highly critical of the contract award process.<ref name=Outlook19970806/>
In December 1995 [[Y.P. Singh]], a Superintendent of Police, investigated allegations on nepotism and submitted a detailed report.<ref name=Outlook19970806/>
The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) registered a preliminary inquiry in June 1996.
By August 1997 the CBI had yet to issue a report on the affair.
An article in Outlook India that month reported that serious evidence of bribe-giving by companies looking for oil exploitation contracts had been submitted, but claimed that CBI was attempting a cover-up.<ref name=Outlook19970806/>

The [[Centre for Public Interest Litigation]] (CPIL) filed a petition for a judicial probe of the deal.<ref name=Express19980520/>
In October 1997 the Delhi High Court heard the CPIL petition and issued notices to the involved companies and government organizations.
The petition alleged that V P Singh's notes had been lost.
[[Prashant Bhushan]], advocate for CPIL, said: "If files are going to disappear like this, no investigation into criminal cases can be carried out".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/oct/14panna.htm
|work=Rediff
|date=14 October 1997
|title=Notices to Centre, CAG, Enron, Reliance on Panna-Mukta oilfield
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>
In May 1998 the CBI admitted that Y.P. Singh's case diary had indeed been lost and might have been deliberately destroyed.<ref name=Express19980520/>
In response to a further CPIL petition the [[Supreme Court of India]] conducted a hearing into the affair, which concluded in August 2000.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.enron-mail.com/email/lay-k/notes_inbox/India_CPIL_Supreme_Court_Case_2.html
|title=India "CPIL" Supreme Court Case
|date=30 Aug 2000
|author=Jeffrey Sherrick
|publisher=Enron-mail
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>

In September 2010 the Comptroller and Auditor General of India found that the consortium running the fields had made excessive payments to service contractors, which could have cut into the profits that the government made from the fields.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_cag-raps-panna-mukta-operators-over-rig-deals_1440355
|work=DNA India
|title=CAG raps Panna-Mukta operators over rig deals
|date=20 Sep 2010
|author=Neeraj Thakur
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>

==Development and production==

The initial phase of development was from 1995 to 1999, during which the joint venture installed three wellhead platforms, drilled development wells and established facilities for processing and transport. In a subsequent phase between November 2004 and March 2007 the joint venture installed pipelines and two wellhead platforms in the Panna oilfield.<ref name=Comptroller201009/>
As of 2006, production centered on the PPA facility, designed to handle {{convert|45,000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day and {{convert|90|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=off|lk=on}} per day at [[Standard temperature and pressure|standard conditions]] of gas.
Fluid from seven satellite platforms reaches PPA through subsea lines, where it is processed.
Crude oil is loaded onto a tanker and gas is sent via a line to [[Hazira]].
The PPA can accommodate 75 workers.<ref name=Reliance2006/>

In 1999 production was {{convert|27,000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day and {{convert|71|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of gas.<ref name=Infraline19990520/>
As of 2006 the fields were producing {{convert|30,000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day and {{convert|90|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day.<ref name=Reliance2006/>
As of 2008 the field was producing {{convert|40,000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day and {{convert|190|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of gas.
All of the oil was being sold to [[Indian Oil]] and all the gas to [[GAIL India]].
On 3 June 2008 there was an explosion in which one worker was killed, forcing a temporary halt to production.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/pannamukta-oil-field-shut-after-explosion;-1-dead/319125/0
|title= Panna-Mukta oil field shut after explosion; 1 dead
|date=6 Jun 2008
|work=Financial Express
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>
As of July 2010 the field was producing about {{convert|35,000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil per day and {{convert|205|e6ft3|e6m3|abbr=unit}} per day of gas.
On 20 July 2010 production was halted due to a leak in the sub-sea hose near the Panna [[single buoy mooring]].<ref name=Chronicle20100806/>
Production could not be resumed until October that year.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://tools.morningstar.co.uk/uk/stockreport/default.aspx?tab=3&vw=story&SecurityToken=0P00007O0L%5D3%5D0%5DE0GBR$$ALL&Id=0P00007O0L&ClientFund=0&CurrencyId=GBP&story=117201067748066
|title=DJ India Official: Panna-Mukta Oilfield Repairs To End By Oct First Week
|author=Eric Yep
|date=27 September 2010
|publisher=Dow Jones
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>

In October 2008 it was reported that British Gas was waiting for approval of a US$150 million program to construct nine in fill wells. These would be used to pump water into the reservoir to maintain pressure and improve recovery. The joint venture had started to implement a program to drill nine more production wells and install two additional platforms, with the platforms being due for commissioning in June 2009.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.steelguru.com/indian_news/PannaMukta_JV_plans_a_9_well_in_fill_drilling_program/67574.html
|title=Panna-Mukta JV plans a 9 well in fill drilling program
|date=21 Oct 2008
|work=Steel Guru
|accessdate=2012-04-30
}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
As of 2011 BG Group was continuing to incrementally develop the fields by well intervention, infill drilling and installation of new projects such as the recently installed Panna L.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bg-group.com/OurBusiness/WhereWeOperate/Pages/pgIndia.aspx
|title= India
|publisher=BG Group
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>

==References==
<references>

<ref name=Chronicle20100806>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/petroleum/panna-mukta-oil-leak-costs-rs-300-cr-926
|work=Financial Chronicle
|title=Panna-Mukta oil leak costs Rs 300 cr
|author=Siddhartha P Saikia
|date=6 Aug 2010
|accessdate=2012-04-30
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313210910/http://www.mydigitalfc.com/petroleum/panna-mukta-oil-leak-costs-rs-300-cr-926
|archive-date=13 March 2016
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
<ref name=Comptroller201009>{{cite web
|url = http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2011_2012/Civil_%20Performance_Audits/Report_19/chap6.pdf
|title = Performance Audit of Hydrocarbon PSCs - Findings in respect of Panna-Mukta and Mid & South Tapti Fields
|date = September 2010
|publisher = Comptroller and Auditor General of India
|accessdate = 2012-04-30
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130122011653/http://saiindia.gov.in/english/home/Our_Products/Audit_Report/Government_Wise/union_audit/recent_reports/union_performance/2011_2012/Civil_%20Performance_Audits/Report_19/chap6.pdf
|archivedate = 2013-01-22
}}</ref>
<ref name=EconTimes20020701>{{cite web
|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-07-01/news/27346582_1_panna-mukta-operatorship-bg-exploration
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514065422/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-07-01/news/27346582_1_panna-mukta-operatorship-bg-exploration
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=14 May 2013
|work=The Economic Times
|title=Panna-Mukta oilfield talks deadlocked
|date=1 Jul 2002
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>
<ref name=Express19980520>{{cite web
|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19980520/14050434.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522063958/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19980520/14050434.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=22 May 2013
|work=Financial Express
|date=20 May 1998
|title=CBI admits Panna-Mukta oil fields case file is missing
|accessdate=2012-04-30}} </ref>
<ref name=Infraline19990520>{{cite web
|url=http://www.infraline.com/Details/Panna-and-Mukta-oilfield-%60s-output-to-be-increased-51246.html
|work=Infraline Energy
|title=Panna and Mukta oilfield's output to be increased
|date=20 May 1999
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>
<ref name=Outlook19970806>{{cite web
|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?203987
|title=Rigged Deals
|date=6 Aug 1997
|first=Rajesh
|last=Joshi
|work=Outlook India
|accessdate=2012-04-30}}</ref>
<ref name=Reliance2006>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ril.com/downloads/pdf/panna_mukta.pdf
|publisher=[[Reliance Industries]]
|title=PANNA-MUKTA
|year=2006
|accessdate=2012-04-30
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903192448/http://www.ril.com/downloads/pdf/panna_mukta.pdf
|archive-date=2012-09-03
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

</references>

[[Category:Oil fields in India]]
[[Category:Energy in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:ONGC oil and gas fields]]
[[Category:Reliance oil and gas fields]]

Kotla, Firozabad

2026-03-26T15:57:23Z

Writepedia: details...

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{other uses|Kotla (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kotla
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Kotla block Kotla.png
| map_caption = Map showing Kotla in Kotla block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.2739|N|78.46152|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Firozabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.705
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3331
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 283203
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kotla''' ({{IAST|Koṭlā}}) is a village and [[community development block]] in [[Firozabad]] tehsil of [[Firozabad district]], Uttar Pradesh. Located by a small stream called the Sengar, it was historically the seat of a prominent [[zamindar]]i estate. As of 2011, Kotla had a population of 3,331, in 604 households.

== Geography ==
Kotla is located at a junction of roads between Firozabad, [[Tundla]], and [[Awagarh]]. It is located near a small stream called the Sengar, which flows roughly parallel with the [[Sirsa river]] from west to east. Although the Sengar is very small, it sometimes floods the surrounding low-lying plains during the monsoon season. Before Firozabad district was created, Kotla was right on the eastern border of [[Agra district]], with [[Mainpuri district]] just to the east.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |editor1-last=Nevill |editor1-first=H. R. |title=Agra: A Gazetteer, Being Volume VIII of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.07292 |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref>{{rp|9, 13, 277, 314}}

== History ==
Kotla was historically the seat of a [[zamindar]]i estate held by a family of [[Jadaun (clan)|Jadon]] Rajputs, which was founded sometime in the mid-1700s by one Ishwari Singh. The Jadons of Kotla were later subjugated by [[Mahadaji Shinde]] of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] in the mid-1780s. By the turn of the 20th century, the Jadons of Kotla held 55 villages (Ishwari Singh had originally held 42), and their residence in Kotla was described as "a fine house standing on a considerable elevation above the village and approached by a steep and narrow lane. It is surrounded by a wall about 40 feet in height and a broad ditch." Besides this, Kotla was described as a market village with an upper primary school and a post office. It held markets twice per week, and was also the site of small fairs for [[Dussehra]], [[Muharram]], and [[Phul dol]]. As of 1901, Kotla's population was 1,914 (including 1,481 Hindus and 283 Muslims; the rest were mostly Jains).<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>{{rp|94, 164, 314–5}}

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Kotla had a population of 3,331, in 604 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|102}} This population was 54.2% male (1,804) and 45.8% female (1,527). The 0-6 age group numbered 481 (266 male and 215 female), making up 14.4% of the total population. 887 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 26.6% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1211/download/3858/DH_2011_0916_PART_B_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|104–5}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Kotla as having a population of 1,897 people (1,003 male and 894 female), in 230 households and 223 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-B: Village & Town Directory, District Agra |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28672/download/31854/28391_1981_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|188–9}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Kotla as comprising 1 hamlet, with a total population of 1,372 people (767 male and 605 female), in 302 households and 228 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 420 acres and it had a post office, hospital, and medical practitioner at that point.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (22 - Agra District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28472/download/31654/21841_1961_AGR.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|xc}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Kotla had 2 primary schools and 1 primary health sub centre. Drinking water was provided by tap, hand pump, and tube well/borehole; there were no public toilets. The village had a sub post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Firozabad, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1210/download/3854/DH_2011_0916_PART_A_DCHB_FIROZABAD.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|102–7}}

== List of villages ==
The following 69 villages are counted as part of Kotla CD block:<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|93–4}}
# [[Akilabad Hanspur]]
# [[Alampur Kotla]]
# [[Arajirudh]]
# [[Asal Pur]]
# [[Asan, Firozabad|Asan]]
# [[Atipur]]
# [[Badanpur, Kotla|Badan Pur]]
# [[Bahoranpur, Kotla|Bahoran Pur]]
# [[Bara Gaon, Kotla|Bara Gaon]]
# [[Bartara]]
# [[Bazidpur Okhara]]
# [[Bedipur Bidirika]]
# [[Bhagipur Kotla]]
# [[Bhaitari]]
# [[Bhikanpur Meghpur]]
# [[Dattpur]]
# [[Daulatpur, Firozabad|Daulatpur]]
# [[Dauri, Uttar Pradesh|Dauri]]
# [[Dorsa Mohammadpur]]
# [[Fatehapur Kotla]]
# [[Gangni, Uttar Pradesh|Gangni]]
# [[Garhi Baran]]
# [[Garhi Hansram]]
# [[Garhi Janu]]
# [[Garhi Kalyan]]
# [[Garhi Shriram]]
# [[Garhitodia]]
# [[Gonch]]
# [[Gondai, Firozabad|Gondai]]
# [[Hardaspur Kotla]]
# [[Jaganpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaganpur]]
# [[Jaitpur, Kotla|Jaitpur]]
# [[Jakhai]]
# [[Jampur, Uttar Pradesh|Jampur]]
# [[Jasrathpur]]
# [[Jatau]]
# [[Kachhpura, Kotla|Kachhpura]]
# [[Kaitha, Firozabad|Kaitha]]
# [[Kheri Kalan]]
# [[Kheria Khurd]]
# Kotla
# [[Kotla (Narkhi) Talukra]]
# [[Kotla (Narkhi) Dhonkal]]
# [[Kutukpur Chunaurar]]
# [[Ladpura, Firozabad|Ladpura]]
# [[Latifpur Kotla]]
# [[Lukharia]]
# [[Madanpur, Kotla|Madanpur]]
# [[Maha Singhpur]]
# [[Mahipura]]
# [[Muiniddinpur]]
# [[Nagla Dungar]]
# [[Nagla Radhe]]
# [[Nagla Semriya]]
# [[Nayabash]]
# [[Nepai]]
# [[Okhra]]
# [[Pachwan]]
# [[Raipura, Firozabad|Raipura]]
# [[Rajaram Pur]]
# [[Rajpur Kotla]]
# [[Ratauli, Firozabad|Ratauli]]
# [[Selempur Kotla]]
# [[Sheola Rampur]]
# [[Sherpur Bhura]]
# [[Sikandarpur Kotla]]
# [[Sunawai]]
# [[Trilokpur, Firozabad|Trilokpur]]
# [[Wazirpur Kotla]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Firozabad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Firozabad district]]
[[Category:Community development blocks in India]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

Aiden Markram

2026-03-25T18:22:52Z

Writepedia: expanded references per standard format

{{Short description|South African cricketer (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Aiden Markram
| image =Aiden Markram (cropped).jpg
| caption =Aiden Markram playing for South Africa against Australia in 2018
| country = South Africa
| fullname = Aiden Kyle Markram
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|10|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Centurion, Gauteng|Centurion]], [[Gauteng]], South Africa
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[off break]]
| role = [[Batting order (cricket)#Top order|Top-order batter]]
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2017–present

| testdebutdate = 28 September
| testdebutyear = 2017
| testdebutagainst = Bangladesh
| testcap = 332
| lasttestdate = 14 November
| lasttestyear = 2025
| lasttestagainst = India

| odidebutdate = 22 October
| odidebutyear = 2017
| odidebutagainst = Bangladesh
| odicap = 122
| lastodidate = 6 December
| lastodiyear = 2025
| lastodiagainst = India
| odishirt = 4

| T20Idebutdate = 22 March
| T20Idebutyear = 2019
| T20Idebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| T20Icap = 81
| lastT20Idate = 4 March
| lastT20Iyear = 2026
| lastT20Iagainst = New Zealand
| T20Ishirt = 4

| club1 = [[Northerns cricket team|Northerns]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2014–present}}
| club2 = [[Titans cricket team|Titans]]
| year2 = 2016–present
| clubnumber2 =
| club3 = [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]]
| year3 = 2018
| club4 = [[Paarl Rocks]]
| year4 = 2018
| club5 = [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]]
| year5 = 2019
| club6 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| year6 = 2021
| club7 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| year7 = {{nowrap|2022–2024}}
| club8 = [[Sunrisers Eastern Cape]]
| year8 = 2023–2025
| club9 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| year9 = 2025
| club10 = [[Durban's Super Giants]]
| year10 = {{no wrap|2026}}
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| matches1 = 50
| runs1 = 3,192
| bat avg1 = 35.46
| 100s/50s1 = 8/13
| top score1 = 152
| deliveries1 = 627
| wickets1 = 6
| bowl avg1 = 52.50
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 2/27
| catches/stumpings1 = 70/–
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches2 = 86
| runs2 = 2,708
| bat avg2 = 37.09
| 100s/50s2 = 4/14
| top score2 = 175
| deliveries2 = 1,252
| wickets2 = 20
| bowl avg2 = 61.35
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/18
| catches/stumpings2 = 42/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]
| matches3 = 77
| runs3 = 1,966
| bat avg3 = 31.70
| 100s/50s3 = 0/14
| top score3 = 86*
| deliveries3 = 408
| wickets3 = 16
| bowl avg3 = 37.68
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 3/21
| catches/stumpings3 = 47/–
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches4 = 103
| runs4 = 7,192
| bat avg4 = 42.05
| 100s/50s4 = 20/31
| top score4 = 204[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 1,235
| wickets4 = 10
| bowl avg4 = 58.30
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 2/27
| catches/stumpings4 = 125/–
| date = 5 March 2026
| source = http://www.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/600498.html ESPNcricinfo
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{RSA}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Test Championship]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2023–2025 World Test Championship|2023–2025]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cup]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2024 Men's T20 World Cup|2024 West Indies & USA]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Under-19 Cricket World Cup|U19 World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[2014 Under-19 Cricket World Cup|2014 UAE]]|}}
|height=6 ft 1 in<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ysn.co.za/interviews/cricket/national/2014/one-one-sa-u19-cricket-captain-aiden-markram |title=One on One with SA U19 Cricket Captain Aiden Markram |access-date=7 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011105936/http://ysn.co.za/interviews/cricket/national/2014/one-one-sa-u19-cricket-captain-aiden-markram |archive-date=11 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Moonda |first1=Firdose |title='Big, strong, strapping' Stubbs to be South Africa's new Test No. 3 |quote=Aiden Markram, who stands at 1.85 metre (...)|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/wi-vs-sa-test-series-tristan-stubbs-to-be-south-africa-new-test-number-three-says-shukri-conrad-1446505 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=23 January 2025}}</ref>}}

'''Aiden Kyle Markram''' (born 4 October 1994) is a South African [[cricket]]er who is the current captain of the [[South Africa national cricket team]] in [[Twenty20 International]] cricket and vice-captain in [[One Day International]] and [[Test cricket]]. Markram attended [[Cornwall Hill College]] briefly before attending [[Pretoria Boys High School]] to take advantage of its superior sporting history and facilities. Markram had captained the South African under-19 cricket team to win the [[2014 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-under-19-world-cup-2014/content/story/723987.html|title=Aiden Markram leading South Africa U-19|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref name="cricinfo-composedmarkram">{{cite news | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-under-19-world-cup-2014/content/story/723987.html | title=Composed Markram leading by example | work=ESPNcricinfo | date=28 February 2014 | access-date=6 March 2014 | author=Balachandran, Kanishkaa}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress-steppingstone">{{cite news | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/failure-a-stepping-stone-for-markram/ | title=Failure a stepping stone for Markram | work=The Indian Express | date=2 March 2014 | access-date=6 March 2014 | author=Selvaraj, Jonathan}}</ref><ref name="supersport-bestplayer">{{cite news | url=http://www.supersport.com/cricket/under19-world-cup/news/140302/Bestplayer_Markram_not_at_his_best | title=Best-player Markram 'not at his best' | work=SuperSport | date=2 March 2014 | access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> In the 2018 South African Cricket Annual, he was named as one of the five “Cricketers of the Year”.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricket.co.za/news/27248/Markram-Ngidi-named-among-SA-Cricket-Annuals-Top-Five |title=Markram, Ngidi named among SA Cricket Annual's Top Five |work=Cricket South Africa |access-date=29 November 2018 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327221829/https://cricket.co.za/news/27248/Markram-Ngidi-named-among-SA-Cricket-Annuals-Top-Five |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25408218/markram-ngidi-sa-cricket-annual-cricketers-year |title=Markram, Ngidi among SA Cricket Annual's Cricketers of the Year |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref> Markram was described by former captain and batsman [[Graeme Smith]] as a future South Africa captain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/aiden-markram-century-future-south-africa-captain-graeme-smith-australia-fourth-test-highlights/2018-03-31|title=Markram a future Test captain: Smith|website=cricket.com.au|language=en|access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> He made his international debut for [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] in September 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aiden Markram profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/aiden-markram-600498|access-date=2021-07-26|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He was the captain of [[Sunrisers Eastern Cape]] of the [[SA20]] league which was formed in 2022, from its inception till his release ahead of the 2025 Auction, winning 2 consecutive titles in 2022 and 2023. Markram was a member of the South African team which won the [[2025 ICC World Test Championship final]], the second ICC title the country has won till date, and was the Player of the Match, after scoring 136 (207) in the second innings.

==Domestic and franchise career==
Markram made his [[First-class cricket|first class]] debut for [[Northerns cricket team]] against [[South Western Districts cricket team|South Western Districts]] on 9 October 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/783859.html |title=Sunfoil 3-Day Cup – Pool A: South Western Districts v Northerns at Oudtshoorn, 9–11 October 2014 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 October 2014 }}</ref> He was included in the Northerns cricket team squad for the [[2015 Africa T20 Cup]].<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/africa-t20-cup-2015-16/content/squad/910903.html Northerns Squad / Players] – ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 August 2015.</ref> In 2016, Markram was club professional for [[Walkden]] in the [[Bolton Cricket League]].

In May 2017, Markram was named Domestic Newcomer of the Year at [[Cricket South Africa]]'s annual awards.<ref name="awards">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/story/1097632.html |title=De Kock dominates South Africa's awards |access-date=14 May 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In August 2017, he was named in [[Nelson Mandela Bay Stars]]' squad for the first season of the [[T20 Global League]].<ref name="T20GL">{{cite web|url=http://www.t20.gl/news/t20-global-league-announces-final-team-squads|title=T20 Global League announces final team squads|access-date=28 August 2017|work=T20 Global League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905185645/https://www.t20.gl/news/t20-global-league-announces-final-team-squads|archive-date=5 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, in October 2017, Cricket South Africa initially postponed the tournament until November 2018, with it being canceled soon after.<ref name="PP">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/story/1123408.html |title=Cricket South Africa postpones Global T20 league |access-date=10 October 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In October 2018, Markram was named in [[Paarl Rocks]]' squad for the [[2018 Mzansi Super League|first edition]] of the [[Mzansi Super League]] T20 tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sport24.co.za/Cricket/live-mzansi-super-league-player-draft-20181017 |title=Mzansi Super League - full squad lists |work=Sport24 |access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/sport/cricket/domestic/mzansi-super-league-player-draft-the-story-so-far-17521199 |title=Mzansi Super League Player Draft: The story so far |work=Independent Online |access-date=17 October 2018}}</ref>

In March 2019, Markram signed for Hampshire County Cricket Club as their overseas player for the first part of the season.<ref>{{cite news |title=Aiden Markram: South Africa opener to join Hampshire as overseas player |work=BBC Sport |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/47737330 |access-date=31 March 2019}}</ref> Later the same month, Markram scored 127 runs in the final of the [[2018–19 Momentum One Day Cup]], to help Titans win the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cricket.co.za/news/29091/Markram-magic-leads-Titans-to-MODC-title |title=Markram magic leads Titans to MODC title |work=Cricket South Africa |access-date=31 March 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331162732/http://cricket.co.za/news/29091/Markram-magic-leads-Titans-to-MODC-title |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://cricket.co.za/news/29088/CSA-congratulates-Titans-on-MODC-triumph |title=CSA congratulates Titans on MODC triumph |work=Cricket South Africa |access-date=31 March 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331162732/http://cricket.co.za/news/29088/CSA-congratulates-Titans-on-MODC-triumph |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In September 2019, Markram was named in the squad for the [[Paarl Rocks]] team for the [[2019 Mzansi Super League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricket.co.za/news/31555/MSL-20-announces-its-T20-squads |title=MSL 2.0 announces its T20 squads |work=Cricket South Africa |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904081427/https://cricket.co.za/news/31555/MSL-20-announces-its-T20-squads |url-status=dead }}</ref> In April 2021, he was named in [[Northerns (cricket team)|Northerns]]' squad, ahead of the 2021–22 cricket season in South Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricket.co.za/news/38184/CSA-reveals-Division-One-squads-for-2021-22 |title=CSA reveals Division One squads for 2021/22 |work=Cricket South Africa |access-date=20 April 2021 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420104034/http://cricket.co.za/news/38184/CSA-reveals-Division-One-squads-for-2021-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 11 September 2021, Markram was included in the [[Punjab Kings]] squad for the second phase of the [[2021 Indian Premier League]] (IPL) in the UAE.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dawid Malan pulls out, Punjab Kings replace him with Aiden Markram|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/dawid-malan-pulls-out-punjab-kings-replace-him-with-aiden-markram/articleshow/86117041.cms|access-date=11 September 2021|work=The Times of India|date=11 September 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jonny Bairstow, Chris Woakes, Dawid Malan join Jos Buttler in pulling out of IPL|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2021-jonny-bairstow-chris-woakes-dawid-malan-jos-buttler-out-of-ipl-1277604|access-date=11 September 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In February 2022, he was bought by the [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in the [[List of 2022 Indian Premier League personnel changes|auction]] for the [[2022 Indian Premier League]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2022-auction-the-list-of-sold-and-unsold-players-1300689 |title=IPL 2022 auction: The list of sold and unsold players |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 February 2022}}</ref>

After successfully leading [[Sunrisers Eastern Cape]] to the first [[SA20 (cricket)|SA20]] championship, Markram was appointed as the captain of [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] for the 2023 season of the Indian Premier League.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/sunrisers-hyderabad-appoint-aiden-markram-as-captain-ahead-of-ipl-2023-101677131017584.html |title=Sunrisers Hyderabad appoint Aiden Markram as captain ahead of IPL 2023|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>

He decided against being retained by the [[Sunrisers Eastern Cape]] for the [[2026 SA20]] and was bought by [[Durban's Super Giants]] in the auction for R14 million.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Moonda |first1=Firdose |title=Brevis, Markram earn record sums at SA20 2025-26 auction |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/dewald-brevis-aiden-markram-earn-record-sums-at-sa20-2025-26-auction-1502213 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref> On 13 September, 2025, he was named captain of the Durban's Super Giants for the 2026 SA20 season.

==International career==
===Debut years===
In June 2017, Markram was named in South Africa's [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for their series [[South Africa cricket team in England in 2017|against England]], but did not play.<ref name="SKTest">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-korea-2017/content/story/1106145.html |title=Kuhn, Phehlukwayo in South Africa's Test squad |access-date=26 June 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In August 2017, he was named as [[captain (cricket)|captain]] of the [[South Africa A cricket team]] for their two four-day matches against India A.<ref name="SA4DaySquad">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india-v-south-korea-2017/content/story/1115339.html |title=Quick turnaround for Markram with A-team captaincy |access-date=6 August 2017|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In September 2017, Markram was named in South Africa's Test squad for their series [[Bangladeshi cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|against Bangladesh]].<ref name="SA-BanTest">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-bangladesh-2017/content/story/1121546.html |title=Markram set for Test debut against Bangladesh |access-date=22 September 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his Test debut for South Africa against Bangladesh on 28 September 2017.<ref name="Test">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1075502.html |title=1st Test, Bangladesh tour of South Africa at Potchefstroom, Sep 28-Oct 2 2017 |access-date=28 September 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===Record breaking start===
After narrowly missing out on a maiden Test century on debut, Markram completed the feat in the second Test against Bangladesh on 6 October 2017 scoring 143 off 186 balls before being bowled by [[Rubel Hossain]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Markram quickly puts near-miss behind him|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/markram-quickly-puts-near-miss-behind-him-1123176|access-date=2021-07-04|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

In October 2017, Markram was added to South Africa's [[One Day International]] (ODI) squad ahead of the third match [[Bangladeshi cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|against Bangladesh]], replacing [[Hashim Amla]].<ref name="Amla">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/south-africa-v-bangladesh-2017/content/story/1124245.html |title=Amla rested for final ODI; Markram called up |access-date=19 October 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He made his ODI debut for South Africa against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] on 22 October 2017, scoring 66 runs as well as taking 2 wickets.<ref name="ODI">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1075506.html |title=3rd ODI, Bangladesh tour of South Africa at East London, Oct 22, 2017 |access-date=22 October 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In December 2017, Markram scored his second Test hundred and became the first South Africa player to score two centuries in his first three Tests.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21885837/aiden-markram-record-breaking-start |title=Markram's record-breaking start|access-date=26 December 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===One Day International captaincy===
In February 2018, South Africa's captain [[Faf du Plessis]] was ruled out of the last five ODIs and the [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) series [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|against India]] due to a finger injury.<ref name="FdP-out">{{cite news |url=http://cricket.co.za/news/23251/Finger-injury-rules-Du-Plessis-out-of-India-ODI-and-T20-Series |title=Finger injury rules Du Plessis out of India ODI and T20 Series |work=Cricket South Africa |access-date=2 February 2018 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203005831/http://cricket.co.za/news/23251/Finger-injury-rules-Du-Plessis-out-of-India-ODI-and-T20-Series |url-status=dead }}</ref> Markram was named as South Africa's captain for the remaining ODI fixtures in du Plessis' absence.<ref name="MarkramCapt">{{cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1135446.html |title=Aiden Markram to fill in as South Africa captain |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2018}}</ref> He, at the age of 23 years 123 days, is the second youngest player to captain South Africa in ODIs after [[Graeme Smith]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283415.html|title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Individual records (captains, players, umpires). Youngest captains |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

===2018–19===
On 30 March 2018, Markram scored his career-best score of 152 runs on the first day of the [[Australian cricket team in South Africa in 2017–18|fourth test]] against Australia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/101345/south-africa-vs-australia-4th-test-day-1-tea-aiden-markram-cricket-report|title=Markram's fourth ton adds to Australia's woes|work=Cricbuzz|access-date=30 March 2018|language=en}}</ref>

In June 2018, Markram was named in South Africa's [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for a two-Test series in Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23759192/steyn-returns-test-squad-sri-lanka-tour|title=Steyn returns to Test squad for SL tour|date=11 June 2018|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref> Markram averaged just 10 with the bat in this series, his first overseas for South Africa, which showed a vulnerability against [[spin bowling]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/600498.html?class=1;series=12318;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Batting records. Test matches |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/aiden-markram-a-great-start-but-challenges-still-remain-2002019.html|title=Aiden Markram: A Great Start but Challenges Still Remain|date=14 January 2019|website=News18|language=en|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>

In August 2018, Markram was named in South Africa's [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) squad for the one-off match against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], but he did not play in the fixture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/805967 |title=Chance for South Africa to finish Sri Lanka tour on a high |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> In March 2019, he was again named in South Africa's T20I squad, this time for the series [[Sri Lankan cricket team in South Africa in 2018–19|against Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1178250.html |title=Markram, Nortje, Qeshile called up for T20Is against Sri Lanka |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 March 2019}}</ref> He made his T20I debut for South Africa against Sri Lanka on 22 March 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1144173.html |title=2nd T20I (N), Sri Lanka tour of South Africa at Centurion, Mar 22, 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref>

In April 2019, Markram was named in [[2019 Cricket World Cup squads#South Africa|South Africa's squad]] for the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1181308.html |title=Hashim Amla in World Cup squad; Reeza Hendricks, Chris Morris miss out |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1183187 |title=Amla edges out Hendricks to make South Africa's World Cup squad |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref>

In August 2019, Markram was named in South Africa's squad for the three [[Test cricket|Test]] series in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1310933|title=South Africa announces squads for India tour; de Kock to lead the team in T20Is|website=www.icc-cricket.com|language=en|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref> Markram struggled in the first two matches of this series, bagging a [[Pair (cricket)|pair]] in the second Test, before being ruled out of the third due to a self-inflicted wrist injury.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27848345/aiden-markram-theunis-de-bruyn-temba-bavuma-south-africa-crossroads|title=Aiden Markram, Theunis de Bruyn, Temba Bavuma and South Africa at a crossroads|date=15 October 2019|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27863671/aiden-markram-ruled-third-test-self-inflicted-wrist-injury|title=Aiden Markram ruled out of third Test with self-inflicted wrist injury|date=17 October 2019|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref> This series raised further questions about Markram's overseas performances, averaging just 10.50 in four away Tests, all in the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27857819/south-africa-act-quickly-arrest-opener-slide|title=Managing Markram: South Africa must act quickly to arrest opener's slide|date=16 October 2019|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>

In December 2019, Markram was named in South Africa's squad for the four-Test home series against England.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/50809358|title=South Africa v England: Proteas name six uncapped players in squad|date=16 December 2019|work=BBC Sport|access-date=11 February 2020|language=en-gb}}</ref> In the first Test, he scored 20 runs in the first innings and 2 in the second as South Africa beat England by 107 runs at [[SuperSport Park|Centurion]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28372127/zubayr-hamza-strikes-pose-quinton-de-kock-lands-more-telling-blow|title=Zubayr Hamza strikes a pose before Quinton de Kock lands a more telling blow|date=26 December 2019|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19430/report/1185304/south-africa-vs-england-1st-test-icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021|title=Recent Match Report - South Africa vs England, ICC World Test Championship, 1st Test |work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref> Markram however missed the remainder of the series after fracturing his finger.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28380664/finger-fracture-puts-aiden-markram-remainder-england-series|title=Finger fracture puts Aiden Markram out of remainder of England series|date=28 December 2019|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en|access-date=11 February 2020}}</ref>

===2021-23===

In January 2021, Markram was named in South Africa's [[Test cricket|Test]] squad for their series [[South African cricket team in Pakistan in 2020–21|against Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=South Africa announce Test squad for series against Pakistan |url=https://www.geosuper.tv/latest/7624-south-african-announce-test-squad-for-series-against-pakistan |website=Geo}}</ref> In the first test, Markram scored a patient 74 in a losing effort.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1243017.html |title=1st Test, Karachi, Jan 26 - Jan 30 2021, South Africa tour of Pakistan |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yasir Shah, Nauman Ali hand Pakistan advantage after Aiden Markram, Rassie van der Dussen fifties|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-pakistan-2020-21-1242968/pakistan-vs-south-africa-1st-test-1243017/match-report|access-date=2021-02-08|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> In the second test, Markram made his first century in more than two and a half years, and his first in Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centurion Markram bemoans South Africa's defeat despite having 'started making progress'|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pak-vs-sa-2nd-test-rawalpindi-aiden-markram-bemoans-south-africa-defeat-despite-progress-1250772|access-date=2021-02-08|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Markram finished as the leading run scorer in the series, averaging 56.75, however South Africa lost the series, their first Test series defeat against Pakistan since 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|title=South Africa in Pakistan Test Series, 2020/21 Cricket Team Records & Stats |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=13806&type=series|access-date=2021-02-08|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hasan Ali ten-for gives Pakistan first series win over South Africa since 2003|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-pakistan-2020-21-1242968/pakistan-vs-south-africa-2nd-test-1243018/match-report|access-date=2021-02-08|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

In March 2023, he was appointed as the captain of [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa cricket team]] in T20Is, ahead of their home series [[West Indian cricket team in South Africa in 2022–23|against the West Indies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aiden Markram ready to fulfill his destiny |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aiden-markram-ready-to-fulfil-his-destiny-1365167 |access-date=2023-03-26 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>

===2023 ICC Cricket World Cup===

In October 2023 in a match against Sri Lanka, Markram scored the then fastest century in a men's [[Cricket World Cup]], reaching the milestone in 49 deliveries, a record later broken during the tournament by Australian batter [[Glenn Maxwell]]. He was dismissed soon after for 106 off 54.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balasuriya |first=Madushka |date=7 Oct 2023 |title=Markram, van der Dussen and de Kock ton up as South Africa trump Sri Lanka in run-fest |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2023-24-1367856/south-africa-vs-sri-lanka-4th-match-1384395/match-report |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===2024 Men's T20 World Cup===

In May 2024, he was named the captain in South Africa's squad for the [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa Squad for ICC Men's T20I World Cup |url=https://www.scorewaves.com/news-details/south-africa-squad-for-t20-world-cup |access-date=2024-06-11 |website=ScoreWaves |language=en}}</ref> He had a quiet tournament with the bat, but became the first ever Proteas captain to lead the team to the final of an [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]. South Africa went on to lose the final to [[India national cricket team|India]].

===2025 ICC World Test Championship Final===

He was named as the Player of the Final in the [[2025 ICC World Test Championship final]] as South Africa defeated Australia by 5 wickets to win their maiden championship.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 June 2025 |title=Markram recounts epic Bavuma stand that turned the WTC25 Final |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/world-test-championship/news/markram-recounts-epic-bavuma-stand-that-turned-the-wtc25-final |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=14 June 2025 |title=History made at Lord's as South Africa triumph in WTC25 Final |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/world-test-championship/news/live-south-africa-on-brink-of-wtc25-final-victory-at-lord-s |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref>

===2025-onwards===

In August 2025, he was named in the South Africa white ball squads to tour [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-24 |title=Proteas' big guns picked for Aussie white-ball tour {{!}} cricket.com.au |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4322610/south-africa-name-squads-white-ball-t20-odi-australia-tour-top-end-darwin-cairns-mackay-markram-rabada-bavuma |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=www.cricket.com.au |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2025, he was named in the Proteas white ball squads to tour [[England national cricket team|England]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa tour of England 2025 Squad |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/south-africa-in-england-2025-1448336/south-africa-odi-squad-1500165/series-squads |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In September 2025, he was named captain of the Proteas squad to tour Pakistan, in absence of regular skipper [[Temba Bavuma]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Africa tour of Pakistan, 2025 |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-series/10895/south-africa-tour-of-pakistan-2025/squads |website=cricbuzz}}</ref>

In November 2025, he was named in the Proteas Test squad [[South African cricket team in India in 2025–26|to tour India]]. In the second and last match, which South Africa won to complete a 2-0 clean sweep, he broke the record for the most catches in a Test match, with 9, surpassing [[Ajinkya Rahane|Rahane]]'s 8 in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most catches in a match |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/most-catches-in-a-match-283561 |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In December 2025, Markram produced a pivotal innings for South Africa in the second ODI against India, keeping the series alive for his team at 1-1 (3). Having previously expressed responsibility for South Africa’s shortcomings in the earlier match, Markram responded with a commanding century that restored confidence in the team and provided a solid platform for the team’s middle order. His innings was credited with shifting momentum in South Africa’s favour, with the match report noting a surge in belief within the squad as Markram set the stage for the team’s more aggressive batters. Markram was declared Player of the Match.<ref>{{cite web |last=Moonda |first=Firdose |date=3 December 2025 |title=Belief surges for South Africa as Markram makes amends in style |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-sa-belief-surges-for-south-africa-as-markram-makes-amends-in-style-1514270 |access-date=3 December 2025 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> This chase also marked the third time South Africa has successfully chased 350 + runs in ODIs, matching India for the most such chases for any team.<ref>{{cite web |last=BandaruPalli |first=Sampath |date=3 December 2025 |title=Stats – Kohli with back-to-back tons again; SA ace record chase |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-kohli-with-back-to-back-tons-yet-again-and-a-record-third-wicket-stand-1514231 |access-date=3 December 2025 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

===2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup===

In January 2026, he was named captain of the South Africa squad to take part in the 2026 edition of the Men's T20 World Cup in India and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moonda |first=Firdose |date=2 Jan 2026 |title=Rabada to lead strong South Africa pace attack at T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-kagiso-rabada-anrich-nortje-quinton-de-kock-aiden-markram-dewald-brevis-in-south-africa-squad-1517789 |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In the first match against Canada, he led his side to victory with 59 runs off 32 balls.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Andrew |date=9 Feb 2026 |title=Markram, Ngidi help South Africa ease past dogged Canada |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/canada-vs-south-africa-9th-match-group-d-1512727/match-report |website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In the 3rd game, he led South Africa’s chase with an unbeaten 86 off 44 balls, striking eight fours and four sixes, as his innings powered a seven-wicket win over New Zealand in the 2026 ICC Men’s T20 World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=South Africa’s Markram mauls New Zealand in seven-wicket T20 World Cup win |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2026/2/14/south-africas-markram-mauls-new-zealand-at-t20-world-cup |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

In the Super 8 stage of the tournament, he scored 82 not out off 46 balls as his side chased down 177 against the West Indies, securing semi final qualification.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-26 |title=T20 World Cup: South Africa stay unbeaten with nine-wicket win over West Indies |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cpw01ewydrqo |access-date=2026-03-02 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Achievements===
* Named in [[ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year]] for the year 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2451961|title= ICC Men's T20I Team of the Year revealed|work=International Cricket Council |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=600498}}

{{Current national cricket captains}}
{{South Africa T20I Cricket Captains}}
{{Navboxes
|title= South Africa squads
|bg= #007749
|fg= #FFB81C
|bordercolor=#FFB81C
|list1=
{{South Africa Squad 2019 Cricket World Cup}}
{{South Africa Squad 2021 Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{South Africa Squad 2022 Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{South Africa 2023 Cricket World Cup squad}}
{{South Africa Squad 2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{South Africa 2025 ICC World Test Championship squad}}
{{South Africa Squad 2026 Men's T20 World Cup}}
}}
{{Lucknow Super Giants squad}}
{{Manchester Super Giants squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Markram, Aiden}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
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[[Category:South Africa Test cricketers]]
[[Category:South Africa One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:South Africa Twenty20 International cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century South African sportsmen]]
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[[Category:Lucknow Super Giants cricketers]]

Central Institute of Hindi

2026-03-24T18:55:59Z

Writepedia: correct article further and fixed typos after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = Central Institute of Hindi
| image =
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| founder = [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]]
| established = 1960
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| city = [[Agra]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
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| country = [[India]]
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| website = {{URL|https://hindisansthan.in/}}
| dissolved =
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}}

The '''Central Institute of Hindi''' ({{langx|hi|केंद्रीय हिंदी संस्थान}} ''Kendrīya Hindī Sansthān'') is an institution that promotes the [[Hindi language]] in [[India]]. It is run by the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development]] of the [[Government of India]]. It was established in 1960 by the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]], engaged in teaching of Hindi as a foreign and second language. It is headquartered in [[Agra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=KENDRIYA HINDI SANSTHAN, AGRA: At a Glance Introduction|url=http://khsindia.org/india/images/2017-18_Videshi_Form_and_All_detail.compressed.pdf|publisher=Kendriya Hindi Sansthan|access-date=13 November 2017|archive-date=14 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114092907/http://khsindia.org/india/images/2017-18_Videshi_Form_and_All_detail.compressed.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Apart from conducting regular and residential Hindi language courses for foreign students, the institute also conducts regular teacher-training programmes for teachers of Hindi belonging to various states of India. The institute is situated at an {{convert|11|acre|abbr=on}} campus on the outskirts of Agra city. The institute further has eight regional centers in [[Delhi]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Mysore]], [[Shillong]], [[Dimapur]], [[Guwahati]], [[Ahmedabad]] and [[Bhubaneswar]]. The institute is the only government-run institution in India established solely for research and teaching of Hindi as a foreign and second language.

==History==
On 19 March 1960, the [[Ministry of Human Resource Development|Ministry of Education]] of India established the All-Indian Hindi Education College ({{langx|hi|अखिल भारतीय हिंदी शिक्षण महाविद्यालय}} ''Akhil Bhārtīy Hindī Śikṣaṇ Mahāvidyālay''). On 1 November 1960 the body was officially registered per the [[Societies Registration Act, 1860|Societies Registration Act]]. The first chairman of this body was notable Indian independence activity and promoter of Hindi [[Moturi Satyanarayana]].<ref name="history">{{cite web |title=केंद्रीय हिंदी संस्थान की विकास यात्रा |url=http://khsindia.org/india/hi/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE.html |website=केंद्रीय हिंदी संस्थान |publisher=Central Institute of Hindi |accessdate=10 March 2020 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

It was renamed the Central Institute of Hindi in 1963.

===Leadership===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Chairpersons<ref name="history"/>
! Name
! Start
! End
|-
| [[Moturi Satyanarayana]]
| 1960
| 1962
|-
| Balakrishna Rao
| 1962
|
|-
| [[Kalyan Mal Lodha]]
|
|
|-
| [[Laxmi Mall Singhvi]]
|
|
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Directors<ref name="history"/>
! Name
! Start
! End
|-
| Vinay Mohan Sharma
| 1962
| 1962
|-
| Brajeshwar Verma
| 1963
| 1974
|-
| Gopal Sharma
| 1974
| 31 May 1979
|-
| Ramnath Sahay
| 1 June 1979
| 30 December 1979
|-
| Balgovind Mishra
| 31 December 1979
| October 1991
|-
| Amar Bahadur Singh
| October 1991
| July 1991
|-
| Mahavir Saran Jain
| 21 July 1991
| 31 January 2001
|-
| Bela Banerjee
| 1 February 2001
| 12 March 2002
|-
| Nityanand Pandey
| 13 March 2002
| 2004
|-
| Bela Banerjee
| 2004
| 22 March 2005
|-
| Shambhunath Sao
| 23 March 2005
| 27 November 2008
|-
| Ramvir Singh
| 28 November 2008
| 30 September 2010
|-
| K. Bijay Kumar
| 1 October 2010
|
|}

==Teaching Programmes==
Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, Agra has been instrumental in propagation of Hindi in national and international spheres. The Institute has been recognized as a world level institution for teaching, learning and research on Hindi. The institute is committed towards propagation of Hindi on national level, establishing Hindi as medium of multi-cultural society of India, and provide for advanced study of different Indian Languages in relation to Hindi language and literature, in order to further the active role of Hindi in national unity and integration.

In addition, the institute has affiliated Colleges namely Mizoram Hindi Teachers Training Institute, Aizawl (Mizoram); Govt. Teachers Training Institute, Dimapur (Nagaland); Hindi Teachers Training College, Mysore (Karnataka); Govt. Hindi Teachers Training College, Guwahati (Assam). Institute's courses are run by these Institutions including conduction of their admissions and examinations. At present the institute is running 13 training and teaching programmes. Till date 68,129 students (data until July 2012) have been trained under 26 programmes. Around 3612 foreign students from 71 countries have received diplomas under the scheme of Propagation of Hindi Abroad. The following programmes are being conducted by Central Institute of Hindi:

===Hindi Teachers Training Programmes===
{| class="wikitable"
!Sl.No.
!Course Name
!Duration
!No. Of students trained till date (July 2012)
|-
|1
|Hindi Shikshan Nishnat (Equi. M.Ed.) :
|One year
|692
|-
|2
|Hindi Shikshan Parangat (Equi. B.Ed.)
|One year
|3029
|-
|3
|Hindi Shikshan Praveen (Equi. B.T.C.)
|One year
|1936
|-
|4
|Hindi Shikshan Vishesh Gahan Course
|One year
|620
|-
|5
|Three year Diploma courses
|One year
|718
|-
|6
|Distance Educational Programme
|One year
|5337
|}

====Short Term Courses (Orientation and Refresher Courses)====
Till date 42,750 teacher-trainees have received training under this programme. Institute strives to train 2700 in-service Hindi teachers through its 50 programmes every year.

===International Hindi Teaching Program (under Propagation of Hindi Abroad Scheme)===
{| class="wikitable"
|Sanshan has been conducting various Hindi language proficiency courses for international students since 1971 at Agra and Delhi. The institute also conducts similar courses in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka.
|3612 students belonging to more than 71 countries have been trained so far (July 2012)
|}

===Vocational courses (evening programmes) Regional students===
These programmes are being conducted at Agra and Delhi.
{| class="wikitable"
!Sl.No.
!Course Name
!No. Of students trained till date
|-
|1
|Applied Hindi linguistics course
|1018
|-
|2
|Translation theory and practices
|1362
|-
|3
|Mass communication and Journalism diploma
|666
|}

==Research and study==

===Seminars and Workshops===
Kendriya Hindi Sansthan organizes various National seminars and short budget seminars on Hindi language, literature and language teaching, language technology etc. at its headquarter and regional centers.

===Preparation of Digital Language teaching and Learning Materials===
Kendriya Hindi Sansthan has a digital language lab and audio recording studio. Institute is producing various digital teaching and learning materials by making use of information and language technology.

===Lexical Resources===
For enriching the Hindi Vocabulary and preserve dialects of Hindi language, the Institute undertakes various programmes viz., preparation of ‘Lok shabdkosh’ and ‘Corpora’ (Corpus of Hindi language) and ‘Collection of Folk Literature from North-Eastern India’. Under this programme, Brajbhasha-Hindi-English Lok shabdkosh, Marwari-Hindi-English Lokshabdkosh, Awadhi-Hindi- English Lok shabdkosh, Bundeli-Hindi-English Lok shabdkosh are under preparation. Digital and printed Bhojpuri-Hindi-English Lok Shabdkosh was published in the year 2009.

===Department of Instructional Material Production===
The programme of this department depends on researches done in regional languages. The data collected is utilized in preparation of Hindi textbooks for second/other language learners . This department also undertakes on requests of several State Governments for preparation of Hindi textbooks. Kendriya Hindi Sansthan has prepared these instructional materials for the State of Mizoram, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Sikkim. The materials are published and taught in the schools of State Governments. Under these Instructional material,

1. Text-books, 2. Learners Dictionary, 3. Learner's Grammar and Teacher's handbook are prepared. Institute has also prepared Instructional Material for 5 tribal dialects (Kurukh, Halbi, Godi, Korku and Bheeli) of MP and Chhattisgarh keeping in view the problem of second language learners.

===Publications===

The department of publication has published nearly 100 titles out of which some are the collections of articles presented in the seminars. Institute publishes six journals and magazines regularly: 1. Research Journal ‘Gaveshna’ (गवेषणा), 2. Media, 3. ‘Samanvay Purvottar’, 3. Vishva Bharti, 5. Samanvay, 6. Sansthan Samachar.

===Library===

The library of the institute has one of the best collections of books on Hindi language, literature and learning. There are 50,000 titles under the head of applied linguistics, comparative literature, manuscripts and applied Hindi education. The regional centers of the institute are also developing their own libraries.

==Awards==

Each year Kendriya Hindi Sansthan organizes various awards under ‘Hindi Sevi Samman Yojana’ in seven categories. These awards are conferred by the President of India to the people who have contributed in the propagation and enrichment of Hindi language in India and abroad. The categories of awards are as follows: (1) Gangasharan Singh Award, (2) Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Award, (3) Atmaram Award, (4) Subrahmanyam Bharti Award, (5) Mahapandit Rahul Sankrutyayan Award, (6) [[Dr. George Grierson Award|Dr George Abraham Grierson Award]], (7)Padma Bhushan Dr Moturi Satyanarayan Award. This awards are conferred each year on world Hindi day (10 January).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hindisansthan.in/ Official Website] (in Hindi)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221112085244/https://khsindia.org/india/en/ Former website (archived)]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Education (India)]]
[[Category:1960 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1960]]
[[Category:Hindi]]
[[Category:Language advocacy organizations]]

List of districts of Andhra Pradesh

2026-03-23T20:47:27Z

Writepedia: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox subdivision type
| name = Districts of Andhra Pradesh
| map = Map of all Andhra Pradesh districts-en.svg
| caption = Andhra Pradesh Political Map
| category = Districts
| territory = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|start_date =
|current_number = 28
|number_date =
| population_range = [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]] – 3,49,953 (lowest); [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]] – 29,47,547 (highest)
| area_range = [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] – {{Convert|1,048|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (smallest); [[YSR Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]] – {{Convert|12,507|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} (largest)
| government = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue Divisions of Andhra Pradesh]]
}}

The [[States and union territories of India|state]] of '''[[Andhra Pradesh]]''' has 28 [[Districts of India|districts]]. [[Visakhapatnam district]] is the smallest district in area while [[Kadapa district]] is the largest. [[Tirupati district]] is the most populous whereas [[Polavaram district]] is the least populous district. The districts are further divided into one, two or more [[revenue division]]s, which are further subdivided into [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|mandals]] for administrative purposes.

== History ==
At the time of [[Partition of India|Independence]] the present day [[Andhra Pradesh]] was a part of the [[Madras State]]. The Telugu speaking dominant regions Kostaandhra and Rayalaseema were separated from Madras State to form [[Andhra State]] in 1953.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 November 2020|title=History of Andhra Pradesh|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/history-of-andhra-pradesh-have-a-quick-recall-of-formation-of-the-state-654080|url-status=live|access-date=3 April 2022|website=The Hans India|language=en|archive-date=3 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403095807/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/history-of-andhra-pradesh-have-a-quick-recall-of-formation-of-the-state-654080}}</ref>

As Andhra State, it consisted of 11 districts, which are [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]], [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Kadapa district|Kadapa]], [[Krishna district|Krishna]], [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]], [[Nellore district|Nellore]], [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] and [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2022|title=AP new districts: First formed under the empire, Andhra Pradesh's map shaped and reshaped over two centuries|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/first-formed-under-the-empire-aps-map-shaped-and-reshaped-over-two-centuries/articleshow/90528597.cms|access-date=3 April 2022|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2022|title=New districts in AP: Experts want the government to walk the talk|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-in-ap-experts-want-the-government-to-walk-the-talk/article65284435.ece|url-status=live|access-date=3 April 2022|website=The Hindu|language=en |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403071546/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-in-ap-experts-want-the-government-to-walk-the-talk/article65284435.ece }}</ref>

As a result of the 1956 [[States Reorganisation Act]], the state's boundaries were re-organized following linguistic lines. On 1 November 1956, the Andhra State and the [[Telangana]] region of the [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] were merged to form the Andhra Pradesh which is retrospectively referred to as [[United Andhra Pradesh]].

As united Andhra Pradesh, it consisted of 21 districts, with 10 districts of Telangana region.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} In the year 1959, [[Bhadrachalam]] and [[Venkatapuram, Jayashankar Bhupalpally district|Nuguru Venkatapuram]] taluks of [[East Godavari district]], which are on the other side of the [[Godavari River]], were merged into [[Khammam district]] on grounds of geographical contiguity and administrative viability. Similarly [[Aswaraopeta]] part of [[West Godavari District]] was added to [[Khammam district]] and [[Munagala]] taluk belonging to [[Krishna district]] was added to [[Nalgonda district]] in the same year.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2013-11-12 |title=GoM on Andhra bifurcation to elicit views of political parties |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/gom-on-andhra-bifurcation-to-elicit-views-of-political-parties-113111200303_1.html |access-date=2023-03-14}}</ref>

The number of districts became 23 with the formation of [[Prakasam district]] from the parts of Guntur, Nellore and Kurnool districts in 1970 and [[Vizianagaram district]] from parts of Visakhapatnam and Srikakulam districts in 1979.

After the bifurcation of the United Andhra Pradesh in 2014, the Andhra region now known as [[Andhra Pradesh]] was left with 13 districts but was given several tribal-dominated mandals from the Khammam district of the [[Telangana]] as part of the [[Polavaram Project|Polavaram project]]. These mandals were added to the East Godavari and West Godavari district's respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 September 2014|title=Andhra Pradesh takes control of seven mandals in Khammam|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140903/nation-current-affairs/article/andhra-pradesh-takes-control-seven-mandals-khammam|access-date=3 April 2022|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 July 2014|title=List of seven mandals to be included in AP|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2014-07-11/List-of-seven-mandals-to-be-included-in-AP/101564|access-date=3 April 2022|website=The Hans India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-19 |title=TS gives up on 7 transferred mandals |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/./article60389782.ece |access-date=2023-03-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-14 |title=Parliament passes bill on Polavaram project |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/parliament-passes-bill-on-polavaram-project/article6210089.ece |access-date=2023-03-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 26 January 2022, the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] proposed 13 new districts by issuing a draft notification under the Andhra Pradesh Districts (Formation) Act, 1974, Section 3(5).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-31 |title=Doubling the number of districts in Andhra Pradesh: The proposal and the criticism |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/doubling-the-number-of-districts-in-andhra-pradesh-the-proposal-and-the-criticism-7749809/ |access-date=2023-03-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Raghavendra|first=V.|date=26 January 2022|title=With creation of 13 new districts, AP now has 26 districts|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece|url-status=live|access-date=26 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126110443/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/with-creation-of-13-new-districts-ap-now-has-26-districts/article38327788.ece|archive-date=26 January 2022|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After taking the objections and suggestions received from the public into consideration, the government has published the final notification on 3 April 2022. With effect from 4 April 2022 the newly formed districts came into effect as specified in the schedule.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2022|title=New districts to come into force on April 4|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/new-districts-to-come-into-force-on-april-4/article65274658.ece|access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="apreorg-2022">{{Cite web |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |title=Here's how new ap map looks after districts reorganisation |date=2022-04-03 |access-date=2023-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2022|title=Andhra Pradesh to have 13 new districts from April 4|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/andhra-pradesh-to-have-13-new-districts-from-april-4-check-list-of-total-26-districts-here-5317197/|access-date=3 April 2022|website=[[india.com]]|language=en}}</ref> At present there are 26 districts spread across 3 cultural regions: [[North Andhra|Uttaraandhra]], [[Coastal Andhra|Kostaandhra]] and [[Rayalaseema]].

The government formed [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]] and [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]] districts with effect from 31 December 2025 after receiving proposals from public.By this the districts count is increased from 26 to 28. <ref name="districts-20253112">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref>

=== Timeline ===
====Major changes====
<gallery>
File:Andhra State (1953 - 1956).png|(1953–1956)
File:Blank map Andhra Pradesh state and districts (before 2014).png|(1956–2014)
File:Location_map_India_Andhra_Pradesh_EN_V2.svg|(2014–2022)
File:Andhra Pradesh districts 2022.svg|(2022–2025)
File:Andhra Pradesh districts - en.svg|(31 Dec 2025-)
</gallery>

====Minor changes====
*[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/0/08/20260208080218%21Map_of_all_Andhra_Pradesh_districts-en.svg Andhra Pradesh districts (16 Feb 2023 - 30 Dec 2025)]

== Districts ==

The state is further divided into 28 districts, with North Andhra comprising seven districts, Coastal Andhra comprising twelve districts, and Rayalaseema comprising nine districts.<ref name="apreorg-20222">{{cite news |last1=V. |first1=Raghavendra |date=4 April 2022 |title=Jagan launches 13 new districts of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/thirteen-new-districts-come-into-existence-in-andhra-pradesh/article65289032.ece |access-date=21 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> These districts are made up of 81 [[revenue division]]s, 688 [[Tehsil|mandals]] <ref name="districts-20253112"/>{{Sfn|DOP|2023|p=431}} and 13,324 village panchayats as part of the administrative organisation.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://egramswaraj.gov.in/FileRedirect.jsp?FD=Bulletin&name=MonthlyBulletin_July_v01.pdf |title=Monthly bulletin |publisher=Ministry of Panchayat raj, Government of India |year=2022 |pages=3 |access-date=3 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603070851/https://egramswaraj.gov.in/FileRedirect.jsp?FD=Bulletin&name=MonthlyBulletin_July_v01.pdf |archive-date=3 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Districts by regions===
{{anchor | Region | Regions }}

[[North Andhra]] (Uttaraandhra):<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XumoDQAAQBAJ&q=165&pg=PA165|title=Social Economy of Development in India|last=Chalam|first=K. S.|date=2016-11-24|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9789385985126|pages=165|language=en}}</ref>{{div col}}
# [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]]
# [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]
# [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]]
# [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]]
# [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]]
# [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]]
# [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]]
{{div col end}}

[[Coastal Andhra]] (Kosta Andhra):

{{div col}}
# [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]
# [[Konaseema district|Konaseema]]
# [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]]
# [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
# [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
# [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
# [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
# [[NTR district|NTR]]
# [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]
# [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
# [[Nellore district|Nellore]]
# [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
{{div col end}}

[[Rayalaseema]]:

{{div col}}
# [[Anantapur district|Ananthapuramu]]
# [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
# [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]]
# [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
# [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]]
# [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]]
# [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
# [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
# [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
{{div col end}}

=== Existing districts ===
{{anchor | Existing }}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left" border="1" width="100%"
|+ District statistics (Population, Area, density need updation as per the latest district restructure)
|-
! S.No !! Code !! Official name !! Headquarters !! Revenue divisions !! Mandals !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Map
|-
| 1 || ALL || [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]] || [[Paderu]] || 1 || 11 || 6,04,031 || 6,251 || 77.87 || [[File:Alluri Sitharama Raju in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 2 || ANA || [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]] || [[Anakapalle|Anakapalli]] || 3 || 24 || 17,26,998 || 4,292 || 402.38 || [[File:Anakapalli in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 3 || ANA || [[Anantapuramu district|Ananthapuramu]] || [[Anantapuram]] || 3 || 32 || 22,41,105 || 10,205 || 219.61 || [[File:Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 4 || ANN || [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]] || [[Madanapalli]] || 3 || 25 || 16,97,308 || 7,954 || 213.39 || [[File:Annamayya in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 5 || BAP || [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]] || [[Bapatla]] || 3 || 20 || 15,86,918 || 3,829 || 414.45 || [[File:Bapatla in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 6 || CHI || [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]] || [[Chittoor]] || 3 || 28 || 18,72,951 || 6,855 || 273.22 || [[File:Chittoor in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 7 || KON || [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema district|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Konaseema]] || [[Amalapuram]] || 3 || 19 || 17,19,093 || 2,083 || 825.30 || [[File:Konaseema in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 8 || EAS || [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]] || [[Rajahmundry|Rajamahendravaram]] || 2 || 22 || 18,32,332 || 2,561 || 715.48 || [[File:East Godavari in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 9 || ELU || [[Eluru district|Eluru]] || [[Eluru]] || 3 || 28 || 20,06,737 || 6,579 || 305.02 || [[File:Eluru in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 10 || GUN || [[Guntur district|Guntur]] || [[Guntur]] || 2 || 18 || 20,91,075 || 2,443 || 855.95 || [[File:Guntur in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 11 || KAK || [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]] || [[Kakinada]] || 2 || 21 || 20,92,374 || 3,019 || 693.07 || [[File:Kakinada in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 12 || KRI || [[Krishna district|Krishna]] || [[Machilipatnam]] || 3 || 26 || 17,35,079 || 3,775 || 459.62 || [[File:Krishna in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 13 || KUR || [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]] || [[Kurnool]] || 3 || 27 || 22,71,686 || 7,980 || 284.67 || [[File:Kurnool in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 14 || MAR || [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]] || [[Markapuram]] || 2 || 21 || 11,42,313 || 8,456 || 190.4 || [[File:Markapuram in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 15 || NAN || [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]] || [[Nandyal]] || 4 || 30 || 17,81,777 || 9,682 || 184.03 || [[File:Nandyal in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 16 || NEL || [[Sri Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore district|Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore]] || [[Nellore]] || 3 || 36 || 24,69,712 || 10,441 || 236.54 || [[File:Sri Potti Sriramulu Nellore in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 17 || NTR || [[NTR district|NTR]] || [[Vijayawada]] || 3 || 20 || 22,18,591 || 3,316 || 669.06 || [[File:NTR in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 18 || PAL || [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]] || [[Narasaraopet]]a || 3 || 28 || 20,41,723 || 7,298 || 279.76 || [[File:Palnadu in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 19 || PAR || [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]] || [[Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh|Parvathipuram]] || 2 || 15 || 9,25,340 || 3,659 || 252.89 || [[File:Parvathipuram Manyam in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 20 || POL || [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]] || [[Rampachodavaram]] || 2 || 12 || 3,49,929 || || || [[File:Polavaram in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 21 || PRA || [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]] || [[Ongole]] || 3 || 28 || 17,67,633 || 6,322 || 259.76 || [[File:Prakasam in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 22 || SRI || [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]] || [[Srikakulam]] || 3 || 30 || 21,91,471 || 4,591 || 477.34 || [[File:Srikakulam in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 23 || SSS || [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]] || [[Puttaparthi]] || 5 || 32 || 18,40,043 || 8,925 || 206.17 || [[File:Sri Sathya Sai in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 24 || TIR || [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]] || [[Tirupati]] || 4 || 36 || 21,96,984 || 8,231 || 266.92 || [[File:Tirupati in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 25 || VIS || [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]] || [[Visakhapatnam]] || 2 || 11 || 19,59,544 || 1,048 || 1869.79 || [[File:Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 26 || VIZ || [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]] || [[Vizianagaram]] || 3 || 28 || 19,30,811 || 4,122 || 468.42 || [[File:Vizianagaram in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 27 || WES || [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] || [[Bhimavaram]] || 3 || 20 || 18,44,898 || 2,278 || 809.88 || [[File:West Godavari in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|-
| 28 || CUD || [[YSR Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]] || [[Kadapa]] || 5 || 40 || 20,60,654 || 11,228 || 183.53 || [[File:YSR in Andhra Pradesh (India).svg|100px]]
|}
* Source:<ref name="districts-20253112"/><ref name="apreorg-2022"/>

===Clickable map of existing districts===
{{anchor | Map }}

<mapframe width="500" height="500" text="Districts in Andhra Pradesh, zoom and click for interactive identification map" align=center>
{
"type": "ExternalData",
"service": "geoshape",
"query": "SELECT ?id ?idLabel (concat('[[', ?idLabel, ']]') as ?title) \n WHERE \n { \n ?id wdt:P31 wd:Q1149652 . # is a \n ?id wdt:P131 wd:Q1159 . # in India \n SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language 'en' } \n } "}
</mapframe>
== Regional development clusters ==
The [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] has also proposed three new regional development clusters to promote balanced growth across the state. These regions group nearby districts based on geography and economic potential. For instance, the '''Tirupati region''' includes all [[Rayalaseema]] districts such as [[Anantapur district|Ananthapuramu]], [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]], [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]], [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]], [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]], [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]], [[Chittoor district|Chittoor]], and [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]], along with [[Nellore district|SPSR Nellore]] district. Similarly, the '''Visakhapatnam region''' covers the [[North Andhra|North Coastal]] districts including [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]], [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]], [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]], [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]], [[Srikakulam district|Srikakulam]], [[Visakhapatnam district|Visakhapatnam]], [[Vizianagaram district|Vizianagaram]],along with [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]], [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]] and [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]] and The '''Amaravati–Vijayawada region''' includes [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]], [[East Godavari district|East Godavari]], [[Eluru district|Eluru]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]],[[Konaseema district|Konaseema]], [[Krishna district|Krishna]], [[Markapuram district|Markapuram]], [[NTR district|NTR]], [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]] and [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]. These regional clusters are aimed at improving infrastructure, industrial development, and administrative coordination across [[Andhra Pradesh]].

==See also==

*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of districts in India]]
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |title=Socio economic survey 2022–23 |last=DOP |publisher=Government of AP |year=2023 |url=https://apfinance.gov.in/downloads/FINALBOOKSES-2023FINAL.pdf |access-date=24 April 2023 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328171215/https://apfinance.gov.in/downloads/FINALBOOKSES-2023FINAL.pdf |url-status=dead }}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Districts of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Districts Of Andhra Pradesh}}
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of districts in India|Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Districts of Andhra Pradesh| ]]

Honey (2026 film)

2026-03-21T02:25:41Z

Writepedia: new...

{{Short description|2026 Indian Telugu film by Karuna Kumar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Honey
| image = Honey (2026 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Karuna Kumar]]
| story =
| producer = Ravi Peetla
| writer = Karuna Kumar
| screenplay =
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Naveen Chandra]]
* [[Divya Pillai]]
* Divi Vadthya
}}
| music = Ajay Arasada
| cinematography = [[Nagesh Banell]]
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = Ova Entertainments
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|2|6}}
| runtime =
| language = Telugu
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Honey''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Psychological fiction|psychological]] [[Horror film|horror]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film written and directed by [[Karuna Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-21 |title=Teaser for Naveen Chandra’s Honey unveiled |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Jan/21/teaser-for-naveen-chandras-honey-unveiled |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Naveen Chandra]], [[Divya Pillai]] and Divi Vadthya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honey OTT release date: When, where to watch Naveen Chandra's social drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/honey-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-naveen-chandras-social-drama/6e3057e5ac145 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-01-01 |title=‘Honey’ promises chilling psychological horror rooted in reality |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/honey-promises-chilling-psychological-horror-rooted-in-reality-1035569 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

The film was released on 6 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu|first=Suhas|date=2026-01-01|title=‘Honey’ promises chilling psychological horror rooted in reality|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/honey-promises-chilling-psychological-horror-rooted-in-reality-1035569|access-date=2026-02-19|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A fractured family descends into psychological and spiritual chaos when Anand, an unemployed man obsessed with occult rituals, pulls his wife Lalitha and young daughter Meera into dangerous tantric practices. As violence and paranoia escalate, Meera begins communicating with a mysterious entity called “Honey.” What unfolds is a disturbing blend of delusion and reality, revealing that the most terrifying horrors are not supernatural but human.

== Cast ==
* [[Naveen Chandra]] as Anand
* [[Divya Pillai]] as Lalitha, Anand's wife
* Divi Vadthya as Ravana
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as Sarangapani
* Jayanee as Meera, Anand's daughter

== Music ==
The background score and songs were composed by Ajay Arasada.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Jo Jo Laali
| extra1 = Pranidhi K
| length1 = 4:02
| lyrics1 = Ananthu Chinthalapalli
| title2 = Telisi Rama
| extra2 = Sahithi Chaganti
| length2 = 4:38
| lyrics2 = [[Tyagaraja]]
}}

==Release and reception==
''Honey'' was released on 6 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-01 |title=Honey: సైకలాజికల్ హారర్‌తో భయపెట్టబోతున్న ‘హనీ’… ఫిబ్రవరి 6న థియేటర్లలోకి.. |url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/entertainment/naveen-chandra-psychological-horror-film-honey-set-for-theatrical-release-on-february-6-vn-277723 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=Zee News Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated it 3/5 and wrote that, "''Honey'' works as a meaningful psychological horror thriller that leaves a lasting impact".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2026-02-06 |title=Honey: Psychological horror that strikes at the roots of fear and blind faith |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/honey-psychological-horror-that-strikes-at-the-roots-of-fear-and-blind-faith-1046049 |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Sanjana Pulagurtha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 and stated, "the ideas remain compelling, but the execution doesn’t fully deliver the psychological payoff it aims for".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Honey Movie Review: An occult drama with strong intent but patchy payoff |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/honey/movie-review/128062726.cms |access-date=2026-02-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

=== Streaming rights ===
The streaming rights of this movie were given by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[Sun NXT]] on 27 February 2026 and in [[Lionsgate Play]] on 20 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=Honey OTT release details: When and where to watch the Telugu psychological horror thriller online|url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/honey-ott-release-details-when-and-where-to-watch-the-telugu-psychological-horror-thriller-online/amp_articleshow/128651349.cms?|work=Economictimes|accessdate=21 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Watch Honey Online|url=https://lionsgateplay.com/en/movies/honey/761741351969|work=[[Lionsgate Play]]|accessdate=20 March 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|39302439|Honey}}

[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2026 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s psychological horror films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological horror films]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language thriller films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Karuna Kumar]]

In the Bazaars of Hyderabad

2026-03-13T14:31:28Z

Writepedia: done

{{Short description|1912 poem by Sarojini Naidu}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox poem
|name = In The Bazaars of Hyderabad
|image = In the Bazaars of Hyderabad.jpg
|image_size = 
|caption = The first paragraph of the poem was published in ''[[The New York Times]]'' on 27 April 1913. The reviewer credited the poem as an "Oriental gem".
|subtitle = 
|author = [[Sarojini Naidu]]
|original_title = 
|original_title_lang = English and Urdu
|language = English
|translator =
|written =
|first = 
|illustrator = 
|cover_artist = 
|country = [[India]]
|series = 
|subject = [[Romanticism]] [[Lyric poetry]]
|genre = [[Rhetorical]]
|form = 
|meter = [[Trochee]]
|rhyme = ABCBCB
|publisher = [[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann, London]] [[John Lane (publisher)|John Lane, New York]]
|publication_date = {{circa}} 1912
|publication_date_en =
|media_type = Book
|lines = 30
|pages = 
|size_weight = 
|isbn = 
|oclc = 
|preceded_by = 
|followed_by = 
|wikisource = 
}}

"'''In The Bazaars of Hyderabad'''" is a poem by [[India]]n [[Romanticism]] and [[Lyric poetry|Lyric]] poet [[Sarojini Naidu]] (1879–1949). The work was composed and published in her anthology ''[[The Bird of Time (poetry)|The Bird of Time]]'' (1912)—which included "Bangle-sellers" and "The Bird of Time", it is Naidu's second publication and most strongly nationalist book of poems, published from both [[London]] and [[New York City]]. While studying in [[England]] from 1895 to 1898 Naidu ameliorate her poetic expertise under the guidance of her teachers [[Sir Edmund William Gosse]] and [[Arthur Symons]]. Post [[Swadeshi Movement]] (1905) her work began to focus on Indian life and culture. Although actively involved in the [[Indian independence movement]] which left her little time to devote to poetry, she composed "In The Bazaars of Hyderabad" from her childhood reminiscence.

The poem is written in five stanzas, Naidu uses imagery and alliteration, with traditional end rhymes, as well as the poem manifests distinct characteristic of [[Hyderabad]]'s social etiquette, mannerism, lifestyle of aristocracy and the society. In the poem, the Bazaars are just not only meant for buying and selling, but it is also a focal-point for people from different backgrounds having multifarious interests. In this poem, Naidu describes the beauty of [[List of bazaars in Hyderabad|traditional Hyderabadi bazaars]]. She presented the lively picturesque scenes of merchants, vendors, peddlers, goldsmiths, fruit men, and flower girls selling their goods, all of whom answer the questions of purchasers who buy their articles after meticulous chaffering. The poem also describes the musical instruments being used by the musicians and magicians in the bazaar.

The poem is included in academics of Indian education boards and some universities in [[Europe]] taught the poem in the [[English literature]] syllabus.



==Background==
{{See also|Golden Threshold}}
The culture of Hyderabad is distinct, with a mix of traditional and modern influences. The goods sold by the ''Bazaar'' vendors cater to the needs of every segment of society. [[Sarojini Naidu]] generally provides a panoramic and picturesque view of a Bazaar's colors, sounds, and sights in Hyderabad. She has also used vibrant rhymes to describe the magnificence of the bazaars and the products sold in the bazaars.<ref name="Iyer">{{cite book|title=Musings on Indian Writing in English: Poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4D9b4QSeoMIC|publisher=Sarup & Sons|pages=149–51|last=Iyer|first=N Sharada|year=1964|isbn=9788176255745|access-date=1 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|title=Remembering India's nightingale, whose poetry presented princely Hyderabad to world|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/remembering-indias-nightingale-whose-poetry-presented-princely-hyderabad-to-world/articleshow/89541069.cms#_ga=2.173222947.1263743359.1658847287-1420301674.1658847287|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|last=Akbar|first=Syed|date=23 February 2022|accessdate=26 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Modi">{{cite news|title=Remembering Sarojini Naidu, the gentle poet and the fiery freedom fighter, on her 73rd death anniversary|url=https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/remembering-sarojini-naidu-the-gentle-poet-and-the-fiery-freedom-fighter-on-her-73rd-death-anniversary-10422351.html|newspaper=[[First Post]]|date=2 March 2022|last=Modi|first=Chintan Girish|accessdate=26 July 2022}}</ref>

According to the scholar ''Natesan Sharda Iyer'' who authored "Musings on Indian Writing in English: Poetry"—(2005); in this poem "Sarojini Naidu had transformed Hyderabad into a romantic land of [[Walter de la Mare]]'s Tartary and Arabia.<ref name="Iyer"/>

Agonized by the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal in 1905]] and influenced by the call of [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]]'s socio-political reforms, Naidu joined the [[Indian independence movement]] where she was introduced to [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[C.P. Ramaswami Iyer]] and [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]. Naidu shifted her focus by writing with a vision of national integration and to promote the [[Swadeshi Movement]].<ref name="CGG">{{cite web|title=Presentation of Hyderabad in the poetry of Sarojini Naidu|url=https://ccets.cgg.gov.in/Uploads/files/buttonDetails/30383.pdf|pages=4–10|work=Centre for good governance|year=2017|accessdate=27 July 2022|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217053301/https://ccets.cgg.gov.in/Uploads/files/buttonDetails/30383.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="N18">{{cite web|title=Sarojini Naidu's 142nd Birth Anniversary|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/sarojini-naidus-142nd-birth-anniversary-five-facts-to-know-about-the-nightingale-of-india-3427079.html|work=[[Network18 Group]]|date=13 February 2021|accessdate=22 July 2022}}
*{{cite web|title=On Hindi Diwas, Here's A List of Revolutionary Hindi Poets Who Changed The World With Their Words|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/on-hindi-diwas-heres-a-list-of-revolutionary-hindi-poets-who-changed-the-world-with-their-words-4202444.html|work=[[Network18 Group]]|date=14 September 2021|accessdate=22 July 2022}}</ref>

==Poem==
{{See also|Works by Sarojini Naidu}}
[[File:Charminar Ramzan Nights.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A view of Bazaar, near [[Charminar]].]]
[[File:Hyderabad, India (30809982575).jpg|thumb|200px|right|A perfume—[[attar]] seller at [[Pathargatti|perals market]].]]
[[File:Bidri craft, Hyderabad, India.jpg|thumb|200px|A goldsmith at [[Laad Bazaar]].]]
[[File:Market (6742263103).jpg|thumb|200px|right|A Flower vendor at [[Moazzam Jahi Market|Moazzam Jahi Bazaar]].]]
{{poemquote|
:''''' In The Bazaars of Hyderabad'''''

: What do you sell, O ye merchants?
: Richly your wares are displayed.
: Turbans of [[crimson]] and silver,
:[[Tunic]]s of purple [[brocade]],
: Mirrors with panels of [[amber]],
: Daggers with handles of jade.

: What do you weigh, O ye vendors?
: Saffron, lentil, and rice.
: What do you grind, O ye maidens?
: Sandalwood, henna, and spice.
: What do you call, O ye pedlars?
: Chessmen and ivory dice.

: What do you make, O ye goldsmiths?
: Wristlet and anklet and ring,
: Bells for the feet of blue pigeons,
: Frail as a dragon - fly's wing,
: Girdles of gold for the dancers,
: Scabbards of gold for the kings.

: What do you cry, O ye Fruit merchants?
: Citron, pomegranate and plum.
: What do you play, O ye musicians?
: Sitar, Sarangi and drum.
: What do you chant, O ye magicians?
: Spells for the aeons to come.

: What do you weave, O ye flower-girls?
: With tassels of azure and red?
: Crowns for the brow of a bridegroom,
: Chaplets to garland his bed,
: Sheets of white blossoms new-garnered
: To perfume the sleep of the dead.<ref name="In_The_Bazaars_of_Hyderabad">{{cite web|title=In The Bazaars of Hyderabad|url=http://www.english-for-students.com/In-The-Bazaars-of-Hyderabad.html|work=English for students|access-date=26 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="Daruwalla">{{cite book|title=Poetry Magic 8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFNYQh34ZEcC|publisher=Ratna Sagar|last= Daruwalla|first=Keki N|pages=15–16|year=2005|isbn=9788183321778|access-date=26 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="iiit">{{cite web|title=In the Bazaars of Hyderabad|url=http://web.iiit.ac.in/~nirnimesh/Literature/In%20the%20Bazaars%20of%20Hyderabad.htm|publisher=[[Indian Institutes of Information Technology]]|access-date=29 September 2013|archive-date=1 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001103417/http://web.iiit.ac.in/~nirnimesh/Literature/In%20the%20Bazaars%20of%20Hyderabad.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
--'''''Sarojini Naidu'''''--

==Structure==
===Style===
[[File:Laad Bazaar as seen from charminar.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A scene of Bazaar outside of [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad]].]]
In the poem "In the Bazaars of Hyderabad" the poet describes the usual occupations as seen in the bazaars; The poem is set in the form of conversation between the buyers and the vendors. Every stanza of poem contains a question about day-to-day merchandise available in the bazaar.<ref name="Kundu&Ray">{{cite book|title=Studies In Women Writers In English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ryn28K7m6ucC|publisher=[[Atlantic Books]]|last1=Kundu|first1=Rama|last2=Ray|first2=Mohit Kumar|pages=108–09|volume=3|year=2005|isbn=9788126904358|access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref> Naidu presents the scenes of local musicians performing there [[musical composition|composition]]s played with traditional instruments and the magicians creating an atmosphere of ecstasy, the various fruits being sold by the fruit-men, the weighing of saffron, lentils, and rice by the vendors, and other depictions of various commodities which are sold in the bazaar. Naidu had used vibrant rhymes to describes the merchandising and nobility of the bazaar.<ref name="Modi"/><ref name="Kaur">{{cite book|title=Sarojini Naidu's Poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8w4JlRtdeQ4C|publisher=Sarup & Sons|last=Kaur|first=Satvinder|pages=137–38|year=2003|isbn=9788176254281|access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Naravane">{{cite book|title=Sarojini Naidu: an introduction to her life, work and poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h6v8HsRUBucC|publisher=Orient Blackswan|last=Naravane|first=Vishwanath S.|pages=138–39|year=1980|isbn=9788125009313|access-date=26 August 2011}}</ref>

===Poetic devices===
The poem contains five stanzas of six lines each. Every line of the poem contains a rhythm and a beat, and the sequence of the phrases "What do you" and "O ye" marks the rhyme scheme of the poem. It follows a unique rhyme scheme in which the second, fourth, and sixth lines in each stanza rhyme. The third and fifth lines also rhyme. Whereas the last stanza is a slight exception though. The poet often repeats these phrases, to create a musical effect, to emphasize a point, and lend unity to the poem. The conversation between the vendor and the buyer is set in a form of question and answer. To present the pictorial scene of the bazaar, Naidu uses [[Virtual reality|poetic-imagery]]—(a vibrant sense of touch, sound, smell, sight, and taste), as well as alliteration and traditional end rhyme.<ref name="CGG"/><ref name="N18"/><ref name="Anand&Alurkar">{{cite book|title=Techniques of counseling guidance, counseling and student personnel in education McGraw-Hill series in education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=STIF4HvTOBYC|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|pages=66–70|last1=Anand|first1=Renu|last2=Alurkar|first2=Sudha|year=1964|isbn=9780070683815|access-date=26 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="Barot">{{cite book|title=Perfect Practice Series English Babharati Workbook Std.VIII|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQQbnmoOTkcC|publisher=Jeevandeep Prakashan Pvt Ltd|pages=17–20|last=Ashita|first=Barot|access-date=29 September 2013}}</ref> The general scheme is ABCBCB.<ref name="CGG"/>

===Summary===
[[File:Bidriware (Bidri craft) ewer (also lid jug) 17th century, Hyderabad Deccan. now displayed at Victoria & Albert Museum, London.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Bidriware]] of the 18th century, displayed at [[Victoria and Albert Museum]]]]

The first stanza in the poem begins with the poet questioning the merchants in the bazaar about what they are selling, to which the merchants answered that they are selling crimson, silver-colored turbans, mirrors with panels of [[amber]], and daggers with handles made of jade.

In the second stanza, the poet moves to another stall and asked the same question to the vendor about what they are weighing to sell. Saffron, lentils, and rice replied to the vendors. The poet asks the same question to maidens about what they are grinding and she gets a reply that they are grinding henna, sandalwood, and spices. At the end of the stanza, the poet questions the peddlers about what they are selling and they reply with dice and chessmen made from ivory.

The poet moves to a jewelry shop in the third stanza and asks the goldsmith what ornaments they manufacture. They reply; with necklaces, bracelets, anklets, and rings, and continued to say that, they also make bells for blue pigeons that are tied to their feet. The bells are as delicate as a dragonfly's wing. Simultaneously they make gold girdles for dancers and scabbards for the kings to keep their swords.

In the fourth stanza, the poet visits a fruit shop. There she inquires about what they are selling. They reply that they sell lemon, pomegranate, and plum. Then the musicians were asked what they play and they say sitar, sarangi, and drums. The poet even comes across magicians and asks them what they are chanting and they say that they are chanting magical spells to charm a thousand ages to come.

The final stanza is about the flower girls who are asked what they are weaving with strands of colorful flowers. The flower girls answer that they are making garlands for the bride and groom to be decorated during the wedding night. Alternately they also weave sheets of white flowers that are placed on graves for fragrance purposes. It is a beautiful last line as it ends (although not ominous) on the note of death, rather like life itself.

==Themes==
[[Folklore]] is one of the central subjects in the poetry of Naidu. In The Bazaars of Hyderabad is associated with one such subject, the charm and enthusiasm of a traditional bazaar in the city of Hyderabad is introduced in this poem. Naidu had described the Bazaar with merchants and vendors selling a diverse range of merchandise. The poet stops over at the galleries arranged by the merchants, traders, [[Hawkers in Hong Kong|hawkers]], goldsmiths, fruit sellers, [[peddler]]s, magicians, musicians, and flower girls. The poet describes the formal experience of conversation between the seller and the buyer, here the poet questions the vendors about there merchandise and who in turn politely enunciate their goods. Emotional moods are stirred by the poet when Naidu makes the readers feel that the bazaar life also witnesses both sorrows and joys. Wedding and festival occasions bring joy in the Bazaar's life when people buy jewelry, garlands, fruits, and children crowd near the magicians. The sorrow and sadness are witnessed when [[Langar (Sufism)|common public kitchens]] are arranged when the nobles or soldiers die and when flower girls are seen weaving masses of white flowers to adorn the graves of the dead people, to which Naidu said, "perfume the sleep of the dead".<ref name="Iyer"/><ref name="Anand&Alurkar"/><ref name="Barot"/><ref name="Jagadisan">{{cite book|title=A thing of beauty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_NShyA_s7YC|publisher=Orient Blackswan|page=55|author=Jagadisan|year=2001|isbn=9788125016250|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="Gill">{{cite book|title=Jasper (non ICSE) CB 8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNZvEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4|publisher=[[S. Chand Group]]|pages=47–53|last=Gill|first=Jyotika|year=2022|isbn=9789355012982|access-date=29 July 2022}}</ref>

Another theme in the poem is the [[Swadeshi movement]], reminding fellow Indians about the [[Culture of India|rich Indian traditions]]. Thus, Naidu tries to evoke the curiosity of Indians by presenting the scenes of a bazaar where traditional Indian products are merchandised for all forms of livelihood, affliction, and revelry.<ref name="researchlink">{{cite journal|title=The Indian spirit in the poems of Sarojini Naidu|url=http://researchlink.in/FullIssue/Research%20Link%20107/5%20English%20Literature.pdf|publisher=Research Link|journal=English Literature|pages=45–47|volume=XI (12)|last=Sindhu|first=CH|date=February 2013|issn=0973-1628|access-date=24 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003143046/http://researchlink.in/FullIssue/Research%20Link%20107/5%20English%20Literature.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="NYT">{{cite news|title=Poet of India|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/04/27/100615912.pdf|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|last=Helen|first=Bullis|date=27 April 1913|access-date=29 September 2013}}</ref>

==Popular culture==
The poem has been included in the syllabuses of Indian Secondary schools, the Indian [[Civil Services Examination]] and in some of the universities of [[Europe]].<ref name="tpsc">{{cite web|title=Alternative English|url=http://www.tpsc.gov.in/Compulsory%20Papers.pdf|publisher=Tripura public service commission|page=4|access-date=29 September 2013|archive-date=2 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002151134/http://www.tpsc.gov.in/Compulsory%20Papers.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Weber">{{cite web|title=The time has come: Poetry and drama use in the geography class|url=http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1983/5/83.05.08.x.html#top|publisher=[[Yale University]]|first=Joseph Aloysius|last=Weber|year=2013|access-date=30 September 2013}}</ref> Some schools in India organise a skit base play based on the poem to make their people understand the shopping experience in the bazaars, including the Hyderabadi biryani, the traditional ingredients used in the Hyderabadi cuisines, and the jewellery and clothing.<ref name="thehindu-poetry1">{{cite news|title=Skit on The Bazaars of Hyderabad|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/skit-on-the-bazaars-of-hyderabad/article3856229.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=4 September 2012|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> Based on the poem, a play titled "Love's Labour" was conducted in [[Madurai]] by the students of Sri Meenakshi college for women. The play was different from regular stage plays as it contained model sets of bazaars similar to Hyderabad. The play was organised to promote the literary work of women.<ref name="thehindu-poetry">{{cite news|title=Spirit of woman recreated|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/23/stories/2002022300100200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041124051002/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/02/23/stories/2002022300100200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 November 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|first=AR.|last=Meyyammai|date=23 February 2002|access-date=3 July 2013}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
Critical and scholarly praise has been unanimous in declaring "In the Bazaars of Hyderabad" one of the perfect poems of the English language in India, becoming one of Naidu's most popular poems that had brought her international acclamation.<ref name="N18"/>

[[The New York Times]] reviewed the poem in the edition of 27 April 1913 and wrote, "To us of a colder, soberer clime the very name of this singer of "the oldest land" brings a suggestion of color and perfume, of strange twilight's, of all the mystery and magic and swift bestowals of life and death that we traditionally associate with India. We are not altogether happy as well as sad, for "The time to rue and the time of sewing" contains many beautiful verses. "In the Bazaars of Hyderabad" shines like an oriental gem".<ref name="NYT"/>

==See also==
*[[Indian poetry|Indian Poetry]]
*[[Indian English literature]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.poemhunter.com/i/ebooks/pdf/sarojini_naidu_2012_4.pdf Collection of Naidu's poems]
* {{Internet Archive|id=birdoftime030731mbp|name= Ebook "The Bird Of Time"}} (with the access to download)
* {{cite book|author=Dr. P. V. Rajyalakshmi|title=The Lyric Spring: The Poetic Achievement Of Sarojini Naidu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSHrAa-uBFsC|year=1977|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-056-3}}

[[Category:Indian poems]]
[[Category:Poems about cities]]
[[Category:Works by Sarojini Naidu]]

List of judges of the Uttarakhand High Court

2026-03-06T14:45:59Z

Writepedia:

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}

The following is a list of judges of the [[Uttarakhand High Court]] since its inception on 9 November 2000. A total of 49 judges have served in the court (including sitting judges).<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Hon'ble Judges|url=https://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/pages/display/273-former-honble-judges|website=High Court of Uttarakhand|date=29 August 2022}}</ref> The list has been arranged on the basis of date of retirement, or date of transfer with [[List of chief justices of the Uttarakhand High Court|Chief Justices]] mentioned first. <ref>{{cite web|title=Former Hon'ble Chief Justices|url=https://highcourtofuttarakhand.gov.in/pages/display/226-former-honble-chief-justices|website=High Court of Uttarakhand|date=29 August 2022}}</ref>

==Chief Justices of the Uttarakhand High Court==

;Colour key
{{legend|#EEFFE1|Incumbent|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!scope=col| '''№'''
!scope=col| '''Name of the Chief Justice'''
!scope=col| '''Portrait'''
!scope=col colspan=2| '''Term'''
!scope=col| '''Tenure'''
!scope=col| '''Parent High Court'''
! '''Appointed by''' '''{{small|([[President of India]])}}'''
|- style="text-align:center"
|1
![[Ashok Desai (judge)|Ashok Desai]]‡
|
|9 November 2000
|31 March 2003
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2000|11|09|2003|03|31}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Bombay High Court|Bombay]]
|[[K. R. Narayanan]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|2
![[Sarosh Homi Kapadia]]
|[[File:Justice S.H. Kapadia.jpg|100px]]
|5 August 2003
|17 December 2003
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2003|08|05|2003|12|17}}
|rowspan="4"|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|3
![[Vikas Shridhar Sirpurkar]]
|
|25 July 2004
|19 March 2005
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2004|07|25|2005|03|19}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|4
![[Cyriac Joseph]]
|[[File:Justice Cyriac Joseph DSW.jpg|100px]]
|20 March 2005
|7 January 2006
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2005|03|20|2006|01|07}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|5
![[Rajiv Gupta (judge)|Rajiv Gupta]]
|
|14 January 2006
|1 February 2008
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2006|01|14|2008|02|01}}
|[[Madhya Pradesh High Court|Madhya Pradesh]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|6
![[Vinod Kumar Gupta]]
|
|2 February 2008
|9 September 2009
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2008|02|02|2009|09|09}}
|[[Jammu and Kashmir High Court|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Pratibha Patil]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|7
![[Jagdish Singh Khehar]]
|[[File:Justice Jagdish Singh Khehar.jpg|100px]]
|29 November 2009
|11 August 2010
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2009|11|29|2010|08|11}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab and Haryana]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|8
![[Barin Ghosh (judge)|Barin Ghosh]]
|
|12 August 2010
|4 June 2014
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2010|08|12|2014|06|04}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|9
![[Kuttiyil Mathew Joseph]]
|[[File:Justice K.M. Joseph-2.jpg|100px]]
|31 July 2014
|6 August 2018
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2014|07|31|2018|08|06}}
|[[Kerala High Court|Kerala]]
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|10
![[Ramesh Ranganathan]]
|
|2 November 2018
|27 July 2020
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2018|11|02|2020|7|27}}
|[[Andhra Pradesh High Court|Andhra Pradesh]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|11
![[Raghvendra Singh Chauhan]]
|
|7 January 2021
|23 December 2021
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2021|01|07|2021|12|23}}
|[[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|12
![[Vipin Sanghi]]
|
|28 June 2022
|26 October 2023
|{{age in years and days|2022|6|28|2023|10|26}}
|[[Delhi High Court|Delhi]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|13
![[Ritu Bahri]]
|
|4 February 2024
|10 October 2024
|{{age in years and days|2024|2|4|2024|10|10}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab and Haryana]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|14
![[Guhanathan Narendar]]
|
|26 December 2024
|9 January 2026
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2024|12|26|2026|1|9}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|15
!style="background-color:#EEFFE1"|[[Manoj Kumar Gupta]]
|
|10 January 2026
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2026|1|10}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|}

==Judges of the Uttarakhand High Court==

;Colour key
{{legend|#EEFFE1|Incumbent|border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!scope=col| '''№'''
!scope=col| '''Name'''
!scope=col| '''Term started'''
!scope=col| '''Term ended'''
!scope=col| '''Tenure'''
!scope=col| '''Parent High Court'''
! '''Appointed by''' '''{{small|([[President of India]])}}'''
|- style="text-align:center"
|1
![[Mahesh Chand Jain]]
|rowspan="2"|9 November 2000
|8 November 2001
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2000|11|09|2001|11|08}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|rowspan="3"|[[K. R. Narayanan]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|2
![[Prakash Chandra Verma]]
|19 January 2009
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2000|11|09|2009|01|19}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|3
![[Irshad Hussain (judge)|Irshad Hussain]]
|28 February 2002
|1 January 2006
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2002|02|28|2006|01|01}}
|rowspan="10"|[[Uttarakhand High Court|Uttarakhand]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|4
![[Madan Mohan Ghildiyal]]
|18 November 2002
|2 January 2008
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2002|11|18|2008|01|02}}
|rowspan="7"|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|5
![[Rajesh Tandon (judge)|Rajesh Tandon]]
|3 July 2003
|30 June 2008
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2003|07|03|2008|06|30}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|6
![[Bipin Chandra Kandpal]]
|rowspan="3"|29 June 2004
|16 August 2010
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2004|06|29|2010|08|16}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|7
![[Jagdish Chandra Singh Rawat]]
|30 September 2009
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2004|06|29|2009|09|30}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|8
![[Prafulla Chandra Pant]]
|19 September 2013
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2004|06|29|2013|09|19}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|9
![[Brahma Singh Verma]]
|15 July 2004
|2 May 2014
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2004|07|15|2014|05|02}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|10
![[Dharam Veer (judge)|Dharam Veer]]†
|23 September 2006
|16 November 2010
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2006|09|23|2010|11|16}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|11
![[Sudhanshu Dhulia]]
|rowspan="2"|1 November 2008
|9 January 2021
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2008|11|1|2021|01|09}}
|rowspan="4"|[[Pratibha Patil]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|12
![[Vijay Kumar Bist]]
|29 October 2018
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2008|11|01|2018|10|29}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|13
![[Tarun Agarwala]]
|25 September 2009
|2 October 2012
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2009|09|25|2012|10|02}}
|[[Allahabad High Court|Allahabad]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|rowspan="2"|14
!rowspan="2"|[[Alok Singh (judge)|Alok Singh]]
|12 October 2009
|20 December 2009
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2009|10|12|2009|12|20}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Uttarakhand High Court|Uttarakhand]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|26 February 2013
|2 April 2020
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2013|02|26|2020|04|02}} ''{{small|(total 7 years 105 days)}}''
|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|15
![[Nirmal Yadav]]
|11 February 2010
|3 March 2011
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2010|02|11|2011|03|03}}
|[[Punjab and Haryana High Court|Punjab and Haryana]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Pratibha Patil]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|16
![[Servesh Kumar Gupta]]
|21 April 2011
|31 December 2017
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2011|04|21|2017|12|31}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Uttarakhand High Court|Uttarakhand]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|17
![[Umesh Chandra Dhyani]]
|13 September 2011
|13 February 2018
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2011|09|13|2018|02|13}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|18
![[Kalyan Jyoti Sengupta]]
|31 October 2012
|20 May 2013
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2012|10|31|2013|05|20}}
|[[Calcutta High Court|Calcutta]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|19
![[Rajeev Sharma (judge)|Rajeev Sharma]]
|26 September 2016
|12 November 2018
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2016|09|26|2018|11|12}}
|[[Himachal Pradesh High Court|Himachal Pradesh]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|20
![[Lok Pal Singh]]
|rowspan="3"|19 May 2017
|14 February 2021
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2017|05|19|2021|02|14}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Uttarakhand High Court|Uttarakhand]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|21
!style="background-color:#EEFFE1"|[[Manoj Kumar Tiwari]]
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2017|05|19}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|22
![[Sharad Kumar Sharma]]
|31 December 2023
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2017|05|19|2023|12|31}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|23
![[Narayan Singh Dhanik]]
|rowspan="3"|3 December 2018
|19 May 2022
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2018|12|03|2022|05|19}}
|rowspan="6"|[[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|24
![[Ramesh Chandra Khulbe]]
|2 January 2023
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2018|12|03|2023|01|02}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|25
!style="background-color:#EEFFE1"|[[Ravindra Maithani]]
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2018|12|03}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|26
!style="background-color:#EEFFE1"|[[Alok Kumar Verma]]
|27 May 2019
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2019|05|27}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|27
![[Ravi Malimath]]
|5 March 2020
|6 January 2021
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2020|03|05|2021|01|06}}
|[[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|28
![[Sanjaya Kumar Mishra]]
|11 October 2021
|19 February 2023
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2021|10|11|2023|02|19}}
|[[Orissa High Court|Orissa]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|29
!style="background-color:#EEFFE1"|[[Pankaj Purohit]]
|rowspan="3"|28 April 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2023|04|28}}
|rowspan="7"|[[Uttarakhand High Court|Uttarakhand]]
|rowspan="7"|[[Droupadi Murmu]]
|- style="text-align:center"
|30
!style="background-color:#EEFFE1"|[[Rakesh Thapliyal]]
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2023|04|28|2025|06|12}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|31
![[Vivek Bharti Sharma]]
|12 June 2025
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2023|04|28}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|32
!style="background-color:#EEFFE1"|[[Ashish Naithani]]
|9 January 2025
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2025|01|09}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|33
!style="background-color:#EEFFE1"|[[Alok Mahra]]
|14 February 2025
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2025|02|14}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|34
!style="background-color:#EEFFE1"|[[Subhash Upadhyay]]
|30 May 2025
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2025|05|30}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|35
!style="background-color:#EEFFE1"|[[Siddharth Sah]]
|8 January 2026
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|sortable=table|2026|01|08}}
|}

==Notes==
*† – Died in office
*‡ – Resigned
** – Incumbent

==See also==
*[[Uttarakhand High Court]]
*[[List of chief justices of the Uttarakhand High Court]]
*[[List of sitting judges of the high courts of India]]
*[[List of sitting judges of the Supreme Court of India]]
*[[Bar Council of Uttarakhand]]
*[[Uttarakhand Lokayukta]]
*[[Government of Uttarakhand]]
*[[Governor of Uttarakhand]]
*[[Chief Minister of Uttarakhand]]
*[[Cabinet of Uttarakhand]]
*[[Speaker of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Leader of the Opposition in the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Justices of the Uttarakhand High Court| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian judges|U]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand-related lists]]

Nooru Janmaku

2026-03-04T21:39:19Z

Writepedia: done.

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nooru Janmaku
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]]
| writer = Nagathihalli Chandrashekar
| based_on =
| producer = Vinay Lad
| starring = Aryan Santosh [[Aindrita Ray]] [[Adarsh Balakrishna]] [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]]
| music = [[Mano Murthy]]
| cinematography = Santosh Rai Pathaje
| editing = Basavaraj Urs
| studio = Vinay Lad Production
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|5|21}}
| runtime = 179 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
}}

'''''Nooru Janmaku''''' ({{Translation|For a hundred years}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada language]] romantic drama film written and directed by [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]] and produced by Vinay Lad. Nagathihalli's usual associate [[Mano Murthy]] is the music composer for the film. The film stars newcomer Aryan Santhosh along with [[Aindrita Ray]] and [[Adarsh Balakrishna]] of ''[[Iqbal (film)|Iqbal]]'' fame. The film deals with the recession as the backdrop. Santosh Rai Pathaje is the cinematographer for the film.

The film released on 21 May 2010 across Karnataka and set high expectations for its storyline and some controversies. However upon release, the film generally met with negative reviews from the critics and audience.

==Plot==
Vinyas (Aryan), an architect, loses his job due to a huge recession in the economy. With the help of his friend Hanumanthu (Sharan), he sets up his own office and hires a brilliant interior architect Drushti (Aindrita). The team performs some high-profile work and soon gets popular. Vinyas develops love towards Drushti, which she does not reciprocate, as she is already in love with Jeevan (Aadarsh). Seeing the developments, Drushti quits the company and moves out with Jeevan and sets up her own business. Dejected by love, Vinyas begin to lose interest in his business and incurs a huge loss. Later, he recovers and revamps his business successfully. In one of the architectural conferences, he meets Drushti and Jeevan again, who are now doing well. They achieve a second place at the competition, with Vinyas obtaining the first prize. However, Vinyas sacrifices his prize and ensures Drushti gets the award instead. He walks out in deep satisfaction that he sacrificed with good intention.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* Aryan Santosh as Vinyas
* [[Aindrita Ray]] as Drushti
* [[Adarsh Balakrishna]] as Jeevan
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Hanumanthu
* [[Bhavya]]
* [[Karibasavaiah]]
* [[Bank Janardhan]]
* [[Mandya Ramesh]]
* Veena Bhat
* Manasa
}}

==Production==
The title of the film, inspired by a song of director [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]]'s 1996 film, ''[[America America (1995 film)|America America!]]'', was announced in early 2009 by the director. The film's background deals with the social issue of the job recession.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nooru-janmaku-is-about-recession/125899-47-81.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116030405/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/nooru-janmaku-is-about-recession/125899-47-81.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 January 2011|title='Nooru Janmaku' is about recession|publisher=IBNLive.com|date=3 July 2010}}</ref>

===Controversy===
A major controversy broke out on the last day shooting of the climax portions at a [[Hong Kong]] location. Director Nagathihalli reportedly slapped actress Aindrita on the set.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/40707/director-slapped-me-aindrita.html|title=Director slapped me: Aindrita|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=11 December 2009}}</ref> She was accused of arriving late to the shoot repeatedly every day and also disrespecting the unit crew members and technicians. However, Aindrita ruled out this and accused the director as a womanizer and misbehaved with her on the sets. The issue was complained to the Karnataka Film Chamber and other legal associations of Kannada cinema. The incident brought down the reputation of the legendary filmmaker. However, the controversy was resolved in a meeting between the Artists Association President [[Ambareesh]] and Karnataka Film Chamber of Commerce President [[Jayamala]]. It was reported that the meeting went on for three hours resulting in the problem being solved with both the director and the actress admitting to their mistakes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/aindrita-ray-slapping-controversy-resolved|title=Aindrita Ray slapping controversy resolved|publisher=Siasat|date=14 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/Dec/15/aindrita-ray-slapping-controversy-resolved-113206.html|title=Aindrita Ray slapping controversy resolved|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=15 December 2009}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nooru Janmaku
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mano Murthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 19 April 2010
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer = Mano Murthy
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

All the songs are composed by [[Mano Murthy]] teaming up with the director yet again. The same team's earlier popular song "Nooru Janmaku Nooraru Janmaku" from ''[[America America (1995 film)|America America!]]'' was remixed in this film and was shot at the [[Macau]] island.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Path=TOIBG/2010/04/19&ID=Ar02600|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523230652/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&Type=text/html&Path=TOIBG/2010/04/19&ID=Ar02600|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2014|title=Nooru Janmaku gets remixed|publisher=Times Of India|date=19 April 2010}}</ref> The songs were well received and remained at the top of the charts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/nooru-janmaku-mundane/articleshow/21875610.cms|title=Nooru Janmaku : Mundane|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=7 May 2010}}</ref>

The audio launch was much amidst the fanfare with actor [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and [[Sumalatha]] being the special invitees. The event was held at the Chancery Pavilion hotel in Bangalore on 19 April 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/nooru-janmakus-starry-music-launch/articleshow/5843864.cms|title=Nooru Janmaku's starry music launch|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/apr/22/music-launch-of-nooru-janmaku-149354.amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901184018/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/apr/22/music-launch-of-nooru-janmaku-149354.amp|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 September 2022|title=Music launch of Nooru Janmaku|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 April 2010}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_music = [[Mano Murthy]]
| all_lyrics = [[Nagathihalli Chandrashekar]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nooru Janmaku
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length1 = 04:37
| title2 = Banthu Recession
| extra2 =[[Hemanth Kumar]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length2 = 04:21
| title3 = Ivanu Yaravva
| extra3 = Hemanth Kumar, [[M. D. Pallavi Arun]]
| length3 = 04:42
| title4 = Maneyanu Kattona
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shruti Pathak]]
| length4 = 04:15
| title5 = Gellu Baa Gellu Baa
| extra5 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length5 = 04:35
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Santhosh proves his mettle while Aindritha marvels with excellent expressions and pleasing mannerisms. Sharan is not the right choice. Santhosh Rai Pathaje's camerawork is simply superb. Mano Murthy's music is okay".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/nooru-janmaku/movie-review/11926748.cms?from=mdr|title=NOORU JANMAKU MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 May 2016}}</ref> Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 1.5 out of 5 stars and says "The true hero is cinematographer Santosh Pathaje. He has made magic with his camera, especially in the climax. Nooru Janmaku could have been an ideal family watch, but it is as dull as the recession".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-kannada-nooru-janmaku/20100524.htm|title=Review: Nooru Janmaku is dull|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=24 May 2010}}</ref> B S Srivani from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Rajesh Krishnan should be commended for the remixed “Nooru Janmaku” song and for lending his voice to Santhosh. Ditto the artist who has spoken for Adarsh. Pataje’s work of beauty is ruined during the post-production work and the ‘stunning’ visuals fail to give joy. Time the director stuck to his convictions and gave wholesome cinema. A patient audience deserves at least that much".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/70812/love-time-recession.html|title=Love in time of recession|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=21 May 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "Santosh in the first lead role of his career would normally be considered the weakest link. But he manages to give a good performance and comes out as the best bet. On the music front, only the title song borrowed from Nagathihalli’s America America shows sings of becoming a hit. The background score tries to force the audience to laugh and fails. The camera work stands in good stead".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/nooru-janmaku-one-is-enough/articleshow/21867343.cms|title=Nooru Janmaku: One is enough|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=21 May 2010}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nooru Janmaku}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:2010 romance films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Macau]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mano Murthy]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nagathihalli Chandrashekhar]]

Mantr (film)

2026-03-04T09:41:53Z

Writepedia: starting details

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{sources exist|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Mantr
|image =
|caption =
|director = (Harshwardhan) Devendra Shinde
|producer = Sanjay Katkar
|story =
|screenplay =
|starring = [[Saurabh Gogate]] Deepti Devi [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] [[Shubhankar Ekbote]] [[Pushkaraj Chirputkar]]
|music =
|editing =
|cinematography = Pran Shirodkar
|studio =
|distributor = AP Communications
|released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|4|13|India}}
|country = [[India]]
|runtime =
|language = Marathi
|gross =
}}

'''''Mantr''''' is a 2018 Indian Marathi film directed by Devendra Shinde. The film stars [[Saurabh Gogate]], Deepti Devi, [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], [[Shubhankar Ekbote]], and [[Pushkaraj Chirputkar]] in pivo tal roles. The film was jointly produced by [[Filmart Productions]], [[North East Films]], [[Shri Productions]], and [[Zenyth Media House]].

== Plot ==
A boy from a family of Purohits, a family of Preachers, was not keen to take up the family profession. Still, due to a friend's advice, he accepted the Purohit's family job in Germany. The story revolves around him.

== Cast ==
The cast of the film is as follows:<ref name="crew">{{cite web|url=https://marathistars.com/movies/mantr-2018-marathi-movie/|title=Mantr (2018) – Marathi Movie | date=15 March 2018 | publisher=marathistars.com | accessdate=12 April 2018}}</ref>

* Saurabh Gogate as Niranjan
* Deepti Devi as Antara
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Shridhar Pant
* [[Pushkaraj Chirputkar]] as Kashinath
* Anuradha Marathe as Niranjan's Aaji
* Shubhangi Damle as Antara's Aaji
* Amruta Joshi as Antara's Sister
* Vishwajit Joshi as Mr. Raste
* Siddheshwar Zadbuke as Ambavane
* Shubhankar Ekbote as Sunny
* Sujay Jadhav as David
* Vrushali Katkar as Niranjan's Aai
* Dhiresh Joshi as Rangnath Kaka
* Sunil Abhyankar as Mrdamle.{{Clarify|date=September 2018}} Nadkarni
* Rajesh Katkar as Antara's Father
* Manjusha Vaidya as Antara's Mother

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|8139010}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

{{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Bandhan Kuchchey Dhaagon Ka

2026-03-03T23:49:55Z

Writepedia: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Bandhan Kuchchey Dhaagon Ka}}
| image = filmbkdk.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]
| producer = [[K. C. Sharma]]
| writer = Anil Sharma
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Shashi Kapoor]] [[Raakhee]] [[Zeenat Aman]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Hemant Bhonsle]]
| cinematography = [[Anil Dhanda]]
| editing = [[Tulsi Ghimire]]
| studio =
| distributor = [[Shantketan Films]]
| released = {{Film date|1983|df=y}}
| runtime = 116 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Bandhan Kuchchey Dhaagon Ka}}''' ({{lit|Slender Threads}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Bollywood film]] directed by [[Anil Sharma (director)|Anil Sharma]]. It stars [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Zeenat Aman]] and [[Raakhee]] in pivotal roles.

== Plot ==
Prem Kapoor is a businessman who lives in a small town with his wife, Bhavna, who is a Judge, and two children, Sunil and Babli. One Sunday, he gets a visitor by the name of Prakash Dutt, who has brought a letter from a woman named Sneh who lives in Bombay, has known Prem for the last seven years, and wants to urgently meet with him. Prem departs for Bombay, meets with Sneh and finds out that he is the father of a seven-year-old boy, Bittu, who is Sneh's son, as a result of intimacy shared between them over seven years ago. Sneh has been diagnosed with cancer and is not expected to live long, she wants Bittu to be taken care of, and Prem agrees to do so. He takes Bittu home with him, while Sneh goes to America for treatment. It is here that Prem will be confronted by Bhavna on one hand, his children on the other, and a blackmailer who wants a huge sum of money to keep the truth about Sneh and Prem's affair from Bhavna and the children.<ref>{{cite web| title = Bandhan Kuchchey Dhaagon Ka| publisher = [[Internet Movie Database]]| url =https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0268169/plotsummary?ref_=m_tt_stry_pl}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Shashi Kapoor]] as Prem Kapoor
* [[Zeenat Aman]] as Sneh
* [[Raakhee]] as Bhavna
* [[Deven Verma]] as Ratanpal Singh
* [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Dr. Shobha
* [[Prem Chopra]] as Prakash Dutt
* [[Master Ravi]] as Sunil P. Kapoor
* [[Shubha Khote]] as Mrs Sheela Malkan
* [[Raza Murad]] as Advocate Vikram Kapoor
* [[Rajendra Nath]] as Wedding Guest Hanuman Prasad
* [[Rehana Sultan]] as Advocate Thakur
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Saxena, Mrs. Malkan's lawyer
* [[Sonia Sahni]] as Sneh's Nurse
* [[Jankidas]] as Sneh's servant
* [[Master Bittoo]] as Bittu P. Kapoor

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bandhan Kuchchey Dhaagon Ka
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Hemant Bhonsle Anjaan (lyrics)
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 31 December 1983
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer = K. C. Sharma
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

# Yeh Bandhan Kachche Dhago Ka (Male) - [[Kishore Kumar]]
# Yeh Bandhan Kachche Dhago Ka (Duet) - [[Lata Mangeshkar]], Kishore Kumar
# Yeh Bandhan Kachche Dhagon Ka (sad) - Kishore Kumar
# Yeh Bandhan Kachche Dhagon ka (Sad) version II - Lata Mangeshkar
# Hands Up Jaani Hands Up- [[Usha Uthup]], [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Asha Bhosle]]
#Piya Tohe Laaj Nahi Aave - Kishore Kumar, Asha Bhosle

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0268169}}

{{Anil Sharma}}

[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:1983 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hemant Bhosle]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anil Sharma]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Cuttputlli

2026-03-02T04:55:44Z

Writepedia: updated details

{{short description|2022 Indian film directed by Ranjit M. Tewari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cuttputlli
| image = Cuttputlli film.jpeg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Ranjit M. Tewari
| producer = {{ubl|[[Vashu Bhagnani]]|[[Jackky Bhagnani]]|[[Deepshikha Deshmukh]]}}
| writer = Aseem Arora
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Ratsasan]]''|Ram Kumar}}
| screenplay = Tushar Trivedi
| story = Ram Kumar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Akshay Kumar]]|[[Rakul Preet Singh]]|[[Sargun Mehta]]}}
| music = '''Score:''' [[Julius Packiam]] '''Songs:''' [[Tanishk Bagchi]] [[Dr. Zeus]] Aditya Dev
| cinematography = [[Rajeev Ravi]]
| editing = [[Chandan Arora]]
| studio = [[Pooja Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|09|02}}
| runtime = 134 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|150
}} crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Does Akshay Kumar's fees amount to 80% of his film Cuttputlli's budget? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/does-akshay-kumars-fees-amount-to-80-of-his-film-cuttputllis-budget-11246431.html |website=[[Firstpost]] |date=13 September 2022 |access-date=14 October 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014035958/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/does-akshay-kumars-fees-amount-to-80-of-his-film-cuttputllis-budget-11246431.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Cuttputlli''''' ({{translation}} ''Puppet'') is a 2022 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[psychological thriller|psychological]] [[crime film|crime thriller film]] directed by Ranjit M. Tewari and produced by [[Vashu Bhagnani]], [[Jackky Bhagnani]], and [[Deepshikha Deshmukh]] under [[Pooja Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=Cuttputlli teaser: Akshay Kumar hunts serial killers in surprise new film, fans ask 'does this man ever take a break?' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/cuttputli-teaser-akshay-kumar-hunts-serial-killers-in-surprise-new-film-101660887545972.html |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820095226/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/cuttputli-teaser-akshay-kumar-hunts-serial-killers-in-surprise-new-film-101660887545972.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A remake of the 2018 [[Tamil film]] ''[[Ratsasan]]'' written and directed by Ram Kumar, it stars [[Akshay Kumar]] in the lead role with [[Rakul Preet Singh]], Joshua LeClair, [[Chandrachur Singh]], and [[Sargun Mehta]] in supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cuttputlli: Ratsasan remake starring Akshay Kumar and Rakul Preet Singh to stream on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/cuttputlli-ratsasan-remake-starring-akshay-kumar-and-rakul-preet-singh-to-stream-on-disney-hotstar/87e4e29a98190 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818071255/https://www.ottplay.com/news/cuttputlli-ratsasan-remake-starring-akshay-kumar-and-rakul-preet-singh-to-stream-on-disney-hotstar/87e4e29a98190 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=Akshay Kumar is trying to decipher a serial killer's mind games in Cuttputlli. Watch teaser |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/cuttputli-teaser-akshay-kumar-cop-serial-killer-mind-games-8099153/ |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820095337/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/cuttputli-teaser-akshay-kumar-cop-serial-killer-mind-games-8099153/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 2 September 2022 and received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2022-08-19 |title=Akshay Kumar's 'Cuttputlli' to premiere on Disney+ Hotstar on September 2 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/akshay-kumars-cuttputlli-to-premiere-on-disney-hotstar-on-september-2/article65786787.ece |access-date=2022-08-20 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314121752/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/akshay-kumars-cuttputlli-to-premiere-on-disney-hotstar-on-september-2/article65786787.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
The corpse of 15-year-old student Samiksha, who was brutally murdered, is discovered. Arjan Sethi is an aspiring filmmaker who wants to make a film on [[psychopath]]s. After multiple rejections from film producers and pressure from his family, he becomes an [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] in the Himachal Pradesh Police, with the help of his brother-in-law Narinder Singh, a police officer himself. While Arjan does have a significant rank, he is treated like a rookie, due to a lack of police experience. He moves in with his sister Seema, Narinder, and their daughter Payal. Payal gets into trouble in school and asks Arjan for help, so he meets her teacher Divya at school, posing as Payal's father, though soon exposed. He also befriends Divya's hearing and speech-impaired niece, Iti.

Meanwhile, Arjan investigates the abduction of a schoolgirl, Amrita. He finds similarities between Samiksha and Amrita's case, due to the mutilations on a doll found at Amrita's house. But his attempts to convince his superior officer, [[Station house officer|SHO]] Gudiya Parmar, go futile. A few days later, Amrita's mutilated corpse is found. The [[coroner]] suggests that the perpetrator's modus operandi is the same as Samiksha's. Over the next few days, another hearing-impaired girl named Komal from Divya's school is abducted and killed. The search leads to Purushottam Tomar, a teacher at the new school Payal is enrolled in. Tomar is a [[pedophile]] who forces girls into [[irrumatio]]. Payal herself narrowly escapes Tomar when Arjan nabs him after getting a tip-off from another victim. While trying to get a confession from him on the spot, Arjan discharges his service firearm. Tomar admits to being a sexual predator but denies the murder charges. In a bid to escape, he holds Parmar at gunpoint, but Arjan guns down Tomar.

The same day, Payal is abducted from her birthday party at home and Arjan finds her corpse in their car trunk two days later. To make things worse, Arjan is suspended for his negligence in using his gun when arresting Tomar. Dejected and angry, Arjan unofficially investigates the case himself with the help of a few policemen, including Head Constable Mahinder Guleria. Finding an audio clip from Komal's hearing aid, he traces a piano tune back to a lady [[Magic (illusion)|magician]]/pianist Agnes, who performed at all the victims' schools. Arjan informs his findings to SHO Parmar who believes him and reappoints him on the case. Arjan finds that Agnes picks her victims by randomly calling them onto the stage, then kills them within the next few days and her next target would be a girl named Aisha. He tries to warn Aisha but despite constant surveillance, she is abducted. Arjan and his team track her location and save Aisha from being murdered. Agnes escapes and goes to Divya's house, where she attacks Divya and kidnaps Iti.

Arjan tracks Agnes to a nearby abandoned building and discovers that Agnes is a man. The man reveals himself to be Christopher, the son of Agnes, who was arrested many years ago after killing a young beautiful girl similar to the other victims. Christopher reveals that he has [[progeria]], and was bullied when he was younger. A young girl, Sofia, became friends with him when he was younger, but when he confessed his love to her, she humiliated him. Agnes invited Sofia to her home sometime later, where Agnes helped Christopher kill her. Agnes took the blame for the murder, but after she died, Christopher decided to dress up as her and continue killing other girls, as they reminded him of Sofia.

Arjan and Christopher fight, but thanks to Iti, Arjan is able to take him down. Divya comes to aid Arjan, as he and Iti walk away from Christopher's body.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as [[Sub-inspector#India|SI]] Arjan Sethi
* [[Rakul Preet Singh]] as Divya Bakshi
* Joshua LeClair as Christopher Fernandez / Agnes
* [[Chandrachur Singh]] as Narinder Singh
* [[Sargun Mehta]] as [[Station house officer|SHO]] Gudia Parmar
* [[Sujith Shankar]] as Purushottam Tomar
* [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] as [[Head Constable]] Mahinder Guleria
* Shahid Latief as [[Sub-inspector#India|SI]] Ravichand Machchan
* [[Hrishitaa Bhatt|Hrishita Bhatt]] as Seema Sethi Singh
* Renaye Tejani as Payal Singh
* [[Suhani Dhanki]] as RJ Roshini Beniwal
* Suhani Sethi as Sofia
}}

==Production==
In October 2018, [[Vishnu Vishal]], the lead actor of ''[[Ratsasan]]'' confirmed that he acquired the [[Hindi]] remake rights of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vishnu Vishal bags the Hindi remake rights of 'Ratsasan' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-bags-the-hindi-remake-rights-of-ratsasan/articleshow/66181142.cms |access-date=2022-08-21 |website=The Times of India |date=12 October 2018 |language=en |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821125737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishnu-vishal-bags-the-hindi-remake-rights-of-ratsasan/articleshow/66181142.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2021, [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Rakul Preet Singh]] were confirmed to star in the remake which was then titled ''Mission Cindrella''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Akshay Kumar's 'Mission Cinderella' is re-packaged as Cuttputlli for OTT release – Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/akshay-kumars-mission-cindrella-is-re-packaged-as-cuttputlli-for-ott-release-exclusive/articleshow/93654641.cms|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

The film began its first schedule on 21 August 2021 in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] which ended in October 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/akshay-kumar-sargun-mehta-chandrachur-singh-begin-shoot-cinderella-uk/|title=Akshay Kumar, Sargun Mehta, Chandrachur Singh begin the shoot of Cinderella in the UK|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=21 August 2021|access-date=20 August 2022|archive-date=7 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307012055/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/akshay-kumar-sargun-mehta-chandrachur-singh-begin-shoot-cinderella-uk/|url-status=live}}</ref> Principal photography resumed in February 2022 at [[Mussoorie]], and the entire film [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] in [[Dehradun]] on 17 February 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=1 February 2022 |title=Akshay Kumar spotted shooting for Ratsasan Hindi remake in Mussoorie |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-spotted-shooting-for-ratsasan-hindi-remake-in-mussoorie-1907402-2022-02-01 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=20 August 2022 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820075739/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-spotted-shooting-for-ratsasan-hindi-remake-in-mussoorie-1907402-2022-02-01 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=Ratsasan remake, starring Akshay Kumar and Rakul Preet Singh, wraps up today in Dehradun |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ratsasan-remake-starring-akshay-kumar-rakul-preet-singh-wraps-today-dehradun/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=20 August 2022 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820080646/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ratsasan-remake-starring-akshay-kumar-rakul-preet-singh-wraps-today-dehradun/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Cuttputlli
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Dr Zeus]] and Aditya Dev
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 30 August 2022<ref>{{cite web |date=30 August 2022 |title=Cuttputlli - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/cuttputlli/uiV9Jbe3Sxc_ |publisher=Jio Saavn |access-date=30 August 2022 |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830175728/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/cuttputlli/uiV9Jbe3Sxc_ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| recorded = 2022
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 14:00
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|E4rCnmp06Ls|Cuttputlli - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music of the film is composed by [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Dr Zeus]] and Aditya Dev. The background score is composed by [[Julius Packiam]]. The first single titled "Saathiya" was released on 24 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 August 2022 |title=Cuttputli first song out! Akshay Kumar romances Rakul Preet Singh in Saathiya |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/cuttputli-first-song-out-akshay-kumar-romances-rakul-preet-singh-in-saathiya-2501140.html |website=[[Zee News]] |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824104112/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/cuttputli-first-song-out-akshay-kumar-romances-rakul-preet-singh-in-saathiya-2501140.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The second single titled "Rabba" was released on 30 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=30 August 2022 |title=Cuttputlli: 'रब्बा' सॉन्ग में दिखा अक्षय कुमार और रकुल का मजेदार अंदाज, आप भी थिरकने पर हो जाएंगे मजबूर |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/entertainment/cuttputlli-song-rabba-out-with-akshay-kumar-and-rakul-preet-singh/1327483 |website=[[Zee News]] |date=30 August 2022 |language=Hindi |archive-date=30 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830155510/https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/entertainment/cuttputlli-song-rabba-out-with-akshay-kumar-and-rakul-preet-singh/1327483 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 14:00
| title1 = Saathiya
| extra1 = [[Nikhil D'Souza]], Zahrah Khan
| music1 = Tanishk Bagchi
| lyrics1 = [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
| length1 = 3:32
| title2 = Rabba
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]]
| music2 = Dr Zeus
| lyrics2 = Omar Malik
| length2 = 3:14
| title3 = Tu Dis De
| extra3 = Hamid Ali Naqeebi
| music3 = Dr Zeus
| lyrics3 = Hamid Ali Naqeebi
| length3 = 3:54
| title4 = Laapata
| extra4 = [[Payal Dev]], [[Dev Negi]]
| music4 = Aditya Dev
| lyrics4 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| length4 = 3:20
}}

==Release==
The film was originally titled as ''Mission Cindrella'' before being changed to ''Cuttputtli'' on 19 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 August 2022 |title=Akshay Kumar's 'Mission Cinderella' Turns 'Cuttputlli' for OTT release |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/akshay-kumar-s-mission-cinderella-turns-cuttputlli-for-ott-release-news-217606 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820043934/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/akshay-kumar-s-mission-cinderella-turns-cuttputlli-for-ott-release-news-217606 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The film was premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 2 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-03 |title=Cuttputli Budget & OTT Views ( Hit रही या Flop) - अक्षय कुमार |url=https://www.hindian.net/cuttputli-budget-ott-views-hit-or-flop/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |publisher=Hindian.net |language=hi |archive-date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903154705/https://www.hindian.net/cuttputli-budget-ott-views-hit-or-flop/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 August 2022 |title=Akshay Kumar's crime thriller Mission Cinderella now titled Cuttputlli; film arrives on Disney+ Hotstar on September 2 due to fear of theatrical flop |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-crime-thriller-mission-cinderella-now-titled-cuttputlli-film-arrives-on-disney-hotstar-on-september-2/ |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819060036/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-crime-thriller-mission-cinderella-now-titled-cuttputlli-film-arrives-on-disney-hotstar-on-september-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 August 2022 |title=Akshay Kumar's crime thriller Mission Cinderella now titled Cuttputlli; film arrives on Disney+ Hotstar on September 2 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/akshay-kumar-rakul-preet-singh-starrer-cuttputlli-premieres-2-sept-2022-on-disney-hotstar-trailer-arrives-tomorrow/ |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820012633/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-promos/akshay-kumar-rakul-preet-singh-starrer-cuttputlli-premieres-2-sept-2022-on-disney-hotstar-trailer-arrives-tomorrow/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film was sold for home media release for a sum of [[Indian rupee sign|₹]] 135 Crore.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |author1-link=Bollywood Hungama |title=SCOOP: Akshay Kumar starrer Mission Cinderella sold to Hotstar for Rs. 135 crore; Direct to digital premiere for THIS reason : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-akshay-kumar-starrer-mission-cinderella-sold-hotstar-rs-135-crore-direct-digital-premiere-reason/ |access-date=12 October 2023 |date=12 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405045405/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/scoop-akshay-kumar-starrer-mission-cinderella-sold-hotstar-rs-135-crore-direct-digital-premiere-reason/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews when comparing the original to the remake. A critic for ''[[DNA India]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film offers everything, ranging from action, drama, tear-jerker moments and a whole lot more".<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuttputlli review: Akshay Kumar's film is an intense crime drama high on thrill, mystery|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-cuttputlli-review-akshay-kumar-s-film-is-an-intense-crime-drama-high-on-thrill-mystery-2981700/amp#scso=_ubARY5vwJMONmAWy1qOgCA_56:200|website=[[DNA India]]|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902052034/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-cuttputlli-review-akshay-kumar-s-film-is-an-intense-crime-drama-high-on-thrill-mystery-2981700/amp#scso=_ubARY5vwJMONmAWy1qOgCA_56:200|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic for ''[[Zee News]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Cuttputli'' has a strong storyline, amazing production value and stellar performances".<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuttputlli movie review: It's an intelligent thriller with strong storyline - a must watch!|url=https://www.zeenews.india.com/bollywood/cuttputlli-movie-review-its-an-intelligent-thriller-with-strong-storyline-a-must-watch-2504815.html/amp|website=[[Zee News]]|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902070803/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/cuttputlli-movie-review-its-an-intelligent-thriller-with-strong-storyline-a-must-watch-2504815.html/amp|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "With its cold and damp setting in a nondescript hill town, ''Cuttputlli'' gets the eerie atmospherics of a campy whodunit quite right".<ref>{{cite news|title=CUTTPUTLLI REVIEW : AN ENGAGING SERIAL KILLER SAGA|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/cuttputlli/ottmoviereview/93854661.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902045255/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/cuttputlli/ottmoviereview/93854661.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film 3.5 out if 5 stars and wrote "''Cuttputlli'' is an engaging thriller and all we can say is that perhaps they should have gambled".<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuttputlli Movie Review|url=https://m.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/cuttputlli-movie-review-55358.amp|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902135552/https://m.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/cuttputlli-movie-review-55358.amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Rohit Bhatnagar of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "To come out of the bad hangover of recent Akshay Kumar films, ''Cuttputlli'' is a perfect binge-watch".<ref>{{cite web|title='Cuttputlli' Review: Akshay Kumar's romance derails an engaging thriller|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/movie-review/cuttputlli-review-akshay-kumars-romance-derails-an-engaging-thriller|website=[[The Free Press Journal]]|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902152624/https://www.freepressjournal.in/amp/entertainment/movie-review/cuttputlli-review-akshay-kumars-romance-derails-an-engaging-thriller|url-status=live}}</ref> Zinia Bandyopadhyay of ''[[News 18]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Cuttputlli'' would manage to hook you but there are quite a few distractions too, but overall the film does manage to maintain its pace".<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuttputlli Review: Akshay Kumar's Thriller Keeps You Hooked, But Has Stretched Climax|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/cuttputlli-review-akshay-kumars-thriller-keeps-you-hooked-but-has-stretched-climax-5872207.html|website=[[News 18]]|date=2 September 2022|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902045006/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/cuttputlli-review-akshay-kumars-thriller-keeps-you-hooked-but-has-stretched-climax-5872207.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of ''[[Rediff]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Cuttputlli's'' absolutely absurd climax will have you rolling on the floor in unintended laughter".<ref>{{cite web |title=Cuttputlli Review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/cuttputlli-review/20220902.htm |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=[[Rediff]] |archive-date=2 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902055008/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/cuttputlli-review/20220902.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1 out of 5 stars and wrote "Nothing about this thriller, which lacks thrills, works the way it should. Instead of tension, we get a mix of tired family drama-and-romance in this Akshay Kumar film".<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuttputlli movie review: Akshay Kumar film serves tedium instead of edge-of-seat thrills|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/cuttputlli-movie-review-akshay-kumar-film-rakul-preet-singh-8126317/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 September 2022|access-date=2 September 2022|archive-date=2 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902045440/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/cuttputlli-movie-review-akshay-kumar-film-rakul-preet-singh-8126317/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|15315164}}
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/cuttputlli/ Cuttputlli] at [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ Bollywood Hungama]

[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2022 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian slasher films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mussoorie]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Disney+ Hotstar original films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ranjit M Tewari]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Himachal Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Indian serial killer films]]

St. Joseph's Technical Institute, Pune

2026-02-22T18:08:14Z

Writepedia: Put Up New Post W/ Refs

{{Infobox school
| name = St. Joseph’s Technical Institute, Pune
| native_name = SJTI
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = 9322188286
| logo = SJTIpune2.png
| logo_size = 150px
| motto =
| type = [[Jesuit]], [[Catholic church|Catholic]]
| status =
| gender = Coeducational
| denomination = All faiths
| affiliation =
| affiliations = 
| administrator =
| assst_admin =
| rector =
| director = vijay chokhar
| president =
| principal = Parag Khndagale
| asst principal =
| dean =
| headmaster =
| staff = 15
| teaching_staff = 11
| enrollment = 150
| grades =
| tuition = Rs. 35,000 / year
| established = {{Start date and age|1959}}
| address = Shankarshet Road
| city = [[Pune]]
| state = maharashtra
| province = Pune
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|30|1.82|N|73|52|2.46|E|display=title,inline|type:edu}}
| accreditation =
| campus = {{convert|7|acre|ha}}
| colors =
| athletics =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| yearbook =
| publication =
| newspaper =
| national_ranking =
| free_label1 = NA
| free_text1 = NA
| free_label2 =
| free_text2 =
| free_label3 =
| free_text3 =
| website = {{URL|http://sjtipune.com}}
| picture =
| picture_caption =
}}
'''St. Joseph's Technical Institute''' ('''SJTI''') is a higher educational institute located in [[Pune]], [[India]]. It was opened in 1959 by the [[Jesuits]] of the Pune Province,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://punejesuits.net|title=Pune Jesuits – all for the greater glory of god|website=punejesuits.net|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref> [[India]]. It trains middle-level managers – technicians with a combination of practical expertise, theoretical knowledge, communication skills, and management perspectives.

Through work-study programs and assistance from abroad, SJTI assists the economically and socially backward classes to respond to a need in industry. SJTI has served as a model for other vocational education and training schools that are being promoted by the Indian government.<ref name="tops">{{Cite web|url=http://www.educationworld.in/magazine/more/2363-st-josephs-technical-institute-pune|title=Leading Education Portal in India - Education news, Institute Ranking & Reviews, Education Jobs, Products, Resources & Services :: Education World.|website=Educationworld.in|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref>

The institute is a member of Skills for Progress, an all-India association of private technical and vocational training institutes, and prepares students for the National Council on Vocational Training (NCVT) examination in the craftsmen training schemed courses of the [[Maharashtra]] State Board of Vocational Examinations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://punejesuits.net/social-communication/education/st-josephs-technical-institute-pune/|title=St. Joseph's Technical Institute, Pune – Pune Jesuits|website=punejesuits.net|language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-15}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2019}}

==Courses==
* ITI courses: Fitter, turner, mechanic (motor vehicle), welder
* Autonomous courses (full-time): Fitter, turner, mechanic (motor vehicle), machinist, welder,

==See also==
* [[List of Jesuit educational institutions]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's Technical Institute, Pune}}
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1959]]
[[Category:Technical schools]]

Royal family

2026-02-13T21:39:05Z

Writepedia: reworked citations also and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Family of a monarch}}
{{About|the monarchy-related concept}}
{{distinguish|Royal household}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2008}}
{{Monarchism |expanded=all}}
A '''royal family''' is the immediate family of [[monarch]]s and sometimes their extended family.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Hazell | first1=Robert | last2=Morris | first2=Bob | title=The Role of Monarchy in Modern Democracy: European Monarchies Compared | date=17 September 2020 | publisher=Bloomsbury | isbn=978-1-5099-3103-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ccv9DwAAQBAJ&dq=royal%20family%20definition&pg=PA160 }}</ref>

The term '''imperial family''' appropriately describes the family of an [[emperor]] or [[emperor|empress]], and the term '''[[papal family]]''' describes the family of a [[pope]], while the terms '''baronial family''', '''comital family''', '''ducal family''', '''archducal family''', '''grand ducal family''', or '''princely family''' are more appropriate to describe, respectively, the relatives of a reigning [[baron]], [[count]]/[[earl]], [[duke]], [[archduke]], [[grand duke]], or [[prince]].

However, in common parlance members of any family which [[reign]]s by hereditary right are often referred to as royalty or "royals". It is also customary in some circles to refer to the extended relations of a deposed [[monarch]] and their descendants as a royal family. A [[dynasty]] is sometimes referred to as the "House of ...". In July 2013 there were 26 active sovereign dynasties in the world that ruled or reigned over 43 monarchies.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/07/22/meet-the-worlds-other-25-royal-families/ Meet the world's other 25 royal families]</ref>

==Members of a royal family==
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2025}}
[[Image:Louis14-Family.jpg|thumb|The Royal Family of [[Kingdom of France|France]] in classical costume during the reign of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]].]]

A royal family typically includes the spouse of the reigning monarch, surviving spouses of a deceased monarch, the children, grandchildren, brothers, sisters, and paternal cousins of the reigning monarch, as well as their spouses. In some cases, royal family membership may extend to great-grandchildren and more distant descendants of a monarch. In certain monarchies where voluntary [[abdication]] is the norm, such as the [[Netherlands]], a royal family may also include one or more former monarchs. In certain instances, such as in Canada, the royal family is defined by who holds the styles [[Majesty]] and [[Royal Highness]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.saskd.ca/heritage.pdf |title=Department of National Defence: ''The Honours, Flags and Heritage Structure of the Canadian Forces''; pg 281 |access-date=2007-06-26 |archive-date=2009-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325162006/http://www.saskd.ca/heritage.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> There is often a distinction between persons of the blood royal and those that marry into the royal family. Under most systems, only persons in the first category are dynasts, that is, potential successors to the throne (unless the member of the latter category is also in line to the throne in their own right, a frequent occurrence in royal families which frequently intermarry). This is not always observed; some monarchies have operated by the principle of ''[[jure uxoris]]''.

In addition, certain relatives of the monarch (by blood or marriage) possess special privileges and are subject to certain statutes, conventions, or special common law. The precise functions of a royal family vary depending on whether the polity in question is an [[absolute monarchy]], a [[constitutional monarchy]], or somewhere in between. In certain monarchies, such as that found in [[Saudi Arabia]] or [[Kuwait]], or in political systems where the monarch actually exercises executive power, such as in [[Jordan]], it is not uncommon for the members of a royal family to hold important government posts or military commands. In most constitutional monarchies, however, members of a royal family perform certain public, social, or ceremonial functions, but refrain from any involvement in electoral politics or the actual governance of the country.

The specific composition of royal families varies from country to country, as do the titles and [[royal and noble styles]] held by members of the family. The composition of the royal family may be regulated by statute enacted by the legislature (e.g., Spain, the [[Netherlands]], and Japan since 1947), the sovereign's prerogative and common law tradition (e.g., the United Kingdom), or a private house law (e.g., [[Liechtenstein]], the former ruling houses of [[Bavaria]], [[Prussia]], [[Hanover]], etc.). Public statutes, constitutional provisions, or conventions may also regulate the marriages, names, and personal titles of royal family members. The members of a royal family may or may not have a surname or dynastic name (see [[Royal House]]).

In a constitutional monarchy, when the monarch dies, there is always a law or tradition of succession to the throne that either specifies a formula for identifying the precise [[order of succession]] among family members in line to the throne or specifies a process by which a family member is chosen to inherit the crown. Usually in the former case the exact [[line of hereditary succession]] among royal individuals may be identified at any given moment during prior [[reign]]s (e.g. [[line of succession to the British throne|United Kingdom]], [[List of seigneurs of Sark|Sark]], [[Aga Khan|Nizari Ismailis]], [[line of succession to the Japanese throne|Japan]], [[Rain Queen|Balobedu]]s, [[line of succession to the Swedish throne|Sweden]], [[Benin Empire|Kingdom of Benin]]) whereas in the latter case the next sovereign may be selected (or changed) only during the reign or shortly after the demise of the immediately preceding monarch (e.g. [[List of monarchs of Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu#Wives|KwaZulu Natal]], [[Kabaka of Buganda#Election of kings|Buganda]], [[Succession to the Saudi Arabian throne|Saudi Arabia]], [[Politics of Swaziland#Monarchy|Swaziland]], [[Yoruba people|Yorubaland]], [[Māori King Movement|The Kingitanga]]). Some monarchies employ a mix of these selection processes ([[Yang di-Pertuan Agong|Malaysia]], [[Line of succession to the Monegasque throne|Monaco]], [[Line of succession to the Tongan throne|Tonga]], [[Line of succession to the Jordanian throne|Jordan]], [[Line of succession to the Moroccan throne|Morocco]]), providing for both an identifiable line of succession as well as authority for the monarch, dynasty or other institution to alter the line in specific instances without changing the general law of succession.

Some countries have [[Abolition of monarchy|abolished]] royalty altogether, as in post-revolutionary France (1870), post-revolutionary Russia (1917), Portugal (1910), post-war Germany (1918), post-war Italy (1946) and many ex European colonies.

==Current royal families==
{{Royal and noble ranks of West, Central, and Southern Asia}}

===Africa===
* [[Letsie III of Lesotho|Lesotho royal family]]
* [[Royal family of Morocco|Moroccan royal family]]
* [[House of Dlamini|Swazi royal family]]
* [[List of current constituent African monarchs]]

===Middle East===
* [[House of Khalifa|Bahraini royal family]]
* [[Royal families of the United Arab Emirates|Emirati princely families]]
* [[Hashemites|Jordanian royal family]]
* [[Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah|Kuwaiti princely family]]
* [[House of Al Said|Omani sultanic family]]
* [[House of Thani|Qatari princely family]]
* [[House of Saud|Saudi royal family]]

===Asia===
* [[House of Bolkiah|Bruneian royal family]]
* [[House of Wangchuck|Bhutanese royal family]]
* Cambodian royal family
** [[House of Norodom]]
** [[House of Sisowath]]
* [[Imperial House of Japan|Japanese imperial family]]
* Malaysian royal families
** [[Iskandar of Johor|Johor royal family]]
** [[Abdul Halim of Kedah|Kedah royal family]]
** [[Muhammad V of Kelantan|Kelantan royal family]]
** [[Muhriz of Negeri Sembilan|Negeri Sembilan royal family]]
** [[Ahmad Shah of Pahang|Pahang royal family]]
** [[Azlan Shah of Perak|Perak royal family]]
** [[House of Jamalullail (Perlis)|Perlis royal family]]
** [[Sharafuddin of Selangor|Selangor royal family]]
** [[Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu|Terengganu royal family]]
* [[Chakri dynasty|Thai royal family]]
* [[List of current constituent Asian monarchs]]

===Europe===
* [[Monarchy of Belgium|Belgian royal family]]
* [[British royal family]]
* [[Danish royal family]]
* [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Dutch royal family]]
* [[Princely Family of Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein princely family]]
* [[Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg|Luxembourg grand ducal family]]
* [[Monarchy of Monaco|Monegasque princely family]]
* [[Norwegian royal family]]
* [[Spanish royal family]]
* [[Swedish royal family]]

===Oceania===
* [[Monarchy of Australia|Australian royal family]]
* [[Monarchy of New Zealand|New Zealand royal family]]
* [[Monarchy of Papua New Guinea|Papuan royal family]]
* [[Monarchy of the Solomon Islands|Solomon Islands royal family]]
* [[List of monarchs of Tonga|Tongan royal family]]
* [[Monarchy of Tuvalu|Tuvaluan royal family]]

===North America===
* [[Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda|Antiguan royal family]]
* [[Monarchy of The Bahamas|Bahamian royal family]]
* [[Monarchy of Belize|Belizean royal family]]
* [[Monarchy of Canada|Canadian royal family]]
* [[Monarchy of Grenada|Grenadian royal family]]
* [[Monarchy of Jamaica|Jamaican royal family]]
* [[Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Kitts and Nevis royal family]]
* [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|Saint Lucian royal family]]
* [[Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Vincentian royal family]]

==Deposed royal families==


===Africa===
* [[House of Bokassa|Central African imperial family]]
* [[Muhammad Ali dynasty|Egyptian royal family]]
* [[Solomonic dynasty|Ethiopian imperial family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Gambian royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Ghanaian royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Kenyan royal family]]
* [[Senusiyya|Libyan royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Malawian royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Mauritian royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Nigerian royal family]]
* [[List of kings of Rwanda|Rwandan royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Rhodesian (Zimbabwean) royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Sierra Leonean royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|South African royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Tanganykan (Tanzanian) royal family]]
* [[Husainid dynasty|Tunisian royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Ugandan royal family]]
* [[List of kings of Burundi|Umurundi royal family]]

===Middle East===
* [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman (Turkish) imperial family]]
* [[Pahlavi dynasty|Iranian imperial family]]
* [[Hashemites#Iraqi Hashemites (Descendants of Prince Ra'ad ibn Zaid)|Iraqi royal family]]
* [[Imams of Yemen|Yemeni royal family]]

===Asia===
* [[Barakzai dynasty|Afghan royal family]]
* [[Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad|Bengali royal family]]
* [[Konbaung dynasty|Burmese royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Ceylonese (Sri Lankan) royal family]]
* [[Chinese imperial family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Indian imperial family]]
** [[Gaekwad dynasty|Baroda royal family]]
** [[Nawab of Dhaka|Royal family of Dhaka]]
** [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur royal family]]
** [[Wadiyar dynasty|Mysore royal family]] (Wadiyar dynasty)
* [[House of Yi|Korean imperial family]]
* [[Lao Royal Family|Laotian royal family]]
* [[Huraa dynasty|Maldivian sultanic family]]
* [[Shah dynasty|Nepalese royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Pakistani royal family]]
* [[Bendahara dynasty|Singaporean sultanic family]]
* Uzbek royal families
** [[Khongirad|Khiva royal family]]
** [[Manghud|Bhukaran royal family]]
* [[Nguyễn dynasty|Vietnamese imperial family]]

===Europe===
* [[House of Zogu|Albanian royal family]]
* [[House of Habsburg|Austrian imperial family]]
* [[House of Habsburg|Bohemian (Czech) royal family]]
* [[Bulgarian royal family]]
* [[House of Habsburg|Croatian royal family]]
* [[House of Hesse|Finnish royal family]]
* [[House of Bonaparte|French imperial family]]
* [[Georgian royal family]]
* [[House of Hohenzollern#Brandenburg-Prussian branch since 1918 abdication|German imperial family]]
** [[House of Wittelsbach|Bavarian royal family]]
** [[House of Wettin|Saxon royal family]]
** [[House of Württemberg|Württemberg royal family]]
*** [[House of Zähringen|Baden grand ducal family]]
*** [[List of rulers of Hesse|Hessian grand ducal family]]
*** [[House of Mecklenburg#House of Mecklenburg today|Mecklenburg (Schwerin and Strelitz) grand ducal family]]
*** [[Duke of Holstein-Gottorp|Oldenburg grand ducal family]]
*** [[Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach grand ducal family]]
****[[House of Ascania|Anhalt ducal family]]
****[[House of Hanover|Brunswick ducal family]]
****[[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha ducal family]]
****[[Saxe-Meiningen|Saxe-Meiningen ducal family]]
*****[[House of Lippe|Lippe-Detmold princely family]]
* [[Greek royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Irish royal family]]
* [[House of Savoy|Italian royal family]]
* [[House of Habsburg|Hungarian royal family]]
* [[House of Urach|Lithuanian royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Maltese royal family]]
* [[Petrović-Njegoš dynasty|Montenegrin royal family]]
* [[House of Romanov|Polish royal family]] ([[Congress Poland]])
* [[House of Braganza|Portuguese royal family]]
* [[Romanian royal family]]
* [[House of Romanov|Russian imperial family]]
* [[Karađorđević dynasty|Serbian royal family]]

===Oceania===
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Fijian royal family]]
* [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Hawaiian royal family]]

===North America===
* [[Monarchy of Barbados|Barbadian royal family]]
* [[Faustin Soulouque|Haitian imperial family]]
* [[House of Iturbide|Mexican imperial family]]
* [[House of Miskito|Miskito royal family]]
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Trinidad and Tobago royal family]]

===South America===
[[File:Familia Imperial 1887.jpg|thumb|Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil]] and other members of the [[Brazilian imperial family]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]], 1887]]
* [[Brazilian imperial family]]
* Mask of [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] context
** [[House of Bourbon#Bourbons of Spain and Italy|Argentine royal family]] ([[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata]])
** [[House of Bourbon#Bourbons of Spain and Italy|Chilean royal family]] ([[Patria Vieja|Kingdom of Chile]])
** [[House of Bourbon#Bourbons of Spain and Italy|Colombian royal family]] ([[Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca]])
** [[House of Bourbon#Bourbons of Spain and Italy|Venezuelan royal family]] ([[Supreme Junta]])
* [[Commonwealth realm#Former realms and dominions|Guyanese royal family]]

==Mediatised princely families==
Whilst [[German mediatisation|mediatization]] occurred in other countries such as [[France]], [[Italy]] and [[Russia]], only the certain houses within the former [[Holy Roman Empire]] are collectively called the [[Mediatized Houses]].

* [[House of Arenberg|Arenberg ducal family]] ([[Belgian nobility|Belgium]])
* [[House of Fürstenberg (Swabia)|Fürstenberg princely family]] ([[German nobility|Germany]])
* [[House of Ligne|Ligne princely family]] ([[Belgian nobility|Belgium]])
* [[House of Merode|Merode princely family]] ([[Belgian nobility|Belgium]])
* [[House of Schwarzenberg|Schwarzenberg princely family]] ([[Bohemian nobility|Bohemia]])
* [[House of Thurn und Taxis|Thurn und Taxis princely family]] ([[German nobility|Germany]])

==Dynasties==
{{main|List of dynasties}}
{{Columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[List of Asturian monarchs|House of Asturias-Cantabria]]
* [[House of Aberffraw|Aberffraw House of Gwynedd]]
* [[Abbasid Caliphate|Al-Abbasi]]
* [[House of Khalifa|Al Khalifa]]
* [[House of Sabah|Al-Sabah]]
* [[House of Al-Falasi|Al-Falasi]]
* Al Ghardaqa
* [[Uyunid dynasty]]
* [[Alaouite dynasty]]
* Angevin dynasties
** [[House of Ingelger]]
** [[Angevin kings of England]]
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* [[Artaxiad dynasty]]
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** [[Arsacid dynasty of Iberia|Cadet branch in Georgia]]
* [[Artsruni|Artsruni dynasty]]
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* [[House of Aviz]]
* [[House of Bernadotte]]
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* [[Balti dynasty]]
* [[House of Blois]]
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* [[Borjigin|Borjigid]]
* [[House of Bourbon]]
* [[House of Bokassa]]
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* [[House of Bourbon-Parma]]
* [[House of Orléans-Braganza]]
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* [[House of Capet]]
* [[Carolingian dynasty]]
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* [[Chakri dynasty]] (House of Mahidol)
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* [[House of Hesse]]
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* [[House of Romanov|Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov]]
* [[:Category:Dynasties of India|Dynasties of India]]
** [[House of Bhonsle]]
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* [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellons]]
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* Hawaiian houses
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* Irish houses
** [[O'Conor|Ó Conchubhair Donn]] of [[Connacht]]
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** [[MacCarthy dynasty|MacCarthy]] of [[Kingdom of Desmond|Desmond]]
** [[O'Rorke]] of [[Kingdom of Breifne|Breifne]]
** [[Eóganachta]]
* Dynasties of Korea
** [[Unified Silla]]
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* [[Muhammad Ali dynasty]]
* [[Nigerian Chieftaincy|Nigerian houses]]
** [[Ooni of Ife|Ooduan royal family of Ife, Egba, Ketu, Sabe, Oyo, Ijero and the Ilas]]
*** [[Oba of Lagos|Ado royal family of Lagos]]
*** [[Oba of Benin|Eweka royal family of Benin]]
*** [[Deji of Akure|Omoremilekun Asodeboyede royal family of Akure]]
* [[House of Normandy]]
* [[House of Norodom]]
* [[Obrenović dynasty|House of Obrenović]]
* [[House of Oldenburg]]
* [[Omrides]]
* [[Duke of Holstein-Gottorp|House of Holstein-Gottorp]]
** [[Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (elder line)]]
* [[House of Orange-Nassau]]
* [[Susuhunan|House of Pakubuwono]]
* [[Ottoman dynasty]]
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* [[Palaiologos|Palaiologan dynasty]]
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* [[House of Plantagenet]]
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* [[Rurik dynasty]]
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* [[House of Savoy]]
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* [[Solomonic dynasty]]
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* [[House of Sisowath]]
* [[House of Trastámara]]
* [[Travancore royal family]]
* [[Trần dynasty]]
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* [[Uí Ímair]]
* [[Uí Néill]]
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** [[Mountbatten-Windsor]]
* [[House of Wittelsbach]]
* [[House of York]]
* [[Yax Kuk Mo Dynasty]]
* [[Zand dynasty]]
* [[House of Zogu]]
* [[House of Zhao]]
* [[House of Zhu]]
* The Senegambia ([[Senegal]] and [[the Gambia]])
** [[Joof family|The Joof family]]
** [[The Royal House of Boureh Gnilane Joof]]
** [[The Royal House of Jogo Siga Joof]]
** [[The Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof]]
** [[Lamane|The Lamanic Class]]
** [[Guelowar|The Guelowar dynasty]]
** [[:Category:Serer royalty|Serer royalty]]
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Royalty}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Abolition of monarchy|Abolished monarchy]]
* [[Babu (title)]]
* [[Born in the purple]]
* [[Chief of the Name]]
* [[Crown prince]]
* [[Divine right of kings]]
* [[Dynasty]]
* [[First Family]] (in some republican states)
* [[List of family trees|Family trees of royal families]]
* [[Nobility]]
* [[Palace]]
* [[Prince]]
* [[Prince consort]]
* [[Princeps]]
* [[Princess]]
* [[Rai (title)]]
* [[Raja]]
* [[Rana (title)]]
* [[Rani (disambiguation)]]
* [[Princess Royal]]
* [[Queen consort]]
* [[Regicide]]
* [[Royal and noble styles]]
* [[Royal descent]]
* [[Rao (Indian surname)]]
* [[Royal prerogative]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Royal families}}

{{Monarchies}}
{{Social class}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Royal families| ]]

Muhammad Jabir Qasmi

2026-02-07T04:11:09Z

Writepedia:

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar, Sufi sheikh and Muslim leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Muhammad Jabir Qasmi
| native_name = محمد جابر قاسمی
| native_name_lang = ur
| image =
| honorific_prefix = Mawlana
| office1 = 1st President of Jamiat Ulama-e-Odisha (M)
| term_start1 = 2008
| term_end1 = 17 November 2020
| predecessor1 = "office established"
| successor1 = Muhammad Ghufran Qasmi
| office2 = President of United Jamiat Ulama-e-Orissa
| term_start2 = February 2008
| term_end2 = March 2008
| predecessor2 = [[S. S. Sajideen Qasmi]]
| successor2 = "office bifurcated" {{bulleted list||Himself, as the president of Jamiat Ulama-e-Odisha (M)|Muhammad Jalal Qasmi, as the president of Jamiat Ulama-e-Odisha (A)}}
| office3 = President, Odisha State Unit of ''Kul-Hind Rabta-e-Madāris-e-Arabia'', [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]
| term_start3 = December 2006
| term_end3 = 17 November 2020
| predecessor3 = S. S. Sajideen Qasmi
| successor3 = Muhammad Farooq Qasmi
| module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes
|birth_date = 1943
|birth_place = Binjharpur, [[Jajpur district]], [[Orissa]] {{small|(Odisha)}}, India
|death_date = {{death date and age|2020|11|17|1943|df=y}}
|death_place = Binjharpur, Jajpur district, Odisha, India
|alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur]]|[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]}}
|nationality = [[India]]n
|religion = [[Islam]]
|denomination = [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]
|Madh'hab = [[Hanafi]]
|creed = [[Maturidi]]
|movement = [[Deobandi]]
|Sufi_order = [[Chishti Order|Chishtiya]]-[[Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari|Sabiriya]]-[[Haji Imdadullah Muhaajir Makki|Imdadiya]]
|occupation = [[Islamic scholar]], [[murshid|Sufi shaykh]], muslim leader
|main_intrests =
|teachers = {{ubl|[[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]]|[[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]]|[[Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi]]}}
|students =
|disciple_of = [[Asad Madani]]
}}
}}
'''Muhammad Jabir Qasmi''' (1943–17 November 2020) was an Indian Islamic scholar, Sufi sheikh, and Muslim leader. He was the first president of Jamiat Ulama-e-Odisha (M)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-24 |title=Odisha to probe Abdur Rahman’s visit to Secretariat, says Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/odisha-to-probe-abdur-rahmans-visit-to-secretariat-says-minister/article8027158.ece |access-date=2024-02-15 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-12-24 |title=Odisha Muslim body asks madrasas to cooperate with govt|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/odisha-muslim-body-asks-madrasas-to-cooperate-with-govt-115122400456_1.html |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=[[Business Standard]]|language=en}}</ref> and a member of the working committee of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] (M).

== Early life and education ==
Muhammad Jabir Qasmi was born in 1943 in Binjharpur, [[Jajpur district]], Orissa.<ref name="Sada">{{cite journal|editor1-last=Rahmani|editor1-first=Saeed|editor2-last=Quresh|editor2-first=Shaikh|editor3-last=Begum|editor3-first=Hasina|title=Aah Maulana Muhammad Jabir Qasmi Nahi Rahe|trans-title=Ah! Maulana Muhammad Jaber Qasmi is no more|url=https://archive.org/details/the-sada-e-orissa-december-2020 |journal=Sada-e-Orissa|volume=15|issue=9|date=December 2020|publisher=Shaikh Quresh|location=Ghamadia New Colony, [[Cuttack]]|page=6|language=ur}}</ref>

He received his primary education from Maulana Irfan in his village, memorized only ten verses of the Quran due to his ill health, then traveled to [[Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur]] for higher education and stayed there to study up to the fifth grade of Arabic. At the Saharanpur seminary, his teachers included [[Zakariyya Kandhlawi]] and Yahya Saharanpuri, the father of [[Salman Mazahiri]].<ref name="Sada" /><ref name="Amīn" />

Following Saharanpur, he moved to Deoband, enrolled in [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], and graduated from there in 1966 (1366 AH).<ref name="Sada" /><ref name="Amīn" /> He studied [[Sahih al-Bukhari]] with [[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]] at Darul Uloom Deoband.<ref name="Amīn">{{cite web |last=Mayurbhanji |first=Muhammad Rūhul Amīn |date=29 November 2023 |title=Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Jabir Sahib Qasmi Binjharpuri (1943–2020): Mukhtasar Sawānihi Khaka |trans-title=Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Jabir Sahib Qasmi Binjharpuri (1943–2020): Brief biographical sketch |url=https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-mohd-jabir-qasmi-by-mohd-ruhul-amain/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215024104/https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-mohd-jabir-qasmi-by-mohd-ruhul-amain/ |archive-date=15 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Qindeel Online |language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Diary">{{cite book |last1=Qasmi|first1=Muhammad Tayyib|title=Darul Uloom Diary: Faizān-e-Fakhr-ul-Muhaddithīn Number|publisher=Idara Paigham-e-Mahmood|location=[[Deoband]] |pages=42–46|edition=2017|language=ur}}</ref>

== Career ==
After graduation, Qasmi started his teaching career at a madrasa in [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]], Bihar, and served there for five years. After that, on the insistence of Amanullah Binjharpuri and Abdul Ghaffar Binjharpuri, he served as the teacher at the Senior Madrasa in Binjharpur, Jajpur district, and taught [[Sahih Muslim]] there for years. He also served as a teacher at Madrasa Mishkat-ul-Uloom, Binjharpur.<ref name="Sada" /><ref name="Amīn" />

He was a lifelong member of the [[Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind|Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]], having served it both before and after its split.<ref name=:"Qindeel" /> In the year 2008, he was elected as the president of the Jamiat Ulama-e-Odisha,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=11 February 2008 |title=Jamiat Ulema-e Hind elects its Orissa office bearers |url=https://twocircles.net/2008feb11/jamiat_ulema_e_hind_elects_its_orissa_office_bearers.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215052123/https://twocircles.net/2008feb11/jamiat_ulema_e_hind_elects_its_orissa_office_bearers.html |archive-date=15 February 2024 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=[[Two Circles]] |language=en-US}}</ref> and then, after the split of the Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind on 6 March 2008, he was elected as the president of the Jamiat Ulama-e-Odisha (M) and continued to serve for it till his lifetime. He also served as Ameer Shariat of Odisha Province; however, his emirate was confirmed by Osman Mansoor Puri at the beginning of his emirate period, i.e., 2010. Apart from this, he was a member of the working committee of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind (M) and was also its special invitee for life. Being associated with the Jamiat, he performed social and welfare services in Odisha. He was also active during the [[1999 Odisha cyclone|1999 Odisha Cyclone]]. He also organized a meeting on the occasion of an anti-terrorism conference organized by Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind (M) in [[Bhubaneswar]], the capital of Odisha, in which Odisha Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] was also invited as a special guest.<ref name="Amīn" />

He was an authorised disciple of [[Asad Madani]] in [[Sufism]],<ref name="Zikr">{{cite book |last1=Mansoorpuri|first1=Muhammad Salman|author1-link=Salman Mansoorpuri|title=Zikr-e-Raftagāñ|publisher=Al Markaz Al Ilmi Lin Nashri Wat Tahqeeq|location=Lalbagh, [[Moradabad]]|pages=503–504|date=April 2020|chapter=Hazrat Maulana Muhammad Jabir Sahib Qasmi, Orissa|url=https://archive.org/details/an-article-on-maulana-jabir-qasmi-binjharpuri-in-zikr-e-raftagan-vol.-4 |volume=4|language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |editor1-last=Jami'i|editor1-first=Muhammad Salim|title=Fida-e-Millat Number|url=https://archive.org/details/al-jamiat-fida-e-millat-number |journal=Al-Jami'at weekly|date=April 2007|volume= |issue= |page=581|publisher=Al-Jami'at office|location= Madani hall, [[Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg]], New Delhi|language=ur}}</ref> and for this reason, he also established a [[khanqah]] (Islamic monastery) in Binjharpur for the reform and education of the nation. Apart from this, their khanqahs were also established in other areas.<ref name="Sada" />

In the working committee meeting of the All-India Association of Islamic and Arabic Seminaries, Darul Uloom Deoband [held: 4 December 2006, 12 Dhu Qa'da 1427 AH], after [[Sirajussajidin Katki]], he was appointed as President of its provincial branch and elected its working committee member.<ref name="Monthly">{{cite journal |date=May 2007 |editor-last=Azmi |editor-first=Habibur Rahman |title=رپورٹ اجلاس ششم مجلس عاملہ رابطہ مدارس اسلامیہ عربیہ دارالعلوم دیوبند: شوکت علی قاسمی بستوی، ناظم کل ہند رابطۂ مدارس اسلامیہ عربیہ، دار العلوم دیوبند |trans-title=Report of the 6th meeting of the Working Committee of the All-India Association of the Islamic and Arabic Seminaries, Darul Uloom Deoband: Shaukat Ali Qasmi Bastawi |url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/urduarticles/archives/657 |url-status=live |journal=[[Monthly Darul Uloom]] |language=ur |publisher=Darul Uloom Deoband |volume=91 |issue=5 |page=49 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216101911/https://darululoom-deoband.com/urduarticles/archives/657 |archive-date=16 December 2023}}</ref>

== Death ==
Qasmi died on 17 November 2020 (1st Rabi al-Thani 1442 AH) on Tuesday after a long illness. The funeral prayer was led by his son Arshad Zaki Qasmi in Binjharpur the same day after the Isha prayer, and he was buried there in Binjharpur.<ref name="Sada" /><ref name="Amīn" /><ref name=":"Qindeel"">{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-11-17 |title=جمعیۃ علماء اڈیشہ کے صدر امیر شریعت مولانا محمد جابر قاسمی کا انتقال |trans-title=President of Jamiat Ulama-e-Odisha Ameer-e- Sharia'at Maulana Muhammad Jabir Qasmi passed away |url=https://qindeelonline.com/jamiat-ulama-odisha-ke-sadar-ameer-shariyat-maulana-muhammad-jabir-qasmi-ka-intiqal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215042756/https://qindeelonline.com/jamiat-ulama-odisha-ke-sadar-ameer-shariyat-maulana-muhammad-jabir-qasmi-ka-intiqal/ |archive-date=15 February 2024 |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Qindeel Online |language=ur}}</ref> [[Usman Mansoorpuri]] and [[Mahmood Madani]] delivered their condolences on his demise and stated that it was a loss to the Jamiat.<ref name=:"Qindeel" />

== See also ==
* [[Muhammad Ismail Katki]]
* [[Sirajussajidin Katki]]
* [[Kafeel Ahmad Qasmi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qasmi, Muhammad Jabir}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jajpur district]]
[[Category:People from Odisha]]
[[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]

Department of Industries and Commerce (Kerala)

2026-02-06T15:09:09Z

Writepedia: started new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Government agency
|agency_name = Department of Industries and Commerce
|native_name = '''വ്യവസായ വാണിജ്യ വകുപ്പ്'''
|nativename_a =
|nativename_r =
|logo = [[File:Government of Kerala Logo.svg|250px]]
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal =
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|formed = 1960
|preceding1 =
|preceding2 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[Kerala]]
|headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|employees =
|budget =
|minister1_name = [[P. Rajeev (Kerala)|P. Rajeev]]
|minister1_pfo = Minister for Industries, Commerce, Mining and Geology, Handlooms and Textiles, Khadi and Village Industries, Coir, Cashew Industry, Plantation Directorate
|chief1_name = Mr. Suman Billa IAS
|chief1_position = Principal Industry (Industries and NORKA)
|chief2_name = Mr. A P M Mohammed Hanish IAS
|chief2_position = Principal Secretary (Industries)
|parent_agency = Department of Industries and Commerce
|child1_agency = Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation Limited
|child2_agency = Directorate of Industries and Commerce
|child3_agency = Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation
|child4_agency = Kerala Bureau of Industrial Promotion
|website = http://www.keralaindustry.org/
|footnotes =
}}

The '''Department of Industries''' is a key [[government department]] that oversees industrial activity in the [[States of India|Indian state]] of [[Kerala]]. The DOI is a senior [[cabinet department]] led by a senior minister and team of 15 secretaries. The administrative head of the Industries & Commerce Department is the Principal Secretary (Industries & Commerce). The Directorate of Industries & Commerce Department is located at Vikas Bhavan, [[Thiruvananthapuram]], is headed by the [[Director (business)|Director]] (Industries & Commerce). This is the functional arm of the department implementing various industrial activities of the departments. District Industries Centers are located in all district headquarters.
{{Further|List of Central government establishments in Kerala}}

==Objectives==

* Convert Kerala into a favoured destination for Manufacturing, Agro Processing, Health Services, and Knowledge based Industries and Services
* Strengthen the State Level Public Enterprises (SLPEs) by technological upgradation, [[Diversification (marketing strategy)|diversification]], efficient management system and synergizing with Central Public Sector Undertakings
* Make Traditional Industries competitive by modernization, value addition and skill development
* Promote and support SMSEs as an ancillary to large scale industries as well as a self-sustaining entity considering its role as a largest employment provider in the State
* Make use of the abundant and highly rich mineral resources of the State to the fullest extent protecting environment and ecology and restricting the mining activity in the Public Sector
* Generate massive employment in industrial, commercial and service sectors
* Attract huge capital investment on mutually beneficial terms
* Tap the rich industrial potential of biotechnology
* Accelerate growth in Service Sector and to make Kerala a major Commercial Hub
* Develop Kerala as a global centre of excellence with state-of-the-art education and skill sets and prepare a pool of multi skilled, technically competent individuals and organizations{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

==Organization structure==

The Industries & Commerce Department is headed by the Hon'ble Minister (Industries, Commerce, Law & Coir). The administrative headed of the Industries & Commerce Department is the [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] (Industries & [[Department of Non-Resident Keralites Affairs|NORKA]]).

The incumbent Minister for Industries and Commerce is [[P. Rajeeve|P. Rajeev]] and Principal Secretary (Industries) to Government is APM Mohammed Hanish IAS.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-07-29 |title=State will have 50 private industrial parks: Rajeev |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/state-will-have-50-private-industrial-parks-rajeev/article69870614.ece |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-05-21 |title=Weeks after he was moved out, Mohammed Hanish back in industries department |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/May/21/weeks-after-he-was-moved-out-mohammed-haneesh-back-in-industries-department-2577121.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Nidhi |date=2025-08-05 |title=Centre punishing Kerala for population control success: Minister P Rajeev |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/centre-punishing-kerala-for-population-control-success-minister-p-rajeev/articleshow/123103484.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The Principal Secretary (Industries) is the administrative head of the department, and assisted by additional secretaries, joint secretaries, deputy secretaries, under secretaries and other secretariat staffs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Principal Secretaries |url=https://keralaindustry.org/index.php/principal-secretaries |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520012610/https://keralaindustry.org/index.php/principal-secretaries |archive-date=2022-05-20 |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Kerala Bureau of Industrial Promotion |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Line departments ==
* [[Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation]] (KSIDC)
* [[Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation]] (KINFRA)
* Kerala Bureau of Industrial Promotion (K-BIP)
* Directorate of Industries and Commerce (DI&C)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Line departments under Industries & Commerce Department, Government of Kerala |url=https://keralaindustry.org/index.php/hods}}</ref>
* Directorate of Handloom and Textiles
* Public Sector Restructuring and Internal Audit Board (RIAB)
* Khadi and Village Industries Board (KVIB)
* Directorate of Public Sector Undertakings
* Directorate of Coir Development Department
* Department of Mining and Geology

==See also==
*[[Invest Kerala Global Summit]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.keralaindustry.org/ Official Website of the Industries Department, Kerala]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118031516/http://www.kerala.gov.in/ Official website of Govt. of Kerala]

[[Category:Government departments of Kerala]]
[[Category:Economy of Kerala]]
[[Category:State industries departments of India|Kerala]]

Kondapuram, Kadapa district

2026-01-18T21:17:08Z

Writepedia: quick reworked page for accuracy and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kondapuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline = File:Paddy fields near kdp.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rice paddy fields in Kondapuram
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Revenue Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammalamadugu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[YSR Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=632662|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516444
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08560
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Kondapuram''' is a town in [[YSR Kadapa district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Kondapuram [[mandal]] of [[List of Revenue Divisions in Andhra Pradesh|Jammalamadugu revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Revenue Divisions and Mandals |url=http://kadapa.nic.in/govtlands.htm |website=Official website of YSR Kadapa District |publisher=National Informatics Centre- Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh |access-date=23 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706135607/http://kadapa.nic.in/govtlands.htm |archive-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It belongs to Rayalaseema region . It is located 89 km towards west from District headquarters Kadapa. It is a Mandal headquarter.

According to 2011 Census, Kondapuram Local Language is Telugu. Kondapuram town Total population is 6433 and number of houses are 1551. Female Population is 52.0%. town literacy rate is 67.3% and the Female Literacy rate is 31.7%.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Kadapa district}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kondapuram, Kadapa District}}
[[Category:Villages in Kadapa district]]

{{Kadapa-geo-stub}}

Balidan

2025-12-30T19:39:12Z

Writepedia: brief expanded information after review as per guidelines

{{short description|1927 film}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Balidan
| image =
| caption =
| director = Naval Gandhi
| producer = Orient Pictures Corporation
| writer = [[Rabindranath Tagore]] Jamshed Ratnagar (screenplay)
| based_on = Bisarjan (play)
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Master Vithal]]|[[Ruby Myers|Sulochana]]|[[Zubeida]]|[[Sultana (actress)|Sultana]]}}
| music =
| cinematography = Naval Bhatt
| editing =
| distributor =
| studio = Orient Pictures Corporation
| released = {{film date|1927}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Silent film
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Balidan''''', also called '''''Sacrifice''''', is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1927|1927]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[silent film]] directed by Naval Gandhi and based on a play by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name=NYT>{{cite web|last1=Crow|first1=Jonathan|title=Balidan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/249810/Balidan/overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722181305/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/249810/Balidan/overview|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 July 2015|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|publisher=[[Baseline (database)|Baseline]] & [[All Movie Guide]]|date=2015|accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref> It was produced by Orient Pictures Corporation.<ref name=Gomolo>{{cite web|title=Sacrifice|url=http://www.gomolo.com/sacrifice-movie/19877|website=gomolo.com|publisher=Gomolo|accessdate=30 April 2015|archive-date=16 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716195521/http://www.gomolo.com/sacrifice-movie/19877|url-status=dead}}</ref> Balidan is cited as one of the top ten lost films of Indian Cinema by P. K. Nair.<ref name=PKNair>{{cite web|last1=Nair|first1=P. K.|title=India's top ten lost films|url=http://filmheritagefoundation.co.in/indias-top-10-lost-films-compiled-by-p-k-nair/|website=filmheritagefoundation.co.in|publisher=Film Heritage Foundation|accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref> Hailed as "an excellent and truly Indian film" by The Indian Cinematograph Committee, 1927–28,<ref name=FilmHeritage>{{cite web|title=Balidan (Sacrifice) 1927|url=http://filmheritagefoundation.co.in/balidan-sacrifice-1927-108-mins/|website=filmheritagefoundation.co.in|publisher=Film Heritage Foundation|accessdate=30 April 2015}}</ref> ''Balidan'' was used by them as one of the films to "show how 'serious' Indian cinema could match Western standards".<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|author3=Professor of Critical Studies Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA250|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|page=250}}</ref>

The film starred the then popular cast of [[Master Vithal]], [[Ruby Myers|Sulochana]], [[Zubeida]], [[Sultana (actress)|Sultana]], Jal Khambata and Jani Babu.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Balidan |url=http://www.citwf.com/film28196.htm |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |accessdate=30 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717084033/http://www.citwf.com/film28196.htm |archivedate=17 July 2015}}</ref>

A social-reformist costume drama film, written by Tagore in 1887,<ref name=RajadhyakshaWillemen2014 /> ''Balidan'' was set in the fictional kingdom of Tippera, and involved clashes between a progressive-minded King and a "tradition-bound priest".<ref name=NYT /> The film was stated to be commercially successful.<ref name=FilmHeritage />

==Cast==
* [[Master Vithal]]
* Sulochana ([[Ruby Myers]])
* [[Zubeida]] as Aparna
* [[Sultana (actress)|Sultana]]
* Jal Khambata
* Jani Babu
* J. Makhijani

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id =0214522|title=Balidan (1927)}}

[[Category:1927 films]]
[[Category:1920s Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian silent films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1927 Indian films]]

{{Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1920s-silent-drama-film-stub}}

Manas Chakraborty

2025-12-17T17:26:23Z

Writepedia: starting new entry...

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Manas Chakraborty
| image = Manas Chakraborty.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1942|09|09}}
|birth_place = [[Barishal]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|12|12|1942|09|09}}
|death_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| origin = [[Barishal]], Bangladesh
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]]
| occupation = musician
| years_active = 1950–2012
| label =
| website = {{URL|manaschakraborty.com/}}
}}

[[Pandit]] '''Manas Chakraborty'''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=647 |title=Manas Chakraborty |publisher=SwarGanga Music Foundation |date=20 December 2012 |accessdate=22 November 2013 |archive-date=14 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010855/https://www.swarganga.org/artist_details.php?id=647 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: <big>'''মানস চক্রবর্তী'''</big> '''Maanosh Chokrobortee''') (9 September 1942 – 12 December 2012) was an [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] vocalist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-13/kolkata/35795817_1_classical-music-pandit-ajoy-chakraborty-classical-vocalist |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011315/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-13/kolkata/35795817_1_classical-music-pandit-ajoy-chakraborty-classical-vocalist |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Veteran singer Manas Chakraborty passes on|date=13 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=27 January 2013}}</ref> He was taught music by his father [[Tarapada Chakraborty]]. Chakraborty performed at many music conferences and programs including the Allauddin Music Conference (1976), the 5th RIMPA Music Festival (Benaras, 1984), and the Sawai Gandharva Sangeet Mahotsav (Pune, 1984). He was a writer and composer, and used the pseudonym ''Sadasant'' or ''Sadasant Piya'' for composing [[bandish]]es.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_news_views/obituary/manas_chakraborty.html |title=Remembering Pandit Manas Chakraborty |publisher=ITC Sangeet Research Academy |date=20 December 2012 |accessdate=22 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010018/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_news_views/obituary/manas_chakraborty.html |archivedate=3 December 2013 }}</ref> He composed many Bengali songs{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}. He wrote a book with Bengali poems named "Tumio Bhetore Neel Nakhastra" edited by Maitrayee Bandyopadhyay and published by Pratibhas Publication.

==Awards==
* Heritage Samman by Heritage World Society, Tower Group (2012)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|title=Manas Chakraborty|website=manaschakraborty.com|access-date=2019-06-10|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316131251/http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Sangeet Samman Award, Presented by The Dover Lane Music Conference (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|title=Manas Chakraborty|website=manaschakraborty.com|access-date=2019-06-10}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Dishari Award (Twice) – West Bengal Journalists' Association<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|title=Manas Chakraborty|website=manaschakraborty.com|access-date=2019-06-10}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Maharishi Award (1987) – Maharishi World Centre of Gandharva Veda at U.K. Roydon Hall<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|title=Manas Chakraborty|website=manaschakraborty.com|access-date=2019-06-10}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Girija Shankar Memorial Award (1989) – Girija Shankar Smriti Parishad<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|title=Manas Chakraborty|website=manaschakraborty.com|access-date=2019-06-10}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Jadubhatta Award (1995) – Salt Lake Cultural Association, Kolkata<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|title=Manas Chakraborty|website=manaschakraborty.com|access-date=2019-06-10|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316131251/http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Outstanding Citizen Award (2000) – English Teaching Union.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|title=Manas Chakraborty|website=manaschakraborty.com|access-date=2019-06-10|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316131251/http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Award for his excellence at 15th Master Dinanath Mangeshkar Sangeet Sammellan – Samrat Sangeet Academy (Goa).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|title=Manas Chakraborty|website=manaschakraborty.com|access-date=2019-06-10|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316131251/http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Felicitated by Rotary International<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|title=Manas Chakraborty|website=manaschakraborty.com|access-date=2019-06-10|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316131251/http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Felicitated by Dover Lane Music Conference (1992) on his 50th birth-anniversary<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|title=Manas Chakraborty|website=manaschakraborty.com|access-date=2019-06-10}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* Felicitated by Kotalipara Sammelani (2000)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|title=Manas Chakraborty|website=manaschakraborty.com|access-date=2019-06-10|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316131251/http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Felicitated by Samatat for his contribution in the field of Indian Arts and Music<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|title=Manas Chakraborty|website=manaschakraborty.com|access-date=2019-06-10|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316131251/http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Lifetime Achievement Award from Mohanananda Brahmachari Sishu Seva Pratisthan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|title=Manas Chakraborty|website=manaschakraborty.com|access-date=2019-06-10|archive-date=16 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316131251/http://www.manaschakraborty.com/awards.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.manaschakraborty.com/ ManasChakraborty.com]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Manas}}
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Thumri]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from West Bengal]]

2024 Indian general election in Lakshadweep

2025-12-03T17:42:44Z

Writepedia: new...

{{Short description|Indian general election held in Lakshadweep}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Lakshadweep
| previous_year = 2019
| election_date = 19 April 2024
| next_year = 2029
| seats_for_election = Sole seat from Lakshadweep in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| ongoing = no
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Lakshadweep
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Lakshadweep
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Lakshadweep
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Lakshadweep#Opinion polls
| turnout = 84.16% ({{decrease}}1.05 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| image_size = 100px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand_INC.svg|bSize=135|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=10|oTop=3}}
| leader1 = [[Muhammed Hamdulla Sayeed]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leader_since1 = 2009
| last_election1 = 46.86%, 0 seat
| seats_before1 = 
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Mohammed Faizal P. P.jpg|bSize=180|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=40|oTop=5}}
| leader2 = [[Mohammed Faizal Padippura]]
| party2 = [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP(SP)]]
| alliance2 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
| leader_since2 = 2019
| last_election2 = 48.61%, 1 seat ([[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]])
| seats_before2 = 
| map_image = File:Lakshadweep Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] after election
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = [[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency]]
| seats1 = 1
| seats2 = 0
| seat_change1 = {{up}} 1
| seat_change2 = {{down}} 1
| popular_vote1 = 25,726
| popular_vote2 = 23,079
| percentage1 = 52.29%
| percentage2 = 46.91%
| swing1 = {{up}} 4.43 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| swing2 = {{down}} 1.7 [[Percentage point|pp]]
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in Lakshadweep on 19 April 2024 to elect 1 member of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].

== Election schedule ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;"
! rowspan="2" |Poll event
!Phase
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" |I
|-
!Notification date
|20 March 2024
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|27 March 2024
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|28 March 2024
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|30 March 2024
|-
!Date of poll
|'''19 April 2024'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
|'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|1
|}

==Parties and alliances==
===Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar===

{{legend2|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}|[[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar]]
|
| [[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Man_Blowing_Turha.png|50x50px]]
|[[Mohammed Faizal Padippura]]
|1
|}

===Indian National Congress===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Muhammed Hamdulla Sayeed]]
|1
|}

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|[[File:NCP-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Nationalist Congress Party Election Symbol.png|50px]]
|Yusuf T.P.
|1
|-
|}

==Candidates==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;line-height:16px"
|-
!colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Constituency
|colspan="6" bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|
|colspan="3" bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|
|-
!colspan="6"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
!colspan="3"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
!1
|[[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency|Lakshadweep]]
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP(SP)]]
|[[Mohammed Faizal Padippura]]
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|[[Muhammed Hamdulla Sayeed]]
|{{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|Yusuf T.P.
|-
|}

==Surveys and polls==

===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Lakshadweep (1)}}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Lakshadweep}}

== Results ==
===Results by alliance or party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seats
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="2"{{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!rowspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|25,726
|52.29%
|{{increase}}4.43
|1
|1
|{{increase}}1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP(SP)]]
|23,079
|46.91%
|''new''
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|201
|0.41%
|{{Decrease}}48.2
|1
|0
|{{Decrease}}1
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|61
|0.12%
|
|1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|133
|0.27%
|{{increase}}0.06%
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!49,200
!100%
! -
!4
!1
!-
|-
|}

===Results by constituency===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="7" |Winner
!colspan="7"|Runner-up
!rowspan="2"|Margin
|-
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency|Lakshadweep]]
|84.16%{{decrease}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|[[Muhammed Hamdulla Sayeed ]]
|25,726
|52.29%
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|[[Mohammed Faizal Padippura]]
|23,079
|46.91%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|2,647
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[2024 Indian general election in Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Manipur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian general election, 2024}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in Lakshadweep]]
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Lakshadweep]]
[[Category:2020s in Lakshadweep]]

Mehtab Sangma

2025-12-02T08:44:48Z

Writepedia: starting article

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = [[File:Mehtab Sangma.jpg|200px]]
| caption = Mehtab Sangma at [[Delhi]]'s Dzukou Tribal Kitchen
| office = Member of [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Gambegre Assembly constituency|Gambegre]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end =
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]], [[Business]]<ref>Association for Democratic Reforms. (2024). Mehtab Chandee Agitok Sangma (NPP). MyNeta.info. https://www.myneta.info/Meghalaya2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7139</ref>
| predecessor = [[Saleng A. Sangma]]
| party = [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
|spouse = {{marriage|[[Conrad Sangma]]|29 May 2009}}
| children = 3
}}
'''Mehtab Chandee Agitok Sangma''' is an Indian politician from Meghalaya.<ref name=":ANI"/> She is a [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|member of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] since 2024, representing [[Gambegre Assembly constituency]] in [[West Garo Hills district]], as a member of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].<ref name=":ANI">{{cite web |title=NPP's Mehtab Chandee Sangma wins Meghalaya Assembly by-poll |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/npps-mehtab-chandee-sangma-wins-meghalaya-assembly-by-poll20241123183617/ |website=ANI News |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Meghalaya CM s Wife Mehtab Sangma Wins Gambegre Bye-Election With Significant Margin |url=https://m.guwahatiplus.com/article/meghalaya-cms-wife-mehtab-sangma-wins-gambegre-bye-election-with-significant-margin/35757/amp |website=m.guwahatiplus.com |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gambegre bypoll results 2024">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Gambegre bypoll results 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1556.htm |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125160120/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S1556.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Meghalaya bypoll results 2024: CM’s wife Mehtab Sangma wins Gambegre constituency">{{cite news |newspaper=The Hindu |title=Meghalaya bypoll results 2024: CM's wife Mehtab Sangma wins Gambegre constituency |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya/meghalaya-bypoll-results-cms-wife-mehtab-sangma-leading-in-gambegre-bypoll/article68901107.ece/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125160241/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya/meghalaya-bypoll-results-cms-wife-mehtab-sangma-leading-in-gambegre-bypoll/article68901107.ece/amp/ |archive-date=25 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Gambegre (Meghalaya) Bye-Election Results 2024 Live: Mehtab Chandee Agitok Sangma of NPP wins">{{cite news |newspaper=The Indian Express |title=Gambegre (Meghalaya) Bye-Election Results 2024 Live: Mehtab Chandee Agitok Sangma of NPP wins |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gambegre-meghalaya-by-election-results-2024-winner-runner-up-candidates-9683366/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Bypoll Election Full Winners List 2024: Check state-wise winners">{{cite news |last1=CNBCTV18 |title=Bypoll Election Full Winners List 2024: Check state-wise winners |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bypoll-election-full-winners-list-2024-check-state-wise-winners-19513567.htm |access-date=25 November 2024 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125160816/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/bypoll-election-full-winners-list-2024-check-state-wise-winners-19513567.htm |archive-date=25 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==

Mehtab Chandee Sangma was born on 14 December 1985 in [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]], [[Garo Hills]], [[Meghalaya]], India, into a [[Garo people|Garo]] [[Christian]] family.<ref>https://www.myneta.info/Meghalaya2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7139</ref> She is married to [[Conrad Sangma]], the Chief Minister of Meghalaya. The couple has three children: two daughters, Amara and Katelyn, and a son who was born in March 2025 in Delhi.<ref>The Shillong Times. (2025, March 13). CM, wife blessed with third child. https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/03/13/cm-wife-blessed-with-third-child/</ref>

== Political career ==

On 23rd November, 2024, Mehtab Sangma contested the Gambegre by-election in Meghalaya as a candidate of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP). She led in the early rounds of counting and ultimately secured victory, filling the vacancy in the constituency. Her election strengthened the NPP's presence in the state assembly.<ref>PTI. (2024, November 23). Meghalaya bypoll results 2024: CM's wife Mehtab Sangma wins Gambegre constituency. The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya/meghalaya-bypoll-results-cms-wife-mehtab-sangma-leading-in-gambegre-bypoll/article68901107.ece</ref>

On September 8, 2025, Mrs. Chandee made her official debut in the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] during the first day of the autumn session, marking her first appearance as an elected representative. She was formally welcomed by Assembly Speaker [[Thomas A. Sangma]] and received a warm reception from fellow legislators. Sangma won the Gambegre by-election as a candidate of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]] (NPP), strengthening the party's position in the state assembly.<ref>Das, M. (2025, September 8). Mehtab makes her debut in House. The Times of India. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/mehtab-makes-her-debut-in-house/articleshow/123771354.cms</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Meghalaya]]
* [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sangma, Mehtab}}
[[Category:Women members of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:People from West Garo Hills district]]

{{Meghalaya-politician-stub}}

Radha Bhatt

2025-11-28T06:26:46Z

Writepedia: pg.

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Radha Bhatt
| alma_mater = {{Nowrap|[[Hansraj College]] [[Delhi College of Arts and Commerce]] }}
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = Rohan Puri
}}

'''Radha Bhatt''' is an Indian actress who was born in [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]], [[Uttarakhand]]. She played in ''The Lost Salesman of Delhi'' (2014), T''ake Care'' (2016) and ''Chal Jaa Bapu'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radha Bhatt - Biography |url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm7061552/bio/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> and web series like ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'', ''[[Sunflower (web series)|Sunflower]]'', and ''Physics Wallah''.

== Early life and education ==
Radha Bhatt was born in a small village near [[Udham Singh Nagar district|Udham Singh Nagar]], [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name=":0" />

After graduating from [[Hansraj College]], she worked in the corporate sector while pursuing a master’s degree at [[Delhi College of Arts and Commerce]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=I am lucky enough to live my passion, says actor Radha Bhatt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/i-am-lucky-enough-to-live-my-passion-says-actor-radha-bhatt-101625407263355.html |website=Hindustan Times|date=4 July 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Noida">{{Cite news |date=2017-08-20 |title=Radha Bhatt: Noida roads are way better than the rest of NCR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/radha-bhatt-noida-roads-are-way-better-than-the-rest-of-ncr/articleshow/60134071.cms |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
She worked at [[Ernst & Young]] for three years in a corporate role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=2402051656713752&id=1801376173447973&set=a.1912344792351110 |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> After clearing her [[UGC–NET|NET]] exam, she joined [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]] as an assistant professor in its Commerce Department.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Result of Interviews held from July 15-19, 2014 for Ad-hoc Faculty (Commerce) |date=2014-07-19 |url=https://www.srcc.edu/sites/default/files/RESULT-OF-INTERVIES-FOR-AD-HOC-FACULTY-(COMMERCE).pdf |access-date=2025-11-28 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Shri Ram College of Commerce]], University of Delhi |language=English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418044108/https://www.srcc.edu/sites/default/files/RESULT-OF-INTERVIES-FOR-AD-HOC-FACULTY-(COMMERCE).pdf |archive-date=2025-04-18}}</ref><ref name="Noida"/> Her break into television came with the show ''[[Agar Tum Saath Ho]]'', and later appeared in ''[[Zindagi Ki Mehek|Zindagi Ki Mehak]]''. She had roles in the [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] space. She played in ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'', She was also featured in ''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi|Manikarnika]].'' She gained significant recognition for her role as Mrs. Ahuja in the web series ''[[Sunflower (web series)|Sunflower]]'',

== Personal life ==
In 2018, she married her Delhi-based boyfriend Rohan Puri.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-24 |title=Radha Bhatt's intimate wedding reception in Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/radha-bhatts-intimate-wedding-reception-in-delhi/articleshow/66770383.cms |access-date=2024-10-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2016
|''[[Agar Tum Saath Ho]]''
|Zeba
|<ref name="Ghosal">{{Cite web |last=Ghosal |first=Sharmistha |date=2021-07-15 |title=Interview: Radha Bhatt wins hearts with her graceful act as Mrs Ahuja in Sunflower |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2021/Jul/15/interview-radha-bhatt-wins-hearts-with-her-graceful-act-as-mrs-ahuja-in-sunflower-34717.html |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2016
|[[Zindagi Ki Mehek|''Zindagi Ki Mehak'']]
|Shwetlana Agarwal
|<ref name="Ghosal"/>
|-
|2019
|''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi]]''
|Parvatibai
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-04 |title=Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi — Radha Bhatt, Edward Sonnenblick join cast of Kangana Ranaut's film |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/manikarnika-the-queen-of-jhansi-radha-bhatt-edward-sonnenblick-join-cast-of-kangana-ranauts-film-5314711.html |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|''The Family Man'']]
|
|<ref name="Ghosal"/>
|-
|2021
|[[Sunflower (web series)|''Sunflower'']]
|Mrs. Ahuja
|<ref name="Ghosal"/>
|-
|2022
|[[Goodbye (2022 film)|''Goodbye'']]
|Harish's Teacher
|
|-
|2022
|''Physics Wallah''
|Aditi Pandey
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-15 |title=Physics Wallah review: A familiar yet fascinating story of an unsung hero |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/physics-wallah-review-a-familiar-yet-fascinating-story-of-an-unsung-hero-11809781.html |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, Radha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Hansraj College alumni]]

Valayil Korath Mathews

2025-10-22T23:44:11Z

Writepedia: Put Up New Entry Initial Version

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{autobiography|date=November 2018}}
{{notability|Bio|date=November 2018}}
}}

'''Valayil Korath Mathews''' is an [[entrepreneur]] and the founder chairman of IBS Software Services, a [[software]] product company based in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2012-03-12 |title=V K Mathews is new CII Kerala chairman |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-12/kochi/31152511_1_ibs-group-k-mathews-ibs-software-services |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108035942/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-12/kochi/31152511_1_ibs-group-k-mathews-ibs-software-services |archive-date=2014-01-08 |accessdate=2014-01-08 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> He is regarded as a thought leader in the global aviation industry<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview: V. K. Mathews|url=http://www.dqindia.com/dataquest/interview/22563/vk-mathews-i-disappointed-government-kerala-opted-embrace-fdi-multi-brand-retail|publisher=DQ India}}</ref> and has been a speaker at various international events conducted by [[IATA]], [[Harvard Business School]], and [[NASSCOM]].

==Early life==
Mathews belongs to [[Kizhakkambalam]], a village in [[Ernakulam district]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. He spent his entire childhood there along with his father, mother, two brothers, and a sister. His father was one of the founding managers of the [[Federal Bank]] and mother a home maker.

Mathews did his schooling in St Joseph's School, Kizhakkambalam and attended pre-university at St Peter's College, [[Kolenchery]], Ernakulam. He took his under graduation in Mechanical Engineering from [[Mar Athanasius College of Engineering]], Kothamangalam, Ernakulam. He completed post graduation in [[Aeronautical Engineering]] from [[IIT Kanpur]] and then executive management program from [[Harvard Business School]].

==Career==
Mathews started off his career as a faculty member at the Military College for [[Indian Army]] in 1980, teaching computer science. From 1981 to 1983, he worked as systems analyst with [[Air India]]. From 1983 to 1997, he worked as the General Manager at [[Emirates (airline)|Emirates]]. He founded IBS Software Services in 1997.<ref>A technological entrepreneur - http://www.emergingkeralactb.com/vk.html</ref>

==Honours and awards==
George Thomas Kottukappally Trust Award 2014 for ethical business person in association with Alumni Association St Thomas College Pala
* V C Padmanabhan Memorial Award 2015
*Kerala shree 2024(for trade)
* Management Leadership Award of 2013
* Business Man of the Year Award
* IT Man of the Year Award
* Millennium Leadership Award
* Enterprise Excellence Award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralaitnews.com/436/v-k-mathews-receives-kma-management-leadership-award |title=V K Mathews receives KMA Management Leadership Award |publisher=Kerala IT News |date= |accessdate=2014-01-08}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* Member, IT Advisory Board / Higher Education Council, Government of Kerala.
* Member, Board of Directors, [[Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation]], Government of Kerala<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ksidc.org/board-of-directors.php |title=Board of Directors, KSIDC, Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Ksidc.org |date= |accessdate=2014-01-08 |archive-date=26 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126114233/http://www.ksidc.org/board-of-directors.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Member, Board of Directors, IIITM-K.
* Chairman, TATF.
* Charter member, TiE.
* Chairman, Kerala State Council, [[Confederation of Indian Industry]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cii.in/PressreleasesDetail.aspx?enc=s/x0X9fpQxWDWaQEeKOHyvbOl0MRRQKGhVqWVoqiSND46RaSkxwy7b8+VX1u2LpyyN9pVyG/EVdRAc6sN3PKYuI1zxAucdUyHJU8GNIWDZc= |title=CII |publisher=Cii.in |date= |accessdate=2014-01-08}}</ref>
* Chairman, GTECH<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/03/23/stories/2010032353391900.htm |title=The Hindu Business Line : V.K. Mathews nominated President of GTech |publisher=Thehindubusinessline.in |date=2010-03-23 |accessdate=2014-01-08}}</ref>
* Executive council member, NASSCOM<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasscom.org/executive-council |title=Executive Council |publisher=Nasscom |date= |accessdate=2014-01-08}}</ref>
* Member, Governing Council, [[Technopark, Trivandrum]]
* Member, Kerala State Innovation Council<ref>{{cite news|title=Cabinet approves proposal for legislation to set up State civil service|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-cabinet-approval-for-state-civil-service/article6313239.ece|accessdate=3 September 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref>
* Chairman, [[Calicut FC]]

==Philanthropy ==
Mathews initiated in setting up the Divine Children's Home in Trivandrum for destitute children.<ref>{{cite web|title=Divine home gets a permanent shelter|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/divine-home-gets-a-permanent-shelter/article1399822.ece|website=The Hindu|accessdate=3 September 2014}}</ref> He mobilised US$100,000 from Oakridge National Lab, USA to support this initiative.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathews, Valayalil Korath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the software industry]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Haryana State Commission for Women

2025-10-11T10:54:16Z

Writepedia: post

{{Short description|Statutory body for women's rights, India}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Haryana State Commission for Women
| nativename =
| nativename_r =
| type = Commission
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
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| formed = 1993
| preceding1 =
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| jurisdiction = [[Government of Haryana]]
| headquarters = Haryana State Commission For Women, Bays No. 39-40, CADA Bhawan, Sector-4, Panchkula, Haryana.<ref name="hs ref2">{{cite web |title=Haryana State Commission for Women |url=https://hscw.in/#/ |website=Haryana State Commission for Women |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=25 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225073245/https://hscw.in/#/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| employees =
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| chief1_name = Smt. Renu Bhatiya
| chief1_position = Chairperson
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| footnotes =
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'''Haryana State Commission for Women''' is a [[statutory]] body constituted in the year 1993 to deal with the issues relating to [[Violence against women|crime against women]] in the state of [[Haryana]]. The commission for welfare of women in the state was set up by [[Government of Haryana|Haryana Government]] as a [[Quasi-judicial body|quasi-judicial]] body.

== History and objectives ==

Haryana State Commission for Women was formed to investigate specific problems relating to women and apart from studying women related issues from the state.<ref name="scw ref1">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Swarna |title=Why National and State Women’s Commissions are important and should be held accountable |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-national-and-state-women-s-commissions-are-important-and-should-be-held-accountable-2217939 |access-date=9 January 2022 |publisher=dnaindia.com |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> The commission is equipped with powers to safeguard rights of women and ensure their protection and equality against any form of harassment and issues faced in the family and community.

The commission was created with the following objectives:

* Ensuring protection and welfare of women.
* Handle gender-based issues through timely intervention in case of any violation of relevant laws or opportunity denial or depriving the women of any rights.
* Recommending to state government on women-based issues.
* The commission occasionally takes steps to create awareness in public regarding the women-based legislation in the state.

== Composition ==

Haryana State Commission for Women was formed with a chairperson and maximum 5 members.<ref name="hs ref6">{{cite news |title=Haryana notifies act to constitute women’s commission |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/haryana-notifies-act-to-constitute-womens-commission/article23083618.ece |access-date=11 January 2022 |publisher=thehindubusinessline.com |date=25 October 2012}}</ref> The social welfare department of the state makes modalities for appointing the Chairman of the State Commission for Women.

Smt. Preeti Bhardwaj Dalal is the Chairperson of the Haryana State Commission for Women.<ref name="hs ref3">{{cite news |title=Haryana State Commission for Women's officiating chairperson meets activist Nodeep Kaur at Karnal jail; offers legal aid |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/haryana-state-commission-for-womens-officiating-chairperson-meets-activist-nodeep-kaur-at-karnal-jail-offers-legal-aid-211932 |access-date=11 January 2022 |publisher=tribuneindia |date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111131810/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/haryana-state-commission-for-womens-officiating-chairperson-meets-activist-nodeep-kaur-at-karnal-jail-offers-legal-aid-211932 |url-status=dead }}</ref> She along with other members will hold office for a period of 3 years.

== Activities ==

Haryana State Commission for Women was formed to perform below activities:

* Commission should ensure that it adheres to the provision and protection guaranteed for women under [[Constitution of India]] and women related legislations.
* In case any agency in the state fails to implement protective measures against women, getting the same to the notice of Government.
* Making recommendations for the amendments in any law if it fails on provision of justice to the women of the state.
* Taking up with concerned authorities any issue of violation of women's rights and recommending follow-up action to them.<ref name="hs ref5">{{cite news |title=Haryana State Women Commission Seeks Explanation From Hooda Over Tractor Pulled By Women MLAs |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-haryana-state-women-commission-seeks-explanation-from-hooda-over-tractor-pulled-by-women-mlas-episode/377106 |access-date=11 January 2022 |publisher=outlookindia.com |date=13 March 2021}}</ref>
* Women who have complaints of violation of their rights and non-implementation of their protective measures guaranteed under the Constitution of India can directly approach Women Commission for redressal.
* Counselling and assisting women who are victims of atrocities and discrimination in the state.
* Financing litigation expenses for any issues involving mass group of women and occasionally make reports to the state government relating to them.
* Inspecting any premises, jail or other remand home where women prisoners are lodged or any other case and bringing them to the notice of respective authorities, in case of need.
* Enquire, study and investigate any specific women-based issues.
* Initiate educational research or undertaking any promotional method and recommend ways for ensuring women representation in all areas and identifying reasons depriving them of their rights.<ref name="hs ref4">{{cite news |title=Haryana Women’s Commission to document women achievers of State |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/haryana-women---s-commission-to-document-women-achievers-of-state.html |access-date=11 January 2022 |publisher=dailypioneer.com |date=28 September 2020}}</ref>
* To enquire suo-moto or any complaints of any issue which deprives women of their rights or women protection laws not being implemented or noncompliance of any policies relating to them or failure of following instructions relating to women welfare and relief associated with them.

== Controversies ==

The Haryana State Commission for Women has faced significant controversies that have raised questions about its operational integrity, impartiality, and effectiveness.

=== Inaction in Sexual Assault Case Involving Minor Girls ===
In 2023, the HSCW came under intense criticism for its delayed and inadequate response to a mass sexual assault case involving 142 minor girls in [[Jind district]]. Civil society groups and child rights activists accused the commission of failing to meet victims or their families and of handling the case through bureaucratic correspondence from its Panchkula headquarters rather than conducting field investigations.<ref name="jind-case">{{Cite web |title=Haryana women’s panel faces flak for ‘inaction’ in rape case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/haryana-womens-commission-faces-criticism-for-inaction-in-sexual-assault-case-of-142-minor-girls-in-jind/articleshow/105680881.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2023-11-30 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref> The perceived apathy contributed to a lack of trust among the victims and their families and drew broader criticism regarding the commission’s efficacy in addressing gender-based violence.

=== Handling of Political and High-Profile Cases ===
In 2024, the HSCW issued a suo motu notice to Congress leader Randeep Singh Surjewala over comments allegedly made against BJP MP [[Hema Malini]], deeming them offensive to women’s dignity.<ref name="surjewala">{{Cite web |title=Haryana women’s panel takes cognisance of Surjewala’s ‘indecent’ comment on Hema Malini |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/haryana-women-commission-randeep-surjewala-hema-malini-9251523/ |website=The Indian Express |date=2024-05-29 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref> Surjewala claimed the remarks were distorted and politically weaponized, leading to allegations that the commission was selectively targeting opposition leaders to serve partisan interests.

=== Alleged Extortion and Misuse of Authority ===
Critics accused the commission of functioning as an "extortion racket" in marital disputes.<ref name="extortion1">{{Cite web |title=Haryana women’s panel vice chairperson suspended over bribery charges |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-women-panel-vice-chairperson-suspended-bribery-charges-9771730/ |website=The Indian Express |date=2025-04-22 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref> The controversy deepened in 2025 when Vice-Chairperson Sonia Aggarwal was arrested along with her driver for allegedly accepting a INR 1 lakh bribe to settle a complaint.<ref name="extortion2">{{Cite web |title=Haryana Women’s Commission Vice-Chief Sonia Aggarwal, Her Driver Arrested Over Bribe Charges |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/haryana-women-commission-vice-chief-sonia-aggarwal-her-driver-arrested-over-bribe-charges-7251912 |website=NDTV |date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref> These incidents reinforced public perceptions of corruption and misuse of institutional power within the commission.

=== Misuse of Jurisdiction in Ali Khan Mahmudabad Case ===
In 2025, the HSCW summoned political scientist Ali Khan Mahmudabad, alleging that his social media posts were derogatory toward women in the armed forces and incited communal unrest.<ref name="mahmudabad1">{{Cite web |title=Curious Crusade of Haryana Women Commission’s Renu Bhatia Against Ashoka University Professor |url=https://thewire.in/rights/curious-crusade-of-haryana-women-commission-renu-bhatia-against-ashoka-university-professor-ali-khan-mahmudabad |website=The Wire |date=2025-03-20 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref> Legal experts and academics criticized the move as a jurisdictional overreach and an infringement on academic freedom and freedom of speech. An open letter signed by over 1,600 individuals accused the commission of slandering Mahmudabad and acting outside its legal authority.<ref name="mahmudabad2">{{Cite web |title=Who Is Renu Bhatia, The Woman Behind The Action Against Ashoka University Professor? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-is-renu-bhatia-woman-behind-the-action-against-ashoka-university-professor-ali-khan-mahmudabad-101747724829484.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=2025-03-21 |access-date=2025-05-24}}</ref>

== See also ==

[[National Commission for Women]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://hscw.in/#/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225073245/https://hscw.in/#/ |date=2023-02-25 }}
* [http://ncw.nic.in/important-links/list-state-women-commissions#Haryana Official Website]


[[Category:State agencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Commissions in India]]
[[Category:Women's rights in India]]
[[Category:Women's organisations based in India]]

Shankar–Jaikishan discography

2025-09-29T13:25:27Z

Writepedia: Put Up Basic Article More To Come

{{Short description|none}} 
This is a discography of [[Bollywood]] [[composer]] duo ''[[Shankar–Jaikishan]]'', also known as ''S-J'' in short, consisting of music directors duo '''''Shankar Singh Ram Singh Raghuvanshi''''' and '''''Jaikishan Dayabhai Panchal'''''.

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
|1949||''[[Barsaat (1949 film)|Barsaat]]''||
|-
|rowspan=4| 1951||''[[Awaara|Awara]]''||
|-
|''[[Baadal (1951 film)|Badal]]''||
|-
|''[[Kali Ghata (1951 film)|Kali Ghata]]''||
|-
|''Nagina''||
|-
|rowspan=3| 1952||''[[Daag (1952 film)|Daag]]''||
|-
|''Parbat''||
|-
|''Poonam''||
|-
|rowspan=7| 1953||''Premalekhalu''||''Telugu film''
|-
|''[[Aah (film)|Aah]]''||
|-
|''Aas''||
|-
|''[[Aurat (1953 film)|Aurat]]''||
|-
|''Naya Ghar''||
|-
|''[[Patita (1953 film)|Patita]]''||
|-
|''[[Shikast (1953 film)|Shikast]]''||
|-
|rowspan=4| 1954||''[[Badshah (1954 film)|Badshah]]''||
|-
|''[[Boot Polish (film)|Boot Polish]]''||
|-
|''[[Mayurpankh]]''||
|-
|''Pooja''||
|-
|rowspan=2| 1955||''[[Seema (1955 film)|Seema]]''||
|-
|''[[Shri 420]]''||
|-
|rowspan=7| 1956||''[[Basant Bahar (film)|Basant Bahar]]''||
|-
|''[[Chori Chori (1956 film)|Chori Chori]]''||[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Halaku (film)|Halaku]]''||
|-
|''[[Kismet Ka Khel]]''||
|-
|''[[New Delhi (1956 film)|New Delhi]]''||
|-
|''[[Patrani]]''||
|-
|''[[Raj Hath|Rajhath]]''||
|-
|rowspan=2| 1957||''[[Begunah|Begunaah]]''||
|-
|''[[Kathputli (1957 film)|Kathputli]]''||
|-
|rowspan=2| 1958||''[[Baghi Sipahi (1958 film)|Baaghi Sipaahi]]''||
|-
|''[[Yahudi]]''||Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|rowspan=7| 1959||''[[Anari (1959 film)|Anari]]''||[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Chhoti Bahen]]''||
|-
|''[[Kanhaiya (1959 film)|Kanhaiya]]''||
|-
|''[[Love Marriage (1959 film)|Love Marriage]]''||
|-
|''[[Main Nashe Mein Hoon]]''||
|-
|''[[Shararat (1959 film)|Shararat]]''||
|-
|''[[Ujala (film)|Ujala]]''||
|-
|rowspan=5| 1960||''[[Dil Apna Aur Preet Parai]]''||[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[College Girl (1960 film)|College Girl]]''||
|-
|''[[Ek Phool Char Kaante]]''||
|-
|''[[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai]]''||Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Singapore (1960 film)|Singapore]]''||
|-
|rowspan=7| 1961||''[[Aas Ka Panchhi]]''||
|-
|''[[Boy Friend (1961 film)|Boy Friend]]''||
|-
|''[[Jab Pyar Kisi Se Hota Hai]]''||
|-
|''[[Junglee (1961 film)|Junglee]]''||
|-
|''Krorepati''||
|-
|''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1961 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Sasuraal]]''||
|-
|rowspan=6| 1962||''[[Aashiq (1962 film)|Aashiq]]''||
|-
|''[[Asli-Naqli]]''||
|-
|''[[Dil Tera Diwana (1962 film)|Dil Tera Diwana]]''||
|-
|''[[Hariyali Aur Rasta]] ''||
|-
|''[[Professor (1962 film)|Professor]]''||[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Rungoli]]''||
|-
|rowspan=3|1963||''[[Dil Ek Mandir]]''||Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Ek Dil Sau Afsane]]''||
|-
|''Hamrahi''||
|-
|rowspan=8|1964||''[[Ayee Milan Ki Bela]]''||
|-
|''[[Apne Huye Paraye]]''||
|-
|''[[April Fool (1964 film)|April Fool]]''||
|-
|''Beti Bete''||
|-
|''[[Rajkumar (1964 film)|Rajkumar]]''||
|-
|''[[Sanjh Aur Savera]]''||
|-
|''[[Sangam (1964 Hindi film)|Sangam]]''||Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Zindagi (1964 film)|Zindagi]]''||
|-
|rowspan=3| 1965||''[[Arzoo (1965 film)|Aarzoo]]''||Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Gumnaam]]''||
|-
|''[[Janwar (1965 film)|Jaanwar]]''||
|-
|rowspan=8| 1966||''[[Amrapali (film)|Amrapali]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Budtameez]]''||
|-
|''[[Gaban (1966 film)|Gaban]]''||
|-
|''[[Love In Tokyo]]''||
|-
|''[[Pyar Mohabbat]]''||
|-
|''[[Suraj (1966 film)|Suraj]]''||[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Teesri Kasam]]''||
|-
|''[[Budtameez]]''||
|-
|rowspan=9| 1967||''Aman''||
|-
|''[[An Evening In Paris]]''||
|-
|''[[Around the World (1967 film)|Around The World]]''||
|-
|''Chhoti Si Mulaqat''||
|-
|''[[Diwana (1968 film)|Diwana]]''||Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Gunahon Ka Devta (1967 film)|Gunahon Ka Devta]]''||
|-
|''[[Hare Kanch Ki Chooriyan]]''||
|-
|''Laat Saheb''||
|-
|''[[Raat Aur Din]]''||
|-
|rowspan=8| 1968||''[[Brahmachari (Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]''||[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Duniya (1968 film)|Duniya]]''||
|-
|''[[Jhuk Gaya Aasman]]''||
|-
|''[[Kahin Aur Chal]]''||
|-
|''[[Kanyadaan (1968 film)|Kanyadaan]]''||
|-
|''[[Mere Huzoor]]''||
|-
|''[[Sapno Ka Saudagar]]''||
|-
|''[[Shikar (1968 film)|Shikaar]]''||
|-
|rowspan=10| 1969||''[[Bhai Bahen]]''||
|-
|''[[Chanda Aur Bijli]]''||
|-
|''[[Jahan Pyar Mile]]''||
|-
|''[[Prince (1969 film)|Prince]]''||
|-
|''[[Pyar Hi Pyar]]''||
|-
|''[[Sachaai]]''||
|-
|''Shatranj''||
|-
|''[[The Gold Medal (film)|The Gold Medal]]''||
|-
|''[[Tumse Achha Kaun Hai (1969 film)|Tumse Achha Kaun Hai]]''||
|-
|''[[Yakeen (1969 film)|Yakeen]]''||
|-
|rowspan=7| 1970||''[[Bhai-Bhai (1970 film)|Bhai-Bhai]]''||
|-
| ''[[Dharti (1970 film)|Dharti]]''||
|-
| ''[[Mera Naam Joker]]''||[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Pagla Kahin Ka]]''||
|-
| ''[[Pehchan (1970 film)|Pehchaan]]''||[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| ''[[Tum Haseen Main Jawan]]''||
|-
| ''Umang''||
|-
|rowspan=18| 1971||''[[Albela (1971 film)|Albela]]''||
|-
|''[[Andaz (1971 film)|Andaz]]''||Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Balidaan (1971 film)|Balidaan]]''||
|-
|''[[Duniya Kya Jaane]]''||
|-
|''[[Ek Nari Ek Brahmachari]]''||
|-
|''[[Elaan (1971 film)|Elaan]]''||
|-
|''[[Jaane-Anjaane]]''||
|-
|''[[Jawan Mohabbat]]''||
|-
|''[[Jeevitha Chakram]]''||Telugu Film
|-
|''[[Jwala (1971 film)|Jwala]]''||Delayed release
|-
|''[[Kal Aaj Aur Kal]]''||
|-
|''[[Lal Patthar]]''||
|-
|''[[Main Sunder Hoon]]''||
|-
|''[[Nadaan (1971 film)|Nadaan]]''||
|-
|''[[Parde Ke Peechey]]''||
|-
|''[[Patanga (1971 film)|Patanga]]''||
|-
|''[[Preetam]]''||
|-
|''[[Seema (1971 film)|Seema]]''||
|-
|rowspan=9| 1972||''[[Aan Baan (1972 film)|Aan Baan]]''||
|-
|''[[Aankh Micholi]]''||
|-
|''[[Aankhon Aankhon Mein]]''||
|-
|''[[Bandagi]]''||
|-
|''[[Be-Imaan]]''||[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Dil Daulat Duniya]]''||
|-
|''[[Jangal Mein Mangal]]''||
|-
|''[[Rivaaj]]''||
|-
|''[[Yaar Mera]]''||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1973||''[[Aaj Ki Taaza Khabar]]''||
|-
|''[[Daaman Aur Aag]]''||
|-
|''[[Door Nahin Manzil]]''||
|-
|''[[Naina (1973 film)|Naina]]''||
|-
|''[[Pyaar Ka Rishta]]''||
|-
|rowspan=7| 1974||''Archana''||
|-
|''[[Chhote Sarkar (1974 film)|Chhote Sarkaar]]''||
|-
|''[[Insaaniyat]]''||
|-
|''[[International Crook]]''||
|-
|''[[Resham Ki Dori]]''||Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|''[[Tarzan Goes to India|Tarzan Mera Sathi]]'' || An enterprising producer did a mix and match of scenes from the English movie (featuring Feroz Khan and Simi) with newly shot scenes and other Indian actors and included a few songs by Shankar Jaikishan
|-
|''Vachan''||
|-
|rowspan=4| 1975||''[[Do Jhoot]]''||
|-
|''Neelima''||
|-
|''[[Saazish (1975 film)|Saazish]]''||
|-
|''[[Sanyasi (1975 film)|Sanyasi]]''||Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
|rowspan=3| 1977||''[[Dhoop Chhaon (1977 film)|Dhoop Chhaon]]''||
|-
|''[[Duniyadari]]''||
|-
|''[[Mera Vachan Geeta Ki Qasam]]''||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1979||''Atmaram''||
|-
|''Bombay Talkies''||
|-
|1980||''Garam Khoon''||
|-
|rowspan=2| 1981||''Mehfil''||
|-
|''Naari''||
|-
|rowspan=2| 1982||''Chorni''||
|-
|''Eent Ka Jawab Patthar''||
|-
|rowspan=2| 1984||''Aakhri Sangram''||
|-
|''Papi Pet Ka Sawal Hai''||
|-
|rowspan=2| 1986||''Inteqam Ki Aag''||
|-
| ''[[Krishna-Krishna]]'' ||Kanch ki Deewar
|-
|1992||''[[Gori (film)|Gori]]'' || Delayed Release
Love in Bombay
|-
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=1129308|name=Shankar}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1090097|name=Jaikishan}}

[[Category:Discographies of Indian artists]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]

Royal bengal tiger

2025-09-18T09:00:21Z

Writepedia:

#REDIRECT [[Bengal tiger]]

Singapore Tamils

2025-09-14T10:13:33Z

Writepedia: new post

{{Short description|Migrant group from the Indian subcontinent}}

[[File:Music at Sri Mariamman Temple Singapore (2025) (screenshot).jpg|thumb|Two gentlemen performing [[Kirtan]] using a [[Nadaswaram]] and a [[Thavil]] at [[Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore|Sri Mariamman Temple]], a prominent Tamil Hindu temple in Singapore.]]

{{Tamils}}

'''Singapore Tamils'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Pure Tamil promoted in China radio station|url=https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/pure-tamil-promoted-china-radio-station|website=AsiaOne|access-date=2016-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223183652/http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/pure-tamil-promoted-china-radio-station|archive-date=2016-12-23|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ramaswamy|first1=Vijaya|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=Singapore+tamils&pg=PA260|publisher=Scarecrow Press|language=en|date=22 May 2007|isbn=9780810864450}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rahil|first1=Siti|title=Singapore Tamils see worrying sign|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2008/10/02/national/singapore-tamils-see-worrying-sign/|newspaper=The Japan Times Online|date=2 October 2008}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=December 2016|reason=The entire source uses the term Singapore Tamil only in the title. However in the article it refers only to Indians in Singapore}} who majorly came from the [[South India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the [[union territory]] [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] and some people are also from [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singapore|first1=National Library Board|title=Tamil community {{!}} Infopedia|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2013-08-12_114422.html|website=eresources.nlb.gov.sg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=When Singapore Tamils visit India, they don't "go home", they leave their home.|url=http://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2016/08/04/when-singapore-tamils-visit-india-they-dont-go-home-they-leave-their-home/|website=The Online Citizen|date=4 August 2016}}</ref>{{Self-published source|date=December 2016}} Singapore has emerged as the most preferred destination among migrants from Tamil Nadu. A study has revealed that 410,000 of the 2.2 million [[Tamil Nadu diaspora]] were residing in Singapore in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Singapore most preferred destination of Tamil diaspora, study finds - Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/other-news/Singapore-most-preferred-by-Tamil-diaspora-Study/articleshow/51528007.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Status==

[[Tamil language|Tamil]] is one of the four official [[languages of Singapore]].<ref>Singapore, R. o. (1999). Constitution of the Republic of Singapore. Retrieved 10 1, 2010, from Singapore Statutes Online: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_retrieve.pl?&actno=Reved-CONST&date=latest&method=part</ref> Tamil is taught as a second language in most government schools from primary to junior college levels. Tamil is an examinable subject at all major nationwide exams. There is a daily Tamil newspaper printed in Singapore, ''[[Tamil Murasu]]''. There is a full-time radio station, ''[[Oli 96.8FM]]'', and a full-fledged television channel, ''[[Vasantham (TV channel)|Vasantham]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Seah|first=May|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/384243/1/.html|title=Two new free-to-air channels launch in Singapore|publisher=channelnewsasia.com|date=21 October 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021172603/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/384243/1/.html|archive-date=21 October 2008}}</ref>{{Failed verification|reason=Discusses Indian exclusively, and does not specify Tamil only. May be predominantly Tamil, but also airs programmes in other Indian languages.|date=May 2018}}

==Little India==

[[Little India, Singapore]] is an ethnic place of Indians located in the east of Singapore and mostly follows the Tamil cultural heritage system.{{Vague|date=April 2025}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Tamils|Singapore}}
*[[Indian Singaporeans]]
*[[Tamil diaspora]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tamil diaspora}}
{{Indian diaspora}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Singapore]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Singapore| ]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Singapore| ]]

Mamalakandam

2025-01-24T17:46:44Z

Writepedia: starting info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mamalakandam
| other_name =
| nickname = Mamala
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1200
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686681
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0485
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mamalakandam''' is a village located around 32 km from [[Kothamangalam, Kerala|Kothamangalam taluk]] in [[Ernakulam district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A trip to discover 'kannadippaya' of Mamalakandam |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/videos/travel/kerala/2023/01/27/one-day-trip-mamalakandam-appooppanthadi.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Offbeat, off-grid: Emerging getaway destinations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/dec/30/offbeat-off-grid-emerging-getaway-destinations-2532980.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It is located with an average elevation of 500 meters above sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഇത് ഇടുക്കിയിലെ അറിയപ്പെടാത്ത പഞ്ചരത്‌നങ്ങൾ; കാണാതെ പോകരുത് ഇൗ സ്ഥലങ്ങൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/travel/travel-kerala/2021/03/15/hidden-gem-attraction-in-idukki.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=സ്വന്തമായി വെള്ളച്ചാട്ടമുള്ള, നാലുവശവും മലകളാൽ ചുറ്റപ്പെട്ട ഒരു സ്‌കൂൾ; സഞ്ചാരികളുടെ പ്രവാഹം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/news/mamalakandam-school-ghs-mamalakandam-tourist-destination-1.8264744 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> The village became a known tourist attraction in Kothamangalam Taluk, after some vloggers posted the village's government high school photo in social media, that has the Elampassery waterfall in the backdrop.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bamboo rice payasam & elephant calls |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/jul/29/bamboo-rice-payasam-elephant-calls-2481666.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Ernakulam district}}

[[Category:Villages in Ernakulam district]]

{{kerala-stub}}

Borigaon

2024-07-08T18:47:28Z

Writepedia: started new data!

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Borigaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.1253714|N|72.7776873|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Talasari]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 26
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 940
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551557
| footnotes =
}}
'''Borigaon''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Talasari]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf# |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Borigaon has 213 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 57.16%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 940 || 423 || 517
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 158 || 86 || 72
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 905 || 403 || 502
|-
| Literates || 447 || 248 || 199
|-
| Workers (all) || 438 || 187 || 251
|-
| Main workers (total) || 434 || 186 || 248
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 34 || 25 || 9
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 326 || 118 || 208
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 5 || 4 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Other || 69 || 39 || 30
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 4 || 1 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Non-workers || 502 || 236 || 266
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Talasari taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Talasari taluka]]

Yedyadi-Mathyadi

2024-05-31T06:05:39Z

Writepedia: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Kundapur]]

{{R cat shell|
{{R from related topic}}
}}

Bluff Island (Andaman Islands)

2024-01-12T22:40:36Z

Writepedia: started new data

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Bluff Island
| native_name =
| native_name_link =
| native_name_lang =
| sobriquet =
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| map_alt =
| map_width =
| map = India Andaman and Nicobar Islands
| map_caption = Location of Bluff Island
| coordinates = {{coord|12.247|N|92.698|E|region:IN-AN_type:isle_dim:50000_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology =
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| archipelago = [[Andaman Islands]]
| waterbody = [[Indian Ocean]]
| area_km2 = 0.21
| area_footnotes = <ref name="cit">{{cite web|url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|title=Islandwise Area and Population - 2011 Census|publisher=Government of Andaman|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015509/http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf|archive-date=28 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rank =
| length_km = 0.8
| width_km = 0.4
| coastline_km = 2.27
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| highest_mount =
| country = {{flag|India}}
| country_admin_divisions_title = [[List of districts in India#Andaman and Nicobar (AN)|District]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 = [[Island group]]
| country_admin_divisions_1 = [[Andaman Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 = Island sub-group
| country_admin_divisions_2 = [[West Baratang Group]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_3 = [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]]
| country_admin_divisions_3 = [[Rangat|Rangat Taluk]]
| population = 0
| population_as_of = 2016
| population_footnotes =
| population_rank =
| population_rank_max =
| density_km2 =
| density_rank =
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 744202<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |title=A&N Islands - Pincodes |date=22 September 2016 |accessdate=22 September 2016 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323224041/http://www.india-codes.com/pincodes/a-n-islands-pin-code |archivedate=23 March 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 031927 <ref name="allcodesindia">{{cite web|url=http://allcodesindia.in/stdcode/andaman+and+nicobar.php |publisher=allcodesindia.in|title=STD Codes of Andaman and Nicobar|accessdate=2016-09-23}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.and.nic.in/}}
| iso_code_type = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|ISO code]]
| iso_code = IN-AN-00<ref>Registration Plate Numbers added to ISO Code</ref>
|additional_info = {{Infobox|child=yes
| label2 = Literacy | data2 = 84.4%
| label3 = Avg. summer temperature| data3 ={{convert|30.2|°C|°F}}
| label4 = Avg. winter temperature| data4 ={{convert|23.0|°C|°F}}
| label5 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]| data5 =1.2[[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| label7 = Census Code| data7 = 35.639.0004
| label8 = Official Languages| data8 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
}}
}}
'''Bluff Island''' is an island of the [[Andaman Islands]]. It belongs to the [[North and Middle Andaman district|North and Middle Andaman]] administrative [[Districts of India|district]], part of the [[India]]n [[union territory]] of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-VillageDirectory/Directory/short_code_rural_35.pdf|title=Village Code Directory: Andaman & Nicobar Islands|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=2011-01-16}}</ref> The island lies {{convert|64|km|0|abbr=on}} north from [[Port Blair]].

==Geography==
The island belongs to the [[West Baratang Group]] and lies south of [[Spike Island, Andaman Islands|Spike Island]]. The island is separated from [[South Andaman]] to the south by narrow channel, 500 [[metre|m]] wide. It is 30 metres high to the tops of the trees.<ref>{{cite enroute|173|2017|276}}</ref>

==Administration==
Politically, Bluff Island, along neighboring [[Baratang Island]]s, is part of [[Rangat]] [[Tehsils of India|Taluk]].<ref name="and">{{cite web |url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |publisher=andssw1.and.nic.in |title=DEMOGRAPHIC – A&N ISLANDS |accessdate=2016-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828015509/http://andssw1.and.nic.in/ecostat/basicstatPDF2013_14/1.Demogrpahy.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
The island was previously inhabited.
In 1949, the few surviving [[Great Andamanese people]] were relocated to this island to protect them from diseases and other threats.<ref name="mann"/> On this island their population reached the all-time low of 19 individuals in 1961. In 1969 they were relocated to the slightly larger [[Strait Island]].<ref name="mann">Rann Singh Mann (2005), [https://books.google.com/books?id=FPX6wiuZ3ikC&pg=PA149 Andaman and Nicobar Tribes Restudied: Encounters and Concerns], page 149. Mittal Publications. {{ISBN|81-8324-010-0}}</ref>

==Fauna==
Bluff Island and the surrounding waters are a wildlife sanctuary of India, initiated in 1987 as a nature preserve.<ref name="parks"/> with an area of 1.14 km2.<ref name="parks">Wildlife Institute of India (2000), ''[http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_andaman.htm Andaman and Nicobar Islands] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20030825040128/http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_andaman.htm# |date=25 August 2003 }}'' section of ''[http://www2.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/ Directory of Wildlife Protected Areas in India]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. Accessed on 2012-07-12.</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Portal|India|Islands}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050728121303/http://www.gsi.gov.in/mudvol.htm Geological Survey of India]
*{{wikivoyage-inline|Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}
{{North and Middle Andaman district |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bluff Island}}

[[Category:Islands of North and Middle Andaman district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]
[[Category:Islands of the Bay of Bengal]]

{{AndamanNicobar-geo-stub}}

Vijayapuram Village Panchayat

2023-11-13T09:50:45Z

Writepedia: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Vijayapuram Gram Panchayat]]

Joy Vazhayil

2023-04-02T03:51:30Z

Writepedia: minor cleanup

#REDIRECT [[V. P. Joy]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

2019 Chennai Open Challenger

2023-02-08T23:52:00Z

Writepedia:

{{TennisEventInfo|2019|Chennai Open Challenger|
| date=4–10 February
| edition=2nd
| draw =48S / 16D
| surface=[[Hardcourt|Hard]]
| location=[[Chennai]], India
| champs={{flagicon|FRA}} [[Corentin Moutet]]
| champd={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Gianluca Mager]] / {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Andrea Pellegrino]]
| after_year=2023
}}

The '''2019 [[Chennai Open Challenger]]''' was a professional [[tennis]] tournament played on [[hardcourt|hard courts]]. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the [[2019 ATP Challenger Tour]]. It took place in [[Chennai]], India between 4 and 10 February 2019.

==Singles main-draw entrants==
===Seeds===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="70"| Country
! width="175"| Player
! Rank1
! Seed
|-
|{{flag|IND}}
|[[Prajnesh Gunneswaran]]
|102
|1
|-
|{{flag|FRA}}
|[[Corentin Moutet]]
|143
|2
|-
|{{flag|EGY}}
|[[Mohamed Safwat]]
|200
|3
|-
|{{flag|ITA}}
|[[Gianluca Mager]]
|224
|4
|-
|{{flag|ESP}}
|[[Alejandro Davidovich Fokina]]
|235
|5
|-
|{{flag|KOR}}
|[[Kwon Soon-woo]]
|236
|6
|-
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[James Duckworth (tennis)|James Duckworth]]
|239
|7
|-
|{{flag|KOR}}
|[[Lee Duck-hee]]
|241
|8
|-
|{{flag|POR}}
|[[Gastão Elias]]
|246
|9
|-
|{{flag|ESP}}
|[[Nicola Kuhn]]
|248
|10
|-
|{{flag|IND}}
|[[Saketh Myneni]]
|260
|11
|-
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[Maverick Banes]]
|265
|12
|-
|{{flag|DOM}}
|[[José Hernández-Fernández]]
|273
|13
|-
|{{flag|LTU}}
|[[Laurynas Grigelis]]
|281
|14
|-
|{{flag|TPE}}
|[[Yang Tsung-hua]]
|283
|15
|-
|{{flag|IND}}
|[[Sasikumar Mukund]]
|292
|16
|}
* 1 Rankings are as of 28 January 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/rankings/singles|title=Rankings – Singles – ATP Tour – Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref>

===Other entrants===
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* {{flagicon|VIE}} [[Lý Hoàng Nam]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Abhinav Sanjeev Shanmugam
* {{flagicon|IND}} Manish Sureshkumar
* {{flagicon|IND}} Siddharth Vishwakarma

The following players received entry into the singles main draw using protected rankings:
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Daniel Altmaier]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Daniel Nguyen]]

The following player received entry into the singles main draw as an alternate:
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Ivan Gakhov]]

The following players received entry into the singles main draw using their ITF World Tennis Ranking:
* {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Moez Echargui]]
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Ivan Nedelko]]
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[David Pérez Sanz]]
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Evgenii Tiurnev]]

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kaito Uesugi]]
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Alexander Zhurbin (tennis)|Alexander Zhurbin]]

==Champions==
===Singles===
{{main|2019 Chennai Open Challenger – Singles}}
*{{flagicon|FRA}} '''[[Corentin Moutet]]''' def. {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Andrew Harris (tennis)|Andrew Harris]] 6–3, 6–3.

===Doubles===
{{main|2019 Chennai Open Challenger – Doubles}}
*{{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Gianluca Mager]]''' / {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Andrea Pellegrino]]''' def. {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Matt Reid (tennis)|Matt Reid]] / {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Luke Saville]] 6–4, 7–6(9–7).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2019 ATP Challenger Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chennai Open Challenger, 2019}}
[[Category:2019 ATP Challenger Tour]]
[[Category:2019 in Indian tennis]]
[[Category:February 2019 sports events in India]]

Amalhara

2022-12-30T21:56:05Z

Writepedia: update

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amalhara
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.4243|N|87.8933|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 4.52
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14,261
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721134 (Amalhara)
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03228
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Panskura Purba (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Panskura Purba]]
| website = {{URL|purbamedinipur.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Amalhara''' is a [[census town]] in [[Kolaghat (community development block)|Kolaghat]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Tamluk subdivision]] of [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=320| height=350| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|22|17|0|N|87|47|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in Tamluk subdivision of Purba Medinipur district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|18|0|N|87|55|12|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Tamluk | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Tamluk]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|24|35|N|87|42|0|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Panskura| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Panskura]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|26|5|N|87|52|12|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Kolaghat | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Kolaghat]] (CT)|shape-color3=#C40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|25|20|N|87|53|35|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Amalhara | numbered4=CT| mark-title4= Amalhara (CT)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|26|20|N|87|50|37|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Mihitikri | numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Mihitikri]] (CT)|shape-color5=#C40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|25|20|N|87|51|4|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Kharisha | numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Kharisha]] (CT)|shape-color6=#C40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|24|30|N|87|52|42|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Kakdihi | numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Kakdihi]] (CT)|shape-color7=#C40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|23|40|N|87|52|7|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8=Shantipur | numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Shantipur, Purba Medinipur]] (CT)|shape-color8=#C40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|19|30|N|87|48|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9=Anantapur | numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Anantapur, Purba Medinipur]] (CT)|shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|19|12|N|87|49|48|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Dakshin Baguan | numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Dakshin Baguan]] (CT)|shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|14|57|N|87|47|43|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11=Goasafat | numbered11=CT| mark-title11= [[Goasafat]] (CT)|shape-color11=#C40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|7|30|N|87|48|43|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12=Kotbar | numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Kotbar]] (CT)|shape-color12=#C40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|5|10|N|87|52|19|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Erashal | numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Erashal]] (CT)|shape-color13=#C40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|22|45|N|87|52|41|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Chatara| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Chatara]] (R)|shape-color14=#C40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|28|5|N|87|41|14|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Shyamsundarpur Patna| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Shyamsundarpur Patna]] (R)|shape-color15=#C40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|25|28|N|87|44|21|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Uttar Mechogram| numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Uttar Mechogram]] (R)|shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|21|38|N|87|53|30|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Janu Basan| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Janu Basan]] (R)|shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|14|0|N|87|47|0|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Moyna| numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Moyna, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|11|19|N|87|55|8|E}} | label-pos19=left|label19= Nandakumar| numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Nandakumar, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|5|31|N|87|51|22|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Chandipur| numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Chandipur, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|16|42|N|87|54|11|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Chak Srikrishnapur| numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Chak Srikrishnapur]] (R)|shape-color21=#B40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|10|30|N|87|53|47|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Bhabanipur| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bhabanipur, Purba Medinipur]] (R)|shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|22.3923|N|87.9426|E}}| label23=Rupnarayan| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=80| label-pos23=right| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|27|5|N|87|44|10|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Dakshin Maynadal| numbered24=H| mark-title24= [[Dakshin Maynadal]] (H)| shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|26|15|N|87|44|49|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Purbba Gopalpur| numbered25=H| mark-title25= [[Purbba Gopalpur]] (H)| shape-color25=#AA6666}}

===Location===
Amalhara is located at {{coord|22.4243|N|87.8933|E|display=inline}}.
It is on the right bank of the [[Rupnarayan River]].<ref name="google">Google maps</ref>

===Urbanisation===
94.08% of the population of Tamluk subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 5.92% of the population live in the urban areas, and that is the second lowest proportion of urban population amongst the four subdivisions in Purba Medinipur district, just above Egra subdivision.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 20 April 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Amalhara had a total population of 14,261 of which 7,444 (52%) were males and 6,817 (48%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,614. The total number of literates in Amalhara was 10,659 (85.86% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = 2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables | work= West Bengal – District-wise |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 2 April 2019 }}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
As per the District Census Handbook 2011, Amalhara covered an area of 4.52 km2. It had the facility of both a railway station and bus route at [[Kolaghat]] 1 km away. Amongst the civic amenities it had 45 road lighting points and 2,900 domestic electric connections. Amongst the medical facilities it had a hospital 20 km away, a dispensary/ health centre 6 km away, a maternity home 20 km away and 6 medicine shops in the town. Amongst the educational facilities It had were 7 primary schools, 2 middle schools and 1 secondary school in the town. The nearest senior secondary school was at Kolaghat 2 km away and the nearest degree college at [[Bagnan]] 20 km away. Most of the recreational and cultural facilities were there at Kolaghat/ [[Mecheda]] 2–3 km away.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook Purba Medinipur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Statement I: Growth History, Pages 1207-1209; Statement II: Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, Page 1210; Statement III: Civic and other Amenities, Pages 1211-1212; Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 1212-1213; Section: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, Pages 1213-1215 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 7 April 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Amalhara is on the Tamluk-Kolaghat Road.<ref name="google"/>

==Education==
[[Rabindra Bharati Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Kolaghat]] located nearby in 2010. It is affiliated with [[Vidyasagar University]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rabindrabharaticollege.org/about | title = Rabindra Bharati Mahavidyalaya | publisher = RBM |accessdate = 30 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Medinipur District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Purba Medinipur district]]

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