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Kacheri Aarambam

2026-05-06T07:19:53Z

Wmltusa: New initial info first draft

{{More plot|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Kacheri Aarambam.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Thiraivannan
| producer = [[R. B. Choudary]]
| writer = Thiraivannan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Jiiva]]|[[Poonam Bajwa]]}}
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = [[Vaidy S.]]
| editing = Jaishankar
| studio = [[Super Good Films]]
| distributor = Mayoorshan Yogaratnam
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|03|19}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Kacheri Aarambam''''' ({{translation|The [[Katcheri|Concert]] Begins}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] written and directed by Thiraivannan in his debut, and produced by [[R. B. Choudary]]. The film stars [[Jiiva]] and [[Poonam Bajwa]], while [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] and [[Vadivelu]] play supporting roles. The music was composed by [[D. Imman]] with cinematography by [[Vaidy S.|Vaidy S]] and editing by Jaishankar. The film was released on 19 March 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2010 |title=Friday Fury- March 19 |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14935688 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322191452/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14935688 |archive-date=2010-03-22 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=19 March 2010 |title=It's concert time folks! |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/03/19/stories/2010031950600100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325072216/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/03/19/stories/2010031950600100.htm |archive-date=2010-03-25 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film starts with a flashback as Paari is on a train looking back at everything that occurred. The beginning introduces a remote village in [[Ramanathapuram]] and shows the main character, Paari. Paari is a do-gooder helping everyone in need. A magnanimous man, he gives anything and everything to others if they ask for it. For example, at a wedding, he gives his bike to the groom, when the latter does not get one from the bride's father as a dowry. He also gives a group of homeless people 0.1 million rupees from a bank loan which his father Vasu had asked for. Promising his father to earn more, Paari sets out to Chennai but faces many challenges. He meets a young girl Madhi and falls in love with her but some goons also cause trouble for Paari. Meanwhile, Sivamani, the dreaded but sophisticated crime boss of the city, is getting ready to marry Madhi. When the two stories meet, chaos ensues. It is up to Paari and Sivamani to sort it out.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Jiiva]] as Paari
* [[Poonam Bajwa]] as Madhi (Voice Dubbed By Renuka Kathir)
* [[J. D. Chakravarthy]] as Royapuram Sivamani
* [[Vadivelu]] as Deepavali
* [[Sivaranjini]] as Paari's mother
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as Vasu, Paari's father
* [[Kadhal Dhandapani]] as Maasilamani
* [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] as Madhi's friend
* [[Ansiba Hassan]] as Sumati
* [[Karate Raja]] as Varadhan
* [[Bharathi Kannan]] as Kerala Astrologer
* [[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]] as Deepavali's laborer
* [[Crane Manohar]] as Deepavali's laborer
* Thiraivannan ([[cameo appearance]])
* [[Nisha Kothari]] in an [[item number]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[D. Imman]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=5 January 2010 |title=Music review: Kacheri Aarambam (Tamil – D.Imman) |url=https://milliblog.com/2010/01/05/music-review-kacheri-aarambam-tamil-d-imman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713205426/https://milliblog.com/2010/01/05/music-review-kacheri-aarambam-tamil-d-imman/ |archive-date=13 July 2025 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kacheri Aarambam (2010) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil-hi/movie/kacheri-aarambam-songs-T0002064 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260312042506/https://www.raaga.com/tamil-hi/movie/kacheri-aarambam-songs-T0002064 |archive-date=12 March 2026 |access-date=2 October 2025 |website=[[Raaga.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Azhagu Azhagu
| extra1 = [[Bela Shende]]
| lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| length1 = 1:44
| title2 = Kadavule Kadavule
| extra2 = [[Palash Sen]]
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]
| length2 = 5:03
| title3 = Kacheri Kacheri
| extra3 = [[Mukesh Mohamed]], [[Madhushree]]
| lyrics3 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Vaada Vaada
| extra4 = [[Anitha Karthikeyan]], M. L. R. Karthikeyan, Watta Bottles
| lyrics4 = Thiraivannan
| length4 = 5:13
| title5 = Vithai Vithai
| extra5 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar
| length5 = 4:47
| title6 = Kadavule A Rock Start
| extra6 = [[D. Imman]], [[Maria Roe Vincent]], V. P. Arun
| lyrics6 = Na. Muthukumar
| length6 = 4:18
| total_length = 25:45
}}

== Critical reception ==
''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote, "Of logic, rationale or sincere story-telling, there's no evidence as the team informs you frankly, at the beginning. So give your brains a rest, and enjoy this typical ''masala'' entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=19 March 2010 |title=Kacheri Arambam is a silly entertainer |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review-kacheri-arambam/20100319.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251002033805/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review-kacheri-arambam/20100319.htm |archive-date=2 October 2025 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "Debutant director Thiraivannan shows ample evidence that he can’t make a commercial entertainer without sacrificing sense or logic. ''Kacheri Aarambam'' is a barely acceptable only if you are willing to make a Faustian bargain, i.e., give logic the slip".<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2010 |title=Barely Acceptable: Kacheri Aarambam |url=https://www.siliconeer.com/past_issues/2010/april-2010/apr10-tamil-film-review-Kacheri-Aarambam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414012708/http://www.siliconeer.com/past_issues/2010/april-2010/apr10-tamil-film-review-Kacheri-Aarambam.html |archive-date=14 April 2015 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=Chennai Online |via=Siliconeer}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "The concert begins, so says its title. But this ‘Kacheri...’ is outrageously off-key. More so it does not soothe or entertain".<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2010 |title=Kacheri Aarambam |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/58975/kacheri-aarambam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629165057/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/58975/kacheri-aarambam.html |archive-date=29 June 2018 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] wrote, "Debutant director Thiraivannan seems to be content with a cliched story and, hence, takes no strain to tell us anything new or novel".<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 March 2010 |title='Kacheri Aarambam' is a typical commercial potboiler (Tamil Movie Review) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kacheri-aarambam-is-a-typical-commercial-potboiler-tamil-movie-review-news-national-kdvsObdbdjbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093858/http://www.sify.com/movies/kacheri-aarambam-is-a-typical-commercial-potboiler-tamil-movie-review-news-national-kdvsObdbdjbsi.html |archive-date=2018-08-21 |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2010 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 masala films]]
[[Category:2010 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by D. Imman]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Super Good Films films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Era Natarasan

2026-05-04T00:23:59Z

Wmltusa: Added new article - done

{{short description|Educationalist , School Principal , Writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Era Natarasan
| image = Era natarasan.jpg
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1964|12|08}}
| birth_place = [[Lalgudi]], [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = {{unbulletedlist|[[Jamal Mohamed College]] (1982–85)
| [[Annamalai University]] (1990–92)
| Alagappa University (2004)
}}
| occupation = Children's writer
| title = Headmaster of the Krishnasamy Memorial Matric Higher Secondary School
| awards = {{unbulletedlist|[[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2014)
| [[Dr. Radhakrishnan]] Award (2008)
}}
| website = {{URL|eranatarasan.com}}
| signature = Natarasan Signature.jpg
| honorific-suffix = 
}}

'''Era Natarasan''' (born 8 December 1964), popularly known as '''Ayesha Natarasan''', is an Indian writer of children's books.<ref name="Metroplus'Insulting the Child isn't education">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/%E2%80%98Insulting-the-child-isn%E2%80%99t-education%E2%80%99/article14620119.ece | title='Insulting the Child isn't education' | newspaper=The Hindu | date=2 September 2016| first=Nahla | last=Nainar | access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref> He writes in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and English. He is the author of Ayisha (in English) / ''Ayesha'' (a Novella) that has sold millions of copies in 12 languages.<ref name="Ayesha Natarasan">{{cite web | url= http://goodreads.com/book/show/5055097-ayeesha | title= Ayesha Natarasan | publisher= Barathi Puthakalayam, India |year=1999}}</ref><ref name="Ayesha-English">{{cite web | url= http://www.arvindguptatoys.com/arvindgupta/ayeesha_english.pdf| title= Ayesha-English | publisher= A foreword written by author ERA. NATARAJAN, India |year=1999 }}</ref><ref name="Ayesha -Tamil">{{cite web | url= http://www.slideshare.net/Tamizhmuhil/ayeesha-tamil| title= Ayesha -Tamil | publisher= A foreword written by author ERA. NATARAJAN, India |year=1999}}</ref> He has written more than 150 books most of them on science and Science Fiction including Vigyana vikramadhithyan kadhaigal which won the "Bal Sahitya Puraskar Award" for Children Literature, awarded by [[Sahitya Academy]].<ref name=" Bal Sahithya Akademi winner dedicates award to book-loving children ">{{cite web | url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/bal-sahitya-akademi-winner-dedicates-award-to-bookloving-children/article6349363.ece| title= Bal Sahithya Akademi winner dedicates award to book-loving children | work= The Hindu |year=2014| access-date= 25 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=" Bal Sahitya Puraskar ">{{cite web| url= http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp| title= Bal Sahitya Puraskar Award| publisher= Sahitya Academy, Government of India|year= 2015| access-date= 24 January 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150630000355/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp| archive-date= 30 June 2015| url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Life and career==

He is the Principal (Head master) of the Krishnasamy Memorial Matric Higher Secondary School, in the coastal town of [[Cuddalore]] near [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], India.<ref name="Krishnasamy Memorial Matric Higher Secondary school">{{cite web | url= http://www.krishnasamyschoolcud.com/ | title= Krishnasamy Memorial Matric Higher Secondary school | publisher= Cuddalore, India | year= 1999 | access-date= 10 March 2017 | archive-date= 19 December 2019 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191219033856/https://krishnasamyschoolcud.com/ | url-status= dead }}</ref>

Natarasan started his writing career as a poet in the Tamil weekly [[Ananda Vikatan]] in 1982 latter got interested to write short- stories Science and Science fiction for children so for he has written 83 books (72 in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and 11 in English).<ref name="'Ayisha' Natarasan's speech at Sakthi Vikatan's Camp">{{cite web | url=http://vikatan.com/news/article.php?aid=6493| title= 'Ayisha' Natarasan's speech at Sakthi Vikatan's Camp| publisher=Vikatan |year=2012}}</ref> The ''Vigyana Vikramadhithyan Kadhaikal''(2009) has in itself the history of the medical inventions such as, polio vaccine, insulin, and malaria vaccine, which received the ''Bala Sahitya Puraskar'' the ''Annual [[Sahitya Academy Award]]'' for [[children literature]] in 2014.<ref name="Bal Sahithya Akademi winner dedicates award to book-loving children" />

His recent work for teachers ''Idhu yarudaya vagupparai'' (''Whose Classroom Is It?'')<ref name=" Ithu Yarudaya Vagupparai">{{cite web | url= http://www.udumalai.com/ithu-yarudaya-vagupparai.htm | title= Ithu Yarudaya Vagupparai | publisher= books for children, India |year=2013 }}</ref> has received the Tamil Valarchithurai Virudhu in 2015, the award he has already received in 2001 for his book on Mathematics ''Kanidhathin kadhai''.<ref name=" Kanidhathin kadhai">{{cite web | url= http://www.marinabooks.com/detailed?id=2%204827 | title= Kanidhathin kadhai| publisher= [[Bharathi Puthakalayam]], India |year=2001}}</ref> Natarasan has brought a series (10 books) in English under the title ''[[Scientific Revolution]]'' on ten of the most notable scientists such as [[Galileo Galilei]], [[Gregor Mendel]], [[Marie Curie]], and [[Albert Einstein]]. He is the writer and editor of ''The Puthagam Pesudhu'' – a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] monthly for books.<ref name=" writer, editor of The Puthagam Pesudhu">{{cite web | url= https://www.flickr.com/photos/72794135@N06/9554984854| title= writer, editor of The Puthagam Pesudhu | date= 25 May 2013 | publisher= Puthagam Pesudhu}}</ref>

== Short films ==
Natarasan's four stories have been made into short films.
# ''Ayesha'' – was adopted into a 28 minutes short film by B. sivakumar Released in year of 2000, short film Ayesha won the [[National Film Award]] – Best short film of the year (''National Film Festival, New Delhi'')<ref name=" Ayesha short film based on the famous novel ''Ayesha ''by Era. Natarasan ">{{cite web | url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ov4A9fBrO0Q | title = Ayesha part 1 (ஆயிஷா ) | publisher= B.Sivakumar|year=2017 | access-date= 10 April 2017}}</ref>
# ''Madhi'' – another short story (which was published by [[India Today]] (t) magazine) about the pathetic every day life of the third gender was filmed into a short film by cinematographer – Editor [[B. Lenin]].
# ''Rathathin Vannathil'' (''the color of Blood'') story which received the ''Ilakkiya chindhanai Award'', was made into a feature film in the title Chellamma by Director Pa.sivakumar.
# ''Vattathin Pakkangal'' (the sides of circle) was filmed as a feature film again by Director Pa.sivakumar.
# Ayesha Natarasan also appears in a supporting role in Director [[Thangar Bachan]]'s famous film [[Ammavin Kaipesi]].<ref name="Thangar Bachan's famous film Ammavin Kaipesi">{{cite web | url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-hN-FtNMljY | title = Thangar Bachan's famous film Ammavin Kaipesi | publisher= [[Ammavin Kaipesi]]|year=2012 | access-date= 13 November 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Era_Natarasn_with_Bala_Sahidya_Puraskar_Award_2014-11-14.jpg|thumb|Era Natarasan receiving the ''Bala Sahidya Puraskar Award'' from [[Sahitya Akademi]] in November 2014.]]

== Educational activism ==
As an educational scholar and psychologist he is an activist supporting alternative education.<ref name="Be role models, teachers told">{{cite web | url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/puducherry/bal-sahitya-akademi-winner-dedicates-award-to-bookloving-children/article6349363.ece | title= Be role models, teachers told | work= The Hindu|year=2016| access-date= 12 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Literary meeting: 150 and going strong">{{cite web | url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Literary-meetings-150-and-going-strong/article14544687.ece| title= Literary meeting: 150 and going strong | publisher= Circle of Paalam The Book Meet in Salem |year=2016 | access-date= 1 August 2016}}</ref> He has translated [[Paulo Freire]]'s ''[[Pedagogy]] of the Oppressed'', a book on education into [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. He served as a master resource Person on Right to Education Act for [[UNICEF]] Sponsored workshops in Tamil Nadu. He played a major role as the member secretary in the Vasanthi Devi Committee on Alternate Education Policy (citizen's charter – against PM Modi's New Education Policy).<ref name="Vasanthi Devi Committee on Alternate Education Policy ">{{cite web | url= http://humanrightsfoundation.org.in/new/?page_id=47&paged=5| title= Vasanthi Devi Committee on Alternate Education Policy | publisher= Vasanthi Devi Committee |year=2016 | access-date= 9 October 2016}}</ref> Ayesha Natarasan was in the Text Book committee formed by the Govt of Tamil Nadu on the eve of the common syllabus formation. As an education activist Natarasan has periodically participated in many education debates on television as a key speaker, including [[Star Vijay]]([[Neeya Naana]]),<ref name="Children's welfare activist Ayesha era Natarasan ">{{cite web | url= http://www.hotstar.com/tv/neeya-naana/1584/school-examinations/1000031368| title= Children's welfare activist Ayesha Era Natarasan | publisher= [[Star Vijay]] ([[Neeya Naana]])* Season 10 * Episode 249 |year=2016 | access-date= 6 March 2011}}</ref> [[Sun TV (India)]] (virundhinar pakkam)<ref name=" Sun Tv (Virundhinar Pakkam )">{{cite web | url= http://www.tamiltvshows.net/tamil-tv-shows/sun-tv-shows/virundhinar-pakkam-11-11-2015-ayeesha-era-natarasan-tamil-nadu-veterinary-and-animal-sciences-university-sun-tv-show/| title= Sun Tv (Virundhinar Pakkam )| publisher= Sun TV (India)|year=2015 | access-date= 11 November 2015}}</ref> etc., His articles and interviews on education have appeared in many leading magazines/Dailies such as [[The Hindu]],<ref name="Metroplus'Insulting the Child isn't education"/> [[Ananda Vikatan]],<ref name="'Ayisha' Natarasan's speech at Sakthi Vikatan's Camp"/> [[The Times of India]] (city)<ref name="Children's Day: Copies of Tamil novelette Ayesha distributed to students, teachers">{{cite web | url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Childrens-Day-Copies-of-Tamil-novelette-Ayesha-distributed-to-students-teachers/articleshow/45148539.cms| title= Children's Day: Copies of Tamil novelette Ayesha distributed to students, teachers | publisher= [[The Times of India]](city) |year=2014| access-date= 14 November 2014}}</ref> [[Kungumam (magazine)|Kungumam]] Vazhikatti, kalki Magazine etc., Era.Natarasan is also an active participant,<ref name="ALAP book council trainer">{{cite web | url= http://alap.bookcouncil.sg/courses/detail/writing-for-children-in-tamil| title= ALAP book council trainer | publisher= Academy of Literary Arts and Publishing Singapore |year=2012}}</ref> Resource Person cum trainer in book festivals children content seminars<ref name="AFCC National Book Development Council">{{cite web | url= https://afcc.com.sg/2012/speakers/era-natarasan/| title= AFCC National Book Development Council | publisher= AFCC|year=2012}}</ref> and literary meets.<ref name="Literary meeting: 150 and going strong"/> Ayesha Era.Natarasan was the Chief Organiser of the "[[National Children's Book Festival]]" conducted in [[Cuddalore]] South [[India]] (from 10 to 15 November 2017 ) collectively by [[National Book Trust]], Books For Children and [[Sahitya Akademi]] involving more than 50,000 children.<ref name= "National Children's Book Festival">{{cite web | url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vXIN-73AzVg| title= National Children's Book Festival| publisher= [[Kalaignar TV]]|year=2017 | access-date= 11 November 2017}}</ref><ref name= "National Children's Book Festival 2017">{{cite web | url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ve10aErh_gw| title= National Children's Book Festival 2017| publisher= Vetri Tv|year=2017 | access-date= 11 November 2017}}</ref><ref name= "Vikatan Exclusive">{{cite web | url= https://www.vikatan.com/news/tamilnadu/108017-from-chota-bheem-to-sujatha-novels-highlights-of-children-book-festival.html| title= Vikatan Exclusive| publisher= vikatan|year=2017 | access-date= 17 November 2017}}</ref> Era Natarasan has given a discourse about the theme of "Books That Changed The World" in [[Anna Centenary Library]] on the date of 30 June 2018.<ref name= "Books That Changed The World">{{cite web | url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KwzylFA_NI| title= Books That Changed The World| publisher= [[Anna Centenary Library]]|year=2018 | access-date= 30 June 2018}}</ref>

=== Other awards and honours ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year of award or honour !! Name of award or honour !! Awarding organisation
|-
| 1995
| Ilakiya Chindhanai Award (Best Short Story)
| Ilakya Chindhanai, [[Chennai]].
|-
| 2001
| Tamil Valarchithurai Award
| [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Tamil Valarchithurai Award"/>
|-
| 2002
| Thirpur Tamil Sangam Award (Best Translation award)
| Thirupur Tamil Sangam.
|-
| 2008
| Dr. Radhakrishnan Award
| [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Dr.Radhakrishnan Award">{{cite web | url= http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Teachers-presented-with-Dr.-Radhakrishnan-Awards/article15297622.ece| title= Dr.Radhakrishnan Award | publisher= [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |year=2008|access-date=5 September 2008}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| Tamil Valarchithurai Award
| [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Tamil Valarchithurai Award">{{cite web | url= http://www.tamilvalarchithurai.com/a/home| title= Tamil Valarchithurai Award | publisher= [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] |year=2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| Vikatan Award (Best children fiction)
| [[Ananda Vikatan]].
|-
| 2014
| Nigari Award (Samathuva Arisiyar of the year)
| Manarkeni Pathippagam (publications).<ref name="Manarkeni Pathippagam">{{cite web | url= https://www.tamilbookz.com/manarkeni-pathippagam.html| title= Manarkeni Pathippagam| publisher= Manarkeni Pathippagam |year=2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| Bal Sahitya Puraskar Award
| [[Sahitya Akademi]], [[Government of India]].<ref name="Bal Sahitya Puraskar Award">{{cite web| url= http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp| title= Bal Sahitya Puraskar Award| publisher= Sahitya Academy, [[Government of India]]|year= 2015| access-date= 24 January 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150630000355/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp| archive-date= 30 June 2015| url-status= dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| Sujatha Award (Best Siru Pathirigai)
| Uyirmmai magazine, Sujatha [[Trust (law)|Trust]].<ref name="Sujatha Award">{{cite web | url= http://www.Uyirmmai.com| title= Sujatha Award| publisher= Uyirmmai |year=2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| Distinguished Alumni Award
| [[Jamal mohamed college]].<ref name="Distinguished Alumni Award">{{cite web | url= http://www.jmcalumni.org.sg/?p=273| title= Distinguished Alumni Award| publisher= [[Jamal mohamed college]] |year=2016| access-date= 15 August 2016}}</ref>
|}

==Notable works==
{{refbegin|20em}}
*''Vaasik kalam'' (2017, [[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Oru Thozhanum Moonru Nanbargalum'' (2006, [[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Rose'' (2002, Books for children)
*''[[Ayesha (Natarasan novel)|Ayesha]]'' (2000, [[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''kodhaidoscope'' (2014, [[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Srinrvasa Ramanujam-125'' ([[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Kanitha Methaigalin Facebook'', {{ISBN|9789381908945}}. (2012, [[Books for children]])
*''Neengalum Vingani Aaga Vendum Endru Vrumbugireerkala'', {{ISBN|9789383661718}} [[Bharathi Puthakalayam]]
*''Nano Thozhilnutpam'', {{ISBN|9789380325996}} (2010, [[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Eyarpiyal Parisothanaigal'', {{ISBN|9789384421205}} (2000, [[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Booma''. {{ISBN|9789381908761}} ([[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Darwin School'', {{ISBN|9789384421335}} (2014, [[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Ureka Count'', {{ISBN|978818476617-2}} (2000, [[vikatan]])
*''[[Michael Faraday]]'' ([[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Oru Thooya Mozhiyin Thuyara Kuzhandhaikal'', {{ISBN|978818737152-6}} ([[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Madhi Ennum manidhanin maranam kurithu'' ,{{ISBN|9789381908013}} (Sneha publication)
*''Palitheen Paigal'' (novel), {{ISBN|978-818737152-6}} ([[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Ithu Yarudaiya Vagupparai'', {{ISBN|9789383661060}} (2013, [[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Ulaga Kalviyalargal'', {{ISBN|9789381908662}} (2009, [[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Semmnozhigal'', ([[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Ulagileye Magizhchiyana Siruvan'', {{ISBN|9789381908976}} (2012, [[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Nee Erumbukalai Nesikkiraayaa'', {{ISBN|9789380325682}} ([[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Vaanga Ariviyal Pesalaam'', {{ISBN|9789385377372}} ([[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Uruvaakum Ullam'', {{ISBN|9789385377976}} ([[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Pavlov'', {{ISBN|978-93-85377-49-5}} ([[Books for children]])
*''Antoine Lavisier'', {{ISBN|978-93-85377-45-7}} ([[Books for children]])
*''Issac Newton'', {{ISBN|978-93-85377-44-0}} ([[Bharathi Puthakalayam]])
*''Wings of Learning'' (will RTE service) (Indian University Press)
{{refend}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Children's literature}}
* [[List of Indian writers]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Era Natarasan}}
*{{Official website|eranatarasan.com}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Natarasan, Era}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Novelists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Tamil writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Tamil]]
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]
[[Category:Educators from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Children's writers in Tamil]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Leo Muthu

2026-05-04T00:21:56Z

Wmltusa: created article.

{{Short description|Indian philanthropist (1952–2015)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=July 2015}}
{{promotional|date=January 2016}}
{{primary sources|date=July 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Leo Muthu
| native_name = லியோ முத்து
| office = Founder-Chairman of Sairam Institutions
| term = 1989 - 10 July 2015
| successor = Dr Sai Prakash Leo Muthu
| image = Leo Muthu @ Jothiprakasam.jpg
| birth_date = 2 April 1952
| birth_place = [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Thanjavur]] Dist, [[Madras State]], [[India]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| death_date = 10 July 2015 (aged 63)
| spouse = Tmt. Kalaiselvi Jothiprakasam (m. 1978)
| children = Tmt. Sharmila J Rajaa (b.1980) <br> Dr. Sai Prakash Leo Muthu (b.1983)
| birth_name = M. Jothiprakasam <br> (K. G. M. Jothiprakasam)
| relations = [[T. R. Baalu]] (in-laws) <br> [[T. R. B. Rajaa]] (son-in-law)
| occupation = [[Philanthropy|Philanthropist]], [[Businessman]], [[Educationist]]
| office2 = Managing Partner of Leo Group of Companies
| term2 = 1973 - 10 July 2015
| successor2 = Kalaiselvi Jothiprakasam
}}

'''M. Jothiprakasam''' (2 April 1952 – 10 July 2015),<ref name="newstoday">{{cite web|url=http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/leo-muthu-laid-rest|title=Leo Muthu laid to rest|publisher=News Today media|date=11 July 2015|accessdate=16 July 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716025220/http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/leo-muthu-laid-rest|archivedate=16 July 2015}}</ref> better known as '''Leo Muthu''', was an Indian philanthropist, educationist and businessman. He was the Founder-Chairman of the ''"Sairam Institutions"'', which operates many secondary and tertiary educational institutions. His official name is MJF.Ln.Leo Muthu.

==Early life==
Leo Muthu was born in 1952 in [[Thiruthuraipoondi]] Village, [[Thiruvarur]] District, [[Tamil Nadu]] to KG Manickam-Nagalakshmi. He started his career in real estate in 1972.<ref name="newstoday"/>

==Promotion of education==
Leo Muthu founded educational trusts<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sairamgroup.in/About.html |title=Sai Ram Group of Institutions |access-date=21 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823085618/http://www.sairamgroup.in/About.html |archive-date=23 August 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> that serve the cause of providing quality education to the learner community. The group of colleges under the trusts offers education across technical, management studies, research, shipping science, [[alternative medicine]] streams and more. About 25,000 students are being given the benefit of education per year through the group's schools and colleges.

*'''Sapthagiri Educational Trust'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://sairamgroup.in/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Sairam Institutions |language=en-US}}</ref> runs the following institutions in [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]:
**Sri Sai Ram Engineering College, [[Chennai]]
**Sri Sairam Institute of Management Studies, [[Chennai]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://sims.sairam.edu.in/ |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Sairam Institute of Management Studies |language=en-US}}</ref>
**Sri Sairam Institute of Computer Applications, [[Chennai]]<ref name=":0" />
**Sri Sairam Institute of Technology, [[Chennai]]
**Sri Sairam Siddha Medical College and Research Centre, [[Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sairamgroup.in/Siddha-Medical.html |title=Sai Ram Group of Institutions | Sri Sai Ram Siddha Medical College |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514032803/http://www.sairamgroup.in/Siddha-Medical.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**Sri Sairam Ayurveda Medical College and Research Centre, [[Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sairamgroup.in/Ayurveda-Medical.html |title=Sai Ram Group of Institutions | Sri Sai Ram Ayurveda Medical College |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424020153/http://www.sairamgroup.in/ayurveda-medical.html |archive-date=24 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**Sri Sairam Homoeopathy Medical College and Research Centre, [[Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sairamgroup.in/Homoeo-Medical.html |title=Sai Ram Group of Institutions | Sri Sai Ram Homoeopathy Medical College |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514033014/http://www.sairamgroup.in/Homoeo-Medical.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**Sai Ram Advanced Centre for Research, [[Chennai]].
**Sai Ram Matriculation Hr.School, [[Goripalayam, Madurai|Goripalayam]], [[Madurai]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sairamgroup.in/SairamMatric_Madurai.html |title=Sai Ram Group of Institutions | Sai Ram Matriculation School |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093637/http://www.sairamgroup.in/SairamMatric_Madurai.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**Sai Ram Polytechnic College, Eliyarpathy, [[Madurai]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sairamgroup.in/SaiJothiPolytechnic_Madurai.html |title=Sai Ram Group of Institutions | Sai Jothi Polytechnic College Madurai |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622202506/http://www.sairamgroup.in/SaiJothiPolytechnic_Madurai.html |archive-date=22 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**Sri Sairam College of Education, [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]
**Sai Ram Matriculation school, [[Thiruvarur]]
**Sai Ram Vidyalaya, Madipakkam, [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sairamgroup.in/SaiVidhyala_Madipak.html |title=Sai Ram Group of Institutions | Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093635/http://www.sairamgroup.in/SaiVidhyala_Madipak.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**Sai Ram Vidyalaya, [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]
*Institutions run by '''Leo Muthu Educational Trust''' include:
**Sri Sai Ram Polytechnic College, Sai Leo Nagar, [[West Tambaram|West Tambaram, Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Sairam Polytechnic College Chennai |url=http://www.sairamgroup.in/sairampolytechnic_chennai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825084936/http://www.sairamgroup.in/sairampolytechnic_chennai.html |archive-date=2015-08-25 |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=Sairam Institutions}}</ref>
**Sai Matriculation Higher Secondary School, [[Madipakkam, Chennai]]
**Sai Ram Matriculation Hr.School, Sai Leo Nagar, [[West Tambaram|West Tambaram, Chennai]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sairamgroup.in/SairamSchool_Tam.html |title=Sai Ram Group of Institutions | Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093639/http://www.sairamgroup.in/SairamSchool_Tam.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**Sai Ram Matriculation Hr. School, [[Thiruthuraipoondi]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sairamgroup.in/SairamSchool_Tp.html |title=Sai Ram Group of Institutions | Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology |access-date=30 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514032354/http://www.sairamgroup.in/SairamSchool_Tp.html |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
**Sairam Leo Muthu Public School, [[Medavakkam|Medavakkam, Chennai]]
*The institutions run under '''Sapthagiri Educational and Charitable Trust''' are the following:
**[[Sri Sairam College of Engineering]], formerly Shirdi Sai Engineering College, [[Anekal]], [[Bangalore]].
**Shirdi Sai Pre University college, [[Anekal]], [[Bangalore]].

==Business==
{{refimprove section|date=October 2015}}
Leo Muthu was the Managing Partner of Leo Real Estates and Managing Director of Leo Housing (P) Ltd.,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leohousing.in/profile.html|title = Welcome to Sai Leo Housing (P) Ltd}}</ref> in [[Chennai]]. In his housing business, he introduced 75+ housing schemes and industrial complexes in and around the suburbs of [[Chennai]], [[Madurai]], [[Hosur]] and [[Bangalore]]. For his innovative real estate and construction ventures, Leo Muthu was awarded the “Best Real Estate Promoter Award” by the former Governor of [[Tamil Nadu]], Shri B. N. Singh.

Leo Muthu was also the Managing Director of Super Fibre Glass (P) Ltd., a SSI manufacturing unit of Fibre Glass Sleeves and Chords, at Chennai which is a supplier to Lucas TVS, English Electric Co., and Kirloskar Co., among others. He also ran Sri Sai Raj Printers, a printing company, Super Sea Food Products Pvt. Ltd, Tuticorin, a fish products company, and Sai Jothi Quarry, Chennai, which is engaged in quarrying stones.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muthu, MJF.Lion.Leo}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:People from Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian philanthropists]]

Shishpal Singh

2026-05-02T14:54:39Z

Wmltusa: new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
'''Shishpal Singh''' (born 1979) is an Indian politician from [[Haryana]]. He is an MLA from [[Kalanwali Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] in [[Sirsa district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Haryana election result winners full list: Names of winning candidates of BJP, Congress, INLD, JJP |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/haryana-assembly-election/story/haryana-election-result-winners-full-list-names-of-winning-candidates-of-bjp-congress-inld-jjp-1612526-2019-10-24 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]] and [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-24 |title=Kalanwali Election Results 2019 Live Updates (कलांवली): Shishpal Singh of Congress Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kalanwali-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2359521.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2024-09-07 |title=Haryana Elections: Rebellion In BJP Continues, Former MLA Balkaur Singh Quits |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/haryana-assembly-elections-balkaur-singh-quits-rebellion-in-bjp-continues-former-mla-senior-leaders-to-join-congress-1715614 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shishpal is from [[Kalanwali]], Sirsa district, Haryana. He is the son of Om Prakash. He completed M.A. at [[Kurukshetra University]], Kurukshetra.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shishpal Singh(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- KALANWALI (SC)(SIRSA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=http://www.myneta.info/haryana2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=8078 |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shishpal won from Kalanwali Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress in the 2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election. He polled 53,059 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Rajinder Singh Desujodha of the [[Shiromani Akali Dal]], by a margin of 19,243 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/haryana-assembly-elections-2019/haryana-kalanwali-election-result-s07a042/|title=Haryana Kalanwali Vidhan Sabha (Assembly) Election 2019 Result Live | Assembly Election LIVE Counting | Haryana Kalanwali Polls Results|website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalawali (SC) Constituency Election Results 2019: Kalawali (SC) Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/constituency-show/kalawali |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-23 |title=Kalawali (SC) (Haryana) Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/kalawali-sc-haryana-assembly-election-chunav-results-2019-live-winner-name-runner-up-6073701/ |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sishpal, Singh}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]

{{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}

Samar Sen (diplomat)

2026-05-01T07:04:23Z

Wmltusa: new new stub.

{{Short description|Indian diplomat (1914–2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Samar Sen
| image =
| office = 1st and 8th [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations]]
| term_start = January 1969
| term_end = June 1974{{sfn | ''Welcome to Permanent Mission of India to the UN, New York'' | 2015}}
| predecessor = [[Gopalaswami Parthasarathy (diplomat)|Gopalaswami Parthasarathy]]
| successor = [[Rikhi Jaipal]]
| term_start1 = 1946
| term_end1 = 1948 {{sfn | ''Welcome to Permanent Mission of India in Geneva''}}
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = [[B. N. Rau]]
| office2 = 2nd [[List of high commissioners of India to Bangladesh|High Commissioner of India to Bangladesh]]
| term_start2 = June 1974
| term_end2 = November 1976{{sfn | ''Welcome to High Commission of India, Bangladesh''}}
| predecessor2 = [[Subimal Dutt]]
| successor2 = [[K. P. S. Menon]]
| office3 = [[President of the United Nations Security Council]]
| term_start3 = 1972
| term_end3 = 1973{{sfn | ''un.org'' | 2012}}
| predecessor3 = [[Jeanne Martin Cissé]]
| successor3 = [[Chaidir Anwar Sani]]
| office4 = Chairperson of the [[Group of 77]]
| term_start4 = 1970
| term_end4 = 1971<ref name="The Group of 77"/>
| office5 = 7th [[List of High Commissioners of India to Pakistan|High Commissioner of India to Pakistan]]
| term_start5 = 1968
| term_end5 = 1969{{sfn | ''Welcome to High Commission of India, Islamabad, Pakistan'' | 2020}}
| predecessor5 = [[Kewal Singh Choudhary]]
| successor5 = [[B. K. Acharya]]
| office6 = 7th High Commissioner of India to Australia
| term_start6 = 1960
| term_end6 = 1963{{sfn | ''hcicanberra.gov.in''}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1914|8|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dacca]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now Dhaka, Bangladesh)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|2|16|1914|10|10|df=y}}
| death_place = London, United Kingdom<ref name="The Telegraph Online 2003">{{cite news | title=Samar Sen dead | work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkata | date=2003-02-17 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/samar-sen-dead/cid/838328 | access-date=2021-12-02}}</ref>
| spouse = Sheila Malhotra {{sfn | Alikhan | 2017}}
|children = Jupiter Sen, Julius Sen, Ariana Grimes, Sevaly Sen
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]]
}}

'''Samar Sen''' (10 August 1914 {{endash}} 16 February 2003) was an Indian diplomat who served as the 1st [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations|permanent representative of India to the United Nations]], Geneva, 8th in New York and the 2nd [[List of high commissioners of India to Bangladesh|high commissioner of India to Bangladesh]] from June 1974 to November 1976.<ref name="The Tribune, Chandigarh, India 2003">{{cite news | title=World | work=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India | date=2003-02-18 | url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030218/world.htm#6 | access-date=2021-12-02}}</ref>

Born in [[Dhaka|Dacca]], [[British Raj|British India]] (in modern-day Dhaka, Bangladesh),<ref name="The New York Times 1975">{{cite news | title=India's Top Aide in Dacca Wounded in Ambush by 6 | work=The New York Times | date=1975-11-27 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/27/archives/indias-top-aide-in-dacca-wounded-in-ambush-by-6.html | access-date=2021-12-02}}</ref> Sen obtained his education from the [[University of Calcutta]], the [[University of London]], [[University of Oxford|Oxford]], and [[Lincoln's Inn]]. He was a [[Civil Services of India|civil services officer]] who served as a [[president of the United Nations Security Council]] from 1972 to 73.<ref name="Desk 2020">{{cite magazine | title=India secures win in UN Security Council elections | magazine =The Week | date=2020-06-18 | url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/06/18/india-secures-win-in-un-security-council-elections.html | access-date=2021-12-02}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sen served in the [[government of India]] at various posts, including [[under secretary]], and deputy secretary. From 1946 to 48, he represented India at the United Nations as a [[liaison officer]]. He also served as chairperson of the [[International Commission of Control and Supervision]] besides serving as ambassador to Algeria and Lebanon, and high commissioner to Australia, New Zealand, and Pakistan. In the Government of India, he also served as [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|joint secretary]] in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] from 1957 to 1959.{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}

During his foreign services, he served as president of the [[United Nations Administrative Tribunal]] and chairperson of the [[Group of 77|G77]].<ref name="The Group of 77">{{cite web | website=The Group of 77 | url=http://www.g77.org/geninfo/india1.htm | title=Ambassador Samar Sen (India)| access-date=2021-12-02}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sen married Sheila Lal Malhotra, daughter of Sardari Lal Malhotra (owner of Marina Hotel in Delhi's Connaught Place) and Vera Swan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sebastian Malhotra Coe: The little-known Punjabi connection of an English Olympic legend |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/825253/sebastian-malhotra-coe-the-little-known-punjabi-connection-of-an-english-olympic-legend |access-date=2017-01-02 |website=www.scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Sen and Malhotra had four children - sound editor and sound designer Jupiter Sen,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jupiter Sen: Sound Department, Editorial Department, Music Department |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0784011/ |access-date=2017-01-02 |website=IMDB |language=en}}</ref> economist Julius Sen,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Julius Sen: Associate Director and Senior Programme Advisor, LSE Enterprise |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/business/consulting/experts/julius-sen |access-date=2017-01-02 |website=www.lse.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ariana Grimes (née Sen) and Sevaly Sen.{{sfn | Alikhan | 2017}}

Sheila's sister Tina Angela Lal married British athletics coach [[Peter Coe]] with whom she had four children including [[Sebastian Coe]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Sebastian|last=Coe|title=Running My Life|publisher=Hodder|year=2013|isbn=978-1-444-73253-5|page=11}}</ref>

== Assassination attempt ==
Following the [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] on 15 August 1975, the new Bangladeshi President [[Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad]] wanted to form [[Bangladesh–Pakistan Confederation|a confederation with Pakistan]]. On 18 August 1975, Samar Sen, then Indian High Commissioner to Bangladesh, was reported to read out to Mostaq Ahmad the contents of a slip of paper in his possession, which stated: "If the name of the People's Republic of Bangladesh is changed and a confederation is made [[Pakistan|with any country]], then under [[Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace|the valid treaty]], the [[Indian Army]] will take appropriate action. But if you refrain from changing the name and the idea of a so-called confederation, India will consider whatever happens from 15 August onwards as Bangladesh’s internal matter." On hearing this, Mostaq Ahmad became dejected<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c90v0gyewx1o|title=সপরিবারে শেখ মুজিব হত্যাকাণ্ডের পরের দুই সপ্তাহে যা ঘটেছিল|lang=bn|first=Sayedul|last=Islam|date=14 August 2023|work=[[BBC]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814144754/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c90v0gyewx1o|archive-date=14 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> and announced against the formation of a confederation with Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyjagaran.com/m/liberation-war/news/30948|title=মোশতাকের মীরজাফরি চাল|lang=bn|first=Abed|last=Khan|author-link=Abed Khan|date=2 October 2019|newspaper=[[Daily Jagaran]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005175926/https://www.dailyjagaran.com/m/liberation-war/news/30948|archive-date=5 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, this led to Sen being [[Extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances in Bangladesh|the target of an assassination attempt]] on 26 November 1975.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/27/archives/indias-top-aide-in-dacca-wounded-in-ambush-by-6.html</ref> The attackers had posed as his visitors in civilian clothes.<ref>https://dailyasianage.com/news/297509/why-jsd-wanted-to-take-samar-sen-hostage-in-november-1975</ref> He received several injuries and suffered a broken shoulder bone, but the bullet was removed after a surgery in Dhaka hospital. During retaliation his security guards killed four of the six attackers.<ref name="Frontline 1998">{{cite magazine | title=An envoy remembers | magazine=Frontline | date=1998-11-21 | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/article30248550.ece | access-date=2021-12-02}}</ref> An [[Indian Air Force]] plane was sent but he chose to remain in Dhaka and continued as India's High Commissioner there for the next year until he was appointed as [[List of High Commissioners of India to Pakistan|high commissioner to Pakistan]].<ref name="The New York Times 1975"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite web | title=Welcome to Permanent Mission of India to the UN, New York | website=Welcome to Permanent Mission of India to the UN, New York | date=2015-07-15 | url=https://pminewyork.gov.in/representative | ref={{sfnref | Welcome to Permanent Mission of India to the UN, New York | 2015}} | access-date=2021-12-02}}
* {{cite web | title=High Commission of India, Canberra, Australia : Previous High Commissioners | website=hcicanberra.gov.in | url=https://www.hcicanberra.gov.in/page/previous-high-commissioners/ | ref={{sfnref | hcicanberra.gov.in}} | access-date=2021-12-02}}
* {{cite web | title=Welcome to High Commission of India Dhaka, Bangladesh | website=Welcome to High Commission of India, Bangladesh | url=https://www.hcidhaka.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6IktHdU81YTRyYTZ0U1J3R2ZJZlJ2VlE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiQjcrWWhCZ1RcL253czBUbmhvZ3ZNT1E9PSIsIm1hYyI6Ijg2Y2VmYTU3ODk3NzdmM2NlNjk2OTU1OGRmMzJhZjZkNjIwOTJhMmU2YTM2MDg5NDk4MjA0NjQxZTI4ZjI2MDIifQ==&subid=eyJpdiI6IlV5QzNkaExIT1wvbEl0bVVyXC9CNk92QT09IiwidmFsdWUiOiJBaVdUZ2RvSnp4ekg1Sm8xdHNFRlNBPT0iLCJtYWMiOiIxODVhM2RhZGU4YTk0MjhkYWRmMjFiNGUyZTU0Yzk2ODE5MTljMTZhODJkZGIzZWZkMjdhYzI0NWFkODVhMDM2In0=&nextid=eyJpdiI6ImNLZ2lTZXI1aTA2ZVJodzAwdXVCbUE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidkJoNWRYakJJb3NOZ2M4UEpPOFQwdz09IiwibWFjIjoiODA1MjRhMjM0ODI3M2YwZDZkMjhkODU3YzhjZGE4NTA5YzVjOWRmZDNkMDQ5ZjM2OTg2NTA1M2ZmOWIzYWYwMSJ9 | language=bn | ref={{sfnref | Welcome to High Commission of India, Bangladesh}} | access-date=2021-12-02}}
* {{cite web | title=Welcome to Permanent Mission of India in Geneva | website=Welcome to Permanent Mission of India in Geneva | url=https://pmindiaun.gov.in/pages/ODgy | ref={{sfnref | Welcome to Permanent Mission of India in Geneva}} | access-date=2021-12-02}}
* {{cite web | title=Presidents (1970-1979) : Security Council (SC) : United Nations (UN) | publisher=United Nations | date=2012-10-18 | url=http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/scpres1970.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018143308/http://www.un.org/Depts/dhl/resguide/scpres1970.htm | archive-date=2012-10-18 | url-status=dead | ref={{sfnref | un.org | 2012}} | access-date=2021-12-02}}
* {{cite news | last=Alikhan | first=Anvar | title=Sebastian Malhotra Coe: The little-known Punjabi connection of an English Olympic legend | work=Scroll.in | date=2017-01-02 | url=https://scroll.in/magazine/825253/sebastian-malhotra-coe-the-little-known-punjabi-connection-of-an-english-olympic-legend | access-date=2021-12-02}}
* {{cite web | title=Welcome to High Commission of India Islamabad Pakistan | website=Welcome to High Commission of India, Islamabad, Pakistan | date=2020-12-28 | url=http://www.india.org.pk/pages.php?id=15 | ref={{sfnref | Welcome to High Commission of India, Islamabad, Pakistan | 2020}} | access-date=2021-12-02}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Samar}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the United Nations]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Bangladesh]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Pakistan]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to New Zealand]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Australia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Algeria]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Lebanon]]

Sandeep Kumar (race walker)

2026-04-24T12:10:14Z

Wmltusa: new a bio.

{{short description|Indian racewalker (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sandeep Kumar
| image = Sandeep Kumar 2013.jpg
| imagesize = 150px
| caption = Sandeep in 2013
| fullname = Sandeep Kumar Punia
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|5|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mahendragarh]], [[Haryana]], India<ref name="Road to Rio">{{cite news |title=Road to Rio: Sandeep Kumar Poonia aims to put India on global race walking map at Olympics |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/road-to-rio-sandeep-kumar-indias-top-race-walker-at-2016-rio-olympics-2883732.html |accessdate=31 August 2017 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=21 July 2016 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170831180448/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/road-to-rio-sandeep-kumar-indias-top-race-walker-at-2016-rio-olympics-2883732.html |archivedate=31 August 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| sport = [[Sport of athletics|Athletics]]
| event = [[Race walk]]
| coach = [[Ronald Weigel]]
| pb = ''[[10 km race walk]]'': 38:49.21 '''{{AthAbbr|NR|Indian}}''' ([[Alexander Stadium|2022]])<br>''[[50 km race walk]]'': 3:55:59 '''{{AthAbbr|NR|Indian}}''' ([[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|2017]])
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 10,000 metres walk|10km walk]]}}
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance =
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 2006–present
| unit =[[Jat Regiment]]
| rank =[[Subedar]]
}}
}}
'''Sandeep Kumar Punia''' (born 1 May 1986) is an Indian [[racewalking|race walker]]. Subedar Sandeep Serving in Jat Regiment (16) Indian Army represented India in the [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 kilometres walk|50 km race walk]] event at the [[2016 Rio Olympics]] and in the [[Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's 20 kilometres walk|20 km race walk]] event at the [[2020 Tokyo Olympics]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2016 |title=Rio 2016: Sandeep Kumar finishes 34th in 50km Race Walk |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/rio-olympics-2016/india-olympics/story/rio-olympics-2016-sandeep-kumar-race-walk-336163-2016-08-19 |access-date=2021-07-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]], he won a bronze in the [[Athletics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's 10,000 metres walk|10 km race walk]] event.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CWG 2022: Sandeep Kumar wins bronze in men's 10,000m racewalk.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games-2022/indiabirmingham/cwg-2022-sandeep-kumar-wins-bronze-in-mens-10000m-racewalk/articleshow/93410445.cms|date=2022-08-07|website=[[The_Times_of_India]]|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=35em}}
==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Sandeep}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men race walkers]]
[[Category:Athletes from Haryana]]
[[Category:People from Mahendragarh district]]
[[Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games athletes for India]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in athletics]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-athletics-bio-stub}}

Kyaa Kool Hain Hum

2026-04-22T13:00:50Z

Wmltusa: New the info basic info

{{short description|2005 Indian film by Sangeeth Sivan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kyaa Kool Hai Hum
| image = Kyaa Kool Hai Hum.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Sangeeth Sivan]]
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]<br />[[Shobha Kapoor]]
| writer = [[Sachin Yardi]]<br />Pankaj Trivedi
| narrator = [[Johnny Lever]]
| starring = [[Tusshar Kapoor]]<br />[[Riteish Deshmukh]]<br />[[Isha Koppikar]]<br />[[Neha Dhupia]]<br />[[Anupam Kher]]
| music = '''Songs:'''<br />[[Anu Malik]]<br />'''Score:'''<br />Franco Vaz
| cinematography = [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]
| editing = Chirag Jain <br /> Bunty Nagi
| studio = [[Balaji Motion Pictures]]
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2005|5|6|df=y}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|5 crore}}<ref name="boi" />
| gross = {{INR|22.85 crore}}<ref name="boi">{{cite news|title=Kyaa Kool Hai Hum – Movie |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=403|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kyaa Kool Hain Hum''''' ({{translation|How Cool Are We}}), also known as KKHH, is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Sex comedy|adult comedy film]] directed by [[Sangeeth Sivan]] and produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]]. The film stars [[Tusshar Kapoor]] and [[Ritesh Deshmukh]].<ref name=HungamaKK>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kyaa-kool-hai-hum/critic-review/kyaa-kool-hai-hum-movie-review/ | title=Kyaa Kool Hai Hum Review 3/5 | Kyaa Kool Hai Hum Movie Review | Kyaa Kool Hai Hum 2005 Public Review | Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=6 May 2005 }}</ref> It is the first installment of the [[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum (film series)|''Kyaa Kool Hain Hum'' series]] and was a surprise commercial success despite mixed reviews.

==Plot==
Rahul is sincere and hardworking, while Karan Pandey is just the opposite. Both are best friends and cool wannabes. When they are evicted from their flat, they both enter their flat from the back of the apartment and live secretly. They try to find girlfriends and secretly enter a college reunion party from where they are thrown out after being caught. Karan tricks a girl into roaming with him by stealing a car but gets caught by the police and gets beaten up. He lies to Rahul that he had fun with the girl. While running from tailor Popat, Rahul is advised by a baba that his true love will have a mole on her chest.

When the city is rocked with a series of rapes and killings, the police, along with psychiatrist/psychologist Dr. Screwvala, are in search of this dreaded serial killer. Due to some misunderstanding, Rahul becomes the prime suspect. Meanwhile, Karan gets beaten up by a violent lady inspector and again lies about the incident to Rahul. Things take a funny turn when the job of nabbing Rahul is entrusted to Urmila Matondkar. Urmila and Doctor again misinterpret Rahul's actions. Urmila is taken to a salon and kept gagged with tape on her mouth while the doctor instructs how she has to be disguised while she moans through the tape on her mouth. She meets Rahul in a complete makeover as a hot woman. Rahul falls in love with her and invites her to live in his flat secretly. She tries to seduce him in sexy clothes to reveal his true nature, and she loves him back, not remembering she is on a police force mission. By this time, Karan falls in love with D.K., i.e., his boss's ex Kiran, who is actually the brother of Rekha, a psychologist and Karan's ex-college mate.

After a roller coaster ride of mistaken identities and comedy of errors, the film reaches its peak when Karan is about to wed Kiran at the temple, but he is not aware that she is a [[transvestite]], but Rekha and D.K. reach on time, where D.K. takes Kiran away and Rekha reveals that it was she who used to call and write letters to him in the name of Kiran. Karan realises his true love and reunites with her. The police are on the verge of arresting Rahul as the rapist when the true rapist reveals himself and turns out to be Uma Shankar Tripathi and is arrested by police. Rahul and Urmila reunite, and the film ends.

==Cast==
* [[Tusshar Kapoor]] as Rahul Khanna / Sanju
* [[Riteish Deshmukh]] as Karan Pandey / Guddu / D.K. Bose
* [[Isha Koppikar]] as Sub Inspector Urmila Matondkar
* [[Neha Dhupia]] as Rekha Kapoor
* [[Rajendranath Zutshi]] as D.K. Bose
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Dr. S. Screwvala
* [[Shoma Anand]] as Parvati Singhania
* [[Bobby Darling]] as Kiran Jhangiani
* [[Sushmita Mukherjee]] as Hira Hingorani
* Anil Nagrath as Flat owner
* [[Dinesh Hingoo]] as Flat buyer
* [[Vijay Patkar]] as Inspector Havaldar
* [[Avtar Gill]] as Police Commissioner
* [[Razzak Khan]] as Popat (Laundry wala)
* Rana Jung Bahadur as Watchman
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Uma Shankar Tripathi / Rapist (Cameo appearance)
* [[Sophie Choudry|Sophiya Chaudhary]] as Host of MTV Style Night (Special appearance)
* [[Johnny Lever]] as the Narrator
* [[Jay Sean]] in a Special Appearance in the song 'Dil Mera'
* [[Juggy D]] in a Special Appearance in the song 'Dil Mera'
* [[Veronica Mehta]] in a Special Appearance in the song 'Dil Mera'
* [[Rishi Rich]] in a Special Appearance in the song 'Dil Mera'

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kya Kool Hai Hum
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 17 March 2005
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The songs featured in the movie were composed by [[Anu Malik]]. Drummer Franco Vaz composed the [[background score]] of the movie.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chaska| extra1 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]| lyrics1 = | length1 =
| title2 = Dil Mera (One Night)| extra2 = [[Jay Sean]], [[Juggy D]], [[Rishi Rich]]| lyrics2 = | length2 =
| title3 = Kya Kool Hain Hum| extra3 = [[Anu Malik]], [[KK (singer)|KK]], Kunal Ganjawala | lyrics3 = | length3 =
| title4 = We Are So Different | extra4 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Sunidhi Chauhan, Kunal Ganjawala | lyrics4 = | length4 =
| title5 = Jaago Na| extra5 = Sunidhi Chauhan, [[Sowmya Raoh]], Gayatri | lyrics5 = | length5 =
}}

==Critical response==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 3 stars out of 5, writing ″On the whole, KYAA KOOL HAI HUM is a refreshing, fun-filled entertainer targeted at the youth mainly. At the box-office, the film should sail safe on the basis of the youth brigade. Its business at multiplexes during the weekends mainly will be heartening. Has the potential to grow with a good word of mouth!″<ref name=HungamaKK/>

Conversely, [[Raja Sen]] of [[Rediff.com]] called the film ″Lukewarm″, writing "Kya Kool Hai Hum starts well, sags in the middle, and ends on a surprisingly spry high—which would be acceptable enough, if only the flabby middle wasn't two hours and 40 minutes long."<ref name=RediffKK>{{cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/may/06kool.htm | title=Kya Lukewarm Hai Hum }}</ref>

==Sequels==
Sequels named ''[[Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum]]'' and ''[[Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3]]'' were released in July 2012 and January 2016 respectively.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}} Deshmukh and Kapoor play the lead roles, while new additions include [[Sarah-Jane Dias]] and [[Neha Sharma]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/sarah-jane-dias-neha-sharma-in-kya-kool-hai-hum-sequel_97827.htm/ |title=Sarah Jane Dias, Neha Sharma in 'Kya Kool Hai Hum' sequel |work=zeenews.india.com |date=6 October 2011 |access-date=10 April 2012 |archive-date=20 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620123456/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/movies/sarah-jane-dias-neha-sharma-in-kya-kool-hai-hum-sequel_97827.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kya Kool Hain Hum 3 had [[Tusshar Kapoor]] and [[Aftab Shivdasani]] who replaced [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] in third installment.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0456500}}

{{Kyaa Kool Hain Hum series}}
{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:2000s sex comedy films]]
[[Category:2005 black comedy films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rishi Rich]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian sex comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian transgender-related films]]
[[Category:Balaji Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:2005 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sangeeth Sivan]]

Haldia Dock Complex

2026-04-22T04:50:26Z

Wmltusa:

{{Short description|Dock facility in Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox port
| name = Haldia Dock Complex<br/>হলদিয়া ডক কমপ্লেক্স
| type = River tide gate, and river natural
| country = {{IND}}
| image = Loading iron ore in MV Kingfisher at Berth No. 14 of Haldia Dock Complex.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = ''MV Kingfisher'' at Berth No. 14 of Haldia Dock Complex
| berths = 12
| wharfs = 6
| piers =
| employees =
| leadershiptitle = General Manager
| cargotonnage = 51.855 million tonnes (2025-2026)<ref name="economictimes">{{cite web |title=Kolkata Port profit jumps 65pc to Rs 501cr in FY'24, records all-time high cargo handling |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/kolkata-port-profit-jumps-65pc-to-rs-501cr-in-fy24-records-all-time-high-cargo-handling/articleshow/109045022.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=5 April 2024 |date=4 April 2024}}</ref><ref name="pib">{{cite web |title=An all time record cargo handling in 2022-23 at SMP, Kolkata after 1870 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1913591 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways |access-date=16 April 2023 |location=Delhi |language=en |date=4 April 2023}}</ref>
| containervolume = 226,378 TEUs <small>(2025–26)</small><ref name="SMPK25TEUs">{{cite web |title= Highlights of Performance of SMP, Kolkata for the month of March, 2025 |url=https://smp.smportkolkata.in/smpk/kol/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2025/04/Highlights-for-monthly-D.O._SMPK-Mar_25-Final.pdf |publisher=SMPK |access-date=20 July 2025}}</ref>
| operated = [[Kolkata Port Trust|Syama Prasad Mukherjee Port Authority]]
| owner = [[Kolkata Port Trust|Syama Prasad Mukherjee Port Authority]], [[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]], [[Government of India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|22.0447|N|88.0888|E}}
| location = [[Haldia]], [[West Bengal]]
| opened = {{start date and age|1977|df=yes}}
| size = {{convert|6367|acre|km2}}
| blankdetailstitle1 =
| blankdetails1 =
| draft_depth = {{convert|9.1|m}} <small>(Maximum)</small>
| blankdetailstitle2 = Water depth
| blankdetails2 = {{convert|12.5|m}}
| revenue =
| profit = {{INRconvert|632|c}} (2022–23)<ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite web |title=লাভের অঙ্ক বাড়ল হলদিয়া বন্দরের |script-title=bn:Lābhēra aṅka bāṛala haladiẏā bandarēra |trans-title=Haldia port's profit increased |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/midnapore/haldia-ports-amount-of-profit-increased/cid/1420157 |website=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=16 April 2023 |location=Haldia |language=bn |date=6 April 2023}}</ref>
}}
The '''Haldia Dock Complex''' ('''HDC''') also popularly known as '''Haldia Port''' is a [[dock]]ing facility on the [[Hooghly River]] in [[Haldia]], [[West Bengal]], India. It is one of the two dock systems under the [[Port of Kolkata|Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port]], [[Kolkata]], with the other being the [[Port of Kolkata#Kolkata Dock System|Kolkata Dock System]] (KDS). The facility specializes in handling [[Dry bulk cargo|dry]] and [[Tanker (ship)|liquid]] bulk cargo.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Mithun |title=Twin docks of Kolkata port gear up to haul more |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/twin-docks-of-kolkata-port-gear-up-to-haul-more/article67574649.ece |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=[[Business Line]] |date=27 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Mithun |title=Haldia dock set to break own record |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/haldia-dock-set-to-break-own-record/article68321144.ece |access-date=12 December 2024 |work=Business Line |date=23 June 2024}}</ref> It is located about {{convert|130|km|mi}} from the sandheads–deep sea area of the Bay of Bengal, {{convert|45|km|mi}} upstream from Pilotage Station at [[Sagar Island|Sagar]] and 104 km (65 mi) downstream of [[Kolkata]]. In 1968, an oil jetty was commissioned at Haldia, and officially in 1977 the dock facility of Haldia started functioning.

It consists of a dock enclosed by [[Lock (water navigation)|lock]] and riverside jetties. The dock have container terminal, dry cargo terminal and bulk cargo terminal, and river jetties mainly handle liquid products. The dock is mainly handles fully loaded [[Handysize|Handy size]] (not Handymax)–carriers of 28,000–40,000 [[deadweight tonnage]] (DWT)–vessels. It has a maximum [[Draft (hull)|draft depth]] of {{convert|9.1|m|ft}} and can accommodate [[Panamax|Panamax vessels]] up to {{convert|230|m|ft}} long with cargoes of 40 to 50 percent of its capacity. The dock operates floating crane facilities at the deep drafted anchorages located at Sagar and sandheads to accommodate large vessels for discharging bulk cargoes, liquid products are discharged in the Sandheads through Ship-to-ship cargo transfer.

The Haldia Dock Complex support the hinterland of [[Central India|Central]], [[East India|East]] and [[Northeast India|Northeast]] India. It mainly transports [[Bulk cargo|bulk cargoes]]; handled 49.54 million metric tonnes of cargoes in the 2023–24 financial year. It also handled over 0.1 million (1 ''[[lakh]]'') [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]] containers in 2022–23. The Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Port (Kolkata) handles most of the cargoes through the Port.

==Location and meteorology ==
Haldia Dock Complex is eight meters above sea level and is located at 21.20 north and 88.06 east.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=4}}{{sfn|AECOM|2016|loc=2.1 Kolkata Port|p=1}} It is {{convert|156|nmi}} north of [[Paradip Port Authority|Paradip Port]] by sea and river route, and {{convert|104|km|mi}} south of [[port of Kolkata|Kolkata Dock System]] by river route.<ref name="d">{{cite web |title=Port of Paradip, India to Haldia Dock Complex (HDC), India sea route and distance |url=http://ports.com/sea-route/port-of-paradip,india/haldia-dock-complex-hdc,india/ |website=Ports.com |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref> The dock is situated about {{convert|130|km|mi}} north of the deep sea (Sandhead) and {{convert|30|km|mi}} inland from the [[Bay of Bengal]] by river.{{sfn|Samanta|2021|p=11}} It is developed on the western bank of the [[Hooghly River]] at the confluence of the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] and [[Haldi River|Haldi]] rivers in the [[Tamluk subdivision]] of [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]] district in the southern part of the [[ West Bengal|state of West Bengal]] in [[East India|eastern India]].<ref name="hdc">{{cite web |title=Haldia Dock Complex |url=https://smportkolkata.shipping.gov.in/show_img.php?fid=2873 |website=smportkolkata.shipping.gov.in |access-date=19 May 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Chandramouli|2011|p=19}}{{sfn|Indian Port Association|2016|p=1}}

The Haldia Dock Complex is located on the eastern coast of India in the Lower Gangetic Plain which is part of a flat plain known as the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic Plain]]; the land slope is fairly flat.{{sfn|JSW|2023|loc=Table 1: Details of Major Indian ports}} Haldia has seasonal temperature variations; April and May are the warmest months, while December and January are the coldest months.{{sfn|Indian Port Association|2016|p=60}}<ref name="farmech">{{cite web |title=Long-term Strategies and Programmes for Mechanization of Agriculture in Agro Climatic Zone–III: Lower Gangetic Plains region |url=https://farmech.dac.gov.in/06035-04-ACZ3-15052006.pdf |website=farmech.dac.gov.in |access-date=19 May 2024|page=98–99}}</ref> The highest temperature recorded so far is 44.90°C (May) and the lowest temperature is 6.90°C (December), which was recorded in 1975.{{sfn|Indian Port Association|2016|p=60}} The dock area receives most of its seasonal rainfall from the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|southwest monsoon]] from June to September, with an average rainfall of 250 mm.{{sfn|Indian Port Association|2016|p=60}} Occasionally, cyclones formed in the [[Bay of Bengal]] hit the coast.{{sfn|Samanta|2021|p=27–28}} Average monthly rainfall is less than 50 mm from November to February under the influence of [[Monsoon#Northeast monsoon|northwest monsoon]].{{sfn|Indian Port Association|2016|p=60}}{{sfn|AECOM|2016|loc=2.0 The Port and Site Conditions|p=3}}

It is situated on [[alluvial plain]], mainly formed from silt carried by the Hooghly and Haldi rivers.{{sfn|Chandramouli|2011|pp=17, 19 and 21}} The area surrounding the dock falls under [[Seismic hazard|Seismic Zone III]] indicating a moderate risk of earthquakes.{{sfn|Samanta|2021|p=31}}{{sfn|AECOM|2016|loc=2.0 The Port and Site Conditions|p=4}} As there is no natural harbour, the dock is constructed by excavating the land along the river. The maximum depth is up to {{convert|12.5|m|ft}} and the soil in the dock entrance basin is mainly composed of [[silt]]. Visibility in the harbor area is good throughout the year and low visibility is usually associated with heavy rains caused by the [[Monsoon#Southwest monsoon|southwest monsoon]]. On average, there are five to seven morning fogs every month from November to February.{{sfn|Indian Port Association|2016|p=60}}

== History ==
=== Background ===
The Kolkata Dock System was unable to handle large sea-going vessels due to the low navigability of the [[navigable channel]] of the century-old Port of Kolkata under Kolkata Port Trust. This inability threatened the [[economy of Kolkata]] and [[East India|eastern India]]. Port of Kolkata had been facing navigability problems for long due to silting and [[Shoal|submerged sandbar]], and an alternative route was needed for shipping, which led the [[Government of West Bengal]] to consider the possibility of establishing a subsidiary dock of Kolkata Dock System.

In the 1950s, the search was on for a suitable location for a dock near the estuary of the [[Hooghly River]], which would not pose navigational problems and would provide sufficient draft for larger ships. Among the various possible sites, [[Geonkhali]], {{convert|60|km|mi}} south of [[Kolkata]], was a serious contender for Haldia. Jeonkhali had {{convert|26|ft|m}} draft all-round the year, and was able to accommodate ships over {{convert|530|ft|m}} long.{{sfn|Das|2018|p=11}}

In 1959, The Haldia Project Report was prepared by Rendell Palmer Triton (RPT), a UK-based port consultant.{{sfn|Bose|1997|p=45}} Haldia had draft of {{convert|30|ft|m}} for all days, {{convert|32|ft|m}} for 238 days and {{convert|35|ft|m}} for 39 days in a year.{{sfn|Bose|1997|p=45}} It was expected that with dredging and river training works, the navigability would increase and by 1985, 80,000 DWT ships would be able to come to Haldia.{{sfn|Das|2018|p=12}} The [[Barauni Refinery|Barauni refinery]] was set up in [[Bihar]] in the 1960s, an immediate need for an oil jetty was felt to import [[crude oil]] and petroleum products, the main raw materials required for the refinery, which fueled plans to build a new port.{{sfn|Das|2018|pp=73–74}}

=== Calcutta Port Commissioners: Till 1975 ===
In the initial period, the then [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|Chief Minister]] [[Bidhan Chandra Roy|Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy]] selected [[Geonkhali]] as a suitable location for setting up a satellite port of Kolkata and planned to connect it with Kolaghat through rail connectivity for improved transportation.{{sfn|Das|2018|p=74}} Despite various efforts by the [[Government of West Bengal]], the Geonkhali project was not implemented but [[Haldia]] on the right bank of the river was alternatively selected as the subsidiary port of Kolkata. It was located in relatively more navigable waterways, and was closer to the sea than the proposed Geonkhali area; in addition, there were only three submerged sandbars in fairly straight waterways and [[shipping channel]].{{sfn|Das|2018|pp=73–74}} In 1959, the project report for the new port was prepared but was delayed due to some technical problems. The master plan envisaged the construction of a ''[[Trishula]]'' shaped dock included two entrances with [[Lock (water navigation)|lock]], 47 berths, two oil jetties on the river bank and two large [[dry dock|dry docks]].{{sfn|Das|2018|p=74}} Posthuma, DG of the [[Port of Rotterdam]], who advised the [[Government of India]] on the development of the country's ports, was involved in the outline of the Haldia project; dutch hydrologist Jansen, who examined river regimes. The port engineering aspect was overseen by the internationally renowned French harbor engineer Larras.{{sfn|Das|2018|p=11}}

Due to its proximity to the [[Bay of Bengal]], Haldia was designed in the early 1960s to accommodate large ships. In the late 1960s, the Haldia was first developed as a river port. Construction for the dock began in 1967.{{sfn|Bose|1997|p=46}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|2021|p=304}} In the first phase, only 7 berths and a single oil jetty were taken under construction. The need for an oil jetty at Haldia arose in the mid-1960s, as the Barauni refinery, established in 1964 with the help of the [[Soviet Union]], needed to be serviced by tankers through the nearest port.<ref name="Statesman-News-Service"/> Construction of the first oil jetty began in 1965, which was completed in 1968 with a pipeline connecting it to the [[Barauni Refinery|Barauni refinery]].{{sfn|Das|2018|p=74}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|2021|p=137}} On 12 August 1968, the oil jetty began operations with the loading of 6,500T of motor oil on the [[Indian Oil Corporation|IOC]]-chartered tanker ''Ampuria''; [[motor spirit]] was transported from Barauni refinery.<ref name="Statesman-News-Service">{{cite news |title=Kolkata Port successfully conducts ship-to-ship LPG operation |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/kolkata-port-successfully-conducts-ship-ship-lpg-operation-1503018858.html |access-date=7 July 2024 |work=The Statesman |publisher=Statesman News Service |date=18 October 2021 |location=Kolkata}}</ref>

In 1966, Calcutta Port Commissioners entrusted dredging work under Haldia project to Ivan Milutinnovic – PIM; the company had successfully completed dredging for the [[Paradip Port Authority|Paradip port project]].{{sfn|Kumar|2011|p=14}} ₹2.86 crore was paid to the company under the dredging contract. The contract involved the dredging of 1.5 million cubic meters of silt in front of the oil jetty, at approaches to the [[Lock (water navigation)|lock-gate]] and the dock. The dredged silt was deposited in low-lying land near the docks. The dredging work was supposed to start in 1966 and finish in 1969, but the dredgers of the Dutch company were deployed from 1973 to 1975. The daily rent for dredging was fixed at ₹1.49 ''[[lakh]]''. The ''Dredger Ham-308'' was deployed at Auckland (a submerged sandbars on the Hooghly River) and the ''Dredger Delta Bay'' at Middleton (another Submerged Sandbars on the Hooghly River). The proposed estimate was that dredging 76 million cubic meters of sediment would provide {{convert|12.2|m|ft}} of navigability for 320 days a year, and dredging 30 million cubic meters of sediment would provide 10.67 m of navigability throughout the year.{{sfn|Kumar|2011|p=14}}{{sfn|Law|1989|p=64–65}}

=== Calcutta Port Trust: 1975–present ===
Finally in 1977, the port gained momentum with the opening of the Haldia Dock Complex.{{sfn|Das|2018|p=74}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|2021|p=137}} Haldia Dock Complex, a modern dock complex of Kolkata Port Trust, was set up in 1977{{sfn|Sinha|2011b|loc=Introduction}}<ref name="HDC-access"/> to handle larger vessels, carrying bulk cargo with optimum economy.{{sfn|Adhya|2014|p=27}} Cargo projection for the first financial year (1975-76) at Haldia Dock Complex was 21 million metric tonnes, which is 2.5 times more than the Kolkata dock system.{{sfn|Kumar|2011|pp=12–13}}

The Dutch dredging company had dredged 50 million cubic meters of silt up to 1977,{{sfn|Mukherjee|2021|p=199}}{{sfn|Law|1989|p=70}} at a total cost of ₹26 crore. By 1978,{{sfn|Mukherjee|2021|p=199}}{{sfn|Law|1989|p=70}} the total amount of dredging was 82 million cubic metres, including 50 million cubic meters at Auckland, 21 million cubic meters at Jellingham and 11 million cubic meters at Midleton. However, despite dredging above the estimated value, the improvement in navigability was not consistent. The Haldia project was designed for a draft of {{convert|12.2|m|ft}}, but even after more dredging than required, the draft did not exceed {{convert|9.67|m|ft}}.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2021|p=191}} As a result, capital dredging has stopped; later dredging continued only for channel maintenance.{{sfn|Kumar|2011|p=14}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|2021|p=200}}{{sfn|Law|1989|p=64–65}}

Later, the Haldia city and the [[Haldia Industrial Belt]] were developed around the port.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2021|p=137}} The import of [[crude oil]] through the port began in the 1960s, leading Haldia to develop into the first petrochemical hub of West Bengal and the entire [[eastern India]] in the following decades. Thus, long before the [[Economic liberalisation in India|economic liberalisation]] was adopted by the [[Government of India]] in the early 1990s, the Haldia dock and industrial area became an oasis for private entrepreneurs and foreign capital.{{sfn|Das|2018|p=72–73}}

The port's navigable channel faced a navigability crisis in the late 2000s, which affected the port's normal shipping operations. The navigability crisis mainly occurred at the Jellingham and Auckland sandbars in the port's channel. The ideal navigable depth at these two locations was {{convert|6.1|m|ft}} and {{convert|6.3|m|ft}} respectively at zero tide. A survey conducted in October 2008 by the [[Kolkata Port Trust]] showed that the depth at the two locations had decreased to {{convert|3.9|m|ft}} and {{convert|4.3|m|ft}} respectively. To address the navigability crisis, the port authority conducted a survey in 2011 to introduce Eden channel as an alternative channel to Lower Auckland. The Eden channel was fully opened in 2016,{{sfn|Mukherjee|2021|p=201}} which is deeper than Lower Auckland; depth of its shallow part is {{convert|6.2–6.9|m|ft}} at zero tide.<ref name="downtoearth">{{Cite magazine |last1=Mitra |first1=Maureen Nandini |title=Port end |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/port-end-2819#:~:text=Silt%20deposits%20at%20the%20mouth,making%20the%20shipping%20channel%20shallow. |access-date=30 April 2024 |magazine=Down To Earth |date=31 December 2008 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite news |title=Haldia door shuts for heavy vessels - Cost scare for industry |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/haldia-door-shuts-for-heavy-vessels-cost-scare-for-industry/cid/589595 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |agency=ABP |publisher=The Telegraph |date=14 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Utpal |title=Silt may leave Haldia port high and dry |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/silt-may-leave-haldia-port-high-and-dry/story-8Vvh4K7gjav7UJSSvRgq5I.html |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=www.hindustantimes.com |agency=HT Media |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=15 August 2008 |location=[[Haldia]]}}</ref><ref Name="anandabazar6"/>

Factors such as navigable crisis in the channel, dependence on tides and lockgate for shipping led to a rapid decline in cargo volume at Haldia Dock since 2009. Vessel movement at the dock occurs only during high tide, which occurs twice a day, causing port users to shift to other east-coast deep-water ports in India. In March 2018, The Kolkata Port Trust launched a floating jetty known as the Haldia Floating Terminal under the Haldia Dock Complex, which completely ending the dependence on the lock-gate.{{sfn|WAPCOS|2017|loc=Chapter-1|p=7}} It is capable of discharging cargo from 10-12 thousand DWT barges/mini bulk carriers; the annual capacity is 4 million metric tons.<ref name="HFTPL">{{cite web |title=Haldia Floating Terminal Pvt. Ltd(HFTPL) |url=https://bothragroup.com/floating-terminal-haldia/ |access-date=4 April 2024}}</ref> From the mid-2010s, it is planned to end the dependence on lock-gate and dock for handling liquid cargo vessels to increase the port's cargo handling.{{sfn|WAPCOS|2017|loc=Chapter-1|p=7}} A decision was taken to shift the liquid cargo unloading facility operated within the dock to the river bank.{{sfn|WAPCOS|2017|loc=Chapter-1|p=7}} The construction of Outer Terminal-2 started on 5 September 2019 with a target of opening in 2021, but the global [[COVID-19 pandemic]] including in [[COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal|West Bengal]] in 2020 delayed the construction.{{sfn|Kumar|2020|p=10}} It was finally commissioned on 23 March 2022.{{sfn|Kumar|2022|p=7}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|2021|p=139}}

==Dock system==
=== Outside lock gate ===
==== Oil jetty ====
[[File:MT CLEAROCEAN AJAX at Haldia Oil Jetty III.jpg|300px|thumb|right|''MT Clearocean Ajax'' With 48,111 MT of [[Naphtha]] anchored at Haldia Oil Jetty-III.]]
Liquid cargos at Haldia dock are primarily handling by three oil jetties on the west bank of the Hooghly River, which have a draft of {{convert|12.5|m|ft}}.{{sfn|Haranadh|2023|p=78}} These oil jetties are known as Haldia Oil Jetty I (HOJ-I), Haldia Oil Jetty II (HOJ-I) and Haldia Oil Jetty III (HOJ-III). According to the construction design and infrastructure, HOJ-I is capable of handling tankers up to 89,000 DWT, and HOJ-II and HOJ-III of up to 1,50,000 DWT.{{sfn|Haranadh|2023|p=78}}{{sfn|Indian Port Association|2016|p=7}}{{sfn|Indian Port Association|2016|p=13 and 17}} The distance between the two outermost mooring dolphins at HOJ-I is {{convert|290|m|ft}}, allowing vessels with a maximum length of 200 meters and a minimum length of {{convert|84|m|ft}}.{{sfn|Indian Port Association|2016|p=7}} On the other hand, the distance between the two outermost [[Dolphin (structure)|mooring dolphins]] at HOJ-II and HOJ-III is {{convert|330|m|ft}} and {{convert|345|m|ft}} respectively; these Oil Jetties allow berthing of vessels with a maximum length of {{convert|250|m|ft}} and a minimum length of {{convert|160|m|ft}}.{{sfn|Haranadh|2023|p=78}}{{sfn|Indian Port Association|2016|p=13 and 17}}{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=6}}

There are three oil jetties with an annual capacity of 10.7 million tons of liquid cargos, Of which HOJ-I, HOJ-II and HOJ-III are able to handling 2.6 million tons, 3.7 million tons and 4.4 million tons of liquid cargos annually respectively.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=6}} HOJ-I has petroleum, oil and lubricants (POL) handling facilities, while HOJ-II and HOJ-III have infrastructure for importing [[Petroleum|crude oil]]. Crude oil, petroleum products, [[naphtha]], [[Liquefied petroleum gas|liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)]], [[P-Xylene|para-xylene]], [[liquid ammonia]], FO, various chemicals and edible oils are transported through the three jetties.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=6}}

==== Outer terminal-II ====
Outer Terminal-II is located in the river between [[Lock (water navigation)|lock-gate]] and HOJ-II. The berth or jetty of the terminal consists of 4 [[Dolphin (structure)|mooring dolphins]] and a service deck.{{sfn|WAPCOS|2017|loc=Chapter-2|p=11}} The distance between the two outermost mooring dolphins is {{convert|270|m|ft}}, while the distance between the inner mooring and the outermost mooring dolphin is {{convert|55|m|ft}} and the distance between the inner mooring and centre line of the jetty is {{convert|80|m|ft}}.{{sfn|WAPCOS|2017|loc=Chapter-2|p=11–12}} The service deck is {{convert|12|m|ft}} long and {{convert|16|m|ft}} wide, and has a height of {{convert|8.70|m|ft}} above the water line (CD).{{sfn|WAPCOS|2017|loc=Chapter-2|p=17}} The terminal is capable of accommodating vessels up to {{convert|9|m|ft}} in draft and {{convert|185|m|ft}} in length. As per construction design and infrastructure, Outer Terminal-II is capable of handling tankers of maximum size of 40,000 DWT.{{sfn|WAPCOS|2017|loc=Chapter-2|p=11}} It mainly handling [[Cooking oil|edible oil]].{{sfn|WAPCOS|2017|loc=Chapter-2|p=1}}

==== Floating cargo handling terminal ====
{{multiple image |perrow=3/3|total_width=200|caption_align=left|image_style=border:none
| align =right
|direction=vertical
| image2 =Limestone is being transported from the jetty to the riverside storage yard through conveyor belt at Haldia Floating Terminal.jpg
| caption2 =[[Limestone]] is being transported from the jetty to the riverside storage yard through conveyor belt.
| image1 =Barge Jal Riddhi at the Haldia Floating Termina Jetty.jpg
| caption1 =Barge ''Jal Riddhi'' at the Haldia Floating Termina Jetty.
}}

The floating cargo handling terminal has infrastructure to handle [[barge|barges]] and mini bulk carriers (MBC), and its jetty is capable of handling 10,000-12,000 DWT vessels.{{sfn|Kumar|2011|p=17}}<ref name="bothragroup"/>{{sfn|AECOM|2016|loc=5.1.3 Floating Riverine Barge Jetty|p=3}} The terminal's jetty has a {{convert|66|m|ft}} long berth, with 3 mooring dolphins, and two [[reinforced cement concrete]] (RCC) decks known as crane deck and hopper deck. The crane deck contains a ''Liebherr CBG 300'' crane,{{sfn|Servies|2015|p=4}} and the hopper deck mounted with a hopper that is connected to the conveyor belt. Cargoes transported by barges and mini bulk carriers (MBC) from Sandheads and Sagar anchorages are unloaded at this terminal, which is transloading from larger vessels to barges and mini bulk carriers (MBC) by [[floating crane]] facilities. For discharge of cargoes, mainly [[coal]], has a crane on the fixed RCC jetty, which transfers the cargoes from the moored barge or mini bulk ship to the hopper. The terminal's jetty has a minimum water depth of {{convert|8|m|ft}}, which can easily handle mini bulk ships.<ref name="bothragroup"/> The terminal is capable of handling 4 million tonnes of cargoes annually.<ref name="bothragroup">{{cite web |title=Haldia Floating Terminal Pvt. Ltd(HFTPL) |url=https://bothragroup.com/floating-terminal-haldia/ |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref>

The cargoes are transported from the jetty to the riverside yard through [[conveyor belt|conveyor belts]]. The storage yard is spread over 4000 square meters. There is a 1.30 km long road network of 10.5 m width carriageway inside the boundary wall of the terminal to ensure smooth movement of vehicles for transportation of cargoes from storage yard.{{sfn|Servies|2015|p=7}}

=== Impounded dock ===
[[File:Dry bulk cargo Terminal of Haldia Dock Complex.jpg|thumb|left|Cargo unloading at the dry bulk cargo terminal of impounded dock.]]
The port's impounded dock is enclosed by lock-gate, and mainly [[Bulk cargo|bulk cargos]] and [[Intermodal container|containers]] are handle here. The maximum depth of water in the dock basin is 12.5 meters (41 ft), providing the ability to anchorage for ships up to 277 meters (909 ft) long.{{sfn|Haranadh|2023|p=78}} The average depth of the channel from the pilot station to the dock is 8.3 m (27 ft); therefore, the dock is capable of anchoring ships up to 230 meters (750 ft) long.{{sfn|Haranadh|2023|p=70}}{{sfn|Haranadh|2023|p=78}} The lock-gate of the dock is {{convert|330|m|ft}} long and {{convert|39|m|ft}} wide. Along with the lock-gate there is a jetty known as the approach jetty parallel to the banks of the Hooghly River, which primarily provides mooring facilities to ships before entering the lock-gate. The dock has only one turning basin, which is 545 meters in [[diameter]].{{sfn|Haranadh|2023|p=70}}{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=5}}<ref name="Liquid-bulk">{{cite web |title=Liquid bulk cargo Terminal |url=https://smportkolkata.shipping.gov.in/show_img.php?fid=4425 |access-date=13 April 2024}}</ref>

The impounded dock has a total of 14 berths, out of which 3 berths are fully mechanized for cargo handling. Berths at the dock include 6 dry bulk cargo berths, 3 liquid cargo berths, 3 multipurpose berths and 2 dedicated container berths. Berths are identified by numbers, which can range from 2 to 13.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=5}} Dry cargo handling facilities are available at berths no. 2, no. 4, no. 4A, no. 4B, no. 8 and no. 13, of which no. 4 and no. 4A handle cargoes through fully mechanized systems.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=5}} There are two [[Mobile crane|mobile harbor cranes]] (MHC) at berth no. 2 for loading and unloading of cargoes on [[Panamax]] and [[Handymax]] vessels and sufficient number of equipment like dumpers, pay loaders and bulldozers required for handling cargoes at the terminal.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=5}}

berth no. 3, berth no. 9 and berth no. 12 are used as multi-purpose berths, the three berths collectively known as multi-purpose terminal.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=9}} [[Bulk cargo|Dry bulk]] cargoes, clean dry bulk cargoes and [[Breakbulk cargo|break-bulk]] cargoes are handling through the terminal. Berth no. 3 has facilities for loading/unloading of dry bulk as well as break-bulk cargoes, cargoes loading/unloading is mainly done using ship's gear.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=9}} [[Cooking oil|Edible oil]] is also handled through pipelines laid at this berth. Berth No. 9 has dry bulk cargoes loading/unloading facilities, while Berth No. 12 has semi-mechanized infrastructure for cargo loading/unloading, equipped with mobile harbor cranes, hoppers etc. Operations on shore are carried out with [[Dumper|dumpers]], [[Loader (equipment)|payloaders]] etc. berths no. 9 and berth no. 12 each have one warehouse for storing cargos, area of their storage area is 9,000 square meters and 3,000 square meters respectively.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=9}}{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=10}} The combined cargo capacity of the berths is 5.1 million tonnes per annum, of which berth no. 3, berth no. 9 and berth no. 12 are capable of handling 2.3 million tonnes, 0.9 million tonnes and 1.9 million tonnes per annum respectively.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=9}}

Berths no. 5, no. 6 and no. 7 have liquid cargo handling infrastructure, the three berths are part of the port's liquid bulk cargo terminal.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=6}} Berths no. 6 and no. 7 have a finger jetty, which provide vessel mooring facilities for both berths. Berths are equipped to transport [[Cooking oil|edible oil]], [[Carbon black|carbon black feed stock (CBFS)]], [[phosphoric acid]] and various non-dangerous liquid cargoes. These three berths have the capacity to handle 4.2 million tons of cargo annually. Berths no. 6 and no. 7 have an open storage area of 19,000 square meters for storage of cargoes.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=6}}<ref name="Liquid-bulk"/>
[[File:MSC Ricarda II of MSC Line berthed at Haldia Dock Complex's container terminal.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Portugal-flagged container ship ''MSC Ricarda II'' of [[Mediterranean Shipping Company|MSC Line]] berthed at the Container Terminal of Haldia Dock Complex.]]
Berths no. 10 and no. 11 have infrastructure for handling [[container ship|container ships]], the two berths are collectively referred to as the Container Terminal by the Port Authority.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=7}} The terminal is operated and maintained by Haldia International Container Terminal Limited, a subsidiary of International Cargo Terminal and Infrastructure Pvt. The quay of the terminal is {{convert|432|m|ft}} long. The terminal is operated with state-of-the-art systems and equipment. There are 3 [[Container crane|rail mounted quay cranes]] for handling [[container ship|container ships]] and 4 [[Rubber tyred gantry crane|rubber tyred gantry cranes]] for stacking containers. 2 rail mounted quay cranes were added to the service in the first phase and third rail mounted quay cranes in the second phase; the third quay crane has a lifting capacity of 40 tonnes and is capable of handling containers with an outreach of 40 meters by crane arm.<ref name="pib1">{{cite news |title=Prime Minister to inaugurate and lay foundation stone of MoPSW projects worth more than Rs. 900 crore in West Bengal Tomorrow |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2010219 |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=pib.gov.in |publisher=PIB Delhi |date=29 February 2024}}</ref> The terminal has ground slots of around 1500 [[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]] with stacking facilities of equivalent height of 3/4 containers. It has the capacity to handling 3 ''lakh'' TEUs (0.3 million TEUs) annually.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=7}}<ref name="CT">{{cite web |title=Container Terminal |url=https://smportkolkata.shipping.gov.in/show_img.php?fid=2925 |access-date=12 April 2024}}</ref>

=== Transloading facilities ===
{{multiple image |perrow=3/3|total_width=380|caption_align=left|image_style=border:none
| align =left
| image1 =Cargo transloading from mini cape vessel MV Kishore carrying 54000 tonne cargo to barge with two floating cranes at the Sagar anchorage of Port of Kolkata-2.jpg
| image2 =The Mother vessel MT YUSHAN with a parcel load of 44551 MT cargo carried out Ship-to-Ship operation with Daughter Vessel MT HAMPSHIRE at Sandheads.jpg
| footer = '''Left''': In June 2018, cargo transloading from mini cape vessel ''MV Kishore'' carrying 54000 tonne cargo to barge with two floating cranes at the Sagar anchorage, '''Right''': Transfer of LPG from mother vessel ''MT Yushan'' to daughter vessel ''MT Hampshire'' at Sandheads anchorage through ship-to-ship operation.
}}

[[Transloading#Transloading facilities|Transloading facilities]] are available at Sandheads anchorage and Sagar anchorage, which are operated with the help of [[floating crane|floating cranes]]. Through this system, cargoes are transferred from large ships to smaller ships or barges and unloaded at the Haldia Dock Complex.{{sfn|Kumar|2011|p=17}} The agency appointed by the Kolkata Port Trust executes the deep sea unloading operations. Floating cranes–cranes mounted on barges–are in service for this work. ''MV Yugalraj'' and ''MV Viganraj'' are the two floating cranes used for deep sea cargo unloading. Sandheads anchorage has a water depth of {{convert|40-50|m|ft}}, capable of anchoring the world's largest ships; On the other hand, the Sagar anchorage has a water depth of {{convert|9-10|m|ft}}, where mainly small [[capesize]] ships anchor.<ref name="anandabazar3">{{cite news |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Jagannath |title=মাঝদরিয়ায় 'ডাউনলোড'ই এখন নতুন ভরসা বন্দরের |script-title=bn:Mājhadariẏāẏa'ḍā'unalōḍa'i ēkhana natuna bharasā bandarēra |trans-title=Downloading in the Medi-sea is now the new trust of port |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B0-1.261680 |access-date=12 April 2024 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |agency=ABP |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika Online |date=14 December 2015 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="pib-24"/>

In addition to dry products, the Sandheads anchorage also has facilities of [[Ship-to-ship cargo transfer|ship-to-ship (STS) operation]] to transshipment of liquid cargoes such as [[naphtha]], [[propane]], [[butane]]; floating crane facilities are primarily used to discharge dry cargoes like [[coal]], but transshipment of liquid cargoes do not need floating crane facilities.<ref name="pib-24">{{cite web |title=For the first time in the history of major ports, Ship-to-Ship operation of LPG undertaken at Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1764527 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=24 May 2024 |location=Delhi}}</ref>{{sfn|Haranadh|2023|pp=2–3}}<ref name="anandabazar4">{{cite news |title=অতিকায় জাহাজ সাগর চ্যানেলে, পণ্য খালাসে সাফল্য |script-title=bn:Atikāẏa jāhāja sāgara cyānēlē, paṇya khālāsē sāphalya |trans-title=Large ship at the Sagor channel, success in cargo unloading |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/midnapore/dry-cargo-carrying-steam-coal-anchored-near-haldia-dock/cid/1286008 |access-date=12 April 2024 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |agency=ABP |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika Online |date=10 Jun 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> There are floating fender facilities for [[Ship-to-ship cargo transfer|ship-to-ship liquid cargo transfer]] activities, which is used to avoid collision between mother vessel and daughter vessel or small vessel.<ref name="anandabazar5">{{cite news |title=বাংলাদেশে পাঠাতে বন্দরে ছোট বার্জে পেট্রোপণ্য খালাস |script-title=bn:Bānlādēśē pāṭhātē bandarē chōṭa bārjē pēṭrōpaṇya khālāsa |trans-title=Petroleum products are transfer in small barge at the port to be sent to Bangladesh |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/calcutta-port-seeing-profits-in-using-small-vessels-to-import-goods-from-main-cargo-ships/cid/1334652 |access-date=12 April 2024 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |agency=ABP |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika Online |date=21 March 2022 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia2"/> Floating fenders and tug boats are provided by the Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port.<ref name="telegraphindia2">{{cite news |title=Calcutta port used to ferry LPG to Bangladesh |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/calcutta-port-used-to-ferry-lpg-to-bangladesh/cid/1856871 |access-date=30 April 2024 |work=www.telegraphindia.com |agency=ABP |publisher=The Telegraph |date=21 March 2022 |location=Calcutta}}</ref>

== Port channel ==
[[File:Hugli River Delta, India (ASTER).jpg|thumb|right|Satellite Image of Hooghly River Estuary, this estuary provides a shipping channel to the port.]]
Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Port or Port of Kolkata has two entrances from the sea, one is the Eastern Channel and the other is the Western Channel; whereas the western channel is used for navigation by vessels bound for Haldia Dock Complex.{{sfn|AECOM|2016|loc=3.1 Navigational Channel & Navigation|pp=1–2}} The Western Channel has a deeper navigability than the Eastern Channel, thus the Haldia Dock Complex is able to handle larger ships than the [[Port of Kolkata#Kolkata Dock System|Kolkata Dock System]].

The Western Channel is divided into four smaller channels, namely Eden Channel, Auckland Channel (upper part), Jellingham Channel and Haldia Channel. The southern end of the Eden Channel lies in the deep sea, and the northern end is connected to the Upper Auckland Channel. The Lower Auckland Channel acts as a connecting channel between the Eastern Channel and the Western Channel, connecting Middletongue Point in the Eastern Channel–the northern end of the Gaspar Channel–and the southern end of the Upper Auckland Channel. The Gasper Channel-Auckland Channel-Jellingham Channel-Haldia Channel route was used for shipping to the Haldia Dock Complex, but later Eden Channel was used to avoid the dredging costs required to remove excess silt from the Lower Auckland Channel; the current navigation route is Eden Channel-Auckland Channel (upper part)-Jellingham Channel-Haldia Channel.{{sfn|Kumar|2011|p=20}}<ref Name="anandabazar6">{{cite news |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Jagannath |title=এক ফুসফুস বাদ, হাঁফাচ্ছে হলদিয়া বন্দর |script-title=bn:Ēka phusaphusa bāda, hām̐phācchē haladiẏā bandara |trans-title=Haldia port is gasping, except one lung |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/dredging-is-crucial-for-survival-of-auckland-channel-at-haldia-port-1.499164 |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |agency=ABP |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika Online |date=21 October 2016}}</ref>

Balari Channel lies upstream of Haldia Channel. The Ballari Channel was formerly navigable, serving as a link between the Eastern Channel and the Western Channel; but towards the end of the last century (1986) it was declared unnavigable for large vessels and abandoned by the port authorities due to excessive siltation.<ref name="downtoearth"/>{{sfn|Adhya|2014|p=30}}

The depth of the Western Channel is not uniform at all locations due to the presence of [[Sandbar|submerged sandbars]]. The 110 km (68 m) long channel up to Haldia has a minimum depth of {{convert|5.5|m|ft}} and a minimum width of 345 m (1,132 ft).{{sfn|Kumar|2022|p=70}} The natural navigability of the Western Channel's submerged sandbars is greater than 5 m, out of which the depth of Eden Channel is {{convert|6.7|m|ft}} in the northern part and {{convert|6.9|m|ft}} in the lower part.<ref name=hdraft/> During high tides the channel depth exceeds {{convert|9|m|ft}} with tidal support; Capable of navigating vessels with a maximum draft of {{convert|9.1|m|ft}} and a minimum draft of {{convert|7.6|m|ft}}.{{sfn|Kumar|2022|p=70}} The average draft of approach channel—Western Channel—leading to Haldia varies between {{convert|8.2|m|ft}} to {{convert|8.6|m|ft}}.{{sfn|Mukherjee|2021|p=207}}{{sfn|AECOM|2016|loc=4.7.1 Approach Channel|p=14}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"
|+ Depth of water in the channel{{sfn|Kumar|2022|p=70}}<ref name=hdraft>{{cite web |title=Estimated fresh water draft forecast for the month of Jun 2025 for Haldia for vessels of 12kts. & over (Subject to alteration) |url=https://smp.smportkolkata.in/smpk/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/ilovepdf_merged-44.pdf |access-date=22 April 2025}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Depth
! rowspan="2"| Port channel
! colspan="4"| submerged sandbars
|-
! Condition
! Value
! rowspan="2"| Haldia anchorage
! Jellingham
! Upper Eden
! Lower Eden
|-
| Natural depth
| range || {{convert|5.6–12|m|ft}} || {{convert|6–9.4|m|ft}} || {{convert|6–9|m|ft}} || {{convert|7.4–8.4|m|ft}} || {{convert|6.5–8|m|ft}}
|-
| Natural Draft || || || {{convert|5.5|m|ft}} || {{convert|5.5|m|ft}}|| {{convert|6.7|m|ft}}|| {{convert|6.9|m|ft}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Tidal Draft
| Maximum || {{convert|9.3|m|ft}} || || || ||
|-
| Average || {{convert|8.4|m|ft}} || || || ||
|}

== Connectivity ==
=== Railway ===
Haldia Dock Complex has its own railway system to cater the traffic demand for warehouses and sidings. Each berth of the dock has railway connectivity. The dock's rail system is connected to the [[Howrah–Kharagpur line|Panshkura-Haldia broad gauge railway section]] at Gaurich near Durgachak station under the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway Zone]] of [[Indian Railways]] through a fully electrified single line rail corridor.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=11–12}}{{sfn|Kumar|2011|p=17}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|2021|p=140}}<ref name="HDC-access">{{cite web |title=General information regarding access to Haldia Dock Complex |url=https://smportkolkata.shipping.gov.in/show_img.php?fid=2875 |publisher=Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port Authority |access-date=23 April 2024 |page =3 and 11 }}</ref>{{sfn|AECOM|2016|loc=3.3.6 Port Railways|p=15}} The railway system consists of {{convert|11.5|km|mi}} railway with {{convert|115|km|mi}} track and 2 yards.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=11}} [[Freight train|Freight trains]] within the dock are operated by 12 [[Locomotive|locomotives]] under the dock's own railway, and annual capacity of transportation of cargos is 30 million metric tonnes.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=11}} This railway system has general marshalling yard and bulk handling yard.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=11–12}} Through the rail link, the cargoes are mainly transported to the manufacturing units of the port's customers like [[Steel Authority of India Limited]] (SAIL) and [[NTPC Limited|NTPC]] etc.{{sfn|Kumar|2018|p=12}}{{sfn|AECOM|2016|loc=3.3.6.1 Connectivity to Berths|p=16}}

=== Highway ===
Haldia Dock Complex is directly connected to [[National Highway 116 (India)|National Highway 116]] (Old, NH-41).<ref>{{cite web |title=The List of National Highways in the Country is as under |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of India |access-date=23 April 2024|p=7}}</ref>{{sfn|Kumar|2011|p=17}} This National Highway connects with [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] (Old, NH-6)—part of [[Golden Quadrilateral]]—at [[Kolaghat]], which makes the dock complex accessible to other states of the country including [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]].{{sfn|Kumar|2011|p=17}}<ref name="HDC-access"/>{{sfn|Mukherjee|2021|p=140}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Hinterland |url=https://smportkolkata.shipping.gov.in/index1.php?layout=1&lang=1&level=2&sublinkid=104&lid=36 |access-date=30 April 2024}}</ref>

=== Waterway ===
The Haldia Dock Complex is connected to [[National Waterway 1]], which provides connectivity with [[North India]].{{sfn|Kumar|2011|p=17}}<ref>{{cite web |title=National Waterways 1 |url=https://iwai.nic.in/waterways/national-waterways/national-waterways-1?id=2523 |website=Inland Waterways Authority of India |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> The [[Haldia Multi-Modal Terminal]] has been constructed by the [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] on the land of the dock complex, through which cargoes are transported directly from the port to [[Varanasi Multi-Modal Terminal|Varanasi]] and [[Sahebganj Multi-Modal Port|Sahebganj]] terminals. On the other hand, the port is connected with the riverine ports of [[Bangladesh]] and Indian state of [[Assam]] by National Waterway 97 (Sunderbans Inland Waterways) and Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Waterway.<ref name="Infra(P)">{{cite web |title=Final Technical Economic & Financial Feasibility Report - Development of Sunderbans Inland Waterways |url=https://iwai.nic.in/sites/default/files/Final%20TEFR-Sunderbans%20Waterways%2030032017.pdf |publisher=Feedback Infra (P) Limited |access-date=23 April 2024 |date=30 March 2017|p=19}}</ref>{{sfn|Mukherjee|2021|p=140}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Protocol on Inland Water Transit and Trade |url=https://iwai.nic.in/sites/default/files/indo-inward-outward/2464640048sam_Part1-61841935_1.pdf |website=Inland Waterways Authority of India |access-date=23 April 2024|p=1}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Port of Kolkata]]
* [[Ports in West Bengal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Abhinandan |date=March 2018 |title=From Doro to Dock: Transformation of Haldia Port Complex |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/3938 |journal=Karatoya: North Bengal University Journal of History |publisher=University of North Bengal |volume=11 |issn=2229-4880}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://smportkolkata.shipping.gov.in/showfile.php?layout=1&lang=1&lid=5817 |title=Administrative Report 2021-22 |last=Kumar |first=Vinit |date=2022 |publisher=Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata |access-date=23 March 2024}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://smportkolkata.shipping.gov.in/showfile.php?layout=1&lang=1&lid=4547 |title=Administrative Report 2019-20 |last=Kumar |first=Shri Vinit |date=2020 |publisher=Kolkata Port Trust |access-date=30 April 2024}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://smportkolkata.shipping.gov.in/showfile.php?layout=1&lang=1&level=2&sublinkid=7199&lid=6310 |title=Administrative Report 2022-23 |last=Haranadh |first=P.L. |date=2023 |publisher=Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata |access-date=1 April 2024}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://www.ujjwalkumar.com/CVImages/MTP_Report.pdf |title=Study of Port Activities and Ship Scheduling Problem at Haldia Dock Complex |last=Kumar |first=Ujjwal |date=2011 |publisher=Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur |access-date=2 April 2024}}
* {{Cite web |last=Port |first=Syama Prasad Mookerjee |date=August 2023 |title=Tender document for maintenance dredging in Hooghly Estuary in the shipping channel of Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata |url=https://archive.org/details/21070554 |publisher=Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata (SMPK) |pages=35–36 |location=Kolkata}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://archive.org/details/pdr-floating-jetty-haldia-pdf |title=Consultancy Services for Basic Engineering, Detailed Engineering and PMC for Coal Discharge Jetty near Haldia Dock Complex |last=Servies |first=Consulting Engineering |date=2015 |publisher=Bothra Shipping Servies PVT. LTD. |access-date=10 May 2024}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://cag.gov.in/webroot/uploads/download_audit_report/2020/Report%20No.%2010%20of%202020_Eng-05f809740a48585.32727105.pdf |title=Report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India for the year ended March 2019 |last=Comptroller and Auditor General of India |date=2019 |access-date=17 May 2024}}
* {{Cite web |last=Sinha |first=Dr. Deepankar |date=2011b |title=Strategic Importance and Development of Port of Kolkata: A Suggestion for a Deep Seaport |url=https://cc.iift.ac.in/research/Docs/WP/LD-22-58.pdf |access-date=30 April 2024 |publisher=Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT), Kolkata Campus}}
* {{Cite web |last=Samanta |first=A. |date=2021 |title=Disaster Management Plan (DMP) |url=https://smportkolkata.shipping.gov.in/showfile.php?layout=1&lang=1&lid=5033 |access-date=19 May 2024 |publisher=Indian Register of Shipping}}
*{{Cite web |date=April 2023 |title=Study on ports sector in India |url=https://www.jsw.in/sites/default/files/assets/industry/infrastructure/JSWIL%20Industry%20Report%20Ports-Update-Apr-Concise-vf.pdf |access-date=19 May 2024 |publisher=JSW Infrastructure |ref={{harvid|JSW|2023}}}}
* {{Cite web |last=Chandramouli |first=C. |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Purba Medinipur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1358/download/4446/DH_2011_1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA_MEDINIPUR.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Adhya |first=Sanghamitra |title=Growth and Decline of Kolkata Port - A Geographical Perspective |url=https://www.aarhat.com/journals/eiirj/?page=archive-details&volume=2014&issue=Issue%20II%20(March%20-%20April%20%2020114 |journal=Electronic International Interdisciplinary Research Journal |language=en |volume=III |issue=II |doi=10.5281/EIIRJ.7181604 |issn=2277-8721 |access-date=20 May 2024 |date=March-April 2014}}
* {{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Santu Kumar |date=1997 |title=Financial Management in ports: a study with special reperence to Calcutta-Haldia Port |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/1115/1/120851.pdf |publisher=Department of Economics, North Bengal University}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sanjoy Kumar |url=https://smportkolkata.shipping.gov.in/scv/pdf/Sesquicentennial-Commemorative-Volume.pdf |title=Looking Back to Look Beyond 1870—2020 |date=1 October 2021 |publisher=Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port |location=Kolkata |access-date=21 May 2024}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/58111/1/ec_08_80_1988.pdf |title=Eightieth report estimates committee (1988-89) |last=Law |first=Asutosh |date=April 1989 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |access-date=21 May 2024}}
* {{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vinit |date=2018 |title=Haldia Dock Complex Redefining Opportunities |url=https://smportkolkata.shipping.gov.in/showfile.php?layout=3&lang=1&lid=3268 |access-date=10 April 2024}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/modification/Amendment/Attach_file/010720162OM72HCSrevFeasibilityReportOT2.pdf |title=Feasibility Report for Construction of Liquid Jetty at Outer Terminal-II Haldia Dock Complex |last=Indian Port Association |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Ports Association |access-date=3 April 2024}}
* {{Cite web |last=WAPCOS |date=2017 |title=Haldia Floating Terminal Pvt. Ltd(HFTPL) |url=https://bothragroup.com/floating-terminal-haldia/ |access-date=4 April 2024}}
* {{Cite report |url=https://sagarmala.gov.in/sites/default/files/6.Final_Master_Plan_KoPT.pdf |title=Sagarmala: Master Plan for Kolkata Port Trust |last=AECOM |date=3 September 2016 |publisher=AECOM |access-date=22 May 2024}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Haldia Dock Complex}}

{{Ports in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Transport in Haldia]]

Tuichawng Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:04Z

Wmltusa: new entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tuichawng
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| type= SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Tuichawng highlighted).png
| district = [[Lawngtlai district|Lawngtlai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| constituency_no = 36
| reservation = ST
| established = 2008<ref name=delimitation2008/>
| mla = [[Rasik Mohan Chakma]]
| party = [[Mizo National Front]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:26272}}
}}
'''Tuichawng''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

It is part of [[Lawngtlai district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It was established, in 2008, by the ''Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008''.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2008 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=3| [[Buddha Dhan Chakma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3667-mizoram-2013/ |title=Mizoram General Legislative Election 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|rowspan=3| [[Rasik Mohan Chakma]]<ref name="Tuichawng assembly election result 2023: MNF's Rasik Mohan Chakma wins with 13346 votes, defeating BJP's Durjya Dhan Chakma and INC's Hara Prasad Chakma">{{cite news|last1=The Times of India|title=Tuichawng assembly election result 2023: MNF's Rasik Mohan Chakma wins with 13346 votes, defeating BJP's Durjya Dhan Chakma and INC's Hara Prasad Chakma|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tuichawng-assembly-election-result-2023-mnfs-rasik-mohan-chakma-wins-by-13346-votes-defeating-bjps-durjya-dhan-chakma-and-incs-hara-prasad-chakma/articleshow/105726066.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=16 January 2024|date=4 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116080039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tuichawng-assembly-election-result-2023-mnfs-rasik-mohan-chakma-wins-by-13346-votes-defeating-bjps-durjya-dhan-chakma-and-incs-hara-prasad-chakma/articleshow/105726066.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=16 January 2024}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Mizo National Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuichawng}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rasik Mohan Chakma]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 13,346
|percentage = 44.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Durjya Dhan Chakma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 12,695
|percentage = 42.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Hara Prasad Chakma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,232
|percentage = 10.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shanti Jiban Chakma
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 423
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 260
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 651
|percentage = 2.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 29,956
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Tuichawng<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018 - Statistical Report |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=6 January 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Buddha Dhan Chakma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:11419}}
|percentage = 43.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rasik Mohan Chakma]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = {{formatnum:9825}}
|percentage = 37.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kali Kumar Tongchangya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:4353}}
|percentage = 16.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:293}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1594}}
|percentage = 6.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:26140}}
|percentage = 85.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:30704}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Mizoram Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Lawngtlai district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}
{{coord|22.92|92.53|display=title}}

[[Category:Lawngtlai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Janjgir-Champa Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:45Z

Wmltusa: New a details nd citations

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Janjgir-Champa
| mla = Byas Kashyap
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Janjgir-Champa district|Janjgir-Champa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Janjgir-Champa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Janjgir-Champa]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:212602}}<ref name=election2023/>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 34
| map_image= Janjgir-Champa Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Janjgir-Champa''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Janjgir-Champa district|Janjgir-Champa]] district.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |url-access=limited |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|[[Narayan Chandel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |url-access=limited |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Moti Lal Devangan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
| [[Narayan Chandel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="election2023">{{cite web |date= |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |url-access=limited |accessdate=25 January 2023 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|[[Vyas Kashyap]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Janjgir-Champa<ref name=election2023/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vyas Kashyap]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 72,900
|percentage = 45.62
|change = +11.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Narayan Chandel]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=65,929|percentage=41.26|change=+4.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Radheshyam Suryavanshi|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=11,668|percentage=7.30|change=-15.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dharamdas Bhargav|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=3,820|percentage=1.18|change=+0.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ravindra Dwivedi|party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|votes=1,522|percentage=0.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=727|percentage=0.45|change=-0.39}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,971|percentage=4.36|change=+1.52}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=159,801|percentage=75.16|change=+2.81}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Janjgir-Champa<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Narayan Chandel]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 54,040
|percentage = 36.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Motilal Dewangan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 49,852
|percentage = 33.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Byas Narayan Kashyap
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 33,505
|percentage = 22.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Sharma
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 1,538
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sudhir Yadav
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 1,422
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,240
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,188
|percentage = 2.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 147,119
|percentage = 72.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Janjgir-Champa district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|22.03|82.62|display=title}}

[[Category:Janjgir-Champa district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Dumka Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:16Z

Wmltusa: Added a data - done

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dumka
| type = SLA
| state = Jharkhand
| established = 2000
| abolished =
| electors = 2,50,994
| mla = [[Basant Soren]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| constituency_no = 10
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| district = [[Dumka district|Dumka]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]]
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image = Basant Soren.jpg
| map_image = Dumka constituency map.svg
}}
'''Dumka''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

==Overview==
Dumka Assembly constituency covers: Dumka Town, Dumka Muffassil and Masalia Police Stations in Dumka district.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 26 January 2016 }}</ref>

This seat is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]].<ref name=delimitation/>

Dumka Assembly constituency is part of [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||Devi Soren || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||Benjamin Hansda
|-
|Sanath Rout
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Paul Murmu || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||G. Marandi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||rowspan=2|Paika Murmu || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Mahadeo Marandi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||rowspan=5|[[Stephen Marandi]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
! colspan=4| [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| [[Stephen Marandi]]<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Hemant Soren]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Lois Marandi]]<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Hemant Soren]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2020 elections in India#Jharkhand|2020^]]
| rowspan=2|[[Basant Soren]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

^by-election

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dumka<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Basant Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=95,685 |percentage=51.33% |change={{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sunil Soren]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=81,097 |percentage=43.50% |change={{decrease}}2.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Marandi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,714 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram Murmu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,153 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,189 |percentage=1.71% |change={{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,588 |percentage=7.83% |change= {{increase}}3.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,86,419 |percentage=71.76% |change= {{increase}}7.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,59,784 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2020===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2020 elections in India#Jharkhand|2020 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Dumka<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eci.gov.in/ByeElection/2009-10/ByeElec_2009.xls|title=Election Commission of India, BYE- ELECTION- 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Basant Soren |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=80,559 |percentage=50.02% |change={{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Louis Marandi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=73,717 |percentage=45.77% |change={{increase}}4.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunita Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,864 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dular Marandi |party=Ambedkarite Party of India |votes=1,498 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Tudu |party=Independent politician |votes=838 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=3,665 |percentage=2.28% |change={{increase}}0.91 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,842 |percentage=4.25% |change= {{decrease}}3.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,61,050 |percentage=65.62% |change= {{decrease}}2.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,50,994 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.62 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dumka<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hemant Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=81,007 |percentage=48.86% |change={{increase}}7.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Louis Marandi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=67,819 |percentage=40.91% |change={{decrease}}3.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anjula Murmu |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=3,156 |percentage=1.90% |change={{decrease}}1.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marshal Rishiraj Tudu |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=2,409 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramchandra Murmu |party=Loktantrik Janshakti Party |votes=1,530 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramcharan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,524 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Tudu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,124 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=2,267 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,188 |percentage=7.96% |change= {{increase}}4.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,65,779 |percentage=67.12% |change= {{decrease}}2.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,46,984 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dumka<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Louis Marandi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=69,760 |percentage=44.65% |change={{increase}}16.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hemant Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=64,846 |percentage=41.50% |change={{increase}}10.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bablu Kumar Murmu |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=4,552 |percentage=2.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sagen Murmu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,594 |percentage=2.30% |change={{decrease}}21.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Dhan Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=3,514 |percentage=2.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Garjen Murmu |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=2,057 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Besra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,464 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,200 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,914 |percentage=3.15% |change= {{increase}}0.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,56,239 |percentage=69.24% |change= {{increase}}10.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,25,642 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}13.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dumka<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hemant Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=35,129 |percentage=30.97% |change={{increase}}12.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Louis Marandi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,460 |percentage=28.62% |change={{decrease}}5.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Stephen Marandi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,256 |percentage=24.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Hembrom |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,031 |percentage=2.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar Murmu |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,012 |percentage=1.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malin Hembrom |party=Independent politician |votes=1,703 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raska Soren |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,422 |percentage=1.25% |change={{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,669 |percentage=2.35% |change= {{decrease}}2.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,13,419 |percentage=58.30% |change= {{increase}}3.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,94,533 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}7.68 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Dumka<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Stephen Marandi]] |party=Independent politician |votes=41,340 |percentage=38.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohril Murmu |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,993 |percentage=33.65% |change={{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hemant Soren]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=19,610 |percentage=18.33% |change={{decrease}}27.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dhani Ram Tudu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,586 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sobha Murmu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,660 |percentage=1.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Hansda |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,507 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wakil Hansda |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation |votes=831 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,347 |percentage=5.00% |change= {{decrease}}6.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,06,954 |percentage=54.83% |change= {{decrease}}0.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,95,067 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}6.79 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Dumka<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar|access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Stephen Marandi]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=43,010 |percentage=45.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Soren |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,788 |percentage=33.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Hembrom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,755 |percentage=16.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Masi Charan Hansda |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,406 |percentage=2.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar Soni |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=1,067 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,222 |percentage=11.86% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,647 |percentage=56.27% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,70,567 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Dumka (community development block)]]
*[[Masalia, Dumka|Masalia]]
*[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Dumka district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

M. Sankaran

2026-04-16T23:41:14Z

Wmltusa: created a info

{{Short description|Indian space researcher}}
{{orphan|date=October 2023}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. Sankaran
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|Aug|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Enkan, [[Thiruvarur District|Thiruvarur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| occupation = Director, scientist
| alma_mater = * Thanthai Periyar Government College of Arts and Sciences
* [[Rajah Serfoji Government College]], Thanjavur
| years_active = 1986–present
| employer = U R Rao Satellite Centre ([[ISRO]])
}}
'''M. Sankaran''' is a scientist at the [[Indian Space Research Organization]]. He is headquartered in [[Bangalore]] as the director of the [[U R Rao Satellite Centre]]. Sankaran is one among them on July 14, 2023, when ISRO successfully landed [[Chandrayaan-3]] on moon.<ref name="URSC - Shri M Sankaran">{{cite web |title=URSC - Shri M Sankaran |url=https://www.ursc.gov.in/directors/sankaran.jsp |website=[[U R Rao Satellite Centre]] |publisher=[[ISRO]]|access-date=25 October 2023}}</ref>

==Education==
Sankaran was born on August 8, 1964, in Thanjavur, [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. His father is Muthuswamy. Mother is Mythily. As his father worked in the [[Indian Railways]], Sankaran did his schooling in several schools in Tamil Nadu like [[Virudhachalam|Vrudhachalam]], [[Viluppuram|Villupuram]] and [[Thanjavur]]. He completed his undergraduate course in physics at Thanthai Periyar Government College of Arts and Sciences, Tiruchirappalli (formerly Periyar E.V.R. College). He had completed M.Sc. Physics at [[Rajah Serfoji Government College]], Thanjavur in 1985. Sankaran is an expert in a wide range of fields, including spacecraft power systems elements, navigation, communications, [[remote sensing]], meteorology and interplanetary exploration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/who-is/who-is-m-sankaran-key-scientist-behind-chandrayaan-3s-success-1503215164.html|title=Who is M Sankaran, key scientist behind Chandrayaan-3's success? - The Statesman|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |accessdate=25 October 2023}}</ref>

==In ISRO==
After completion of M.Sc. in Physics Sankaran joined ISRO in the year 1986. His field of research/work included managing diverse projects such as Satellite Positioning Systems. Sankaran is an expert in Radio Frequency Communication Systems, Geostationary satellites, Navigation Satellites, and Outer Space Missions like Chandrayaan 1, 2, & 3. He is also expert in the miniaturization of avionics systems, indigenization of electronics and power system components. He is also involved in the Gaganyaan program.
Sankaran was appointed as director of U R Rao Satellite Centre in 2021 and since then he made significant contributions to various sectors of the Chandrayaan 3 mission and Gaganyaan program.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/those-who-gave-us-a-new-tomorrow-isros-team-chandrayaan-3/m-sankaran-ursc-director/slideshow/102995627.cms?from=mdr | title=Those who gave us a new tomorrow: ISRO's team Chandrayaan-3 | accessdate=25 October 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[ISRO]]
* [[Rajah Serfoji Government College]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sankaran, M}}
[[Category:Indian scientists]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Lucknow East Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:43Z

Wmltusa: created a data.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lucknow East
| map_image = 173-Lucknow East.svg
| mla = [[O. P. Srivastava]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 elections in India#Uttar Pradesh|2024]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| reservation = None
|constituency_no=173
| loksabha_cons = [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency|Lucknow]]
|alliance=
| type= SLA
}}

'''Lucknow East''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Eastern part of Lucknow in the [[Lucknow district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. A [[Voter-verified paper audit trail]] (VVPAT) facility with EVMs was used here in 2017 U.P. assembly polls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Machines-to-rule-out-fraud-confusion-at-upcoming-UP-polls/articleshow/55946986.cms|title=Machines to rule out fraud, confusion at upcoming UP polls|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

Lucknow East is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Lucknow Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 173 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Lucknow East Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/lucknow-east.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|[[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Triloki Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}" |
|[[Praja Socialist Party]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Kishori Lal Agarwal
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Radhey Shyam Kapoor
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Bans Gopal Shukla
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="4" |Swaroop Kumari Bakshi
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Ravidas Mehrotra]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhagwati Prasad Shukla]]
| rowspan="10" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="10" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Vidya Sagar Gupta]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Kalraj Mishra]]
|-
|2014^
| rowspan="3" |[[Ashutosh Tandon]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|[[2024 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2024]]^
|[[O. P. Srivastava]]
|}
^ denotes bypoll

== Election results ==

===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Uttar_Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Lucknow East<ref name="2024 Bye Election Results - Lucknow East">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Bye Election Results - Lucknow East |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S24173.htm |access-date=7 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807154656/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultByeJune2024/candidateswise-S24173.htm |archive-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[O. P. Srivastava]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,42,948
|percentage = 58.43
|change = {{decrease}}0.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mukesh Chauhan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 89,061
|percentage = 36.41
|change = {{increase}}34.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Alok Kushwaha
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 8,323
|percentage = 3.4
|change = {{decrease}}0.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,707
|percentage = 1.11
|change = {{increase}}0.49
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 53,887
|percentage = 22.02
|change = {{decrease}}4.68
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,44,634
|percentage = 52.48
|change = {{decrease}}3.79
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Lucknow|Lucknow East]]<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ashutosh Tandon]]
|votes = {{formatnum:152928}}
|percentage = 59.4
|change = +0.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Anurag Bhadouria]]
|votes = {{formatnum:84197}}
|percentage = 32.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Aashish Sinha
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:9834}}
|percentage = 3.82
|change = -9.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manoj Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:4485}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change = -22.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Alok Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2680}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1595}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:68731}}
|percentage = 26.7
|change = -8.03
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:257468}}
|percentage = 56.27
|change = +2.32
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Assembly Election, 2017]]: Lucknow East<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ashutosh Tandon]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:135167}}
|percentage = 59.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Anurag Bhadouria]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:55937}}
|percentage = 24.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Saroj Kumar Shukla
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:31390}}
|percentage = 13.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1747}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:79230}}
|percentage = 34.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:228115}}
|percentage = 53.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +7.20
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin|title=By-election, 2014: Lucknow East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ashutosh Tandon
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 71,640
|percentage = 52.05
|change = +15.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Juhie Singh
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 45,181
|percentage = 32.82
|change = +7.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramesh Srivastava
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 9,757
|percentage = 7.09
|change = -11.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shiv Pal Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 7,115
|percentage = 5.17
|change = +5.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajpal
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 876
|percentage = 0.64
|change = +0.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,379
|percentage = 1.00
|change = +1.00
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 26,459
|percentage = 19.23
|change = +8.23
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,37,643
|percentage = 33.06
|change = -20.05
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +15.74
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Assembly Election, 2012]]: Lucknow East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Kalraj Mishra]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 68,726
|percentage = 36.31
|change = +8.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Juhie Singh
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 47,908
|percentage = 25.31
|change = -1.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramesh Srivastava
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 35,227
|percentage = 18.61
|change = -1.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Krishna Chandra Tripathi
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 28,040
|percentage = 14.82
|change = -6.11
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Murtaz Ali
|party = [[Bharatiya Jan Seva Party|BJSWP]]
|votes = 2,348
|percentage = 1.24
|change = +1.24
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 20,818
|percentage = 11.00
|change = +10.06
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,89,267
|percentage = 53.11
|change = +21.57
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +10.06
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Assembly Election, 2007]]: Lucknow East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Vidya Sagar Gupta]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 18,892
|percentage = 28.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Fakhir Siddiqui
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 18,261
|percentage = 27.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Gopal Narayan Misra
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 14,076
|percentage = 20.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sudhir S. Halwasiya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 13,786
|percentage = 20.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Aparna Singh
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = 347
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 631
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 67,264
|percentage = 31.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Assembly Election, 2002]]: Lucknow East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Vidya Sagar Gupta]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 23,429
|percentage = 33.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ravidas Mehrotra
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 23,090
|percentage = 32.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kush Bhargava
|votes = 9,728
|percentage = 13.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Amit Puri
|votes = 8,619
|percentage = 12.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mohammad Yunus
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 3,055
|percentage = 4.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 339
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 70,345
|percentage = 31.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Assembly Election, 1996]]: Lucknow East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Vidya Sagar Gupta]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 49,653
|percentage = 66.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Azad Sarwan Kumar Agrawal
|party = [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)|AIIC(T)]]
|votes = 13,033
|percentage = 17.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Swadesh Kumar
|votes = 8,489
|percentage = 11.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Rajendra Kumar Shukla
|votes = 1,918
|percentage = 2.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Anup Kumar Awasthi
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 612
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 36,620
|percentage = 49.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 74,403
|percentage = 34.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Assembly Election, 1993: Lucknow East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Bhagwati Prasad Shukla]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 48,121
|percentage = 54.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Luv Bhargava
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 27,442
|percentage = 30.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Deepa Kaul
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 11,128
|percentage = 12.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Fareed Ahmad Siddiqui
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 536
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mragendra Kumar Pandey
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 202
|percentage = 0.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 20,679
|percentage = 23.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 89,023
|percentage = 52.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Assembly Election, 1991: Lucknow East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Bhagwati Prasad Shukla]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 36,605
|percentage = 55.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Swaroop Kumari Bakshi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 12,193
|percentage = 18.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Vijay Shankar
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 9,068
|percentage = 13.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Ravidas Mehrotra]]
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 4,665
|percentage = 7.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Jitendra Hari Prasad
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,115
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 24,412
|percentage = 37.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 65,941
|percentage = 28.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Assembly Election, 1989: Lucknow East}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Ravidas Mehrotra]]
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 23,966
|percentage = 41.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Swaroop Kumari Bakshi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 17,053
|percentage = 29.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bhagwati Prasad Shukla
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 10,764
|percentage = 18.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Krishan Kumar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,733
|percentage = 3.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Israr Ahmad
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1,128
|percentage = 1.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 6,913
|percentage = 12.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 57,504
|percentage = 25.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Lucknow]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Cyberabad Municipal Corporation

2026-04-08T09:18:21Z

Wmltusa:

{{Short description|Municipal government in Telangana, India}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Cyberabad Municipal Corporation
| native_name =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| logo =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = [[Municipal corporation]]
| jurisdiction = Hyderabad
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|br=yes|2026|2|11}}
| leader1_type = [[Mayor of Hyderabad, India|Mayor]]
| leader1 =
| party1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type = [[Mayor of Hyderabad, India|Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| leader3_type = [[Municipal commissioner]]
| leader3 = Srijana Gummalla, IAS
| preceded_by = [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]]
| succeeded_by =
| seats = 76
| structure1 =
| structure1_res = 300px
| political_groups1 =
| last_election1 =
| next_election1 =
| meeting_place = [[National Academy of Construction]], [[HITEC City]], Hyderabad
| website = {{URL|https://cmc.telangana.gov.in/}}
| motto = On Mission Tomorrow
}}

The '''Cyberabad Municipal Corporation''' ('''CMC''') is the civic body that oversees the northern, western and few parts of north eastern areas of the [[Hyderabad]], Telangana.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/civic-split-raises-red-flags-over-fiscal-strain/articleshow/128272911.cms|title=Civic split raises red flags over fiscal strain}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana-cm-revanth-reddys-core-urban-outreach-signals-high-stakes-battle-for-ghmc-cure-corporations/articleshow/128889916.cms|title=Telangana CM Revanth Reddy’s core urban outreach signals high-stakes battle for GHMC, CURE corporations}}</ref> It is the local government for the city of Cyberabad, within the '''Core Urban Region Economy (CURE)''' area. The CMC is responsible for civic administration, including urban planning, sanitation, road maintenance, and public health services.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/ghmc-trifurcation-glitches-take-toll-on-early-bird-property-tax-drive/article70830599.ece/amp/|title=GHMC trifurcation glitches take toll on Early Bird property tax drive}}</ref> It covers approximately 637 km<sup>2</sup> of area in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/cure-municipalities-collect-2501-crore-property-tax-cyberabad-tops-the-list-1947718|title=CURE Municipalities Collect ₹2501 Crore Property Tax}}</ref><ref name="richest">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cyberabad-municipal-corporation-set-to-become-richest-civic-body-in-telangana/articleshow/128221834.cms|title=Cyberabad Municipal Corporation set to become richest civic body in Telangana}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://newsmeter.in/top-stories/sanitation-to-infra-the-first-cyberabad-municipal-commissioner-ias-srijana-plans-big-763632|title=Interview: Sanitation to infra, the first Cyberabad Municipal Commissioner IAS Srijana plans big}}</ref> CMC operates from the office at the [[National Academy of Construction]] building in [[HITEC City]]. Cyberabad Municipal Corporation is governed by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/all-the-three-corporations-to-be-governed-by-the-ghmc-act-1955/article70620480.ece|title=All the three corporations to be governed by the GHMC Act, 1955}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Cyberabad Municipal corporation ward map.jpg|thumb|right|Cyberabad Municipal corporation ward map]]
CMC was established on 11 February 2026, as part of de-merger of [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/newly-formed-malkajgiri-cyberabad-civic-corporations-in-hyderabad-stare-at-groundwater-depletion/articleshow/128572504.cms|title=Newly formed Malkajgiri, Cyberabad civic corporations in Hyderabad stare at groundwater depletion}}</ref> G. Srijana assumed the charge as the first municipal commissioner.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/who-is-ias-g-srijana-cyberabad-municipal-corporation-commissioner/article70624126.ece|title=Who is IAS G. Srijana, Cyberabad Municipal Corporation Commissioner?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/southern-states/telangana/known-for-dedication-srijana-calls-against-formalities-1937328|title=Known for Dedication, Srijana Calls Against Formalities}}</ref>

==Zones, Circles and Wards==

<ref>{{cite web
|title=Which Cyberabad Municipal Corporation ward is your area in? Check here
|url=https://www.siasat.com/which-cyberabad-municipal-corporation-ward-is-your-area-in-check-here-3385219/
|website=Siasat.com
|publisher=The Siasat Daily
|date=26 February 2026
|access-date=2 March 2026
}}</ref>

{|class = "wikitable"
!Zones
!Circles
!Wards
!Total Ward count
|-
| rowspan="26" | '''Serilingampally'''
| rowspan = "5" | '''Narsingi'''
| Narsingi
| rowspan="26" | 26
|-
| Kokapet
|-
| Gandipet
|-
| Manikonda
|-
| Neknampur
|-
| rowspan = "4" | '''Patancheruvu'''
| Tellapur
|-
| Muthangi
|-
| Patancheruvu
|-
| JP Colony
|-
| rowspan = "5" | '''Ameenpur'''
| Ramachandrapuram (RC Puram)
|-
| Bharathi Nagar
|-
| Beeramguda
|-
| Ameenpur
|-
| Bollarum
|-
| rowspan = "6" | '''Miyapur'''
| Hafeezpet
|-
| Madinaguda
|-
| Chanda Nagar
|-
| Deepthisri Nagar
|-
| Miyapur
|-
| Maktha Mahabubpet
|-
| rowspan = "6" | '''Serilingampally'''
| Gachibowli
|-
| Nallagandla
|-
| Serilingampally
|-
| Masjid Banda
|-
| Sri Ram Nagar
|-
| Kondapur
|-
| rowspan = "23" | '''Kukatpally'''
| rowspan = "6" | '''Madhapur'''
| Anjapur
| rowspan = "23" | 23
|-
| HITEC City
|-
| Madhapur
|-
| Izzat Nagar
|-
| Matrusri Nagar
|-
| Mayuri Nagar
|-
| rowspan = "6" | '''Allwyn Colony'''
| Hyder nagar
|-
| Bhagya Nagar Colony
|-
| Shamshiguda
|-
| Allwyn Colony
|-
| Vivekananda Nagar Colony
|-
| Venkateshwara Nagar
|-
| rowspan = "6" | '''Kukatpally'''
| Kukatpally
|-
| Balaji Nagar
|-
| Vasanth Nagar
|-
| KPHB Colony
|-
| Kaithepally
|-
| Gayatri Nagar
|-
| rowspan = "5" | '''Moosapet'''
| Allapur
|-
| Moti Nagar
|-
| Moosapet
|-
| Prashanth Nagar
|-
| Balanagar
|-
| rowspan = "27" | '''Quthbullapur'''
| rowspan = "5" | '''Chintal'''
| Rodamestri Nagar
| rowspan = "27" | 27
|-
| Jagathgirigutta
|-
| Ranga Reddy Nagar
|-
| Chintal
|-
| Giri Nagar
|-
| rowspan = "4" | '''Jeedimetla'''
| Ganesh Nagar
|-
| Padma Nagar
|-
| Quthbullapur
|-
| Pet Basheerabad
|-
| rowspan = "4" | '''Kompally'''
| Kompally
|-
| Doolapally
|-
| Subhash Nagar
|-
| Saibaba Nagar
|-
| rowspan = "4" | '''Gajularamaram'''
| Mahadevapuram
|-
| Gajularamaram
|-
| Shapur Nagar
|-
| Suraram
|-
| rowspan = "4" | '''Nizampet'''
| Nizampet
|-
| Bachupally
|-
| Bandari Layout
|-
| Pragathi Nagar
|-
| rowspan = "3" | '''Dundigal'''
| Bahadurpally
|-
| Bowrampet
|-
| Dundigal
|-
| rowspan = "3" | '''Medchal'''
| Medchal
|-
| Pudur-Kistapur
|-
| Gundlapochampally
|-
! 3
! 16
! colspan="2" | 76
|}
==See also==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
* [[Administrative divisions of Hyderabad]]
* [[Cyberabad Metropolitan Police]]
* [[Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://cmc.telangana.gov.in/}}
*[https://x.com/CMC_Offcl Twitter]
*[https://hyderabad.urbanobservatory.in/ Hyderabad Urban Labs map]
*[https://sa.ghmc.gov.in/Mutationentry.aspx Core Urban Region Economy (CURE)]
{{Municipal corporations in Telangana}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}
{{Neighborhoods of Hyderabad|state=collapsed}}
{{State Agencies of Telangana}}
{{Telangana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Telangana]]
[[Category:Government of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2026 establishments in India]]

Mary Kom (film)

2026-03-27T17:42:34Z

Wmltusa: small changes

{{short description|2014 Indian Hindi-language sports film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mary Kom
| image = File:MaryKomPoster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| alt = Theatrical release poster depicts a boxer, looking slightly angry, standing. The boxing ring and audience are in the background. Text at the bottom of the poster reveals the title, tagline, production credits and release date.
| director = [[Omung Kumar]]
| producer = [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]
| writer = [[Saiwyn Quadras]]
{{Infobox
| decat=yes
| child=yes
| label1=Dialogues by
| data1=Ramendra Vasishth<br/>Karan Singh Rathore
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Priyanka Chopra]]
* [[Darshan Kumaar]]
* [[Sunil Thapa]]
}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
* '''Songs:'''
* Shashi Suman
* Shivamm Pathak
* '''Score:'''
* Rohit Kulkarni
}}
| cinematography = Keiko Nakahara
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* Rajesh G. Pandey
* Sanjay Leela Bhansali
}}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bhansali Productions]]
* [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]]
}}
| distributor = Viacom18 Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|2014|9|5|df=y}}
| runtime = 122 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=''Mary Kom'' (2014) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/mary-kom-2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165510/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/mary-kom-2014 |archive-date=27 March 2017 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}38 [[crore]]<ref name="boi">{{Cite web|date=5 September 2014|title=MARY KOM - BOX OFFICE INDIA|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2298|access-date=3 May 2022|website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}86.19 [[crore]]<ref name="boi"/>
}}

'''''Mary Kom''''' is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[sports film|sports]] film based on the life of the eponymous boxer [[Mary Kom]], directed by [[Omung Kumar]] and produced by [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]] and [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]. The film stars [[Priyanka Chopra]] in the lead role, with newcomer [[Darshan Kumar]] and [[Sunil Thapa]] in the supporting roles of her husband and mentor, respectively, and depicts Kom's journey from becoming a boxer to her victory at the [[2008 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships|2008 World Boxing Championships]] in [[Ningbo]]. The film marks the Hindi [[Playback singer|playback singing]] debut of Chopra, who provided her vocals for a song named "Chaoro" (a [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]] lullaby).

''Mary Kom'' was developed by the writer [[Saiwyn Quadras]], who suggested the storyline to Kumar when Kom was not a familiar name in India despite her [[Mary Kom#Achievements|numerous achievements]]. Kumar met Kom to ask her permission for the film, before her bronze medal victory at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]], which brought her recognition. Chopra underwent extensive physical training for four months to attain a muscular physique and learned the sport and Kom's distinct boxing style. [[Principal photography]] started in June 2013 at [[Filmistan]], where the boxing sequences were filmed. After plans to shoot in Kom's hometown, [[Manipur]], were dropped due to safety concerns, ''Mary Kom'' was shot in [[Dharamshala]] and [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], where a major portion of Manipur was recreated.

The film premiered at the [[2014 Toronto International Film Festival]], becoming the first Hindi film to be screened on the opening night of the festival. Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|38|c}}, ''Mary Kom'' was released on 5 September 2014 to generally positive reviews with praise for Chopra's performance. Upon its release, the film recorded the highest opening weekend of all time for a [[Woman's film|female-led]] Indian film. The film was a box office success, grossing {{INRConvert|86.19|c}} at the box office. ''Mary Kom'' is also ranked among the highest-grossing Indian films led by a female actor.

''Mary Kom'' received [[List of accolades received by Mary Kom (film)|several accolades]] at award ceremonies across India. The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] and was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Chopra. Additionally, Chopra won the [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Screen Award]] and the [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role]].

== Plot ==
A young [[Mary Kom|Mangte Chungneijang Kom]], daughter of a rice farmer from [[Imphal]], finds a boxing glove in the remains of an [[Indian Airlines Flight 257|air crash in 1991]] in Kangathei. Kom is fascinated by the glove and grows up taking a keen interest in boxing, despite her father's disapproval. During an early fight, she chases a boy and ends up in a boxing gym. After realising that the coach of the gym, Narjit Singh, was also the coach of the Asian champion [[Dingko Singh]], Kom tells him about her boxing aspirations. He asks her to visit the gym for the next thirty days and says that he will only teach her if she is deserving enough. She starts visiting the gym, informing her mother but not her father. Days pass, but her coach does not enquire about her. Due to Kom's dedication and stubbornness, Singh starts training her. Later, he suggests changing her name to Mary.

Kom challenges a local wrestler for money, in order to buy back a household cow, which the family had to sell off because of their financial troubles, this is where she meets the footballer Onler Kom. After winning the state-level championship, her father confronts her for keeping her involvement in the sport from him. When her father asks her to choose between him and boxing, she reluctantly chooses the sport. After watching her victorious [[2002 Women's World Amateur Boxing Championships]] match on television, her father reconciles with Kom, and apologises to her for not understanding her passion for the sport. Meanwhile, Onler proposes to her and agrees never to ask her to quit boxing. After she wins the [[2006 Women's World Amateur Boxing Championships]], Kom agrees to marry him, much to her coach's dissatisfaction. After the marriage, Kom gets pregnant and gives up her career to look after her family.

Kom gives birth to twins and applies for a government job. However, she refuses the position of a police constable, feeling that as a world-champion boxer, she deserves better. It devastates her to learn that people no longer recognise her. Onler encourages her to restart her boxing training. She joins the gym again, leaving her husband to look after their twins at home. Her coach is still upset about her decision to marry, but Kom makes a comeback in the National Boxing Championship. Despite performing better than her opponent, she loses the match due to the apparent partiality of the judges. Kom throws a chair in anger towards them, resulting in a ban. She later writes an apology letter, and the official accepts it, but only after insulting her.

Kom then convinces Narjit Singh to train her, as she thinks that he is the one who can get the best out of her. After completing her training, she participates in the [[2008 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships]] and reaches the finals. Meanwhile, Onler informs her about one of their children having [[ventricular septal defect]]. In the subsequent fight, Kom fails to defend herself. After a knockout punch from her opponent, Kom hallucinates about her husband and children in the audience. She regains her strength and fights back, winning the championship. On the podium, while accepting the medal, she learns that her son's surgery was successful. Later, she is given the nickname "Magnificent Mary", with the Indian flag waving and the [[Jana Gana Mana|Indian national anthem]] playing in the background.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Priyanka Chopra]] as [[Mary Kom]]
* [[Sunil Thapa]] as M. Narjit Singh
* [[Darshan Kumar]] as Onler Kom
* Robin Das as Mangte Tonpa Kom
* [[Rajni Basumatary]] as Mangte Akham Kom
* [[Lin Laishram]] as Bem-Bem
* [[Bijou Thaangjam]] as Naobi
* Zachary Coffin as a German boxing coach
* Bandari Raghavendra as Peter Michael
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as National team coach
* Shakti Sinha as S. Sharma
* [[Kenny Basumatary]] as Jimmy
* Ritika Murthy as journalist
* Binud Kumbang as Lalboi
* [[Pabitra Rabha|Pabitra Rabha Jalah]] as Asong
* Ramendra Vasishth as Federation official's assistant
* Rajesh Nigam as Federation official's assistant
* Deepak Kumar Singh as Alberto
* Mridul Satam as Young Mary Kom
}}

Credits adapted from [[Bollywood Hungama]].<ref name="cast&crew">{{cite web |title=Mary Kom Cast & Crew |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mary-kom/cast/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327164943/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mary-kom/cast/ |archive-date=27 March 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=5 September 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref>

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[File:Mary Kom - British High Commission, Delhi, 27 July 2011.jpg|thumb|200px|right|alt=A photograph of Mary Kom looking slightly away from the camera while speaking on a microphone|Mary Kom was hailed as a National hero after the Olympic win, which also highlighted her previous achievements]]
During his work as an [[art director]] on [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s ''[[Saawariya]]'' (2007), [[Omung Kumar]] started writing two scripts simultaneously for his directorial debut. However, none of the films were made.<ref name="tho">{{cite web |title=The story of a biopic |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/omung-kumar-on-mary-koms-biopic/article6317774.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406041214/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/omung-kumar-on-mary-koms-biopic/article6317774.ece |archive-date=6 April 2017 |author=Dundoo, Sangeetha Devi |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 August 2014 |access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref> He then asked writer [[Saiwyn Quadras]] to look for a female biographical subject for his first film, specifying "a role that no actress would turn down."<ref name="of">{{cite web |title=Priyanka was my only choice for Mary Kom |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/priyanka-was-my-only-choice-for-mary-kom-7133.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406042145/http://www.filmfare.com/features/priyanka-was-my-only-choice-for-mary-kom-7133.html |archive-date=6 April 2017 |author=Tandon, Raedita |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=4 September 2014 |access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref> He added that he "wanted to make a film that would be like the ''[[Mother India]]'' of someone's career." Historical personalities such as [[Rani Laxmi Bai]] and [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I of England]] came up for discussion; however they did not inspire Kumar.<ref name="of" /> Quadras put forward the name of five-time world boxing champion [[Mary Kom]], who despite [[Mary Kom#Achievements|numerous achievements]], was at that time an unfamiliar name in India. Kumar admitted that he felt disgusted after being told of Kom's achievements as he was unaware of her existence. Quadras later approached Kumar with the script for ''Mary Kom'', and he decided to make his directorial debut with it.<ref name="of" /><ref name="SQ" />

Quadras, who was interested in sports, started writing the screenplay for the film in 2011, which took two years to complete.<ref name="SQ">{{cite web |title=The making of Mary Kom- the film |url=http://manipurtimes.com/the-making-of-mary-kom-the-film/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124033855/http://manipurtimes.com/the-making-of-mary-kom-the-film/ |archive-date=24 November 2015 |author=Akoijam, Indira |work=Manipur Times |date=1 September 2014 |access-date=1 March 2017}}</ref> Quadras arranged a meeting with Kom via her manager in the year he started writing the script.<ref name="SQ" /> Kumar went to [[Manipur]] to meet Kom and seek her permission to make the film. Initially, Kom was surprised by the development as the sport, especially women's boxing, was not well known in India. However, she was enthusiastic about the idea.<ref name="mkdna">{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra's story is similar to mine: Mary Kom |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-priyanka-chopra-s-story-is-similar-to-mine-mary-kom-2011078 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406043022/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-priyanka-chopra-s-story-is-similar-to-mine-mary-kom-2011078 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |author=KBR, Upala |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=16 August 2014 |access-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>

{{quote box
| quote = When Omung came to me I was a five-time World Amateur Boxing champion. I was surprised why he would want to make a movie on me and thought he was joking or gone mad! Boxing, especially in the women's section, is not so well known in India as it's hardly reported, and no one recognized me as Mary Kom.
| align = left
| width = 25%
| source = – Mary Kom, on the development of the film.<ref name="mkdna" />
}}

Research for the film was done through available sources, such as online information and newspaper archives. Kom's videos played a key role in the research.<ref name="SQ" /> The writer also had several telephone and email conversations with her regarding her biography. In her interactions with Quadras and Kumar, Kom was forthcoming when it came to the details of her life, and had significant input in the screenplay.<ref name="SQ" /> However, Quadras revealed that his biggest challenge was to make the film authentic and cinematic yet not [[documentary]]-like, so he wrote the film in a manner that showed the struggles Kom went through as a female sportsperson who had to confront opposition from her father, politics and making a comeback after a long career break.<ref name="SQ" /> Karan Singh Rathore
Ramendra Vashishth wrote the dialogues.<ref name="cast&crew" /> The film only shows the period from her early struggles and her comeback after motherhood. Her [[2010 AIBA Women's World Boxing Championships|fifth World Boxing Championship win]] and the London Olympics were left out because of the contract that permitted a depiction of Kom's life up to 2008. The contract for the film was signed at that time when Kom had not even qualified for the London Olympics.<ref name="mkunboxed">{{cite web |title=MC Mary Kom – unboxed |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch-stories/mc-mary-kom-unboxed/article1-1266048.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929082933/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/mc-mary-kom-unboxed/story-YxEatSTDqlRdY51Rstmi3O.html |archive-date=29 September 2015 |author=Duggal, Saurabh |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 October 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> Nevertheless, the film took several cinematic liberties for dramatic effects.<ref name="mkunboxed" />

In a 2012 meeting with Bhansali, Kumar told him about the film; he explained that this was a kind of cinema contrary to Bhansali's signature work. Still, Bhansali wanted to hear the story and was also enthusiastic towards the project. After hearing the script, he liked it and immediately agreed to produce the film.<ref name="of" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali: PC is a girl who wants to find excellence, not perfection and that is beautiful |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sanjay-Leela-Bhansali-PC-is-a-girl-who-wants-to-find-excellence-not-perfection-and-that-is-beautiful/articleshow/40921684.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024223340/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sanjay-Leela-Bhansali-PC-is-a-girl-who-wants-to-find-excellence-not-perfection-and-that-is-beautiful/articleshow/40921684.cms |archive-date=24 October 2015 |author=Gupta, Priya |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 August 2014 |access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref> [[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]] and Bhansali, Under his production company [[Bhansali Productions]] came together to produce the film.<ref name="cast&crew" /> However, Kumar's colleagues were not sure if a film based in Manipur would be well received by the audience.<ref name="tho" /> This concern evaporated after the [[2012 Summer Olympics]], where Kom [[India at the 2012 Summer Olympics|won a bronze medal]]. Her win also highlighted her previous achievements.<ref name="tho" /><ref name="rare">{{cite news |title=Film on Mary Kom is a rare experiment: Sanjay Leela Bhansali |url=http://sports.ndtv.com/boxing/news/195855-film-on-mary-kom-is-a-rare-experiment-sanjay-leela-bhansali |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406045327/https://sports.ndtv.com/boxing/film-on-mary-kom-is-a-rare-experiment-sanjay-leela-bhansali-1548649 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=30 August 2012 |access-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> After the news of the development of the film broke in the media, the makers clarified that the film was in development since 2011, much before the Olympics, and they were not influenced by her recent success.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhansali to make a film on Mary Kom's life |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bhansali-to-make-a-film-on-Mary-Koms-life/articleshow/15569345.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109173824/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bhansali-to-make-a-film-on-Mary-Koms-life/articleshow/15569345.cms |archive-date=9 November 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=21 August 2012 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Omung Kumar: Biopic on Mary Kom not a risk |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Omung-Kumar-Biopic-on-Mary-Kom-not-a-risk/articleshow/40004142.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109170810/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Omung-Kumar-Biopic-on-Mary-Kom-not-a-risk/articleshow/40004142.cms |archive-date=9 November 2014 |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In an interview with [[Press Trust of India]], Bhansali described the film as a "rare experiment", for the fact that "Not many films are based on biopics of living people" and expressed his pride about his association with the project, adding that the story was so inspiring, it touched his heart.<ref name="rare" />

=== Casting and characters ===
Chopra was Kumar's and Bhansali's first choice for the title role.<ref name="of" /><ref name="me">{{cite web |title=Any actress can play me, but Priyanka is special: Mary Kom |url=http://wonderwoman.intoday.in/story/any-actress-can-play-me,-but-priyanka-is-special-mary-kom/1/102283.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190022/http://wonderwoman.intoday.in/story/any-actress-can-play-me%2C-but-priyanka-is-special-mary-kom/1/102283.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |work=Wonder Woman |date=6 December 2012 |access-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In early November 2012, media reports suggested that Chopra entered negotiations to star in the film, which she denied initially.<ref name="me" /> Later in that month, it was confirmed that she had been cast for the part.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra to play Mary Kom in Sanjay Leela Bhansali's biopic |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-to-play-mary-kom-in-sanjay-leela-bhansali-s-biopic-297715 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010001154/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-to-play-mary-kom-in-sanjay-leela-bhansalis-biopic-609065 |archive-date=10 October 2014 |publisher=NDTV |date=27 November 2012 |access-date=2 October 2014}}</ref> She was initially skeptical about the film due to the demanding nature of the character, which included training, muscle building, and learning the sport. She later agreed to the film because of Kumar's confidence in her.<ref name="tho" /> The decision to cast Chopra proved controversial as some believed that an actress from Northeast India bearing Kom's likeness would be better suited for the role.<ref name="tho" /><ref name="of" /> The director however felt that the film needed a big star with a wider reach and casting an unknown actress from that region would reduce the film's scope and lessen its reach, thus defeating his purpose of telling Kom's story to a larger audience.<ref name="tho" /><ref name="of" /> Emphasizing Chopra's bankability and reach among the audiences Kumar remarked, "I not only needed a capable actress but also someone who can connect with millions of viewers".<ref name="tho" /><ref name="of" /> Mary Kom defended Chopra's casting and thought of Chopra as the "perfect choice" for the role.<ref name="me" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Happy that Priyanka Chopra is playing me: Mary Kom |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-that-priyanka-chopra-is-playing-me-mary-kom/article1-968613.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306224807/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-that-priyanka-chopra-is-playing-me-mary-kom/story-Mh32duvsnX0NWA2JdlxLHO.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 |agency=Press Trust of India |work=Hindustan Times |date=5 December 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'', Kom described Chopra as the best actress to play the role, adding that her body was well structured, like that of a boxer.<ref name="mkdna" />

In contrast, it took the casting directors Shruti Mahajan and Paragg Mehta several months of auditions to finalise the appropriate supporting actors for the film.<ref name="of" /> In May 2013, a wide section of the media reported that [[Danny Denzongpa]] was approached to play Kom's coach Narjit Singh in the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Danny Denzongpa to train Priyanka Chopra? |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/danny-denzongpa-to-train-priyanka-chopra-/1110967/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206022344/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/danny-denzongpa-to-train-priyanka-chopra-/1110967 |archive-date=6 February 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=3 May 2013 |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref> Instead, Sunil Thapa was cast for the role of Kom's coach.<ref name="picked">{{cite web |title=Why Priyanka Chopra was picked to play Mary Kom |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/specials/finding-mary-kom-114082101060_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318235950/http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/finding-mary-kom-114082101060_1.html |archive-date=18 March 2016 |work=Business Standard |date=23 August 2014 |access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref> Darshan Kumar was finalised as Kom's husband, footballer Onler Kom, after a series of auditions which included three different looks representing three different stages in his life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Priyanka Chopra's reel husband |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140819/entertainment-bollywood/article/meet-priyanka-chopras-reel-husband |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314074027/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140819/entertainment-bollywood/article/meet-priyanka-chopras-reel-husband |archive-date=14 March 2016 |author=Kumari, Barkha |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=19 August 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=22 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="husband">{{cite web |title=Meet Priyanka Chopra's screen husband from 'Mary Kom' – Darshan Kumar |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-meet-priyanka-chopra-s-screen-husband-from-mary-kom-darshan-kumar-2016947 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803082848/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-meet-priyanka-chopra-s-screen-husband-from-mary-kom-darshan-kumar-2016947 |archive-date=3 August 2015 |author=Jha, Subhash K. |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=8 September 2014 |access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> Robin Das, a [[National School of Drama]] professor, was cast in the role of Kom's father.<ref name="picked" />

[[File:Priyanka Chopra and Mary Kom.jpg|thumb|300px|left|alt=A photograph of Mary Kom and Priyanka Chopra looking forward, smiling and posing for the camera|Kom and Chopra at the music release of the film]]
Before filming began, Chopra prepared for three months. The preparations included building the physique of a boxer and learning the sport.<ref name="distinct">{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra: For Mary Kom I did three months of homework |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Priyanka-Chopra-For-Mary-Kom-I-did-three-months-of-homework/articleshow/41247637.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720192956/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Priyanka-Chopra-For-Mary-Kom-I-did-three-months-of-homework/articleshow/41247637.cms |archive-date=20 July 2015 |author=Misra, Iti Shree |work=The Times of India |date=30 August 2014 |access-date=4 November 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Samir Jaura was brought in to train Chopra.<ref name=goal>{{cite web |title=My aim was to make Priyanka look like a female boxer: Samir Jaura |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140720/entertainment-bollywood/article/priyanka-chopra%E2%80%99s-journey-mary-kom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308205421/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140720/entertainment-bollywood/article/priyanka-chopra%E2%80%99s-journey-mary-kom |archive-date=8 March 2016 |author=Thakkar, Mehul S. |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=21 July 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=27 July 2015}}</ref> At that time, she was busy dubbing for ''[[Krrish 3]]'' (2013), and filming for ''[[Gunday]]'' (2014).<ref name=goal /> It was then decided that Jaura would accompany her to film shoots, so that continuity in training could be maintained.<ref name=goal /> Though he did not get a chance to meet Kom, he used her videos to study her body language and prepare a workout plan for Chopra,<ref name="picked" /> who started training in April 2013.<ref name="DCI">{{cite news |title=It was very painful getting hit by the boxers, says Priyanka Chopra |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140915/entertainment-bollywood/article/it-was-very-painful-getting-hit-boxers-says-priyanka-chopra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073325/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140915/entertainment-bollywood/article/it-was-very-painful-getting-hit-boxers-says-priyanka-chopra |archive-date=4 March 2016 |agency=Press Trust of India |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=15 September 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra begins training for Mary Kom biopic |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-begins-training-for-mary-kom-biopic/article1-1044630.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308001114/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-begins-training-for-mary-kom-biopic/story-Y1UZnFr4d0mFeG1oDoBPDL.html |archive-date=8 March 2016 |author=Bollywood Hungama |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 April 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref> She found it hard to train vigorously to attain a boxer's physique. She was put on a low-carb, high-protein diet.<ref name="picked" /> "As a girl it was very difficult to build those muscles. I had to build in three months what Mary did in 15 years", she said in an interview with ''[[Deccan Chronicle]].''<ref name="DCI" />

Chopra got a fifteen-day break from her other commitments to train for the film. She relocated to her bungalow in [[Goa]], where she would train for five hours a day.<ref name=goal /> After completing workouts, which included weights and circuit training, she insisted on training for boxing. Later, boxing was made a part of her daily workout.<ref name=goal /> She was trained by Kom's coaches to learn her distinct boxing style.<ref name="distinct" /> Chopra explained that she did not have to act like a boxer, but had to become one and said, "To learn boxing was a religion. Today, I can play the sport as I know the rules, body posture, foot work, I can hit, I can defend. I know the game."<ref name="imitate">{{cite news |title=I did not imitate Mary Kom, just showed her spirit, says Priyanka Chopra |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-did-not-imitate-mary-kom-just-showed-her-spirit-says-priyanka-chopra-2015146 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723032032/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-did-not-imitate-mary-kom-just-showed-her-spirit-says-priyanka-chopra-2015146 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |agency=Press Trust of India |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=31 August 2014 |access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>

Chopra found ''Mary Kom'' a very special and personal film due to the inspiring story, adding that she pushed herself to do justice to the role. She revealed that she channeled the grief of her father's death into the film: "I started this film at the hardest point in my life, four days after my father passed away. All my grief, everything, I have shoved into this movie. A part of my soul has gone into it."<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra 'channeled' grief of father's death into 'Mary Kom' |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-priyanka-chopra-channeled-grief-of-father-s-death-into-mary-kom-2016425 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822182402/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-priyanka-chopra-channeled-grief-of-father-s-death-into-mary-kom-2016425 |archive-date=22 August 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=5 September 2014 |access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Priyanka Chopra: I have invested a part of my soul in 'Mary Kom' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-i-have-invested-a-part-of-my-soul-in-mary-kom/99/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223200301/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-i-have-invested-a-part-of-my-soul-in-mary-kom/ |archive-date=23 February 2016 |agency=Press Trust of India |work=The Indian Express |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> In an interview with ''Daily News and Analysis'', Chopra revealed that since she could not look like her, she did not try to imitate Kom as her main focus was to represent Kom's spirit and personality.<ref name="imitate" /> In July 2013, Chopra visited Kom's home town of [[Manipur]] to learn more about her life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Priyanka Chopra visits Imphal for Mary Kom biopic |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-visits-imphal-for-mary-kom-biopic/article1-1093776.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307061850/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-visits-imphal-for-mary-kom-biopic/story-mQowolAGPS6lcJVF7W5YaN.html |archive-date=7 March 2016 |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 July 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> As part of her research, Chopra stayed with Kom and her family for three to four days, and went to her boxing academy and church to learn more about her.<ref name="DCI" /> Kom stated, "When she came to Manipur, she knew about boxing so I gave her tips as a mother and a wife, how I went about managing my home and profession, how I live with my family – basically she got to know aspects of my family life."<ref name="visitmary">{{cite web |last=Talukdar |first=Taniya |title=What did Mary Kom say to Priyanka Chopra |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/What-did-Mary-Kom-say-to-Priyanka-Chopra/articleshow/27286570.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715121610/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news-interviews/What-did-Mary-Kom-say-to-Priyanka-Chopra/articleshow/27286570.cms |archive-date=15 July 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=13 December 2013 |access-date=16 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> To get Kom's Hindi and Manipuri accents right, Chopra listened to the taped conversations of the boxer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Priyanka Chopra learns Manipuri for Mary Kom biopic|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-learns-manipuri-for-mary-kom-biopic/story-W8Etks2dxe5W67Yqhq7I6H.html|author=Das, Anirban|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 November 2013|access-date=15 May 2020}}</ref>

Darshan Kumar described his character as an "encouraging husband", who is the pillar of strength in Kom's life.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dream to be paired opposite Priyanka in 'Mary Kom': Darshan |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dream-to-be-paired-opposite-priyanka-in-mary-kom-darshan-114080900458_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315110658/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dream-to-be-paired-opposite-priyanka-in-mary-kom-darshan-114080900458_1.html |archive-date=15 March 2016 |agency=Press Trust of India |work=Business Standard |date=9 August 2014 |access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> He found the character challenging due to contrasting personalities. Unlike Chopra, Kumar did not meet Onler Kom before the film. He mainly made use of the videos which Kom had provided to the makers, which helped him understand the nuances of his character. For the role, he had to learn the Manipuri accent, which was difficult for him being a Haryanvi.<ref name="dk">{{cite news |title=Darshan Kumar says he is the hero of 'Mary Kom' |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2014/09/04/darshan-kumar-says-he-is-the-hero-of-mary-kom/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314014148/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2014/09/04/darshan-kumar-says-he-is-the-hero-of-mary-kom/ |archive-date=14 March 2016 |author=Chouhan, Shashank |publisher=Reuters |date=4 September 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> Kumar lost 12 kilogram to look the part, and followed a strict, grilled chicken and oil-free fish protein diet for three months.<ref name="husband" />

=== Pre-production ===
The [[Art director|production design]] was handled by Kumar's wife, Vanita. After plans to shoot in Manipur were dropped because of safety concerns, extensive research was done to find locations similar to Manipur.<ref name="picked" /><ref name=manali>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra to shoot Mary Kom's biopic in Manali |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Priyanka-Chopra-to-shoot-Mary-Koms-biopic-in-Manali/articleshow/20378785.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706020304/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Priyanka-Chopra-to-shoot-Mary-Koms-biopic-in-Manali/articleshow/20378785.cms |archive-date=6 July 2015 |author=Thakkar, Mehul S |work=The Times of India |date=1 June 2013 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> Their search ended in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh]], where a major portion of the state was recreated.<ref name=manali /> Vanita used a real structure instead of a set to show Kom's childhood home in Kangathei. She recreated the look and feel of Manipur in [[Dharamshala]] and Manali.<ref name="picked" />

During the search, Vanita found two houses that were similar to those where Kom spent her childhood and lived after her marriage.<ref name="tho" /> For authenticity, the house was filled with items similar to those found at Kom's house, such as indigenous short stools and woven curtains sourced from Manipur.<ref name="picked" /> Since Kom has a separate trophy room where all her awards are kept, a similar room was created. Quotes from the [[Bible]] were added on the walls. A 19th-century church in Dharamshala was chosen for the wedding sequence.<ref name="tho" /> Vanita noted that "the cinematic realism, was a different experience from the grandeur of Bhansali's sets." However, she found it difficult to recreate the run-down gym where Kom was trained. A place was chosen with minimal facilities and water leaking onto the walls. She revealed that the sets had to feel authentic rather than artificially created.<ref name="tho" /> The costumes were designed by Isha Mantry and Rajat Tangri.<ref name="cast&crew" /> Tangri visited Manipur to study fabric used in local clothing. Tangri used photographs from Kom's childhood to create clothing which ranged from traditional to sporty and athletic attires.<ref name="picked" /> For Kom's wedding sequence in the film, Tangri created an exact replica of her wedding gown.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra wears a replica of Mary Kom's wedding gown in the biopic |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140804/entertainment-bollywood/article/what%E2%80%99s-priyanka-chopras-gown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314082238/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140804/entertainment-bollywood/article/what%E2%80%99s-priyanka-chopras-gown |archive-date=14 March 2016 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=5 August 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref>

Hollywood-based Mark Garbarino was Chopra's makeup artist. At first, they wanted her to look exactly like Kom by using [[Facial prosthetic|prosthetic makeup]].<ref name="makeup">{{cite web |title=No prosthetics for Priyanka Chopra's Mary Kom act |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-no-prosthetics-for-priyanka-chopras-mary-kom-act-1842589 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312172548/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-no-prosthetics-for-priyanka-chopra-s-mary-kom-act-1842589 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |author=Jha, Subhash K |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref> Chopra did a prosthetic test in the United States which included heavier eyelids for a more East-Asian look. However, the final result did not appeal to the makers. Also, the prosthetic would not hold during the filming of the heavy-action boxing scenes.<ref name="makeup" /> It was later reported that Chopra's look would be created post production by using [[visual effects]].<ref name="makeup" /> However, the results were unsatisfactory and hence this idea was also dropped.<ref name=vfx>{{cite web |title=For 'Mary Kom', we tried prosthetics and make-up to make my eyes look slanted – but it all looked gimmicky: Priyanka Chopra |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/for-mary-kom-we-tried-prosthetics-and-make-up-to-make-my-eyes-look-slanted-but-it-all-looked-gimmicky-priyanka-chopra-710106.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406090447/http://www.news18.com/news/india/for-mary-kom-we-tried-prosthetics-and-make-up-to-make-my-eyes-look-slanted-but-it-all-looked-gimmicky-priyanka-chopra-710106.html |archive-date=6 April 2017 |publisher=[[News18]] |date=27 August 2014 |access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> Chopra said "We tried a bunch of stuff – Visual effects, prosthetics, makeup, [but] it looked too gimmicky. That's when we decided to go with just carrying the essence of the film, rather than the outer, cosmetic part."<ref name=vfx /> Later, Uday Shirali, Chopra's makeup artist since ''[[Agneepath (2012 film)|Agneepath]]'' (2012), was hired.<ref name="picked" /> For creating boxing scars, makeup artist Subhash Shinde was employed. His biggest challenges were to make the fight marks look as realistic as possible as it required a lot of time and detailing.<ref name="makeup2">{{cite web |title=Creating boxing scars was challenging in 'Mary Kom': Make-up artist |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/creating-boxing-scars-was-challenging-in-mary-kom-make-up-artist/99/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224083531/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/creating-boxing-scars-was-challenging-in-mary-kom-make-up-artist/ |archive-date=24 February 2016 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 August 2014 |access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref> He stated, "Every punch or scar needed to look real, change colour and age with time on screen, and shouldn't look like they were created using makeup." He did some research by visiting hospitals to understand more about skin injuries.<ref name="makeup2" /> Rohit Kulkarni composed the background score.<ref name="cast&crew" />

=== Filming ===
[[File:Beas river and mountains as seen from Van Vihar, Manali.jpg|thumb|280px|alt=A photograph of beas river and mountains in manali|The film was extensively shot in Manali]]
[[Principal photography]] began on 17 June 2013 at [[Filmistan]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name="sf">{{cite web |author=Awaasthi, Kavita |title=Priyanka Chopra begins shooting for Mary Kom biopic today |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-begins-shooting-for-mary-kom-biopic-today/article1-1077621.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803110428/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-begins-shooting-for-mary-kom-biopic-today/article1-1077621.aspx |archive-date=3 August 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=16 May 2014}}</ref> The media reports suggested that, with sets ready and Chopra already training, the filming was supposed to start earlier at Filmistan, but following Chopra's father's death, the plans for shooting were put on hold.<ref name="sf" /> Bhansali had told Chopra that the filming could wait and to take some time off in the wake of her loss; however, the actress insisted on starting filming immediately.<ref name="sf" /> Cinematographer Keiko Nakahara used a hand-held camera during the shooting of the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Into the Light: Japanese cinematographer Keiko Nakahara on shooting for Mary Kom |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/into-the-light-japanese-cinematographer-keiko-nakahara-on-shooting-for-mary-kom/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306033856/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/into-the-light-japanese-cinematographer-keiko-nakahara-on-shooting-for-mary-kom/ |archive-date=6 March 2016 |author=Ghosh, Sankhayan |work=The Indian Express |date=7 September 2015 |access-date=27 July 2015}}</ref> Sports coordinator Robert Miller was hired to choreograph the fight sequences.<ref name="picked" /> Miller roped in Christy Halbert, the United States's assistant coach at the London Olympics, to help choreograph the fight scenes.<ref name="picked" /> To make the boxing scenes authentic, some of the crew members, including Kumar himself, learnt boxing to get the necessary understanding of the sport to film the fight scenes.<ref name="tho" /> Initially, the makers had planned to use actors and teach them boxing to film the boxing scenes. They eventually realised that it would not be feasible and would be time-consuming.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra: I am not confident about Mary Kom |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/interview/priyanka-chopra-i-am-not-confident-about-mary-kom/20140903.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220115545/http://www.rediff.com/movies/interview/priyanka-chopra-i-am-not-confident-about-mary-kom/20140903.htm |archive-date=20 February 2016 |author=Dedhia, Sonali |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> They also thought that if both Chopra and her opponents were not real boxers, it would not look convincing enough. Professional boxers were then employed to film the boxing sequences for giving a more natural feel and convincing look. Filming boxing scenes were difficult for Chopra as she was hurt several times; she says, "They are real boxers, and they don't know how to fake a punch, they had to really hit you. So I had to get hit a lot and that was really hard."<ref>{{cite news |title=Priyanka Chopra fought real boxers in Mary Kom |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/priyanka-chopra-mary-kom-bollywood-real-boxers-201684-2014-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202214041/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/priyanka-chopra-mary-kom-bollywood-real-boxers/1/374116.html |archive-date=2 February 2016 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |work=[[India Today]] |date=25 July 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref>

The second schedule commenced in Manali in late March 2014, after Chopra finished her other film commitments.<ref name="tho" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra in Manali for Bhansali's Mary Kom film! |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/priyanka-chopra-manali-bhansalis-mary-kom-film-063611762.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202072702/https://in.news.yahoo.com/priyanka-chopra-manali-bhansalis-mary-kom-film-063611762.html |archive-date=2 February 2016 |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |date=22 March 2014 |access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> Before filming, Chopra had to re-train herself to build muscles.<ref name="tho" /> Bhansali planned an elaborate, over-a-month-long schedule for her, which ensured that her physicality and agility were suitable enough for the role.<ref>{{cite news |title=Priyanka Chopra's grueling 45 days training schedule for 'Mary Kom' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopras-grueling-45-days-training-schedule-for-mary-kom/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306025417/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopras-grueling-45-days-training-schedule-for-mary-kom/ |archive-date=6 March 2016 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |work=The Indian Express |date=21 February 2014 |access-date=16 May 2014}}</ref> While filming a sequence in a marketplace, more than ten thousand people gathered on the sets. Due to limited security arrangements, the crowds became uncontrollable in what was not believed to be a heavily populated area. When Chopra stepped out of her van, some fans tried to approach her, causing the general loss of control. As a result, the shoot was cancelled and the whole crew had to leave.<ref name="out">{{cite web |title=Too much to handle for Priyanka Chopra? |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/too-much-to-handle-for-priyanka-chopra/15212056 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061924/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/too-much-to-handle-for-priyanka-chopra/15212056 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |author=Pitale, Sonali Joshi |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=7 April 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> Filming in Manali continued till early April 2014, before shifting to Dharamshala.<ref>{{cite web |title=Goons attack Priyanka Chopra in Manali; MARY KOM shifts to Dharamshala! |url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/goons-attack-priyanka-chopra-manali-mary-kom-shifts-110700958.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306013701/https://in.news.yahoo.com/goons-attack-priyanka-chopra-manali-mary-kom-shifts-110700958.html |archive-date=6 March 2016 |publisher=Yahoo! |date=7 April 2014 |access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> While filming fight sequence in Dharamshala, Chopra suffered an eye injury, which the makeup team exaggerated for effect.<ref>{{cite web |title=PC Injured on Mary Kom Sets |url=http://www.notchmag.com/bollywood-news/priyanka-chopra-gets-hurt-on-mary-kom-movie-sets |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235115/http://www.notchmag.com/bollywood-news/priyanka-chopra-gets-hurt-on-mary-kom-movie-sets |archive-date=3 March 2016 |work=[[NOTCH (magazine)|NOTCH]] |date=22 April 2014 |access-date=4 November 2014}}</ref> The filming in Dharamshala continued till 19 April 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title='Mary Kom' shoot harder than hardest for Priyanka Chopra |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mary-kom-shoot-harder-than-hardest-for-priyanka-chopra/15240076 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080941/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mary-kom-shoot-harder-than-hardest-for-priyanka-chopra/15240076 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=19 April 2015 |access-date=29 July 2015}}</ref> The filming was done in 57 days over the course of two years.<ref name="picked" /> Rajesh G. Pandey edited the film with Bhansali.<ref name="cast&crew" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Main|Mary Kom (soundtrack)}}
The soundtrack of the film consists of seven original songs composed by duo Shashi Suman and Shivamm Pathak, with lyrics by Prashant Ingole and [[Sandip Ssingh]].<ref name="bhmusic">{{cite web|author=Vijayakar, Rajiv|date=5 August 2014|title=Mary Kom Music Review|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/598539|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406101434/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mary-kom/songs/music-user-reviews/music-review-of-mary-kom-by-rajiv-vijayakar/|archive-date=6 April 2017|access-date=5 October 2014|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The background music was composed by Rohit Kulkarni. Vocals were performed by [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Mohit Chauhan]], [[Salim Merchant]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]].<ref name="bhmusic"/> Chopra made her Hindi [[Playback singer|playback singing]] debut with a [[lullaby]], "Chaoro".<ref>{{cite news |title=When Priyanka Chopra sang a lullaby |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/When-Priyanka-Chopra-sang-a-lullaby/articleshow/41667703.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908171947/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/When-Priyanka-Chopra-sang-a-lullaby/articleshow/41667703.cms |archive-date=8 September 2014 |author=Bhattacharya, Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |work=The Times of India |date=4 September 2014 |access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref> The soundtrack was released by [[Zee Music Company]] on 4 August 2014.<ref>{{cite news|author=Vijaykar, R.M.|date=4 August 2014|title=Mary Kom Releases Soundtrack to Her Biopic|work=India-West|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/mary-kom-releases-soundtrack-to-her-biopic/article_eb0f9fe0-27f4-11e4-b4c0-0019bb2963f4.html|url-status=live|access-date=21 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321051802/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/mary-kom-releases-soundtrack-to-her-biopic/article_eb0f9fe0-27f4-11e4-b4c0-0019bb2963f4.html|archive-date=21 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/priyanka-chopra-mary-kom-music-launch-372940-2014-08-14|title=Priyanka Chopra and boxer Mary Kom bond during Mary Kom music launch|newspaper=India Today|access-date=29 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516030756/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/photo/priyanka-chopra-mary-kom-music-launch-372940-2014-08-14/1/16912.html|archive-date=16 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The song "Salaam India" was the official song at the [[2014 Asian Games]], held in South Korea.<ref>{{cite web |title=Salaam India chosen as Anthem at Asian Games 2014 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/mary-koms-salaam-india-chosen-as-an-anthem-at-the-asian-games-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043216/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/mary-koms-salaam-india-chosen-as-an-anthem-at-the-asian-games-2014/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 |author=Priya Adivarekar |work=The Indian Express |date=19 September 2014 |access-date=6 October 2014}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
[[File:Trailer launch of Mary Kom.jpg|thumb|400px|left|alt=A photograph of Ajit Andhare, Sanjay Leela Bhansali, Priyanka Chopra and Omung Kumar looking forward, smiling and posing for the camera|CEO of Viacom 18 Motion Pictures Ajit Andhare, Bhansali, Chopra, and Kumar at the trailer launch of ''Mary Kom'']]
''Mary Kom'' was one of the highly anticipated films of 2014.<ref name="of" /><ref name="imitate" /> The first poster for the film was revealed on 14 July 2014 by Chopra through her [[Twitter]] account.<ref>{{cite web |title=First look: Priyanka Chopra in and as Mary Kom |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/first-look-of-priyanka-chopra-in-and-as-mary-kom-200395-2014-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002750/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/first-look-of-priyanka-chopra-in-and-as-mary-kom/1/372422.html |archive-date=15 July 2014 |work=India Today |date=14 July 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First Look: Priyanka Chopra's Chiseled Body In Mary Kom |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/first-look-priyanka-chopras-chiseled-body-mary-kom/160984 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719033651/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/first-look-priyanka-chopras-chiseled-body-mary-kom/160984 |archive-date=19 July 2014 |publisher=Business of Cinema |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=29 July 2014}}</ref> It portrayed a muscular Chopra as Mary Kom in sports clothing, with her hair tied in a pony tail, punching a bag.<ref>{{cite web |title='Mary Kom' First Look: Priyanka Flaunts Sculpted Body, Celebs Rave about it on Twitter |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mary-kom-first-look-priyanka-cut-muscles-look-real-boxing-champion-604439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717184503/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mary-kom-first-look-priyanka-cut-muscles-look-real-boxing-champion-604439 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |work=[[International Business Times]] India |date=15 July 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First look of Priyanka Chopra-starrer 'Mary Kom' unveiled |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/first-look-of-priyanka-choprastarrer-mary-kom-unveiled/article6212775.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406132050/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/first-look-of-priyanka-choprastarrer-mary-kom-unveiled/article6212775.ece |archive-date=6 April 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 July 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> It received positive feedback from film critics, industry professionals, and audiences alike.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra packs a punch in the first poster of 'Mary Kom' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-packs-a-punch-in-the-first-poster-of-mary-kom/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715120405/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-packs-a-punch-in-the-first-poster-of-mary-kom/ |archive-date=15 July 2014 |author=Sharma, Sarika |work=The Indian Express |date=15 July 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=First Look Poster of Mary Kom; Priyanka Perfects the Look Impeccably |date=14 July 2014 |url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/first-look-poster-of-mary-kom-priyanka-perfects-the-look-impeccably |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223194413/http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/first-look-poster-of-mary-kom-priyanka-perfects-the-look-impeccably/ |archive-date=23 December 2014 |publisher=Koimoi |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> Sweta Kaushal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' noted that "with well-built muscles and a completely toned body, Priyanka looks fierce."<ref>{{cite web |title=First look: Priyanka Chopra poses with a punch for Mary Kom biopic |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/first-look-priyanka-chopra-poses-with-a-punch-for-mary-kom-biopic/story-SaWEvKjmxGlpvtRlhsZJ9L.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308171031/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/first-look-priyanka-chopra-poses-with-a-punch-for-mary-kom-biopic/story-SaWEvKjmxGlpvtRlhsZJ9L.html |archive-date=8 March 2016 |author=Kaushal, Sweta |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 July 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mary Kom: Film industry goes gaga over Priyanka Chopra's 'Mary Kom' look |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mary-Kom-Film-industry-goes-gaga-over-Priyanka-Chopras-Mary-Kom-look/articleshow/38475005.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720135525/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Hindi/Bollywood/News/Mary-Kom-Film-industry-goes-gaga-over-Priyanka-Chopras-Mary-Kom-look/articleshow/38475005.cms |archive-date=20 July 2014 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |work=The Times of India |date=16 July 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The poster went viral on social media, with the hashtag "#MaryKomFirstLook" trending in India and worldwide.<ref name="firstlook">{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra Takes Twitter By Storm as Mary Kom |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-takes-twitter-by-storm-as-mary-kom-640820 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029073447/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-takes-twitter-by-storm-as-mary-kom-640820 |archive-date=29 October 2014 |author=Madhavan, Deepu |publisher=NDTV |date=15 July 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The following day, Chopra tweeted another poster for the film; a motion poster was released on the same day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Another impressive 'Mary Kom' poster revealed |work=english |url=http://www.abplive.in/movies/2014/07/15/article362917.ece/Another-impressive-Mary-Kom-poster-revealed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715043752/http://www.abplive.in/movies/2014/07/15/article362917.ece/Another-impressive-Mary-Kom-poster-revealed |archive-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=[[ABP News]] |date=15 July 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra looks fierce in 'Mary Kom' first look motion poster |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/priyanka-chopra-looks-fierce-in-mary-kom-first-look-motion-poster/15449168 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717092236/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/priyanka-chopra-looks-fierce-in-mary-kom-first-look-motion-poster/15449168 |archive-date=17 July 2014 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=15 July 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The first teaser with the tagline "Most Champions Make Their Name. She Made History" was released on Chopra's birthday (18 July).<ref>{{cite web |title=Watch 'Mary Kom' teaser: Priyanka Chopra's knock out moment |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/watch-mary-kom-teaser-priyanka-chopras-knock-out-moment/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720181823/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/watch-mary-kom-teaser-priyanka-chopras-knock-out-moment/ |archive-date=20 July 2014 |author=Singh, Apurva |work=The Indian Express |date=18 July 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mary Kom trailer to release July 24 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mary-kom-trailer-to-release-july-24/article6230830.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406133339/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/mary-kom-trailer-to-release-july-24/article6230830.ece |archive-date=6 April 2017 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |work=The Hindu |date=20 July 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> With the interest generated by these reveals, the trailer release was highly anticipated, with media reporting that it would be unveiled on 24 July.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom trailer to release on July 24 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mary-kom-trailer-to-release-on-july-24/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406133550/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mary-kom-trailer-to-release-on-july-24/ |archive-date=6 April 2017 |author=Jha, Subhash K. |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 July 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> However, it was released the day before at an event on 23 July and generated interest in the audience, media and critics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom trailer is unbelievable' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-mary-kom-trailer-is-unbelievable/20140724.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725055618/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-mary-kom-trailer-is-unbelievable/20140724.htm |archive-date=25 July 2014 |work=Rediff.com |date=24 July 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Trailer out: Priyanka Chopra packs a punch in Mary Kom |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/trailer-mary-kom-priyanka-chopra-omung-kumar-sanjay-leela-bhansali-201402-2014-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726075516/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/trailer-mary-kom-priyanka-chopra-omung-kumar-sanjay-leela-bhansali/1/373717.html |archive-date=26 July 2014 |work=India Today |date=23 July 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom trailer: Priyanka Chopra packs a powerful punch |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mary-Kom-trailer-Priyanka-Chopra-packs-a-powerful-punch/articleshow/38917135.cms? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729143907/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mary-Kom-trailer-Priyanka-Chopra-packs-a-powerful-punch/articleshow/38917135.cms |archive-date=29 July 2014 |work=The Times of India |date=23 July 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 27 August, a special screening was held for selected members of media, trade and critics, where 20 minutes of raw footage from the film was previewed, creating a positive buzz.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra Shows Raw Footage at 'Mary Kom' Screening |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-shows-raw-footage-at-mary-kom-screening/article_88e1a8a2-2e40-11e4-a939-001a4bcf887a.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403015258/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-shows-raw-footage-at-mary-kom-screening/article_88e1a8a2-2e40-11e4-a939-001a4bcf887a.html |archive-date=3 April 2017 |author=Thombare, Suparna |work=India-West |date=27 August 2014 |access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> Mary Kom herself (along with her husband) attended few promotional events of the film. As part of their promotional strategy, Bhansali Productions released a doll, which looked like Chopra as Kom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Koms – Real, reel and the doll – sizzle up Delhi |url=http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/mary-koms-real-reel-and-the-doll-sizzle-up-delhi/#priyanka-marykom-2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906023019/http://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/mary-koms-real-reel-and-the-doll-sizzle-up-delhi/ |archive-date=6 September 2014 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=8 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra gets an action figure made on her 'Mary Kom' avatar |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-priyanka-chopra-gets-an-action-figure-made-on-her-mary-kom-avatar-2015966 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905000949/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-priyanka-chopra-gets-an-action-figure-made-on-her-mary-kom-avatar-2015966 |archive-date=5 September 2014 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>

The film was originally scheduled for release on 2 October (on [[Gandhi Jayanti]]),<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra's Mary Kom to release on Gandhi Jayanti |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopras-mary-kom-to-release-on-gandhi-jayanti-1463055.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406135138/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/priyanka-chopras-mary-kom-to-release-on-gandhi-jayanti-1463055.html |archive-date=6 April 2017 |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |date=2 April 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> however, it was announced that the film was postponed to an uncertain date to revamp the film to feature more events surrounding Kom's life.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom biopic's release postponed |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mary-kom-biopics-release-postponed/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406140131/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/mary-kom-biopics-release-postponed/ |archive-date=6 April 2017 |author=Jha, Subhash K. |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 June 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> After the uncertainty of a release date for a month, it was announced that the film would be released on 5 September ([[Teacher's Day]]), clashing with ''[[Daawat-e-Ishq]]'', which starred Chopra's cousin, [[Parineeti Chopra|Parineeti]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sisters clash again in Bollywood as Priyanka Chopra's Mary Kom releases on same day as Parineeti Chopra's Daawat-e-Ishq |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sisters-clash-again-in-bollywood-as-priyanka-chopra-s-mary-kom-releases-on-same-day-as-parineeti-chopra-s-daawat-e-ishq-2001213 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714015756/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sisters-clash-again-in-bollywood-as-priyanka-chopra-s-mary-kom-releases-on-same-day-as-parineeti-chopra-s-daawat-e-ishq-2001213 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |author=Jha, Subhash K |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=11 July 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> [[Yash Raj Films]] requested that Bhansali shift the release date, which he refused due to previous release date changes of the film and the ongoing promotional activities. Later, Yash Raj Films postponed the ''Daawat-e-Ishq'' release date by two weeks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanjay Leela Bhansali refuses to shift 'Mary Kom' release date |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sanjay-leela-bhansali-refuses-to-shift-mary-kom-release-date/15524183 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029104725/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sanjay-leela-bhansali-refuses-to-shift-mary-kom-release-date/15524183 |archive-date=29 October 2014 |author=Pitale, Sonali Joshi |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=12 August 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>

On 4 September, ''Mary Kom'' had its world premiere at the [[2014 Toronto International Film Festival]], where it became the first Hindi film to be screened on the opening night of the film festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom to have world premiere in Toronto |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mary-Kom-to-have-world-premiere-in-Toronto/articleshow/41433153.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902225846/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Mary-Kom-to-have-world-premiere-in-Toronto/articleshow/41433153.cms |archive-date=2 September 2014 |author=Kotwani, Hiren |work=The Times of India |date=2 September 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Holy Wow! Priyanka Chopra sets hearts aflutter at Toronto Film Fest |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/holy-wow-priyanka-chopra-sets-hearts-aflutter-at-toronto-film-fest/20140905.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906180616/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/holy-wow-priyanka-chopra-sets-hearts-aflutter-at-toronto-film-fest/20140905.htm |archive-date=6 September 2014 |work=Rediff.com |date=5 September 2014 |access-date=31 July 2015}}</ref> It was released in 1500 screens worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Filmy Friday: Priyanka Chopra's 'Mary Kom' releases today |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/filmy-friday-priyanka-chopras-mary-kom-releases-today/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905102848/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/filmy-friday-priyanka-chopras-mary-kom-releases-today/ |archive-date=5 September 2014 |author=Pacheco, Sunitra |work=The Indian Express |date=5 September 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The film was released in overseas markets by [[Eros International]] as part of a four-film deal between Eros and Viacom 18 studios. The rights to television broadcasting belonged to Viacom18's flagship general entertainment channel [[Colors (TV channel)|Colors]].<ref name="profit" /> The film was not released in Kom's home state of Manipur because of the ban on Bollywood films by the Imphal-based separatist militant group, Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF) since 2000.<ref name="dvd1">{{cite web |title='Mary Kom' Pirated DVDs Flood Manipur; People Left with No Option due to Ban on Bollywood Movies |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mary-kom-pirated-dvds-flood-manipur-people-left-no-option-due-ban-bollywood-movies-608802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911152422/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mary-kom-pirated-dvds-flood-manipur-people-left-no-option-due-ban-bollywood-movies-608802 |archive-date=11 September 2014 |author=Ronamai, Raymond |work=International Business Times India |date=11 September 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> In an interview with Press Trust of India, Kom expressed her sadness that people from her own state would not be able to see her biopic.<ref name="dvd1" /> However, unauthorised [[DVD]]s and [[Video CD|VCDs]] flooded the state, with the DVD format in great demand as the only option for native people to watch the film.<ref name="dvd2">{{cite web |title=Mary Kom DVDs kick up storm |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140909/jsp/northeast/story_18813362.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910090101/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140909/jsp/northeast/story_18813362.jsp |archive-date=10 September 2014 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=9 September 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>

Made on a budget of {{INR}}180 million including production, prints and advertising, and marketing, ''Mary Kom'' earned {{INR}}200 million, and before release recouped more than its cost from brand tie-ups.<ref name="gross">{{cite web |title=Breaking the myths about box office hits |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/breaking-the-myths-about-box-office-hits-114103100306_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101042630/http://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/breaking-the-myths-about-box-office-hits-114103100306_1.html |archive-date=1 November 2014 |author=Dasgupta, Surajeet |work=Business Standard |date=31 October 2014 |access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="profit">{{cite web |title=Film on Mary Kom attracts 20 brand associations |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/companies/film-on-mary-kom-attracts-20-brand-associations-114090200895_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904042248/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/film-on-mary-kom-attracts-20-brand-associations-114090200895_1.html |archive-date=4 September 2014 |author=Malvania, Urvi |work=Business Standard |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The film made profits before the release. Partnership was arranged in a way that the products from brands were either showcased in the film or the brands promoted the film in their advertising.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra's Mary Kom Has Already Pocketed Rs 20 Crore? |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/priyanka-chopras-mary-kom-already-pocketed-rs-20-crore/169998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905175656/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/priyanka-chopras-mary-kom-already-pocketed-rs-20-crore/169998 |archive-date=5 September 2014 |publisher=Business of Cinema |date=4 September 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold for {{INR}}140 million and music rights for {{INR}}30 million.<ref name="budget">{{cite web |title=A boxer, a queen and a movie studio |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/a-boxer-a-queen-and-a-movie-studio-115052601579_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526184003/http://www.business-standard.com/article/management/a-boxer-a-queen-and-a-movie-studio-115052601579_1.html |archive-date=26 May 2015 |author=Malvania, Urvi |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=26 May 2015 |access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="gross" /> The film was released in DVDs on 15 October 2014 across all regions in a one-disc pack in [[NTSC]] format.<ref name="dolby">{{cite web |title=Dolby Atmos Comes to the Home in India with the Release of Mary Kom on Blu-ray (Press release) |url=http://www.dolby.com/in/en/about/news-and-events/2014/dolby-atmos-comes-to-the-home-in-India-with-the-release-of-mary-kom-on-blu-ray.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020025824/http://www.dolby.com/in/en/about/news-and-events/2014/dolby-atmos-comes-to-the-home-in-India-with-the-release-of-mary-kom-on-blu-ray.html |archive-date=20 October 2014 |publisher=[[Dolby Laboratories|Dolby]] |date=29 September 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> Distributed by [[Shemaroo Entertainment]], it contained behind-the-scene footage and deleted scenes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom |date=15 October 2014 |url=https://www.amazon.in/gp/aw/d/B00O1YBHCQ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029120311/http://www.amazon.in/gp/aw/d/B00O1YBHCQ |archive-date=29 October 2014 |publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon]] |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The VCD and [[Blu-ray]] versions were released at the same time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom |url=https://www.amazon.in/gp/aw/d/B00O1YBCE4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029120031/http://www.amazon.in/gp/aw/d/B00O1YBCE4 |archive-date=29 October 2014 |publisher=Amazon |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom |url=https://www.amazon.in/gp/aw/d/B00O1YBM8A |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029120210/http://www.amazon.in/gp/aw/d/B00O1YBM8A |archive-date=29 October 2014 |publisher=Amazon |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The ''Mary Kom'' Blu-ray is the first Blu-ray title in India to feature a [[Dolby Atmos]] soundtrack.<ref name="dolby" />

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
[[File:Priyanka Chopra at Guess store.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=A photograph of Priyanka Chopra looking forward, smiling and posing for the camera|Chopra received critical acclaim for her portrayal of Mary Kom]]
The film received generally positive reviews from critics, with Chopra receiving critical acclaim for her performance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra's 'Mary Kom' biopic receives good response |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-priyanka-chopra-s-mary-kom-biopic-receives-good-response-2018385 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629161222/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-priyanka-chopra-s-mary-kom-biopic-receives-good-response-2018385 |archive-date=29 June 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=13 September 2014 |access-date=6 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Box office report- Mary Kom all set to knock out Box office records |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/box-office-report-mary-kom-all-set-to-knock-out-box-office-records-7147.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206131641/http://www.filmfare.com/news/box-office-report-mary-kom-all-set-to-knock-out-box-office-records-7147.html |archive-date=6 February 2016 |work=Filmfare |date=5 September 2014 |access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> Subhash K. Jha awarded the film 5 stars out of 5, describing it as "a motivational masterpiece" and said "From first frame to last it grips your senses and irrigates the parched corridors of your heart like very few bio-pics in recent times. [...] a work that is as dramatic as Mehboob's ''[[Mother India]]'' and as inspiring as Attenborough's ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''."<ref name="skjreview">{{cite news |title='Mary Kom', a motivational masterpiece (IANS Movie Review – Rating: *****) |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mary-kom-a-motivational-masterpiece-ians-movie-review-rating-114090300463_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905214240/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/mary-kom-a-motivational-masterpiece-ians-movie-review-rating-114090300463_1.html |archive-date=5 September 2014 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |work=Business Standard |date=3 September 2014 |access-date=3 August 2015}}</ref> Jha lauded Chopra's transformation into Kom and noted her for expressing every shade of the character with a "pitch-perfect" bravado.<ref name="skjreview" /> Rediff.com rated the film 4.5 out of 5, noting it as a victory for its protagonist Chopra, scriptwriter Saiwyn Quadras, and director Omung Kumar and wrote "Mary's story is delivered with a sincerity that makes it irresistible."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mary-kom-truly-packs-a-punch/20140905.htm |title=Review: Mary Kom truly packs a punch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302110248/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mary-kom-truly-packs-a-punch/20140905.htm |archive-date=2 March 2016 |author=Negi, Laxmi |work=Rediff.com |date=5 September 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> Sonia Chopra from [[Sify]] described the film as a "thrilling ringside view", saying that "Mary Kom is an important film that's hugely inspiring. But more importantly, it's also great fun to watch."<ref name="screview">{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/i-mary-kom-i-review-a-thrilling-ringside-view-review-bollywood-pcmbwAjhhfche.html |title=Movie Review : Mary Kom review: A thrilling ringside view! |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623073916/http://www.sify.com/movies/i-mary-kom-i-review-a-thrilling-ringside-view-review-bollywood-pcmbwAjhhfche.html |archive-date=23 June 2015 |author=Chopra, Sonia |website=[[Sify]] |date=5 September 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The reviewer singled out Chopra's performance, writing "Priyanka Chopra, transformed into Mary Kom, to give us this year's most earnest, memorable performance thus far!"<ref name="screview" /> ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 4 stars out of 5 calling it as Bollywood's answer to [[Academy Award]]-winning film ''[[Million Dollar Baby]]'' (2004).<ref>{{cite news |title=Mary Kom Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Mary-Kom/movie-review/41693622.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115050305/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Mary-Kom/movie-review/41693622.cms |archive-date=15 November 2015 |author=Iyer, Meena |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave it 4 stars, stating that the film "will surely go down in the history of exemplary biopics on Indian celluloid."<ref name="bhreview">{{cite web |title=Mary Kom Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mary-kom/critic-review/mary-kom-movie-review/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406112134/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mary-kom/critic-review/ |archive-date=6 April 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=5 September 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> The review noted the technical aspects of the film such as the cinematography, costumes, background score which "overshadowed" the film's soundtrack and the "crisp" editing.<ref name="bhreview" />

[[Namrata Joshi]] from ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' rated the film with 3 stars out of 4 and commented on the simple, unpretentious storyline that dramatised important events from the champion's life, complimenting Chopra's "sincere and earnest" performance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article/mary-kom/291859 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310034237/http://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/mary-kom/291859 |archive-date=10 March 2016 |author=Joshi, Namrata |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times]]'' gave a rating of 4 stars out of 5, noting that the film is well on its way to being one of the most praised sports-based films since ''[[Chak De India]]'' and ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]'' and wrote "This is one of those boxing movies which is much more than boxing. It takes you to a place which is beyond ruptured cheeks, cracked jaws, and fractured ribs of the protagonist."<ref>{{cite news |title=Movie Review: Mary Kom |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/movie-review-mary-kom/articleshow/41763150.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104084145/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/movie-review-mary-kom/articleshow/41763150.cms |archive-date=4 November 2016 |author=Dalal, Sandipan |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=6 September 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> Writing for ''Hindustan Times'', [[Anupama Chopra]] rated the film 3 out of 5, noting it as a "worthy attempt", saying that the film had sincerity and was crafted with care, but criticised the screenplay which she thought was limited to "ticking off milestones" of Kom's career.<ref name="acreview">{{cite web |title=Movie review by Anupama Chopra: Priyanka shines in Mary Kom |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-by-anupama-chopra-priyanka-chopra-s-performance-empowers-mary-kom/article1-1260693.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307170353/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/movie-review-by-anupama-chopra-priyanka-shines-in-mary-kom/story-KGkVmUDk8lecplEuy7IvUP.html |archive-date=7 March 2016 |author=Chopra, Anupama |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |access-date=7 September 2014}}</ref> She felt that the film was powered by Chopra's "remarkable" performance.<ref name="acreview" /> [[Mayank Shekhar]] also rated the film with 3 stars, stating that his biggest concern before getting into the film was that the film-makers (Sanjay Leela Bhansali) would excessively "Bollywood-ise" Kom's story. He commented that this fear was "thankfully" not found.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom Review By Mayank Shekhar |url=http://thew14.com/2014/09/04/mary-kom-review-by-mayank-shekhar/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113955/http://thew14.com/2014/09/04/mary-kom-review-by-mayank-shekhar/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |author=Shekhar, Mayank |publisher=TheW14 |date=4 September 2014 |url-status=usurped |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] remarked that the film was "perfectly watchable, but never great like it should've been", criticising the "bland" script and wrote, "the film ticks off each of Mary Kom's career achievements and key personal struggles, but doesn't tell you much more about her as a person."<ref name="rmreview">{{cite web |title=Tough Love |url=https://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/sucker-punch/ |author=Masand, Rajeev |publisher=RajeevMasand.com |date=5 September 2014 |access-date=15 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913103637/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/sucker-punch/|archive-date=13 September 2018}}</ref> Masand was impressed by Chopra's performance noting that the actress "transforms herself physically, and also skillfully conveys both the rage and vulnerability that the part required."<ref name="rmreview" />

[[Sudhish Kamath]] from ''[[The Hindu]]'' thought that the script was generic and predictable, and the plot was actually manipulative.<ref name="skreview">{{cite web |title=Mary Kom: About the heroine, not the boxer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/mary-kom-about-the-heroine-not-the-boxer/article6382926.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406114723/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/mary-kom-about-the-heroine-not-the-boxer/article6382926.ece |archive-date=6 April 2017 |work=The Hindu |author=Kamath, Sudhish |date=5 September 2014 |access-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> However, Kamath felt that the film should be watched for Chopra who gave a "knockout" performance, writing "The spirited actress rises above the material and makes us invest in her. She owns the film and does full justice to the spirit of the world champion, making all that criticism about her casting irrelevant."<ref name="skreview" /> On the contrary, ''[[Business Standard]]'' criticised the film for not showing enough about boxing in general rather than Kom in particular. It stated that "while Mary Kom is entertaining, it should have aspired to be more."<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie review: Mary Kom is less about the sport and more about the sportsperson |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/specials/mary-kom-is-less-about-the-sport-and-more-about-the-sportsperson-114090401094_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006220525/http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/mary-kom-is-less-about-the-sport-and-more-about-the-sporstperson-114090401094_1.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 |author=Ganesan, Ranjita |work=Business Standard |date=6 September 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave a rating of 2.5, noting that the "Film gets bloated by extraneous songs", and criticised the product placements calling them a "distraction from the story."<ref>{{cite web |title='Mary Kom' review: Film gets bloated by extraneous songs |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mary-kom-movie-review-priyanka-chopra-does-a-good-job/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906161447/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mary-kom-movie-review-priyanka-chopra-does-a-good-job/ |archive-date=6 September 2014 |author=Gupta, Shubhra |work=The Indian Express |date=7 September 2014|access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref> The ''[[India Today]]'' reviewer, Rohit Khilnani, criticised Kumar's direction and wrote "The story is predictable from the word go and there are absolutely no surprise elements. A lot could have been done with such a strong protagonist, but the director doesn't experiment."<ref>{{cite web |title=Movie Review: Mary Kom is strictly average |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/movie-review-mary-kom-is-strictly-average-priyanka-chopra-omung-kumar-darshan-kumar-sunil-thapa-207160-2014-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904115903/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/movie-review-mary-kom-is-strictly-average-priyanka-chopra-omung-kumar-darshan-kumar-sunil-thapa/1/380866.html |archive-date=4 September 2014 |author=Khilnani, Rohit |work=India Today |date=4 September 2014 |url-status=live |access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref>

Concerning the controversy over Chopra being cast as Kom, a number of critics including [[Lin Laishram]] and [[Adil Hussain]] opined that it was a missed opportunity in showcasing a Northeast Indian actress in a lead role, given the lack of actors and actresses from the region in mainstream Hindi films.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-16|title= Lin Laishram talks racism in Bollywood, asks why Mary Kom played by Priyanka Chopra |url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/160621/lin-laishram-talks-racism-in-bollywood-asks-why-mary-kom-played-by-pr.html|access-date=2022-01-16| website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-03|title= Adil Hussain Feels Bollywood Looks Down Upon People From Northeast, Says They Can Do Better|url= https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/adil-hussain-feels-bollywood-looks-down-upon-people-from-northeast-says-they-can-do-better-546340.html|access-date=2022-01-16| website=Indiatimes |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-08-06|title= Here's Why It's Wrong For Bollywood To Cast Priyanka Chopra As Mary Kom|url= https://www.scoopwhoop.com/inothernews/bollywood-mary-kom-priyanka/|access-date=2022-01-16| website=ScoopWhoop |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-08-08|title= Priyanka Chopra's Mary Kom doesn't speak for Northeast|url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-s-mary-kom-doesn-t-speak-for-northeast/story-2cwvs0eGfZBiek7WLj3HFJ.html|access-date=2022-01-16| website=Hindustan Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-09-09|title= Race and prejudice on celluloid|url= https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/comment-article-race-and-prejudice-on-celluloid/article6391835.ece|access-date=2022-01-16| website=The Hindu |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-29|title= Priyanka as Mary Kom: Casting coup or racist faux pas? |url= https://www.firstpost.com/living/priyanka-as-mary-kom-casting-coup-or-racist-faux-pas-737231.html|access-date=2022-01-16| website=Firstpost |language=en-US}}</ref> Rashmi Sawhney noted, "It is telling that there is not one actor from any of the North-Eastern states who has gained firm foothold in the Bombay film industry — the Sikkimese-Bhutia actor, [[Danny Denzongpa]] was possibly the lone exception, and the Nepali [[Manisha Koirala]] was as close as Hindi cinema got to romancing ‘slit eyes’."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-09-27|title= The race for Mary Kom|url= https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-the-race-for-mary-kom-2021820|access-date=2022-01-16| website=Daily News and Analysis |language=en-US}}</ref> Adding to Sawhney's observations, Manipuri actor [[Bijou Thaangjam]] remarked that opportunities for actors and actresses of the region are often restricted to inconsequential [[tokenism|token roles]], many of which consist of little more than stereotypes or caricatures.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-08|title= It'll be a shame if an actor of another ethnicity plays Mirabai Chanu: Bijou|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/itll-be-a-shame-if-an-actor-of-another-ethnicity-plays-mirabai-chanu-bijou/articleshow/85153857.cms|access-date=2022-01-16| website= Times of India|language=en-US}}</ref> Chopra later addressed the casting decision in 2022, and agreed that the role should have gone to a Northeast Indian actress.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-15|title= Priyanka Chopra admits Mary Kom role should've gone to 'someone from Northeast', opens up about playing a 'sexual predator' in Aitraaz at 21|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/priyanka-chopra-playing-sexual-predator-in-aitraaz-mary-kom-northeast-7722533/|access-date=2022-01-16| website= The Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
On its opening day, the film earned {{INR}}85 million, marking the biggest opening collection for a [[woman's film|women-centric]] film.<ref>{{cite web |title='Mary Kom' Box Office Collection: Priyanka Starrer Opens Well Worldwide; Beats 'Heroine' Day 1 Total |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mary-kom-box-office-collection-priyanka-starrer-opens-well-worldwide-beats-heroine-day-1-total-608458 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906203430/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mary-kom-box-office-collection-priyanka-starrer-opens-well-worldwide-beats-heroine-day-1-total-608458 |archive-date=6 September 2014 |author=Mehta, Ankita Mehta |work=International Business Times India |date=6 September 2014 |access-date=6 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="weekend">{{cite web |title=Mary Kom First Weekend Territorial Breakdown |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/marykomfirstweekendterritorialbreakdown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908180740/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/marykomfirstweekendterritorialbreakdown |archive-date=8 September 2014 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=8 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the positive [[word of mouth]], Saturday collections showed a growth of 20% from Friday and went on to collect {{INR}}90 million.<ref name="weekend" /> The collection on Sunday showed an additional 20% growth from Saturday, earning approximately {{INR}}110 million.<ref name="weekend" /> The film collected {{INR}}275 million net over its first weekend.<ref name=goodweekend>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom Does Good Business in First Weekend |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/marykomdoesgoodbusinessinfirstweekend |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330054406/http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/marykomdoesgoodbusinessinfirstweekend |archive-date=30 March 2015 |publisher=Box Office India |date=8 September 2014 |access-date=27 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> For an Indian film featuring a female protagonist, the film recorded the highest opening weekend collections of all time.<ref name=goodweekend /> The film had a drop of 55% on its first Monday and went on to collect {{INR}}36 million, making a four-day total of {{INR}}305 million.<ref name="4day">{{cite web |title=Mary Kom Drops on Monday |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/marykomdropsonmonday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001659/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/marykomdropsonmonday |archive-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=9 September 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The collections on Tuesday were of {{INR}}33 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom Tuesday Business |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/marykomtuesdaybusiness |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912233444/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/marykomtuesdaybusiness |archive-date=12 September 2014 |publisher=Box Office India |date=10 September 2014 |access-date=27 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It collected {{INR}}400 million net in its first week.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom First Week Collections |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/marykomstrugglesonweekdayswithlowcollections |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915125951/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/marykomstrugglesonweekdayswithlowcollections |archive-date=15 September 2014 |publisher=Box Office India |date=12 September 2014 |access-date=27 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film collected {{INR}}110 million in its second week, crossing the {{INR}}500 million mark at the domestic box-office.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mary Kom Crosses 50 Crore in Two Weeks |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/marykomcrosses50croreintwoweeks#.VbXj-7UpqA4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922060024/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/marykomcrosses50croreintwoweeks |archive-date=22 September 2014 |publisher=Box Office India |date=19 September 2014 |access-date=27 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film's domestic net collection was {{INRConvert|61.43|c}}.<ref name="boi" /> ''Mary Kom'' grossed {{INRConvert|86.19|c}} globally and was a box office success.<ref name="boi" />

== Awards ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Mary Kom (film)}}

''Mary Kom'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] at the [[62nd National Film Awards]].<ref name=62ndfinal>{{cite web |title=62nd National Film Awards for 2014 (Press Release) |url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf |work=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |date=24 February 2015 |access-date=25 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123148/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[60th Filmfare Awards]], the film was nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Chopra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations for the 60th Britannia Filmfare Awards |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-60th-britannia-filmfare-awards-8237.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121050719/http://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-60th-britannia-filmfare-awards-8237.html |archive-date=21 January 2015 |work=Filmfare |date=19 January 2015 |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> The film received eight nominations at the [[21st Screen Awards]], where it won [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Chopra.<ref name="Sharma">{{cite news |title=Highlights: 21st Life OK Screen Awards: Shahid Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra win Best Actor, 'Queen' Best Film |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/120115-screen-awards-2015-live/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114125840/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/120115-screen-awards-2015-live/ |archive-date=14 January 2015 |last=Sharma |first=Sarika |work=The Indian Express |date=14 January 2015 |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="Crowd Favourites">{{cite news |title=Crowd Favourites |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/crowd-favourites/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103205031/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/crowd-favourites/ |archive-date=3 January 2015 |work=The Indian Express |date=3 January 2015 |access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for 21st Annual Life OK Screen Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-21st-annual-life-ok-screen-awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406124359/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-21st-annual-life-ok-screen-awards/ |archive-date=6 April 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=10 January 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref> It received ten nominations at the [[Producers Guild Film Awards]], including [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and won five awards: [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]] for Chopra, Best Debut Director for Kumar, Dialogue of the Year, the President's Award for Best Film and [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 10th Renault Star Guild Awards |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-10th-renault-star-guild-awards/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406130549/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-10th-renault-star-guild-awards/ |archive-date=6 April 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 January 2015 |url-status=live |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Star Guild Awards 2015: Queen, PK Lead Nominations |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/star-guild-awards-2015-queen-pk-lead-nominations-724735 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110061233/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/star-guild-awards-2015-queen-pk-lead-nominations-724735 |archive-date=10 January 2015 |publisher=NDTV |date=9 January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> Additionally, it was nominated for the [[IIFA Award for Best Movie|Best Film]] and [[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] at the [[16th IIFA Awards]], winning the Best Debut Director for Kumar.<ref>{{cite news |title='2 States', 'Haider' lead IIFA 2015 nominations, Aamir and SRK pitted for best actor |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-2-states-haider-lead-iifa-2015-nominations-aamir-and-srk-pitted-for-best-actor-2077364 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417151252/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-2-states-haider-lead-iifa-2015-nominations-aamir-and-srk-pitted-for-best-actor-2077364 |archive-date=17 April 2015 |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=14 April 2015 |access-date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Queen' wins top honours at IIFA |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/queen-wins-top-honours-at-iifa-115060800067_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305153346/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/queen-wins-top-honours-at-iifa-115060800067_1.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |work=Business Standard |access-date=8 June 2015 |date=8 June 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of boxing films]]
* [[Bollywood and Manipur]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Mary Kom (film)}}
* {{BH movie|mary-kom}}
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Sanjay Leela Bhansali}}
{{Omung Kumar}}
{{Vaicom18 Studios}}
{{National Film Award Wholesome Entertainment}}
{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood|Feminism}}

{{Good article}}

[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Biographical films about sportspeople]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of boxers]]
[[Category:Indian boxing films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films about women's sports]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian sports drama films]]
[[Category:Sports films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:2014 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2010s feminist films]]
[[Category:2010s sports drama films]]
[[Category:2014 sports films]]
[[Category:Casting controversies in film]]
[[Category:English-language biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Zhejiang]]

Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)

2026-03-25T23:06:09Z

Wmltusa: slightly fix article per standard format and fixed typos

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amar Akbar Anthony
| image = Amar Akbar Anthony (2015) film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nadirshah]]
| producer = Zachariah Thomas<br />Alwin Antony
| writer = [[Bibin George]]<br />[[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]]
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]<br/>[[Jayasurya]]<br/>[[Indrajith Sukumaran]]<br/>[[Namitha Pramod]]
| music = '''Songs:'''<br />[[Nadirshah]]<br />'''Background Score:'''<br />[[Bijibal]]
| cinematography = [[Sujith Vaassudev]]
| editing = [[Johnkutty]]
| studio = United Global Media Entertainment<br />Ananya Films
| distributor = Thameens Release & Tricolor Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|10|16}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = ₹50 [[crore]]<ref name="thenewsminute.com" />
}}

'''''Amar Akbar Anthony''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Nadirshah]] and written by [[Bibin George]] and [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]]. It stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Jayasurya]] and [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] in titular roles, alongside an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Namitha Pramod]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Saju Navodaya]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], [[Meenakshi Anoop]], [[Srinda|Srindha]], [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]], [[Sasi Kalinga]], Shafeeq Rahman, [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]], [[Bindu Panicker]], [[Pradeep Kottayam|Kottayam Pradeep]], [[V. K. Sreeraman|V.K Sreeraman]] and [[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]]. The music is composed by Nadirshah, while the background music is given by [[Bijibal]]. It was released on 16 October 2015.

The production of ''Amar Akbar Anthony'' was completed in 65 days. It became a major blockbuster at the box office.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Mollywoods-small-budget-films-that-did-big-wonders-at-the-box-office/photostory/53020290.cms|title=Mollywood's small-budget films that did big wonders at the box office|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 July 2016|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804143850/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/Mollywoods-small-budget-films-that-did-big-wonders-at-the-box-office/photostory/53020290.cms|archive-date=4 August 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Its soundtrack was released by the [[Sony Music India]].<ref name=trailer/>

==Plot==
The plot revolves around three bachelor friends Amar, Akbar and Anthony who live in the same colony in [[Kochi]]. Their struggle to live a luxurious life and to visit [[Pattaya]] is constantly met with issues. The bike-stunt master and [[Travel agency|travel agent]], Faizal, is also living in the same colony. He receives several injuries when he met an accident while performing bike stunts. He is then admitted to a hospital where he meets other patients. Faizal explains the reason for the accident to the other patients by narrating a story about his three clients Amar, Akbar and Anthony. The three are best friends, who are living a middle-class life.

Amar's father Ramanan works as a [[Security guard|security officer]] at [[Automated teller machine|ATM]] counter, while his mother, Chandrika is a marriage broker, who arranges the marriage of orphan woman Resmiya, but Resmiya's husband runs off with her jewellery hence Resmiya arrives at Amar's house to stay with her kid Fathima whom they lovingly call Pathu. Akbar is a handicapped person, whose father, Stalin Mammali, is a [[Communism|communist]] [[Bodybuilding|bodybuilder]] while his mother Jameela is a homemaker. Anthony works as a [[Pizza delivery|pizza delivery boy]] at a mall, and is an [[orphan]] where his foster father Chakkappan found him left alone inside a movie theatre and lives with his step-parents.

All the friends have a common nemesis Nallavanyana Unni, a gentleman whom everyone likes in the colony, who is later arrested by the police for growing [[marijuana]] in his own terrace.

Apart from their usual work, the trio occasionally work as [[catering service]] boys for marriages and other functions under the supervision of Rejimon, whose mother usually engages herself with multiple social networking sites. She created a fake [[Facebook]] account and tried to make Amar fall in love with her. All three friends have a crush on Jenny, a [[dancer]]. Their only goal and dream is to visit [[Pattaya]], [[Thailand]]. However, due to family issues, their aim gets delayed each time.

Meanwhile, Amar's father met with an accident and is saved by an [[Emergency medical technician|ambulance driver]] name Jadayu Sabu and the money which was saved by the three friends was spent on his father's treatment. Simultaneously, a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Child abuse|child abuser]] named Dhappan kidnaps small girls. Amar, Akbar and Anthony often bump into the man, but they do not care much about it. Meanwhile, during a celebration in the colony Pathu goes missing and later she is found murdered in a [[drainage]]. The new [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Sethunath suspects Dhappan in the case. He scolds the trio for being lazy and not reacting to the issue, which happened between them. Realising their mistake and being thirsty for revenge, the friends catches Dhappan after a long fight and Amar goes to kill him with a sword.

However, Sethunath stops Amar and reveals that Dhappan killed all the small girls but he didn't kill Pathu. However, Sanju, a boy in their colony who goes into mental depression after losing in a reality show, knows who is the main culprit. Amar, Akbar and Antony announced to the colony people that Sanju witnessed the scene and the culprit was their respected colony leader Mash, who was very much loved by Pathu. They along with the villagers attacks him and Dhappan. Amar tells Resmiya to avenge according to her wish and she stabs Mash with a bottle. On the other side, Dhappan is being stabbed to death by the people along with Mash and Akbar hits him with a stick, which he throws above. This stick flies through the sky and gets stuck in a bike which was racing by Faizal. It is at this point that its revealed that Faizal is a travel agent at ''[[Pattaya]] tour and travel''. The trio starts a child protection and welfare charity fund under Pathu's name.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Amarnath (Amar), a floor manager of a shopping mall
*[[Jayasurya]] as Akbar (Akku) a lift operator
**Master Allen as Young Akbar
*[[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Anthony (Thalapathy), a pizza delivery boy
*[[Namitha Pramod]] as Jenny, a dancer
*[[Baby Meenakshi]] as Fathima (Pathumma/Pathu)
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Sethunath V. R.
*[[Saju Navodaya]] as Rejimon (Durantham Reji)
*[[Srinda Ashab]] as Resmina, Fathima's mother
*[[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as Jadayu Sabu, an ambulance driver
*[[Sasi Kalinga]] as Ramanan, Amar's father
*[[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Stalin Mammali, Akbar's father
*[[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Chakkappan, Anthony's adopted father
*[[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Mash,The main antagonist, who killed Pathu
*[[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Chandrika, Amar's mother
*[[Bindu Panicker]] as Jameela, Akbar's mother
*Priyanka Anoop as Anthony's adopted mother
*[[Chali Pala]] as Sajeevan, police constable, Jenny's father
*[[Ramesh Pisharody]] as Nallavanaya Unni
*Balaji Sharma
*[[Sona Heiden]] as Sajeevan's daughter
* Shafique Rahman as Dhappan, The Second Main antagonist and The baby child's killer
*[[Dharmajan Bolgatty]] as 'Black' Suni
*Harimurali as Amalnath, Amar's brother
*[[Ena Saha]] as Amar's girlfriend
*Tarushi Jha as Amar's girlfriend
*[[Ponnamma Babu]] as Gauri's mother
*Molly Kannamaly as Ammachy
*[[Pauly Valsan]] as Fish Seller
*[[Mareena Michael Kurisingal|Mareena Michael]] as Angel
*[[Asif Ali (actor)|Asif Ali]] as Faizal (extended cameo)
*[[Akanksha Puri]] as Gauri, Amar's girlfriend (Cameo)
*[[Ineya]] as Item Dancer (Cameo)
*[[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] as Rogue Man (Cameo)
*[[Bibin George]] as Furniture Shop Employee (Cameo)
*Abdul Majeed as Pizza Shop Manager (Cameo)
*[[Sujith Vasudev]] as himself (Cameo)
*[[Thesni Khan]] as Nurse
*[[K.T.S. Padannayil]] as Patient
*Nandhu Pothuval as Swami
*[[Sagar Shiyas]] as man at the mall
*[[Eloor George]] as Man At Cycle
*[[Kalabhavan Haneef]] as thattukada owner
*[[Sajan Palluruthy]] as man at theatre
*[[Harisree Yousuf]] as Kulukki Sarbath shop owner
{{colend}}

==Production==
[[Nadirshah]] made his successful debut with ''Amar Akbar Anthony''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sreeju Sudhakaran|title=Amar Akbar Anthony trailer: Prithviraj, Indrajith and Jayasurya bring Three Stooges to Malayalam cinema!|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/amar-akbar-anthony-trailer-prithviraj-indrajith-and-jayasurya-bring-three-stooges-to-malayalam-cinema/|publisher=Bollywood Life|access-date=5 October 2015|date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Mimicry artists, script writers along with Bibin and Vishnu completed the film screenplay in three years. They told the script to Nadirshah they knew for a long time. At listening to the script, Nadirshah showed interest.<ref>{{cite news|author=Meera Suresh|title=The Sweet Taste of Success|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/The-Sweet-Taste-of-Success/2015/10/22/article3091317.ece|access-date=27 October 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022212249/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/The-Sweet-Taste-of-Success/2015/10/22/article3091317.ece|archive-date=22 October 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The film was originally scheduled for 70 days with an estimated budget of {{INR Convert|7|c}}. However, it was completed in 65 days with an approximate production cost {{INR Convert|6|c}}.<ref name=cost>{{cite news|author=Express Features|title=Prithviraj Clocks Three Blockbusters With Debutant Directors|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Prithviraj-Clocks-Three-Blockbusters-With-Debutant-Directors/2015/11/18/article3133173.ece|access-date=24 November 2015|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=18 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125003355/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/Prithviraj-Clocks-Three-Blockbusters-With-Debutant-Directors/2015/11/18/article3133173.ece|archive-date=25 November 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Remake==
The film was remade in [[Kannada]] as ''[[John Jani Janardhan (2016 film)|John Jani Janardhan]]''.

==Release==
The film was released on 16 October 2015 in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Multi-starrer films 'Amar Akbar Anthony', 'Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi' to lock horns at Kerala box office|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/multi-starrer-films-amar-akbar-anthony-lord-livingstone-7000-kandi-lock-horns-kerala-box-650667|access-date=15 October 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016130810/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/multi-starrer-films-amar-akbar-anthony-lord-livingstone-7000-kandi-lock-horns-kerala-box-650667|archive-date=16 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Anu James|title='Amar Akbar Anthony' movie review by audience: Live updates|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/amar-akbar-anthony-movie-review-by-audience-live-updates-650770|access-date=16 October 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018153022/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/amar-akbar-anthony-movie-review-by-audience-live-updates-650770|archive-date=18 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The television satellite was sold to [[Surya TV]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Sun Network buys satellite rights of 'Pathemari', 'Kanal', 'Amar Akbar Anthony', other Malayalam films|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sun-network-buys-satellite-rights-pathemari-kanal-amar-akbar-anthony-other-malayalam-films-649705|access-date=27 October 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=8 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107062644/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sun-network-buys-satellite-rights-pathemari-kanal-amar-akbar-anthony-other-malayalam-films-649705|archive-date=7 November 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Sony Music India]] released the trailer on 5 October 2015. One day before the official release, its trailer was leaked on the video sharing website [[YouTube]] on 4 October which was later removed by the website.<ref name=trailer>{{cite news|author1=Anu James|title=Watch 'Amar Akbar Anthony' official trailer featuring Prithviraj, Indrajith, Jayasurya [VIDEO]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/amar-akbar-anthony-trailer-featuring-prithviraj-indrajith-jayasurya-leaked-649177|access-date=5 October 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005183009/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/amar-akbar-anthony-trailer-featuring-prithviraj-indrajith-jayasurya-leaked-649177|archive-date=5 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The trailer was viewed by the two lakh viewers in just two days.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sachin Jose|title='Amar Akbar Anthony': Trailer of Prithviraj-Indrajith-Jayasurya movie garners 2 lakh views|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/amar-akbar-anthony-trailer-prithviraj-indrajith-jayasurya-nadirshah-namitha-pramod-movie-649473|access-date=15 October 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=7 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010030207/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/amar-akbar-anthony-trailer-prithviraj-indrajith-jayasurya-nadirshah-namitha-pramod-movie-649473|archive-date=10 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
''[[International Business Times]]'' rated the film by 4/5. The film also revolves around the social issues and how to deal it.<ref name=IBTreview>{{cite news|title='Amar Akbar Anthony' review: Fun filled family entertainer with a social message|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/amar-akbar-anthony-review-fun-filled-family-entertainer-social-message-650899|author=Anu James|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=17 October 2015|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022041354/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/amar-akbar-anthony-review-fun-filled-family-entertainer-social-message-650899|archive-date=22 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Sify.com]] stated that "How much you enjoy Amar Akbar Anthony will depend on your liking for loud, verbal comedy. Even if you are not a great fan of such jokes, this film can keep you entertained."<ref>{{cite web|title=Amar Akbar Anthony|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/amar-akbar-anthony-review--pkrj2veidebgh.html|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=18 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019104706/http://www.sify.com/movies/amar-akbar-anthony-review--pkrj2veidebgh.html|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''Filmibeat'' rated the film 3 out of 5 calling it "comical extravaganza" The reviewer also noted that the film is indeed a good one that revolves around both comedy and social issues. .<ref>{{cite web|author=Akhila Menon|title=Amar Akbar Anthony Movie Review: Comical Extravaganza!|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2015/amar-akbar-anthony-movie-review-prithviraj-jayasurya-indrajith-trio-is-back-201941.html|publisher=Filmibeat.com|access-date=16 October 2015|date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017113815/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2015/amar-akbar-anthony-movie-review-prithviraj-jayasurya-indrajith-trio-is-back-201941.html|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> [[Malayala Manorama]], a morning newspaper in Malayalam published from Kottayam, Kerala, rated 3 out of 5. According to the company, "As the film tries to capture everything in the running time. Nadhirshah skilfully maintains a pace in the plot and effortlessly switches between fillers, comedy and thriller, like a seasoned director".<ref>{{cite news|author1=Litty Simon|title='Amar Akbar Anthony': Bringing down theatres|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/amar-akbar-anthony-prithviraj-sukumaran-jayasurya-indrajith-nadhirshah-malayalam-movie-review.html|access-date=22 October 2015|agency=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=17 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019233942/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/amar-akbar-anthony-prithviraj-sukumaran-jayasurya-indrajith-nadhirshah-malayalam-movie-review.html|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Box office===
At [[Kerala]], the film earned {{INR Convert|5.10|c}} in 3 days and {{INR}}52 lakhs from the rest of the other Indian states.<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title=Kerala box office: 'Amar Akbar Anthony', 'LL7K' make good collection; 'Pathemari' still enjoying housefull shows|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-amar-akbar-anthony-ll7k-makes-good-collection-pathemari-still-enjoying-651113|access-date=20 October 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020151234/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-amar-akbar-anthony-ll7k-makes-good-collection-pathemari-still-enjoying-651113|archive-date=20 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It earned more than {{INR}}11.20 crore within 8 days of its official release with a net amount of {{INR}}9.02 crore.<ref>{{cite news|title='Ennu Ninte Moideen', 'Amar Akbar Anthony' rule Kerala box office despite release of 'Rani Padmini', 'Kanal'|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ennu-ninte-moideen-amar-akbar-anthony-rule-kerala-box-office-despite-release-rani-padmini-652098|work=[[International Business Times]]|author=Anu James|date=27 October 2015|access-date=27 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028123144/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/ennu-ninte-moideen-amar-akbar-anthony-rule-kerala-box-office-despite-release-rani-padmini-652098|archive-date=28 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> During the first 14 days, it claimed to have made {{INR}}16.3 crore<ref>{{cite news|author=Anu James|title='Pathemari', 'Amar Akbar Anthony', 'Kanal', 'Rani Padmini', 'LL7K': Review of October Malayalam releases|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/pathemari-amar-akbar-anthony-kanal-rani-padmini-ll7k-review-october-malayalam-652741|access-date=1 November 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=31 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102035804/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/pathemari-amar-akbar-anthony-kanal-rani-padmini-ll7k-review-october-malayalam-652741|archive-date=2 November 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and {{INR Convert|22.6|c}} in 21 days.<ref name=21days>{{cite web|author=Aswini|title=BoxOffice Report: How much Amar Akbar Anthony collected from 21 days?|url=http://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/kerala-box-office-prithviraj-s-ennu-ninte-moideen-stays-on-top-03-025801.html|publisher=Filmibeat.com|date=9 November 2015|access-date=30 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208150825/http://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/kerala-box-office-prithviraj-s-ennu-ninte-moideen-stays-on-top-03-025801.html|archive-date=8 December 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film collected approximately {{INRConvert|28.5|c}} from the worldwide cinemas in 45 days.<ref name="gross">{{cite web|last1=James|first1=Anu|title=Amar Akbar Anthony completes 50 days at box office; makers release special poster|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/amar-akbar-anthony-completes-50-days-box-office-makers-release-special-poster-657737|website=International Business Times, India Edition|date=2 December 2015 |access-date=29 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120958/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/amar-akbar-anthony-completes-50-days-box-office-makers-release-special-poster-657737|archive-date=22 December 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film collected ₹50 crore from Worldwide box office in its final run.<ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{cite web|title=We meant to play the roles: 'Amar Akbar Anthony' writer|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/we-meant-play-roles-amar-akbar-anthony-writer-138837|website=[[The News Minute]]|date=2 December 2020}}</ref> The film was played for over 100 days in Indian theatres.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amar Akbar Anthony completes 100 days|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Amar-Akbar-Anthony-set-to-celebrate-100-days/articleshow/50637260.cms|website=The Times of India|date=24 January 2017}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Amar Akbar Anthony
| type = film
| artist = [[Nadirshah]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Audio CD cover
| released = 9 October 2015
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=|s=}}
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[Nadirshah]]
| prev_title = [[Sringaravelan]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'
| next_year = 2016
}}

The audios were officially launched by [[Nivin Pauly]] and [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] at an event which was organised by the filmmakers at [[Kochi]] on 9 October.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nelson K Paul|title='Amar Akbar Anthony' music review|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/prithviraj-jayasurya-indrajith-amar-akbar-anthony-music-review.html|access-date=15 October 2015|agency=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=13 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015023549/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/prithviraj-jayasurya-indrajith-amar-akbar-anthony-music-review.html|archive-date=15 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=TALK – Amar Akbar Antony Movie Audio Music Launch Photos|url=http://www.metromatinee.com/talk/amar-akbar-antony-movie-audio-music-launch-photos|publisher=Metromatinee.com|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029045936/http://www.metromatinee.com/talk/amar-akbar-antony-movie-audio-music-launch-photos|archive-date=29 October 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author1=Sanjith Sidhardhan|title=Amar Akbar Anthony audio launch on Oct 9|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Amar-Akbar-Anthony-audio-launch-on-Oct-9/articleshow/49244687.cms|access-date=27 October 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011201812/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Amar-Akbar-Anthony-audio-launch-on-Oct-9/articleshow/49244687.cms|archive-date=11 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The first MP4 song "Premamennal" sung by [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Jayasurya]] and [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] was released on 14 October by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Sachin Jose|title='Premamennal' song of 'Amar Akbar Anthony' released online [VIDEO]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premamennal-song-amar-akbar-anthony-released-online-video-prithviraj-indrajith-jayasurya-nadhirshah-650589|access-date=15 October 2015|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=15 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017205935/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/premamennal-song-amar-akbar-anthony-released-online-video-prithviraj-indrajith-jayasurya-nadhirshah-650589|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The song "Yenno Njanente" featuring Baby Meenakshi is sung by Sreya Jayadeep was released on 22 October.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Anu James|title=Watch baby singer Shreya's 'Amar Akbar Anthony' song 'Yenno Njanente' featuring baby Meenakshi [VIDEO]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/watch-baby-singer-shreyas-amar-akbar-anthony-song-yenno-njanente-featuring-baby-meenakshi-651669|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=27 October 2015|date=23 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024055754/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/watch-baby-singer-shreyas-amar-akbar-anthony-song-yenno-njanente-featuring-baby-meenakshi-651669|archive-date=24 October 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The romantic song "Manjaadum" lyrics are written in Malayalam, [[Hindi]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref name=IBTreview/>

{{track listing
| headline = Amar Akbar Anthony
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Premamennaal
| extra1 = Nadirshah, [[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran|Indrajith]], [[Jayasurya]], [[Kalabhavan Shajon]]
| lyrics1 = [[Nadirshah]]
| length1 = 5:30
| title2 = Manjaadum
| extra2 = Nadirshah, [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Afsal]], Samad
| lyrics2 = Santhosh Varma
| length2 = 4:25
| title3 = Yenno Njaanende
| extra3 = Nadirshah, [[Sreya Jayadeep|Baby Sreya]]
| lyrics3 = Bapu Vavad
| length3 = 3:47
| title4 = Pranayam
| extra4 = Nadirshah
| lyrics4 = Nadirshah
| length4 = 4:34
| title5 = Premamennaal (Reprise)
| extra5 = Nadirshah
| lyrics5 = Nadirshah
| length5 = 5:30
}}

== Awards ==
The film won the following awards:

;[[2015 Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-state-film-awards-2015-live-updates-thiruvanchoor-radhakrishnan-announce-winners-668840 | title=Kerala State Film Awards 2015 | work=Anu James | date=1 March 2016 | access-date=1 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310011822/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-state-film-awards-2015-live-updates-thiruvanchoor-radhakrishnan-announce-winners-668840 | archive-date=10 March 2016 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Mention]] - Baby Sreya

==Legacy==

[[Ramesh Pisharody]] reiterate his character ''Nallavanaya Unni'' in 2019 Malayalam film [[Pattabhiraman]].

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{facebook|AmarAkbarAnthonyOfficial}}
* {{IMDb title|5082670}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadirshah]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nadirshah]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thailand]]
[[Category:2015 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2015 comedy-drama films]]

Margi Madhu

2026-03-25T10:29:24Z

Wmltusa: created details

{{short description|Indian Koodiyattam exponent (born 1966)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Margi Madhu Chakyar
| birth_name = Madhu A.K<ref name="ssus"/>
| image = Margi Madhu.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1966|05|19}}
| birth_place = [[Moozhikkulam]], [[Eranakulam district]], Kerala
| death_date =
| death_place=
| known_for = [[Koodiyattam]] performer and teacher
| father = [[Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar]]
| mother = Pothiyil Sulochana Illodamma
| spouse = Indu G. Nair
| children = Nepathya Sreehari Chakyar
| relatives =
| occupation = [[Koodiyattam]] performer and teacher
| awards = {{bullet list|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2022)|
[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (2011)}}
}}
'''Madhu A.K''' popularly known as '''Margi Madhu''' or '''Margi Madhu Chakyar''' is an Indian [[Koodiyattam]] exponent and teacher from Kerala. He received several awards including the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 2011 and [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for his contribution to Koodiyattam in 2022.

==Biography==
Madhu was born on 19 May 1966, to [[Moozhikkulam Kochukuttan Chakyar]] and Pothiyil Sulochana Illodamma at [[Moozhikkulam]], [[Eranakulam district]], Kerala.<ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=Margi Madhu Chakyar |url=https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/specificdocs/documents/2024/mar/doc202437320201.pdf |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |page=46}}</ref><ref name="Puzha">{{cite web |title=Margi Madhu |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi |access-date=8 July 2025 |archive-date=16 August 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130816151615/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Born into a family of [[Koodiyattam]] artists, his father and parental uncle [[Ammannur Madhava Chakyar]] are noted Kootiyattam exponents.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Koodiyattam exponent Margi Madhu on the survival of the 2,000-year-old Sanskrit theatre |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/koodiyattam-exponent-margi-madhu-2000-year-old-sanskrit-theatre-9449167/ |work=The Indian Express |date=13 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He was educated at St. Mary's School, Moozhikulam and N.S.S. High School, Eranakulam.<ref name="Puzha"/>

Started studying Koodiyattam from his father he later trained under uncle Madhava Chakyar, P.K. Narayanan Nambiar and M. Madhavanunni.<ref name="Puzha"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Margi Madhu Chakyar Entertainment Photo Margi Madhu Cha... |url=https://timescontent.timesofindia.com/photo/entertainment/Margi-Madhu-Chakyar/551106 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=Times Of India |language=English}}</ref> In 1981, he joined the performing arts institute 'Margi' in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He along with his brother Margi Narayana Chakyar, father's nephew Margi Rama Chakyar were the first Koodiyattam students in Margi.<ref name="Sahapedia">{{cite web |title=Kutiyattam: In Conversation with Margi Madhu |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/kutiyattam-conversation-margi-madhu |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref>

===Personal life===
Madhu is married to Indu G. Nair from [[Edappally]], Eranakulam.<ref name="Puzha"/> She is also a Koodiyattam and [[Nangiar koothu]] artiste for more than 20 years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=T.K |first1=Achuthan |title='Koodiyattam is a full-time vocation' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/margi-madhu-on-the-need-to-preserve-the-integrity-and-depth-of-koodiyattam/article28884482.ece |work=The Hindu |date=8 August 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> They have one son, Srihari.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tradition and the times |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/tradition-and-the-times/article3631141.ece |work=The Hindu |date=12 July 2012 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Career==
[[File:Margi madhu in koodiyattam as ravanan.JPG|thumb|Margi Madhu as [[Ravana]] in a Kootiyattam play at Nepathya]]
Madhu has performed in various venues across India and abroad, including the [[John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts]] in USA.<ref name="Narthaki">{{cite web |title=Interview - Margi Madhu: Nepathya is my dream project - Lalitha Venkat |url=https://narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrv109c.html |website=narthaki.com}}</ref> He has performed roles uch as [[Ravana]], [[Arjuna]], [[Sugriva|Sugreiva]] and Vidushak in Koodiyattam plays.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news |title=Ravana is my favourite character: Margi Madhu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Kochi/Ravana-is-my-favourite-character-Margi-Madhu/articleshow/49816689.cms |work=The Times of India |date=17 November 2015}}</ref>

Madhu has also written the acting manual for four Koodiyattam plays, ''Dooth Ghadodgajam'', ''Kanchukeeyam'', ''Karnabharam'' and ''Macbeth''.<ref name="Narthaki"/>

Madhu, who is also a Koodiyattam teacher, has trained many people as assistant professor in theatre at [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit]] and through the study center 'Nepathya', which he started in [[Moozhikkulam]] in 2003.<ref name="ssus">{{Cite web |title=Margi Madhu |url=https://app.ssus.ac.in:8083/profile/margimadhu@ssus.ac.in}}</ref><ref name="Narthaki"/>

==Awards and honours==
Madhu has received the Sanskriti National Award and the Junior Fellowship of the Human Resource Development Department, Government of India.<ref name="Puzha"/> In 2011, he received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] for Koodiyattam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Awards for Koodiyattam |url=http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.com/images/fellowship/award_08.jpg |access-date=15 July 2025 |archive-date=16 August 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130816152559/http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.com/images/fellowship/award_08.jpg |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> In 2022 he received [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for his contribution to Koodiyattam.<ref name="SNA"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhu, Margi}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Koodiyattam dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian performance artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]

Sylhet

2026-03-24T12:20:00Z

Wmltusa: Revised and enhanced article content

{{About|the city||Sylhet (disambiguation)}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sylhet
| other_name = Srihatta
| native_name = সিলেট
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2
| image1 = Sylhet city 02.jpg
| caption1 = Skyline
| image2 = City point,sylhet (cropped).jpg
| caption2 = City Point
| image3 = Keane Bridge and Ali Amjad's Clock, Sylhet.jpg
| caption3 = [[Keane Bridge]] and [[Ali Amjad's Clock]]
| image4 = Ginghams.jpg
| caption4 = [[Khadimnagar National Park]]
| image5 = Tea Garden in Malini chora Sylhet Bangladesh (3).JPG
| caption5 = [[Malnicherra Tea Estate|Malnicherra Tea Garden]]
| image6 = সিলেট আন্তর্জাতিক ক্রিকেট স্টেডিয়াম.jpg
| caption6 = [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]]
| image7 = Shah Jalal Mazar (03).jpg
| caption7 = [[Shah Jalal Dargah]]
}}
| pushpin_map = Bangladesh Sylhet division#Bangladesh
| pushpin_label_position = centre
| pushpin_map_alt = Sylhet
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Sylhet in Bangladesh
| coordinates = {{coord|24|54|N|91|52|E|region:BD|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Divisions of Bangladesh|Division]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Bangladesh|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Sylhet Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sylhet District|Sylhet]]
| established_title = [[Township|Municipal Board]]
| established_date = 1867
| established_title1 = Sylhet City Corporation
| established_date1 = 9 April 2001
| established_title2 = [[Metropolis|Metropolitan city]]
| established_date2 = 31 March 2009<ref name="Metro">{{cite news |title=Bangladesh clamps down on beggars |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7978523.stm |work=BBC News |date=2 April 2009 |access-date=2 April 2009}}</ref>
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–Council]]
| governing_body = [[Sylhet City Corporation]]
| leader_title = [[Mayor of Sylhet|Administrator]]
| leader_name = Abdul Quiyum Choudhury
| leader_party =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 = [[List of city corporations in Bangladesh#City Council|City Council]]
| leader_name2 = [[Sylhet City Corporation#Ward and councillor list|42 constituencies]]
| leader_title3 = [[Parliament of Bangladesh|Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[List of constituencies of the Jatiya Sangsad#Sylhet Division|2 constituencies]]
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes =
| area_magnitude = 
| area_total_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 = 58.74
| area_metro_km2 = 177.81
| area_blank2_title = 
| area_blank2_km2 =
| area_note =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2022census">{{Cite book |url=http://nsds.bbs.gov.bd/storage/files/1/Publications/PHCensus/Sylhet/District%20Report%20Sylhet.pdf |title=Population and Housing Census 2022 - District Report: Sylhet |date=June 2024 |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]] |isbn=978-984-475-284-9 |series=District Series |location=Dhaka |pages=}}</ref>
| population_urban = 712,288
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 896,331
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = [[Sylhetis|Sylheti]]
| population_note =
| population_blank1 = [[List of cities and towns in Bangladesh|10th in Bangladesh]]
| population_blank2_title = Metro rank
| population_blank2 = [[List of city corporations in Bangladesh|10th in Bangladesh]]
| timezone = [[Bangladesh Standard Time|Bangladesh Time]]
| utc_offset = +6
| blank_name = National Calling Code
| blank_info = +880
| blank1_name = [[Telephone numbers in Bangladesh|Calling Code]]
| blank1_info = 0821
| elevation_m = 35
| elevation_ft = 115
| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Bangladesh|Postal code]]
| postal_code = 3100
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Bangladesh|Calling code]]
| area_code = +880 821
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages of Bangladesh|Languages]]
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| demographics1_title2 = [[Regional language|Regional]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]]
| demographics_type2 =
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="BBS">{{cite web | url=https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/site/page/b432a7e5-8b4d-4dac-a76c-a9be4e85828c | title=বাংলাদেশ পরিসংখ্যান ব্যুরো }}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 =
| demographics2_info1 =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| blank_info_sec1 = BD ZYL
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2023)
| blank3_info_sec1 = 0.650<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{cite web |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/BGD/ |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |language=en |access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref><br /> {{color|#FFEB3B|medium}}· [[List of regions of Bangladesh by Human Development Index|19th of 22]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Police]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Sylhet Metropolitan Police]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[International Airport]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Osmani International Airport]]
| blank6_name_sec1 = Metropolitan Planning Authority
| blank6_info_sec1 = [[Sylhet Development Authority]]
| blank7_name_sec1 = Water Supply and Sewerage Authority
| blank7_info_sec1 = [[Sylhet WASA]]
| blank_emblem_size = 120px
| image_map = Sylhet City Corporation in Sylhet division (Bangladesh).svg
| blank_emblem_type = Sylhet City Corporation Seal
| seal_alt = Official Seal of Sylhet
| website = {{URL|scc.gov.bd/}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| image_seal =
}}
'''Sylhet'''{{Efn|{{Langx|bn|সিলেট|Silēṭ}}, {{IPA|bn|sileʈ|pron|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-সিলেট.wav}}; {{Langx|syl|ꠍꠤꠟꠐ|Silôṭ}}, {{IPA|syl|sílɔʈ|pron}}}} is a [[Metropolis|metropolitan city]] in the north eastern region of [[Bangladesh]]. It serves as the administrative centre for both the [[Sylhet District]] and the [[Sylhet Division]]. The city is situated on the banks of the [[Surma River]] and, as of 2025, the metro area population of Sylhet is estimated to be 1,033,000, reflecting a 3.4% increase from 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sylhet, Bangladesh Metro Area Population 1950-2025 {{!}} MacroTrends |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/global-metrics/cities/20136/sylhet/population |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> This makes it the third-largest urban area in Bangladesh.

Sylhet is known for its tea plantations and natural scenery.<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Most Beautiful Tea Gardens in Bangladesh to visit |url=https://unb.com.bd/category/lifestyle/the-most-beautiful-tea-gardens-in-bangladesh-to-visit/78029 |access-date=5 March 2023 |work=[[United News of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> Sylhet is famous for the Ratargul Swamp Forest, one of the few freshwater swamp forests in Bangladesh.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Sylhet</ref> The region has been inhabited since ancient times, and since the city's establishment in the 14th century has been ruled by various dynasties including the [[Mughals]], the [[British Empire|British]], and the [[Nawabs of Bengal]]. The city is also home to several important landmarks, such as one of the Islamic sites in Bangladesh, the [[Shah Jalal Dargah]], which attracts thousands of pilgrims annually.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Aisha Hayder |date=25 February 2021 |title=Sylhet in Spirit |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/news/sylhet-spirit-2050589 |access-date=5 March 2023 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

Sylhet is one of the most economically important cities in Bangladesh after [[Dhaka]] and [[Chittagong]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Megan |date=17 October 2022 |title=Discover the 9 Largest Cities In Bangladesh |url=https://a-z-animals.com/blog/discover-the-largest-cities-in-bangladesh/ |access-date=5 March 2023 |website=AZ Animals |language=en-US}}</ref> A major commercial and financial centre, Sylhet is home to several multinational companies and industries, including the tea industry, which generates a significant amount of revenue for the city. Sylhet has diverse transport infrastructure, with a modern airport, railway station, and bus terminals that connect it to other parts of the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-09 |title=No more cobweb of cables! |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/no-more-cobweb-cables-1851652 |access-date=2023-03-05 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> The city also has several educational institutions, including [[Sylhet Agricultural University]], [[Shahjalal University of Science and Technology]] and [[Sylhet Cadet College]].

==Etymology and names==
Sylhet is the [[Anglicisation (linguistics)|anglicisation]] of {{lang|bn|শিলহট}} (''Śilhôṭ''), one of the archaic native names for the city.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} The local name is generally thought to be directly derived from {{lang|sa|শ্রীহট্ট}} (''Śrīhaṭṭa''), the [[Sanskrit]] name of the city.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Monsur Musa |editor=Sharif Uddin Ahmed |chapter=History of the Study of the Dialect of Sylhet: Some Problems |title=Sylhet: History and Heritage |year=1999 |publisher=Bangladesh Itihas Samiti |isbn=978-984-31-0478-6 |pages=588 |language=en}}</ref> The city of Śrīhaṭṭa takes its name from ''Śrīhaṭṭanātha'', the [[tutelary deity]] of the Nātha dynasty who promoted the early settlement of [[Nath|Nātha]]s in the Surma and [[Barak Valley|Barak]] valleys between the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, founding the Śrīhaṭṭa ''[[janapada]]'' and establishing ''[[Hattanath|Śrīhaṭṭanātha]]'' idols across the region.<ref>{{cite news |first=Mujibur Rahman |last=Chowdhury |title=গৌড়-বঙ্গে মুসলিম বিজয় এবং সুফি-সাধকদের কথা |trans-title=Muslim conquest in Gauḍa-Vaṅga and discussion about Sufi ascetics |language=bn |url=https://sylheterdak.com.bd/details.php?id=30429 |work=[[Sylheter Dak]] |date=31 July 2019 |access-date=30 January 2023 |archive-date=5 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005052346/http://sylheterdak.com.bd/details.php?id=30429 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The later [[Hindu]] [[raja|monarch]]s of Sylhet, such as [[Gour Govinda]], continued to pay tribute to the deity as ''Hāṭkeśvara'' or ''Haṭṭanātha'' as evident from the [[Puranas|Devipurana]] and copper-plate inscriptions.<ref name=achyut>{{cite book |author=[[Achyut Charan Choudhury|Choudhury, Achyut Charan]] |title=Srihatter Itibritta: Uttorangsho |year=2000 |orig-year=1916 |publisher=Kotha |location=Kolkata |language=Bangla |url=https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_-_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6.pdf/%E0%A7%AA%E0%A7%A7 |page=21 |chapter=উত্তর শ্রীহট্টের নামতত্ত্ব}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Sylhet}}

In 1303, the Sultan of Lakhnauti [[Shamsuddin Firoz Shah]] [[Conquest of Sylhet|conquered Sylhet]] by defeating [[Gour Govinda]].<ref name="Fazal2013">{{cite book |last=Fazal |first=Tanweer |year=2013 |title=Minority Nationalisms in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bGMAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |publisher=Routledge |pages=53 |isbn=978-1-317-96647-0}}</ref> Sylhet became a part of the [[Bengal Sultanate]]. In the [[16th century]], Sylhet was controlled by the [[Baro-Bhuiyan]] [[zamindar]]s and later became a sarkar (district) of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="Sangma1994">{{cite book |last=Sangma |first=Milton S. |title=Essays on North-east India: Presented in Memory of Professor V. Venkata Rao |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UaNQ_HLLt04C&pg=PA75 |year=1994 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-015-6 |pages=75}}</ref> Sylhet emerged after 1612 as the Mughals' most significant imperial outpost in Bengal east of Dhaka, and its importance remained as such throughout the seventeenth century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Nath |first=Pratyay |year=2019 |title=Climate of Conquest: War, Environment, and Empire in Mughal North India |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-949555-9 |pages=184–185}}</ref> [[British Empire|British rule]] began in the 18th century under the administration of the [[East India Company]]. Sylhet became a key source of [[lascar]]s in the British Empire due in part to its ancient seafaring tradition. The Sylhet municipal board was established in 1867.<ref name="sylhetcitycorporationbd.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.sylhetcitycorporationbd.org/ |title=Welcome sylhetcitycorporationbd.org - Justhost.com |website=www.sylhetcitycorporationbd.org |access-date=26 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014249/http://www.sylhetcitycorporationbd.org/ |archive-date=13 October 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Originally part of the [[Bengal Presidency]] and later [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]], the town became part of Colonial Assam in 1874. A devastating earthquake demolished almost the entire town on [[1897 Assam earthquake|12 June 1897]] following which a modern and European model new town was built on the wreckage.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} From the beginning of the 20th century, the importance of Sylhet increased with the establishment of the tea industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History Of Bangladesh Tea {{!}} Tea Traders Association of Bangladesh (TTAB) |url=https://ttabctg.com/about-us/history-of-bangladesh-tea/ |access-date=2025-01-02}}</ref>

In 1947, following a [[1947 Sylhet referendum|referendum]] and the [[partition of British India]], Sylhet became part of East Pakistan.<ref name="Fazal2013"/> In 1995, the Government of Bangladesh declared Sylhet as the sixth [[Divisions of Bangladesh|divisional headquarters]] of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.londoni.co/index.php/travel-guide/29-location-guide/3-sylhet-bangladesh |title=Basics of Islam |website=Londoni |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905170347/http://www.londoni.co/index.php/travel-guide/29-location-guide/3-sylhet-bangladesh |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sylhet has played a vital role in the [[Economy of Bangladesh]]. Several of Bangladesh's [[Finance Minister of Bangladesh|finance ministers]] have been members of parliament from the city of Sylhet. [[Badar Uddin Ahmed Kamran]] was a long time mayor of Sylhet. [[Humayun Rashid Choudhury]], a diplomat from Sylhet, served as [[President of the UN General Assembly]] and Speaker of the [[Jatiyo Sangshad|Bangladesh National Parliament]].

In 2001, the municipality was upgraded to the [[Sylhet City Corporation]]. It was made a metropolitan city in 2009.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=http://www.sylhetcitycorporationbd.org/index.php/cms/home/ |title=Welcome sylhetcitycorporationbd.org - Justhost.com |website=www.sylhetcitycorporationbd.org |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704033705/http://www.sylhetcitycorporationbd.org/index.php/cms/home |archive-date=4 July 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Geography and climate ==
[[File:Tea garden + forest.jpg|thumb|Khadimnagar National Park Tea Garden]]
[[File:A Thundering Evening.jpg|thumb|Sylhet city during a thunderstorm]]
Sylhet is located in the northeastern region of Bangladesh within the Sylhet Division, the Sylhet District, and Sylhet Sadar Upazila. Sylhet has a typical Bangladeshi [[tropical monsoon climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Am'') bordering on a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cwa'') at higher elevations. The rainy season runs from April to October, and is generally hot and humid with heavy showers and thunderstorms almost every day. The shorter dry season runs from November to February, with very warm and fairly clear weather. Nearly 80% of the annual average rainfall of {{convert|4200|mm|in|-1}} occurs between May and September.<ref>[http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?wealocations=wc:BGXX0010&q=Sylhet%2c+BGD+forecast:averagesm Monthly Averages for Sylhet, BGD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701141245/https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/ |date=1 July 2019 }} MSN Weather. Retrieved 25 May 2009.</ref>

The city is located within a topographically distinctive region of Bangladesh characterized by dramatic hills and basins. The [[physiography]] of Sylhet consists mainly of hill soils and encompasses a few large depressions known locally as "[[beel]]s," which are frequently [[oxbow lake]]s caused by tectonic subsidence during [[1762 Arakan earthquake|the earthquake of 1762]].

Geologically, the region is complex and diverse; higher-elevation regions date partly to the Plio-[[Miocene]] age. Available limestone deposits in different parts of the region suggest that the whole area was under the ocean in the Oligo-Miocene. In the last 150 years, three major earthquakes have hit the city with magnitude of at least 7.5 on the [[Richter Scale]], most recently in 1918.<ref name="ds10Feb2006">{{cite news |last=Siddiquee |first=Iqbal |date=10 February 2006 |title=Sylhet growing as a modern urban centre |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/ourcities/ourcities24.htm |work=Our Cities: 15th Anniversary Special |publisher=The Daily Star |access-date=25 May 2009 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721161221/http://archive.thedailystar.net/suppliments/2006/15thanniv/ourcities/ourcities24.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Sylhet weatherbox}}

== Administration ==
{{Further|Sylhet City Corporation |Wards of Sylhet City Corporation}}
[[File:Sylhet Circuit House in 2021.01.jpg|thumb|Sylhet Circuit House]]
[[Robert Lindsay (colonial official)|Robert Lindsay]], who served as the District Collector of Sylhet from 1778 to 1790, mentioned Sylhet in his autobiography, ''Oriental Miscellanies: Anecdotes of Indian Life'', as 'a small bazaar (market)'. He wrote, "The town was then merely a small market. The inhabitants’ houses were situated on the hills and hidden behind forests and jungles."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyZsHAAACAAJ |title=Oriental Miscellanies: Comprising Anecdotes of an Indian Life by Robert Lindsay, Narratives of the Battle of Conjeveram by James and John Lindsay, Journal of an Imprisonment in Seringapatam by John Lindsay and An Adventure in China by Hugh Lindsay |date=1840 |publisher=C.S. Simms |language=en |chapter=7}}</ref> Exactly 100 years after his tenure, in 1878, Sylhet was upgraded into a municipality with an approximate area of about 1.75 square kilometres.<ref>{{Cite news|last=দাশ |first=সুমনকুমার |date=2021-05-07 |title=রবীন্দ্রনাথের শ্রীভূমি বনাম লিন্ডসের এডিনবরা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE |access-date=2024-09-12 |work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn}}</ref> The civic body of Sylhet was formed according to the Sylhet City Corporation Act, 2001, which came into effect on April 10, 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/bangla_all_sections.php?id=852|title= Sylhet City Corporation Act, 2001|website= bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd}}</ref> On July 28, 2002, Sylhet Municipality board was upgraded to a City Corporation, which covered an area of 26.50 square kilometres and was divided into 27 wards. Currently, the city is administered by the ''[[Sylhet City Corporation]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=দাশ |first=সুমনকুমার |date=2023-06-20 |title=সিলেট সিটি করপোরেশনের বর্ধিত ১৫টি ওয়ার্ডে নিশ্চিত হয়নি নাগরিক সুবিধা |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/7xjrqdzgjg |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn}}</ref> On August 31, 2021, a gazette notification was issued to expand the area of Sylhet City Corporation. According to the gazette, several [[mouza]]s from four unions of [[Sylhet Sadar Upazila]] and three unions of [[Dakshin Surma Upazila]] were included in the City Corporation. Subsequently, the expanded areas were reorganized and boundaries were defined on a ward basis under Sections 29 and 30 of the Local Government (City Corporation) Act, 2009. Currently, the City Corporation consists of 42 wards and covers an area of 79.5 square kilometres.<ref>{{Cite news|last= |first= |date=2022-02-24 |title=সিলেট সিটি করপোরেশনের নতুন ১২টি ওয়ার্ডের সীমানা নির্ধারণ |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/district/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3 |access-date=2024-09-09 |work=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn}}</ref> At present, Sylhet is the district-headquarters as well as the divisional headquarters of the districts of [[Sunamganj]], [[Habiganj]], [[Moulvibazar District|Moulvibazar]] and [[Sylhet District]]. The Sylhet City Corporation is responsible for the services that are provided within the city which includes traffic, roads, garbage collection, water supply, registrations and many others. The corporation consists of the Mayor and 22 other commissioners, and focuses on the development of the city.<ref>[http://www.swadhinata.org.uk/sylhetpartnership/sylhet.htm The Sylhet City Corporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212105351/http://www.swadhinata.org.uk/sylhetpartnership/sylhet.htm |date=12 December 2009 }} Swadhinata Trust. Retrieved 26 May 2009.</ref> Sylhet is divided into 6 metropolitan [[Thanas of Bangladesh|''thanas'']] (police stations), 42 wards, and 1224 mahallas.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

===Military===
The [[Bangladesh Army]]'s [[17th Infantry Division (Bangladesh)|17th Infantry Division]] is based at [[Jalalabad Cantonment]] in Sylhet.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PM launches 17 Infantry Division |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2013/09/17/pm-launches-17-infantry-division |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=17 September 2013 |access-date=24 November 2016}}</ref> The cantonment is also home of the [[School of Infantry and Tactics]] (SI&T) and the [[Para-Commando Brigade (Bangladesh)|1st Para-commando Battalion]], an elite [[commando]] unit of the Bangladesh Army.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}

===Healthcare===
Sylhet is also home to many hospitals such as the Shahid Shamsuddin Hospital District Hospital, [[Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College]], [[Jalalabad Ragib-Rabeya Medical College]], [[North East Medical College]], and [[Sylhet Women's Medical College]].{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

In 2018, [[Sylhet Medical University]] was established in the city, following the Prime Minister's order to found a medical university in each division with the goal of maintaining medical standards in colleges. According to the order, Chittagong and Rajshahi Medical University have already been established, and Sylhet Medical University is the fourth Medical University of the directive.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ekushey-tv.com/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87/49455 |script-title=bn:আগামীতে ক্ষমতায় এলে প্রতিটি বিভাগে মেডিকেল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় হবে |work=Ekushey TV |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:সিলেট মেডিকেল বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় বিল পাস |url=http://www.ntvbd.com/bangladesh/215213/%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%259F-%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B2-%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC-%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B2-%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B8/amp |work=NTV |language=bn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926100600/http://www.ntvbd.com/bangladesh/215213/%25E0%25A6%25B8%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%259F-%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25B2-%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC-%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B2-%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B8/amp |archive-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{See also|Demographics of Bangladesh}}
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Sylhet City Corp. (2022)<ref name="2022census"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Bangladesh|Islam]]|green|90.52}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Bangladesh|Hinduism]]|darkorange|9.30}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.18}}
}}
As of the [[2011 Bangladesh census]], Sylhet has a population of 485,138.<ref name="census2011" /> The population growth rate of the city is 1.73%, a decrease from 1.93% in 1991.<ref name="BangladeshStatPock2007">[http://www.bbs.gov.bd/dataindex/pb_wb_page.pdf Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistical Pocket Book, 2007 ('''pdf-file''')] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928093839/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/dataindex/pb_wb_page.pdf |date=28 September 2007 }} 2007 Population Estimate. Retrieved 29 September 2008.</ref> Sylhet has a sex ratio of 861 females to 1000 males and a literacy rate of 67.8%.<ref name="census2011">{{Cite web |title=Community Series - Sylhet District |url=http://203.112.218.65:8008/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/PopCen2011/COMMUNITY_SYLHET.pdf |website=bbs.gov.bd |publisher=[[Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>

The majority of the population are [[Bengali Muslims]], while significant minority population groups include the [[Bengali Hindus]], [[Bishnupriya Manipuri]] and others.<ref>[http://research.brac.net/publications/Exploring_the_Marginalized.pdf Exploring the Marginalized] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427100314/http://research.brac.net/publications/Exploring_the_Marginalized.pdf |date=27 April 2017 }} Samir Ranjan Nath. BRAC. February 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2017.</ref> [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]] is spoken by the vast majority of the people, while [[Bengali language|Standard Bengali]] is the official language used by the state government and officials.<ref name="omniglot">{{cite web |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/syloti.htm |title=Syloti-Nagri alphabet |work=omniglot.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA800.pdf |title=Sylheti unicode chart}}</ref><ref>Christina Julios (2008). ''Contemporary British Identity: English Language, Migrants, and Public Discourse''. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp.40–41. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-7158-9}}</ref> 2,424 (0.45%) of the population are of an ethnic minority, of which 2,040 are [[Meitei people|Manipuri]].

The majority of people in Sylhet are Muslims (90.52%), while other religious groups include Hindus (9.30%) and less than 0.18% of other religions, mainly [[Buddhism in Bangladesh|Buddhists]] and [[Christianity in Bangladesh|Christians]]. The majority of Muslims in Sylhet are [[Sunni]]s who follow the [[Hanafi]] school of jurisprudence.<ref name=ourbang>{{cite web |url=http://www.ourbangla.com/islam/bd/bd1.asp |title=Islam in Bangladesh |website=OurBangla |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219125652/http://www.ourbangla.com/islam/bd/bd1.asp |archive-date=19 February 2007 |access-date=3 August 2016}}{{self-published source|date=August 2016}}</ref> Significant numbers of people also follow [[Sufism|Sufi]] ideals, particularly the teachings of [[Abdul Latif Chowdhury Fultali|Sufi Shaykh Abdul Latif Fultali]].<ref name=BDUK>{{cite web |url=http://www.surrey.ac.uk/Arts/CRONEM/SOASBangladeshi%20diaspora%20PaperDRAFT-7June2005.pdf |title=Bangladeshi Diaspora in the UK : Some observations on socio-culturaldynamics, religious trends and transnational politics |author=David Garbin |date=17 June 2005 |publisher=University of Surrey |access-date=3 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923014220/http://www.surrey.ac.uk/Arts/CRONEM/SOASBangladeshi%20diaspora%20PaperDRAFT-7June2005.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2010}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Sylhet}}

{{More citations needed section|date=May 2024}}
[[File:05122009 Sylhet Tea Board Bhavan photo Ranadipam Basu.jpg|thumb|Tea Board building, Sylhet]]
The Sylhet Metropolitan Area is one of Bangladesh's main business centres. Sylhet's economy is closely linked with the [[Bangladeshi diaspora]], especially the [[British Bangladeshi]] community. The city receives a significant portion of the country's annual [[remittances]], which have driven growth in real estate and construction.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-berkshire-16190888 |title=Returning home to build mansion |date=22 December 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref> A number of shopping centres, restaurants and hotels have opened as a result. Sylhet also relies on [[religious tourism]], with thousands of devotees visiting its [[Sufi]] shrines annually, as well as [[ecotourism]] in its broader natural hinterland.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} Nature [[resort]]s have been built in the city's outskirts. Several important [[List of companies in Bangladesh|Bangladeshi companies]] are based in Sylhet, including Jalalabad Gas Transmission and Distribution, Sylhet Gas Fields and [[Alim Industries Limited|Alim Industries]]. [[Biman Bangladesh Airlines]] operates several flights from Sylhet to the United Kingdom and the Middle East. Roads connect Sylhet with the Indian states of [[Meghalaya]] and Assam.

Sylhet's [[hinterland]] plays a vital role in the [[economy of Bangladesh]]. It is home to the country's largest natural gas fields, sole [[crude oil]] field,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Haripur_Oilfield |title=Haripur Oilfield |website=Banglapedia}}</ref> largest tea plantations, rubber, [[palm oil]], [[Arundo|cane]], [[agarwood]]<ref name="archive.thedailystar.net">{{Cite news |last=Siddiquee |first=Iqbal |date=19 October 2011 |title=Agar farming sees export markets |work=The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-207067}}</ref> and [[citrus]] farms. Rice production in the region is one of the country's highest. Heavy industries include [[power plant]]s, [[fertilizer]] plants, cement plants and [[liquefied petroleum gas]] plants. Other major industries in the region include [[ceramics]], machinery and equipment, ready-made garments and pharmaceuticals. Most of the tea production in Bangladesh is based around Sylhet, much of which is eventually exported internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History Of Bangladesh Tea {{!}} Tea Traders Association of Bangladesh (TTAB) |url=https://ttabctg.com/about-us/history-of-bangladesh-tea/ |access-date=2024-10-29}}</ref>

=== Utilities ===
Sylhet has high rates of electricity shortages and water shortages. According to the Power Development Board, as of 2009, Sylhet was only receiving 50 [[Megawatts#Megawatt|MW]], half of the required demand of 100 MW. The city corporation was also supplying only 22,500 gallons of water, far less than the demand of about 65,000.<ref>{{cite news |author=Iqbal Siddiquee |date=5 May 2009 |title=Power, water crises grip Sylhet city |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-86843 |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=29 May 2009}}</ref> The major sources of water to the city are the tube wells and the [[Surma River]].{{citation needed|date=October 2018}} Tests of tube wells in Sylhet District by the Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology in 1997 found that about 27.6% contained more arsenic than the acceptable limit set by Bangladesh of 50 microgrammes per litre, and 49.2% contained more arsenic than the World Health Organization standard of 10 microgrammes per litre.<ref>{{cite news |title=Arsenic poisons Sylhet water |url=http://www.eng-consult.com/arsenic/as16.txt |newspaper=The Independent |location=Dhaka |date=11 September 1997 |access-date=29 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027040014/http://www.eng-consult.com/arsenic/as16.txt |archive-date=27 October 2004 |via=Engconsult Ltd.}}</ref> There are about 331 registered restaurants in the city, but only 15% maintain sanitary facilities and 85% have unhygienic conditions that are unsafe for the public.<ref>[http://journals.tums.ac.ir/upload_files/pdf/3104.pdf Study of Water Quality in Sylhet City and its Restaurants: Health Associated Risk Assessment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401095611/http://journals.tums.ac.ir/upload_files/pdf/3104.pdf |date=1 April 2010 }} Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Retrieved 29 May 2009.</ref>

=== Media and communications ===
State-owned [[Bangladesh Television]] operates a [[BTV Sylhet|relay station]] headquartered in the Kazitula neighbourhood.<ref name="lalfita">{{cite news|url=https://www.banglanews24.com/cat/news/bd/59478.details|script-title=bn:১৬ বছর ধরে লাল ফিতায় বন্দি বিটিভির সিলেট কেন্দ্র|date=24 September 2011|access-date=8 November 2024|language=bn|work=BanglaNews24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608180950/https://www.banglanews24.com/cat/news/bd/59478.details|archive-date=8 June 2024}}</ref> From 2000 to 2002, privately owned [[Ekushey Television]] broadcast terrestrially on VHF channel 11 in Sylhet.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coverage|url=http://www.ekusheytv.com/htmldoc/corporate/coverage.html|access-date=8 November 2024|website=Ekushey Television|date=16 August 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020816181919/http://www.ekusheytv.com/htmldoc/corporate/coverage.html|archive-date=16 August 2002}}</ref>

== Sports ==
[[File:1st ODI of Irish cricket team in Bangladesh in 2022–40.jpg|thumb|[[One Day International]] match in the [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]]]]
The [[Bangladesh Premier League]] franchise [[Sylhet Strikers]] are based in [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]] (M.A.G. Osmani Stadium), which was built in 2007 and has a capacity of 18,500 spectators. The Sylhet International Cricket Stadium was renovated in 2013 specifically to host matches for the [[2014 ICC World Twenty20]]. It is situated near lush green tea gardens on the city fringe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bdcrictime.com/sylhet-is-the-most-beautiful-test-venue-in-asia |title='Sylhet is the most beautiful Test venue in Asia' |first=Jannatul |last=Pieal |website=www.bdcrictime.com}}</ref> In the [[National Cricket League]], [[Sylhet Division cricket team|Sylhet Division]] has not won any titles but did win in the [[One-Day Cricket League of Bangladesh|One-Day Cricket League]] during the [[2001–02 Bangladeshi cricket season#National championships|2001–02 season]]. Notable players from Sylhet who have played for the [[Bangladesh national cricket team]] include [[Rajin Saleh]],<ref>[http://content-www.cricinfo.com/bangladesh/content/player/56074.html Players and Officials – Rajin Saleh] Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 May 2009.</ref> [[Enamul Haque Jr]],<ref>[http://content-www.cricinfo.com/bangladesh/content/player/55882.html Players and Officials – Enamul Haque jnr] Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 May 2009.</ref> [[Tapash Baisya]],<ref>[http://content-www.cricinfo.com/bangladesh/content/player/56176.html Players and Officials Hasibul Hussain who was the opening bowler in the 1999 World Cup – Tapash Baisya] Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 May 2009.</ref> and [[Alok Kapali]].<ref>[http://content-www.cricinfo.com/bangladesh/content/player/56251.html Players and Officials – Alok Kapali] Cricinfo. Retrieved 27 May 2009.</ref> Chess player [[Rani Hamid]] was awarded the [[FIDE]] [[Woman International Master#Woman International Master (WIM)|Women's International Master]] (WIM) title in 1985, while her son [[Kaiser Hamid]] was the captain of the [[Bangladesh national football team]] in the early 90s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/details/article/147884/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6/ |script-title=bn:ইতিহাসের সাক্ষী কায়সার হামিদ |work=Janakantha |date=14 October 2015 |access-date=11 May 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Further|Transport in Bangladesh}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| width = 170
| image1 = Sylhet Osmani Airport.jpg
| caption1 = [[Osmani International Airport|Sylhet MAG Osmani International Airport]]
| image2 = Sylhet Railway.jpg
| caption2 = [[Sylhet railway station]]
}}

===Road===
The main transport systems used in Sylhet are [[cycle rickshaw]]s, [[auto rickshaw]]s (mainly known as baby-taxis or CNGs), buses, mini-buses and cars. About 80,000 rickshaws run each day within the city. Bus service prices have increased up to 30% higher, and as of 2008 prices range from [[Taka|Tk]] 4 to 15.95.<ref>[http://www.newagebd.com/2008/nov/04/met.html Sylhet city bus services hike fares on whim] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615134038/http://www.newagebd.com/2008/nov/04/met.html |date=15 June 2009 }} New Age Metro. 4 November 2008. Retrieved 25 May 2009.</ref>

The [[N2 (Bangladesh)|N2]] connects the city with Bangladesh's capital and largest city, Dhaka, as well as with many other parts of the country. The N2 highway is also part of the [[Asian Highway Network]]'s two longest routes, [[Asian Highway 1|AH1]] and [[Asian Highway 2|AH2]].

===Air===
Sylhet is served by [[Osmani International Airport]], located at the north of the city. It is Bangladesh's third busiest airport, and it became an international airport due to demand driven by expatriate Bangladeshis and their families living in the United Kingdom and the United States. The most prevalent airlines at the airport are [[Biman Bangladesh Airlines]], [[US-Bangla Airlines]] and [[Novoair]].

Osmani International Airport received its first international arrival on 3 November 2002, with a Biman plane arriving from [[Kuwait]] via [[Abu Dhabi]] en route to Dhaka.<ref name=weeklyhol>{{cite news |title=Biman launches Kuwait-Sylhet flight |author=Weekly Holiday |publisher=Aviatour |date=22 November 2002}}</ref> Sylhet's first direct international flight arrived on 15 March 2017 when a Flydubai direct flight from [[Dubai]] landed at the airport.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/business/first-direct-international-flight-lands-sylhet-airport-1376566 |title=First direct international flight lands at Sylhet airport |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=16 March 2017 |access-date=26 March 2017}}</ref> Work began in 2006 to upgrade the airport to international standards, including a new terminal building, a jetway, a taxiway, and expansion of the runway to accommodate wide-bodied aircraft.<ref name=TheDailyStar040513>{{cite news |title=Osmani Airport expansion work begins in July |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/2004/05/13/d40513070476.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=13 May 2004}}</ref> In May 2007, Biman announced direct [[Hajj]] flights originating from the airport later that year.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newagebd.com/2007/may/12/front.html#26 |title=Runway expansion at Osmani Airport nearing completion |work=New Age |date=12 May 2007 |access-date=14 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615092705/http://www.newagebd.com/2007/may/12/front.html#26 |archive-date=15 June 2009}}</ref> As of 2020, Biman Bangladesh operates direct flights to London from Sylhet.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/biman-bangladesh-airlines-sylhet-london-sylhet-flight-inaugurated-1972169 |title=Biman's Sylhet-London-Sylhet direct flight resumes after 9 years |work=The Daily Star |date=4 October 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref> All Bangladeshi airlines operate regular domestic flights to Dhaka and Biman operates regular domestic flights to [[Cox's Bazar]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2020/11/10/biman-to-launch-sylhet-cox-s-bazar-flight-from-nov-12 |title=Biman to launch Sylhet-Cox's Bazar flight from Nov 12 |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |date=10 November 2020 |access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref>

In response to the increase in passenger and cargo demand at the airport, work began in 2020 on a new {{convert|34919|m2}} international passenger terminal building, as well as a cargo building, a control tower, parking areas, and a taxiway.<ref>{{cite news |title=International terminal at Osmani Airport on the cards |url=https://www.banglanews24.com/national/article/71738/International-terminal-at-Osmani-Airport-on-the-cards |newspaper=[[Banglanews24.com]] |date=24 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sylhet's Osmani Int'l Airport getting improvements |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/country/news/sylhets-osmani-intl-airport-getting-improvements-1977349 |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|Daily Star]] |date=13 October 2020 |language=English |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>

===Rail===
[[File:Parabat Express.jpg|thumb|[[Parabat Express]] train in Sylhet Railway Station]]
The [[Sylhet railway station]] is the main railway station providing trains on national routes operated by the state-run [[Bangladesh Railway]].
Some train routes originating or terminating in Sylhet include the following.{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}

====Towards Dhaka{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}}====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Train No. !! Train Name !! Train Type !! Departures
|-
| 710 || [[Parabat Express]] || Intercity || Daily (except Tue)
|-
| 718 || Jayantika Express || Intercity || Daily
|-
| 740 || Upaban Express || Intercity || Daily
|-
| 774 || [[Kalni Express]] || Intercity || Daily (except Fri)
|-
| 10 || Surma Mail || Mail || Daily
|-
|}

==== Towards Chittagong{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Train No. !! Train Name !! Train Type !! Departures
|-
| 724 || Udayan Express || Intercity || Daily (except Fri)
|-
| 720 || Paharika Express || Intercity || Daily (except Fri)
|-
| 14 || Jalalabad Express || Mail || Daily
|-
|}

==== Towards Akahura{{Citation needed|date=November 2025}} ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Train No. !! Train Name !! Train Type !! Departures
|-
| 18 || Kushiara Express || Mail || Daily
|-
|}

== Education ==
{{Main|List of educational institutes of Sylhet}}

{{Further|Education in Bangladesh}}
[[File:West side of main entrance, SUST.jpg|thumb|Main entrance of the [[Shahjalal University of Science and Technology]] (SUST)]]
There are two public universities in Sylhet: [[Shahjalal University of Science and Technology]] and [[Sylhet Agricultural University]]. There are also private universities such as [[Leading University]] and [[Metropolitan University, Sylhet|Metropolitan University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Public Universities |url=http://www.ugc-universities.gov.bd/public-universities |website=University Grants Commission of Bangladesh |access-date=23 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |chapter=Bangladesh |title=International Handbook of Universities 2019 |year=2019 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |pages=249–302 |isbn=978-3-319-76971-4}}</ref> Other prominent colleges and schools in Sylhet include [[Jalalabad Cantonment Public School and College]], Jalalabad Ragib Rabeya Medical college, Pathantula [[MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet|Parkview Medical College, MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet]], [[Sylhet Women's Medical College]], [[North East Medical College]], [[Sylhet Engineering College]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Sylhet Engineering College |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/campus/2008/11/02/feature_sylhet.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=9 November 2008 |access-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> [[Sylhet Cadet College]], [[Murari Chand College]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Islam |first=Mohammad Shafiqul |date=25 March 2007 |title=Inter University Debate Competition: Metropolitan University Team Champion |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/campus/2007/03/04/newsroom.htm |newspaper=The Daily Star |access-date=25 May 2009}}</ref> [[Institute of Health Technology, Sylhet]], [[Border Guard Public School And College]],[[Sylhet cantonment public school and college]], Scholarshome, Blue Bird High School and College, [[Sylhet Science And Technology College]], [[Sylhet Polytechnic Institute]], and [[Sylhet Government Women's College]].

==Notable people==
{{Main|List of people from Sylhet}}

==Twin towns – sister cities==
As of 2009, Sylhet has friendly relations with:
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[St Albans City and District|St Albans]], United Kingdom<ref name=stalbans>{{cite web |title=Councillors, mayoralty and town twinning |url=https://www.stalbans.gov.uk/councillors-mayoralty-and-town-twinning |website=stalbans.gov.uk |publisher=St Albans City & District Council |access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[Metropolitan Borough of Rochdale|Rochdale]], United Kingdom<ref>{{cite web |url=http://democracy.rochdale.gov.uk/CeListDocuments.aspx?CommitteeId=118&MeetingId=666&DF=08%2F07%2F2009&Ver=2.pdf |title=Rochdale Township Committee |publisher=[[Rochdale Borough Council]] |date=4 July 2019}}</ref>

The friendship link with St Albans was established in 1988, when the St Albans' [[Districts of England|district council]] supported a housing project in Sylhet as part of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless. Sylhet was chosen because it is the home region for a large ethnic minority population in St Albans.<ref name=stalbans/>

In March 2009 the Mayor of Sylhet, Badar Uddin Ahmed Kamran, signed a Memorandum of Understanding to form another friendship link between Sylhet and Rochdale, home to around 10,000 people with Sylheti heritage. The Mayor of Sylhet signed it alongside the Mayor of Rochdale, Cllr Keith Swift, at the [[Sylhet City Corporation]].{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

== See also ==
* [[Sylhet Sadar Upazila]]
* [[Barak Valley]]
* [[Greater Sylhet]]
* [[Sylheti language]]
{{Portal bar|Asia|Geography|Bangladesh}}

== Footnotes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Sylhet}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181013014249/http://www.sylhetcitycorporationbd.org/ Official website of Sylhet City Corporation]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NFLLGnAoOA Sylhet Tourist Places Video]

{{Bangladesh cities}}
{{Sylhet District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sylhet| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Sylhet District]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]

Rewari

2026-03-22T08:15:51Z

Wmltusa: enhanced layout and improved wording per standard format

{{Short description|City in Haryana, India}}
{{About|the municipality in India|its namesake district|Rewari district|the constituency|Rewari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rewari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Town Hall, Rewari.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Rewari Town Hall in Rewari, [[Haryana]]
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.18|N|76.62|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rewari district|Rewari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipal council
| governing_body = Rewari Municipal Council (H.R)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 35.93
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 245
| population_total = 143021<ref name="ulbharyana.gov.in">{{Cite web | url=https://ulbharyana.gov.in/municipal-council-rewari.html | title=Municipal Council Rewari | access-date=19 March 2021 | archive-date=31 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131005735/https://ulbharyana.gov.in/municipal-council-rewari.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook 2011 (Part B)|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0617_PART_B_DCHB_REWARI.pdf|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|year=2011|access-date=9 July 2018|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008172807/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0617_PART_B_DCHB_REWARI.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 5740
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages<ref name=nclmanurep2010>{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 85–86 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 24 March 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="punjabiofficial">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/story-MTUeEQDE4fRCbEyPkAm63N.html |title=Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |author=IANS |date=28 January 2010 |access-date=24 March 2019 |author-link=Indo-Asian News Service |archive-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105012411/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/haryana-grants-second-language-status-to-punjabi/story-MTUeEQDE4fRCbEyPkAm63N.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = [[English language|English]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Ahirwati]],<ref name="Ahirwati"/> [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]]<ref name="Ethnologue_Haryanvi"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 123401
| area_code = 01274
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = HR-36
| website = {{URL|https://rewari.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rewari''' is a city and a [[municipal council]] in [[Rewari district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]]. It is the district headquarters of [[Rewari district]]. It is located in [[South Haryana|south-west Haryana]] around 82 km from [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi]]<ref name="rewari.nic.in">[http://rewari.nic.in/location.htm Rewari.nic.in] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173505/http://www.rewari.nic.in/location.htm |date=21 July 2011 }}</ref> and 51 km from [[Gurgaon]]. It lies in [[Ahirwal]] region.

== Etymology ==
During the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' period in ancient India, a king named Rewat had a daughter named Rewati. The father used to call her Rewa, and founded a village "Rewa Wadi" named after her. ''Wadi'' and ''wada'' mean a neighbourhood (small and big, respectively) in Hindi and many other Indian languages. When Rewa married [[Balram]], elder brother of [[Krishna]], the king donated the village "Rewa-Wadi" to his daughter. In the course of time, the name Rewa-Wadi became Rewari.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rewari.gov.in/history/ |title=History | District Rewari, Government of Haryana | Veer Bhoomi | India |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408092207/https://rewari.gov.in/history/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
===Medieval===
[[File:Maharaja Hemu Bhargava - Victor of Twenty Two Pitched Battles, 1910s.jpg|Hemchandra (Hemu) Vikramaditya in a poster of a {{Circa|1910s}} book on him|thumb|323x323px]]
[[Hem Chandra Vikramaditya]] Also known as ''Hemu'' was educated and brought up in what is now Rewari. Hem Chandra had developed a cannon foundry in Rewari, laying the foundation of a metalwork industry in brass, copper sheets. He had supplied cannons and gunpowder to [[Sher Shah Suri]] from 1535 onwards and was an adviser to the last ruler of Sur dynasty until 1553, [[Muhammad Adil Shah Suri|Adil Shah Suri]], when he became Prime Minister and Chief of Army. Hem Chandra had won 22 battles from [[Punjab]] to [[Delhi]] during 1553–56. He defeated Mughal king [[Akbar]]'s forces at Agra and Delhi. Hem Chandra was crowned as a Vikramaditya king at [[Purana Quila]] in Delhi on 7 October 1556, reigned as king of Delhi for one month but lost to [[Akbar]] on 5 November 1556 at Panipat where he died. His haveli (house) still stands in the Qutubpur area of Rewari, which in his day was a village in its own right. His two-story haveli, with carved sandstone doorway, is made of local stone from [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli range]], brunt-mud lakhori bricks and lime mortar. Walls are plastered with lime and painted with limewash. Roof has lakhouri bricks and stone slabs rested on timer beams. Doors and niches have stone lintels or brick arches in the local regional architecture. Over-hanging roof chhajja has stone brackets to anchor the stones.

[[Akbar]] made Rewari a sarkar under [[Subah of Delhi|Delhi Suba]]. [[Aurangzeb]] attacked and recovered it from the rebels. Mughals granted the local rule to Rao Nand Ram, a leader of Bolni village in 17th century which lasted up to 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Khattar |first1=Sohan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M60zEAAAQBAJ&dq=ahirwal+rajput&pg=PA37 |title=Know Your State Haryana |last2=Kar |first2=Reena |date=26 July 2021 |publisher=Arihant Publications India limited |isbn=978-93-257-9038-4 |language=en}}</ref> A small principality was established there in the early century and ruled over the surrounding [[Ahirwal]] area.

=== Ancient===

Rewari founded by [[Balarama]] (the elder brother of [[Krishna]]), has the ruins of an ancient fort. The Rewari royal family played an important role in representing the interests of Rewari soldiers in the [[army]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Pran Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rewari+founded++Balarama |title=Religions and Communities of India |date=1982 |publisher=Vision Books |isbn=978-0-391-02748-0 |language=en |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425234723/https://books.google.com/books?id=ggtuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rewari+founded++Balarama |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Michelutti |first=Lucia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOYJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Rewari+Ahirs&pg=PT75 |title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste and Religion in India |date=29 November 2020 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-08400-9 |language=en |access-date=6 August 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408111503/https://books.google.com/books?id=sOYJEAAAQBAJ&dq=Rewari+Ahirs&pg=PT75 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6C5RAAAAYAAJ&dq=rewari+rajput&pg=PA138 |title=Census of India, 1901 |date=1902 |language=en}}</ref>

===Modern era===

=== Rao Balkishan ===
[[File:Rao Bal Kishan.jpg|thumb|235x235px|Rao Bal kishan]]
In 1739, the Iranian ruler [[Nader Shah|Nadir Shah]] attacked [[India]]. '''''[[Rao Bal Kishan]]''''', with his army of 5000 infantry and 2000 cavalry and with the forces of [[Delhi]], fought [[Nader Shah|Nadir Shah]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Kamalesh Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVdmAAAAMAAJ&q=rao+bal+kishan |title=Maratha Mints and Coinage |last2=Wiggins |first2=Kenneth W. |date=1989 |publisher=Indian Institute of Research in Numismatic Studies |language=en}}</ref>

=== Rao Gujarmal ===
[[File:Rao Gujarmal Chhatri at Rewari.jpg|thumb|311x311px|Rao Gujarmal Chhatri(Memorial) At Rewari.]]
After Rao Balkishan,His Brother Rao Gujarmal became the king of Rewari riyasat,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadava |first=S. D. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC |title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India |date=2006 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-216-1 |language=en}}</ref> He Fought Against Baloch, And Remove [[Baloch people|Baloch]] rule from [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Aijaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzNoEQAAQBAJ&dq=gujarmal+baloch&pg=PA169 |title=History of Haryana: Ancient, Medieval and Modern Period |date=25 June 2025 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-93-6344-172-9 |language=en}}</ref> Under his rule the Rewari State Achieve its peak.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Richard Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAXULggU0QMC&q=peak |title=Realm and Region in Traditional India |date=1977 |publisher=Duke University, Program in Comparative Studies on Southern Asia |isbn=978-0-916994-12-9 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Rao Mitrasen ===
[[File:RaoMitrasen.jpg|thumb|310x310px|Rao Mitrasen]]
[[Rao Mitrasen]] was Commander Of Rewari, Who fought and saved Rewari from [[Rajput|Rajputs]] And [[Marathi people|Marathas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yadava |first=S. D. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC |title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India |date=2006 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7062-216-1 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Rao Tula Ram ===
[[Rao Tula Ram]] along with [[Rao Gopal Dev]] fought against the British in [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] in 1857 and lost. [[East India Company]] confiscated his principality and took control of Rewari.<ref name="INTACH1">[http://chapter.intach.org/pdf/haryana-16.pdf "INTACH Haryana newsletter"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219191820/http://chapter.intach.org/pdf/haryana-16.pdf |date=19 February 2018 }}, [[INTACH]],</ref>{{Failed verification|date=October 2025}} The British made Rewari a part of [[Gurgaon district]] of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]].{{cn|date=October 2025}}

It remained a part of [[Gurgaon]] district until reorganisation in 1972 saw it transferred to [[Mahendragarh]] district. Further changes in 1989 led to the creation of the eponymous Rewari district.<ref>[http://gurgaon.nic.in/history.htm District History] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013101146/http://gurgaon.nic.in/history.htm |date=13 October 2007 }}</ref>
====Rezang La battle of 1962====
{{main|Battle of Rezang La}}

[[File:Raja Rao Tula Ram.jpg|thumb|316x316px|Rao Tula Ram]]
[[File:Rezang La Memorial.jpg|thumb|Rezang La memorial]]Rewari is well known for the high proportion of soldiers and officers it contributes to the Indian army and other armed forces of India. [[Rezang La]] near [[Chushul]] in [[Ladakh]] was the site of the [[last stand]] of C Company of the [[Kumaon Regiment|13 Kumaon]] battalion, during the [[Sino-Indian War]] on 18 November 1962.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Don%E2%80%99t-forget-the-heroes-of-Rezang-La/article12513562.ece|title=Don't forget the heroes of Rezang La|first=Mohan|last=Guruswamy|date=20 November 2012|access-date=9 January 2020|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129163419/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/Don%E2%80%99t-forget-the-heroes-of-Rezang-La/article12513562.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The C Company was composed almost entirely of Rewaris (Natives from Rewari region) and was led by Major [[Shaitan Singh]], who won a posthumous [[Param Vir Chakra]] for his actions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bisht |first=Rachna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgEWBAAAQBAJ&q=major+shaitan+singh |title=The Brave: Param Vir Chakra Stories |date=15 August 2014 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-805-6 |language=en}}</ref> In Indian Military History this war is unimaginable as 1 PVC, 1MVC, 8VrC AND 4 Sena Medals won by this company. Capt Ram Chander and Hav Nihal Singh, SM still living like legends.

In this action 120 men of the C Company fought until their bullets finished and then fought hand-to-hand. Of the 120 men, 114 died and only six seriously injured men remained alive. Of these, five were captured POW and only one came down to inform others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-nobody-believed-we-had-killed-so-many-chinese-at-rezang-la.-our-commander-called-me-crazy-and-warned-that-i-could-be-courtmartialled-/1023745/0|author=Shekhar Gupta|date=30 October 2012|title='Nobody believed we had killed so many Chinese at Rezang La. Our commander called me crazy and warned that I could be court-martialed|work=Indian Express Archive|access-date=9 January 2020|archive-date=9 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409122101/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-nobody-believed-we-had-killed-so-many-chinese-at-rezang-la.-our-commander-called-me-crazy-and-warned-that-i-could-be-courtmartialled-/1023745/0|url-status=live}}</ref> A memorial was constructed in Rewari city for them.
The soul-stirring inscription on the War Memorial at Chushul, Ladakh raised by Indian Army in the memory of the fallen brave soldiers in the Battle of Rezang La reads:<br />

<blockquote>How can a man die better,<br />
Than facing fearful odds,<br />
For the ashes of his fathers,<br />
And temples of his gods.</blockquote>

This inscription also appears on the Rezang La Memorial at Rewari.

==Geography==

===Location===
Rewari is adjacent to [[Rajasthan]] and, therefore, has dust storms in summer. Rugged hilly terrain of [[Aravalli Range|Aravali]] ranges as well as sandy dunes in the district affect the city's climate.<ref name="cgwb.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Haryana/Rewari.pdf |title=District profile - Rewari Dtrict Haryana |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517203755/http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Haryana/Rewari.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2012 |website=cgwb.gov.in |access-date=28 July 2023}}</ref> Rewari forms a part of the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/rp_2021.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=11 September 2011 |archive-date=21 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321191807/http://www.ncrpb.nic.in/pdf_files/rp_2021.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Rewari is located at {{coord|28.18|N|76.62|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/10/Rewari.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Rewari, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=9 January 2020|archive-date=27 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927053634/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/10/Rewari.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 245 [[metre]]s (803 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]). Rewari is 88 km away from Delhi.

===Climate===
The mean minimum and maximum temperature range from 0 °C to 46 °C during January (winter) and May–June (summer) respectively. The summer temperature can go up to 46 °C from May to July. Winter is from November to February and the temperature can fall to 2 °C in December and January.<ref name="rewari.nic.in"/><ref name="cgwb.gov.in"/> The temperature was recorded as 0 °C on 12 January 2012 and 31 January 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/rewari-8843160.html|title=संशो--आगे के लिए : फिर 'शून्य' पर पहुचा पारा|website=Dainik Jagran|access-date=9 January 2020|archive-date=2 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302225014/https://www.jagran.com/haryana/rewari-8843160.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and below zero (−0.5 °C) on 4 January 2018.<ref>{{cite journal |title=District Environment Plan, Rewari 2021 |journal=District Administration Deputy Commissioner, Rewari |page=10 |url=http://harenvironment.gov.in/sites/default/files/Rewari%20DEP.pdf |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626201002/http://harenvironment.gov.in/sites/default/files/Rewari%20DEP.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rain falls from July to September. A little rain is experienced during winter also. Average annual rainfall in Rewari city is {{convert|553|mm|inch}}.<ref name="cgwb.gov.in"/>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}},<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Rewari city had a population of 143,021<ref name="ulbharyana.gov.in"/> (compared to 100,946 in 2001 and 75,342 in 1991) showing 42% growth in 2001–11-decade against 34% growth in 1991–2001 decade. Males were 75,764 (53% of the population) and females were 67,257 (47%). The overall sex ratio (female:male) was 886 compared to national average 940, and in the 0 to 6-year age group was 785 compared to national average 918. Rewari had an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 64.3% for entire population and 74.0% for population excluding 0 to 6-year age group in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals : India :Census 2011|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=9 January 2020|archive-date=22 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922103426/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Male literacy was 83% and female literacy was 73% (compared to 79% and 67% respectively in 2001). In Rewari, 11.3% of the population was under six years of age.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=438&category=M.Cl. |title=View Population |access-date=22 November 2011 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316212312/http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=438&category=M.Cl. |url-status=live }}</ref>

The population of Rewari city was estimated at 163,000 in 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiacensus.net/city/rewari | title=Rewari City Population 2023 - Sex Ratio, Population Density, Literacy | access-date=8 April 2023 | archive-date=8 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408094751/https://www.indiacensus.net/city/rewari | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Hindi]] and its dialects [[Ahirwati]] and Haryanvi are spoken in Rewari.<ref name="Ahirwati">{{cite news |title=No takers in their own land |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/no-takers-in-their-own-land-753271 |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=Tribune |date=7 April 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408081050/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/no-takers-in-their-own-land-753271 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Ethnologue_Haryanvi">{{cite web |title=Haryanvi |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bgc/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601091217/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bgc/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 June 2016 |website=Ethnologue |access-date=20 February 2024}}</ref>

==Civic utilitities, amenities, and services==

===Healthcare===
Rewari city has a civil hospital run by the civil administration. It has 50 beds and the capacity has been planned to increase to 100 beds.<ref>http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040111/ncr1.htm|{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }} Upgradation of Rewari hospital</ref> It also has a [[trauma centre]]<ref>{{cite journal |title=Buildings |journal=Haryana PWD (B&R) Deptt. I |url=https://www.haryanapwd-bandr.org/Building%20Report-October%202010.pdf |access-date=7 April 2022 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528120131/https://www.haryanapwd-bandr.org/Building%20Report-October%202010.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2015}}</ref> for attending to accidents on highways.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/quest.asp?qref=108302| title=Rs. 15 million spent on upgradation and strengthening of Trauma Care Centre at Government Hospital, Rewari| author=Minister of Health and Family Welfare answers questions in Parliament| access-date=15 January 2012| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707073917/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/quest.asp?qref=108302| archive-date=7 July 2012| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Indian Railways has a hospital with 20 beds near Rewari railway station.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/health/health_1.jsp |title=Health:Directorate |access-date=15 January 2012 |archive-date=12 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912005634/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/health/health_1.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== AIIMS Rewari, Haryana ===
The All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rewari (AIIMS Rewari) is the first AIIMS in the state of Haryana. The institute is being developed in the semi-urban region of Majra–Bhalakhi, located near the Chitadoungra village road in Rewari district. The campus covers an area of approximately 210 acres (85 hectares).

AIIMS Rewari is planned to have a capacity of around 750 beds. Like other AIIMS institutions across India, admission to the MBBS programme will be conducted through the NEET (UG) examination. The institute will offer 100 undergraduate (MBBS) seats and 60 seats in the B.Sc. (Nursing) programme.

The project is expected to significantly strengthen advanced healthcare services and medical education in southern Haryana and adjoining regions..<ref>{{Cite web|title=रेवाड़ी AIIMS को मिली बड़ी सौगात: 308 करोड़ का ट्रंपेट इंटरचेंज मंजूर, ओपीडी जल्द शुरू होने की उम्मीद!|url=https://www.nflspice.com/haryana/rewari-aiims-gets-a-big-gift-trumpet-interchange-worth-rs-308-crore-approved-opd-expected-to-start-soon/|website=NFLSpice News|date=12 November 2025|access-date=2 December 2025|language=en-US|first=Priyanshi|last=Rao}}</ref>

==Economy==

=== Industries ===
Rewari has a variety of industries, from cottage industries to small-scale integrated units and automobiles and auto ancillary industries. The traditional industries are brass metalwork and ornamental shoes (''Tilledar Jooti'') Rewari has kept the traditional art of ''Tilledar [[Jooti]]'' alive and is famous for such ornamental local shoes. Various automobiles and auto ancillary industries in [[Dharuhera]] and [[Bawal]] industrial areas such as Harley Davison (assembling unit), Hero Moto Corp. United Breweries and many more. World's largest production of motor cycles is in [[Hero MotoCorp]] Dharuhera plant

;Rewari metal work
Rewari is famous for its traditional metalwork, particularly [[Brass]] work. The brass industry began around 1535, with the help of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} During the time of [[Hemu]], cannons were cast in Rewari for the army of [[Sher Shah Suri]].<ref name=website>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rewari.nic.in/ |title=Rewari district official website |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=27 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227110732/http://rewari.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Attractions==
===Rewari Heritage Steam Locomotive Museum===
[[File:Rewari Railway Heritage Museum.JPG|thumb|Rewari Railway Heritage Museum|287x287px]]
Rewari Heritage Steam Locomotive Museum is the only surviving steam loco shed in India and houses some of India's last surviving [[steam locomotive]]s. Built in 1893, it was the only loco shed in [[North India]] for a long time and a part of the track connecting Delhi with [[Peshawar]].<ref name="bl">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-10/delhi/28274419_1_steam-engine-rewari-locomotive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106050445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-10/delhi/28274419_1_steam-engine-rewari-locomotive|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 November 2012|title=Eye on Games, black beauties gather steam|date=10 August 2010|location=India|first1=Dwaipayan|work=[[The Times of India]]|last1=Ghosh}}</ref> After steam engines were phased out by 1990, the loco shed remained in neglect for many years before it was decided by Indian [[Railways]] in December 2002 to revive it as a heritage . museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rdec2002/02122002/r0212200218.html|title=National Conference on Steam Heritage Tourism inaugurated|date=2 December 2002|publisher=Ministry of Railways|access-date=5 October 2010|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064145/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rdec2002/02122002/r0212200218.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The shed was refurbished as a [[heritage tourism]] destination, its heritage edifice was restored and a museum exhibiting Victorian-era artefacts used on the Indian rail network, along with the old signalling system, gramophones and seats was added. The refurbished heritage museum was opened in October 2010. The engines are also available for live demonstrations.<ref name="bl" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gathering-steam/599590/|title=Gathering steam|date=4 April 2010|work=The Indian Express|location=India|access-date=5 October 2010|archive-date=15 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115235339/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gathering-steam/599590/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rewaristeamloco.com/|title=rewaristeamloco.com|website=www.rewaristeamloco.com|access-date=9 January 2020|archive-date=6 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006081525/http://www.rewaristeamloco.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
=== Tej Sarovar(Bada Talab) ===
Tej Sarovar, also known as Rao Tej Singh Talab or Bada Talab, is a historical pond located in Rewari, [[Haryana]]. It was built by Rao Tej Singh in 1801 At cost of Rs 1,35,000.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkxDAAAAYAAJ&q=tej+sarovar |title=Journal of Haryana Studies |date=1992 |publisher=Kurukshetra University. |language=en}}</ref> There is also a Famous Hanuman temple near the talab made by rao tej singh.The pond is a significant part of the local history and culture, particularly within the [[Ahirwal]] region.

=== Shri Dayanand Gaushala(World's First Gaushala) ===
'''''Shri Dayanand Gaushala,Rewari''''' is the oldest gaushala of world and established in 1879 by ''Rao Yudhishter Singh'' S/o legendary Freedom Fighter and King of '''Rewari''' [[Rao Tula Ram|Rao Tularam]]. The Gaushala was established on the appeal of [[Dayananda Saraswati|Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2023 |title=हरियाणा के इस जिले में बनाई गई थी भारत की पहली गौशाला, राजा राव युधिष्ठिर के आदेश पर हुआ था निर्माण |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/haryana/rewari-indias-first-gaushala-was-built-in-this-district-of-haryana-6426935.html |access-date=3 June 2025 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mittal |first=Satish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2RKTigrrP1cC&dq=rao+yudhister+gaushala&pg=PA66 |title=Haryana, a Historical Perspective |date=1986 |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri |language=en}}</ref>.The Gaushala is located near the Nand Sarovar(Rao Nandram Sarovar).

=== Solahrahi Talab ===
{{see also|Stepwell#Delhi_and_Haryana|l1=Stepwells of Haryana}}
[[File:Chattri At Solahrahi Talab..webp|thumb|347x347px|Chattri At Solahrahi Talab.]]

Solahrahi Talab, a [[stepwell]], was Made by Rao Gujarmal of Rewari. This Talab consist 16 ways that's why it is named Solahrahi Talab. Now Govt. Of Haryana Conserved the Talab.

=== Meerpur Haveli ===
[[File:Meerpur Haveli.jpg|thumb|Meerpur Haveli View From Outside|293x293px]]
The Meerpur Haveli also known as Tej Singh Haveli, is one of the Huge and beautiful Haveli of [[Haryana]] constructed by the King Of Rewari Rao Tej Singh In 18th century.This beautiful Haveli is still in good condition.

=== Rani ki Dyodhi ===
Rani Ki Dyodhi Is a 500 Years Old Magnificent Havel mainly built for the Queen's of royal family of rewari. Built in 1675 by King Rao nand ram.This Haveli is made in [[Architecture of Rajasthan|Rajasthani Style]]. This beautiful historic structure was spread in 25 acres before the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|revolt of 1857]]. Kings of rewari revolted against Britishers under the leadership of [[Rao Gopal Dev|rao gopal dev]] . The [[Britishers in India|Britishers]] destroyed most of the structure with canon.
The remaining structure is reconstructed by the scions of the family and mainly by [[Birender Singh (politician, born 1921)|Rao bijender singh yadav]].[[File:Rezang La Memorial.jpg|thumb|307x307px|'''Rezang La Memorial''']]

=== Rezang la War Memorial ===
The Rezang la War Memorial located at Gandhi Nagar, Rewari, constructed by the Rezangla Shaurya Samiti in the Remembrance of 120 martyrs (mainly from Rewari) who fought the and won the [[Battle of Rezang La|Battle of rezang la]] against 3000-5000 Chinese troops.

==Transport==

===By air===
The nearest airport for all domestic and international flights is [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] at [[Palam, Delhi|Palam]], New Delhi, 75 km away by road and 65 km away by train.

===By rail===
{{main|Rewari railway station}}

{{See also|Rewari Railway Heritage Museum}}
[[File:Rewari Junction Railway Station.JPG|thumb|right|Rewari Railway Station]]

Rewari was first connected by a railway line in 1873 when the first [[metre gauge]] railway track in India became operational. This track was laid between [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi]] and Ajmer.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title=IR History: Early Days - II - Chronology of railways in India, Part 2 (1870 - 1899) |quote=World's first commercial MG service runs from Delhi to Rewari |website=irfca.org |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041213191919/https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |archive-date=13 December 2004}}</ref> The gauge was converted to {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] in 1995 for one of the tracks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html|title=[IRFCA] Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Part 5|website=www.irfca.org|access-date=9 January 2020|archive-date=9 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309122643/https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history5.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This allowed metre gauge trains from Rajasthan to continue up to [[Sarai Rohilla Railway Station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla]] station on the remaining track. The second track from Rewari to Delhi Sarai Rohilla station was converted to broad gauge in 2007<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=31676|title=Press Information Bureau|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=9 January 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307082733/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=31676|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/08/stories/2007100854500400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013182649/http://hindu.com/2007/10/08/stories/2007100854500400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 October 2007 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Delhi-Haryana rail link gets better | date=8 October 2007}}</ref> as all the metre gauge tracks from Rewari to cities in Rajasthan had been converted to broad gauge by then. Thus all the railway tracks from Rewari have been converted to broad gauge obviating the need for change of trains at gauge-change stations such as Delhi and [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Worlds-oldest-commercial-meter-gauge-is-history/articleshow/6239375.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115084807/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-31/india/28307333_1_broad-gauge-station-building-railway | url-status=live | archive-date=15 November 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=World's oldest commercial meter gauge is history}}</ref>

[[Rewari railway station|Rewari]] is a major junction on the [[Indian Railways|Indian railway]] network and is connected to the major cities of India by direct trains. Six railway lines branch out from it to Delhi, [[Ajmer]] via [[Narnaul]] and [[Ringas]], Ajmer via [[Alwar]], [[Loharu]] via [[Kanina khas|Kanina]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] and [[Jhajjar]]-[[Rohtak]]. The latest sixth single-track line to [[Jhajjar]] and [[Rohtak]] was constructed in 2008–12 and commissioned in January 2013. A seventh double-track line starts from Khori near Rewari to Asaoti near [[Palwal]] for facilitating carriage of goods on [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India|Western Dedicated Freight Corridor]]. "New Rewari" railway station has been built on this dedicated freight railway line. A line branches off from New Rewari station, goes over Rewari-Narnaul and Rewari-Kanina-Mahendragarh tracks to join the Rewari-[[Bhiwani]] railway line 2 km after the Rewari junction, thus bypassing the Rewari junction. This obviates the need for goods trains on Western Dedicated Freight Corridor to pass through Rewari junction for going towards [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]].{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

Rewari-Delhi double railway track was electrified in 2018. Rewari has electrified tracks on the Jaipur-Alwar-Rewari-[[Bhiwani]]-[[Hisar (city)|Hisar]] and Rewari-[[Narnaul]]-[[Ringas]]-[[Phulera]] routes. These tracks have a high catenary with 7.45 m high OHE for double-stack containers. The electrical locomotives on these tracks will have a special pantograph for the high catenary. Electric trains (EMU) may run between Delhi and Rewari in future. Rewari-Alwar-[[Bandikui]] and Rewari-Bhiwani routes became double tracks in 2019.{{citation needed|date=July 2019}}

A new railway line Rapid Regional Transit System (RRTS) is being constructed from Nizamuddin station in New Delhi to Alwar via Gurgaon-Manesar-Dharuhera-Rewari-Bawal-Shahjanpur. A loop of this RRTS was planned to have a railway station east of Rewari at village Majra Gurdas in an initial draft but not in the final route map.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/noida/111537033818-noida-news | title=अरावली में अंडरग्राउंड गुजरेगी रैपिड रेल | access-date=7 October 2018 | archive-date=7 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007185300/https://www.amarujala.com/delhi-ncr/noida/111537033818-noida-news | url-status=live }}</ref>

===By road===
Rewari is connected by five national highways:

* [[National Highway 48 (India)|NH 48]] (former name NH 8 before [[List of National Highways in India by highway number|renumbering]] of all national highways) (Delhi-Jaipur-[[Bombay]]-[[Pune]]-[[Bangalore]]).
* [[National Highway 11 (India)|NH 11]] (starting from [[National Highway 352 (India)|NH 352]] off Delhi-Jaipur NH 48 and going to [[Narnaul]]-[[Jhunjhunu]]-[[Bikaner]]-[[Jaisalmer]]).
* [[National Highway 352 (India)|NH 352]] (former name NH 71) (Rewari-[[Jhajjar]]-[[Rohtak]]-[[Jind]]-[[Narwana]]).
* [[National Highway 919 (India)|NH 919]] (former name NH 71B) (Rewari-[[Dharuhera]]-[[Sohna]]-[[Palwal]]).
* [[National Highway 352W (India)|NH 352W]] (former name [[State Highway 26 (Haryana)|SH-26)]] (Rewari-[[Pataudi]]-[[Gurgaon]]).

Before NH 48 was built in early 1960s, the Rewari-Gurgaon travel was via Dharuhera-[[Bhiwadi]]-[[Taoru]]-Sohna. NH 919 was a state highway before it was declared NH a decade ago; NH 352 was newly constructed in 2011–13; and NH 11 was declared to start from Rewari only three years ago and a 4-lane Rewari-Narnaul bypass on NH 11 from east of Rewari city (starting at NH 352 just off NH 48) to west of Rewari city (at Khori railway station) has been constructed in 2021–23 to bypass the city.

State highways connect Rewari to all major towns in Haryana and adjacent districts of Rajasthan.
* SH-24 Rewari-Kanina-Mahendragarh-Loharu 92 km. (It may be converted to NH and become a part of Rewari-Kanina-Mahendragarh-Tosham-Hisar.)
* SH-15 Shahjahanpur-Rewari 21 km 4-lane with a bridge on the railway track at Rewari Anaj Mandi.
* [[State Highway 26 (Haryana)|SH-26)]] Gurgaon-[[Pataudi]]-Rewari 52 km.

The two-lane SH-26 was declared a national highway, NH352W, in 2018 and has been widened to four-lane to provide an alternative to NH 48. It will be ready in early 2026. The new alignment of NH 352W will join [[Dwarka Expressway]] (NH 248-BB) and provide fast connectivity of just one hour duration from Rewari to Palam airport and Delhi bypassing congested NH 48 in [[Gurgaon]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/gurugram-pataudi-rewari-highway-to-be-ready-in-a-year/articleshow/95926860.cms | title=Gurugram-Pataudi-Rewari highway to be ready in a year | newspaper=The Times of India | date=2 December 2022 | access-date=1 April 2023 | archive-date=1 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401144334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/gurugram-pataudi-rewari-highway-to-be-ready-in-a-year/articleshow/95926860.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

There are frequent bus services between Rewari and Delhi, as well as other towns of [[Haryana]], [[Punjab]] and [[Rajasthan]].

==Education==
[[File:Govt. School for Boys, Rewari.jpg|thumb|Govt. School for Boys, Rewari, established in 1890, one of the oldest schools in Haryana]]

Rewari has one university, ten-degree colleges, two BEd colleges, 110 secondary / higher secondary schools, one industrial training institute and one footwear training institute. Government Higher Secondary School was started in the year 1887. Hindu High School was started by the [[Bhargava]] community in 1890 in the building now known as Bhargava Boarding House located near Bhadawas Gate. The nearest college was in the nearby princely state of [[Alwar]] until independence. Ahir College was set up in 1945 by Rao Balbir Singh, a descendant of Rao Tularam. Kishanlal Public College is another educational institute. Shishu Shala was the first English school, established in 1950 in Model Town.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}

A [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] (Central School) has existed in Rewari city since 1980. A [[Sainik School]] was started in 2008, temporarily housed in Rewari city awaiting completion of construction of its permanent campus at village Gothra Tappa Khori, about 15 km southwest Rewari-Narnaul Road.

The Meerpur centre of Rohtak University was upgraded to a [[Indira Gandhi University, Rewari|university]] in 2013. It is a [[state university (India)|state university]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Marks mess at varsity |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/editorials/marks-mess-at-varsity-48198 |access-date=18 July 2022 |work=Tribune |date=28 February 2020 |archive-date=18 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220718125755/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/editorials/marks-mess-at-varsity-48198 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several private colleges have been set up around Rewari in the last decade to teach engineering, management, law, and nursing though the quality of education in some of them is low as in the rest of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/speech/content.asp?id=555 |title=PM's address at the 150th Anniversary Function of University of Mumbai |author=Prime Minister Manmohan Singh |access-date=18 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112072640/http://pmindia.nic.in/speech/content.asp?id=555 |archive-date=12 January 2012 }}</ref>

== Delhi–Mumbai industrial corridor ==
Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor is a mega infra-structural project of US$90 billion with the financial and technical aids from Japan, covering an overall length of 1,483 km between the political capital and the business capital of India, i.e., Delhi and Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://nicdc.in/index.php/delhi-mumbai-industrial-corridor-dmic.html |title=Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC) |access-date=19 May 2023 |archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506085144/https://www.nicdc.in/index.php/delhi-mumbai-industrial-corridor-dmic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It will initially link Rewari to Mumbai.

==Notable people==
* [[Hem Chandra Vikramaditya]], claimed the throne of [[Delhi]], defeating the Mughal army of [[Akbar]] in 1556
* [[Rao Tula Ram]], leader of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Rao Gopal Dev]], leader of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
* [[Rao Bal Kishan]], fought against [[Nader Shah|Nadir Shah]] at [[Battle of Karnal]]
* [[Rao Mitrasen]], Fought Against [[Rajput|Rajputs]] And [[Maratha (caste)|Marathas]]
* [[Rao Birender Singh]], former [[List of Chief Ministers of Haryana|Chief Minister of Haryana]]
* [[Brijendra Kumar Rao|Dr. B.K. Rao]], first recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]] award in Rewari
* [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] [[Babru Bhan Yadav]], [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]], led the [[Operation Trident (1971)|Operation Trident]] against Pakistan in Indo-Pakistan war 1971
* [[Santosh Yadav]], first female mountaineer in India to climb Mount Everest twice
* [[Yogendra Yadav]], an Indian activist, psephologist and politician
* [[Alhar Bikaneri]], Indian Hindi-Urdu poet
* [[Chiman Singh]], petty officer, MVC

==See also==
*[[Neemrana]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{notelist}}

==External links==
* [https://rewari.gov.in rewari.gov.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703082821/http://rewari.nic.in/ |date=3 July 2007 }}
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{Haryana}}{{Municipalities of Haryana}}
[[Category:Rewari| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Rewari district]]

Mechanic Mavayya

2026-03-20T15:19:14Z

Wmltusa: created post

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[Rajendra Singh Babu]]
| writer =
| screenplay = Rajendra Singh Babu
| story = Ajay Shanthi
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Ramoji Rao]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]
*[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Kamalakar Rao
| editing = [[Suresh Urs]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| studio = [[Usha Kiran Movies]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|10|14|ref1=<ref name="Release"/>}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mechanic Mavayya''''' ({{translation|Mechanic Uncle}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[Rajendra Singh Babu]] and starring [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] and [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]].

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] as Raju
*[[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]] as Rani
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Sidhardha
*[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] as Srivatsav
*[[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] as Prithvi
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Rani's father
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
*[[Nutan Prasad]] as Home Minister
*[[AVS (actor)|AVS]]
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]
*[[Shankar Melkote]] as Doctor
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot at the [[Ramoji Film City]].<ref name="Release">{{Cite web|title=Mechanic Mavayya : హంగులు మిన్న విషయం సున్నా – Nostalgia|url=https://idreampost.com/news/mechanic-mavayya-movie-analysis-21577.html|access-date=2023-01-28|website=iDreampost.com|trans-title=''Mechanic Mavayya'': Nothing is more important than the things that matter – Nostalgia|language=te|archive-date=2022-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204161815/https://idreampost.com/news/mechanic-mavayya-movie-analysis-21577.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> To get the [[Lilliput and Blefuscu|Lilliput]] effect, [[Rajendra Babu]] created a 35-foot tall watermelon and constructed a bridge on top of it.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19991129-sci-fi-thriller-bharat-2000-serves-up-some-hi-octane-technical-wizardry-781443-1999-11-28|title=Sci-fi thriller Bharat 2000 serves up some hi-octane technical wizardry|date=29 November 1999|first=Stephen|last=David|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music is composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Side A
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Joru Joru Kurrakaru
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title2 = Naake Dabbunte
| lyrics2 = Veturi
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title3 = Pitta Bagundi
| lyrics3 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Side B
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Abbaboo Premsite Em Sukhamo
| lyrics1 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Usha Uthup]]
| title2 = Tambura Tambura
| lyrics2 = G. Krishna
| extra2 = M. M. Keeravani
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Remember ''[[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]]''? ''Mechanic Maavayya'' too is fashioned on those lines mixed with action, sentiment and entertainment".
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review: Mechanic Mavayya|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007240&ctid=5&cid=2430|access-date=2023-01-28|website=[[Sify]]|archive-date=2005-03-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050320093156/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007240&ctid=5&cid=2430|url-status=dead}}</ref> Reviewing the Kannada dubbed version, Srikanth Srinivasa of the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote, "Though ''Bharat 2000'' makes an attempt to draw the attention of the audiences to the technical wizardry, the story and screenplay of the film have failed to bolster the film. This film coming from a veteran like S (V) Rajendra Singh Babu comes a cropper in terms of characterisation and screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasa |first= Srikanth |date=17 October 1999 |title=BHARAT 2000 (Kannada) |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct17/entrevs.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991128200504/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct17/entrevs.htm |archive-date=28 November 1999 |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

The film was a box office failure.<ref name="Release"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1575629}}
{{Rajendra Singh Babu}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajendra Singh Babu]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]

List of mobile network operators

2026-03-19T17:41:25Z

Wmltusa:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}

For a more comprehensive list of mobile phone operators, see [[Mobile country code]]s.

== Terrestrial ==
This is a list of the world's 25 largest terrestrial mobile phone network operators measured by number of subscriptions.


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; font-size:95%;"
|-
! Rank !! Company !! Main markets !! Technology !! data-sort-type=number|Total<br />subscriptions<br />(in [[million]]s) !! Ownership<br />(100% ownership unless stated otherwise)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 1
|| {{flagicon|China}} [[China Mobile|China Mobile<br />Communications Corporation]]
|| {{Flagu|China}} ([[China Mobile]])<br />{{Flagu|Hong Kong}} ([[CMHK]])<br />{{Flagu|Pakistan}} ([[Zong Pakistan|Zong]])
|| {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;

| title =

| [[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]], [[TD-SCDMA]],

| [[UMTS-TDD|TD-HSDPA]],

| [[TD-LTE]], [[LTE (telecommunication)|FD-LTE]] (Hong Kong only), [[LTE Advanced|4G+]], [[5G]]}}
|| 1003.9<ref name="China Mobile">{{cite web |url=https://www.chinamobileltd.com/en/ir/operation_m.php |title=Monthly Customer Data |date=30 September 2024}}</ref><br />(September 2024)
|| [[Government of the People's Republic of China]] (74.25%)<br />Public stock (25.75%)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 2
|| {{flagicon|India}} [[Bharti Airtel|Bharti Airtel Limited]]
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |{{Flagu|India}} ([[Airtel India|Airtel]])|{{Flagu|Chad}} ([[Airtel Africa|Airtel]])|{{Flagu|Democratic Republic of the Congo|name=DR Congo}} (Airtel)|{{Flagu|Gabon}} (Airtel)|{{Flagu|Kenya}} ([[Airtel Kenya]])|{{Flagu|Madagascar}} (Airtel)|{{Flagu|Malawi}} (Airtel)|{{Flagu|Niger}} (Airtel)|{{Flagu|Nigeria}} (Airtel)|{{Flagu|Republic of the Congo}} (Airtel)|{{Flagu|Rwanda}} (Airtel)|{{Flagu|Seychelles}} (Airtel)|{{Flagu|Tanzania}} ([[Airtel Tanzania]])|{{Flagu|Uganda}} ([[Airtel Uganda]])|{{Flagu|Zambia}} (Airtel)
}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[High Speed Packet Access|HSPA]], [[UMTS]], [[HSPA+]],|[[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[TD-LTE]], [[LTE (telecommunication)|FD-LTE]], [[LTE Advanced]], [[5G]]
}}
|600<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airtel partners with Google to establish India’s first mega AI hub and data center in Visakhapatnam |url=https://www.airtel.in/press-release/10-2025/airtel-partners-with-google-to-establish-indias-first-mega-ai-hub-and-data-center-in-visakhapatnam/ |website=Airtel}}</ref><br /> (September 2025)
||[[Bharti Enterprises]] (66.57%)<br>[[Singtel]] (32.15%)<br>[[Google]] (1.28%)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 3
|{{flagicon|India}} [[Jio|Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited]]
|{{Flagu|India}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[TD-LTE]], [[LTE (telecommunication)|FD-LTE]], [[LTE Advanced]], [[5G]]
}}
|517.56<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-17 |title=Reliance Jio Q2 Results: ARPU rises to ₹211.40, subscriber base tops 500 million - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/reliance-jio-infocomm-q2-results-arpu-rises-total-subscribers-cross-506-million-telecom-growth-india-19720724.htm |access-date=2025-10-20 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><br /> (March 2026)
|[[Jio Platforms]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 4
|| {{flagicon|China}} [[China Telecom|China Telecom Corp., Ltd]]
|| {{Flagu|China}}<br />{{Flagu|Macau}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[CDMA]], [[EV-DO]]|[[TD-LTE]], [[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[LTE Advanced|4G+]], [[5G]]
}}
|423.4<ref>{{cite web |publisher=China Telecom Corporation |url=https://www.chinatelecom-h.com/en/ir/kpi.php |title=China Telecom Monthly Reports |date=30 September 2024}}</ref><br />(September 2024)
||[[China Telecommunications Corporation]] (State Owned) (70.89%)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 5
|| {{flagicon|China}} [[China Unicom|China Unicom Limited]]
|| {{Flagu|China}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[UMTS]], |[[TD-LTE]], [[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[LTE Advanced|4G+]], [[5G]]
}}
||345.0<ref name="China Unicom">{{cite web |url=https://doc.irasia.com/listco/hk/chinaunicom/interim/2024/int3q.pdf |title=Key Financial and Performance Indicators for the First Three Quarters of 2024 |date=30 September 2024}}</ref><br />(September 2024)
||China Unicom Limited (40.92%)<br />China Netcom Group (29.49%)<br />
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 6
|| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Vodafone|Vodafone Group plc]]
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |{{Flagicon|Albania}} Albania ([[Vodafone Albania|Vodafone]])|{{Flagicon|Australia}} Australia ([[Vodafone Australia|Vodafone]])|{{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} Czech Republic ([[Vodafone Czech Republic|Vodafone]])|{{Flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}|(Democratic Republic of Congo|[[Vodacom]])|{{Flagicon|Egypt}} Egypt ([[Vodafone Egypt|Vodafone]])|{{Flagicon|Ethiopia}} Ethiopia ([[Safaricom]])|{{Flagicon|Germany}} Germany ([[Vodafone Germany|Vodafone]])|{{Flagicon|Greece}} Greece ([[Vodafone Greece|Vodafone]])|{{Flagicon|Ireland}} Ireland ([[Vodafone Ireland|Vodafone]])|{{Flagicon|Lesotho}} Lesotho ([[Vodacom]])||{{Flagicon|Mozambique}} Mozambique ([[Vodacom]])|{{Flagicon|Kenya}} Kenya ([[Safaricom]])|{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands ([[Vodafone Netherlands|Vodafone]])|{{Flagicon|TRNC}} Northern Cyprus ([[KKTC Telsim|Vodafone]])|{{Flagicon|Portugal}} Portugal ([[Vodafone Portugal|Vodafone]])|{{Flagicon|Romania}} Romania ([[Vodafone Romania|Vodafone]])|{{Flagicon|South Africa}} South Africa ([[Vodacom]])|{{Flagicon|Tanzania}} Tanzania ([[Vodacom Tanzania|Vodacom]])|{{Flagicon|Turkey}} Turkey ([[Vodafone Turkey|Vodafone]])|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom ([[Vodafone UK|Vodafone]])
}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[High Speed Packet Access|HSPA]], [[HSPA+]],|[[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[LTE Advanced]], [[5G]]

}}
|| 310.0<ref name="Vodafone">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2024 |url=https://reports.investors.vodafone.com/view/197179846/ |date=24 May 2024}}</ref><br />(May 2024)
|
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 7
|| {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[América Móvil|América Móvil, S.A.B. de C.V]]
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |{{Flagicon|Argentina}} Argentina ([[Claro (mobile phone network)|Claro]])|{{Flagicon|Austria}} Austria ([[Telekom Austria]])|{{Flagicon|Belarus}} Belarus ([[A1 Belarus|A1]])|{{Flagicon|Brazil}} Brazil ([[Claro Brasil|Claro]])|{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} Bulgaria (A1)|{{Flagicon|Chile}} Chile (Claro)|{{Flagicon|Colombia}} Colombia ([[Claro Colombia|Claro]])|{{Flagicon|Costa Rica}} Costa Rica (Claro)|{{Flagicon|Croatia}} Croatia (A1)|{{Flagicon|Dominican Republic}} Dominican Republic ([[Claro (Dominican Republic)|Claro]])|{{Flagicon|Ecuador}} Ecuador (Claro)|{{Flagicon|El Salvador}} El Salvador (Claro)|{{Flagicon|Guatemala}} Guatemala (Claro)|{{Flagicon|Honduras}} Honduras (Claro)|{{Flagicon|Mexico}} Mexico ([[Telcel]])|{{Flagicon|Nicaragua}} Nicaragua (Claro)|{{flagicon|North Macedonia}} North Macedonia (A1)|{{Flagicon|Paraguay}} Paraguay (Claro)|{{Flagicon|Peru}} Peru (Claro)|{{Flagicon|Puerto Rico}} [[Puerto Rico]] ([[Claro Puerto Rico|Claro]])|{{flagicon|Serbia}} Serbia (A1)|{{Flagicon|Slovenia}} Slovenia ([[A1 Slovenija]])|{{Flagicon|Uruguay}} Uruguay (Claro)
}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[D-AMPS]], [[cdmaOne]], [[CDMA2000|CDMA2000 1x]], [[EV-DO]],|[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[UMTS]], [[HSPA+]],|[[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]]
}}
|| 315.8<ref name="América Móvil">{{cite web |url=https://s22.q4cdn.com/604986553/files/doc_financials/2024/q3/3Q24.pdf |title=3Q 2024 Reports |date=30 September 2024}}</ref><br />(September 2024)
||Helu Slim (36.50%)<br />[[Carlos Slim]] (6.84%)<br />Public stock (56.66%)

|-
| style="text-align:right" | 8
|| {{flagicon|France}} [[Orange Group|Orange S.A.]]
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |{{Flagicon|Belgium}} Belgium ([[Orange Belgium|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Botswana}} Botswana ([[Orange Botswana|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Cameroon}} Cameroon ([[Orange Cameroon|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Central African Republic}} Central African Republic (Orange)|{{Flagicon|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} Democratic Republic of the Congo (Orange)|{{Flagicon|Dominican Republic}} Dominican Republic (Orange)|{{Flagicon|Egypt}} Egypt ([[Orange Egypt|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} Equatorial Guinea (Orange)|{{Flagicon|France}} France ([[Orange France|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Guinea}} Guinea (Sonatel)|{{Flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} Guinea-Bissau (Sonatel)|{{Flagicon|Ivory Coast}} Ivory Coast|{{Flagicon|Jordan}} Jordan ([[Orange Jordan|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Kenya}} Kenya ([[Orange Kenya|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} Luxembourg|{{Flagicon|Madagascar}} Madagascar ([[Orange Madagascar|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Mali}} Mali ([[Orange Mali|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Moldova}} Moldova (Orange)|{{Flagicon|Morocco}} Morocco ([[Orange Morocco|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Niger}} Niger ([[Orange Niger|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Poland}} Poland ([[Orange Polska|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Romania}} Romania ([[Orange Romania|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Senegal}} Senegal ([[Orange Senegal|Orange]]) (50%)|{{Flagicon|Slovakia}} Slovakia ([[Orange Slovensko|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Spain}} Spain ([[Orange España|Orange]])|{{Flagicon|Tunisia}} Tunisia ([[Orange Tunisia|Orange]])
|
}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[UMTS]], [[HSDPA]], [[HSPA+]],|[[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]]
}}
|| 256.4<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.orange.com/assets/document/387974/download |title= Strategic Plan 2026 |date= 18 February 2026}}</ref><br />(February 2026)
|| Public stock (68.1%)<br />[[Government of France]] (13.4%)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 9
|| {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Telefónica|Telefónica S.A.]]
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |{{Flagicon|Brazil}} Brazil ([[Vivo S.A.|Vivo]])|{{Flagicon|Germany}} Germany ([[Telefónica Germany|O<sub>2</sub>]])|{{Flagicon|Mexico}} Mexico (Movistar)|{{Flagicon|Spain}} Spain ([[Movistar]])|{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} United Kingdom ([[O2 UK|O<sub>2</sub>]])|{{Flagicon|Venezuela}} Venezuela (Movistar)
}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[D-AMPS]], [[cdmaOne]], [[CDMA2000]],|[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[UMTS]], [[HSDPA]],|[[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]]
}}
|| 249.3<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telefonica.com/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2026/01/rdos25t4-data.xlsx |title=Q4 Results 2025 |date=24 February 2026}}</ref><br />(February 2025)
|| Public stock (62.2%)<br />[[Government of Spain]] (10%)<br />[[Saudi Telecom]] (5%)<br />[[BBVA]] (5%)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 10
|| {{flagicon|South Africa}} [[MTN Group|MTN Group Limited]]
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |{{Flagicon|Benin}} Benin|{{Flagicon|Botswana}} Botswana|{{Flagicon|Cameroon}} Cameroon|{{Flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} Republic of the Congo|{{Flagicon|Eswatini}} Eswatini (30%)|{{Flagicon|Ghana}} Ghana|{{Flagicon|Guinea}} Guinea|{{Flagicon|Iran}} Iran (49%)|{{Flagicon|Ivory Coast}} Ivory Coast|{{Flagicon|Liberia}} Liberia|{{Flagicon|Nigeria}} Nigeria|{{Flagicon|Rwanda}} Rwanda|{{Flagicon|South Africa}} South Africa|{{Flagicon|South Sudan}} South Sudan|{{Flagicon|Sudan}} Sudan|{{Flagicon|Uganda}} Uganda|{{Flagicon|Zambia}} Zambia
}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[GSM]],
}}
|| 288.0<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mtn.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/MTN-Group-Q3-24-trading-update.pdf |title=Q3 Results 2024 |date=30 September 2024}}</ref><br />(September 2024)
|| Public stock (60.02%)<br />Government Employees Pension Fund (25.33%)<br /> [[M1 Group|M1]] (10.05%)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 11
|| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Deutsche Telekom|Deutsche Telekom AG]]
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |{{Flagicon|Austria}} Austria ([[Magenta Telekom]])|{{Flagicon|Croatia}} Croatia ([[Hrvatski Telekom]])|{{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} Czech Republic ([[T-Mobile Czech Republic|T-Mobile CZ]])|{{Flagicon|Germany}} Germany ([[Deutsche Telekom]])|{{Flagicon|Greece}} Greece ([[Cosmote]])|{{Flagicon|Hungary}} Hungary ([[Magyar Telekom]])|{{Flagicon|Montenegro}} Montenegro ([[Crnogorski Telekom]])|{{Flagicon|North Macedonia}} North Macedonia ([[Makedonski Telekom]])|{{Flagicon|Poland}} Poland ([[T-Mobile Polska|T-Mobile PL]])|{{Flagicon|Puerto Rico}} Puerto Rico ([[T-Mobile US]])|{{Flagicon|Slovakia}} Slovakia ([[Slovak Telekom]])|{{Flagicon|USA}} United States ([[T-Mobile US]])|{{Flagicon|United States Virgin Islands}} United States Virgin Islands ([[T-Mobile US]])
}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[UMTS]], [[High Speed Packet Access|HSPA]], [[HSPA+]], [[Dual-Cell HSDPA#Dual-Cell|DC-HSPA+]],|[[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[LTE-A]], [[LTE-A Pro]], [[5G NR]]
}}
|| 258.8<ref>{{cite web |url=https://report.telekom.com/interim-report-q3-2024/_assets/downloads/entire-dtag-ir324.pdf |title=Interim Group Report 3Q 2024 |date=30 September 2024}}</ref><br />(September 2024)
||[[Public float|Free float]] (62.3%)<br />[[Federal Republic of Germany]] (27.5%)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 12
|| {{flagicon|India}} [[Vodafone Idea Ltd]]
|{{Flagu|India}}
|{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[UMTS]], [[High Speed Packet Access|HSPA]], [[HSPA+]],|[[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[TD-LTE]], [[LTE (telecommunication)|FD-LTE]], [[LTE Advanced]], [[5G]]
}}
|| 192.9<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myvi.in/content/dam/microsite/pdfs/Results/FY2025-26/Q3-2026/VIL-QR-Q3FY26.pdf
|title= Vi FY Results 2025 |date=December 2025}}</ref><br />(December 2025)
|[[Government of India]] (49%)<br />[[Vodafone|Vodafone Group Plc]] (15.4%)<br />[[Aditya Birla Group]] (9.85%)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 13
||{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Axiata|Axiata Group Berhad]]
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |{{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} Bangladesh ([[Robi (company)|Robi]])|{{Flagicon|Cambodia}} Cambodia ([[Smart Axiata|Smart]])|{{Flagicon|Indonesia}} Indonesia ([[XL Axiata|XLSmart]])| {{Flagicon|Malaysia}} Malaysia ([[CelcomDigi]])|{{Flagicon|Sri Lanka}} Sri Lanka ([[Dialog Axiata|Dialog]])
}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[UMTS]], [[HSDPA]], [[HSPA+]],|[[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]], [[LTE Advanced|LTE-A]],|[[5G NR]]
}}
|| 162.5<ref name="Axiata">{{cite web|url=https://axiata.listedcompany.com/misc/Axiata_Integrated_Annual_Report_2023.pdf |title=Axiata Integrated 2019 Annual Report 2023}}</ref> <br />(December 2023)
|| Public stock (54.91%)<br />[[Government of Malaysia]] (45.09%)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 14
|| {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Telkomsel|PT Telekomunikasi Selular]] ([[Telkomsel]])
|| {{Flagicon|Indonesia}} Indonesia<br />{{flagicon|Timor-Leste}} East Timor
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[UMTS]], [[HSDPA]], [[HSPA+]],|[[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[5G]]
}}
|| 159.3<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telkom.co.id/minio/show/data/lampiran/1712209383262_original_Annual%20Report%20Telkom%202023_website.pdf |title=Annual Report 2023 |date=December 2023}}</ref><br />(December 2023)
||[[Telkom Indonesia]] (65%)<br />[[Singtel]] (35%)
|-
| style="text-align:right" |15
|| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[Etisalat|Emirates Telecommunication<br />Group Company PJSC]] ([[Etisalat]])
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |{{Flagicon|Afghanistan}} Afghanistan (Etisalat)|{{Flagicon|Benin}} Benin (Moov)|{{Flagicon|Burkina Faso}} Burkina Faso (Moov)|{{Flagicon|Central African Republic}} Central African Republic (Moov)|{{Flagicon|Chad}} Chad (Moov)|{{Flagicon|Egypt}} Egypt ([[e& Egypt]])|{{Flagicon|Gabon}} Gabon (Moov)|{{Flagicon|Ivory Coast}} Côte d'Ivoire (Moov)|{{Flagicon|Mali}} Mali ([[Sotelma]])|{{Flagicon|Mauritania}} Mauritania ([[Mauritel]])|{{Flagicon|Morocco}} Morocco ([[Maroc Telecom]])|{{Flagicon|Niger}} Niger (Moov)|{{Flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan ([[Ufone]])|{{Flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} Saudi Arabia ([[Mobily]])|{{Flagicon|Togo}} Togo (Moov)|{{Flagicon|UAE}} United Arab Emirates (e&)
}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[UMTS]], [[HSDPA]],|[[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]]
}}
|| 159<ref>{{cite web |url=https://etisalat.com/en/system/docs/2020/Etisalat-Group-Q2-2020-Earnings-Release-English.pdf|title=Etisalat 2Q Report 2020 |access-date=2020-07-21|page=4}}</ref><br />(2021)
|| [[Emirates Investment Authority]] (60.03%)<br />Public stock (39.97%)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 16
|| {{flagicon|UAE}} [[VEON|VEON Ltd.]]
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |{{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} Bangladesh ([[Banglalink]])|{{Flagicon|Kazakhstan}} Kazakhstan (Beeline)|{{Flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} Kyrgyzstan (Beeline)|{{Flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan ([[Jazz (mobile network operator)|Jazz]])|{{Flagicon|Ukraine}} Ukraine ([[Kyivstar]])|{{Flagicon|Uzbekistan}} Uzbekistan (Beeline)
}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[UMTS]], [[HSDPA]], [[HSPA+]],|[[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]]
}}
|| 153.9<ref>{{cite web|date=May 2025|title=Q1 2025 Results|url=https://www.veon.com/fileadmin/user_upload/investors/tradingupdate/1Q25_Factbook..xlsx|publisher=VEON}}</ref><br />(December 2024)
||[[Letterone Investment Holdings S.A.]] (45.5%)<br />The Stichting Administratiekantoor Mobile Telecommunications Investor (7.9%)<br />Lingotto Investment Management LLP (7.8%) <br />Shah Capital Management Inc. (6.7%)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.veon.com/investors/equity-investors#tab-item-17 |title=VEON Ltd. Ownership Structure, as of 31 December 2024 (after completing delisting from Euronext Amsterdam on 25 November 2024) |access-date=2025-05-20}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 17
| {{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Ooredoo|Ooredoo QSC]]
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |{{Flagicon|Algeria}} Algeria ([[Ooredoo Algeria|Ooredoo]])|{{Flagicon|Indonesia}} Indonesia ([[Indosat]])|{{Flagicon|Iraq}} Iraq ([[Asiacell]])|{{Flagicon|Kuwait}} Kuwait ([[Ooredoo Kuwait|Ooredoo]])|{{Flagicon|Maldives}} Maldives [[Ooredoo Maldives|Ooredoo]]|{{Flagicon|Oman}} Oman ([[Ooredoo Oman|Ooredoo]])|{{Flagicon|State of Palestine}} Palestine ([[Ooredoo Palestine|Ooredoo]])|{{Flagicon|Qatar}} Qatar (Ooredoo)|{{Flagicon|Tunisia}} Tunisia ([[Ooredoo Tunisia|Ooredoo]]
}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[CDMA]], [[EV-DO]],|[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[UMTS]], [[HSDPA]], [[HSPA+]],|[[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]]
}}
|| 149.4<ref>{{cite web|date=October 2024|title=Q3 2024 Results|url=https://www.ooredoo.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/ORDS_ER_Q3-2024-FINAL.pdf|publisher=Ooredoo|page=12}}</ref><br />(Q3 2024)
|| [[Government of Qatar]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 18
|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Verizon|Verizon Communications]]
|| {{Flagicon|USA}} United States<br />{{Flagicon|United States Virgin Islands}} United States Virgin Islands<br />{{Flagicon|Puerto Rico}} Puerto Rico
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[HSDPA]], [[HSPA+]], [[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[LTE-Advanced]], [[LTE-A Pro]], [[5G NR]]|
}}
|| 146<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.verizon.com/about/file/74377/download?token=aFR5AvZZ|title=Financial and Operating Information|website=Verizon|date=January 24, 2025|archive-date=January 24, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124153521/https://www.verizon.com/about/file/74377/download?token=aFR5AvZZ|url-status=live}}</ref><br />(December 2024)
||[[Verizon Communications]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 19
|| {{flagicon|USA}} [[AT&T|AT&T Inc.]]
|| {{Flagicon|USA}} United States ([[AT&T Mobility|AT&T Mobility LLC]])<br />{{Flagicon|Mexico}} Mexico ([[AT&T Mexico]])
|| {{Collapsible list|[[HSDPA]], [[HSPA+]], [[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[LTE-Advanced]], [[LTE-A Pro]], [[5G NR]]
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title =
| 2 =
| 3 =
}}
|| 139.0<ref>{{Cite web |title=AT&T Financial and Operational Schedules 3Q 2024 |url=https://investors.att.com/~/media/Files/A/ATT-IR-V2/financial-reports/quarterly-earnings/2024/3Q24/3Q24_ATT_Financial_and_Operational_Schedules_and_Non_GAAP_Reconciliations.pdf |access-date=2024-09-30}}</ref><br />(September 2024)
|| Institutional Shares (59.28%)<br />[[The Vanguard Group|Vanguard Group Inc]] (14.12%)<br />[[BlackRock|Blackrock Inc]] (11.49%)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/t/ownership-summary|title=AT&T INC. Ownership summary |publisher=NASDAQ |language=en|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 20
|| {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Telenor|Telenor ASA]]
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title =
| 1 ={{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} Bangladesh ([[Grameenphone]])
| 2 ={{Flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark ([[Telenor Denmark|Telenor]])
| 3 = {{Flagicon|Finland}} Finland ([[DNA Oyj|DNA PLC]])
| 4 = {{Flagicon|Norway}} Norway ([[Telenor]])
| 5 = {{Flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan ([[Telenor Pakistan|Telenor]])
| 6 = {{Flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden ([[Telenor Sverige|Telenor]])
}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[UMTS]], [[HSDPA]],|[[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]], [[LTE Advanced|LTE-A]],|[[5G NR]]
}}
|| 138.31<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telenor.com/binaries/investors/reports-and-information/quarterly/2024/Presentation-Q3-2024.pdf |title=Telenor Group's Results Q3 2024 |date =2024-10-30}}</ref><br />(Q3 2024)
||[[Government of Norway]] (53.97%)<br />Public stock (41.74%)<br />[[The Government Pension Fund of Norway]] (4.79%)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 21
|| {{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Viettel|Viettel Group]]
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |{{Flagicon|Burundi}} Burundi ([[Lumitel]])|{{Flagicon|Cambodia}} Cambodia (Metfone)|{{Flagicon|Cameroon}} Cameroon (Nexttel)|{{Flagicon|East Timor}} East Timor (Telemor)|{{Flagicon|Haiti}} Haiti (Natcom)|{{Flagicon|Laos}} Laos (Unitel)|{{Flagicon|Mozambique}} Mozambique ([[Movitel, SA|Movitel]])|{{Flagicon|Myanmar}} Myanmar ([[Mytel]])| {{Flagicon|Peru}} Peru (Bitel)|{{Flagicon|Tanzania}} Tanzania ([[Viettel Tanzania|Halotel]])| {{Flagicon|Vietnam}} Vietnam |
}}
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[CDMA]],|[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[UMTS]], [[HSDPA]], [[HSPA+]], [[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]]|[[5G NR]]
}}
|| 110.0<ref>{{cite web |url=https://international.viettel.vn/about-detail/global-network|title=Viettel Global network Q1 2022 |publisher=Viettel Group |date=2022-03-29}}</ref><br />(Q1 2022)
|| [[Government of Vietnam]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 22
||{{flagicon|India}} [[BSNL Mobile]]
|{{Flagu|India}}
|{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],||[[UMTS]], [[High Speed Packet Access|HSPA]], [[HSDPA]], [[UMTS#UTRA-TDD|TD-HSDPA]], [[HSPA+]]||, [[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[TD-LTE]], [[LTE (telecommunication)#LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD|FD-LTE]], [[LTE Advanced]], [[5G]]
}}
|91.74<ref>{{cite web |title=Telecom Subscriptions Reports {{!}} Telecom Regulatory Authority of India |url=https://trai.gov.in/release-publication/reports/telecom-subscriptions-reports |website=trai.gov.in |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>
|[[Government of India]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 23
|{{flagicon|Japan}} [[NTT Docomo|NTT Docomo Inc.]]
|| {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]]
|{{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = |[[UMTS]], [[High Speed Packet Access|HSPA]], [[HSPA+]],|[[3GPP Long Term Evolution|LTE]], [[TD-LTE]], [[LTE (telecommunication)|FD-LTE]], [[LTE Advanced]]
}}
||91.4<ref>{{cite web |title=Number of Subscribers |url=https://group.ntt/en/ir/fin/subscriber.html |website=group.ntt |access-date=24 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />(Q3 2025)
|| [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]]
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 24
|| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[MTS (network provider)|Mobile TeleSystems (MTS)]]
|| {{Flagicon|Russia}} Russia<br />{{Flagicon|Belarus}} Belarus
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = ||[[GSM]], [[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],<br />[[UMTS]], [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]], [[5G NR]]
}}
|| 87.60<ref>{{cite web |url=https://moskva.mts.ru/about/media-centr/soobshheniya-kompanii/finansovaya-otchetnost/2024-11-19/finansovye-i-operacionnye-rezultaty-gruppy-mts-za-3-kvartal-2024 |title=Финансовые и операционные результаты Группы МТС за 3 квартал 2024 |website=mts.ru|access-date=2025-01-30}}</ref><br />(Q3 2024)
|| [[Sistema]] (50.8%)
|-
| style="text-align:right" | 25
|| {{flagicon|Russia}} [[MegaFon]]
|| {{Flagicon|Russia}} Russia<br />{{Flagicon|Tajikistan}} Tajikistan
|| {{Collapsible list
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|[[GSM]],|[[GPRS]], [[EDGE (telecommunication)|EDGE]],|[[UMTS]], [[HSDPA]]|[[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]], [[LTE Advanced]]
}}
|| 77.26<ref>{{cite web |url=https://corp.megafon.ru/press/news/federalnye_novosti/federal/20240816-1000.html |title=МегаФон подвёл финансовые итоги первого полугодия 2024 года
|publisher=MegaFon |date=2024-08-16}}</ref><br />(Q2 2024)
|| AF Telecom Holding LLC (56.32%)<br />USM Telecom LLC (43.68%)
|}

==Satellite based==
This is a list of the world's five largest satellite phone network operators measured by number of subscribers.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Rank !! Operator !! Technology !! data-sort-type=number|Subscribers<br />(in millions) !! Ownership
|-
|style="text-align:right"| 1 || [[Iridium Satellite LLC|Iridium]] || [[Proprietary protocol|Proprietary]] [[Digital AMPS|TDMA]] || 0.824 (June 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ABEA-3ERWFI/2965382186x0x902196/92E3D619-F773-46B8-AE00-5FCF6AEE53CE/IRDM-Transcript-2016-07-28T12_30.pdf |title=Iridium Q2 2016 Results |date=2016-06-30}}</ref>||
|-
|style="text-align:right"| 2 || [[Globalstar]] || [[Proprietary protocol|Proprietary]] [[CDMA]] || 0.638 (March 2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eu.globalstar.com/en/index.php?cid=7010&pressId=871 |title=Globestar Announces Q1 2015 Results |publisher=Globalstar.com |date=2015-03-31}}</ref>||
|-
|style="text-align:right"| 3 || [[Thuraya]] || [[Proprietary protocol|Proprietary]] [[FDMA]]/[[GSM]] ||0.260 (December 2007)<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Thuraya Launches SMS Info Service with CNN|date=27 November 2007|publisher=Thuraya|url=http://www.thuraya.com/en/article/thuraya-launches-sms-info-service-with-cnn-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100103101754/http://www.thuraya.com/en/article/thuraya-launches-sms-info-service-with-cnn-1.html|archive-date=3 January 2010}}</ref>||[[Etisalat]] (28%)
|-
|style="text-align:right"| 4 || [[Inmarsat]] || [[Proprietary protocol|Proprietary]] [[GSM]] ||0.254 (September 2009)<ref>{{cite web|title=Inmarsat Holdings Limited Condensed Consolidated Financial Results For the three and nine months ended 30 September 2009 (unaudited)|url=http://www.inmarsat.com/Downloads/English/Investors/IHL_Q_3_2009.pdf?language=EN&textonly=False|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106213550/http://www.inmarsat.com/Downloads/English/Investors/IHL_Q_3_2009.pdf?language=EN&textonly=False|archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref>||
|-
|style="text-align:right"| 5 || [[ACeS]] || Dual-mode [[Satellite]]/[[GSM]] || 0.020 (December 2007)||
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Telephones}}

* General
** [[Comparison of mobile phone standards]]
* Operators
** [[List of mobile network operators in Europe]]
**[[List of mobile network operators in Asia and Oceania]]
**[[List of mobile network operators in the Middle East and Africa]]
**[[List of mobile network operators of the Americas]]
* Country lists
** [[List of sovereign states by number of broadband Internet subscriptions]]
** [[List of countries by number of Internet users]]
** [[List of countries by number of telephone lines in use]]
** [[List of countries by smartphone penetration]]
** [[List of multiple-system operators]]
* [[List of telecommunications companies]]
** [[List of telecommunications companies in the Americas]]
** [[List of telecommunications companies in Asia and Oceania]]
** [[List of telecommunications companies in Europe]]
** [[List of telecommunications companies in the Middle East and Africa]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://travelem.com/en-us/list-of-all-mobile-operators-divided-by-country-for-travelers List of all mobile network operators in the World divided by country]
* correct link (via archive.org): https://web.archive.org/web/20190430054352/https://travelem.com/en-us/list-of-all-mobile-operators-divided-by-country-for-travelers/

{{Telecommunications}}
{{Mobile phones}}

For a more comprehensive list of mobile phone operators, see [[Mobile country code]]s.

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Mobile Network Operators}}
[[Category:Lists of mobile phone companies| ]]

Kanu Behl

2026-03-17T03:39:13Z

Wmltusa: brief refine intro based on references also and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanu Behl
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1980}}
| birth_place = [[Kapurthala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| alma_mater = [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]]
| occupation = Director, writer
| years_active = 2005–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sneha Khanwalkar]]|2019}}
| parents = [[Lalit Behl]]<br />[[Navnindra Behl]]
}}

'''Kanu Behl''' (born 1980)<ref name="exp14" /> is an [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] director and screenwriter. He is known for his work in Hindi cinema.

He assisted director [[Dibakar Banerjee|Dibaker Banerjee]] on the cult hit ''[[Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!]]'' and co-wrote ''LSD: [[Love Sex aur Dhokha]]''.

His directorial debut, [[Titli (2014 film)|''Titli'']], appeared at several international film festivals, including Melbourne, Rio de Janeiro, Zurich, Filmfest Hamburg, and BFI London. The script of ''Titli'' was selected by [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] for the Screenwriters' Lab 2012, later winning the Post Production Award at Film Bazaar's Work-In-Progress Lab.

''Titli'' was nominated for Caméra d'Or at 2014 Cannes Film Festival.

==Early life and education==
Kanu Behl spent his early years in [[Patiala]], Punjab before moving to [[Delhi]] in 1990. Both his parents, [[Navnindra Behl]] and [[Lalit Behl]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/7K3s5rDg6v8f5fg0cGpClO/Kanu-Belh--Sharat-Katariya-We-werent-interested-in-a-top.html|title=Kanu Behl & Sharat Katariya: 'We weren't interested in a top-down gaze on the world'|last=Khan|first=Taran|date=2015-10-05|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> were writer-actor-directors and also directed telefilms for the state-run [[Doordarshan]] channel.<ref name=exp14>{{cite web | title = Ties That Bind |publisher= The Indian Express| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ties-that-bind-5/ |author= Dipti Nagpaul |date= 4 May 2014| accessdate = 2014-05-13 }}</ref>

He studied at [[Apeejay School, Noida]] and sought a bachelor's degree in business from [[Shaheed Sukhdev College of Business Studies]], Delhi University. In 2003, he joined the [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]] and pursued a PG Diploma in Cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/distressing-portrait-of-indian-family-life-in-cannes/cid/182516|title=Distressing portrait of Indian family life in Cannes|website=telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref> While at the institute, he attended the [[Berlinale Talent Campus]] 2007 and made his documentary 'An Actor Prepares', about a struggling actor, who after seven years decides to give himself 15 days to make it in the film industry or return home. The documentary entered competitively at [[Cinéma du Réel]] 2007, a documentary film festival in France.<ref name=exp14/>

In January 2019 Behl married music composer [[Sneha Khanwalkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kanu-behl-and-sneha-khanwalkar-tie-the-knot/articleshow/67662813.cms|title=Kanu Behl and Sneha Khanwalkar tie the knot|last=Coutinho|first=Natasha |date=January 24, 2019|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/music-composer-sneha-khanwalkar-ties-the-knot-with-director-kanu-bahl-1438269-2019-01-24|title=Music composer Sneha Khanwalkar ties the knot with director Kanu Bahl|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-02-12|agency=Ist}}</ref>

==Career==
After graduating from SRFTI, he produced and directed documentaries for the international channels [[NHK]], Japan and [[ZDF]]/[[Arte]]. He worked with [[Dibakar Banerjee]] on the feature film ''[[Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!]]'' as an [[Assistant director]]. In 2010, he co-wrote the critically acclaimed ''[[Love Sex aur Dhokha]]'' with Banerjee and was chief assistant director on the project.<ref>{{cite web|last=Frater|first=Patrick|date=2014-05-20|title=India's Kanu Behl and Dibakar Banerjee Explain 'Titli' Challenges|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/cannes-indias-kanu-behl-and-dibakar-banerjee-explain-titli-challenges-1201186974/|accessdate=2015-01-15|website=Variety|publisher=}}</ref>

In 2012, the script of his first independent feature film ''[[Titli - The Film|Titli]]'', was selected by [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] for the Screenwriters' Lab 2012, which later won the 'Post-Production Award' at Film Bazaar's ''Work-In-Progress Lab'' in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | title = YRF's Titli to compete at Cannes Film Festival|publisher=India Today | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/titli-cannes-film-festival-ranveer-shorey-yash-raj-films-guneet-monga-189509-2014-04-18|date= 18 April 2014|access-date = 2014-04-25 }}</ref> ''Titli'', appeared at several international film festivals, including the [[2014 Cannes Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web | title = India's Indie Film 'Titli' Shines at Cannes | publisher = The Wall Street Journal | url = https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/06/21/indias-indie-film-titli-shines-at-cannes/|date= 2014-06-21|accessdate = 2015-01-15 }}</ref> [[Melbourne International Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web | title = 11 Indian films at Melbourne International Film Festival | publisher = DearCinema | url = http://dearcinema.com/news/11-indian-films-melbourne-international-film-festival/0059/|date= 2014-08-04|accessdate = 2015-01-15 }}</ref> Rio de Janeiro International, [[Zurich Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web | title = Indian new-age cinema a hit at Zurich fest | publisher = The Indian Express | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/indian-new-age-cinema-a-hit-at-zurich-fest/|date= 2014-10-31|accessdate = 2015-01-15 }}</ref> [[Filmfest Hamburg]],<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Titli|url=http://www.filmfesthamburg.de/en/programm/Film/21789/titli|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227113132/http://www.filmfesthamburg.de/en/programm/Film/21789/titli|archive-date=27 February 2015|accessdate=2015-01-15|website=Filmfest Hamburg|publisher=|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[BFI London Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Heskins|first=Andrew|date=2014-09-03|title=Picks from the upcoming 58th London Film Festival 2014|url=http://www.easternkicks.com/news/films-coming-to-the-58th-london-film-festival-2014|accessdate=2015-01-15|website=[[EasternKicks]]|publisher=}}</ref> and the [[Chicago International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Kanu Behl's TITLI at 50th Chicago International Film Festival by Chicago International Film Festival in Chicago | publisher = Chicago Indian | url = http://www.chicagoindian.com/desi/eventDisplay.asp?id=69908|date= 2014-10-15|accessdate = 2015-01-15 }}</ref> Written and directed by Behl and co-produced by ''Dibakar Banerjee Productions'' and [[Yash Raj Films]], ''Titli'' was selected to take part in the [[Un Certain Regard]] section of the 2014 Cannes Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web| title = After 'Titli', 'True Love Story' at Cannes film fest |publisher=Livemint| url = http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PS4hLdTiq4cMnOwZBvRB3O/After-Titli-True-Love-Story-at-Cannes-film-fest.html |date=22 April 2014| accessdate = 2014-04-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = 2014 Official Selection |publisher=Festival de Cannes 2014 (International Film Festival) | url = http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/article/60533.html| accessdate = 2014-05-13 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Film
! colspan="4" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! rowspan="2" |Ref(s)
|-
![[Film director|Director]]
![[Screenwriter|Writer]]
![[Lyricist]]
!Other
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
|''[[Oye Lucky! Lucky Oye!]]''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes|Assistant director}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/kanu-bahl-sneha-khanwalkar-to-get-married-on-january-22-23-in-indore/articleshow/67427026.cms|title=Kanu Bahl, Sneha Khanwalkar to get married on January 22–23 in Indore|last=Lohana|first=Avinash|date=January 8, 2019|website=Ahmedabad Mirror|language=en|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|''Dahleez Paar''
|
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes|Editor}}
|TV movie
|
|-
|''Three Blind Men''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iffr.com/en/persons/kanu-behl|title=Kanu Behl|date=2015-08-31|website=IFFR|language=en|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|2010
|''[[Love Sex Aur Dhokha]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes|First assistant director}}
|
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kanu-behl-talks-about-his-new-projects/article26223188.ece|title=I am in no hurry|last=Kumar|first=P. K. Ajith|date=2019-02-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Titli (2014 film)|Titli]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Directorial debut
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/titli-about-patriarchy-and-violence-in-family-kanu-behl/|title='Titli' about patriarchy and violence in family: Kanu Behl|date=2015-10-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-02-12}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Binnu Ka Sapna''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kanu-behl-takes-his-short-film-to-the-clermont-ferrand-international-short-film-festival/article26088757.ece|title=Kanu Behl takes his short film to the Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival|last=Venkatesa|first=Nikhil|date=2019-01-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-12|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Agra (2023 film)|Agra]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes|Producer}}
| Premiered in the Directors' Fortnight section of the [[2023 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] and screened at the [[28th Busan International Film Festival|BIFF]] in October 2023.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kanu-behls-agra-to-have-world-premiere-at-directors-fortnight-of-cannes-film-festival-8562919/lite/|title=Kanu Behl's Agra to have world premiere at Directors' Fortnight of Cannes Film Festival|work=The Indian Express|date=18 April 2023|accessdate=21 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biff.kr/eng/html/program/prog_all_list.asp?allYear=2023 |title= The 28th Busan International Film Festival: Selection List |website=Busan International Film Festival|date=September 5, 2023|access-date=September 9, 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Despatch (film)|Despatch]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|
|Premiered at the [[MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2024]] under the Gala Premieres section.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/manoj-bajpayee-begins-filming-despatch-7178001/|title=Manoj Bajpayee begins filming Despatch|work=The Indian Express|date=7 February 2021|accessdate=19 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deb |first=Deepshikha |date=2024-09-30 |title=MAMI Mumbai Film Festival Unveils 2024 Official Lineup |url=https://www.highonfilms.com/mami-mumbai-film-festival-unveils-2024-official-lineup/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=High On Films |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
* Nominated for [[56th Filmfare Awards]] in [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] Category for film ''Love, Sex Aur Dhoka''.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
* Nominated for [[Apsara Awards]] in Best Screenplay Category for film ''Love, Sex Aur Dhoka''.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
* Nominated for [[Caméra d'Or]] at [[2014 Cannes Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite web | title = First-time director from India in the running for Camera d'Or at Cannes |date=21 May 2014 |publisher=The National | url = https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/first-time-director-from-india-in-the-running-for-camera-d-or-at-cannes-1.243682/| access-date = 2015-01-15 }}</ref>
* Critics Prize at [[Fifib]], Bordeaux{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
* Best Film at Seattle South Asian Film Festival<ref>{{cite web | title = Titli, Teenkahon winners at SSAFF 2014 |publisher=Dear Cinema | url = http://dearcinema.com/news/titli-killa-winners-saiff-2014/5304| accessdate = 2015-01-15 }}</ref>
* NETPAC Award at [[Hawaii International Film Festival]]{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
* Best Film at SAIFF, New York<ref>{{cite web | title = Titli, Killa winners at SAIFF 2014 |publisher=Dear Cinema | url = http://dearcinema.com/news/kanu-behls-titli-buddhayan-mukherjis-teenkahon-winners-ssaff-2014/4509| accessdate = 2015-01-15 }}</ref>
* Best International Film at Malatya International, Turkey<ref>{{cite web | title = Turkish film festival awards Indian 'Titli' |publisher= wn.com | url = http://article.wn.com/view/2014/11/29/Turkish_film_festival_awards_Indian_Titli/| accessdate = 2015-01-15 }}</ref>
* Best Actress and Best Film, [[Gijón International Film Festival]], Spain<ref>{{cite web | title = Titli takes top prize at Gijón |publisher= wn.com | url = http://article.wn.com/view/2014/12/01/titli_takes_top_prize_at_gij_xf3n_by_amber_wilkinson_2014120/| accessdate = 2015-01-15 }}</ref>
*Best Foreign First Film (Critics Award) at [[French Syndicate of Cinema Critics]] 2016{{citation needed|date=November 2024}}
*Special Jury Prize at [[Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival 2023]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=2023-11-04 |title='Against The Tide', 'Bahadur' & 'Agra' Take Top Awards At Jio MAMI Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://deadline.com/2023/11/mumbai-film-festival-winners-against-the-tide-bahadur-agra-1235593072/ |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2885983}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Behl, Kanu}}
[[Category:Film directors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Film directors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Apeejay School alumni]]

Kanailal Sarkar (West Bengal politician)

2026-03-11T18:55:48Z

Wmltusa:

{{Short description|Indian physician and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kanailal Sarkar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1911|02|16}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|West Bengal]], [[British India]]
| education = Chetla Boys' H. E. School<br>[[Asutosh College]]<br>[[St. Xavier's College]]<br>[[R. G. Kar Medical College]] ([[Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery#India|M.B.B.S.]])
| occupation = Pathologist, city councilor, legislator
| employer = R. G. Kar Medical College
| party = United Citizens Municipal Association (1956-1962)<br>United Citizens Front (1963-1972)<br>[[Indian National Congress]] (1971-1980s)
| module = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes
| office = Councilor
| term_start = 1956
| term_end = 1972
| office2 = Member of Legislative Assembly
| term_start2 = 1971
| term_end2 = 1977
| office3 = Councilor
| term_start3 = 1985
}}
}}

'''Kanailal Sarkar''' was an [[India]]n physician and politician. He was councillor of the [[Calcutta Municipal Corporation]] and a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Alipore Assembly constituency|Alipore constituency]].

==Biography==
Sarkar was born on 16 January 1911 in [[Calcutta]] and grew up on Aftab Mosque Lane.<ref name="who" /> He attended Chetla Boys' H. E. School, [[Asutosh College]]. and [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]] before studying medicine at [[R. G. Kar Medical College]], where he obtained an [[Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery#India|M.B.B.S. degree]].<ref name=who/> Sarkar was active in the [[Salt March|1930 protest movement]] against British rule in India and was imprisoned.<ref name=who/> By the late 1940s, he was working as a Demonstrator of Pathology at R. G. Kar Medical College.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fofAQAAMAAJ |title=All-India Medical Directory & Who's who |date=1949 |publisher=Health Bookstall |language=en}}</ref>

He was a councillor in the [[Calcutta Municipal Corporation]] from 1956 to 1972.<ref name=who/> In December 1962, as the United Citizens Municipal Association (the opposition bloc in the Calcutta Municipal Corporation) disintegrated in the wake of the [[Sino-Indian War]], Sarkar was one of the councillors who took part in founding the United Citizens Front as a new opposition bloc.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QlvnrzYqKgC |title=Calcutta Municipal Gazette |date=1962 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. Press in India |language=en |page=196}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=M. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KV9XAAAAMAAJ |title=Municipal Government in the Calcutta Metropolitan District: A Preliminary Survey |date=1965 |publisher=Institute of Public Administration |language=en}}</ref> In the 8 April 1963 election for the mayor of Calcutta, he was the mayoral candidate of the United Citizens Front in the vote held among the aldermen and councillors of the city. He obtained 9 votes against 51 votes for the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Chittaranjan Chatterjee.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOsmAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA55 |title=Civic Affairs |date=1963 |publisher=P. C. Kapoor at the Citizen Press |language=en}}</ref> Sarkar was the chairman of the Standing Health and Bustee Improvement Committee of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation for 8 years<ref name=who/><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGlQAQAAIAAJ |title=Journal of the Indian Medical Association |date=1968 |publisher=Indian Medical Association |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kvPf8zg0A3UC |title=Calcutta Municipal Gazette |date=1968 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. Press in India |language=en}}</ref> and represented [[Ward No. 78, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|ward no. 78]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Corporation |first=Calcutta (India) Municipal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMRqBtD5oDoC |title=Yearbook |date=2000 |publisher=Printed at the Corporation Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Calcutta (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YpXm9NrvvEC |title=Report of the Municipal Administration of Calcutta |date=1970 |language=en}}</ref> He lived in the [[Chetla]] neighbourhood in Calcutta.<ref name=who/> He served as secretary of the Chetla Boys' High School and the Chetla Sree Arabinda Vidyapith, as well as President of the Chetla Girls' High School.<ref name=who/>

Sarkar was elected to the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in the [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]] and [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]] elections as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate in the [[Alipore Assembly constituency|Alipore constituency]].<ref name=who/><ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404195120/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> During the 1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly, he was the chairman of the Committee of Estimates.<ref name="who">{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=West Bengal (India) Legislature Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I78yAAAAMAAJ |title=Who's who 1972: General Election, March 1972 |date=1974 |publisher=West Bengal Legislative Assembly Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref name="wbelec">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CNeNAAAAMAAJ |title=Election Results of West Bengal: Statistics & Analysis, 1952-1991 |publisher=The Committee |isbn=978-81-7626-028-2 |language=en}}</ref> He lost the Alipore seat in the [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], having stood as the Congress(I) candidate and finished in third place with 8,760 votes (18.10%).<ref>Election Commission of India. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140404203744/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF WEST BENGAL]''</ref> Sarkar was elected to the Calcutta Municipal Corporation in 1985 as the Congress(I) candidate from [[Ward No. 74, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|ward no. 74]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwQJOFOPsk4C |title=Calcutta Municipal Gazette |date=1985 |publisher=Office of the Registrar of Newspapers. Press in India |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar, Kanailal}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1971–1972]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1972–1977]]
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Ad-Dharmi

2026-03-11T18:43:36Z

Wmltusa: formatting fix

{{Short description|Chamar sect in Punjab, India}}{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Not to be confused with|Adi Dharm|text=the [[Adi Dharm]] development of [[Brahmoism]]}}

The '''Ad-Dharmi''' (meaning "primal spiritual path") is a sect in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], in [[India]] and was a precursor movement of the [[Ravidassia religion|Ravidasia religion]] that arose in 1920.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=Koonal |title=Dalit Journeys for Dignity: Religion, Freedom, and Caste |date=Apr 1, 2025 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9798855802634 |editor-last=Rawat |editor-first=Ramnarayan S. |chapter=Between Blasphemy and Martyrdom: The Formation of the Ravidassia Religion in Punjab |editor-last2=Satyanarayana |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Mohan |editor-first3=P. Sanal}}</ref><ref name="Mainstream Weekly 2009">{{cite web | title=Deras and Dalit Consciousness | website=Mainstream Weekly | date=13 June 2009 | url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1425.html | accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Ad-Dharm Movement was the Revolt Against the Hinduism' – Saheb Kanshi Ram's Speech at Sikri, Punjab, 12th February 2001 {{!}} Velivada|url=https://velivada.com/2017/11/03/ad-dharm-movement-revolt-hinduism-saheb-kanshi-rams-speech-sikri-punjab-12th-february-2001/|access-date=2021-06-27|website=velivada.com|date=3 November 2017 }}</ref> The term Ad-Dharm came into popular usage in the early part of the 20th century, when many followers of Ravidas who had converted to Sikhism were severely discriminated against due to their low-caste status, even though the Sikh religion is strictly against the caste system in its theology. Many of these converts stopped attending Sikh gurdwaras controlled by Jat Sikhs and built their own shrines upon arrival in the UK, Canada, and Fiji Island.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4412439 | jstor=4412439 | title=Punjabis in England: The Ad-Dharmi Experience | last1=Judge | first1=Paramjit S. | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | date=2002 | volume=37 | issue=31 | pages=3244–3250 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sikhiwiki.org/index.php/Ad_Dharm | title=Ad Dharm - SikhiWiki, free Sikh encyclopedia }}</ref> In [[Punjab Province (British India)|colonial Punjab]], the movement was one of the autonomous mobilizations established by disenfranchised Dalits.<ref name="Gill 2015" /> Ad-Dharmis comprise 11.48% of the total of [[Scheduled Caste]] communities [[Scheduled castes in Punjab|in Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab Data Highlights: The Scheduled Castes|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_punjab.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |first=IP |last=Singh |title=Give 'Adi-dharmi' as religion in 2021 census: Ravidassia leaders |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/give-adi-dharmi-as-religion-in-2021-census-ravidassia-leaders/articleshow/76930915.cms |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-22 |title=Why Everyone in Punjab loves a Dalit CM |url=https://www.newsclick.in/why-everyone-punjab-loves-dalit-cm |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=NewsClick |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The Adi-movements were various Dalit religious movements to break away from Hinduism that arose in the 1910s and 1920s in India, with the Ad-Dharmis being one of the Adi-movements and the first to develop the concept of "Adi" amongst them.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Krishna |title=Social Movements in Contemporary India |last2=Subberwal |first2=Ranjana |date=Nov 1, 2024 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781040203699 |edition=2nd |chapter=Challenges and Opportunities: Socio-religious Reform Movements, Sanskritization, and Conversions}}</ref> These movements arose as a reaction to Jyotiba Phule's assertion that the Brahmins were foreign Aryans who came to India and subjugated the indigenous races, such as the Dalits.<ref name=":4" /> The Chamars of Punjab, traditionally disenfranchised leather-workers, had found greater prosperity, especially in the [[Doaba]] region, during the colonial-period due to British demands for boots, shoes, and other leather-based goods.<ref name="Gill 2015" /> This allowed some Chamars to become educated and travel abroad, such as to the U.S. or England, where they were exposed to leftist thought.<ref name="Gill 2015" /> This upward mobility amongst the Chamars engendered movements by the early 1920's to improve their social-standing in society.<ref name="Gill 2015" /> Most of the early figures of the Ad-Dharmi movement had initially been members of the Arya Samaj movement and attempted to invoke social reform from within that organization, although they were ideologically opposed by much of the Arya Samaj, such as Sant Ram of Hoshiarpur establishing the ''Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal'' ("Society for the Abolition of Caste") within the Arya Samaj, although with not much success, with the Arya Samaj heads opposing him, causing him to leave the Arya Samaj.<ref name="Gill 2015" />

The Ad-Dharm movement was started in the 1920s as a [[Chamar]] religious movement with the aim of establishing a distinct religious identity, being inspired by the 16th century Bhakti-era saint [[Ravidas]].<ref name=":4" /> The Ad-Dharmi Dalits unified as a faith in 1925 during British rule in India.<ref name="Gill 2015" /> The founders of the Ad-Dharm Movement were [[Mangu Ram Mugowalia]] (a founding member of the [[Ghadar Party]], he became the president of the executive committee of the Ad-Dharmis<ref name=":4" />), Master Gurbanta Singh (a senior [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader), B. L. Gherra, and Pandit Hari Ram (Pandori Bibi), who served as the organization's secretary.<ref>pg 20, Sikh Identity: An Exploration Of Groups Among Sikhs by Opinderjit Kaur Takhar</ref> Mangu Ram had been educated in the United States and was a Ghadarite, with him having a strong disposition against the concept of untouchability.<ref name="Gill 2015" /> Initially, Mangu Ram tried working with the [[Arya Samaj]], founding a school for lower-castes within the framework of the Arya Samaj<ref name="Gill 2015" />, but lost hope and decided to launch a separate identity apart from Hinduism and Sikhism, known as ''Ad-Dhama''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Jodhka |first=Surinder S. |date=12 July 2003 |title=Caste Tensions in Punjab: Talhan and Beyond |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262123518_Caste_Tensions_in_Punjab_Talhan_and_Beyond |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=38 |issue=28 |pages=2923–2926 |doi=10.2307/4413770 |quote= |via=Research Gate}}</ref> The movement envisioned itself as a separate religion, apart from the prevailing religions of Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, or Christianity, believing that they had existed since ancient times as a distinct ''quom'' (religious group).<ref name="Gill 2015" />

The movement projected [[Ravidas|Guru Ravidas]], the 14th century [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti Movement]] saint, as their spiritual guru and adopted a sacred book called ''Ad Parkash'' for their separate ritual traditions, promoting Ravidas' poetry.<ref name=":4" /> The movement promoted an anti-caste agenda via texts, posters, and pamphlets.<ref name=":4" /> One poster from 1927 stated:<ref name=":4" />
{{Blockquote|text=We are the original people of this country and our religion is Ad Dharma. The Hindu qaum came from outside and enslaved us. When the original counch was sounded, all the brothers came together - chamar, churha, sainsi, bhanrje, bhil, all the untouchables - to make their problems known. Brothers, there are seventy million of us listed as Hindus, separate us and make us free ... There was a time when we ruled India, brothers, and the land belonged to us ... Come together to form a better life.|author=Ad-Dharma|source=1927 poster (republished in Juergensmeyer 1982, 86)}}
The Adi-Dharmis of Punjab had communication with the Adi-Hindu movement of Uttar Pradesh, with the leader of the latter movement, Swami Achyutanand, requesting a meeting of the Ad-Dharmis and Adi-Hindus of Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Delhi in 1926 to organize a united force.<ref name=":4" /> There were also some tentative calls for an independent state known as Achhutistan ("land for untouchables").<ref name=":4" />

In 1931, the British colonial administration recognized the Ad-Dharmis as a separate religious community apart from Hinduism and Sikhism.<ref name=":3" /> The Hindu leaders had opposed the Ad-Dharmis being classified as a distinct religious group in the 1931 census but the Ad-Dharmis lobbied for it with successful results.<ref name="Gill 2015" /> In the 1931 census, over 450,000 individuals registered themselves as members of the new indigenous faith called ''Ad Dharam'' ("Original Religion").<ref name="CNN.com">{{cite web | title=India's 'untouchables' declare own religion | website=CNN | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/02/03/india.new.religion/ | accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref> In the census results for Punjab specifically in 1931, a total of 418,789 persons identified themselves as Ad-Dharmis, around 10% of the total low-caste population of Punjab (with over 80% of lower-castes in Jalandhar and Hoshiarpur districts identifying themselves as Ad-Dharmis), meaning they numerically rivalled the total Christian population of the province.<ref name="Gill 2015" /> However, other areas of Punjab saw a suppression of the Ad-Dharmi identity and it did not become adopted on the same scale due to opposition by dominant religious groups.<ref name="Gill 2015" />

In the aftermath of the 1931 census, the Ad-Dharmis joined Ambedkar's Scheduled Castes Federation, later becoming the [[Republican Party of India]], however comparatively few Ad-Dharmis of the Punjab followed Ambedkar with his adoption of Buddhism when compared to his followers in other areas.<ref name="Gill 2015" /> After Indian independence in 1947, the Ad-Dharmis were clubbed under the Hindu scheduled-castes of Punjab, which began to erode their separate religious identity as they now increasingly saw themselves as members of the Hindu scheduled-castes.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Gill 2015" /> Manmohan Singh Gill (2003) notes that in a 1996 survey in Punjab, 98.3% of Ad-Dharmis saw themselves as a "caste group", whilst only 1.6% viewed themselves as a "separate religious community".<ref name="Gill 2015" /> In the second half of the 20th century, Ad-Dharmis abandoned their traditional agricultural roles in rural Punjab under the ''[[Jajmani system|jajmani]]'' system for other occupations in other sectors of the economy, increasing their cultural and economic independence from the dominant castes, especially in [[Doaba]].<ref name=":3" /> This led them to gain more political influence in the state of Punjab, India but casteist discrimination continues, especially in rural Punjab, in concealed ways despite there no longer being notions of pollution being followed.<ref name=":3" />

In 2003, Ad-Dharmis of Talhan village in Jalandhar district [[Talhan incident|launched a movement]] to assert their right to the management committee of a local religious site.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jodhka |first=Surinder S. |title=Caste in Contemporary India |date=Nov 8, 2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781351330947 |edition=2nd |chapter=Part One: Hierarchies and the Politics of Citizenship - II. Atrocities and Resistance: Dalit Assertions for Citizenship - Case Study 2: Dalit Assertion in Talhan, Punjab}}</ref>

=== Decline ===
In 1946, the Ad-Dharmis took-on the new name: Ravi Dass Mandal.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=Koonal |title=Dalit Journeys for Dignity: Religion, Freedom, and Caste |date=Apr 1, 2025 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9798855802634 |editor-last=Rawat |editor-first=Ramnarayan S. |chapter=Between Blasphemy and Martyrdom: The Formation of the Ravidassia Religion in Punjab |editor-last2=Satyanarayana |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Mohan |editor-first3=P. Sanal}}</ref> However, this faith and movement gradually declined after India gained independence due to the leaders' increasing involvement in state politics and the government's reservation policy, which focused only on providing reservations for low-caste individuals from [[Hindus|Hindu]], [[Sikhs|Sikh]], and [[Buddhist]] communities.<ref name="Gill 2015">{{cite book | last=Gill | first=Manmohan Singh | title=Punjab Society | date=December 2, 2015 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | isbn=9788180690389 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EcW3eLUr4IoC | accessdate=January 6, 2016|pages=35–37|chapter=2: The Scheduled Castes in Contemporary Punjab|first2=Surinder Singh|last2=Jodhka}}</ref> Furthermore, there were contradictions in the Ad-Dharmi movement, as although they created a separate religious identity for Dalits away from Hinduism, in their ideology they considered themselves as the "first" and "true" Hindus, whilst also considering themselves to pre-date Hinduism.<ref name=":4" /> Also, their movement took inspiration from the Bhakti movement, which was a Hindu movement, which contradicted with their attempts at claiming a separate, non-Hindu identity.<ref name=":4" /> Due to the post-independence reservation system classifying Ad-Dharmis under the Hindu scheduled-castes of Punjab, Ad-Dharmis have increasingly viewed themselves as a caste rather than a separate religious group.<ref name="Gill 2015" /> In 2003, there arose a [[Talhan incident|caste-based conflict in Talhan village]] of Punjab over the management of a local shrine which involved Ad-Dharmis.<ref name=":022" /> Efforts to revive the Ad-Dharmi religious movement in post-independence Punjab have not been successful.<ref name="Gill 2015" />

==Religion==
In 1920–25, the Ad-Dharmi movement arose, which consolidated a separate religious identity centered on Ravidas.<ref name=":022" /> Around the same time, the [[Singh Sabha Movement|Singh Sabha movement]] of Sikhism was well-underway, which also was consolidating for a separate, Sikh identity apart from [[Hinduism and Sikhism|Hinduism]].<ref name=":022" /> Prominent leaders and thinkers of both movements had been educated in [[Arya Samaj|Arya Samajist]] institutions, thus they both adopted an Arya Samaj-approach to push for their separate identities, combined with a Judeo-Christian understanding of religion due to Christian missionary and British colonial influence (i.e., a central scripture to base their religion around).<ref name=":022" /> Both the Ravidas-aligned movements and Singh Sabhaists revered the Guru Granth Sahib, the primary scripture of Sikhism.<ref name=":022" /> However, the Ravidasis celebrated the scripture primarily due to it containing the most notable and earliest-recorded compositions linked to Ravidas.<ref name=":022" /> Thus, Ravidasis placed their prime figure's ''[[Gurbani|bani]]'' on a higher level of importance than the bani found in the scripture authored by others.<ref name=":022" /> The Ad-Dharmis compiled a holy-book known as the ''Ad Prakash'' ("original light"), where-in they elevated the historical Ravidas as their central figure, thereby giving a traditional/spiritual basis to their modern religious movement, with Ravidas being imagined as a main "guru" and his poetry forming the basis of their beliefs.<ref name=":022" /> Despite this, the Sikh scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib, continued to be used by them in their sacred spaces.<ref name=":022" />

The movement named the historical saints [[Valmiki]], [[Ravidas]], [[Kabir]], and [[Namdev]], as their religious figures.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |last=Kalsi |first=Sewa Singh |url=https://crp.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/52/2015/09/kalsi1992.pdf |title=The Evolution of a Sikh Community in Britain: Religious and Social Change Among the Sikhs of Leeds and Bradford |publisher=Community Religions Project Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Leeds |year=1992 |isbn=9781871363036 |pages=125–147 |chapter=6. Caste and the Ravidasi Sikhs in Bradford}}</ref> Furthermore, they completely rejected the caste-system as they believed the Divine prevailed everywhere in the world, including within lower-castes.<ref name=":12" /> In-order to emphasize their distinct religious identity, the Ad-Dharmis adopted three symbols: wearing red clothing, the phrase ''soham'' ("I am it", referring to Vedantic concept of the primacy of the soul), and the [[Jaikara|salutation]] ''Jai Guru Dev'' ("victory to the great God").<ref name=":12" /> The Ad-Dharmis are closer in affinity to Sikhism than Hinduism, especially in their daily practices.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Louis |first=Prakash |title=The Journey of Caste in India: Voices from Margins |last2=Jodhka |first2=Surinder Singh |date=Jul 31, 2023 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781000895735 |editor-last=D'Souza |editor-first=Paul |chapter=9. Caste Conflict and Dalit Identity in Rural Punjab: Significance of Talhan |editor-last2=Sukumar |editor-first2=N.}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> They revere the Guru Granth Sahib, which contains hymns attributed to Ravidas, and perform their weddings and other ceremonies as per Sikh rites.<ref name=":3" /> However, few Ad-Dharmis wear [[Dastar|turbans]] or maintain ''[[Kesh (Sikhism)|kesh]]'' (uncut hair) and their names are more similar to those kept by [[Punjabi Hindus]].<ref name=":3" /> The Ravidasi temples are known as ''Ravidas Mandirs'' but are functionally more similar to Sikh gurdwaras, with the only difference being more focus being placed on Ravidas when compared to mainstream Sikh gurdwaras, with their temples containing [[Sikh art|portraits]] of Ravidas.<ref name=":3" /> Thus, they can be classified as a form of [[Sahajdhari|sehajdhari Sikhs]].<ref name=":3" /> The Ad-Dharmis had also compiled their own scripture, known as the ''Ad Prakash'' ("original light"), compiled through Ad-Dharmis working together with Ravidasi saints.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Duggal |first=Koonal |title=Dalit Journeys for Dignity: Religion, Freedom, and Caste |date=Apr 1, 2025 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=9798855802634 |editor-last=Rawat |editor-first=Ramnarayan S. |chapter=Between Blasphemy and Martyrdom: The Formation of the Ravidassia Religion in Punjab |editor-last2=Satyanarayana |editor-first2=K. |editor-last3=Mohan |editor-first3=P. Sanal}}</ref>

The Ad-Dharmi follow Guru [[Ravidas]] (now associated with the [[Ravidassia religion]]),<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite web | title=Mention Ravidasia as religion: Dera Sachkhand to followers | website=Indian Express | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mention-ravidasia-as-religion-dera-sachkhand-to-followers/623842/ | accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref> and incorporate elements of [[Sikhism]]<ref name="Google Books 2015">{{cite book | title=Like the other Sikh gurudwaras, Ad-Dharmis too keep the Guru Granth Sahib at their Ravidas Gurudwaras- Caste in Question | date=December 2, 2015 | isbn=9788132103455 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pviHAwAAQBAJ | accessdate=January 6, 2016| last1=Gupta | first1=Dipankar | publisher=SAGE Publications }}</ref> such as regarding the [[Guru Granth Sahib]] as their [[religious text]].<ref name="Singh 2010">{{cite web | last=Singh | first=IP | title=Ravidassia leaders reject new religion | website=The Times of India | date=4 February 2010 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ravidassia-leaders-reject-new-religion/articleshow/5533100.cms | accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref> A turning point occurred after the killing of [[Ramanand Dass|Ramananda Dass]] in Vienna, which deeply affected the community and led to the development of separate scriptures (Amritbani) and distinct religious customs.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The strong differences within the Adi-dharmi/ Ravidassia community have taken another twist with a Phagwara-based century-and-a-half-old Dera of the community moving Punjab and Haryana High Court alleging that Dera Ballan indulged in plagiarism in preparing "Amrit Bani Satguru Guru Ravidass" Granth as it announced founding of a separate religion - Ravidassia- over three years back. - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/The-strong-differences-within-the-Adi-dharmi/-Ravidassia-community-have-taken-another-twist-with-a-Phagwara-based-century-and-half-old-Dera-of-the-community-moving-Punjab-and-Haryana-High-Court-alleging-that-Dera-Ballan-indulged-in-plagiarism-in-preparing-Amrit-Bani-Satguru-Guru-Ravidass-Granth-as-it-announced-founding-of-a-separate-religion-Ravidassia-over-three-years-back-/articleshow/19712283.cms|website=The Times of India|date=24 April 2013 |access-date=2020-05-21}}</ref> Each of their settlements typically contains [[gurdwara]]s and Ravidas Bhawans, which serve as centres of worship and as focal points for the local community.

==Ad-Dharmi diaspora==
[[File:Gurdwara Guru Ravidass, Nasinu, Fiji.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara [[Guru Ravidass]], Nasinu, Fiji Established in 1939]]
[[File:Bangladesh Ravidassia Association (2).png|thumb|Bangladesh Ravidassia Association]]

The Ad-Dharmi Diaspora has flourished on Fiji Island, Canada, and in the United Kingdom since 1905. From 1905, when the Union Steam Ship Company of New Zealand began a regular service from Calcutta to Fiji, there was a regular flow of Ravidassia people from Punjab to Fiji.<ref>{{cite book| last = Gillion| first = Kenneth| title = Fiji's Indian Migrants: A history to the end of indenture in 1920| publisher = Oxford University Press| year = 1973| location = Melbourne| isbn = 0-19-550452-6| pages = 131–3}}</ref> Ad-Dharmis can also be found in Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}} The first Shri Guru Ravidass Gurudwara outside India was established in 1939 in Nasinu on Fiji Island, and this Gurdwara was registered under the banner of the Addharm-Punjab Association.<ref>{{cite book |last= Singh|first=Gajraj |title= The Sikhs of Fiji|year=1972 |publisher= South Pacific Social Sciences Association|location= Suva, Fiji|pages = 42–51}}</ref>

For the outstanding volunteer-led service to the community in Bedfordshire, Ad Dharmi/Ravidassia Gurdwara in Luton received [[The King's Award for Voluntary Service]]. Susan Lousada, [[Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire]], delivered the award on behalf of [[King Charles III]], quoting the citation: "The volunteers of Shri Guru Ravidass Sangat are a beacon of light in a troubled world..."<ref>{{cite news |title=Faith Matters: Guru Ravidass Sangat Luton received the Kings Award for Voluntary Services |url=https://www.lutontoday.co.uk/news/opinion/faith-matters-guru-ravidass-sangat-luton-received-the-kings-award-for-voluntary-services-5014858?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=Luton Today |date=3 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}} The award was officially presented during the 648th birth anniversary celebrations of Guru Ravidass, which attracted dignitaries such as mayor of Luton, local MPs, faith leaders, and representatives from Bedfordshire Police and the Council of Faiths.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Coulter-Duckett |first1=Grace |title=Celebrating The King’s Award for Voluntary Service 2024! |url=https://kavs.dcms.gov.uk/celebrating-the-kings-award-for-voluntary-service-2024/ |website=The King's Award for Voluntary Service |access-date=21 December 2025 |date=14 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=King Charles awards Luton gurdwara for voluntary services |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg7gvvx1zjyo |access-date=21 December 2025 |work=www.bbc.com |date=14 November 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{| class="wikitable collapsible sortable"
|+ Ad-Dharmis along with [[Ramdasia]]/[[Ravidasia]] ([[Chamar|Chamar caste]]) in Punjab by [[List of districts of Punjab, India|district]] (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables |access-date=22 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[List of districts of Punjab, India|Districts]]
! colspan="2" |[[2011 India census]]
|-
!Ad-Dharmi/Ramdasia/Ravidasia caste population
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
|[[Amritsar]]
| 31,774
| {{Percentage | 31,774| 2,490,891| 2 }}
|-
|[[Barnala]]
| 90,526
| {{Percentage | 90,526| 596,294| 2 }}
|-
|[[Bathinda]]
| 108,790
| {{Percentage | 108,790| 1,388,859| 2 }}
|-
|[[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| 26,903
| {{Percentage | 26,903| 618,008| 2 }}
|-
|[[Fatehgarh Sahib]]
| 115,167
| {{Percentage | 115,167| 599,814| 2 }}
|-
|[[Firozpur]]
| 31,581
| {{Percentage | 31,581| 2,029,074| 2 }}
|-
|[[Gurdaspur]]
| 133,126
| {{Percentage | 133,126 | 2,299,026| 2 }}
|-
|[[Hoshiarpur]]
| 416,904
| {{Percentage | 416,904| 1,582,793| 2 }}
|-
|[[Jalandhar]]
| 467,466
| {{Percentage | 467,466| 2,181,753| 2 }}
|-
|[[Kapurthala]]
| 90,287
| {{Percentage | 90,287| 817,668| 2 }}
|-
|[[Ludhiana]]
| 521,361
| {{Percentage | 521,361 | 3,487,882| 2 }}
|-
|[[Mansa district, Punjab|Mansa]]
| 87,078
| {{Percentage | 87,078| 768,808| 2 }}
|-
|[[Moga district|Moga]]
| 31,206
| {{Percentage | 31,206| 992,289| 2 }}
|-
|[[Sri Muktsar Sahib]]
| 50,017
| {{Percentage | 50,017| 902,702| 2 }}
|-
|[[Patiala]]
| 192,545
| {{Percentage | 192,545| 1,892,282| 2 }}
|-
|[[Rupnagar]]
| 115,155
| {{Percentage | 115,155 | 683,349| 2 }}
|-
|[[Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar]]
| 114,837
| {{Percentage | 114,837| 986,147| 2 }}
|-
|[[Sangrur]]
| 261,317
| {{Percentage | 261,317| 1,203,153| 2 }}
|-
|[[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district|Nawanshahr]]
| 214,293
| {{Percentage | 214,293| 614,362| 2 }}
|-
|[[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]]
| 3,618
| {{Percentage | 3,618| 1,120,070| 2 }}
|-
|}

== Notable people ==
* [[Seth Kishan Dass]]—A leather trader, propagator of the Ad-Dharm movement, and a politician.
* [[Mangu Ram Mugowalia]]—Founding member of [[Ghadar Movement]] and [[Adi Dharm|Ad Dharm]] movement in Punjab<ref>{{Cite book|last=Teltumbde|first=Anand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCIlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 |title=Dalits: Past, present and future|date=2016-08-19|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-315-52644-7|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Chaudhary Sadhu Ram]]—Elected [[Member of Parliament]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kshīrasāgara |first1=Rāmacandra |title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956 |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-43-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&pg=PA200 |access-date=15 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Master Gurbanta Singh]]— Dalit leader of Punjab, educator and key person of Ad Dharm movement.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ethnic and social groups of the Punjab |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Dalit communities]]
[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Ravidassia]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]

Suniti Namjoshi

2026-03-09T04:56:18Z

Wmltusa: new post

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1941)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Suniti Namjoshi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = 13
| native_name =
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| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1941}} 
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], India
| death_date = 
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| resting_place =
| occupation = Poet, author, educator
| language =
| nationality = Indian-born English
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education = {{plain list |
* [[University of Missouri]] (Master's degree)
* [[McGill University]] (PhD)}}
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = 
| subject = 
| movement =
| notablework = ''Feminist Fables'' 
| spouse = 
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| honorific_suffix = {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSL|size=100%}}
}}
'''Suniti Namjoshi''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|FRSL}} (born 1941 in [[Mumbai]], [[British India|India]]) is a poet and a [[fable|fabulist]]. She grew up in India, worked in [[Canada]] and at present lives in the southwest of England with English writer [[Gillian Hanscombe]]. Her work is playful, inventive and often challenges prejudices such as racism, sexism, and homophobia. She has written many collections of fables and poetry, several novels, and more than a dozen children's books. Her work has been translated into several languages, including Spanish, Italian, Dutch, Chinese, Korean, Hindi and Turkish.

==Early life==
Suniti Namjoshi was born in [[Mumbai]] in 1941.{{r|PI}} Her father, Manohar Vinayak Namjoshi, was senior test pilot at [[Hindustan Aircraft Limited|Hindustan Aircraft]] in [[Bangalore]]. He was killed when his plane crashed in 1953. Her mother, Sarojini Namjoshi, née Naik Nimbalkar, was from [[Phaltan]].{{r|Univ of Toronto}}

Suniti was sent to Woodstock, an American mission school in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan foothills]],{{r|Univ of Toronto}} and then to Rishi Valley in [[Andhra Pradesh]]{{r|Hindu}} where [[Jiddu Krishnamurti]] used to come and talk to the children for a couple of months each year.{{r|Univ of Toronto}}

==Career==
Having passed the IAS in 1964, she worked as an officer in the [[Indian Administrative Service]] before pursuing further education. She studied Public Administration{{r|Hindu}} and earned her [[Master's degree]] from the [[University of Missouri]] and earned a PhD from [[McGill University]] on [[Ezra Pound]].{{r|Hindu}}

Namjoshi taught in the Department of English at the [[University of Toronto]] from 1972 to 1987.{{r|Univ of Toronto}} She wrote ''Feminist Fables'' in 1981. It was described in ''Feminism, one of her voices'' as a minor feminist classic and the work for which Namjoshi, who the article said produced a "brilliant body of work, marked by sparkling wit, word play and inventive power, emerged", is best known.{{r|Hindu}} She began writing full-time in 1987, publishing fiction and poetry works. ''Kaliyug - Circles Of Paradise'' (play) and ''Flesh And Paper'' (poetry) were written in collaboration Gillian Hanscombe.{{r|Hindu}} Namjoshi has been influenced by [[Virginia Woolf]], [[Adrienne Rich]], her friend Hilary Clare, and [[Kate Millett]]'s ''[[Sexual Politics]]''. She has been active in the [[feminist movement]] and [[gay liberation]] movements.{{r|PI}}

Namjoshi was Honorary Research Fellow at the Centre for Women's Studies at [[University of Exeter|Exeter University]] in England from 1995 to 2001, and was a member of the Literary Panel of the Arts Council of England from 1993 to 1996.{{r|Univ of Toronto}}

In 1996 Namjoshi published ''Building Babel'', a postmodern novel about building cultures, whose story continues online with a collaborative project that enables readers' contributions.{{r|Hindu}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.spinifexpress.com.au/babelbuildingsite.htm |title=Spinifex Press Babel Building Site |access-date=19 October 2006 |archive-date=25 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025174005/http://www.spinifexpress.com.au/babelbuildingsite.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2023 Namjoshi was elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Creamer |first=Ella |date=2023-07-12 |title=Royal Society of Literature aims to broaden representation as it announces 62 new fellows |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/jul/12/royal-society-of-literature-aims-to-broaden-representation-as-it-announces-62-new-fellows |access-date=2023-07-13 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Namjoshi currently lives and writes in [[Devon]], United Kingdom.{{r|Hindu}}

==Published works==
===Fiction===
*''Feminist Fables''. London: [[Sheba Feminist Publishers]], 1981. {{ISBN|0907179045}}
*''The Conversations of Cow''. London: [[The Women's Press]], 1985. {{ISBN|0704328704}}
*''The Blue Donkey Fables''. London: The Women's Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0704341158}}
*''The Mothers of Maya Diip''. London: The Women's Press, 1989. {{ISBN|9780704342002}}
*''Because of India: Selected Poems and Fables''. London: [[Onlywomen Press]], 1989. {{ISBN|0906500338}}
*''Feminist Fables'', [[Spinifex Press]], North Melbourne, 1993 {{ISBN| 9781875559190}}
*''Saint Suniti and the Dragon''. North Melbourne: Spinifex, 1993; London: [[Virago Press]], 1994. {{ISBN|1 875559 18 3}}
*''Building Babel''. North Melbourne: Spinifex, 1996. {{ISBN|1875559566}}
*''Goja: An Autobiographical Myth''. North Melbourne: Spinifex, 2000. {{ISBN|9781875559978}}
*''Sycorax: New Fables and Poems''. New Delhi: [[Penguin Books]], 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-14-309984-0}}
*''The Fabulous Feminist: A Suniti Namjoshi Reader''. Delhi: [[Zubaan Books]], 2012; North Melbourne: Spinifex, 2012. {{ISBN|9789381017333}}
*''Suki''. Delhi: Penguin India, 2012; North Melbourne: Spinifex, 2013.{{ISBN|9789385932427}}
*''Foxy Aesop'' aka ''Aesop the Fox''. Delhi: Zubaan, 2018; Melbourne: Spinifex, 2018 {{ISBN| 9781925581515}}
*{{cite book |title=Dangerous Pursuits |date=2022 |isbn=978-93-90514-82-3 |last1=Namjoshi |first1=Suniti |publisher=Zubaan and Penguin }}
* ''The Good-Hearted Gardeners''. Melbourne: Spinifex, 2023. {{ISBN|9781922964007}}
* ''O Sister Swallow''. Spinifex: 2024. {{ISBN|9781922964083}}
* ''Matriarchs, Cows and Epic Villains''. Delhi: Zubaan and [[Penguin Random House]]: 2025. {{ISBN|9788194253396}}

===Poetry===
*''Poems''. Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1967.
*''More Poems''. Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1971.
*''Cyclone In Pakistan''. Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1971.
*''The Jackass and the Lady''. Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1980.
*''The Authentic Lie''. Fredericton, N.B.: Fiddlehead Poetry Books, 1982. {{ISBN|0864920105}}
*''From the Bedside Book of Nightmares''. Fredericton, N.B.: Fiddlehead Poetry Books & Goose Lane Editions, 1984. {{ISBN|0864920318}}
*''Flesh and Paper'' (with Gillian Hanscombe). UK: Jezebel Tapes and Books, 1986; Charlottetown, P.E.I.: Ragweed Press, 1986. {{ISBN|1870240006}}
*''Because of India: Selected Poems and Fables''. London: Onlywomen Press, 1989. {{ISBN|9780906500330}}
*''Sycorax: New Fables and Poems''. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2006. {{ISBN|9780143099840}}
*''The Fabulous Feminist: a Suniti Namjoshi Reader''. New Delhi: Zubaan, 2012.
{{ISBN|9789381017333}}

===Children's===
*''Aditi and the One-Eyed Monkey''. London: Sheba Feminist Publishers, 1986.
*''Aditi and the Thames Dragon''. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2002.
*''Aditi and the Marine Sage''. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2004.
*''Aditi and the Techno Sage''. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2005.
*''Aditi and Her Friends Take on the Vesuvian Giant''. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2007.
*''Aditi and Her Friends Meet Grendel''. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2007.
*''Aditi and Her Friends Help the Budapest Changeling''. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2007.
*''Aditi and Her Friends In Search of Shemeek''. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2008.
*''Gardy in the City of Lions''. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2009.
*''Siril and The Spaceflower''. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2009.
*''Monkeyji and the Word Eater''. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2009.
*''Beautiful and the Cyberspace Runaway''. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2009.
*''Blue and Other Stories''. (art work Nilima Sheikh). Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2012; North Melbourne: Spinifex, 2012.
*''Little i''. Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2014.
*''The Boy and Dragon Stories'' (pictures Krishna Bala Shenoi). Chennai, India: Tulika Publishers, 2015
*''Aditi Adventures 13: The Antarctic Mission''. Chenna, India: Tulika Publishers, 2020.
*''In the Land Where Beetles Rule''. India: Pratham Books, 2022.

===Translation===
*''Poems of Govindagraj'' by Ram Ganesh Gadkari. Translated by Suniti Namjoshi and Sarojini Namjoshi. Calcutta: Writers Workshop, 1968.

==References==
<references>

<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/20/stories/1320129u.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150320060536/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/20/stories/1320129u.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=20 March 2015 | title=Feminism, one of her voices | date=20 February 2000 | work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=19 March 2015 }}</ref>

<ref name="PI">{{cite web | url=http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/9964/27/Suniti-Namjoshi | title=Suniti Namjoshi | publisher=Poetry International Rotterdam | accessdate=19 March 2015 | archive-date=27 December 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122159/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/9964/27/Suniti-Namjoshi | url-status=usurped }}</ref>

<ref name="Univ of Toronto">Suniti Namjoshi Papers (Ms. Collection 341) at University of Toronto</ref>

</references>

==Further reading==
* "Subversive Fabulations: The Twofold Pull in Suniti Namjoshi's Feminist Fables" by Sabine Steinisch in ''Engendering Realism and Postmodernism: Contemporary Women Writers in Britain'', ed. Beate Neumeier (Amsterdam & New York: Rodopi, 2001)
* "Tropes of Transition: Words, Memory and the Immigrant Experience" by Michelle Gadpaille in ''Canadiana: Canada in the Sign of Migration and Trans-Culturalism'', eds. Kalus-Dieter Ertler and Martin Löschnigg (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, Europäishcer Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2004)

==External links==
*[http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Suniti+Namjoshi&fq=&dblist=638&qt=sort&se=$d&sd=desc&qt=sort_$d_desc Works by or about Suniti Namjoshi] in libraries ([[WorldCat]] catalog)
*[http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zC9Uf7aWUSZp6PuiIyK94N/Suniti-Namjoshi--The-fantastic-fabulist.html Suniti Namjoshi | The fantastic fabulist] ''Mint'' article by Diya Kohli
*[https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/suniti-namjoshi-fashion-your-own-fables-5312142/ Fashion Your Own Fables] ''[[Indian Express]]'' article by Amritta Dutta

{{University of Exeter|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|India|Biography|United Kingdom}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Namjoshi, Suniti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:University of Missouri alumni]]
[[Category:McGill University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Toronto]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Exeter]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lesbian feminists]]
[[Category:Lesbian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:British LGBTQ poets]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ poets]]
[[Category:21st-century British writers]]
[[Category:Indian fabulists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Literature]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]

List of Lepidoptera of Telangana

2026-03-04T20:04:20Z

Wmltusa: created a info.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=October 2025}}

The '''Lepidoptera of Telangana''' consists of the [[Butterfly|butterflies]] and [[moth]]s recorded in the state. These species have been recorded from surveys<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Saliu |first=G. |last2=Bharath |first2=Bhupathi |last3=Karuthapandi |first3=M. |date=March 2021 |title=Current status of Faunal diversity in Telangana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363863900_Sailu_G_B_Bharath_M_Karuthapandi_2021_Insecta_Lepidoptera_Butterflies_pp_251-261_In_Chandra_K_J_Deepa_C_Raghunathan_SS_Jadhav_M_Karuthapandi_eds_Current_status_of_Faunal_diversity_in_Telangana_Zoologi |journal=[[Zoological Survey of India]]}}</ref> and citizen science platforms like [[iNaturalist]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=iNaturalist |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref> A total of 180 species of butterfly<ref>{{Cite web |title=Butterflies of Telangana |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/butterflies-of-telangana |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref> and 454 species of moth (and one currently undescribed species)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moths of Telangana |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/projects/moths-of-telangana |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref> have been recorded from [[Telangana]].

The state butterfly of Telangana is yet to be decided, with the three main options being ''[[Delias eucharis]]'' (common Jezebel), ''[[Danaus genutia]]'' (common tiger) and ''[[Papilio crino]]'' (common banded peacock swallowtail).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-20 |title=Telangana to have State butterfly soon |url=https://telanganatoday.com/telangana-to-have-state-butterfly-soon |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref>

== Butterflies ==
[[File:Pachliopta aristolochiae – Common Rose.jpg|thumb|''[[Pachliopta aristolochiae]]'']]

=== Papilionidae ===

* ''[[Graphium agamemnon]]'' – tailed jay
* ''[[Graphium doson]]'' – common jay
* ''[[Graphium nomius]]'' – spot swordtail
* ''[[Pachliopta aristolochiae]]'' – common rose
* ''[[Pachliopta hector]]'' – crimson rose
* ''[[Papilio agenor]]'' – great Mormon
* ''[[Papilio clytia]]'' – common mime
* ''[[Papilio crino]]'' – common banded peacock swallowtail
* ''[[Papilio demoleus]]'' – lime swallowtail
* ''[[Papilio helenus]]'' – red Helen swallowtail
* ''[[Papilio paris]]'' – Paris peacock swallowtail<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bogim |first=Swami |date=2024-08-19 |title=Paris Peacock Swallowtail (''Papilio paris'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/236705834 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Papilio polytes]]'' – common Mormon swallowtail
[[File:Common Jezebel Delias eucharis edit by kadavoor.jpg|thumb|''[[Delias eucharis]]'']]
[[File:Small salmon arab.jpg|thumb|''[[Colotis amata]]'']]

=== Pieridae ===

* ''[[Appias albina]]'' – common albatross
* ''[[Appias libythea]]'' – striped albatross
* ''[[Belenois aurota]]'' – pioneer white
* ''[[Catopsilia pomona]]'' – lemon emigrant
* ''[[Catopsilia pyranthe]]'' – mottled emigrant
* ''[[Cepora nerissa]]'' – common gull
* ''[[Colotis amata]]'' – small salmon Arab
* ''[[Colotis aurora]]'' – plain orange tip
* ''[[Colotis danae]]'' – banded scarlet tip
* ''[[Colotis etrida]]'' – little orange tip
* ''[[Colotis fausta]]'' – large salmon Arab
* ''[[Delias eucharis]]'' – common Jezebel
* ''[[Eurema andersonii]]'' – one-spot grass yellow
* ''[[Eurema blanda]]'' – three-spotted grass yellow
* ''[[Eurema brigitta]]'' – broad-bordered grass yellow
* ''[[Eurema hecabe]]'' – common grass yellow
* ''[[Eurema laeta]]'' – spotless grass yellow
* ''[[Leptosia nina]]'' – psyche
* ''[[Hebomoia glaucippe]]'' – great orange tip
* ''[[Ixias marianne]]'' – white orange tip
* ''[[Ixias pyrene]]'' – yellow orange tip
* ''[[Pareronia hippia]]'' – Indian wanderer
* ''[[Pareronia ceylanica]]'' – dark wanderer
* ''[[Pieris canidia]]'' – Indian cabbage white

=== Riodinidae ===

* ''[[Abisara bifasciata]]'' – double-banded Judy
[[File:Open wing Mud puddling of Caprona ransonnettii - Golden Angle (Female).jpg|thumb|''[[Caprona ransonnetii]]'']]
[[File:Close wing position of Badamia exclamationis Fabricius, 1775 – Brown Awl.jpg|thumb|''[[Badamia exclamationis]]'']]
[[File:Parnara bada 03144.jpg|thumb|''[[Parnara bada]]'']]

=== Hesperiidae ===

* ''[[Aeromachus dubius]]'' – dingy scrub hopper
* ''[[Ampittia dioscorides|Ampittia dioscoroides]]'' – common bush hopper
* ''[[Badamia exclamationis]]'' – brown awl
* ''[[Baoris farri]]'' – paintbrush swift<ref>{{Cite web |last=jimmycarterpolimati |title=Paintbrush Swift (''Baoris farri'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/263042167' |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Borbo cinnara]]'' – rice swift
* ''[[Abaratha agama|Caprona agama]]'' – spotted angle
* ''[[Abaratha ransonnetii|Caprona ransonnettii]]'' – golden angle
* ''[[Celaenorrhinus leucocera]]'' – common spotted flat
* ''[[Celaenorrhinus ambareesa]]'' – Malabar spotted flat
* ''[[Coladenia indrani]]'' – tricolour pied flat
* ''[[Gangara thyrsis]]'' – giant redeye
* ''[[Gomalia elma]]'' – green-marbled skipper
* ''[[Halpe porus]]'' – Moore's ace
* ''[[Hasora badra]]'' – common awl
* ''[[Hasora chromus]]'' – common banded awl
* ''[[Iambrix salsala]]'' – chestnut bob
* ''[[Matapa aria]]'' – common redeye
* ''[[Notocrypta curvifascia]]'' – restricted demon
* ''[[Notocrypta paralysos]]'' – common banded demon
* ''[[Parnara bada]]'' – oriental straight swift<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mitul and Vijul |date=2025-05-02 |title=Oriental Straight Swift (''Parnara bada'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/277689065 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Parnara ganga]]'' – continental swift
* ''[[Pelopidas agna]]'' – little branded swift<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ladin |first=Osama |date=2023-04-23 |title=Little Branded Swift (''Pelopidas agna'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/156174643 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Pelopidas conjuncta]]'' – conjoined swift
* ''[[Pelopidas mathias]]'' – small branded swift
* ''[[Pelopidas subochracea]]'' – large branded swift
* ''[[Potanthus pseudomaesa]]'' – Indian dart<ref>{{Cite web |last=jimmycarterpolimati |date=2025-02-25 |title=Indian Dart (''Potanthus pseudomaesa'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/263041694 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Pseudocoladenia dan]]'' – fulvous pied flat
* ''[[Spialia galba]]'' – Asian grizzled skipper
* ''[[Suastus gremius]]'' – Indian palm bob
* ''[[Tagiades gana]]'' – suffused snow flat<ref>{{Cite web |last=jimmycarterpolimati |date=2025-02-25 |title=Suffused Snow Flat (''Tagiades gana'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/263041891 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Tapena thwaitesi]]'' – black angle
* ''[[Telicota bambusae]]'' – dark palm dart
* [[Grass demon|''Udaspes folus'']] – grass demon
[[File:Akasinula akasa.jpg|thumb|''[[Udara akasa]]'']]
[[File:African Babul Blue (Azanus jesous).jpg|thumb|''[[Azanus jesous]]'']]
[[File:Lime Blue Chilades laius by kadavoor.JPG|thumb|''[[Chilades lajus]]'']]
[[File:Red Pierrot 03377.jpg|thumb|''[[Talicada nyseus]]'']]

=== Lycaenidae ===

* ''[[Acytolepis puspa]]'' – common hedge blue
* ''[[Amblypodia anita]]'' – purple leaf blue
* ''[[Anthene emolus]]'' – common ciliate blue
* ''[[Anthene lycaenina]]'' – pointed ciliate blue
* ''[[Arhopala amantes]]'' – large oakblue
* ''[[Arhopala centaurus]]'' – dull oakblue
* ''[[Azanus jesous]]'' – African babul blue
* ''[[Azanus ubaldus]]'' – bright babul blue
* ''[[Azanus uranus]]'' – dull babul blue
* ''[[Caleta decidia]]'' – angled Pierrot
* ''[[Caleta elna]]'' – elbowed Pierrot
* ''[[Castalius rosimon]]'' – common Pierrot
* ''[[Catochrysops strabo]]'' – forget-me-not
* ''[[Chilades lajus]]'' – lime blue
* ''[[Chilades parrhasius]]'' – small Cupid
* ''[[Cigaritis elima]]'' – scarce shot silverline
* ''[[Cigaritis ictis]]'' – common shot silverline
* ''[[Cigaritis schistacea]]'' – plumbeous silverline
* ''[[Cigaritis vulcanus]]'' – common silverline
* ''[[Chilades lajus]]'' – lime blue
* ''[[Chilades parrhasius]]'' – small Cupid
* ''[[Curetis acuta]]'' – angled sunbeam
* ''[[Curetis thetis]]'' – Indian sunbeam
* ''[[Discolampa ethion]]'' – banded blue Pierrot
* ''[[Euchrysops cnejus]]'' – gram blue
* ''[[Everes lacturnus]]'' – orange-tipped peablue<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Shaik |date=2023-05-03 |title=Orange-tipped Pea-blue (''Everes lacturnus'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/159412772 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Freyeria putli]]'' – jewelled grass-blue
* ''[[Freyeria trochylus]]'' – grass jewel<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Pradyut |date=2024-02-24 |title=Grass Jewel (''Freyeria trochylus'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200245183 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Jamides alecto]]'' – metallic cerulean
* ''[[Jamides bochus]]'' – dark cerulean
* ''[[Jamides celeno]]'' – common cerulean
* ''[[Lampides boeticus]]'' – peablue
* ''[[Leptotes plinius]]'' – zebra blue
* ''[[Loxura atymnus|Loxura atmynus]]'' – common yamfly
* ''[[Luthrodes pandava]]'' – plains Cupid
* ''[[Megisba malaya]]'' – Malayan<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Kunaparaju Shanmukh |date=2022-02-09 |title=Malayan (''Megisba malaya'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/106428290 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Petrelaea dana]]'' – dingy lineblue
* ''[[Prosotas dubiosa]]'' – tailless lineblue
* ''[[Prosotas nora]]'' – common lineblue
* ''[[Prosotas noreia]]'' – white-tipped lineblue
* ''[[Pseudozizeeria maha]]'' – pale grass blue
* ''[[Rapala iarbus]]'' – common red flash
* ''[[Rapala varuna]]'' – indigo flash
* ''[[Rathinda|Rathinda amor]]'' – monkey puzzle
* ''[[Spalgis epius]]'' – apefly
* ''[[Tajuria cippus]]'' – peacock royal
* ''[[Tajuria jehana]]'' – plains blue royal
* ''[[Talicada nyseus]]'' – red Pierrot
* ''[[Tarucus balkanicus|Tarucus balkanica]]'' – little tiger Pierrot
* ''[[Tarucus nara]]'' – spotted Pierrot
* ''[[Udara akasa]]'' – white hedge blue
* ''[[Deudorix isocrates|Virachola isocrates]]'' – common guava blue
* ''[[Deudorix perse|Virachola perse]]'' – large guava blue
* ''[[Zinaspa todara]]'' – silver-streaked acacia blue
* ''[[Zizeeria karsandra]]'' – dark grass blue
* ''[[Zizina otis]]'' – lesser grass blue
* ''[[Zizula hylax]]'' – tiny grass blue
[[File:Open wing basking position of Ariadne merione (Cramer,1777) - Common Castor.jpg|thumb|''[[Ariadne merione]]'']]
[[File:Common joker (Byblia ilithyia) male, Semliki Wildlife Reserve.jpg|thumb|''[[Byblia ilithyia]]'']]
[[File:Plain tiger (Danaus chrysippus chrysippus) male underside Phuket.jpg|thumb|''[[Danaus chrysippus]]'']]
[[File:Melanitis leda-Kadavoor-2017-04-26-001.jpg|thumb|''[[Melanitis leda]]'']]
[[File:Junonia orithya-Thekkady-2016-12-03-001.jpg|thumb|''[[Junonia orithya]]'']]

=== Nymphalidae ===

* ''[[Acraea terpsicore]]'' – tawny coster
* ''[[Ariadne ariadne]]'' – angled castor
* ''[[Ariadne merione]]'' – common castor
* ''[[Athyma nefte|Athyma inara]]'' – colour sergeant
* ''[[Athyma perius]]'' – common sergeant
* ''[[Byblia ilithyia|Byblia ilithya]]'' – spotted joker
* ''[[Charaxes bernardus]]'' – tawny rajah
* ''[[Charaxes psaphon]]'' – plain tawny rajah
* ''[[Danaus chrysippus]]'' – plain tiger
* ''[[Danaus genutia]]'' – common tiger
* ''[[Elymnias hypermnestra]]'' – common palmfly
* ''[[Polyura dolon|Eriboea solon]]'' – black rajah
* ''[[Euploea core]]'' – common crow
* ''[[Euploea klugii]]'' – brown king crow<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shanker |first=Chitra |date=2022-09-20 |title=Brown King Crow (Subspecies ''Euploea klugii kollari'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/135800076 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Euploea mulciber]]'' – striped blue crow<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bogim |first=Swami |date=2024-08-19 |title=Striped Blue Crow (''Euploea mulciber'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/236705573 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Euploea sylvester]]'' – double-branded crow
* ''[[Euthalia aconthea]]'' – common baron
* ''[[Euthalia nais]]'' – baronet
* ''[[Hypolimnas bolina]]'' – great eggfly
* ''[[Hypolimnas misippus]]'' – danaid eggfly
* ''[[Junonia almana]]'' – peacock pansy
* ''[[Junonia atlites]]'' – grey pansy
* ''[[Junonia hierta]]'' – yellow pansy
* ''[[Junonia iphita]]'' – chocolate pansy
* ''[[Junonia lemonias]]'' – lemon pansy
* ''[[Junonia orithya]]'' – blue pansy
* ''[[Kallima inachus]]'' – orange oakleaf<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bogim |first=Swami |date=2024-08-19 |title=Orange Oakleaf (''Kallima inachus'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/236712638 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Lasippa viraja]]'' – yellowjack sailer
* ''[[Lethe europa]]'' – bamboo treebrown
* ''[[Lethe rohria]]'' – common treebrown
* ''[[Libythea laius]]'' – lobed beak<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiran |first=Sai |date=2022-09-22 |title=Lobed Beak (''Libythea laius'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/135993928 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Melanitis leda]]'' – common evening brown
* ''[[Melanitis phedima]]'' – dark evening brown
* ''[[Moduza procris]]'' – commander
* ''[[Mycalesis mineus]]'' – dark brand bushbrown
* ''[[Mycalesis perseus]]'' – dingy bushbrown
* ''[[Mycalesis subdita]]'' – Tamil bushbrown
* ''[[Neptis hylas]]'' – common sailer
* ''[[Neptis jumbah]]'' – chestnut-streaked sailer
* ''[[Orsotriaena medus]]'' – smooth-eyed bushbrown
* ''[[Pantoporia hordonia]]'' – common lascar
* ''[[Parantica aglea]]'' – glassy tiger
* ''[[Neptis columella|Phaedyma columella]]'' – short banded sailer
* ''[[Phalanta phalantha]]'' – common leopard
* ''[[Charaxes agrarius|Polyura agraria]]'' – anomalous nawab
* ''[[Polyura bharata]]'' – Indian nawab
* ''[[Symbrenthia lilaea]]'' – common jester<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gaini |first=Sailu |date=2020-09-19 |title=Common Jester (''Symbrenthia lilaea'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/60056502 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Tanaecia lepidea]]'' – grey count
* ''[[Tirumala limniace]]'' – blue tiger
* ''[[Tirumala septentrionis]]'' – dark blue tiger
* ''[[Vanessa cardui]]'' – painted lady
* ''[[Ypthima asterope]]'' – common threering
* ''[[Ypthima baldus]]'' – common fivering
* ''[[Ypthima huebneri]]'' – common fourring

== Moths ==
[[File:Psillogramma vates.jpg|thumb|''[[Psilogramma vates]]'']]

=== Bombycoidea ===

* ''[[Acherontia lachesis]]''
* ''[[Acherontia styx]]''
* ''[[Actias selene]]''
* ''[[Agrius convolvuli]]''
* ''[[Ambulyx moorei]]''
* ''[[Antheraea paphia]]''
* ''[[Bombyx mori]]'' (cultivated)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Achanta |first=Mamatha |date=2025-01-04 |title=Domesticated Silkmoth (''Bombyx mori'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/257323183 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Cephonodes hylas]]''
* ''[[Clanis phalaris]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandal |first=Manidip |date=2015-06-02 |title=''Clanis phalaris'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/1577180 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Daphnis nerii]]''
* ''[[Eupterote orientalis]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mitul and Vijul |date=2022-05-08 |title=''Eupterote orientalis'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/116074512 |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Eupterote undata]]''
* ''[[Hippotion boerhaviae]]''
* ''[[Hippotion celerio]]''
* ''[[Hippotion rosetta]]''
* ''[[Hyles livornica]]''
* ''[[Marumba dyras]]''
* ''[[Neogurelca hyas]]''
* ''[[Nephele hespera]]''
* ''[[Polyptychus dentatus]]''
* ''[[Psilogramma increta]]''
* ''[[Psilogramma vates]]''
* ''[[Theretra alecto]]''
* ''[[Theretra clotho]]''
* ''[[Theretra nessus]]''
* ''[[Theretra silhetensis]]''
* ''[[Trilocha varians]]''

=== Choreutoidea ===

* ''[[Choreutis orthogona|Choreutia orthogona]]''
* ''[[Choreutis sexfasciella|Choreutia sexfasciella]]''
* ''[[Brenthiinae]]'' spp.
[[File:Zeuzera coffeae (Cossidae) (5716810213).jpg|thumb|''[[Polyphagozerra coffeae]]'']]

=== Cossoidea ===

* ''[[Azygophleps pusilla]]''
* ''[[Indarbela quadrinotata]]''
* ''[[Phycodes radiata|Phykodes radiata]]''
* ''[[Polyphagozerra coffeae]]''
* ''[[Xyleutes persona]]''

=== Drepanoidea ===

* ''[[Cyclidia substigmaria]]''
[[File:Stathmopoda auriferella by Richard Fuller 03.jpg|thumb|''[[Stathmopoda auriferella]]'']]

=== Gelechioidea ===

* ''[[Heteralcis clavata|Alciphanes clavata]]''
* ''[[Ascalenia]]'' spp.
* ''[[Blastobasis]]'' spp.
* ''[[Deltophora]]'' spp.
* ''[[Dichomeris anisacuminata]]''
* ''[[Eretmocera]]'' spp.
* ''[[Faristenia]]'' spp.
* ''[[Homaloxestis]]'' spp.
* ''[[Labdia]]'' spp.
* ''[[Macrobathra]]'' spp.
* ''[[Mesophleps]]'' spp.
* ''[[Odites ricinella]]''
* ''[[Polyhymno]]'' spp.
* ''[[Promalactis]]'' spp.
* ''[[Psilocorsis]]'' spp.
* ''[[Stagmatophora argyrostrepta]]''
* ''[[Stathmopoda auriferella]]''
* ''[[Stegasta]]'' spp.
* ''[[Torodora iresia]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Pradyut |date=2024-03-19 |title=''Torodora iresia'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203071410 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
[[File:Biston suppressaria (7210404788).jpg|thumb|''[[Biston suppressaria]]'']]
[[File:Glaucoclystis acygonia - Mitul and Vijul Singh - 191232047.jpeg|thumb|''[[Glaucoclystis acygonia]]'']]
[[File:Scopula caesaria (Walker, 1861).jpg|thumb|''[[Scopula caesaria]]'']]

=== Geometroidea ===

* ''[[Achrosis]]'' spp.
* ''[[Agathia laetata]]''
* ''[[Anisephyra ocularia]]''
* ''[[Argyrocosma inductaria]]''
* ''[[Ascotis]]'' spp.
* ''[[Astygisa]]'' spp.
* ''[[Biston suppressaria]]''
* ''[[Chiasmia emersaria]]''
* ''[[Chiasmia fidoniata]]''
* ''[[Chiasmia nora]]'' [[Species complex|complex]]
* ''[[Chrysocraspeda faganaria]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tathagath |first=Swarochi |date=2021-09-18 |title=''Chrysocraspeda faganaria'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/95254496 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Cleora cornaria]]''
* ''[[Cleora injectaria]]''
* ''[[Comibaena]]'' spp.
* ''[[Comostola pyrrhogona]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=drkvijay2000 |date=2020-10-24 |title=''Comostola pyrrhogona'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/63374979 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Cyclothea]]'' spp.
* ''[[Derambila]]'' spp.
* ''[[Epiplema]]'' spp.
* ''[[Glaucoclystis acygonia]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mitul and Vijul |date=2022-04-28 |title=''Glaucoclystis acygonia'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/113178818 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Gonodontis]]'' spp.
* ''[[Hyperythra lutea]]''
* ''[[Hypomecis transcissa]]''
* ''[[Hyposidra talaca]]''
* ''[[Idaea amplipennis]]''
* ''[[Idaea chotaria]]''
* ''[[Idaea costiguttata]]''
* ''[[Idaea macrospila]]''
* ''[[Idaea violacearia]]''
* ''[[Idiochlora]]'' spp.
* ''[[Isturgia disputaria]]''
* ''[[Lophophleps phoenicoptera]]''
* ''[[Microloxia indecretata]]''
* ''[[Micronia aculeata]]''
* ''[[Ophthalmitis caritaria]]''
* ''[[Pelagodes]]'' spp.
* ''[[Petelia medardaria]]''
* ''[[Perixera illepidaria]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravarty |first=Rohan |date=2021-11-06 |title=''Perixera illepidaria'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/100406900 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Phaiogramma discessa]]''
* ''[[Phazaca theclata]]''
* ''[[Pingasa]]'' spp.
* ''[[Problepsis vulgaris]]''
* ''[[Psaliodes]]'' spp.
* ''[[Scardamia]]'' spp.
* ''[[Scopula addictaria]]''
* ''[[Scopula caesaria]]''
* ''[[Scopula emissaria]]''
* ''[[Scopula minorata]]''
* ''[[Scopula pulchellata]]'' complex
* ''[[Somatina anthophilata]]''
* ''[[Somatina omicraria]]''
* ''[[Synegiodes]]'' spp.
* ''[[Thalassodes]]'' spp.
* ''[[Traminda mundissima]]''
* ''[[Zamarada]]'' spp.
[[File:Phyllocnistis citrella adult.jpg|thumb|''[[Phyllocnistis citrella]]'']]

=== Gracillarioidea ===

* ''[[Acrocercops]]'' spp.
* ''[[Cameraria (moth)|Cameraria]]'' spp.
* ''[[Epicephala]]'' spp.
* ''[[Phyllocnistis citrella]]''
* ''[[Stomphastis chalybacma]]''

=== Hyblaeoidea ===

* ''[[Hyblaea puera]]''

=== Immoidea ===

* ''[[Imma mylias]]''
[[File:Trabala vishnou - Rose Myrtle Lappet Moth at Makutta (2).jpg|thumb|''[[Trabala vishnou]]'']]

=== Lasiocampoidea ===

* ''[[Chilena similis]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kolli |first=Kobita Dass |date=2024-07-10 |title=Tribe Selenepherini |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/228372577 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Gastropacha]]'' spp.
* ''[[Metanastria]]'' spp.
* ''[[Streblote siva]]''
* ''[[Trabala vishnou]]''

=== Nepticuloidea ===

* ''[[Stigmella (moth)|Stigmella]]'' spp.
* ''[[Pseudopostega]]'' spp.
[[File:Audea stenophaea (Hampson, 1913) female in Hyderabad, India.png|thumb|''[[Audea stenophaea]]'']]
[[File:Artaxa guttata.jpg|thumb|''[[Artaxa guttata]]'']]
[[File:Amata passalis-wasp moth.jpg|thumb|''[[Amata passalis]]'']]
[[File:Perina nuda (24540556315).jpg|thumb|''[[Perina nuda]]'']]
[[File:Lily moth Adult Up Polytela gloriosae (29856335143).jpg|thumb|''[[Polytela gloriosae]]'']]
[[File:Spirama retorta - Indian Owlet moth.jpg|thumb|''[[Spirama retorta]]'']]
[[File:Grammodes geometrica in Japan.jpg|thumb|''[[Grammodes geometrica]]'']]
[[File:Mocis undata.jpg|thumb|''[[Mocis undata]]'']]
[[File:Aedia leucomelas.jpg|thumb|''[[Aedia leucomelas]]'']]
[[File:Cyana peregrina.jpg|thumb|''[[Cyana peregrina]]'']]
[[File:Spodoptera litura 3.jpg|thumb|''[[Spodoptera litura]]'']]

=== Noctuoidea ===

* ''[[Acantholipes circumdata]]''
* ''[[Acantholipes trajecta]]''
* ''[[Achaea janata]]''
* ''[[Achaea serva]]''
* ''[[Acontia marmoralis]]''
* ''[[Adisura marginalis]]''
* ''[[Aedia leucomelas]]''
* ''[[Afrasura]]'' spp.
* ''[[Aegocera venulia]]''
* ''[[Aiteta]]'' spp.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Kunaparaju Shanmukh |date=2022-10-03 |title=Genus ''Aiteta'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/137445239 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Aloa lactinea]]''
* ''[[Amata cyssea]]''
* ''[[Amata passalis]]''
* ''[[Amerila astreus]]''
* ''[[Amyna]]'' spp.
* ''[[Anachrostis]]'' spp.
* ''[[Anomis]]'' spp.
* ''[[Antheua servula]]''
* ''[[Anticarsia irrorata]]''
* ''[[Anuga]]'' spp.
* ''[[Araeopteron]]'' spp.
* ''[[Argina astrea]]''
* ''[[Artaxa guttata]]''
* ''[[Artena dotata]]''
* ''[[Asota caricae]]''
* ''[[Asota ficus]]''
* ''[[Asota producta]]''
* ''[[Oruza divisa|Ataboruza divisa]]''
* ''[[Ataboruza stragulata]]''
* ''[[Athetis bremusa]]''
* ''[[Attatha ino]]''
* ''[[Audea stenophaea]]''
* ''[[Avatha bubo]]''
* ''[[Axylia]]'' spp.
* ''[[Bamra mundata]]''
* ''[[Bastilla crameri]]''
* ''[[Bastilla properata]]''
* ''[[Bastilla simillima]]''
* ''[[Blasticorhinus rivulosa]]''
* ''[[Blenina]]'' spp.
* ''[[Brevipecten captata]]''
* ''[[Brevipecten consanguis]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mitul and Vijul |date=2025-06-15 |title=''Brevipecten consanguis'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/289730394 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Britha biguttata]]''
* ''[[Brunia antica]]''
* ''[[Callopistria maillardi]]''
* ''[[Callyna]]'' spp.
* ''[[Carea angulata]]''
* ''[[Catephia linteola]]''
* ''[[Cerynea punctilinealis]]''
* ''[[Ceryx diptera]]''
* ''[[Condica illecta]]''
* ''[[Chalciope mygdon]]''
* ''[[Chasmina candida]]''
* ''[[Chlumetia transversa]]''
* ''[[Chrysodeixis eriosoma]]''
* ''[[Corgatha dictaria]]''
* ''[[Creatonotos gangis]]'' complex
* ''[[Cretonia]]'' spp.
* ''[[Cryphia]]'' spp.
* ''[[Culasta indecisa]]''
* ''[[Cyana peregrina]]''
* ''[[Cyana puella]]''
* ''[[Dichromia sagitta]]''
* ''[[Dierna patibulum]]''
* ''[[Dysgonia stuposa]]''
* ''[[Dysgonia torrida]]''
* ''[[Earias insulana]]''
* ''[[Earias vittella]]''
* ''[[Egnasia ephyrodalis]]''
* ''[[Eligma narcissus]]''
* ''[[Elusa (moth)|Elusa]]'' spp.
* ''[[Micraeschus rosellus|Enispa rosellus]]''
* ''[[Entomogramma fautrix]]''
* ''[[Entomogramma mediocris]]''
* ''[[Episparis liturata]]''
* ''[[Episteme adulatrix]]''
* ''[[Ercheia]]'' spp.
* ''[[Erebus hieroglyphica]]''
* ''[[Erebus macrops]]''
* ''[[Eressa confinis]]''
* ''[[Ericeia inangulata]]''
* ''[[Etanna]]'' spp.
* ''[[Eublemma anachoresis|Eublemma accedens]]''
* ''[[Eublemma baccalix]]''
* ''[[Eublemma rivula]]''
* ''[[Eublemma roseana]]''
* ''[[Eublemma semirufa]]''
* ''[[Eudocima homaena]]''
* ''[[Eudocima materna]]''
* ''[[Eudocima phalonia]]''
* ''[[Eudocima salaminia]]''
* ''[[Euproctis cervina]]''
* ''[[Euproctis lunata]]''
* ''[[Eustrotia marginata]]''
* ''[[Evonima plagiola]]''
* ''[[Garella (moth)|Garella]]'' spp.
* ''[[Gesonia obeditalis]]''
* ''[[Goniocraspedon]]'' spp.
* ''[[Grammodes geometrica]]''
* ''[[Helicoverpa armigera]]''
* ''[[Helicoverpa assulta]]''
* ''[[Heliothis peltigera]]''
* ''[[Hipoepa]]'' spp.
* ''[[Homaea clathrum]]''
* ''[[Hulodes caranea]]''
* ''[[Hydrillodes lentalis]]''
* ''[[Hypena lacerates]]''
* ''[[Hypena simplicalis]]''
* ''[[Hypocala deflorata]]''
* ''[[Hypocala subsatura]]''
* ''[[Hypopyra meridionalis]]''
* ''[[Hypopyra vespertilio]]''
* ''[[Hypospila bolinoides]]''
* ''[[Ischyja manlia]]''
* ''[[Kamalia kandyia]]''
* ''[[Lacera]]'' spp.
* ''[[Leucania loreyi]]''
* ''[[Lophoptera hemithyris]]''
* ''[[Lygniodes]]'' spp.
* ''[[Lymantria ampla]]''
* ''[[Lymantria detersa]]''
* ''[[Lymantria fuliginosa]]''
* ''[[Lymantria grandis]]''
* ''[[Lymantria nussi]]''
* ''[[Macrobrochis gigas]]''
* ''[[Maliattha separata]]''
* ''[[Maliattha signifera]]''
* ''[[Manoba]]'' spp.
* ''[[Micraloa]]'' spp.
* ''[[Miltochrista arcuata]]''
* ''[[Miltochrista floccosa]]''
* ''[[Miltochrista semifascia]]''
* ''[[Mocis frugalis]]''
* ''[[Mocis undata]]''
* ''[[Mythimna languida]]''
* ''[[Naarda]]'' spp.
* ''[[Nanola basalactifera]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bais |first=Rajiv K. Singh |date=2025-01-05 |title=''Nanola basalactifera'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/257474697 |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Nepita conferta]]''
* ''[[Nodaria externalis]]''
* ''[[Nola pascua]]''
* ''[[Nola taeniata]]''
* ''[[Notodontella tenebrosa]]''
* ''[[Nyctemera lacticinia]]''
* ''[[Nygmia icilia]]''
* ''[[Oeonistis entella]]''
* ''[[Olene mendosa]]''
* ''[[Olepa]]'' spp.
* ''[[Ophiusa mejanesi]]''
* ''[[Ophiusa tirhaca]]''
* ''[[Oraesia emarginata]]''
* ''[[Orgyia postica]]''
* ''[[Orvasca subnotata]]''
* ''[[Ozarba]]'' spp.
* ''[[Pandesma anysa]]''
* ''[[Pandesma robusta]]''
* ''[[Pandesma quenavadi]]''
* ''[[Paracrama latimargo]]''
* ''[[Pataeta carbo]]''
* ''[[Penicillaria jocosatrix]]''
* ''[[Pericyma cruegeri]]''
* ''[[Perina nuda]]''
* ''[[Phalera grotei]]''
* ''[[Plecoptera]]'' spp.
* ''[[Plotheia (moth)|Plotheia]]'' spp.
* ''[[Plusiopalpa adrasta]]''
* ''[[Polydesma boarmoides]]''
* ''[[Polydesma umbricola]]''
* ''[[Polytela gloriosae]]''
* ''[[Psalis pennatula]]''
* ''[[Pseudozarba]]'' spp.
* ''[[Rajendra (moth)|Rajendra]]'' spp.
* ''[[Rhesala moestalis]]''
* ''[[Risoba obstructa]]''
* ''[[Rivula inconspicua]]''
* ''[[Schistophleps pentoveinlata]]''
* ''[[Selepa]]'' spp.
* ''[[Serrodes campana]]''
* ''[[Serrodes partita]]''
* ''[[Sesamia inferens]]''
* ''[[Siccia caffra]]''
* ''[[Siccia guttulosana]]''
* ''[[Aemene taprobanis|Siccia taprobanis]]''
* ''[[Simplicia (moth)|Simplicia]]'' spp.
* ''[[Sommeria hearseyana]]''
* ''[[Sphingomorpha chlorea]]''
* ''[[Sphrageidus]]'' spp.
* ''[[Spirama helicina]]''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kalawate |first=Aparna |date=May 2021 |title=Current Status of Faunal Diversity in Telangana |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351546459_Lepidoptera_Moths_Telangana |journal=[[Zoological Survey of India]]}}</ref>
* ''[[Spirama indenta]]''
* ''[[Spirama retorta]]''
* ''[[Spodoptera cilium]]''
* ''[[Fall armyworm|Spodoptera frugiperda]]''
* ''[[Spodoptera litura]]''
* ''[[Spodoptera mauritia]]''
* ''[[Spodoptera pecten]]''
* ''[[Syntomoides imaon]]''
* ''[[Targalla delatrix]]''
* ''[[Thyas coronata]]''
* ''[[Turnaca]]'' spp.
* ''[[Thysanoplusia orichalcea]]''
* ''[[Cabbage looper|Trichoplusia ni]]''
* ''[[Trigonodes hyppasia]]''
* ''[[Utetheisa lotrix]]''
* ''[[Utetheisa pulchelloides]]''
* ''[[Westermannia]]'' spp.
* ''[[Xanthodes albago]]''
* ''[[Zurobata vacillans]]''

=== Pterophoroidea ===

* ''[[Exelastis pumilio]]''
* ''[[Hellinsia]]'' spp.
* ''[[Lantanophaga pusillidactyla]]''
* ''[[Megalorhipida leucodactyla|Megalorhipida leucodactylus]]''
* ''[[Sphenarches anisodactylus]]''
[[File:Achyra coelatalis.jpg|thumb|''[[Achyra coelatalis]]'']]
[[File:- 5170 – Spoladea recurvalis – Hawaiian Beet Webworm Moth (43832359815).jpg|thumb|''[[Spoladea recurvalis]]'']]
[[File:Pygospila tyres.JPG|thumb|''[[Pygospila tyres]]'']]
[[File:Herpetogramma licarsisalis (15871884091).jpg|thumb|''[[Herpetogramma licarsisalis]]'']]
[[File:Moth- Paraponyx stagnalis ? (48665845101).jpg|thumb|''[[Parapoynx stagnalis]]'']]
[[File:Mung bean moth (Maruca vitrata).jpg|thumb|''[[Maruca vitrata]]'']]

=== Pyraloidea ===

* ''[[Achyra coelatalis]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mitul and Vijul |date=2025-06-14 |title=Graded Brown Pearl (''Achyra coelatalis'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/289442397 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Achyra nudalis]]''
* ''[[Agassiziella]]'' spp.
* ''[[Agathodes ostentalis]]''
* ''[[Agrotera basinotata]]''
* ''[[Aphomia cephalonica]]''
* ''[[Arippara]]'' spp.
* ''[[Autocharis fessalis]]''
* ''[[Bradina admixtalis]]''
* ''[[Botyodes asialis]]''
* ''[[Chabula acamasalis]]''
* ''[[Chabulina onychinalis]]''
* ''[[Chilo (moth)|Chilo]]'' spp.
* ''[[Cirrhochrista brizoalis]]''
* ''[[Cnaphalocrocis medinalis]]''
* ''[[Cnaphalocrocis rutilalis]]''
* ''[[Crocidolomia pavonana]]''
* ''[[Conogethes punctiferalis]]''
* ''[[Culladia hastiferalis]]''
* ''[[Cydalima laticostalis]]''
* ''[[Diaphania indica]]''
* ''[[Diasemia]]'' spp.
* ''[[Glyphodes negatalis|Dysallacta negatalis]]''
* ''[[Ecpyrrhorrhoe damastesalis]]''
* ''[[Ectomyelois ceratoniae]]''
* ''[[Elophila difflualis]]''
* ''[[Elophila melagynalis]]''
* ''[[Elophila scitalis]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vishnubhotla |first=Srivatsava |date=2024-08-23 |title=''Elophila scitalis'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/237462344 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Endocrossis flavibasalis]]''
* ''[[Endotricha mesenterialis]]''
* ''[[Endotricha repandalis]]''
* ''[[Endotricha ruminalis]]''
* ''[[Eoophyla sejunctalis]]''
* ''[[Epicrocis]]'' spp.
* ''[[Epipaschiinae]]''
* ''[[Epipagis peritalis]]''
* ''[[Etiella zinckenella]]''
* ''[[Euchromius ocellea]]''
* ''[[Euclasta (moth)|Euclasta]]'' spp.
* ''[[Eurrhyparodes bracteolalis]]''
* ''[[Glyphodes bivitralis]]''
* ''[[Heliothela]]'' spp.
* ''[[Hellula undalis]]''
* ''[[Herpetogramma basalis]]''
* ''[[Herpetogramma bipunctalis]]''
* ''[[Herpetogramma licarsisalis]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mitul and Vijul |date=2025-06-02 |title=Grass Webworm Moth (''Herpetogramma licarsisalis'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/286243257 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Hodebertia testalis]]''
* ''[[Hydriris ornatalis]]''
* ''[[Hymenia perspectalis]]''
* ''[[Ischnurges luteomarginalis]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Pradyut |date=2024-12-31 |title=''Ischnurges luteomarginalis'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/256843800 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Isocentris filalis]]''
* ''[[Lamoria]]'' spp.
* ''[[Leucinodes melanopalis]]''
* ''[[Leucinodes orbonalis]]''
* ''[[Loryma recusata]]''
* ''[[Marasmia poeyalis]]''
* ''[[Cnaphalocrocis trapezalis|Marasmia trapezalis]]''
* [[Maruca amboinalis|''Maruca amboinalis'']]
* ''[[Maruca vitrata]]''
* ''[[Metoeca|Metoeca foedalis]]''
* ''[[Nausinoe geometralis]]''
* ''[[Nausinoe perspectata]]''
* ''[[Niphopyralis]]'' spp.
* ''[[Noorda blitealis]]''
* ''[[Notarcha aurolinealis]]''
* ''[[Omiodes diemenalis]]''
* ''[[Omiodes indicata]]''
* ''[[Ostrinia furnacalis]]''
* ''[[Pachynoa sabelialis]]''
* ''[[Pagyda salvalis]]''
* ''[[Parapoynx diminutalis]]''
* ''[[Parapoynx fluctuosalis]]''
* ''[[Parapoynx stagnalis]]''
* ''[[Parotis pomonalis]]''
* ''[[Poliobotys|Poliobotys ablactalis]]''
* ''[[Pramadea lunalis]]''
* ''[[Ptychopseustis]]'' spp.
* ''[[Purpurata iopasalis]]''
* ''[[Pycnarmon cribrata]]''
* ''[[Pycnarmon virgatalis]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Pradyut |date=2023-12-03 |title=''Pycnarmon virgatalis'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/192891281 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Pygospila costiflexalis]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Pradyut |date=2024-10-02 |title=''Pygospila costiflexalis'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/245158872 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Pygospila tyres]]''
* ''[[Pyralis fumipennis]]''
* ''[[Pyralis manihotalis]]''
* ''[[Pyralis pictalis]]''
* ''[[Pyrausta phoenicealis]]''
* ''[[Pyrausta (moth)|Pyrausta]]'' spp. (undescribed species, close to ''[[Pyrausta signatalis|P. signatalis]]'')<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mitul and Vijul |date=2025-07-12 |title=Raspberry Pyrausta Moth (''Pyrausta signatalis'') |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/297201368 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Rehimena phrynealis]]''
* ''[[Sameodes cancellalis]]''
* ''[[Scirpophaga incertulas]]''
* ''[[Scirpophaga nivella]]''
* ''[[Spoladea recurvalis]]''
* ''[[Stemorrhages]]'' spp.
* ''[[Sufetula (moth)|Sufetula]]'' spp.
* ''[[Symmoracma minoralis]]''
* ''[[Synclera traducalis]]''
* ''[[Syngamia latimarginalis]]''
* ''[[Talanga sexpunctalis]]''
* ''[[Tatobotys biannulalis]]''
* ''[[Hendecasis duplifascialis|Trichophysetis duplifascialis]]''
* ''[[Ulopeza idyalis]]''
* ''[[Zitha torridalis]]''

=== Thyridoidea ===

* ''[[Banisia fenestrifera]]''
* ''[[Rhodoneura]]'' spp.
[[File:Phereoeca uterella.jpg|thumb|''[[Phereoeca uterella]]'']]

=== Tineoidea ===

* ''[[Eumeta variegata]]''
* ''[[Opogona flavofasciata]]''
* ''[[Phereoeca uterella]]''
* ''[[Tinea pellionella]]''
* ''[[Phaeoses]]'' spp.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tathagath |first=Swarochi |date=2023-04-14 |title=Genus ''Phaeoses'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/154787744 |access-date=2025-07-08 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>

=== Tortricoidea ===

* ''[[Archipini]]'' spp.
* ''[[Dudua]]'' spp.
* ''[[Lobesia]]'' spp.
* ''[[Loboschiza koenigiana]]''

=== Yponomeutoidea ===

* ''[[Atteva]]'' spp.
* ''[[Diamondback moth|Plutella xylostella]]''
* ''[[Ermine moth|Yponomeutidae]]'' spp.
[[File:Green Coat moth Parasa lepida Limacodidae (7171684632).jpg|thumb|245x245px|''[[Parasa lepida]]'']]

=== Zygaenoidea ===

* ''[[Altha (moth)|Altha]]'' spp.
* ''[[Anticrates]]'' spp.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shanker |first=Chitra |date=2024-07-31 |title=Genus ''Anticrates'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/232886621 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>
* ''[[Aphendala]]'' spp.
* ''[[Avatara aperiens]]''
* ''[[Griseothosea]]'' spp.
* ''[[Macroplectra]]'' spp.
* ''[[Narosa]]'' spp.
* ''[[Parasa lepida]]''
* ''[[Phauda flammans]]''
* ''[[Thyrassia subcordata]]''
* ''[[Trypanophora semihyalina]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=bandi |first=Raja |date=2021-08-08 |title=''Trypanophora semihyalina'' |url=https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/90389276 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=iNaturalist}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of Lepidoptera by location]]

Talakona

2026-03-01T03:48:17Z

Wmltusa: new article

{{Short description|Resort in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{sources|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}'''Talakona''' is situated in [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. It is a resort with waterfalls, dense forests and wildlife. Talakona waterfall is in [[Sri Venkateswara National Park]], [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. With a {{convert|270|ft|m}}-fall, Talakona is the highest waterfall in [[Andhra Pradesh]] state.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/07/23/stories/2002072300841700.htm AP shifts to Bio tourism]</ref> Talakona is also known for the Lord [[Siddheswara Swamy Temple]], which is located close to the waterfall.

==Location==
[[File:Andhra Pradesh - Landscapes from Andhra Pradesh, views from Indias South Central Railway (83).JPG|thumb|950px|center|Panoramic view of [[Sri Venkateswara National Park]] along the [[Eastern Ghats]] near Talakona]]
Talakona is located in [[Nerabailu]] village in [[Yerravaripalem]] Mandal of [[Tirupati district]].<ref name="fulcrum.in">[http://www.fulcrum.in/fulcrumin/Talakona.htm Talakona-Explore & experience the pristine nature]</ref> It is located {{convert|49|km|mi}} from [[Pileru]], {{convert|58|km|mi}} from [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]], {{convert|67.9|km|mi}} from [[Chittoor]], {{convert|127|km|mi}} from [[Vellore]], {{convert|220|km|mi}} from [[Chennai]], and {{convert|105|km|mi}} from Chittoor and {{convert|250|km|mi}} from [[Bangalore]].

Talakona is a resort with waterfalls, dense forests and wildlife. The area was declared a biosphere reserve in 1989 due to the presence of rich variety of flora and fauna.

== Etymology ==

Talakona means ''head hill'' in Telugu (''tala'' - head and ''kona'' - hill). However, Thalakona allegorically means "the head of the Seshachalam hills" as these mountains are believed to be the starting point of the [[Tirumala]] mountain ranges.<ref name="fulcrum.in"/>

==Flora and fauna==
The Talakona forests host rare and endangered species of animals like Slender Loris, Indian Giant Squirrel, Mouse Deer, Golden Gecko, Panther, Porcupine, Chital and Sambar. Endemic species like Red Sander, Cycas beddomeii and Enteda like giant plants are also found in this region. The forest is mostly covered with sandalwood trees with some medicinal plants.
<gallery class="center">
File:Tawny Coster (Acraea violae) on Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Porterweed) in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8420.jpg|Tawny Coster (Acraea violae) on Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (Porterweed) in Talakona forest
File:Habenaria roxburghii syn H platyphylla in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8591.jpg|Orchid- ''[[Habenaria roxburghii]]'' in Talakona forest, in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India
File:Rustic (Cupha erymanthis) in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8212.jpg|Rustic Butterfly in Talakona forest, in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India
File:Mushroom in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8540.jpg|Mushroom in Talakona forest
File:Small Grass Yellow (Eurema brigitta) in Talakona forest, AP W IMG 8305.jpg|Small Grass Yellow (Eurema brigitta) in Talakona forest
</gallery>

== Tourism ==
[[File:Talakona Waterfalls near Tirupati India.jpg|thumb|Waterfalls in Talakona]] The waters of Talakona are enriched with herbs and people believe that it has healing properties. A long and treacherous trekking route leads to the top of the hill, which can be reached by multiple paths. Talakona hills geographically is considered a part of the [[Eastern Ghats]].

There is a beautiful waterfall falling deep into the valley from a cliff on the upper reaches. According to the local residents, it is said that the origin of water is difficult to be traced out since an underground stream surfaces here.

There used to be a 240 meter long canopy rope walk, about 35 to 40 feet in height . There are number of trek routes in different categories of difficulty, giving an option for the visitor to choose their route.

In the area there is an ancient Siva temple which is flooded with devotees during Sivarathri festival. There are also deep caves scattered over the mountains where it is believed that sages meditate eternally. A stream flows near the canopy walk area where a bathing ghat is under construction.

Accommodation is also available in this dense forest,

==History of Talakona Temple==
The Temple at Talakona water falls is a Siva Temple known as the Siddheswara Swamy Temple. The deity is called as 'Siddheswara'. As per the Local people, the temple was built some 140 years ago. The sivalinga in the temple was brought from the ruined temple of Rayavaripalli, a village in Pulicherla Mandal, On olden days there was a custom that if any new temple is constructed, instead of making a new Siva Linga, can install old one which lies without Pooja in ruined Temples. Based on this custom the SIVA LINGA was brought from Rayavaripalli ruined temple. The relics of the ruined temple can be seen today also in the agricultural fields of Rayavaripalli. That field is called as " Lingaakaaram kaada kayya", till today, which means a piece of agricultural field near Siva Lingam.

Talakona is a popular tourist destination located in the Tirupati district of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is known for its scenic waterfalls and forests. Talakona was once part of the Tamil kingdom, which was one of the oldest and most powerful kingdoms in South India.

The Tamil kingdom was founded in the 3rd century BCE and reached its peak in the 10th century CE. During this time, the kingdom controlled a large territory that included present-day Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and parts of Andhra Pradesh. Talakona was a major agricultural and trade center during the Tamil kingdom.

The Tamil kingdom was ruled by a succession of powerful kings, including the Cholas, Pandyas, and Pallavas. These kings were great patrons of art and architecture, and they commissioned the construction of many temples and palaces. Talakona was one of the many sites that benefited from the Tamil kingdom's patronage.

In the 13th century CE, the Tamil kingdom was invaded by the Muslim Delhi Sultanate. The Delhi Sultanate conquered much of South India, including Talakona. The Delhi Sultanate ruled over Talakona for over two centuries, until it was overthrown by the Vijayanagara Empire in the 14th century CE.

==See also==
* [[List of waterfalls]]
* [[List of waterfalls in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Talakona}}

{{coord|13|48|42|N|79|12|56|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Eastern Ghats |state=expanded}}
{{Tirupati district}}

[[Category:Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Eastern Ghats]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Geography of Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of India]]

Thakurdas Jaiswal

2026-02-17T21:47:27Z

Wmltusa: new a info.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}

'''Raja Rai Bahadur Thakurdas Jaiswal''' was an Indian landlord ''[[raja]]'' and businessman from the royal family of Jamalpur. He was a nationalist who contributed in the freedom movement.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-10-01 |title=The Ford that drove Gandhi a big draw for grooms |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-ford-that-drove-gandhi-a-big-draw-for-grooms/story-w7PMzgqqHNCKwTJL7ASDoJ.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250214191446/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-ford-that-drove-gandhi-a-big-draw-for-grooms/story-w7PMzgqqHNCKwTJL7ASDoJ.html |archive-date=14 February 2025 |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-02-01 |title=The Red Ford that Mahatma rode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/The-Red-Ford-that-Mahatma-rode/articleshow/18280275.cms |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-08 |title=Jaiswals' 1936 vintage car set to hit road again |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/jaiswals-1936-vintage-car-set-to-hit-road-again/story-AEYw6hsHV28fY9elXOTk2J.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213154024/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/jaiswals-1936-vintage-car-set-to-hit-road-again/story-AEYw6hsHV28fY9elXOTk2J.html |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He migrated to Ranchi from [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He finished his education from Allahabad University earning a gold medal. His son Rai Sahib Laxmi Narayan grew the business, which allowed him, in 1922, to become the first Indian to own a [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] car that carried Mahatma Gandhi from Ranchi to Ramgarh for the Ramgarh Congress convention in 1940. It later conveyed Indian Presidents [[Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Hussain]]. Now, their friends continue to use it for marriage processions.

Rai Sahib's son Sheo Narain Jaiswal was the first mayor and chairman of Ranchi municipality (1962–76). His grandson [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Kashi Vidyapeeth]] [[Rajaram Shastri]] was awarded by [[Padma Vibhushan|Padma Vibhusan]] and was a Member of Parliament from Varanasi.The Scion of the royal family Aditya Vikram Jaiswal was the State President of Aipc Jharkhand has joined the BJP.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharan |first=V. P. |date=2020-10-05 |title=Ranchi family preserves the room and the car Gandhi Ji used for a day |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/ranchi-family-preserves-the-room-and-the-car-gandhi-ji-used-for-a-day |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Royal Family of Jamalpur ==
He was a member of the erstwhile royal family of Jamalpur. During [[British raj|British rule]], Jamalpur family became [[wine merchant|wine-merchants]] and excelled in various businesses. Many senior political leaders from the region who also fought for [[Indian independence movement]] belonged to his family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranchi |first=PNS |date=2016-10-08 |title=Jamalpur Royal Jaiswal Family Member Aditya BJP |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/ranchi/aditya-v-jaiswal-made-pcc-secy.html |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=www.dailypioneer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-04-23 |title=High time to make most of mahua |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/High-time-to-make-most-of-mahua/articleshow/19687715.cms |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Case: Request for Inclusion of Kalwar, Kalal, Kalar, Jaiswal, in the Centrai List of Backward classes for U.P. |url=https://ncbc.nic.in/Writereaddata/addup44.pdf |url-status= |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=National Commission for Backward Classes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=First Ranchi Mayor, veteran Cong leader passes away |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/first-ranchi-mayor--veteran-cong-leader-passes-away.html |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> They are also known for their collection of vintage cars.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-02-01 |title=Liquor merchant's passion for vintage cars |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Liquor-merchants-passion-for-vintage-cars/articleshow/18280257.cms |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During freedom movement, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] stayed at their place and travelled in one of their cars. The room and car used by Gandhi are still preserved in his memory.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sharan |first=V. P. |date=2020-10-05 |title=Ranchi family preserves the room and the car Gandhi Ji used for a day |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/ranchi-family-preserves-the-room-and-the-car-gandhi-ji-used-for-a-day |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He was given various names out of respect, including "shellac king of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh." He contributed towards the freedom movement by donating money. He donated lands to tribal people. Shri Rai Sahib turned down the title of [[Raja Sahib|Raja Saheb]] by the British government following [[Gandhiji]]’s advice in 1938. Shri Rai Bahadur was an industrial advisor to the government before independence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murty |first=B Vijay |date=2011-10-01 |title=The Ford that drove Gandhi a big draw for grooms |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-ford-that-drove-gandhi-a-big-draw-for-grooms/story-w7PMzgqqHNCKwTJL7ASDoJ.html |access-date=2025-02-17 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The Jaiswal family is a traditional Congress supporter. Many family ancestors were leaders of the party.

In 18th century, the British government identified the potential of ''[[Madhuca longifolia]]'' and helped the Jaiswal family to open Ranchi distillery, the first in India, in 1875.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Jaiswal performs worship of Goddess at ancestral Temple |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2023/state-editions/jaiswal-performs-worship-of-goddess-at-ancestral-temple.html |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:People from Ranchi]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian landlords]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]

Nirbhay

2026-02-13T15:05:39Z

Wmltusa: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian subsonic cruise missile in limited service and further development}}
{{for|the 1996 film|Nirbhay (film)}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = ''Nirbhay''
| image = Nirbhay missile test on 15 April 2019 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Nirbhay cruise missile launched on 15 April 2019
| type = Long-range, all-weather, subsonic [[cruise missile]]<ref name=Rusnavy>{{cite news|title=India to Test Nirbhay Cruise Missile in 2012|url=http://rusnavy.com/news/othernavies/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=13620|access-date=10 March 2012|newspaper=Rusnavy|date=November 2011}}</ref><ref name="cri.cn">{{cite web|url=http://english.cri.cn/6966/2010/04/11/2021s562399.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709032113/http://english.cri.cn/6966/2010/04/11/2021s562399.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 9, 2012|title=India Develops Sub-sonic Stealth Cruise Missile|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> <br> [[Surface-to-surface missile]]
| service = Limited deployment
| length = {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| diameter = {{convert|0.52|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| is_missile = yes
| origin = India
| used_by = [[Strategic Forces Command]] <br/> [[Indian Army]] <br/> [[Indian Air Force]] <br/> [[Indian Navy]]
| designer = [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]]
| manufacturer = [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]
| unit_cost =
| production_date =
| propellant = '''First stage:''' [[Solid fuel]] <br/>'''Second stage:''' [[Liquid fuel]]
| engine = '''First stage:''' [[Solid rocket booster]] <br/>'''Second stage:'''
* [[Turbojet]] (for few initial tests)<ref>{{cite web |title=Nirbhay |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/nirbhay/ |website=Missile Threat |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=11 August 2021}}</ref>
* [[Turbofan]] - [[Gas_Turbine_Research_Establishment#Manik_engine|GTRE Manik]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Engine and Accessories |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/engine-and-accessories |website=DRDO |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref>
| variants = ITCM <br/> SLCM <br/> LR-LACM
| weight = {{convert|1500|kg}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rout |first1=Hemant Kumar |title=3rd-time unlucky Nirbhay to try luck once more |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2016/may/11/3rd-time-unlucky-nirbhay-to-try-luck-once-more-902448.html |access-date=22 November 2021 |agency=ENS |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=11 May 2016}}</ref>
| wingspan = {{convert|2.7|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| range = 1500 km
| speed = 0.9 [[Mach number|Mach]]<ref name="et1"/><ref name="Defence Now">{{cite news |title=India to Test 'Nirbhay Cruise Missile, Develop Agni-V Variant with Multiple Warhead Capabilities |url=http://www.defencenow.com/news/680/india-to-test-nirbhay-cruise-missile-develop-agni-v-variant-with-mutliple-warhead-capabilities.html |publisher=Defence Now |access-date=28 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213324/http://www.defencenow.com/news/680/india-to-test-nirbhay-cruise-missile-develop-agni-v-variant-with-mutliple-warhead-capabilities.html |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| vehicle_range = up to {{convert|1500|km|mi|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nirbhay-cruise-missile-test-fired-drdo-says-indigenous-engine-a-success-101628656458294.html|title = Nirbhay cruise missile test-fired; indigenous engine a success, say officials|date = 11 August 2021}}</ref>
| ceiling =
| altitude = {{cvt|50|m|ft}} to {{cvt|4|km|ft}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shishir |title=Nirbhay cruise missile test-fired; indigenous engine a success, say officials |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nirbhay-cruise-missile-test-fired-drdo-says-indigenous-engine-a-success-101628656458294.html |access-date=18 January 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=11 August 2021}}</ref>
| filling = [[Conventional weapons|Conventional]] ([[Bunker buster|PCB]], [[blast fragmentation]])<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |title=Cruise Missile - Nirbhay |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nirbhay_DRDO.jpg |website=DRDO |date=26 July 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=120 mm Penetration Cum Blast (PCB) AND Thermobaric (TB) Ammunition For MBT Arjun |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/120-mm-penetration-cum-blast-pcb-and-thermobaric-tb-ammunition-mbt-arjun |website=DRDO |publisher=Ministry of Defence |access-date=26 July 2021}}</ref> or <br> [[Nuclear weapons|Nuclear]]
| filling_weight = 450 kg<ref>{{cite web |title=Nirbhay |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/nirbhay/ |website=Missile Threat |access-date=30 January 2026}}</ref>
| guidance = '''Mid-course:''' [[Ring laser gyroscope|RLG]]-[[Inertial navigation system|INS]] with [[Vibrating structure gyroscope|MEMS gyro]] + multi-[[GNSS]] <br/>'''Terminal:''' [[Active radar homing|ARH]] / [[Electro-optical sensor|EO]] / [[Imaging infrared|IIR]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=CSIS |title=Nirbhay |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/nirbhay/ |website=Missile Threat |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1 />
| detonation =
| launch_platform = [[transporter erector launcher|TEL]], [[Vertical launching system|VLS]] (Warships)<ref>{{cite news |title=DRDO conducts maiden flight-test of Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile off Odisha coast |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2072829 |access-date=5 December 2024 |agency=Ministry of Defence, Government of India. |publisher=Press Information Bureau |date=12 November 2024}}</ref>
| transport = [[Tata LPTA]] 5252 12×12 High Mobility Vehicle
}}

'''Nirbhay''' ({{Lit|Fearless}}) is a long range, all-weather, [[Cruise missile#Long-range subsonic|subsonic]], [[Surface-to-surface missile|surface-to-surface]] [[cruise missile]] designed and developed in [[India]] by the [[Aeronautical Development Establishment]] (ADE) which is under [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] (DRDO).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishnan M|first=Anantha|date=10 January 2021|title=ADE steps into new decade with planeloads of critical projects|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2021/01/09/ade-steps-into-new-decade-with-planeloads-of-critical-projects.html|access-date=2021-07-26|website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Rajat|date=8 November 2017|title=Nirbhay Missile: India successfully tests its first nuclear-capable cruise missile {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-successfully-tests-its-first-nuclear-capable-cruise-missile/articleshow/61550465.cms|access-date=2021-09-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The missile can be launched from multiple platforms and is capable of carrying conventional and nuclear warheads.

It is currently deployed in limited numbers on the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC) as part of [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|India's standoff with China]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Azam|first=Tanweer|date=2020-09-29|title=LAC standoff: India deploys long-range missile Nirbhay to tackle Chinese threat|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/lac-standoff-india-deploys-long-range-missile-nirbhay-to-tackle-chinese-threat-2313199.html|access-date=2020-09-29|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:Nirbhay missiles during Republic Day Parade 2018.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Nirbhay missiles mounted on a truck-based launcher, 2018]]
Nirbhay missiles are powered by a [[solid rocket booster]] for take off, which is developed by the [[Advanced Systems Laboratory]] (ASL). Upon reaching the required velocity and height, a [[turbofan]] engine in the missile takes over for further propulsion. The missile is guided by an [[inertial navigation system]] developed by the [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI) and a radio altimeter for the height determination.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Menon|first1=Jay|title=India To Fly Subsonic Cruise Missile|url=http://aviationweek.com/defense/india-fly-subsonic-cruise-missile|website=Aviation Week|publisher=AWIN First|date=25 January 2013|access-date=9 December 2017|archive-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210074805/http://aviationweek.com/defense/india-fly-subsonic-cruise-missile|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=9 January 2018|title=Long-range cruise missile 'Nirbhay' test-fired|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/longrange-cruise-missile-nirbhay-testfired/article9946323.ece|access-date=2021-09-30|website=Business Line|language=en}}</ref> The missile has a [[ring laser gyroscope]] (RLG) based guidance, control and navigation system. It also has a [[Microelectromechanical systems|microelectromechanical system]] ([[Vibrating structure gyroscope|MEMS]]) based [[inertial navigation system]] (INS) along with the [[Global Positioning System|GPS]]/[[NavIC]] system.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=173291|title=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref> The missile has a length of 6 metres, width of 0.52 metres, a wing span of 2.7 metres and weighs about 1500 kg. It has a range of about 1500 km and is capable of delivering 24 different types of warheads depending on mission requirements between 200 and 300 kg.<ref name="et1">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-test-fires-subsonic-cruise-missile-nirbhay/articleshow/61543937.cms|title=India test fires subsonic cruise missile 'Nirbhay'|date=2018-01-27|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-02-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/nuke-capable-nirbhay-cruise-missile-fails-again-flight-aborted/|title=Nuke-capable Nirbhay cruise missile fails again, flight aborted|date=2015-10-17|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2015-10-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph|first=Josy|date=21 July 2007|title=Nirbhay to beef up missile muscle|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1111269|access-date=1 October 2021|work=DNA India}}</ref>
The missile is claimed to have [[Sea skimming|sea-skimming]] and [[Loitering munition|loitering capability]], i.e., it can circle around a target and perform several manoeuvres and then re-engage it. It is also able to pick out a target and attack it among multiple targets.<ref name=The_hindu>{{cite news|last=T. S. Subramanian|title=Nirbhay likely to be test-fired in April|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2968219.ece|access-date=10 March 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=March 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> With two side wings, the missile is capable of flying at different altitudes ranging from 50 m to 4 km above the ground and can also fly at low altitudes (like low tree level) to avoid detection by enemy radar.<ref name="toi25j">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-25/india/36547436_1_cruise-missile-brahmos-km-range|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216070154/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-25/india/36547436_1_cruise-missile-brahmos-km-range|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|title=India to test subsonic cruise missile in February|date=25 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 January 2013}}</ref><ref name=hindd>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/09/stories/2008050955301300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513092221/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/09/stories/2008050955301300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2008|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=DRDO developing hypersonic missile|date=2008-05-09|access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref> It will eventually supplement the role played by the [[BrahMos]] missile for the Indian Armed Forces by delivering warheads farther than the 450 km range.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/brahmos-cruise-missile-range-to-increase-to-450km-drdo-chief/story-iJi2AKJBlEblDEyoxnLyKO.html|title=From 290 km to 450 km: India to soon test extended range BrahMos missile|date=15 February 2017|access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref>

After the design was finalized, the technology required for the missile was developed. It was integrated by [[Research and Development Establishment]] (Engineers), a specialized arm of DRDO.<ref name="hindd" /> [[Tata Motors]] has built the vehicle that is the carrier/launcher for the Nirbhay system and is based on a "high mobility, all-terrain and all-wheel drive [[Tata LPTA|Tata LPTA 5252]]-12×12 vehicle", developed in partnership with DRDO.<ref name="tmdv">{{cite web |title=Tata Motors' Defence Vehicles |url=http://tatamotors.com/pdf/defence-expo-2012-background-note.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525065100/http://tatamotors.com/pdf/defence-expo-2012-background-note.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2012 |access-date=19 January 2013 |work=DEFEXPO 2012 |publisher=Tata Motors}}</ref> The aerodynamic characterization research was conducted at the [[National Aerospace Laboratories]]' 1.2m Trisonic Wind Tunnel Facility.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-06 |title=Bengaluru: 1.2m trisonic wind tunnel at National Aerospace Laboratories completes 55 years of service |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bengaluru-12m-trisonic-wind-tunnel-at-national-aerospace-laboratories-completes-55-years-of-service20220606001500/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=ANI |language=en}}</ref>

=== Further development ===
DRDO announced the completion of the Nirbhay cruise missile development project on 6 February 2023 after completing six developmental trials. The next phase of tests will happen from April 2020 under the Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile (ITCM) programme. It will include [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment#Manik Engine|Small Turbo Fan Engine]] (STFE) developed by [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]] (GTRE) and a [[Active radar homing|radio-frequency (RF) seeker]] from [[Research Centre Imarat]] (RCI). A separate air-launched variant and submarine-launched variant is under active development.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India set to develop long range, land attack cruise missile|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/news/nation/2020/02/06/india-defexpo-long-range-land-attack-cruise-missile.html|access-date=2020-02-06|website=OnManorama|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dahlgren |first=Masao |date=2020-02-07 |title=India Reveals New Cruise, Antiship Missiles |url=https://missilethreat.csis.org/india-reveals-new-cruise-antiship-missiles/ |access-date=2023-12-24 |website=Missile Threat - Center for Strategic and International Studies Missile Defence Project |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="HT101681711263371">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nuke-triad-proven-india-to-build-conventional-missile-deterrent-101681711263371.html |title=Nuke triad proven, India to build conventional missile deterrent |author=Shishir Gupta |date=17 April 2023 |website=www.hindustantimes.com |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419114957/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nuke-triad-proven-india-to-build-conventional-missile-deterrent-101681711263371.html |archive-date=19 April 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Variants==

=== Base variant ===
The standard Nirbhay subsonic cruise missile is powered by a Russian [[NPO Saturn]] 36MT engine.

=== ITCM ===
The '''Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile''', abbreviated as '''ITCM''', is based on Nirbhay missile but uses locally developed [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment#Manik Engine|Small Turbo Fan Engine]] (STFE), also known as Manik Engine from [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]]. The ITCM is a technology demonstrator programme to validate the capability of STFE, upgraded radio frequency (RF) seekers, and other subsystems. The main objective of this programme to achieve 100% indigenous contents in the cruise missile.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cruise control: India accelerates development of tactical missiles |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/cruise-control-india-accelerates-development-of-tactical-missiles |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== LR-LACM ===
The '''Long Range-Land Attack Cruise Missile''', abbreviated as '''LR-LACM''', is a longer range variant of the Nirbhay with a range up to 1,500 km. As its primary user, the Indian Navy is collaborating with the Indian Air Force in design, development, and acquisition of LR-LACM systems and associated equipment. Upon completion of development, both branches of the military would operate this missile. It would be compatible with the Universal Vertical Launch Module (UVLM) cells used for [[BrahMos]] used by the Navy on frontline waships.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DefExpo: Indian Navy to get new cruise missile for land-attack missions |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/02/06/defexpo-indian-navy-to-get-new-cruise-missile-for-land-attack-missions.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8" /> It will weigh about one tonne, have a length of 6 m and diameter of 0.52 m. The missile is designed to have two tapering-chord fold-out wings with a span of 2.7 m. The missile would be equipped with [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment#Manik engine|Manik engine]], upgraded radio frequency (RF) seekers, and other subsystems.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=India approves AoN to acquire Long-Range Land Attack Cruise Missile |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/india-approves-aon-to-acquire-long-range-land-attack-cruise-missile |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) approved the procurement of the missile for the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force in February 2024 and November 2023 at the cost of {{INRConvert|4000|c|lk=on|year=2024}} and {{INRConvert|10000|c|lk=off|year=2024}}, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2024-11-17 |title=India Conducts Maiden Tests of Long Range Hypersonic and Subsonic Naval Missiles |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2024/11/india-conducts-maiden-tests-of-long-range-hypersonic-and-subsonic-naval-missiles/ |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Acceptance of Necessity for the missile project has been approved by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC), headed by the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]]. The project has gained Mission Mode status. The development-cum-production partners of the missile are [[Bharat Electronics]] and [[Bharat Dynamics Limited]]. The missile was first tested on 12 November 2024.<ref name=":8" />

=== Anti-ship variant ===
A report in early September 2024 suggested that a ship-launched [[Anti-ship missile|anti-ship variant]] of the LR-LACM would be tested within 12-18 months. The test will conducted from the Universal [[Vertical launching system|Vertical Launcher]] Module (UVLM), which was originally developed by [[BrahMos Aerospace]]-[[Larsen & Toubro|L&T]] for delivering [[BrahMos]] missiles from Indian Naval Ships.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DefExpo20 BrahMos Aerospace |url=https://brahmand.com/defexpo20/# |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=brahmand.com}}</ref> This integration will reduce the changes required onboard the variety of ships which is already fitted with these launch systems. The development has begun with the testing of ITCM system for its [[Sea skimming|sea-skimming]] capabilities in April 2024.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Indian Defence Research and Development Organisation to Develop Nirbhay Anti-Ship Naval Variant |url=https://militaryleak.com/2024/09/03/indian-defence-research-and-development-organisation-to-develop-nirbhay-anti-ship-naval-variant/ |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=militaryleak.com}}</ref>

=== SLCM ===
The '''Submarine Launched Cruise Missile''', abbreviated as '''SLCM''', is the [[Submarine-launched missile|submarine-launched]] variant designed to launch from [[Torpedo tube|torpedo tubes]] of submarines. It is a compact version of Nirbhay missile. It has a stated range of 500 km, with a length of 5.6 meter, diameter of {{Convert|505|mm|abbr=on}}, all up weight of 975 kg and Mach 0.7 speed. It would feature INS/GPS navigation, with an RF seeker for terminal guidance. There are plans to extend the missile's range to 800 km. During flight, SLCMs follow a low altitude trajectory. They skim close to the surface to stay out of the radar systems' altitude range. It comes with two variants: a ''Land attack cruise missile (LACM)'' and ''Anti-Ship Cruise Missile (ASCM)''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Adithya Krishna |date=2023-12-14 |title=India Focuses on Long Range Naval Missiles Development |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/12/india-focuses-on-long-range-naval-missiles-development/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> The [[warhead]] weight is reported to be around {{Convert|250|kg|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":9" />

It is intended to be equip the [[Project-75 (India) submarine acquisition project|Project-75 (I)]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-15 |title=India likely to test 500 km strike range submarine launched cruise missile in March |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-to-test-500-km-strike-range-submarine-launched-cruise-missile-in-march/articleshow/107717199.cms |access-date=2024-02-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[Project 76 submarine|Project 76 submarines]].<ref name=":9" /> The missile would be tested initially on [[Sindhughosh-class submarine|Sindhughosh-class submarines]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ritu |date=2024-02-25 |title=India Develops Its Own 'Rocket Force' Akin To China's PLARF; Aims To Counter Beijing's Asymmetric Edge |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/akin-to-chinas-plarf-india-is-developing-its-own-new/ |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=eurasiantimes.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The missile is under development trial stage<ref name=":3" /> and is expected to be delivered around 2028–29.<ref name=":9" />

== Testing ==
The first test flight of the missile was planned in October 2012,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mangalorean.com - Mangalore News Articles, Classifieds to Around the World |url=http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=48826 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206001710/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=local&newsid=48826 |archive-date=6 February 2012 |access-date=8 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Nirbhay' missile set for test-firing next month |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nirbhay-missile-set-for-test-firing-next-month/articleshow/16257102.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908180721/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-05/india/33615016_1_inter-continental-ballistic-missile-missile-project-stealth-missile |archive-date=8 September 2012 |access-date=8 October 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but the launch was postponed to December owing to the changes being made to the launcher. [[V. K. Saraswat]], Director General & Scientific Adviser of [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]], later said that the missile would be tested in February 2013. He said the delay was due to development of some processes. DRDO expected the missile to be ready for induction within 12 to 18 months after the February test.<ref name="toi25j" /><ref name="ec25j">{{cite news |date=25 January 2013 |title=India to launch sub-sonic missile, Nirbhay, next month: DRDO |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-to-launch-sub-sonic-missile-nirbhay-next-month-drdo/articleshow/18182021.cms |access-date=25 January 2013 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref name="toi19j">{{cite news |date=19 January 2013 |title=Nirbhay to be test-fired in February |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nirbhay-to-be-test-fired-in-February/articleshow/18082334.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063204/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-19/india/36431317_1_v-k-saraswat-long-range-cruise-missile-agni-iv |archive-date=16 February 2013 |access-date=19 January 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> There were unconfirmed media reports that the missile would be scrapped due to multiple test failures but it was then reported that the project has been given an 18-month extension, till June 2018, to fix all outstanding issues.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghuvanshi |first=Vivek |date=2017-05-25 |title=India Extends Homemade Missile Program Despite Failed Test |url=https://www.defensenews.com/naval/2017/01/11/india-extends-homemade-missile-program-despite-failed-test/ |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Aditya |date=2017-01-09 |title=Parrikar gives lifeline to Nirbhay missile team, project gets extension till June 2018 |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/parrikar-gives-lifeline-nirbhay-missile-team-project-gets-extension-till-june-2018-711588 |access-date=2021-09-30 |website=IB Times |language=en}}</ref> Nirbhay cruise missile has a single shot kill ratio of above 90 percent.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=2020-10-01 |title=India moves terrain-hugging Nirbhay missiles with 1,000-km range to defend LAC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-moves-terrain-hugging-nirbhay-missiles-with-1-000-km-range-to-defend-lac/story-yf5IrC1IhjVjbVv1aOJWSO.html |access-date=2021-07-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="4" |Date/Time
([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
!Variant
! rowspan="3" |Launch Site
! rowspan="2" |Duration
! rowspan="2" |Outcome
! rowspan="4" |Image
|-
! rowspan="2" |Operator
|-
!Range
!Function
|-
! colspan="4" |Details
|-
| rowspan="3" |12 MARCH 2013
|Nirbhay
| rowspan="2" |[[Integrated Test Range]]
|15 min
| class="table-success" style="background: #F2FF01; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " |Partial Success
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Nirbhay cruise missile.jpg|173x173px|First trial of Nirbhay Long Range Cruise Missile (LRCM) launched at [[Chandipur, Odisha|Chandipur]], [[Odisha]] on March 12, 2013.|alt=|left]]
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
|1500 km
|First test launch
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |The missile in its maiden flight was supposed to hit a static target situated 1500 km away in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Missile took off from the launch pad successfully and reached the second stage of propulsion, traveling 15 minutes through its envisaged path at a speed of 0.7 mach. After that it veered away from its trajectory forcing the command center to detach the engine from the missile midway into the flight. This was done to avoid the risk of the missile hitting the coastal areas. The missile was purposely destroyed in mid-flight.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mallikarjun |first1=Y. |last2=Subramanian |first2=T. S. |date=12 March 2013 |title=Nirbhay strays from flight path, aborted |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nirbhay-missile-flight-terminated-after-it-deviates-from-path/article4500527.ece |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The test was a partial success as the missile took off, reached the second stage of propulsion, and traveled 30% of its range and completed most of the mission objectives, before deviating from its path. DRDO has detected the problem which was a faulty inertial navigation system and corrected the same in subsequent tests.
|-
| rowspan="3" |17 OCT 2014
|Nirbhay
| rowspan="2" |[[Integrated Test Range]]
|1 hour and 10 minutes
| class="table-success" style="background: #9EFF9E; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " |Success
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Nirbhay_missile_test_on_17_October_2014.jpg|alt=|169x169px]]
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
|>1500 km
|Second test launch
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |(Initially scheduled for February–May 2014<ref>{{cite web |date=5 February 2014 |title=Second test of Nirbhay cruise missile in February |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/384620/second-test-nirbhay-cruise-missile.html |access-date=8 October 2015 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> but later delayed until October 2014 due to cyclone [[Cyclone Hudhud|Hudhud]])
The missile test met all the parameters & completed all 15 way-points. The missile was tracked with the help of ground-based radars and its health parameters were monitored by telemetry stations from DRDO's ITR and [[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment|LRDE]] (Electronics & Radar Development Establishment).<ref>{{cite news |date=17 October 2014 |title=India test-fires nuclear-capable Nirbhay cruise missile |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-test-fires-nuclear-capable-Nirbhay-cruise-missile/articleshow/44845526.cms |access-date=8 October 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> An Indian Air Force [[SEPECAT Jaguar]] chased the missile during its flight to capture the video of the flight.
|-
| rowspan="3" |16 OCT 2015
11:38 AM
|Nirbhay
| rowspan="2" |[[Integrated Test Range]]
|11 min
| class="table-success" style="background: #F06E69; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " |Failure
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
|128 km
|Third test launch
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |The missile was to be tested for its '''low flying capability'''. The missile in flight was supposed to be brought down from 4800 meters to 20 meters gradually and in stages. A [[Su-30MKI]] aircraft videotaped the flight.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Dr Anantha Krishnan |date=October 14, 2015 |title=OneIndia Special: Nirbhay missile set for critical low-altitude trial; Sukhoi to chase |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/nirbhay-missile-set-for-critical-low-altitude-trial-sukhoi-to-chase-oneindia-special-1898796.html |website=One India}}</ref> A press release by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] stated the missile was launched at 11:38 IST and all initial critical operations such as Booster ignition, Booster separation, Wing deployment and engine start were successfully executed and Nirbhay reached the desired Cruise Altitude.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=17 October 2015 |title=Flight of Nirbhay Missile Aborted after 700 Seconds of Launch |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/flight-of-nirbhay-missile-aborted-after-700-seconds-of-launch-115101601233_1.html |access-date=19 January 2024 |work=Business Standard}}</ref> Although the take off was successful after repeated disruptions of countdown, the missile crashed into the Bay of Bengal 11 minutes into its flight after covering only 128 km of its 1500 km range.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 October 2015 |title=Nirbhay, India's Indigenous Cruise Missile, Fails Test Midway |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nirbhay-indias-indigenous-cruise-missile-fails-midway-1233086 |work=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |21 DEC 2016
11:56 AM<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-12-21 |title=Long range Subsonic cruise missile Nirbhaya test fired from ITR |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/long-range-subsonic-cruise-missile-nirbhaya-test-fired-itr/ |access-date=2016-12-21 |newspaper=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswajeet |date=2016-12-21 |title=Nirbhay missile test fired off Odisha coast |url=http://odishasuntimes.com/2016/12/21/nirbhay-missile-test-fired-off-odisha-coast/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225162400/http://odishasuntimes.com/2016/12/21/nirbhay-missile-test-fired-off-odisha-coast/ |archive-date=2016-12-25 |access-date=2016-12-21 |website=OdishaSunTimes.com}}</ref>
|Nirbhay
| rowspan="2" |[[Integrated Test Range]]
|N/A
| class="table-success" style="background: #F06E69; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " |Failure
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
|N/A
|Fourth test launch
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |No official word on the test outcome, however according to news reports this test was not successful. The booster engine in the first stage started working and lifted the missile off from its launcher. But the missile started veering dangerously towards one side in two minutes after lift-off and veered outside its safety corridor. Due to this, the test was aborted and the missile was remotely destroyed. A potential reason for the failure was described as a hardware problem with one of the missile's component.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=T.S. |title=Nirbhay missile test "an utter failure" |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Nirbhay-missile-test-%E2%80%9Can-utter-failure%E2%80%9D/article16915750.ece |access-date=2016-12-21 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Nuclear-capable Nirbhay cruise missile's test fails for the fourth time - Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nuclear-capable-nirbhay-cruise-missiles-test-fails-for-the-fourth-time/articleshow/56105444.cms |access-date=2016-12-21 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattcharjee |first=Sumit |title='Nirbhay failed due to use of recycled material' -The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/nirbhay-failed-due-to-use-of-recycled-material/article19195215.ece |access-date=2017-07-01 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |7 NOV 2017
11:20 AM
|Nirbhay
| rowspan="2" |[[Integrated Test Range|ITR]] Launch Complex 3
|50 min
| class="table-success" style="background: #9EFF9E; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " |Success
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Nirbhay missile launch on 7 November 2017.jpg|156x156px|Fifth successful trial flight tested on November 07, 2017.|alt=|left|border]]
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
|647 km
|Fifth test launch
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |During the test, the missile traveled a distance of 647 km over a 50 minute duration, and was tracked by ground based radars and telemetry stations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=8 November 2017 |title=Nirbhay Missile: India successfully tests its first nuclear-capable cruise missile |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-successfully-tests-its-first-nuclear-capable-cruise-missile/articleshow/61550465.cms |access-date=2021-11-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India conducts successful flight test of Nirbhay cruise missile {{!}} Jane's 360 |url=http://www.janes.com/article/75497/india-conducts-successful-flight-test-of-nirbhay-cruise-missile |access-date=2017-11-08 |website=www.janes.com}}</ref> This trial of the missile used a turbojet engine instead of a turbofan engine<ref>{{cite web |title=India's subsonic cruise missile Nirbhay ready for fifth trial |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-subsonic-cruise-missile-nirbhay-ready-for-fifth-trial/articleshow/61518806.cms |access-date=1 February 2018 |website=Economic Times |archive-date=2 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202012426/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indias-subsonic-cruise-missile-nirbhay-ready-for-fifth-trial/articleshow/61518806.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |15 APR 2019
|Nirbhay
| rowspan="2" |[[Integrated Test Range]]
|N/A
| class="table-success" style="background: #9EFF9E; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " |Success
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Nirbhay_missile_test_on_15_April_2019.jpg|border|188x188px]]
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
|650 km
|Sixth test launch
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |The test missile navigated way-points located at altitudes varying from 5 meters to 2.5 km. DRDO clarified that all mission objectives were met.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=15 April 2019 |title=Long-range sub-sonic cruise missile Nirbhay successfully test-fired |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/long-range-sub-sonic-cruise-missile-nirbhay-successfully-test-fired/article26842044.ece |journal=Business Line}}</ref> The test also validated the [[Terrain-following radar|terrain hugging]] and the [[sea skimming]] capability of the missile.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-16 |title=Sub-sonic cruise missile 'Nirbhay' successfully test-fired |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sub-sonic-cruise-missile-nirbhay-successfully-test-fired/article26849032.ece |access-date=2019-08-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

This trial completed the developmental trials of the missile. The next set of trials would be conducted as per the requirements of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=16 April 2019 |title=Nirbhay cruise missile to be tested with 'desi' engine in future |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/04/16/nirbhay-cruise-missile-to-be-tested-desi-engine-future.html |access-date=26 August 2019 |work=The Week}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |End of Nirbhay Programme; Start of ITCM Programme
|-
| rowspan="3" |12 OCT 2020
|ITCM
| rowspan="2" |[[Integrated Test Range]]
|8 min
| class="table-success" style="background: #F06E69; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " |Failure
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
|N/A
|First ITCM trial
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Fired for the first time with indigenously developed [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment#Manik Engine|GTRE STFE]] MANIK turbofan engine. The test was aborted after 8 minutes of launch.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Shishir |date=12 October 2020 |title=DRDO fires Nirbhay cruise missile into sea, hits abort after 8 minutes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drdo-fires-nirbhay-cruise-missile-into-sea-hits-abort-after-8-minutes/story-pwMlu7YRVvgiHuhA0P2rfI.html |access-date=12 October 2020 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> As per DRDO, the missile deviated from predetermined flight path and was destroyed mid-air by mission control team.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rout |first1=Hemant Kumar |date=11 October 2020 |title=India likely to conduct maiden test of Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile on October 12 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2020/oct/11/india-likely-to-conduct-maiden-test-of-indigenous-technology-cruise-missile-on-october-12-2208832.html |access-date=29 October 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |agency=ENS}}</ref><ref name="Rout">{{Cite web |last=Rout |first=Hemant Kumar |date=29 October 2022 |title=Homegrown cruise missile system hit by technical snag |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/oct/29/homegrown-cruise-missile-system-hit-by-technical-snag-2512880.html |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |24 JUN 2021
<ref>{{cite news |date=2021-06-24 |title=Nirbhay Cruise Missile Test-Fired Off Odisha Coast |url=https://sambadenglish.com/nirbhay-cruise-missile-test-fired-off-odisha-coast/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |publisher=Sambad English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-24 |title=CM congratulates DRDO for successful launch of missile 'Nirbhay' off Odisha Coast |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/cm-congratulates-drdo-for-successful-launch-of-missile-nirbhay-off-odisha-coast/ |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=KalingaTV |language=en-US}}</ref>
|ITCM
| rowspan="2" |[[Integrated Test Range|ITR]] Launch Complex 3
|N/A
| class="table-success" style="background: #9EFF9E; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " |Success
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
|1500 km
|Second ITCM trial
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |The successful test was conducted with the GTRE Manik engine paving the way for a full range test.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRDO tastes success with new turbofan engine after Odisha test launch |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2021/aug/12/drdo-tastes-success-with-new-turbofan-engine-after-odisha-test-launch-2343690.html |access-date=2022-02-13 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |11 AUG 2021
|ITCM
| rowspan="2" |[[Integrated Test Range|ITR]] Launch Complex 3
|N/A
| class="table-success" style="background: #F06E69; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " |Failure
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
|1500 km
|Third ITCM trial
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |As per DRDO officials, MANIK engine performed well but the missile failed to achieve the desired range due to failure in control mechanism.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rout |first1=Hemant Kumar |date=11 August 2021 |title=DRDO tastes maiden success with new turbofan engine in indigenous cruise missile |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/aug/11/drdo-tastes-maiden-success-with-new-turbofan-engine-in-indigenous-cruise-missile-2343378.html |access-date=29 October 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |agency=ENS}}</ref><ref name="Rout" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |28 OCT 2022
|ITCM
| rowspan="2" |[[Integrated Test Range|ITR]] Launch Complex 3
|N/A
| class="table-success" style="background: #F06E69; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " |Failure
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
|N/A
|Fourth ITCM trial
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Test failed due to a snag in the engine after separation of booster stage. This test included an upgraded radio frequency seeker.<ref name="Rout" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |21 FEB 2023
|ITCM
| rowspan="2" |[[Integrated Test Range]]
|N/A
| class="table-success" style="background: #9EFF9E; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " |Success
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
|N/A
|Fifth ITCM trial
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |ITCM was test fired successfully. Fitted with an upgraded radio frequency seeker and Manik engine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cruise control: India accelerates development of tactical missiles |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/cruise-control-india-accelerates-development-of-tactical-missiles |access-date=2023-07-15 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha: स्वदेशी तकनीक से बनी ITCM मिसाइल का सफल परीक्षण, भारत को मिसाइल क्षेत्र में बनाएगा आत्मनिर्भर |url=https://www.jagran.com/odisha/bhubaneshwar-odisha-news-successful-test-of-itcm-missile-made-of-indigenous-technology-23336757.html |access-date=2023-02-21 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" |Start of SLCM Testing
|-
| rowspan="3" |?? FEB 2023
|SLCM
| rowspan="2" |[[Integrated Test Range]]
|N/A
| class="table-success" style="background: #9EFF9E; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " |Success
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
|402 km
|First SLCM trial
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |In February 2023, the maiden successful trail of SLCM was conducted by DRDO, which met all the mission objectives with a range of 402 km.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=DRDO In Feb 2023 Had Secretly Tested Indigenous SLCM Capable of Striking 500 Kilometres Away |url=https://www.indiandefensenews.in/2023/11/drdo-in-feb-2023-had-secretly-tested.html |access-date=2024-01-05}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |18 APR 2024
|ITCM
| rowspan="2" |[[Integrated Test Range]]
|N/A
| class="table-success" style="background: #9EFF9E; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " |Success
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
|N/A
|Sixth ITCM trial
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |The missile displayed very low altitude '''sea-skimming flight''' and used way point navigation to follow the intended course.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-18 |title=DRDO successfully tests Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/drdo-successfully-tested-indigenous-technology-cruise-missile/articleshow/109403256.cms |access-date=2024-04-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment#Manik Engine|Manik STFE]] has proven to be dependable, as demonstrated by this successful flight test. To provide improved and dependable performance, the missile was additionally outfitted with updated avionics and software.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Negi |first=Manjeet |date=18 April 2024 |title=India tests Nirbhay cruise missile with indigenous propulsion system in big leap |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indigenous-technology-cruise-missile-successfully-test-fired-off-odisha-coast-2528809-2024-04-18 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The missile was followed by one of IAF's [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]] jet to study the performance of the missile.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 April 2024 |title=Indigenous Technology Cruise Missile successfully flight-tested by DRDO off the Odisha coast |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2018171 |access-date=19 April 2024 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Ministry of Defence}}</ref> This marked the beginning of the development of the anti-ship missile variant.<ref name=":7" />
|-
! colspan="6" |Start of LR-LACM Testing
|-
| rowspan="3" |12 NOV 2024
|LR-LACM
| rowspan="2" |[[Integrated Test Range]]
|N/A
| class="table-success" style="background: #9EFF9E; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center; " |Success
| rowspan="3" |[[File:LRLACM.jpg|center|109x109px]]
|-
|[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]
|N/A
|First LRLACM trial
|- style="border-bottom: double 5px grey"
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#e3e9e9;" |Maiden LR-LACM test from mobile articulated launcher. The test met the required objectives and followed the designated path using way point navigation and performed desired various manoeuvres while flying at various altitudes and speeds as per requirements.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2024 |title=DRDO conducts maiden flight-test of Long Range Land Attack Cruise Missile off Odisha coast |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2072829 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2024-11-12 |title=DRDO’s long range land attack cruise missile passes maiden flight test |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/drdos-long-range-land-attack-cruise-missile-passes-maiden-flight-test/articleshow/115221794.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|}

== Induction ==
As of November 2023, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] is considering a proposal from one of the service for the induction of Nirbhay and is at an advance stage of discussion. Once cleared, all the three services of [[Indian Armed Forces]] will have Nirbhay in their arsenal. The [[Government of India]] already cleared the induction of Nirbhay in two services about two years ago.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-14 |title=Nirbhay class long-range cruise missiles to be part in all three defence forces' arsenal |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nirbhay-class-long-range-cruise-missiles-to-be-part-in-all-three-defence-forces-arsenal/articleshow/105214057.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The LRLACM received Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) from Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) for induction into Indian Air Force in August 2023.<ref name=":5" /> As of September 2024, the user trials and eventual induction of Nirbhay missiles are expected soon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |title=New howitzers, firing ranges near the LAC for Army amidst China boundary dispute |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/new-howitzers-firing-ranges-near-the-lac-for-army-amidst-china-boundary-dispute-3209983 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-27 |title=India developing hypersonic missiles; Army looking to induct long-range rockets, loitering munitions, Pralay, Nirbhay missiles: Top official |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/india-developing-hypersonic-missiles-army-looking-to-induct-long-range-rockets-loitering-munitions-pralay-nirbhay-missiles-top-official20240927190725 |access-date=2024-09-28 |website=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref>

Trials of LRLACM of the Indian Army is expected to begin in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2025-01-26 |title=Missile systems at Republic Day parade capture evolving long-range tactical strike options of the military |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/missile-systems-at-republic-day-parade-capture-evolving-long-range-tactical-strike-options-of-the-military/article69143371.ece |access-date=2025-01-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> As per reports by the Greek and Turkish media in late June 2025, India has unofficially offered the LR-LACM to the [[Hellenic Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-30 |title=Hindistan 1.000 km menzili olan seyir füzelerini Ege'ye getiriyor! Türkiye'yi hedef alacaklar! |url=https://www.trhaber.com/dunya/hindistan-1-000-km-menzili-olan-seyir-fuzelerini-ege-ye-getiriyor-turkiye-yi-hedef-alacaklar-h925631.html |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=TRHaber |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Αντωνέλλος |first=Διονύσης |date=2025-07-06 |title=Φρεγάτες: Η ισραηλινή φρεγάτα-«τσέπης» που χρειάζεται το ελληνικό ΠΝ |url=https://www.geostratigika.gr/exoplistika/fregates-i-israilini-fregata-tsepis-pou-chreiazetai-to-elliniko-pn |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=GeoStratigika |language=el}}</ref>

Nirbhay, [[Pralay (missile)|Pralay]], [[BrahMos|Brahmos]] and [[Pinaka multi-barrel rocket launcher|Pinaka]] will become part of the [[Indian Armed Forces Tri-Service Commands#Integrated Rocket Force|Integrated Rocket Force]], a separate entity from [[Strategic Forces Command]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-17 |title=Will India finally have a dedicated rocket force? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/will-india-finally-have-a-dedicated-rocket-force/articleshow/100291322.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-15 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bommakanti |first=Kartik |date=27 May 2023 |title=Integrated rocket force: Imperfect but a step in the right direction |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/integrated-rocket-force/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=Observer Research Foundation}}</ref><ref name=":7" /> In February 2026, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|MoD]] issued a [[request for information]] to initiate the process of acquiring submarine-launched land attack cruise missiles (LACMs) for the Indian Navy's fleet of conventional submarines. DRDO SLCM is reported to be a parallel development.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Rana |first=Javaria |date=2026-02-12 |title=Navy moves to equip conventional submarines with land-attack cruise missiles |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Feb/12/navy-moves-to-equip-conventional-submarines-with-land-attack-cruise-missiles |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anish |date=2026-02-12 |title=Defence Ministry Seeks Land Attack Cruise Missiles to Boost Navy’s Undersea Strike Power |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/defence-ministry-seeks-land-attack-cruise-missiles-to-boost-navy-undersea-strike-power-articleshow-7w6qys8 |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=Asianet Newsable |language=en}}</ref>

== Operators ==
{{IND}}

* [[Indian Army]]
* [[Indian Air Force]]
* [[Indian Navy]]

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Nuclear technology}}
*[[Kh-55]] - Russia
*[[3M-54 Klub|3M14]] -Russia
*[[BGM-109 Tomahawk]] - United States
*[[Hyunmoo-3]] - South Korea
*[[CJ-10 (missile)|CJ-10]] - China
*[[Hongniao|HN-1/2/3]] - China
*[[Otomat]] - Italy
*[[Storm Shadow|MdCN]] - UK, France, Italy
*[[List of missiles by country]]
*[[India and weapons of mass destruction]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Nirbhay}}
* [http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/nirbhay/ CSIS Missile Threat - Nirbhay]
* [http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Ur5BBnLiOKc/Tyrj8P46_xI/AAAAAAAAAy4/la0HKLEbljk/s1600/CEMILAC+Poster-1.jpg Nirbhay integration into Su-30MKI]
* [http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gj7i7MbMDeE/TyrlWqdFWgI/AAAAAAAAAzI/6GvuGmufKqY/s1600/LFRJ.jpg Liquid fuel Ramjet technology]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-to-launch-subsonic-missile-next-month/article4344332.ece India to launch sub-sonic missile next month]

'''Technical:'''
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/inline-files/STFE_WRITEUP.pdf Engine Layout and Modules of MANIK STFE]
* [https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_May-Jun_2018_web.pdf DRDO Technology Focus : Warhead for Missiles, Torpedoes and Rockets]

{{Indian missiles}}
{{Defence Research and Development Organisation}}

[[Category:Cruise missiles of India]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 2020s]]
[[Category:Surface-to-surface missiles of India]]

Koti (composer)

2026-02-09T07:59:40Z

Wmltusa: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Indian composer, record producer, singer (born 1958)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Koti
| image = Saluri Koti.jpg
| caption = Koti at [[S. Rajeswara Rao|Saluri Rajeswara Rao]]'s 100th birth anniversary celebrations in [[Ravindra Bharathi]] on 17 October 2021
| birth_name = Saluri Koteswara Rao
| birth_date = {{Birth-date|28 May 1958}}
| birth_place = Mylapore, Chennai, India
| father = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| spouse = S.Jyothi (m.1985), Chennai
| children = 3
| mother = 
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = {{Hlist | [[Film score]] | [[film music]] | electronic music | [[world music]]}}
| background = person
| occupation = {{Hlist | Composer | record producer | singer}}
| years_active = 1983-present
}}
| signature = Koti Signature.jpg
}}
'''Saluri Koteswara Rao''', known professionally as '''Koti''', is an Indian composer and singer who predominantly works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films . He has composed music for over 528 films.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/10/12/stories/2004101200730100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050421162059/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/10/12/stories/2004101200730100.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 April 2005|title='Good music emanates from the story'|date=12 October 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 July 2010}}</ref> The son of veteran composer [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], in early 1980s Koti teamed up with Somaraju (Raj), son of [[T. V. Raju]], and the resulting duo was known as [[Raj–Koti]].<ref name="Hindu"/> The duo composed music for about 180 films from their debut in 1983 till their separation in 1994. After the separation, Koti has composed music and background score for more than 350 movies. He won the [[Nandi Award for Best Music Director]] for the film ''[[Hello Brother (1994 film)|Hello Brother]]'' (1994).

==Career==
He started his music career as an assistant to music director [[K. Chakravarthy]]. Renowned composers from South India such as [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Mani Sharma]], [[Harris Jayaraj]] and [[S. Thaman]], worked as keyboard programmers with Koti during the initial part of their career.<ref name=indiaglitz>{{cite web|title=Happy Birthday Koti|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/happy-birthday-koti-telugu-news-108127.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530235716/http://www.indiaglitz.com/happy-birthday-koti-telugu-news-108127.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2015|work=indiaglitz|access-date=14 August 2016}}</ref> Roshan Saluri, son of Koti is also introduced as film score composer and is married to Tejaswini and their daughter is Swasthika Roshan saluri .<ref name=cinejosh>{{cite web|title=Can Koti's Son Get Succeeded?|url=http://www.cinejosh.com/news/3/38764/can-koti-son-get-succeeded.html|website=cinejosh.com|date=28 January 2015 |access-date=14 August 2016}}</ref> Another son Rajeev Saluri started his career as an actor.<ref name=idreampost>{{cite web|title=Rajeev Saluri Interview – Titanic|url=http://www.idreampost.com/tag/koti-son-rajeev-saluri/|website=idreampost.com|access-date=14 August 2016}}</ref> Daughter Bhagyasri Saluri is married to Srinivas Nallapati and is blessed with daughters (Aanya & Diya)

==Discography==
;Telugu
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Amma Donga]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Alluda Majaka]]'' (1995)
* ''Love Game'' (1995)
* ''[[Bhale Bullodu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Rikshavodu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Sankalpam]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Aayanaki Iddaru]]'' (1995)
* ''Telugu Veera Levara'' (1995)
* ''[[Ketu Duplicatu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Peddarayudu]]'' (1995)
* ''Subhamasthu'' (1995)
* ''Pellaala Rajyam'' (1996)
* ''[[Vamsanikokkadu]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Sarada Bullodu]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi]]'' (1996)
* ''Hello Mogudu Bhale Pellam'' (1996)
* ''Hello Neeku Naaku Pellanta'' (1996)
* ''[[Akka Bagunnava]]'' (1996)
* ''Nayudu Gaari Kutumbam'' (1996)
* ''Soggadi Pellam'' (1996)
* ''[[Intlo Illalu Vantintlo Priyuralu]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Peddannayya]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Muddula Mogudu (1997 film)|Muddula Mogudu]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Hitler (1997 film)|Hitler]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Subhakankshalu]]'' (1997)
* ''Chelikaadu'' (1997)
* ''[[Chilakkottudu]]'' (1997)
* ''Collector Gaaru'' (1997)
* ''Abbaygari Pelli'' (1997)
* ''Bobbili Dora'' (1997)
* ''[[Korukunna Priyudu]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Gokulamlo Seetha]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Maa Nannaki Pelli]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Pelli Chesukundam]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Priya O Priya]]'' (1997)
* ''Priyamaina Srivaru'' (1997)
* ''Jai Bajarangbali'' (1997)
* ''Jagadeka Veerudu'' (1997)
* ''[[Taraka Ramudu]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Khaidi Garu]]'' (1998)
* ''Yuvaratna Raana'' (1998)
* ''Prema Pallaki'' (1998)
* ''[[Mee Aayana Jagratha]]'' (1998)
* ''Shrivaarante Maavare'' (1998)
* ''[[Kanyadanam (1998 film)|Kanyadanam]]'' (1998)
* ''Gillikajjalu'' (1998)
* ''[[Maavidaakulu]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Pavitra Prema]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Snehitulu]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Shrimati Vellosta]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Pape Naa Pranam]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Subhavartha]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Subhalekhalu]]'' (1998)
* ''Ramasakkanodu'' (1999)
* ''[[Chinni Chinni Aasa (film)|Chinni Chinnni Aasa]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Sultan (1999 film)|Sultan]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Pilla Nachindi]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Krishna Babu (1999 film)|Krishna Babu]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Vamsoddharakudu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Oke Maata]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Okkadu Chalu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Chala Bagundi]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Goppinti Alludu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Nuvve Kavali]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Veedekkadi Mogudandi?]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Prema Sandadi]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Naalo Unna Prema]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Darling Darling (2001 film)|Darling Darling]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Nuvvu Naaku Nachav]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Repallelo Radha]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Adhipathi]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Jai Akash|June July]]'' (2002) (film unreleased)
* ''Manamiddaram'' (2002)
* ''[[Vooru Manadiraa]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Kondaveeti Simhasanam]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Neetho Cheppalani]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Sandade Sandadi]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Nuvve Nuvve]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Hai (film)|Hai]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Vijayam (film)|Vijayam]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Ela Cheppanu]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Maa Bapu Bommaku Pellanta]]'' (2003)
*''[[Swetha Naagu]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Naalo Unna Prema]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Vijayendra Varma]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Gowri (2004 film)|Gowri]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Anandamanandamaye]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Malliswari (2004 film)|Malliswari]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Preminchukunnam Pelliki Randi]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Dost (2004 film)|Dost]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Mr. Errababu]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Nayakudu (film)|Nayakudu]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Nuvvante Naakishtam]]'' (2005)
* ''Ganga'' (2006)
* ''[[Premante Inte]]'' (2006)
* ''Notebook'' (2006)
* ''[[Gopi – Goda Meedha Pilli]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Classmates (2007 film)|Classmates]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Mee Sreyobhilashi]]'' (2007)
* ''Podarillu'' (2007)
* ''Aalayam'' (2008)
* ''[[Blade Babji]]'' (2008)
* ''Ek Police'' (2008)
* ''[[Kousalya Supraja Rama (2008 film)|Kousalya Supraja Rama]]'' (2008)
* ''Manorama'' (2009)
* ''Nachchav Alludu'' (2009)
* ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]'' (2009)
* ''Aa Intlo'' (2009)
* ''Target'' (2009)
* ''[[Neramu Siksha (2009 film)|Neramu Siksha]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Bendu Apparao R.M.P]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Aalasyam Amrutam]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Brahmi Gadi Katha]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]'' (2010) (2 Songs)
* ''[[Raaj (film)|Raaj]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Katha Screenplay Darshakatvam Appalaraju]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Kshetram (film)|Kshetram]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Mugguru]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Aha Naa Pellanta! (2011 film)|Aha Naa Pellanta!]] '' (2011) (Background score)
* ''[[Onamalu]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Hitudu]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu]]'' (2015)
* ''1997'' (2022)
* ''[[Anthima Theerpu (2024 film)|Anthima Theerpu]]'' (2024)
{{div col end}}
;Kannada films
* ''[[Gadibidi Aliya]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Jeevanadhi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Maduve Aagona Baa]]'' (2001)
*''[[Bahala Chennagide]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Rowdy Aliya]]'' (2004)
*''Avale Nanna Gelathi'' (2004)
;Hindi films
* ''[[Trimurti (1995 film)|Trimurti]]'' (1995) - (Background score only.)
* ''[[Jeet (1996 film)|Jeet]]'' (1995) - (Background score only.)
* ''[[Judwaa]]'' (1997) (Background Score)
*''[[Sooryavansham]]'' (1999) (Background score)
*''[[Hogi Pyaar Ki Jeet]]'' (1999) (Background score)

==Actor==
* ''[[Sehari]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Paga Paga Paga]]'' (2022)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0467691}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Music Director}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koti}}
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Jingle composers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian folk-pop singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Santosham Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

Shravana (month)

2026-02-09T05:00:53Z

Wmltusa: add citations per sources and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Fourth month of the Hindu lunar calendar}}
{{About||the Ramayana character|Shravana Kumara||Shravana|Shravana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox month
| image = Birth_of_Krishna.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Janmashtami]] is celebrated in the month of Shravana and commemorates the birth of [[Krishna]]
| native_name = {{native name|sa|Śrāvaṇa}}
| calendar = [[Hindu calendar]]
| num = 5
| days = 29 or 30
| season = [[Varsha (season)|Varsha]] ([[monsoon]])
| gregorian = [[July]]–[[August]]
| holidays = {{ubl |[[Teej|Haryali Teej]] |[[Krishna Janmashtami]] |[[Naga Panchami]] | [[Pola (festival)|Pola]] |[[Raksha Bandhan]] |[[Upakarma]] }}
| prev_month = [[Ashadha]]
| next_month = [[Bhadrapada]]
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Shravana''' is the fifth [[month]] of the [[Hindu calendar|Hindu]] [[lunar calendar]] and the [[Indian national calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Kenneth W. Morgan|title=The Religion Of The Hindus|year= 1987|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=978-8-120-80387-9|page=96}}</ref> The name of the month is derived from the position of the [[Moon]] near the [[Shravana]] [[nakshatra]] (star) on the [[full moon]] day.<ref>{{cite book|title=Heavens and Earth: The Story of Astrology Through Ages and Cultures|author=Garima Garg|year=2022|isbn=978-9-354-92705-8|publisher=[[Penguin Random House]]|page=75}}</ref> The month corresponds to the [[monsoon]] ([[Varsha (season)|Varsha]]) [[Ritu (Indian season)|season]] and falls in [[July]]–[[August]] of the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Helene Henderson|year=2005|title=Holidays, festivals, and celebrations of the world dictionary|edition=Third|location=[[Detroit]]|publisher=Omnigraphics|page=xxix|isbn=978-0-780-80982-6}}</ref>

In the Hindu [[solar calendar]], it corresponds to the month of [[Karkata]] and begins with the [[Sun]]'s entry into [[Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]].<ref name="Siddhantha">{{cite book|title=The Siddhantas and the Indian Calendar|author1=Robert Sewell|author2=John Faithful Fleet|year=1989|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|page=334}}</ref> It corresponds to [[Srabon]], the fourth month in the [[Bengali calendar]].<ref name="Siddhantha"/> In the [[Tamil calendar]], it corresponds to the fifth month of [[Avani (month)|Avani]], falling in the Gregorian months of August–September.<ref name="Siddhantha"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/tamil-calendar.html|title=Tamil Calendar – Months |work=Time and Date |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref> In the [[Vaishnav]] calendar, it corresponds to the fifth month of Sridhara.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vaisnavacalendar.info/aboutcalendar.htm|title=Vaisnava Calendar Reminder Services – About Calendar |work=Vaisnava Calendar |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.isvara.org/archive/on-the-calendar-by-srila-prabhupada/ |title=Something about the Vaisnava Calendar |work=ISVARA |access-date=1 October 2025}}</ref>

In the Hindu lunar calendar, each month has 29 or 30 days. The month begins on the next day after [[Amavasya]] ([[new moon]]) or [[Purnima]] ([[full moon]]) as per [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|amanta]] and [[Hindu calendar#Amānta and Purnimānta systems|purnimanta]] systems respectively. A month consists of two cycles of 15 days each, [[Shukla Paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) and [[Krishna Paksha]] ([[waxing moon]]). Days in each cycle is labeled as a [[thithi]], with each thithi repeating twice in a month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://iskconeducationalservices.org/HoH/practice/festivals/the-hindu-calendar/|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[ISKCON]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://aryasamajhouston.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=166&Itemid=125|title=Hindu calendar|work=[[Arya Samaj]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

== Festivals ==
In [[Hinduism]], the month of Shravana is dedicated to god [[Shiva]], with the devotees practicing various rituals to seek his blessings and spiritual growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/religion/sawan-2024-calendar-key-festivals-including-janmashtami-raksha-bandhan-and-rituals-for-this-sacred-month-article-12774803.html#google_vignette|title=Sawan 2024 Calendar: Key Festivals Including Janmashtami, Raksha Bandhan, and Rituals for This Sacred Month|work=Money Control|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/first-sawan-somwar-2025-date-and-time-check-puja-vidhi-fasting-rules-dos-donts-and-what-to-offer-lord-shiva/articleshow/122421914.cms?from=mdr|title=Shravan 2025: Check first Sawan Somwar puja vidhi, fasting rules, do’s & don’ts, and what to offer Lord Shiva|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> People usually observe [[fasting]] on Mondays of the month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/sawan/sawan-somwar-vrat-dates.html |title=2022 Sawan Somwar, Shravan Somwar Vrat dates for New York City, New York, United States |access-date=5 May 2016 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425032450/http://www.drikpanchang.com/festivals/sawan/sawan-somwar-vrat-dates.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Haryali Teej ===
[[Teej|Haryali Teej]] is celebrated on the [[Tritiya]] (third day) thithi after [[Amavasya]] ([[new moon]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=Alop Ho Raha Punjabi Virsa|author=Harkesh Singh Kehal|publisher=Unistar Books|isbn=81-7142-869-X}}</ref> It commemorates reunion of Shiva and [[Parvati]], after Parvati fasted for years before being accepted by Shiva in her 108th birth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hariyali Teej 2024: Date, History, Significance, Puja Vidhi and More |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/lifestyle/spirituality/hariyali-teej-2024-know-date-time-significance-puja-vidhi-and-more-2024-08-05-945351|work=India TV |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Teej Festival – Hariyali, Kajari, Hartalika Teej |url=https://www.ritiriwaz.com/teej-festival-hariyali-kajari-hartalika-teej/|work=Ritiriwaz |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hariyali Teej 2025 Date, Shubh Muhurat, Puja Rituals, History And Significance All You Need To Know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/hariyali-teej-2025-date-history-significance-rituals-10118314/|work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Janmashtami ===
[[Krishna Janmashtami]] marks the birth of Hindu god [[Krishna]] and is celebrated on the [[Ashtami]] (eighth day) thithi of [[Krishna Paksha]] (waxing moon). It is one of the major Hindu festivals, especially those following [[Vaishnava]] traditions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ellwood|first=Robert|title=The Encyclopedia of World Religions|date=1998|publisher=Infobase Publishing|location=New York|isbn=0-8160-6141-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00robe/page/199 199]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofwo00robe/page/199}}</ref>

=== Naga Panchami ===
[[Naga Panchami]] is celebrated on the [[Panchami]] (fifth day) [[thithi]] of [[Shukla Paksha]] ([[waning moon]]) of the Shravana month. The day is dedicated to the worship of the snake god [[Nāga]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Nag Panchami 2025 to be Observed on July 29; Check shubh muhurat, puja vidhi and significance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/others/nag-panchami-2025-to-be-observed-on-july-29-check-shubh-muhurat-puja-vidhi-and-significance/articleshow/122945315.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 July 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Naga Panchami 2025: Date, Puja Timings, History, Significance – All You Need to Know |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/lifestyle/naga-panchami-2025-date-puja-timings-history-significance-all-you-need-to-know-434288/|work=Sakshi Post |date= 29 July 2025 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> In [[Karnataka]], Basava Panchami is celebrated on the fifth day after Amavasya, and commemorates the day when [[Lingayat]] saint [[Basava]] attained [[moksha]] in 1196 CE.<ref>{{cite web |title=Significance of Shravan |url=https://lakshminarayanlenasia.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/SignificanceShravanMonth.pdf|work=Lakshmi Narayana Lenasia | date=August 2019 |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Purnima ===
Various Hindu religious festivals are celebrated on the [[Purnima]] ([[full moon]]) day of the month. [[Raksha Bandhan]] celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters, wherein sister(s) tie a thread on the brother's wrist.<ref>{{cite book | title=Popular culture in a globalised India | author=K. Moti Gokulsing, [[Wimal Dissanayake]] | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]| isbn=978-0-415-47667-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5oT-OIKadyoC | quote=... Raksha Bandhan: A popular festival of Indian Sub-continent where sister ties a thread on brother's wrist, signifying love and/or seeking protection ... | date=4 February 2009 | access-date=16 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.raksha-bandhan.com/meaning-significance-of-raksha-bandhan.html|title=Meaning of Raksha Bandhan, Significance of Rakhi, Rakshabandhan Significance, Meaning of Rakhi|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819104455/https://www.raksha-bandhan.com/meaning-significance-of-raksha-bandhan.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], people observe the festival of Salono.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kumar Suresh Singh|author2=Madan Lal Sharma|author3=A. K. Bhatia|title=People of India:Haryana|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|year=1994|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUZuAAAAMAAJ&q=salono+|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819105014/https://books.google.com/books?id=qUZuAAAAMAAJ&q=salono+|archive-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> During the day, priests tie amulets on people's wrists for protection against evil.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wdWAAAAYAAJ&q=salono+haryana|title=Haryana District Gazetteers: Rohtak district gazetteer, 1910|date=17 July 2000|publisher=Gazetteers Organisation, Revenue Department, Haryana|access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810144927/https://books.google.com/books?id=8wdWAAAAYAAJ&q=salono+haryana|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMbUAAAAMAAJ&q=salono+purnima|title=Census of India, 1961|publisher=India Office of the Registrar General|date=17 July 1965|access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810144210/https://books.google.com/books?id=KMbUAAAAMAAJ&q=salono+purnima|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/karnal%20Gazeetter%201892.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501200322/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/karnal%20Gazeetter%201892.pdf|title=Karnal District Gazetteer|archive-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> The festival of also involves a sister tying a thread called ''ponchi'' on a brother's hand.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQjgAAAAMAAJ&q=saluno+haryana|title=Festivals, Fairs, and Fasts of India|first=Shakti M.|last=Gupta|date=17 July 1990|publisher=Clarion Books|isbn=978-8-18512-023-2 |access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819105016/https://books.google.com/books?id=XQjgAAAAMAAJ&q=saluno+haryana|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zx4sKFB_aicC&pg=PA206|title=World Religions Reader|first=Gwilym|last=Beckerlegge|date=17 July 2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-41524-748-1 |access-date=17 July 2023|page=296}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lewis, Oscar|year=1865|title=Village Life in Northern India: Studies in a Delhi Village|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AK0iAAAAMAAJ&q=coincides|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819105521/https://books.google.com/books?id=AK0iAAAAMAAJ&q=coincides|archive-date=19 August 2024}}</ref>

On the Purnima day, certain communities such as [[Brahmins]] perform rituals associated with [[Upakarma]]. Men change their sacred thread and begin to don a new one on the day annually.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2009/08/jandhyala-purnima.html|title=Jandhyala Purnima|date=16 August 2021|access-date=17 July 2023|archive-date=19 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819105012/https://www.hindu-blog.com/2009/08/jandhyala-purnima.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Narali Poornima]] is celebrated in parts of [[Western India]], where in [[coconuts]] are offered to Hindu god [[Varuna]]. It marks the beginning of the fishing season, and the fishermen make an offering to the god for bountiful harvest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maharashtratourism.net/festivals/narali-poornima.html |title=Narali Purnima - Narali Pournima Maharashtra, Narali Pournima Festival India |access-date=1 August 2011 |archive-date=15 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715223636/http://www.maharashtratourism.net/festivals/narali-poornima.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.magicalmumbai.com/1968/narali-poornima-coconut-festival/ |title=Narali Poornima/ Coconut Festival |work=Magical Mumbai|access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-date=25 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825041224/http://www.magicalmumbai.com/1968/narali-poornima-coconut-festival/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The Purnima day is also celebrated as [[Balarama]]'s birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iskconbangalore.org/festival-balram-jayanti |title=Balaram Jayanti |work=[[ISKCON]] |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818123802/http://www.iskconbangalore.org/festival-balram-jayanti |archive-date=18 August 2013 }}</ref>

In [[Odisha]], Gamha Purnima is celebrated during which domesticated [[cows]] and [[Cattle|bullocks]] are decorated and worshipped. Country-made sweet such as [[pitha]] and mitha are made and distributed within families, relatives and friends.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/89RakshaBandhan_GamhaPurnima.pdf |title=Gamha Purnima event archives |work=[[Government of Odisha]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318074426/http://www.orissa.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/89RakshaBandhan_GamhaPurnima.pdf |archive-date=18 March 2012 }}</ref> In [[Jagannath]] culture, Krishna and [[Radha]] are believed to have enjoyed the rainy season of the month while playing on a [[Swing (seat)|swing]]. The celebration commemorating the event usually starts on Ekadashi (four days before Purnima) and ends with Jhulan yatra on Gamha Purnima. The idols of [[Radha-Krishna]] are decorated and placed on a swing (jhulan) on the day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.oriyaonline.com/jagannath_gamha_purnima.html |title=Lord Jagannath: Festivals - Gamha Purnima, Festival of lord jagannath, Jagannath Puri, Jagannath Temple |publisher=Oriya online |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-date=23 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823202102/http://orissa.oriyaonline.com/jagannath_gamha_purnima.html }}</ref>

In parts of [[Central India]] such as [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Jharkhand]], the Purnima day is celebrated as Kajari Purnima. The festivities start on [[Navami]] (ninth day) after Amavasya, and ends on the full moon day. Women, who have sons, perform various rituals on the day.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sssbalvikas.org/glory5-aug10.asp |title=Sri Sathya Sai Bal Vikas |work=Bal Vikas |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-date=10 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210003519/http://sssbalvikas.org/glory5-aug10.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> In parts of Gujarat, the Purnima day marks the event of Pavitropana. On this day, people perform puja to worship Shiva.<ref>{{cite web |author1=John Marshall |author2=Jaya Tirtha Charan Dasa |url=http://www.salagram.net/ekadasi-18.htm |title=Pavitropana - Putrada Ekadasi |publisher=Salagram |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819104557/http://www.salagram.net/ekadasi-18.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu-blog.com/2009/07/pavitra-ekadashi-2009-pavitropana.html |title=Pavitra Ekadashi 2011 – Pavitropana Ekadasi ~ Hindu Blog |work=Hindu-blog |date=6 June 2007 |access-date=25 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iskconhouston.org/ekadasi/Pavitropana%20Ekadasi.html |title=Pavitropana Ekadasi |work=[[ISKCON]] |date=20 December 2012 |access-date=25 August 2013 |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121220181507/https://www.iskconhouston.org/ekadasi/Pavitropana%20Ekadasi.html |archive-date=20 December 2012 }}</ref> [[Cotton]] threads or strands of grass are soaked in [[panchagavya]], and tied around a [[lingam]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.raksha-bandhan.com/pavitropana.html |title=Pavitropana, Pavitropana Festival |publisher=Raksha-bandhan|date=21 August 2013 |access-date=25 August 2013 |archive-date=19 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819104552/https://www.raksha-bandhan.com/pavitropana.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Pola ===
[[Pola (festival)|Pola]] is a festival celebrated in parts of [[Maharashtra]]. It is a thanksgiving festival celebrated to honor the oxen, which had helped with the farming activities.<ref>{{cite book | title = Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Kolhapur District | volume = 1| publisher = Directorate of Govt. Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State | date = 1976 | page = 280
}}</ref>

=== Others ===
On the [[Ekadashi]] (11th day) thithi, Vaishnavas in parts of [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]] celebrate the birth of ''Pushti marga'', the path of grace. [[Vallabhacharya]] offered a sacred thread (''pavitra soothan'') to god Krishna on this day. To commemorate this, divine threads are offered to devotees on the day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pavitra Ekadashi – the birth of Pushti Marga |url=https://www.pushtimarg.info/Shravan_Sud_11.php|work=Pushtimarg Information |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pavitra Ekadashi |url=https://www.vpsshaveli.org/index.cfm/event/pavitra-ekadashi/|work=VPSS Haveli |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref> On the [[Dwitiya]] thithi, Raghavendra Swami Punyathithi is observed, which commemorates the day when Hindu saint [[Raghavendra Tirtha]], who advocated [[Madhvacharya]]'s [[Dvaita]] philosophy, achieved moksha in 1671 CE.<ref>{{cite web |title=Significance of Sri Raghavendra Swamy Aradhana – 3-day festival |url=https://www.thinkbangalore.com/2023/08/significance-of-sri-raghavendra-swamy.html|work=Think Bangalore |access-date=27 October 2025}}</ref>

== Yatras ==
The annual [[Kanwar Yatra]] is held during the month, when devotees of Shivas known as Kanwarias travel by foot to various Hindu pilgrimage places such as [[Haridwar]], [[Gaumukh]] and [[Gangotri]] in [[Uttarakhand]] to fetch holy waters from the Ganges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2117/stories/20040827000206600.htm|title=SPOTLIGHT: The long walk for worship|date=14–27 August 2004|issue=17|volume=21|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806091502/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2117/stories/20040827000206600.htm|archive-date=6 August 2010}}</ref> During Shravani mela, thousands of pilgrims walk about {{cvt|100|km}}, carrying water, from the [[Ganges]] from [[Sultanganj]] in [[Bihar]] to [[Deoghar]] in [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4gzFFLdBoYC&pg=PA41|title=Fasts and Festivals of India|first=Manish|last=Verma|date=17 July 2013|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books|isbn=978-81-7182-076-4 |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Astronomical basis of the Hindu calendar]]
* [[Hindu astrology]]
* [[Hindu calendar]]
* [[Indian astronomy]]
* [[Indian units of measurement]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Hinduism}}

{{Hindu calendar}}
{{Indian astronomy}}

[[Category:Months of the Hindu calendar|*05]]

Khatik Mohalla (Jabalpur)

2026-02-05T04:30:55Z

Wmltusa: New initial data first draft

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khatik Mohalla (Jabalpur)
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.195690|N|76.529880|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh, India|Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jabalpur district|Jabalpur]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-after-inter-caste-marriage-in-jabalpur-family-pressurized-by-khatik-samaj-2651350|title=प्रेम विवाह पर समाज के लोगों ने जूठन खिलाने का बनाया दबाव|date=5 November 2018|website=Nai Dunia}}</ref>
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil
| subdivision_name3 =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayat raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric


| elevation_m = 310
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 5000
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] 517/512 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| iso_code =
| blank1_name_sec2 = Post office
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Khatik Mohalla''' is a village in [[Jabalpur district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. It is located 2 kilometres from Jabalpur Railway Station, 6.3 kilometres from Meerut and 4.6 kilometres from Army Hospital, [[Meerut Cantt (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Meerut Cantt]]. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naidunia.com/madhya-pradesh/jabalpur-jabalpur-news-3004088|title=बाइक में आग लगाने वालों के खिलाफ एफआईआर दर्ज|date=18 June 2019|website=Nai Dunia}}</ref>

==Transport==
Jabalpur railway junction is the nearest train station. The village is 15 kilometres away from Jabalpur airport and the nearest international airport is [[Raja Bhoj Airport|Raja Bhoj International airport]] located in [[Bhopal]] which is 339 kilometres from Khatik Mohalla.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Jabalpur district]]

Charkhi Dadri district

2026-02-03T01:22:51Z

Wmltusa: reworked layout as per guidelines to improve readability

{{About|the district|its eponymous headquarters|Charkhi Dadri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Charkhi Dadri district
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Haryana|District]] of [[Haryana]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| image_map = Charkhi Dadri in Haryana (India).svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Haryana
| coordinates =
| coor_pinpoint = Charkhi Dadri
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Charkhi Dadri]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 1346
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 502276
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 2
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website =
}}

'''Charkhi Dadri district''' is one of the 22 [[Districts of Haryana|districts]] of [[Haryana]] state in north west [[India]] near Rajasthan border, but not sharing border with Rajasthan. Created on 1 December 2016, the district headquarters is the city of [[Charkhi Dadri]].<ref name=notifn2>{{cite news|title=Charki Dadri notified as 22nd district of Haryana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Charki-Dadri-notified-as-22nd-district-of-Haryana/articleshow/55803185.cms|work=The Times of India|date=5 December 2016}}</ref>

== History ==
{{see also | History of Haryana#Districts | l1= History of districts of Haryana | List of districts of Haryana | Administrative divisions of Haryana }}

=== British colonial era===
{{anchor | Charkhi Dadri Princely state}}

During [[British Raj]], Charkhi Dadri was a princely state with an area of 575sq miles and revenue of Rs 103,000 annually. In [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the Nawab of Dadri, Bahadur Jung Khan who had given token allegiance to [[Mughal emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], surrendered to British and tried by military court martial in Delhi on 27 November 1857. He was removed to [[Lahore]]. Dadri was awarded to Raja [[Swarup Singh of Jind|Swarup Singh]] of [[Jind State]] of the [[Phulkian sardars|Phulkian dynasty]] for his services to [[British East India Company]] in the 1857 war.

In May 1874, fifty villages revolted against his descendant Raja [[Raghubir Singh Jind]] but the rebellion was crushed with force. Three principal villages which took part in the rebellion, Charkhi, Mankawas and Jhojhu, were burned down as a result.

=== Formation of district===
Previously in Bhiwani district, Charkhi Dadri became part of the new Charkhi Dadri district in 2016. The [[Government of Haryana]] state officially notified Charkhi Dadri as 22nd district of Haryana on 16 November 2016.<ref name=notifn1/><ref name=CD1>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/notification-of-new-district-charki-dadri-issued-116120300613_1.html Notification of new district charki Dadri issued; Publication: Business Standard newspaper; Published: 3 December 2016; Accessed: 6 March 2017]</ref> It was established on 1 December 2016.

== Administrative divisions ==
As of December 2018, it has 2 sub-divisions (Charkhi Dadri and [[Badhra]]), 2 tehsils (Charkhi Dadri and Badhra) and one sub-tehsil ([[Baund Kalan]]).<ref name=notifn1>[https://charkhidadri.gov.in/ Charkhi Dadri creation].</ref><ref name=notifn2/>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religion in Charkhi Dadri district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Haryana|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11374/download/14487/DDW06C-01%20MDDS.XLSS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|98.47}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|1.25}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.28}}
}}

As of the 2011 census, the district had a population of 502,276 of which 265,949 were male and 236,327 were female.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Demography {{!}} District Charkhi Dadri {{!}} India|url=https://charkhidadri.gov.in/demography/|access-date=2021-08-13|language=en-US}}</ref> 11.22% of the population lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes were 89,426 (17.80%) of the district's population.<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/06/0613_PART_A_DCHB_BHIWANI.pdf District Census 2011: Bhiwani]</ref>

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Charkhi Dadri district (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] |value1 = 90.03 |color1 = indianred
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 8.72 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.25 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 90.03% of the population spoke [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]] and 8.72% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Haryana|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10204/download/13316/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-0600.XLSX|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}.</ref>

== Notable individuals ==
* [[Chandrawati]], first woman MP from Haryana
* [[Phogat sisters]]: [[Geeta Phogat]], [[Babita Kumari]], [[Priyanka Phogat]], [[Ritu Phogat]], [[Vinesh Phogat]] and [[Sangita Phogat]], all trained by [[Mahavir Singh Phogat]] (father)

* [[Hukam Singh (Haryana politician)|Hukam Singh]], former Chief Minister of Haryana

* [[Hawa Singh]], boxer and honorary captain in the Indian Army.

* [[Ravi Kumar Punia]]- Football Player

==1996 Charkhi Dadri Mid Air Collision==

On 12 November, 1996, Saudia Flight 763 departed Delhi at 18:32 local time (13:02 UTC). Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 was descending simultaneously to land at Delhi.[8] Both flights were controlled by approach controller V.K. Dutta.[9] Immediately after take-off, the Saudia flight was cleared to an initial altitude of 10,000 feet (3,050 m). At 18:34, Dutta cleared the Kazakh plane to descend to 15,000 feet (4,550 m) when it was 74 nautical miles (137 km) from the beacon of the destination airport. Two minutes later, at 18:36, Dutta cleared the Saudia plane, travelling on the same airway but in the opposite direction, to climb to 14,000 feet (4,250 m). At 18:38, the SVA crew reported reaching 14,000 feet and requested a higher level. Dutta told them to hold their altitude and standby, to which First Officer Khan replied, "Saudi 763 will maintain one four zero."[9]

At 18:39, the Kazakh flight reported having reached its assigned altitude of 15,000 feet, but it was actually higher, at 16,348 feet (5,000 m), and still descending.[14][9] At this time, Dutta advised the flight, "Identified traffic 12 O'Clock, reciprocal, Saudia Boeing 747 at ten miles, likely to cross in another five miles. Report, if in sight."[9] Radio Operator Repp requested clarification, to which Dutta replied, "Traffic ... is at eight miles, level 140."[9] Repp acknowledged the update, and signed off with, "Now looking 1907."[9]

Less than a minute later, at 18:40, the crew of a United States Air Force cargo flight made a radio call saying they had seen "a big explosion" at their two o'clock position.[9] Dutta attempted to contact the Saudia and Kazakh flights but received no response. The two aircraft had collided, with the left wing of the Kazakh flight slicing through the left wing of the Saudia 747 while the left horizontal stabilizer of the 747 sliced off the vertical stabilizer (including the horizontal stabilizer) of the Kazakh flight.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The crippled Saudi Boeing immediately lost control and went into a rapidly descending spiral with fire trailing from the wing and broke up mid-air before crashing to the ground at a nearly supersonic speed of 1,135 km/h (613 kn; 705 mph). With most of its left wing and vertical stabilizer gone, the Ilyushin went into a flat spin and crashed into a field at a flat attitude near the wreckage of the Saudia plane. All 312 people on board SVA763 and all 37 people on Flight 1907 were killed.[15]

The recorder of the Saudi Arabian plane revealed the pilots said the Islamic Istighfar (forgiveness prayer) and recited the Shahada before impact with the ground.[9]

The collision took place about 100 kilometres (60 mi) west of Delhi.[16] The wreckage of the Saudi Arabian aircraft landed near Dhani village, Bhiwani District(now Charkhi Dadri), Haryana. The wreckage of the Kazakh aircraft hit the ground near Birohar village, Rohtak District, Haryana.[13]

== See also ==
* [[Bhiwani district]]
* [[Changrod]]
* [[List of districts of Haryana]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Links==
*https://charkhidadri.gov.in/district-profile/<nowiki/>
* [https://charkhidadri.gov.in/ Official website]
*[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/community/charkhi-dadri-is-state-s-22nd-district/297332.html ''Tribune India'', accessed 8 Jan 2017]
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Dadri-becomes-22nd-district-of-Haryana/articleshow/54929941.cms ''Times of India'', accessed 8 Jan 2017]
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Charki-Dadri-notified-as-22nd-district-of-Haryana/articleshow/55803185.cms ''Times of India'', accessed 8 Jan 2017]

{{Coord missing|Haryana}}

[[Category:Charkhi Dadri district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Haryana]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:National Capital Region (India)]]

List of accolades received by Kaththi

2026-01-16T14:31:01Z

Wmltusa: created a article

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Kaththi''}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ <span style="font-size: 9pt">List of accolades received by ''Kaththi''</span>
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Murugadoss.jpg|225px|centre|alt=A picture of AR Murugadoss as he looks at the camera.]] AR Murugadoss (pictured in 2012) received several awards and nominations for writing and directing the film.
|-
| colspan=3 |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"| Accolades
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center; text-align:center;"
|| '''Award'''
| style="background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Won'''
| style="background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Nominated'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|3}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|8}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[IIFA Utsavam]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|3}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|{{won|0}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{won|4}}
|{{nom|7}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Vijay Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|10}}
|}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|
;Total number of awards and nominations{{efn|Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.}}
|-
|{{won|'''Totals'''}}
|{{won|'''14'''}}
|{{nom|'''33'''}}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" | [[#References|References]]
|}

''[[Kaththi]]'' ({{translation|Knife}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film]] written and directed by [[AR Murugadoss]].<ref name="BRHindu">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kaththi-review-beneath-the-flab-some-solidmasalamoments/article6527130.ece |title=Kaththi review: Beneath the flab, some solid masala moments |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=22 October 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706065505/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/kaththi-review-beneath-the-flab-some-solidmasalamoments/article6527130.ece |archive-date=6 July 2017 |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/new-complaint-lodged-against-murugadoss%E2%80%99-kaththi-alleged-plagiarism-41308 |title=New complaint lodged against Murugadoss' Kaththi for alleged plagiarism |date=7 April 2016 |work=[[The News Minute]] |access-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705154412/http://www.thenewsminute.com/article/new-complaint-lodged-against-murugadoss%E2%80%99-kaththi-alleged-plagiarism-41308 |archive-date=5 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="Rediff">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kaththi-entertains-with-a-message/20141022.htm |title=Review: Kaththi entertains with a message |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=22 October 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705154551/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-kaththi-entertains-with-a-message/20141022.htm |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017}}</ref> The film stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] while [[Sathish]], [[Neil Nitin Mukesh]] and [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] play supporting roles.<ref name="Hans India">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-10-22/Vijays-Kaththi-review/112740 |title=Vijays Kaththi Tamil Movie Review, Rating |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=22 October 2014 |work=[[The Hans India]] |access-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705164301/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2014-10-22/Vijays-Kaththi-review/112740 |archive-date=5 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/kaththi-movie-review-1038 |title=Kaththi Movie Review |date=24 October 2014 |website=[[NDTV]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705164458/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/kaththi-movie-review-1038 |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017 |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> The film focuses on the attempts made by a petty thief Kathiresan (Vijay), the [[look-alike]] of a jailed [[hydrology]] graduate Jeevanandham (Vijay), to lead a rebellion by farmers from the latter's village, Thanoothu. Kathiresan helps them fight against Chirag (Mukesh), the owner of a [[soft drink]] company who has exploited Thanoothu's water resources for his own profit.<ref name="BRHindu" /><ref name="Rediff" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaththi/movie-review/44910040.cms |title=Kaththi Movie Review |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=22 October 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170705163955/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kaththi/movie-review/44910040.cms |archive-date=5 July 2017}}</ref> Produced by [[Allirajah Subaskaran]] and K. Karunamoorthy under their production company [[Lyca Productions]], the soundtrack and score were composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]].<ref name="Hans India" /> [[George C. Williams (cinematographer)|George C. Williams]] and [[A. Sreekar Prasad]] were in charge of the cinematography and editing respectively.<ref name="Hans India" />

Produced on a budget of [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]700 million,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vedalam-box-office-collection-ajiths-film-beats-kaththi-become-fastest-rs-100-crore-grosser-655538 |title='Vedalam' box office collection: Ajith's film beats 'Kaththi' to become fastest Rs 100 crore grosser |date=19 November 2015 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705165617/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vedalam-box-office-collection-ajiths-film-beats-kaththi-become-fastest-rs-100-crore-grosser-655538 |archive-date=5 July 2017}}</ref>{{efn|The average exchange rate in 2014 was 63.469 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/yearly-average-currency-exchange-rates |title=Yearly Average Currency Exchange Rates Translating foreign currency into U.S. dollars |website=[[Internal Revenue Service]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521112855/https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/yearly-average-currency-exchange-rates |archive-date=21 May 2017 |access-date=21 May 2017}}</ref>|name=exchange}} ''Kaththi'' was released on 22 October 2014 to critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kaththi-film |title=Kaththi |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705170117/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/kaththi-film |archive-date=5 July 2017 |access-date=5 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaththi-review-vijay-excels-dual-roles-treat-fans-611999 |title='Kaththi' Review Roundup: Vijay Gives Sharp Performance; Worth a Watch |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |date=22 October 2014 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705170244/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kaththi-review-vijay-excels-dual-roles-treat-fans-611999 |archive-date=5 July 2017}}</ref> It was commercially successful, grossing [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]1.3 billion worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-rajinis-lingaa-enters-25th-day-vijays-kaththi-completes-75-days-619327 |title=Box Office: Rajini's 'Lingaa' Enters 25th Day; Vijay's 'Kaththi' Completes 75 Days |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |date=5 January 2015 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=5 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705171158/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-rajinis-lingaa-enters-25th-day-vijays-kaththi-completes-75-days-619327 |archive-date=5 July 2017}}</ref>{{efn|name=exchange}} The film won 14 awards from 33 nominations; its direction, story, screenplay, performances of the cast members, music, choreography and stunt direction have received the most attention from award groups.

At the [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]], ''Kaththi'' was nominated in eight categories, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]] (Vijay), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]] (Samantha) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director]] (Ravichander); it won for [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]] (Subaskaran and Karunamoorthy), [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]] (Murugadoss) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Dance Choreographer – South|Best Dance Choreographer]] ([[Shobi Paulraj]]). The film received ten nominations at the [[9th Vijay Awards]], and won two, [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]] and [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]. It garnered seven nominations at the [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]] ceremony and won four awards, including Best Film, Best Actor in a Negative Role for Mukesh, Best Fight Choreographer for [[Anal Arasu]] and Best Dance Choreographer for Shobi. ''Kaththi'' won the Best Music Director for Ravichander at the [[1st IIFA Utsavam]] while also being nominated for Best Director and Best Female Playback Singer ([[Sunidhi Chauhan]]). Among other wins, the film received three [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] and one [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]. It also received a nomination for Best Social Awareness at the [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]], but it lost to ''[[Sigaram Thodu]]'' (2014).<ref name="ntff1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ntff.no/node/124 |title=Norway Tamil Film Festival 2015 – Tamilar Awards Nomination 2015. |date=10 March 2015 |website=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703084210/http://www.ntff.no/node/124 |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="ntff2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ntff.no/node/125 |title=The 6th annual Norway Tamil Film Festival – Tamilar Awards 2015 Winners announced! |date=15 March 2015 |website=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703084344/http://www.ntff.no/node/125 |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="1" | [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|rowspan="1" | 8 January 2015
| Best Choreographer
| [[Shobi Paulraj]] for "Pakkam Vanthu"
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vikatan.com/article.php?track=prnxt&mid=module&aid=102483 |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் விருதுகள் 2014 |date=8 January 2015 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil |trans-title=Ananda Vikatan Awards 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517081734/http://www.vikatan.com/article.php?track=prnxt&mid=module&aid=102483 |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=3 July 2017}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-awards-2014-dhanush-dulquer-salmaan-sathuranga-vettai-honoured-winners-list-619905 |title=Vikatan Awards 2014: Dhanush, Dulquer Salmaan, 'Sathuranga Vettai' Honoured [Winners List] |last=V. P. |first=Nicy |date=9 January 2015 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=3 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517081427/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vikatan-awards-2014-dhanush-dulquer-salmaan-sathuranga-vettai-honoured-winners-list-619905 |archive-date=17 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
| rowspan="3" | 15 February 2015
| Best Music Director
| {{sort|Ravichander|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/8th-edison-awards-madras-best-tamil-film-dhanush-best-actor-vip-photoswinners-list-623633 |title=8th Edison Awards: 'Madras' Best Tamil Film; Dhanush Best Actor for 'VIP' [Photos+Winners' List] |last=James |first=Anu |date=16 February 2015 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505134835/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/8th-edison-awards-madras-best-tamil-film-dhanush-best-actor-vip-photoswinners-list-623633 |archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Best Comedian
| [[Sathish]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Choreographer
| [[Shobi Paulraj]] for "Pakkam Vanthu"
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="8" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| rowspan="8" | [[62nd Filmfare Awards South|26 June 2015]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Subaskaran|[[Allirajah Subaskaran]]}}, K. Karunamoorthy
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405.html |title=Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |date=3 June 2015 |website=[[Filmfare]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621123143/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405.html |archive-date=21 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |title=Winners list: 62nd Filmfare Awards (South) |date=27 June 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=27 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627160113/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |archive-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Murugadoss|[[AR Murugadoss]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Prabhu|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Ravichander|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]
| {{sort|Karky|[[Madhan Karky]]}} for "[[Selfie Pulla]]"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]
| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] for "Selfie Pulla"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South|Best Choreography]]
| [[Shobi Paulraj]]
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[IIFA Utsavam]]
| rowspan="3" | [[1st IIFA Utsavam|24{{ndash}}25 January 2016]]
| Best Direction – Tamil
| {{sort|Murugadoss|[[AR Murugadoss]]}}
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iifautsavam.com/nominees-tam.html |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 Nominees — Tamil |website=[[IIFA Utsavam]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704081611/http://www.iifautsavam.com/nominees-tam.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iifautsavam.com/awards.html |title=IIFA Utsavam 2015 |website=[[IIFA Utsavam]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704081617/http://iifautsavam.com/awards.html |archive-date=4 July 2017 |access-date=4 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| Best Music Direction – Tamil
| {{sort|Ravichander|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil
| {{sort|Chauhan|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]}} for "Selfie Pulla"
| {{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="1" | [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
| rowspan="1" | 23{{ndash}}26 April 2015
| Best Social Awareness Award
| {{sort|Subaskaran|[[Allirajah Subaskaran]]}}, K. Karunamoorthy
| {{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | <ref name="ntff1" /><br /><ref name="ntff2" />
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="7" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="7" | [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|6{{ndash}}7 August 2015]]
| Best Film – Tamil
| {{sort|Subaskaran|[[Allirajah Subaskaran]]}}, K. Karunamoorthy
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="7" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php |title=SIIMA 2015 nominations |date=16 June 2015 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616095000/http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php |archive-date=16 June 2015 |access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |title=SIIMA Awards 2015 Tamil winners list |date=8 August 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 August 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809060838/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2015-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/48399961.cms |archive-date=9 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director – Tamil
| {{sort|Murugadoss|[[AR Murugadoss]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor – Tamil
| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress – Tamil
| {{sort|Prabhu|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actor in a Negative Role – Tamil
| {{sort|Mukesh|[[Neil Nitin Mukesh]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Fight Choreographer – Tamil
| {{sort|Arasu|[[Anal Arasu]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Dance Choreographer – Tamil
| [[Shobi Paulraj]] for "Pakkam Vanthu"
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="10" | [[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="10" | [[9th Vijay Awards|25 April 2015]]
| [[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |title=Vijay Awards 2015 – Complete list of winners |date=26 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505133454/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=5 May 2015}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/9th-annual-vijay-awards-ajith-vijay-rajinikanth-suriya-dhanush-nominated-complete-list-628225 |title=9th Annual Vijay Awards: Ajith, Vijay, Rajinikanth, Suriya, Dhanush Nominated [Complete List] |last=V. P. |first=Nicy |date=6 April 2015 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505133549/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/9th-annual-vijay-awards-ajith-vijay-rajinikanth-suriya-dhanush-nominated-complete-list-628225 |archive-date=5 May 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director|Best Stunt Director]]
| {{sort|Arasu|[[Anal Arasu]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Story, Screenplay Writer]]
| {{sort|Murugadoss|[[AR Murugadoss]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
| {{sort|Noor|Deepali Noor}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Dadlani|[[Vishal Dadlani]]}} for "Aathi"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favourite Film]]
| {{sort|Subaskaran|[[Allirajah Subaskaran]]}}, K. Karunamoorthy
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
| {{sort|Murugadoss|[[AR Murugadoss]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favourite Hero]]
| [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favourite Heroine]]
| {{sort|Prabhu|[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
| "Selfie Pulla"
| {{nom}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Tamil films of 2014]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3801314/awards Accolades for ''Kaththi''] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]

{{featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film|Kaththi]]

C.K. Balagopalan

2026-01-12T04:23:30Z

Wmltusa: Added a details - done

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C.K. Balagopalan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1939|9|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Cheruvathur]], [[Kasargod district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|8|24|1939|9|4|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Classical dancer, choreographer, teacher
| known_for = Portrayal of [[Hanuman]] in [[Kalakshetra Foundation|Kalakshetra]]'s ''[[Ramayana]]''
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2002)
| children = Prithvija Balagopalan
}}

'''C.K. Balagopalan''' (4 September 1939 – 24 August 2019) was an Indian classical dancer, [[choreographer]], and teacher renowned for his contributions to [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Kathakali]]. A prominent figure associated with the [[Kalakshetra Foundation]] in [[Chennai]], he gained widespread recognition for his portrayal of [[Hanuman]] in the institution's dance-drama productions of the ''[[Ramayana]]''. His artistry, dedication, and versatility made him a celebrated name in the Indian classical dance community.

==Early life==
C.K. Balagopalan was born on 4 September 1939 in [[Cheruvathur]], a village in the [[Kasargod district]] of [[Kerala]], then part of the [[Malabar region]].<ref name="Hindu2020">{{cite web |title=C.K. Balagopalan: As devoted as Hanuman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/ck-balagopalan-as-devoted-as-hanuman/article32514743.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 September 2020 |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref> His father, Rasikasiromani Koman Nair, was a local actor known as the "Charlie Chaplin of Malabar" for his comedic performances.<ref name="Hindu2010">{{cite web |title=Art is his religion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/Art-is-his-religion/article15901584.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 September 2010 |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref> Balagopalan's early exposure to the [[performing arts]] came through his father's involvement in amateur theatre. In 1953, at the age of 13, he was selected by [[Kathakali]] maestro Chandu Panikkar to join [[Kalakshetra Foundation|Kalakshetra]], along with his friend [[Dhananjayans|V. P. Dhananjayan]].<ref name="Hindu2020" /> He began his formal training in [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Kathakali]] under [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]], the founder of Kalakshetra, and Panikkar on 7 October 1953, coinciding with [[Vijayadashami]].<ref name="Hindu2020" />

==Career==
Balagopalan spent over six decades at [[Kalakshetra Foundation|Kalakshetra]], evolving from a student to a repertory artist and eventually a revered teacher.<ref name="Open2019">{{cite web |title=CK Balagopalan (1939-2019): The Depth of the Divine |url=https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/dance/ck-balagopalan-1939-2019-the-depth-of-the-divine/ |website=[[Open The Magazine]] |date=13 September 2019 |access-date=7 April 2025 |archive-date=15 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241015130939/https://openthemagazine.com/art-culture/dance/ck-balagopalan-1939-2019-the-depth-of-the-divine/ |url-status=live }}</ref> His career was marked by his ability to embody a diverse range of characters in Kalakshetra’s dance dramas, including [[Lakshmana]], [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], [[Krishna]], and [[Kannappa|Kannappar]].<ref name="Hindu2015">{{cite web |title=Small but powerful Hanuman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/c-k-balagopal-grabbed-eyeballs-by-playing-hanuman/article7792527.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=22 October 2015 |access-date=7 April 2025 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002144312/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/c-k-balagopal-grabbed-eyeballs-by-playing-hanuman/article7792527.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> However, his portrayal of [[Hanuman]] became his signature role, earning him the nickname "Hanuman Balagopalan." Despite his small stature, his expressive ''[[abhinaya]]'' (gesture-based acting) and commanding stage presence captivated audiences for over 30 years.<ref name="Hindu2010" />
[[Rukmini Devi Arundale|Rukmini Devi]]’s decision to cast him as Hanuman, despite initial skepticism about his physique, proved transformative. Balagopalan prepared for the role with rigorous rituals of abstinence and [[meditation]], reflecting his deep spiritual connection to the character.<ref name="Hindu2019">{{cite web |title=Balagopal — tapasvi, who walked the talk |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/balagopalan-tapasvi-who-walked-the-talk/article29288164.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 August 2019 |access-date=7 April 2025 |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426221241/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/balagopalan-tapasvi-who-walked-the-talk/article29288164.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> His performances were noted for their emotional intensity and technical precision, blending the physicality of [[Kathakali]] with the grace of [[Bharatanatyam]].<ref name="Open2019" />
Beyond performing, Balagopalan served on Kalakshetra’s governing board and was known for mentoring younger dancers, including Hari Padman, who succeeded him as Hanuman.<ref name="Hindu2019" /> In 2018, he collaborated with [[Dhananjayans|V. P. Dhananjayan]] for ''Aanjaneyam'', a production by Apsaras Arts in [[Singapore]], fulfilling a long-standing wish to perform together again.<ref name="Hindu2020" />

==Personal life and legacy==
Balagopalan’s life was deeply intertwined with [[Kalakshetra Foundation|Kalakshetra]] and his guru, [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]], whom he regarded as a maternal figure. He was unable to attend his biological mother’s funeral due to a performance commitment in [[Delhi]], a regret he carried until he was present at Rukmini Devi’s deathbed years later.<ref name="Hindu2010" /> His daughter, Prithvija Balagopalan, continues his legacy as an accomplished [[Bharatanatyam]] dancer.<ref name="Hindu2020" />
He remained active until his final days, rehearsing for Kalakshetra’s production of ''[[Kumarasambhava|Kumarasambhavam]]'' in 2019.<ref name="Hindu2019" /> C.K. Balagopalan died on 24 August 2019 in [[Chennai]] due to a [[cardiac arrest]], at age 79.<ref name="Open2019" />

==Awards and recognition==
Balagopalan received numerous accolades for his contributions to Indian classical dance, including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2002.<ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=C K Balagopalan |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/C_K_Balagopalan.pdf |website=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |access-date=7 April 2025}}</ref> His biography, ''Leap of Faith: Mesmeric Hanuman of Kalakshetra'', written by his disciple Eliza Louis, was published in 2018.<ref name="Open2019" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balagopalan, C.K.}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Kathakali dancers]]
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
{{Authority control}}

Jaapi

2025-12-29T00:03:55Z

Wmltusa:

{{short description|Traditional conical hat of Assam, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Jaapi
| image = Jaapi of Assam.jpg
| image_size = 300 px
| alt =
| caption = A jaapi
| background =
| names =
| related =
*''[[Nón lá]]'' ([[Vietnam]])
*''Do'un'' ([[Cambodia]])
*''Koup '' ([[Laos]])
*''khamauk'' ([[Myanmar]])
*''dǒulì'' ([[China]])
}}
'''Jaapi''' or '''Japi''' ([[Bodo language|Bodo]]: Khofri) is an [[Asian conical hat]]. It is made from tightly woven [[bamboo]] and/or cane and ''tokou paat'' ([[Trachycarpus martianus]]) a large, [[Palm (plant)|palm]] leaf. The word ''jaapi'' derives from ''jaap'' meaning a bundle of ''tokou'' leaves. In the past, plain jaapis were used by ordinary people in Assam and by farmers for protection from the sun, while ornate decorative jaapis were worn as a status symbol by the royalty and nobility. Decorative ''sorudoi jaapi'' are made with intricate cloth designs (primarily red, white, green, blue, and black) that are integrated into the weaving.

==History==

The medieval [[Chutia people|Sutiya]] kings used the jaapi as a cultural symbol. The last Sutiya king gifted gold and silver embroidered Jaapis (Kup-ngiun-kham) to the Ahom king [[Suhungmung]] (1497–1539) as presents in his attempts for a treaty in the year 1523.{{sfn|Khanikar|1991|p=100}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://brahmaputra.ceh.vjf.cnrs.fr/bdd/IMG/pdf/parallele_ahom-assamais2-2.pdf |title="Then the Sutiyâ king desired to send silver and gold lipped Jâpi (''Kup-ngiun-kham''), gold bracelets (''Mao-kham''), gold basket (''Liu-kham''), gold ring (''Khup-kham''), gold bookstand (''Khu-tin-kham''), gold pirâ (''Kham-ku''), horse (''Ma''), elephant (''Chang-pai''), and two Âroans (''Phra-nun'') and Xorais (''Phun'') to the Ahom king." |access-date=7 February 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728195005/http://brahmaputra.ceh.vjf.cnrs.fr/bdd/IMG/pdf/parallele_ahom-assamais2-2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> After annexing [[Sadiya]] in 1524, the Ahom king received a lot of treasure and bounty, which included Jaapis.{{sfn|Mahanta|1945|p=10}} In the year 1525, the Ahom king gifted some of the silver Jaapis obtained from the Sutiya king and other items, to negotiate peace with the [[Mongkawng]] chief Phukloimung, a [[Shan people|Shan]] state in present [[Kachin State]] of [[Upper Myanmar]] (called Nora in [[Buranji]]s) who had attacked Sadiya.{{sfn|Bhuyan|1960|p=62}} During the Ahom rule, ''Jaapi-hajiya Khel'' (guild for making Jaapis) was monopolised by [[Chutia people | Sutiyas]], which indicate that they were experts in weaving Jaapis.<ref>"The Sutiyas were engaged in all kind of technical jobs of the Ahom kingdom. For example, the Khanikar Khel (guild of engineers) was always manneed by the Sutiyas. The Jaapi-Hajiya Khel (guild for making Jaapis) was also monopolished by them."{{harvcol|Dutta|1985|p=30}}</ref> Apart from this, the [[Baro-Bhuyan]]s of Central Assam are also said to have used Jaapis. As per the ''Satsari Buranji'', the Ahom kings adopted the ''Tongali'', ''Hasoti'' and ''Tokou-patia Japi'' from the Baro-Bhuyans.{{sfn|Bhuyan|1960|p=135}}

<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
File:Rice 02.jpg|A [[rice]] farmer in northern [[Cambodia]] wearing a {{lang|km-Latn|do'un}} similar to Jaapi

File:Varun Japi.jpg|Upper metal part of an ancient Varun (Tupi) Japi known as ''Sula'' used during the rule of Sutiya kings kept in the Gharmora Satra.
File:Jaapi.jpg|Sarudaya jaapi

File:DecorativeJaapi.jpg|An ornately made jaapi

File:Japi.JPG|A jaapi at Kalakhetra, Guwahati

File:Jaapi,Dhemaji.jpg|Jaapis made in Dhemaji
</gallery>

==Cultural symbol==
Today the jaapi is an important symbol of Assam and its culture. It is used during [[Bihu dance]], as protection against the elements, offered as a sign of respect in ceremonies, and placed as a decorative item around the house especially in the walls as a welcome sign.{{sfn|Handoo|2003|p=46}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reuQbFK9Rz4C&dq=jAPI+WORN+Bihu+dance,&pg=PA98|title=Assam General Knowledge|publisher=Bright Publications|isbn=9788171994519|pages=98}}</ref>

==Types==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Sorudoi japi: Used by women, especially brides.
* Bordoi japi: Used by royalty since ancient times (Kamrupa).
* Panidoi/Haluwa japi: Used by farmers in fields.
* Garakhiya japi: Used by cattle herders.
* Pitha japi: Used as hoods, sometimes during cultivation.
* Tupi/Varun japi: Used in rain as protective hats.
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Conical Asian hat]]
*[[Culture of Assam]]
*[[List of hat styles]]
*[[List of headgear]]
*[[Textiles and dresses of Assam]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Citation |last=Dutta |first=Sristidhar |title=The Mataks and their Kingdom |publisher=Chugh Publications |place=Allahabad |year=1985}}
* {{citation|last=Khanikar|first=S|title=Chutia Jaatir Itihax aru Luko-Sanskriti|year=1991}}
* {{citation|last=Bhuyan|first=Surjya K.|title=Satsari Buranji|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.452953/page/n86/mode/1up|year=1960}}
* {{citation|last=Handoo|first=Jawaharlal|title=Folklore in the Changing Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8VuAAAAMAAJ&q=Japi+is+a+traditional+symbol+of+Assamese+folk+culture|publisher=Indhira Gandhhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya|year=2003|location=Original from Indiana University}}
* {{citation |last=Mahanta |first=S |title=Assam Buranji.D.H.A.S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YELHow5lP9kC |year=1945}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120220023856/http://www.teafestivalassam.com/generalinfo.html Some information about Assamese culture]

{{Hats}}
{{Clothing}}
{{Clothing in South Asia}}
{{Assam}}

[[Category:History of Asian clothing]]
[[Category:Pointed hats]]
[[Category:Textiles and clothing of Assam]]
[[Category:Bamboo weaving]]

2009–10 Indian Federation Cup final

2025-12-23T21:12:09Z

Wmltusa: creating a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 2009–10 Indian Federation Cup final
| image =
| caption = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| event = [[2009–10 Indian Federation Cup]]
| team1 = [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
| team1score = 0
| team2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| team2score = 0
| details = '''East Bengal''' won 3–0 on [[Penalty shootout (association football)|penalties]]
| date = 3 January 2010
| stadium = [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]]
| city = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Abhra Mondal]]
| referee = Vishnu Chauhan <ref name="report">{{cite news |title=East Bengal end Lajong dream run, lift Fed Cup|url= http://sports.rediff.com/report/2010/jan/03/east-bengal-end-lajong-dream-run-lift-fed-cup.htm |work=Kolkata Football |date=3 January 2010 |accessdate=5 November 2020 }}</ref>
| attendance =
| weather =
| previous = 2008
| next = [[2010 Indian Federation Cup final|2010]]
}}

The '''2009–10 Indian Federation Cup final''' was the 32nd final of the [[Federation Cup (India)|Indian Federation Cup]], the top knock-out competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giants [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] and [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] on 3 January 2010.

East Bengal won the final 3–0 via penalty shootouts after the game ended 0–0 after added extra time, to claim their sixth Federation Cup title.<ref name="final">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/East-Bengal-lifts-Fed-Cup/article16835668.ece|title=East Bengal lifts Fed Cup|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=5 November 2020|date=4 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195546/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/East-Bengal-lifts-Fed-Cup/article16835668.ece|archive-date=24 June 2021|website=thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Route to the final==
{{see also|2010 Indian Federation Cup}}

===East Bengal===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;font-size:90%;"

!scope=col width="80" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Date
!scope=col width="80" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| 22 December 2009
| [[Chirag United Club Kerala|Viva Kerala]]
| 0–0
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| 24 December 2009
| [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]]
| 1–0
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| 27 December 2009
| [[JCT F.C.|JCT]]
| 1–0
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi-final
| 31 December 2009
| [[Mohun Bagan]]
| 2–0
|}
East Bengal entered the [[2009–10 Indian Federation Cup]] automatically as they were already in the [[I-League]]. They were placed in Group A along with [[JCT F.C.|JCT]], [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] and [[Chirag United Club Kerala|Viva Kerala]] and their matches were played in [[Satindra Mohan Dev Stadium]], [[Silchar]]. The tournament got off to mixed start for East Bengal as they drew goalless in their opening fixture against Viva Kerala and then defeated Salgaocar 1–0 in their second match. [[Yusif Yakubu]] scored in the 15th minute of the match. In the third match against JCT, East Bengal required a win to qualify and they managed to defeat the Punjab side by 1–0 with [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] scoring the winner in the 80th minute to take East Bengal into the Semi-finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/fed-cup-bhutia-strike-puts-east-bengal-in-semis/20091227.htm|title=Fed Cup: Bhutia strike puts East Bengal in semis|work=Rediff|accessdate=5 November 2020}}</ref> In the Semi-final, East Bengal faced their arch-rivals [[Mohun Bagan]] at the [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]] in [[Guwahati]], with the memories of 5–3 defeat in the [[I-League]] match still fresh, the Red and Gold brigade took their revenge as they defeated Mohun Bagan by 2–0 with goals from Yusif Yakubu and [[Mehtab Hossain]] to reach the final. [[José Ramirez Barreto]] missed a penalty in the first half for Bagan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Fed-Cup-East-Bengal-blank-Mohun-Bagan-2-0/articleshow/5400407.cms|title=Fed Cup: East Bengal blank Mohun Bagan 2-0|work=Times of India|accessdate=5 November 2020}}</ref>

===Shillong Lajong===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right;font-size:90%;"

!scope=col width="80" | Round
!scope=col width="120" | Date
!scope=col width="80" | Opposition
!scope=col width="80" | Score
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| 22 December 2009
| [[Air India F.C.|Air India]]
| 2–2
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| 24 December 2009
| [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
| 2–1
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Group Stage
| 27 December 2009
| [[Pune F.C.|Pune FC]]
| 1–1
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"| Semi-final
| 30 December 2009
| [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]]
| 1–0
|}

Shillong Lajong entered the [[2009–10 Indian Federation Cup]] automatically as they were already in the [[I-League]]. They were placed in Group D along with [[Air India F.C.|Air India]], [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] and [[Pune F.C.|Pune FC]] and their matches were played in [[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]] in [[Guwahati]]. Lajong were the underdogs in the group and began their campaign with a 1–1 draw against Air India. In their second match, they stunned the reigning [[I-League]] champions Dempo with a 2–1 win<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/fed-cup-lajong-beat-dempo-jct-bow-out/20091224.htm|title=Fed Cup: Lajong beat Dempo, JCT bow out|work=Rediff|accessdate=5 November 2020}}</ref> and with Dempo already losing their first match to Pune, Lajong required a draw against Pune to secure their qualification into the Semi-finals. In the last group game, Lajong drew 1-1 and confirmed their spot in the Semis for the very first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/Lajong-created-history-reaching-Fed-Cup-semis-says-coach/article16856261.ece|title=Lajong created history reaching Fed Cup semis, says coach|work=The Hindu|accessdate=5 November 2020}}</ref> In the Semi-final, Lajong faced favourites [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] but their fairy-tale run continued as they caused another upset with a 1–0 win courtesy of a solitary strike from [[Seikhohau Tuboi]] to reach their maiden Federation Cup final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.rediff.com/report/2009/dec/30/fed-cup-lajong-stun-churchill-enter-final.htm|title=Fed Cup: Lajong stun Churchill, enter final|work=Rediff|accessdate=5 November 2020}}</ref>

==Match==

===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=3 January 2010
|time=18:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]
|score= 0 – 0
|aet = yes
|report=[https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/East-Bengal-lifts-Fed-Cup/article16835668.ece Report]
|team2=[[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|penalties1=
* [[Anil Gurung|Gurung]] {{penmiss}}
* Ramengmawia {{penmiss}}
* Lyngshing {{penmiss}}
|penaltyscore=0–3
|penalties2=
* [[Yusif Yakubu|Yakubu]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Nirmal Chettri|Chettri]] {{pengoal}}
* [[Harmanjot Khabra|Khabra]] {{penmiss}}
* [[Sanju Pradhan|Pradhan]] {{pengoal}}
|stadium=[[Nehru Stadium, Guwahati|Nehru Stadium]], [[Guwahati]]
|attendance=25,000 (est.)
|referee=Vishu Chauhan}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b =
| leftarm = ff0000
| body = ff0000
| rightarm = ff0000
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| title = Shillong Lajong
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_b = _EastBengal_09_10_Away
| pattern_la = _gold_lower
| pattern_ra = _gold_lower
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so=
| leftarm = ffffff
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = 000000
| socks = ffffff
| title = East Bengal
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK ||'''1''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gumpe Rime]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|RB ||'''13''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Boithang Haokip]] || {{suboff|80}}
|-
|CB ||'''4''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Zohmingliana Ralte]]
|-
|CB ||'''3'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Wailadmi Passah]]
|-
|LB ||'''6'''||{{flagicon|IND}} Ailad Kynta
|-
|DM ||'''16''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} Niwan O Gatpoh
|-
|CM ||'''8'''||{{flagicon|IND}} Ramengmawia
|-
|MF ||'''18'''||{{flagicon|IND}} Lyngshing
|-
|ST ||'''15''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Seikhohau Tuboi]]
|-
|ST ||'''27'''||{{flagicon|BRA}} Ronald Zothanzama || {{suboff|55}}
|-
|ST ||'''10''' ||{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Anil Gurung|Gurung]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|MF ||'''7''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ronald|| || {{subon|80}}
|-
|FW ||'''9'''||{{flagicon|IND}} Bengkok Nameirakpam || || {{subon|55}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Stanley Rozario]]
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK ||'''1''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhra Mondal]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|LB ||'''29'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saumik Dey]] || || {{suboff|70}}
|-
|CB ||'''26''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]]
|-
|CB ||'''4'''||{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Uga Okpara]]
|-
|RB ||'''3''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nirmal Chettri]]
|-
|CM ||'''7'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanjot Khabra]]
|-
|CM ||'''14'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehtab Hossain]]
|-
|RW ||'''22''' ||{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Sanju Pradhan]]
|-
|LW ||'''19''' ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] || || {{suboff|66}}
|-
|ST ||'''24'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhash Singh]] || || {{suboff|60}}
|-
|ST ||'''12'''||{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Yusif Yakubu]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|DF ||'''33'''||{{flagicon|IND}} Saikat Saha Roy || || {{subon|70}}
|-
|MF ||'''35'''||{{flagicon|IND}} Budhiram Tudu || || {{subon|60}}
|-
|FW ||'''15'''||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhaichung Bhutia]] || || {{subon|66}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Philippe De Ridder]]
|}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Federation Cup (India)}}
{{2009-10 in Indian football}}
{{2009 in Asian Football (AFC)}}
{{SC East Bengal}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2009-10 Indian Federation Cup Final}}
[[Category:2009–10 in Indian football|1]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Shillong Lajong FC matches]]
[[Category:Indian Federation Cup finals]]

Arnab Ray

2025-12-13T04:34:16Z

Wmltusa:

{{short description|Indian novelist, blogger and podcaster}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Arnab Ray
| image =
| pseudonym = Greatbong
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Research scientist
* blogger
* novelist
}}
| nationality = Indian
| movement =
| website = {{URL|http://greatbong.net/}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| caption = Arnab Ray at an event hosted by [[HarperCollins|HarperCollins India]] and [[Crossword Bookstores|Crossword]] for his [[May I Hebb Your Attention Pliss|first book]]
| language = English
| years_active = 2004–present
| genre = Satire<br/>Horror<br/>Crime-thriller<br/>Drama
| notableworks = The Greatbong Blog<br/>[[May I Hebb Your Attention Pliss]]<br/>[[The Mine (novel)|The Mine]]
| education = BE, [[Jadavpur University]]<br />PhD, [[Stony Brook University]]
}}
'''Arnab Ray''' is an Indian novelist, blogger, podcaster who currently lives in the United States. While finishing his PhD at Stony Brook University,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/070817/meet-internets-funniest-bengali.html|title=Meet internet's funniest Bengali|last=Basu|first=Dyuti|date=2017-08-07|website=The Asian Age|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> he started his blog with the name ''Random Thoughts of a Demented Mind,'' in August 2004,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greatbong.net/2004/08/20/start-of-a-new-life/|title=Start of a new life|last=greatbong|date=2004-08-20|website=The Greatbong Blog & Podcast|language=en|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> using ''Greatbong'' (''bong'' is an Indian slang for [[Bengalis|Bengali]]) as his pen name. The blog focuses on satirical social and political commentary.

Ray embarked on his writing career with ''[[May I Hebb Your Attention Pliss]]'', a non-fiction book that came out in 2010, and contained much of the commentary that Ray was known for by then through his blog. This was followed by ''[[The Mine (novel)|The Mine]]'', a psychological horror novel that came out in 2012, followed by books in the drama<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/back-from-the-dead/article6473166.ece|title=Back from the dead|last=Varma|first=Nikhil|date=2014-10-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-11-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and crime-thriller<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-arnab-ray-s-sultan-of-delhi-is-a-desi-godfather-style-thriller-2271031|title=Book Review: Arnab Ray's Sultan of Delhi is a desi Godfather-style thriller|last=Dutta|first=Nirmalya|date=2016-11-07|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref> genres. His last novel ''The Mahabharata Murders'' was adapted as a web series ''[[Mahabharat Murders]]'' on the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] OTT platform Hoichoi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-08|title=Mahabharat Murders - Trailer|url=https://www.hoichoi.tv/shows/watch-mahabharat-murders-bengali-web-series-trailer-online|website=hoichoi.tv|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-05-08|title=Hoichoi's new content slate promises lots to explore|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/lifestyle/hoichoi-unveils-its-new-content-slate-called-notun-golpo-hoyejak/cid/1861558|website=telegraphindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

In 2019, Ray renamed his blog as ''The Greatbong Blog'' and started a podcast called ''Attention Pliss!''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sunday-herald/sh-top-stories/on-the-podcasting-couch-761128.html|title=On the Podcasting couch...|date=2019-09-15|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/917597/podcast-picks-these-shows-will-guide-you-through-indias-hectic-election-season|title=Podcast picks: These shows will guide you through India's hectic election season|last=Venkataramakrishnan|first=Rohan|website=Scroll.in|date=24 March 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/attention-pliss-with-arnab-ray/id1419600544|title=Attention Pliss! with Arnab Ray on Apple Podcasts|website=Apple Podcasts|language=en-us|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref>

==Career==
Ray was born and brought up in [[Kolkata]].<ref name=":0" /> His father Alok Ray is an ex-professor of [[IIM Calcutta]]. He graduated from [[Jadavpur University]] as a Bachelor in [[Computer Science and Engineering]] and went on to finish his PhD in [[Computer Science]] from [[State University of New York at Stony Brook]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sites.google.com/site/arnabray/|title=arnabray|date=|accessdate=2012-09-16}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]).|date=July 2022}}

He is known for his sarcastic takes on the Indian film industry, Indian politics and society in general. His blog, then called ''Random Thoughts of a Demented Mind,'' was awarded the "Indiblog of the Year" at Indibloggies in 2006<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indibloggies.org/results-2006 |title=The 2006 Winners are here | Indibloggies - The Indian Weblog Awards | Indian Blog Awards |publisher=Indibloggies |date=2007-02-22 |accessdate=2012-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006153053/http://www.indibloggies.org/results-2006 |archive-date=6 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indibloggies.org/category/announcements/results |title=Results | Indibloggies - The Indian Weblog Awards | Indian Blog Awards |publisher=Indibloggies |date= |accessdate=2012-09-16 |archive-date=10 July 2009 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090710013015/http://www.indibloggies.org/category/announcements/results |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has written for several media outlets such as ''[[The Washington Post]]'''',<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/11/16/AR2007111601212.html | newspaper=The Washington Post | title=The Spider | date=18 November 2007}}</ref> ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' magazine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?237467 |title=Acidwash Adonis | Arnab Ray |publisher=Outlookindia.com |date= |accessdate=2012-09-16}}</ref> and ''[[Live Mint]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2009/05/22211640/IPL2-Hits-ifs-and-misses.html?pg=1 |title=IPL2: Hits, ifs and misses |publisher=Livemint |date=2009-05-22 |accessdate=2012-09-16}}</ref>

He is an agnostic with moderate political beliefs as he has written about in his many blog posts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/arnabray/info |title=Arnab Ray |publisher=Facebook |date= |accessdate=2012-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://greatbong.net/2011/07/24/the-question-of-suffering/#more-27117 |title=The Question of Suffering « Random Thoughts of a Demented Mind |publisher=Greatbong.net |date=2011-07-24 |accessdate=2012-09-16}}</ref> His first book ''[[May I Hebb Your Attention Pliss]]'', published by [[HarperCollins]], was on ''[[India Today]]'''s Bestsellers list.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20100510-bestsellers-for-april-2010-742827-2010-04-30|title=Bestsellers for April 2010|work=India Today|date=1 May 2010}}</ref> His second book, ''[[The Mine (novel)|The Mine]]'', has also been well received. His third book, ''Yatrik '' was published in September 2014.

His fourth book ''Sultan of Delhi: Ascension,'' first of a two-part crime-drama, was released in October 2016. It is being adapted as a web series ''[[Sultan of Delhi (TV series)|Sultan of Delhi]]'' on the OTT platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]], directed by [[Milan Luthria]], starring [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]], [[Mouni Roy]], [[Vinay Pathak]], and others.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/sultan-of-delhi-trailer-showcases-power-struggle-amid-high-stakes/articleshow/103863146.cms |title='Sultan of Delhi' trailer showcases power struggle amid high stakes |newspaper=The TImes of India |date=2023-09-22 |access-date=2023-09-22}}</ref>

The print version of fifth book ''The Mahabharata Murders'', published by [[Juggernaut Books]] was released in August 2017, even as the e-version of the book was released through the publisher's app in India. It was adapted as a web series ''[[Mahabharat Murders]]'' on the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] OTT platform Hoichoi.

==Novels==
* ''[[May I Hebb Your Attention Pliss]]'', [[HarperCollins]], 2010 {{ISBN|9788172239374}}
* ''[[The Mine (novel)|The Mine]]'', Westland ([[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/4Is6s83L8KS4NqfKe8PlBO/Amazon-to-buy-publishing-business-of-Tataowned-Westland.html|title=Amazon to buy publishing business of Tata-owned Westland|last=Agarwal|first=Anirban Sen, Sapna|date=2016-10-28|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-11-22}}</ref>), 2012 {{ISBN|9789381626382}}
* ''Yatrik'', Westland, 2014 {{ISBN|978-9384030506}}
* ''[[Sultan of Delhi: Ascension]],'' [[Hachette Book Group|Hachette India]], 2016 {{ISBN|9789351950929}}
* ''The Mahabharata Murders,'' [[Juggernaut Books]]'', 2017'' {{ISBN|9789386228369}}
* ''Shakchunni,'' [[Hachette Book Group|Hachette India]], 2024 {{ISBN|9789357318211}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://greatbong.net/ The Greatbong Blog and Podcast]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Arnab}}
[[Category:Indian male bloggers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:American novelists of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian agnostics]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Stony Brook University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian bloggers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian podcasters]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Mass media people from Kolkata]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]

Madikheda Dam

2025-12-06T01:12:41Z

Wmltusa: improve details after review and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Madikheda Dam
| image = Madikheda Dam.JPG
| image_caption = View of Madikheda Dam from down stream
| name_official = Madikheda (Mohini Sagar) Dam
| dam_crosses = [[Sindh River]]
| res_name = Madikheda Reservoir
| location = [[Madikheda]], [[Shivpuri|Shivpuri District]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| operator = Water Resources Department, [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| dam_length = 1070 m
| dam_height = 62 m
| dam_width_base =
| construction_began = 1978
| opening = 2008
| coordinates = {{coord|25|33|20|N|77|51|10|E|display=inline}}
| image_alt =
| location_map = India
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'''Madikheda Dam''' is a multi-purpose [[dam]] situated in [[Shivpuri]] district in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. Before independence village of Madikheda was under the chiefs of Raipur Dhamkan a seat of Thakur who comes from Pawaiya Chauhan clan. Chauhans of Raipur were dominating chiefs of former Narwar zila. Thakur sahib Shree Niranjan singhji Pawaiya was the last Chief of Raipur Dhamkan succeeded by his son Shree Parikshit singhji, Later Shree Parikshit singhji settled madikheda and became first chieftain or Pradhan of Madikheda along with some other villages of the Raipur Dhamkan. He issued two sons Shree Pran singhji and Shree Jihan singhji. Thakur sahib Lambardar Shree Jihan singhji Pawaiya was the last pradhan or chieftain of Madikheda. the former village of Madikheda was affected by dam project on Sindh river with 12 other villages on the bank of river in 1975 -1977.

==Specification==
*Length of Dam - 1070 meter<ref name="wris">{{cite web |title=Madikheda (Mohini Sagar ) Dam |url=http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Madikheda(Mohini_Sagar)_Dam_D02491 |publisher=India-WRIS |accessdate=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803163820/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Madikheda(Mohini_Sagar)_Dam_D02491 |archive-date=3 August 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Length of spillway - 176.50 meter
*Full Reservoir Level - 346.25 meter
*Maximum Water Level - 346.85 meter
* Catchment area - 5540 km<sup>2</sup>
*Submergence area - 5672.91 ha
* Villages affected - 13
*Dam height - 62 m
*No. of gates - 10
*Year of start - 1978
*Project benefits
**Culturable command area - 98.25 th.ha
**Ultimate potential - 162.0 th. ha
**Districts benefitted - [[Gwalior]], [[Shivpuri]], [[Datia]], [[Bhind]]
*Hydro power - '''60 MW''' (20x3)
*Year of completion - 2008

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
*[[River Basins in Madhya Pradesh]]
*[[:Category:Dams in Madhya Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Power Plants of Madhya Pradesh}}

Local sources and Archeological surveys of India .

[[Category:Dams in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shivpuri district]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

{{India-dam-stub}}
{{India-powerstation-stub}}

Sonam Rani Sardar

2025-11-22T12:22:08Z

Wmltusa:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
'''Sonam Rani Sardar''' (born 1998) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. She is a member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from [[Triveniganj Assembly constituency]] in [[Supaul district]] which is reserved for members of Scheduled Caste community.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Triveniganj (SC) Election Result 2025 Highlights: JD(U)'s Sonam Rani wins Triveniganj (SC) with 105262 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/triveniganj-sc-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-vote-counting-bihar-jdu-nda-mahagathbandhan-rjd-baelb-2818991-2025-11-14 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She won the [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Janata Dal (United)]]. She polled 105,262 votes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Triveniganj (SC) Assembly Election 2025: Triveniganj (SC) Election Candidates List, MLA, Election Date, Constituency Map, Seat Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi {{!}} त्रिवेणीगंज (एससी) विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2025 |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/assembly-chunav/bihar/triveniganj-assembly-result-4044 |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref> and defeated Santosh Kumar of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] by a margin of 5,683 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-14 |title=Bihar Triveniganj (SC) Election Result 2025: JD(U)’s Sonam Rani wins with a total of 1,05,262 votes |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/bihar-election/news/bihar-triveniganj-election-result-2025-live-update-jdu-jan-suraaj-jan-suraaj-mla-winner-candidate-list-1116-136412271.html |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Triveniganj Constituency Election Results 2025: Triveniganj Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/triveniganj |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.news18.com/elections/triveniganj-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-assembly-seat-winner-leading-mla-margin-9706057.html</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sardar, Sonan Rani}}
[[Category: 1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Supaul district]]
[[Category:Women members of the Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

Himachali cap

2025-11-09T11:29:41Z

Wmltusa: cleanup

{{short description|Traditional headdress}}
[[File:Ved_Prakash_-_Solang_Valley_2014-05-10_2547.JPG|right|thumb|A man in [[Kullu]], wearing a traditional Himachali cap.]]
'''Himachali cap''' (Bushehri topi, Pahari topi, Kinnauri topi) is a distinctive [[Headgear|headdress]] associated with [[Himachal Pradesh#Culture|Himachal Pradesh's culture]]. It is a part of the traditional dress of many [[Western Pahari|Pahari]] inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Broadcasting|first=India Ministry of Information and|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5GpmoJ3BBIC|title=Himachal Pradesh|date=1956|publisher=Tourist Division, Ministry of Transport|isbn=978-81-7199-465-6|location=|pages=22|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Shaikh|first=Ameen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32YHEAAAQBAJ|title=ShaikhSpear in Himachal|date=2019-04-01|publisher=Mountain Walker Private Limited|isbn=978-81-940505-0-6|location=|pages=173|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Himachali Cap (Topi) -Buy Kullu, Shimla, Kinnauri and Malana Cap|url=https://himalayankraft.in/product-tag/himachali-cap-topi/|access-date=2021-01-16|website=HimalayanKraft|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Himachali cap - Culture, legacy and heritage Issues and analysis @ abhipedia Powered by ABHIMANU IAS|url=https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/State/MTE5OTg4/The-Himachali-cap---Culture--legacy-and-heritage-Himachal-Pradesh-State|access-date=2021-01-16|website=abhipedia.abhimanu.com|language=en-us}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Stamp of India - 2017 - Colnect 753869 - Himachali Cap.jpeg|200px|left|thumb|2017 Indian stamp depicting the cap]]
The Himachali cap is historically related to [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]] that was formerly part of the Bushahr Kingdom. It reached other parts of [[Himachal Pradesh]] via the [[princely state]] of [[Bushahr]] and [[Kullu]], since Bushahr kingdom traded with many neighboring regions Including Tibet. The weaving style and materials used for these caps differ from each other. Kinnaur's traditional cap also called Thepang, feature two distinct velvet variations: Maroon and green.

== Material and Shape ==
Himachali caps are one of the popular [[arts and crafts of Himachal Pradesh]]. The Himachali cap is usually made of [[wool]], and the shape is typically round or boat shape.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Broadcasting|first=India Ministry of Information and|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5GpmoJ3BBIC|title=Himachal Pradesh|date=1956|publisher=Tourist Division, Ministry of Transport|isbn=978-81-7199-465-6|location=|pages=128, 129|language=en}}</ref>

== Traditional wear ==
[[File:Kinnauri Nati dance.jpg|thumb|[[Nati (dance)|Nati dance]] being performed with traditional [[Kinnaur district|Kinnauri]] attire]]
The Himachali cap is an ingrained part of daily wear in Himachal, and it is commonly worn during local festivities, religious functions and marriages.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Verma|first=Shruti|date=2018-02-02|title=The Himachali cap: Culture, legacy and heritage|url=http://www.himvani.com/47431/himachali-cap-culture-legacy-heritage/|access-date=2021-01-17|website=HimVani|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Himachali caps are a representation of cultural identity. People in Himachal consider the cap as a point of pride,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wagner|first=Anja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oWVFAAAAQBAJ|title=The Gaddi Beyond Pastoralism: Making Place in the Indian Himalayas|date=2013-06-01|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-0-85745-930-5|location=|pages=34|language=en}}</ref> like a turban for [[Sikhs]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. This topi (Hindi for cap) is a representation of HP’s cultural identity and is considered a symbol of pride for the Himachalis.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Traditional Himachali Caps": A Symbol of Heritage |url=https://holidayshunt.com/traditional-himachali-caps-a-symbol-of-heritage/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=www.holidayshunt.com}}</ref>

=== Political identity ===
{{Quote box
| width = 33%
| align = right
| quoted = 1
| quote = ''I would like to thank Narendra Modi ji for using Himachal’s cap as a crown in Israel''
| salign = right
| source= —[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]] [[tweeter|tweeted]] for [[Narendra Modi]] when he dressed in Himachali cap with a maroon band during his visit to [[Israel]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Gaurav Bisht|date=6 July 2017|title=PM Modi's cap in Israel takes political hue in Himachal|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-s-cap-in-israel-takes-political-hue-in-himachal/story-JJH2Dk9H1LQ1xPF2m3hFiM.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313092408/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-s-cap-in-israel-takes-political-hue-in-himachal/story-JJH2Dk9H1LQ1xPF2m3hFiM.html|archive-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>
}}

The colour of the Himachali caps has been an indicator of political loyalties in the hill state for a long period of time with [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] leaders like [[Virbhadra Singh]] donning caps with green band and the rival [[BJP]] leader [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]] wearing a cap with maroon band.<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2017-10-29|title=War of caps: State which flaunts political loyalty on its head (Himachal Polls)|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/war-of-caps-state-which-flaunts-political-loyalty-on-its-head-himachal-polls-117102900333_1.html|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=SHARMA|first=NIDHI|title=In Himachal Pradesh, it is maroon for BJP and green for Congress|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/in-himachal-pradesh-it-is-maroon-for-bjp-and-green-for-congress/articleshow/61499068.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-05-25}}</ref><ref name="caphp">{{cite news|author=Archana Phull|date=14 January 2018|title=Cap likely on 'cap politics' in Himachal Pradesh|newspaper=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/cap-likely-cap-politics-himachal-pradesh-1502563887.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313092147/https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/cap-likely-cap-politics-himachal-pradesh-1502563887.html|archive-date=13 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-07-08|title=Cap's colour denotes political leanings!|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/cap-s-colour-denotes-political-leanings/story-2eBpJ0rkKClYgUfQxUz8lM.html|access-date=2021-05-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-29|title=As BJP-Congress battle heats up in Himachal Pradesh, people flaunt their political 'colours' on their headgear|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/as-bjp-congress-battle-heats-up-in-himachal-pradesh-people-flaunt-their-political-colours-on-their-headgear-4182533.html|access-date=2021-05-25|website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Short film ‘... Kissa Topi Ka’ has message for voters|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachal/short-film-kissa-topi-ka-has-message-for-voters-456467|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-13|title=Himachal topi leaves Chief Minister Virbhadra Singh fuming at function|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/himachal-topi-leaves-chief-minister-virbhadra-singh-fuming-at-function-4842258/|access-date=2021-06-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi dedicates to the nation the World’s longest Highway tunnel - Atal Tunnel, in Manali, Himachal Pradesh on October 03, 2020 (7).jpg|[[Narendra Modi]] in Himachali cap
File:Prem Kumar Dhumal.jpg|[[Prem Kumar Dhumal]] in Himachali cap.
File:Virbhadra Singh HP.jpg|[[Virbhadra Singh]] in Himachali cap.
File:JRThakur.jpg|[[Jai Ram Thakur]] in Himachali cap.
File:Himachali Caps (87069779).jpeg|Himachali Caps
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of hat styles]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Rampur chaddar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian headgear]]
[[Category:Culture of Himachal Pradesh]]

{{clothing-stub}}

Shahpura, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency

2025-11-06T03:43:13Z

Wmltusa: new new stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shahpura
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 103
| map_image = 103-Shahpura, Madhya Pradesh.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Dindori district|Dindori]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandla Lok Sabha constituency|Mandla]]
| mla = [[Om Prakash Dhurve]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Bhoopendra Maravi
| reservation = ST
}}
'''Shahpura''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/mp2013/index.php?action=show_candidates&constituency_id=175|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="const">{{cite web|title=Vidhansabha Seats|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/madhyapradesh/statepc.aspx|website=electionsininda.com|publisher=Election In India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> Current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of Shahpura is [[Om Prakash Dhurve]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

It is part of [[Dindori district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Anoop Singh Maravi
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Sunderlal Ureti
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Anoop Singh Maravi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Ram Singh
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="2" |Ganga Bai Ureti
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Dr. C.S. Bhavedi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| Ganga Bai Ureti
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Om Prakash Dhurve]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Bhoopendra Maravi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Om Prakash Dhurve]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpura<ref name="BJP Candidates MP 2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bjp-announces-candidates-for-39-assembly-seats-in-madhya-pradesh-3-months-ahead-of-state-election-101692298341918.html|title=BJP releases first list of candidates for 39 seats in MP|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Om Prakash Dhurve]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:84844}}
|percentage = 38.23
|change = +10.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhoopendra Maravi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:79227}}
|percentage = 35.7
|change = -9.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Aman Singh Porte
|votes = {{formatnum:40860}}
|percentage = 18.41
|change = +2.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amar Singh Marko
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:4530}}
|percentage = 2.04
|change = -1.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aapki Apni Party (peoples)
|candidate = Sukhdev Singh Kushram
|votes = {{formatnum:3029}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Shakti Chetna Party
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar Banwasi
|votes = {{formatnum:2844}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4636}}
|percentage = 2.09
|change = -1.27
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5617}}
|percentage = 2.53
|change = -14.93
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:221924}}
|percentage = 83.09
|change = +4.02
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Shahpura<ref name="election2018-3">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Bhoopendra Maravi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:88687}}
|percentage = 45.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Om Prakash Dhurve]]
|votes = {{formatnum:54727}}
|percentage = 28.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Ranjeet Singh Maravi
|votes = {{formatnum:30955}}
|percentage = 15.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Amar Singh Marko
|votes = {{formatnum:6130}}
|percentage = 3.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anek Singh Maravi
|votes = {{formatnum:2931}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Gawlu Singh Markam
|votes = {{formatnum:2586}}
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shambhu Singh Maravi
|votes = {{formatnum:1988}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6543}}
|percentage = 3.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:33960}}
|percentage = 17.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:194547}}
|percentage = 79.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Shahpura, Dindori]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.89|75.66|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dindori district]]

{{Madhya Pradesh-stub}}

Sukhanwala

2025-10-26T19:56:10Z

Wmltusa: new details.

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sukhan wala
| native_name = ਸੁੱਖਣ ਵਾਲਾ
| native_name_lang = pa
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|States]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = Block
| parts =
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Sarpanch
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 151212
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi (Gurmukhi)]]
}}

'''Sukhanwala''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਸੁੱਖਣਵਾਲਾ) is a village in [[Faridkot district]] of [[Punjab]], [[India]]. A School branch of [[Akal Academy]] [[Baru Sahib]] is also located in this village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukhan Wala · Punjab 151212, India |url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Sukhan+Wala,+Punjab+151212/@30.6346331,74.6406188,15z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x39175e8b89201467:0xc72b57a2c8f60301!8m2!3d30.6348492!4d74.6473625!16s/g/1tscmcx4?hl=en&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI1MDQwOS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw== |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=Sukhan Wala · Punjab 151212, India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukhan Wala Pin Code, Sukhan Wala, Faridkot Map, Latitude and Longitude, Punjab |url=https://indiamapia.com/Faridkot/Sukhan_Wala.html |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=indiamapia.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!District Nearest
!Post Office
!Pin Code
!Population
!Area
!Nearest City
!Police station
|-
|[[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
|'''Sukhan wala'''
|151203
|3,187<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sukhanwala Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35488-sukhanwala-punjab.html |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
|1576.71 hectares
|[[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]]
|Sadar Police Station, Faridkot
|}

== Main Places ==
* Government Primary School (Main)
* Senior Secondary School
* Akal Academy Sukhanwala
* Cooperative Society

=== Religious places ===

==== Gurudwara Kalgidhar Sahib ====
Gurudwara Kalgidhar Sahib is located outside the village near the grain market.

==== Dera Baba Thakur Das ====
This Dera is located right in the middle of the village.

== Clubs ==

* Baba Thakur Das Sports Club
* Sri Guru Har Gobind Wrestling Club
* Shaheed Bhagat Singh Club

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Only 15 paise reaches the beneficiary

2025-10-18T17:07:55Z

Wmltusa: made first article v1.

{{Italic title}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
In the 1985 [[Rajiv Gandhi]], then the [[Prime Minister of India]], had said that for every [[Indian rupee|rupee]], targeted towards drought-affected Kalahandi district in [[Odisha]], only a fraction, 15 [[Indian rupee|paise]], reached the intended beneficiary.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2017-06-11 |agency=Press Trust of India |title='Only 15 paise reaches the needy': SC quotes Rajiv Gandhi in its Aadhaar verdict |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/only-15-paise-reaches-the-needy-sc-quotes-rajiv-gandhi-in-its-aadhaar-verdict/story-I8dniDGXF6ksulggTDgb9L.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Saksena |first=Devendra |date=2017-08-10 |title=The 85-paise riddle! |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/the-85-paise-riddle-1502398034.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> This observation by the Prime Minister has been called a guess, an estimate, not based on empirical data.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Pritchett |first=Lant |last2=Aiyar |first2=Yamini |date=June 2015 |others=CGD Working Paper 391 |title=Value Subtraction in Public Sector Production: Accounting Versus Economic Cost of Primary Schooling in India |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/cid/files/publications/faculty-working-papers/Primary+Schooling+India+CID+297.pdf |publisher=Center for Global Development, Washington, D.C.}}</ref> While the statement has been connected to corruption, it has also been taken as an understanding of the large operating costs and overheads of administering public services.<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Habibullah |first=Wajahat |author-link=Wajahat Habibullah |date=2019-08-20 |title=Rajiv Gandhi and his vision of democracy in India |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/rajiv-gandhi-and-his-vision-of-democracy-in-india |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=National Herald |language=en}}</ref> India's [[Central Vigilance Commission|Chief Vigilance Commissioner]] later added that of the remaining, "40 paise perhaps can be accounted for administrative overheads and 45 paise is pure corruption".<ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sanjeet |date=20-22 October 2005 |title=Fighting Corruption in Developing Countries : Dimensions of the Problem in India |url=https://www.piarc.org/ressources/documents/551,2.3-Singh-1005C13.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421165610/https://www.piarc.org/ressources/documents/551,2.3-Singh-1005C13.pdf |archive-date=21 April 2022 |publisher=PIARC Seminar on Good Governance, Institutional Integrity, and Human Resources Management for Road Administrations |location=Warsaw, Poland}}</ref>

It has also been felt and politically stated that even less than 15 paise is a truer estimate in some cases; 10 paise,<ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last=Bhaumik |first=Saba Naqvi |date=November 15, 1996 |title=Campaign for right to information in Rajasthan exposes rot in system in villages |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19961115-campaign-for-right-to-information-in-rajasthan-exposes-rot-in-system-in-villages-833320-1996-11-15 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> even less than 5 paise.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Santosh K |date=17 January 2008 |title=Rahul echoes Rajiv Gandhi's comment on public fund |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jan/17rahul.htm |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> In 2007, in the same context, deputy chairman of the Planning Commission [[Montek Singh Ahluwalia]] said that the amount that reaches the poor has reached 50%.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sangeeta |date=2007-12-07 |title=Ahluwalia says 50% leakage in grain distribution is unacceptable |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/yGWVEd3Rc9NQbOeEMTzVBO/Ahluwalia-says-50-leakage-in-grain-distribution-is-unaccept.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Livemint}}</ref><ref name=":82">{{Cite web |date=2009-07-07 |agency=PTI |title=Montek moots 'budget tracking system' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/montek-moots-budget-tracking-system/story-Wcyep4r2TOjOQkCmaYm0WO.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In 2009, Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] agreed that there were still leakages, however not to the tune of what Rajiv Gandhi had felt.<ref name=":92">{{Cite news |agency=PTI |date=2009-10-11 |title=Fund 'leakage' not as big as Rajiv Gandhi mentioned: PM |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national//article59886560.ece |access-date=2022-04-21 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":102">{{Cite web |date=2009-10-11 |title=PM admits to fund 'leakage', but not as big as Rajiv said |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/pm-admits-to-fund-leakage-but-not-as-big-as-rajiv-said_570075.html |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> An empirical estimate based on a later study under economist [[Kirit Parikh]] came up with the figure of 16 paise.<ref name=":32" /> This figure varies between state and program. A 2005 study stated "one rupee of budgetary consumer subsidy is worth only 27 paise to the poor" with a finding that about 58% of food grains do not reach the intended target.<ref name=":14" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi]]
[[Category:Welfare in India]]

Manoj Kumar Mukherjee

2025-08-28T19:42:02Z

Wmltusa: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian jurist (1933–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manoj Kumar Mukherjee
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|12|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|04|17|1933|12|01|df=yes}}
| death_place = Kolkata
| other_names =
| occupation = Judge
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = Leading [[Mukherjee Commission]]
}}

'''Manoj Kumar Mukherjee''' (1 December 1933 – 17 April 2021) was an Indian jurist. He served as the [[List of Chief Justices of the Bombay High Court|Chief Justices of the Bombay High Court]] and [[Allahabad High Court]] and former judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. He was the head of [[Death of Subhas Chandra Bose#Mukherjee Commission 2005|Mukherjee Commission]], formed to probe the death of [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subash Chandra Bose]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Justice Mukherjee passes away|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/calcutta/justice-monoj-kumar-mukherjee-passes-away/cid/1813005|access-date=2021-04-19|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Mukherjee was born in 1933 in [[British India]]. He did his schooling in East Indian Railway School in Asansol.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=www.ETGovernment.com|title=Former SC judge Manoj Kumar Mukherjee passes away - ET Government|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/former-sc-judge-manoj-kumar-mukherjee-passes-away/82139455|access-date=2021-04-19|website=ETGovernment.com|language=en}}</ref> He passed B.Sc. and LL.B thereafter started his lawyer career in [[Asansol]] Court, in the state of [[West Bengal]] in 1956. He worked in the [[Calcutta High Court]] as a criminal law expert since December 1962 and in 1977 he was appointed a Judge of this Court. He was transferred to the Allahabad High Court on 12 November 1991 as the Chief Justice. In January 1993 Mukherjee became the Chief Justice [[Bombay High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/Judges/ex-judge1991-2000.htm|title=List of Former Hon'ble Judges|website=allahabadhighcourt.in|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> He was also appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/cjshow.php?auth=amdldGlkPTI2JnBhZ2Vubz0z|title=CHIEF JUSTICE MR. MANOJ KUMAR MUKHERJEE|website=bombayhighcourt.nic.in|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.107.37/judges/bio/82_mkmukherjee.htm|title=Former Judges|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-date=18 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518203743/http://164.100.107.37/judges/bio/82_mkmukherjee.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1999, after retirement, Mukherjee was appointed the chairperson of [[Mukherjee Commission]] to inquire into the [[death of Subhas Chandra Bose]]. His name was recommended by the then [[Chief Justice of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/netaji-died-in-taihoku-no-need-for-research/652490|title='Netaji Died in Taihoku, No Need for Research'|date=23 January 2009|work=Outlook|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060518/main8.htm|title=Bose did not die in plane crash: Mukherjee Commission|website=tribuneindia.com|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Manoj Kumar}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

Utraula Assembly constituency

2025-08-20T05:56:18Z

Wmltusa:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Utraula
| constituency_no = 293
| type = SLA
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| map_image = 293-Utraula.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Gonda Lok Sabha constituency|Gonda]]
| district = [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur ]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Ram Pratap Verma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| incumbent_image =
| alliance =
| electors = 4,28,121 (2024)
}}
'''Utraula''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Utraula in the [[Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh|Balrampur district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India. Utraula is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Gonda Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Ali Jarrar Jafri
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Suraj Lal Gupta
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Rafi Mahmood Khan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Suraj Lal Gupta
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2"|Rajendra Prasad Chaudhary
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Masroor Zafri
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Fazlul Bari alias Banne
|{{Full party name with color|Independent |rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| rowspan="2"|Samiullah Khan
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal }}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Vishavnath Prasad Gupta
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Ubaidur Rahman
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party |rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| Anwar Mahmood
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Shyam Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| Arif Anwar Hashmi
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ram Pratap Verma]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Utraula<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ram Pratap Verma]]
|votes = {{formatnum:87162}}
|percentage = 44.43
|change = +1.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Hasib Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:65393}}
|percentage = 33.33
|change = +5.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dhiru Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:12944}}
|percentage = 6.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Abdul Mannan
|votes = {{formatnum:12303}}
|percentage = 6.27
|change = +4.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Pratap Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:9669}}
|percentage = 4.93
|change = -17.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gyan Chandra
|votes = {{formatnum:2911}}
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1609}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change = -0.19
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:21769}}
|percentage = 11.1
|change = -3.6
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:196180}}
|percentage = 45.07
|change = -3.19
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Utraula<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Ram Pratap Verma
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:85240}}
|percentage = 42.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Arif Anwar Hashmi
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:56066}}
|percentage = 28.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Parvez Umar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:44799}}
|percentage = 22.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nizamullah Khan
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = {{formatnum:2966}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1977}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:29174}}
|percentage = 14.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198526}}
|percentage = 48.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.32|82.42|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Balrampur district, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

14th Gujarat Assembly

2025-07-31T01:59:38Z

Wmltusa: created a details basic info...

{{Short description|Unicameral legislature of the Indian state of Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<section begin="Infobox"/>

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Gujarat Legislative Assembly
| legislature = '''14th Gujarat Assembly'''
| foundation = 
| disbanded = 
| preceded_by = 13th Gujarat Legislative Assembly
| succeeded_by = [[15th Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| coa_pic = Government Of Gujarat Seal In All Languages.svg
| coa_caption = State Emblem of Gujarat
| coa_res = 100px
| house_type = Unicameral
| term_limits = 5 years
| leader1_type = Speaker
| leader1 = [[Nimaben Acharya]]
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election1 = 27 September 2021
| leader2_type = Deputy Speaker
| leader2 = [[Jethabhai Ahir]]
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election2 = 27 September 2021
| leader3_type = [[List of Chief Ministers of Gujarat|Leader of the House
(Chief Minister)]]
| leader3 = [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election3 = 13 September 2021
| leader5_type = [[Leader of Opposition in Gujarat Vidhansabha|Leader of the Opposition]]
| leader5 = [[Sukhram Rathva]]
| party5 = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| election5 = 3 December 2021
| members = '''182'''
| structure1 = File:Gujarat.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Government of Gujarat|Government]] (110)'''
*{{color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (110)
'''Opposition (64)'''<br />
'''[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (60)'''
*{{color box|#19AAED}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (60)
'''Unallied (4)'''
*{{color box|#FF0000}} [[Bharatiya Tribal Party|BTP]] (2)
*{{color box|#DCDCDC}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
'''Vacant (8)'''
*{{color box|#FFFFFF}} Vacant (8)

| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First past the post]]
| last_election1 = [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|9 and 14 December 2017]]
| next_election1 = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|1 and 5 December 2022]]
| session_room = Gujarat Vidhan Bhawan.jpg
| session_res = 250px
| meeting_place = {{coord|23|13|9|N|72|39|25|E|display=title, inline}}<br />Vithalbhai Patel Bhavan, [[Gujarat Vidhan Sabha]], [[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| website = {{URL|www.gujaratassembly.gov.in}}
|native_name=|body=Gujarat Legislative Assembly}}<section end="Infobox"/>

'''Gujarat Legislative Assembly''' or '''Gujarat Vidhan Sabha''' is the [[unicameral]] legislature of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]], in the state capital [[Gandhinagar]]. Presently, 182 members of the Legislative Assembly are directly [[Elections in Gujarat|elected]] from single-member [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly|constituencies]] (seats). It has a term of 5 years unless it is dissolved sooner. 13 constituencies are reserved for scheduled castes and 27 constituencies for scheduled tribes. From its majority party group or by way of a grand coalition cabinet of its prominent members, the state's Executive namely the [[Government of Gujarat]] is formed.

== History ==
Since the conclusion of the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]], the state saw resignations of several MLAs and bye elections on their vacated seats. It started in July 2018, when Congress MLA from Jasdan resigned.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Congress MLA Kunwarji Bavaliya resigns, joins BJP |url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/senior-gujarat-congress-leader-kunwarji-bavaliya-resigns-set-to-join-bjp-1877008/amp/1 |access-date=19 August 2022 |work=NDTV |date=3 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref> He later won the bye election on the [[Jasdan Assembly constituency]] on a BJP ticket.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BJP's Kunwarji Bavaliya wins Jasdan Bye election|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjps-kunvarji-bavaliya-wins-jasdan-bypoll-touches-three-figure-mark-in-gujarat-assembly-5506076/lite/ |access-date=19 August 2022 |work=NDTV |date=23 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
Later in February 2019, Congress MLA from [[Unjha Assembly constituency]] resigned.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Asha Patel resigns as Unjha MLA |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-congress-mla-from-unjha-ashaben-patel-quits-party-says-she-was-being-neglected/lite/ |access-date=19 August 2022 |work=NDTV |date=5 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> She was followed by Congress MLAs from [[Manavadar Assembly constituency|Manavadar]], [[Dhrangadhra Assembly constituency|Dhrangadhra]] and [[Jamnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Jamnagar Rural]] who resigned and joined BJP.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Congress MLAs join BJP |url= https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-gujarat-lawmakers-quit-congress-one-joins-bjp-another-on-the-way-2004922/amp/1|access-date=19 August 2022 |work=NDTV |date=8 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
BJP won bye elections of these vacated seats in May 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title= BJP wins Gujarat Assembly bye elections |url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bjp-wins-all-4-assembly-bypolls-in-gujarat-tally-crosses-100/articleshow/69478626.cms|access-date=19 August 2022 |work= Economic Times |date= 24 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In June 2019, Four Gujarat BJP MLAs resigned after getting elected to Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news |title= 4 Gujarat BJP MLAs resigned after getting elected to Lok Sabha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jun/07/four-gujarat-bjp-mlas-resign-on-getting-elected-to-lok-sabha-1986863.html |access-date=19 August 2022 |work= Indian Express |date= 7 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref> MLA from [[Radhanpur Assembly constituency|Radhanpur]], [[Alpesh Thakor]] who had quit Congress<ref>{{Cite news |title= Alpesh Thakor quits Congress |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gujarat-congress-mla-alpesh-thakor-resigns-from-party-5669214/lite/|access-date=19 August 2022 |work= Indian Express |date= 10 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> in April 2019 resigned as MLA along with [[Bayad Assembly constituency|Bayad]] MLA Dhavalsinh Zala in July 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title= Alpesh Thakor quits Congress |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/congress-rebel-alpesh-thakor-quits-as-mla-after-voting-in-gujarat-rs-bypoll/story-tnWZVx0gjyo2DjIJNkdnTO_amp.html|access-date=19 August 2022 |work= Hindustan Times |date= 5 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref> In the October bye elections, Congress retained [[Radhanpur Assembly constituency|Radhanpur]], [[Bayad Assembly constituency|Bayad]] and gained [[Tharad Assembly constituency|Tharad]], while BJP retained [[Kheralu Assembly constituency|Kheralu]], [[Amraiwadi Assembly constituency|Amraiwadi]] and gained [[Lunawada Assembly constituency|Lunawada]].
<ref>{{Cite news |title= Alpesh Thakor loses Radhanpur to Congress |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gujarat-by-election-results-2019-counting-of-votes-for-six-assembly-bypolls-begins-2121762 |access-date=19 August 2022 |work= NDTV |date= 24 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref> From March to June 2022, 8 Congress MLAs resigned and joined BJP.<ref>{{Cite news |title= 5 Congress MLAs quit |url= https://thewire.in/politics/gujarat-congress-rajya-sabha|access-date=19 August 2022 |work= The Wire |date= 16 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title= Congress MLAs quit |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/another-gujarat-congress-mla-resigns-ahead-of-rs-polls-6443926/lite/|access-date=19 August 2022 |work= Indian Express |date= 5 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> BJP won [[2020 Gujarat Legislative Assembly by-elections|bye elections]] on all their vacated seats with huge margins. In May 2021, BJP won the bye election of [[Morva Hadaf Assembly constituency|Morva Hadaf]].<ref>{{Cite news |title= BJP wins Morva Hadaf bye election|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-bjp-wins-morva-hadaf-assembly-bypoll/articleshow/82356357.cms|access-date=19 August 2022 |work= Times of India |date= 2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== Speakers ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name
!Term
|-
|[[Ramanlal Vora]]<ref name="BS2016">{{Cite web|title=Ramanlal Vora elected unopposed new Speaker of Gujarat Assembly|website=Business Standard News|date=22 August 2016|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/ramanlal-vora-elected-unopposed-new-speaker-of-gujarat-assembly-116082201043_1.html|access-date=23 August 2016}}</ref>
| 22 August 2016 – 19 February 2018
|-
|[[Rajendra Trivedi]]
| 19 February 2018 – 13 September 2021
|-
|[[Nimaben Acharya]]
|13 September 2021 – Incumbent
|}

 <section begin="Composition"/>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
 <section begin="MLA Header"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|-
!No.
!Constituency
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
! Remarks<section end="MLA Header"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Kutch district|<span style="color:white;">Kutch District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Kutch district"/>
|-
! rowspan=2|1
| rowspan=2| [[Abdasa Assembly constituency|Abdasa]]
| rowspan=2|[[Pradhyumansinh Mahipatsinh Jadeja|Pradyumansinh Mahipatsinh Jadeja]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Resigned from MLA post and switched party to BJP.<ref name="March_2020">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/four-gujarat-congress-mlas-resign-from-assembly-ahead-of-rs-polls/article31074265.ece |title=Congress suffers Rajya Sabha setback in Gujarat as four MLAs resign – The Hindu |date= 15 March 2020|author= |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date= 7 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Re-elected in 2020 by-election.
|-
!2
|[[Mandvi, Kachchh Assembly constituency|Mandvi (Kachchh)]]
|[[Virendrasinh Jadeja]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!3
|[[Bhuj Assembly constituency|Bhuj]]
|[[Nimaben Acharya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Speaker
|-
!4
|[[Anjar Assembly constituency|Anjar]]
|[[Vasanbhai Ahir]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!5
|[[Gandhidham Assembly constituency|Gandhidham]]
|[[Malti Maheshwari]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!6
|[[Rapar Assembly constituency|Rapar]]
|[[Santokben Aarethiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
<section end="Kutch district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Banaskantha district|<span style="color:white;">Banaskantha District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Banaskantha district"/>
|-
!7
|[[Vav Assembly constituency|Vav]]
|[[Geni Thakor|Geniben Thakor]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2|8
|rowspan=2|[[Tharad Assembly constituency|Tharad]]
|[[Parbatbhai Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|Gulabsinh Pirabhai Rajput
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!9
|[[Dhanera Assembly constituency|Dhanera]]
|Nathabhai Patel
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!10
|[[Danta Assembly constituency|Danta (ST)]]
|Kantibhai Kharadi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!11
|[[Vadgam Assembly constituency|Vadgam (SC)]]
|[[Jignesh Mevani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Switched from Independent to INC<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Gujarat Assembly Election 2022: Congress fields Jignesh Mevani from Vadgam seat |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/trending/politics/news-gujarat-assembly-election-2022-congress-fields-jignesh-mevani-from-vadgam-seat-207674 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Zee Business}}</ref>
|-
!12
|[[Palanpur Assembly constituency|Palanpur]]
|Mahesh Patel
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!13
|[[Deesa Assembly constituency|Deesa]]
|Shashikant Pandya
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!14
|[[Deodar Assembly constituency|Deodar]]
|Shivabhai Bhuriya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!15
|[[Kankrej Assembly constituency|Kankrej]]
|[[Kirtisinh Vaghela]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
<section end="Banaskantha district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Patan district|<span style="color:white;">Patan District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Patan district"/>
|-
! rowspan="2"| 16
| rowspan="2"| [[Radhanpur Assembly constituency|Radhanpur]]
|[[Alpesh Thakor]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Resigned from Congress in April 2019 and joined BJP
|-
|Raghubhai Merajbhai Desai
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Elected in Bypolls in October 2019
|-
!17
|[[Chanasma Assembly constituency|Chanasma]]
|[[Dilipkumar Viraji Thakor|Dilipkumar Thakor]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!18
|[[Patan (Gujarat Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]]
|Kiritkumar Patel
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!19
|[[Sidhpur Assembly constituency|Sidhpur]]
|Chandanji Thakor
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
<section end="Patan district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Mehsana district|<span style="color:white;">Mehsana District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Mehsana district"/>
|-
!rowspan=2|20
|rowspan=2|[[Kheralu Assembly constituency|Kheralu]]
|Bharatsinhji Dabhi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|
|-
|Ajmalji Valaji Thakor
|
|-
!rowspan=2|21
|rowspan=2|[[Unjha Assembly constituency|Unjha]]
|[[Asha Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Died on 12 September 2021<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 December 2021|title=BJP MLA Ashaben Patel dies of complications due to dengue|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/bjp-unjha-mla-dies-7668832/|access-date=17 December 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=3|'''Vacant'''
|
|-
!22
|[[Visnagar Assembly constituency|Visnagar]]
|[[Rushikesh Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!23
|[[Bechraji Assembly constituency|Bechraji]]
|Bharatji Thakor
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!24
|[[Kadi Assembly constituency|Kadi (SC)]]
|Punjabhai Solanki
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!25
|[[Mahesana Assembly constituency|Mehsana]]
|[[Nitinbhai Patel|Nitin Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!26
|[[Vijapur Assembly constituency|Vijapur]]
|[[Ramanbhai Dhulabhai Patel|Ramanbhai Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
<section end="Mehsana district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Sabarkantha district|<span style="color:white;">Sabarkantha District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Sabarkantha district"/>
|-
!27
|[[Himatnagar Assembly constituency|Himatnagar]]
|Rajubhai Chavda
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!28
|[[Idar Assembly constituency|Idar (SC)]]
|[[Hitu Kanodia]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2|29
|rowspan=2|[[Khedbrahma Assembly constituency|Khedbrahma (ST)]]
|[[Ashvin Kotwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Resigned on 3 May 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-03 |title=Gujarat Congress MLA Ashwin Kotwal resigns ahead of polls, joins BJP |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/gujarat-congress-mla-ashwin-kotwal-resigns-ahead-of-polls-joins-bjp-1106105.html |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=3|'''Vacant'''
|
<section end="Sabarkantha district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Aravalli district|<span style="color:white;">Aravalli District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Aravalli district"/>
|-
!rowspan=2|30
|rowspan=2|[[Bhiloda Assembly constituency|Bhiloda (ST)]]
|[[Anil Joshiyara]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Died on 14 March 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2022 |title=Senior Gujarat Congress MLA Anil Joshiyara dies of post-Covid-19 complications |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/gujarat-congress-anil-joshiyara-dead-post-covid-7819173/ |access-date=14 March 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=3|'''Vacant'''
|
|-
!31
|[[Modasa Assembly constituency|Modasa]]
|Rajesndrasinh Thakor
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2" |32
|rowspan="2" |[[Bayad Assembly constituency|Bayad]]
|[[Dhavalsinh Zala]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Resigned on 5 July 2019<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-05 |title=Congress MLAs Alpesh Thakor, Dhavalsinh Zala resign from Gujarat Assembly |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat-byelection-assembly-congress-bjp-alpesh-thakor-5816999/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Jashubhai Shivabhai Patel
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Elected in 2019 bypolls
<section end="Aravalli district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Sabarkantha district|<span style="color:white;">Sabarkantha District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Sabarkantha district 2"/>
|-
!33
|[[Prantij Assembly constituency|Prantij]]
|Gajendrasinh Parmar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
<section end="Sabarkantha district 2"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Gandhinagar district|<span style="color:white;">Gandhinagar District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Gandhinagar district"/>
|-
!34
|[[Dahegam Assembly constituency|Dahegam]]
|Balrajsinh Chauhan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!35
|[[Gandhinagar Dakshin Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar South]]
|[[Shambhuji Thakor]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!36
|[[Gandhinagar North Assembly constituency|Gandhinagar North]]
|C. J. Chavda
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!37
|[[Mansa, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Mansa]]
|Surekhkumar Patel
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!38
|[[Kalol, Gandhinagar Assembly constituency|Kalol]]
|Baldevji Thakor
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
<section end="Gandhinagar district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Ahmedabad district|<span style="color:white;">Ahmedabad District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Ahmedabad district"/>
|-
!39
|[[Viramgam Assembly constituency|Viramgam]]
|Lakhabhai Bharwad
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!40
|[[Sanand Assembly constituency|Sanand]]
|Kanubhai Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!41
|[[Ghatlodia Assembly constituency|Ghatlodia]]
|[[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chief Minister
|-
!42
|[[Vejalpur Assembly constituency|Vejalpur]]
|Kishor Chauhan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!43
|[[Vatva Assembly constituency|Vatva]]
|[[Pradipsinh Jadeja]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!44
|[[Ellis Bridge Assembly constituency|Ellis Bridge]]
|[[Rakesh Shah]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!45
|[[Naranpura Assembly constituency|Naranpura]]
|Kaushik Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!46
|[[Nikol Assembly constituency|Nikol]]
|Jagdish Panchal
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!47
|[[Naroda Assembly constituency|Naroda]]
|Balram Thawani
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!48
|[[Thakkarbapa Nagar Assembly constituency|Thakkarbapa Nagar]]
|[[Vallabhbhai Kakadiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!49
|[[Bapunagar Assembly constituency|Bapunagar]]
|Himmatsinh Patel
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2|50
| rowspan=2|[[Amraiwadi Assembly constituency|Amraiwadi]]
| Hasmukhbhai Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
|[[Jagdish Ishwarbhai Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!51
|[[Dariapur Assembly constituency|Dariapur]]
|Gyasuddin Shaikh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!52
|[[Jamalpur-Khadiya Assembly constituency|Jamalpur-Khadia]]
|[[Imran Khedawala]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!53
|[[Maninagar Assembly constituency|Maninagar]]
|[[Suresh Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!54
|[[Danilimda]] (SC)
|[[Shailesh Parmar]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!55
|[[Sabarmati Assembly constituency|Sabarmati]]
|Arvindkumar Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!56
|[[Asarwa Assembly constituency|Asarwa (SC)]]
|[[Pradip Parmar|Pradipbhai Parmar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!57
|[[Daskroi Assembly constituency|Daskroi]]
|[[Babubhai Patel (politician)|Babu Jamna Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!58
|[[Dholka Assembly constituency|Dholka]]
| [[Bhupendrasinh Chudasama]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Election cancelled by high court but put on hold by Supreme Court
|-
!59
|[[Dhandhuka Assembly constituency|Dhandhuka]]
|Rajesh Gohil
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
<section end="Ahmedabad district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Surendranagar district|<span style="color:white;">Surendranagar District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Surendranagar district"/>
|-
!60
|[[Dasada (constituency)|Dasada (SC)]]
|Naushadji Solanki
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2|61
| rowspan=2|[[Limbdi Assembly constituency|Limdi]]
| Kolipatel Somabhai Gandalal
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| He was elected in 2017 on Congress ticket, before [[2020 Rajya Sabha elections#Gujarat|2020 Rajya Sabha election]], he resigned from MLA post and switched party to BJP.<ref name="March_2020" />>
|-
|[[Kiritsinh Rana]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Elected in 2020 by-election.
|-
!62
|[[Wadhwan Assembly constituency|Wadhwan]]
|Dhanjibhai Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!63
|[[Chotila Assembly constituency|Chotila]]
|Rutvik Makwana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2|64
| rowspan=2|[[Dhrangadhra Assembly constituency|Dhrangadhra]]
| rowspan=2|Parshottam Sabariya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Resigned on 8 March 2019<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-08 |title=Gujarat: After Asha Patel, Cong MLA Jawahar Chavda and Parshottam Sabariya quit; party strength down to 72 |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-congress-leader-jawahar-chavda-resigns-as-mla-party-strength-comes-down-to-73-5617172/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Elected in 2019 bypolls
<section end="Surendranagar district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Morbi district|<span style="color:white;">Morbi District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Morbi district"/>
|-
!rowspan=2| 65
|rowspan=2| [[Morbi Assembly constituency|Morbi]]
|rowspan=2|Brijesh Merja
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| He was elected in 2017 on Congress ticket, before [[2020 Rajya Sabha elections#Gujarat|2020 Rajya Sabha election]], he resigned from MLA post and switched party to BJP.<ref name="March_2020" />>
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| re elected in 2020 by-election.
|-
!66
|[[Tankara Assembly constituency|Tankara]]
|Lalit Kagathra
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!67
|[[Wankaner Assembly constituency|Wankaner]]
|Mohammad Javed Pirjada
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
<section end="Morbi district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Rajkot district|<span style="color:white;">Rajkot District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Rajkot district"/>
|-
!68
|[[Rajkot East Assembly constituency|Rajkot East]]
|Arvind Raiyani
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!69
|[[Rajkot West Assembly constituency|Rajkot West]]
|[[Vijay Rupani]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!70
|[[Rajkot South Assembly constituency|Rajkot South]]
|[[Govind Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!71
|[[Rajkot Rural Assembly constituency|Rajkot Rural (SC)]]
|Lakhabhai Sagathiya
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2|72
| rowspan=2|[[Jasdan Assembly constituency|Jasdan]]
| rowspan=2|[[Kunwarjibhai Mohanbhai Bavaliya]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| resigned and joined BJP
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!73
|[[Gondal Assembly constituency|Gondal]]
|Geetaba Jayrajsinh Jadeja
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!74
|[[Jetpur, Rajkot Assembly constituency|Jetpur]]
|[[Jayesh Radadiya]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!75
|[[Dhoraji Assembly constituency|Dhoraji]]
|Lalit Vasoya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
<section end="Rajkot district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Jamnagar district|<span style="color:white;">Jamnagar District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Jamnagar district"/>
|-
!76
|[[Kalavad Assembly constituency|Kalavad (SC)]]
|Pravin Musadiya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2|77
|rowspan=2|[[Jamnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Jamnagar Rural]]
| Vallabhbhai Dharaviya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| resigned
|-
|Raghavjibhai Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!78
|[[Jamnagar North Assembly constituency|Jamnagar North]]
|Dharmendrasinh Jadeja (Hakubha)
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!79
|[[Jamnagar South Assembly constituency|Jamnagar South]]
|[[R. C. Faldu]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!80
|[[Jamjodhpur Assembly constituency|Jamjodhpur]]
|Chirag Kalariya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
<section end="Jamnagar district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Devbhumi Dwarka district|<span style="color:white;">Devbhumi Dwarka District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Devbhumi Dwarka district"/>
|-
!81
|[[Khambhaliya|Khambhalia]]
|Vikram Madam
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2|82
|rowspan=2|[[Dwarka (Vidhan Sabha constituency of Gujarat)|Dwarka]]
| [[Pabubha Manek]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Disqualified on 12 April 2019<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=12 April 2019|title=Gujarat High Court sets aside 2017 election win of BJP MLA Pabubha Manek, calls for bye-polls|url=https://scroll.in/latest/919890/gujarat-high-court-sets-aside-2017-election-win-of-bjp-mla-pabubha-manek-calls-for-bye-polls|access-date=29 November 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| colspan=3|'''Vacant'''
|
<section end="Devbhumi Dwarka district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Porbandar district|<span style="color:white;">Porbandar District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Porbandar district"/>
|-
!83
|[[Porbandar Assembly constituency|Porbandar]]
|[[Babu Bokhiria]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!84
|[[Kutiyana Assembly constituency|Kutiyana]]
|[[Kandhal Jadeja]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|Switched from NCP to Independent<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-14 |title=Kutiyana MLA Kandhal Jadeja quits NCP |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/11/14/kutiyana-mla-kandhal-jadeja-quits-ncp/ |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>
<section end="Porbandar district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Junagadh district|<span style="color:white;">Junagadh District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Junagadh district"/>
|-
!rowspan=2|85
|rowspan=2|[[Manavadar Assembly constituency|Manavadar]]
|rowspan=2|[[Jawaharbhai Chavda]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| resigned and switched to BJP
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!86
|[[Junagadh Assembly constituency|Junagadh]]
|Bhikhabhai Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |87
| rowspan="2" |[[Visavadar Assembly constituency|Visavadar]]
|Harshad Ribadiya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Resigned on 4 October 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-04 |title=Gujarat: Congress MLA Harshad Ribadiya resigns |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/gandhinagar/gujarat-congress-mla-harshad-ribadiya-resigns-8190178/ |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="3" |'''Vacant'''
|
|-
!88
|[[Keshod Assembly constituency|Keshod]]
|[[Devabhai Malam]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!89
|[[Mangrol, Junagadh Assembly constituency|Mangrol (Junagadh)]]
|[[Vaja Babubhai|Babubhai Vaja]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
<section end="Junagadh district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Gir Somnath district|<span style="color:white;">Gir Somnath District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Gir Somnath district"/>
|-
!90
|[[Somnath Assembly constituency|Somnath]]
|Vimalbhai Chudasama
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |91
| rowspan="2" |[[Talala Assembly constituency|Talala]]
| Bhagvanbhai Barad
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Resigned on 9 November 2022<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 November 2022 |title=Gujarat polls: Congress MLA Bhagwan Barad quits, set to join BJP |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/gujarat-polls-another-congress-mla-quits-set-to-join-bjp/articleshow/95400506.cms |access-date=2022-11-11}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=3|'''Vacant'''
|
|-
!92
|[[Kodinar Assembly constituency|Kodinar (SC)]]
|Mohanbhai Vala
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!93
|[[Una (Gujarat Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Una]]
|Punjabhai Vansh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
<section end="Gir Somnath district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Amreli district|<span style="color:white;">Amreli District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Amreli district"/>
|-
! rowspan=2|94
| rowspan=2|[[Dhari Assembly constituency|Dhari]]
| rowspan=2|J. V. Kakadiya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| He was elected in 2017 on Congress ticket, before [[2020 Rajya Sabha elections#Gujarat|2020 Rajya Sabha election]], he resigned from MLA post and switched party to BJP.<ref name="March_2020" />>
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| He was re-elected in 2020 by-election.
|-
!95
|[[Amreli Assembly constituency|Amreli]]
|[[Paresh Dhanani]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!96
|[[Lathi Assembly constituency|Lathi]]
|Virjibhai Thummar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!97
|[[Savarkundla Assembly constituency|Savarkundla]]
|Pratap Dudhat
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!98
|[[Rajula Assembly constituency|Rajula]]
|Amarish Der
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
<section end="Amreli district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Bhavnagar district|<span style="color:white;">Bhavnagar District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Bhavnagar district"/>
|-
!99
|[[Mahuva, Bhavnagar Assembly constituency|Mahuva (Bhavnagar)]]
|Raghavbhai Makwana
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!100
|[[Talaja Assembly constituency|Talaja]]
|Kanubhai Baraiya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!101
|[[Gariadhar Assembly constituency|Gariadhar]]
|Keshubhai Nakrani
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!102
|[[Palitana Assembly constituency|Palitana]]
|Bhikhabhai Baraiya
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!103
|[[Bhavnagar Rural Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar Rural]]
|[[Parshottam Solanki]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!104
|[[Bhavnagar East Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar East]]
|[[Vibhavari Dave]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!105
|[[Bhavnagar West Assembly constituency|Bhavnagar West]]
|[[Jitu Vaghani]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
<section end="Bhavnagar district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Botad district|<span style="color:white;">Botad District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Botad district"/>
|-
! rowspan=2|106
| rowspan=2|[[Gadhada Assembly constituency|Gadhada (SC)]]
| Pravinbhai Maru
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| He was elected in 2017 on Congress ticket, before [[2020 Rajya Sabha elections#Gujarat|2020 Rajya Sabha election]], he resigned from MLA post and switched party to BJP.<ref name="March_2020" />>
|-
|[[Atmaram Parmar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| He was re-elected in 2020 by-election.
|-
!107
|[[Botad Assembly constituency|Botad]]
|[[Saurabh Patel]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
<section end="Botad district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Anand district|<span style="color:white;">Anand District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Anand district"/>
|-
!108
|[[Khambhat Assembly constituency|Khambhat]]
|Mayur Raval
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!109
|[[Borsad Assembly constituency|Borsad]]
|Rajendrasinh Parmar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!110
|[[Anklav Assembly constituency|Anklav]]
|[[Amit Chavda]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!111
|[[Umreth Assembly constituency|Umreth]]
|Govind Parmar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!112
|[[Anand Assembly constituency|Anand]]
|Kantibhai Sodharparmar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!113
|[[Petlad Assembly constituency|Petlad]]
|Niranjan Patel
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!114
|[[Sojitra Assembly constituency|Sojitra]]
|Punambhai Parmar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
<section end="Anand district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Kheda district|<span style="color:white;">Kheda District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Kheda district"/>
|-
!115
|[[Matar Assembly constituency|Matar]]
|Kesarisinh Solanki
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |Switched from BJP to AAP, and then returned back to BJP<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-12 |title=BJP to AAP, then back to BJP: Curious case of Kesar Singh Solanki in Gujarat polls |url=https://newsroompost.com/india/bjp-to-aap-then-back-to-bjp-curious-case-of-kesar-singh-solanki-in-gujarat-polls/5209558.html |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=NewsroomPost |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!116
|[[Nadiad Assembly constituency|Nadiad]]
|Pankaj Desai
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!117
|[[Mehmedabad Assembly constituency|Mehmedabad]]
|Arjunsinh Chauhan
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!118
|[[Mahudha Assembly constituency|Mahudha]]
|Indrajitsinh Parmar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!119
|[[Thasra Assembly constituency|Thasra]]
|Kanitbhai Parmar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!120
|[[Kapadvanj Assembly constituency|Kapadvanj]]
|Kalabhai Dabhi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!121
|[[Balasinor Assembly constituency|Balasinor]]
|Ajitsinh Chauhan
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
<section end="Kheda district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Mahisagar district|<span style="color:white;">Mahisagar District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Mahisagar district"/>
|-
! rowspan=2|122
| rowspan=2|[[Lunawada Assembly constituency|Lunawada]]
|Ratansinh Rathod
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|
|-
|Jigneshkumar Sevak
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!123
|[[Santrampur Assembly constituency|Santrampur (ST)]]
|Kuberbhai Dindor
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
<section end="Mahisagar district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Panchmahal district|<span style="color:white;">Panchmahal District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Panchmahal district"/>
|-
!124
|[[Shehra Assembly constituency|Shehra]]
|Jethabhai Ahir
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Deputy Speaker
|-
!rowspan=2| 125
|rowspan=2|[[Morva Hadaf Assembly constituency|Morva Hadaf (ST)]]
|Bhupendrasinh Khant
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|disqualification
|-
|Suthar Nimishaben Manharsinh
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Elected in by-election in April 2021 necessitated after the disqualification of Bhupendrasinh Khant
|-
!126
|[[Godhra Assembly constituency|Godhra]]
|[[C.K Raulji]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!127
|[[Kalol, Panchmahal Assembly constituency|Kalol (Panchmahal)]]
|[[Sumanben Chauhan]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!128
|[[Halol Assembly constituency|Halol]]
|Jaydrathsinhji Parmar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|<section end="Panchmahal district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Dahod district|<span style="color:white;">Dahod District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Dahod district"/>
|-
!129
|[[Fatepura]] (ST)
|Rameshbhai Katara
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2|130
|rowspan=2|[[Jhalod Assembly constituency|Jhalod (ST)]]
|Bhavesh Katara
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Resigned on 9 November 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-10 |title=Jhalod MLA Bhavesh Katara quits Congress, resigns as MLA |url=https://www.deshgujarat.com/2022/11/10/jhalod-mla-bhavesh-katara-quits-congress-resigns-as-mla/ |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=3|'''Vacant'''
|
|-
!131
|[[Limkheda Assembly constituency|Limkheda (ST)]]
|Shaileshbhai Bhabhor
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!132
|[[Dahod Assembly constituency|Dahod (ST)]]
|Vajesing Panada
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!133
|[[Garbada]] (ST)
|Chandrikaben Bariya
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!134
|[[Devgadhbariya Assembly constituency|Devgadhbaria]]
|Bachubhai Khabad
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
<section end="Dahod district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Vadodara district|<span style="color:white;">Vadodara District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Vadodara district"/>
|-
!135
|[[Savli Assembly constituency|Savli]]
|[[Ketan Inamdar]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!136
|[[Vaghodiya Assembly constituency|Vaghodia]]
|[[Madhu Shrivastav]]
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician}}
|Switched from BJP to Independent<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 November 2022 |title=Discontent among those denied tickets; four quit BJP in Gujarat |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/gujarat/discontent-among-those-denied-tickets-four-quit-bjp-in-gujarat/articleshow/95460476.cms |access-date=2022-11-12}}</ref>
<section end="Vadodara district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Chhota Udaipur district|<span style="color:white;">Chhota Udaipur District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Chhota Udaipur district"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" |137
| rowspan="2" |[[Chhota Udaipur Assembly constituency|Chhota Udaipur (ST)]]
| Mohan Rathwa
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Resigned on 8 November 2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-08 |title=Gujarat Congress leader Mohansinh Rathva quits |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/gujarat-congress-leader-mohansinh-rathva-quits-2022-11-08-822303 |access-date=2022-11-11 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=3|'''Vacant'''
|
|-
!138
|[[Jetpur, Chhota Udaipur (Gujarat Assembly constituency)|Jetpur (ST)]]
|Sukhrambhai Rathwa
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Leader Of Opposition
|-
!139
|[[Sankheda Assembly constituency|Sankheda (ST)]]
|Abhesinh Tadvi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
<section end="Chhota Udaipur district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Vadodara district|<span style="color:white;">Vadodara District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Vadodara district 2"/>
|-
!140
|[[Dabhoi Assembly constituency|Dabhoi]]
|Shailesh Mehta 'Sotta'
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!141
|[[Vadodara City Assembly constituency|Vadodara City (SC)]]
|[[Manisha Vakil]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!142
|[[Sayajigunj Assembly constituency|Sayajigunj]]
|Jitendra Sukhadia
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!143
|[[Akota Assembly constituency|Akota]]
|[[Seema Mohile]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!144
|[[Raopura Assembly constituency|Raopura]]
|[[Rajendra Trivedi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!145
|[[Manjalpur Assembly constituency|Manjalpur]]
|Yogesh Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!146
|[[Padra Assembly constituency|Padra]]
|Jashpalsinh Thakor
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |147
|rowspan="2" |[[Karjan Assembly constituency|Karjan]]
|rowspan="2" |Akshaykumar I. Patel
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| resigned and joined BJP
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Elected in by-election in 2020
<section end="Vadodara district 2"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Narmada district|<span style="color:white;">Narmada District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Narmada district"/>
|-
!148
|[[Nandod]] (ST)
|Premsinhbhai Vasava
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!149
|[[Dediapada Assembly constituency|Dediapada (ST)]]
|Maheshbhai Vasava
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Tribal Party}}
|
<section end="Narmada district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Bharuch district|<span style="color:white;">Bharuch District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Bharuch district"/>
|-
!150
|[[Jambusar Assembly constituency|Jambusar]]
|Sanjaybhai Solanki
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!151
|[[Vagra Assembly constituency|Vagra]]
|[[Arunsinh Rana]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!152
|[[Jhagadiya Assembly constituency|Jhagadia (ST)]]
|[[Chhotubhai Vasava]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Tribal Party}}
|
|-
!153
|[[Bharuch Assembly constituency|Bharuch]]
|Dushyant Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!154
|[[Ankleshwar Assembly constituency|Ankleshwar]]
|Ishwarsinh Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
<section end="Bharuch district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Surat district|<span style="color:white;">Surat District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Surat district"/>
|-
!155
|[[Olpad Assembly constituency|Olpad]]
|Mukesh Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!156
|[[Mangrol, Surat Assembly constituency|Mangrol (Surat)]]
|[[Ganpatsinh Vestabhai Vasava|Ganpat Vasava]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!157
|[[Mandvi, Surat Assembly constituency|Mandvi (Surat)]]
|Anandbhai Chaudhari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!158
|[[Kamrej Assembly constituency|Kamrej]]
|V. D. Zalavadiya
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!159
|[[Surat East Assembly constituency|Surat East]]
|Arvind Rana
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!160
|[[Surat North Assembly constituency|Surat North]]
|Kantibhai Balar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!161
|[[Varachha Road Assembly constituency|Varachha Road]]
|Kumarbhai Kanani
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!162
|[[Karanj Assembly constituency|Karanj]]
|Pravinbhai Ghoghari
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!163
|[[Limbayat Assembly constituency|Limbayat]]
|Sangita Patil
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!164
|[[Udhana Assembly constituency|Udhna]]
|Vivek Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!165
|[[Majura Assembly constituency|Majura]]
|[[Harsh Sanghavi]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!166
|[[Katargam Assembly constituency|Katargam]]
|Vinodbhai Moradiya
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!167
|[[Surat West Assembly constituency|Surat West]]
|Purnesh Modi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!168
|[[Choryasi Assembly constituency|Choryasi]]
|Zankhana Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!169
|[[Bardoli Assembly constituency|Bardoli (SC)]]
|Ishwarbhai Parmar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!170
|[[Mahuva, Surat Assembly constituency|Mahuva (Surat) (ST)]]
|[[Mohanbhai Dhodia]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
<section end="Surat district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Tapi district|<span style="color:white;">Tapi District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Tapi district"/>
|-
!171
|[[Vyara Assembly constituency|Vyara (ST)]]
|Punabhai Gamit
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
|-
!172
|[[Nizar Assembly constituency|Nizar (ST)]]
|Sunil Gamit
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
<section end="Tapi district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Dang district, India|<span style="color:white;">Dang District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Dang district"/>
|-
!rowspan="2" |173
|rowspan="2" |[[Dangs Assembly constituency|Dang]]
|Mangalbhai Gavit
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| resigned
|-
|Vijaybhai R Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Elected in by-election in 2020
<section end="Dang district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Navsari district|<span style="color:white;">Navsari District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Navsari district"/>
|-
!174
|[[Jalalpore Assembly constituency|Jalalpore]]
|R. C. Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!175
|[[Navsari Assembly constituency|Navsari]]
|Piyush Desai
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!176
|[[Gandevi Assembly constituency|Gandevi (ST)]]
|Naresh Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!177
|[[Vansda Assembly constituency|Vansda (ST)]]
|Anantkumar Patel
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
<section end="Navsari district"/>
|-
| colspan="6" bgcolor="grey" align="center" | '''[[Valsad district|<span style="color:white;">Valsad District</span>]]'''  <section begin="Valsad district"/>
|-
!178
|[[Dharampur, Gujarat Assembly constituency|Dharampur (ST)]]
|Arvind Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!179
|[[Valsad Assembly constituency|Valsad]]
|Bharat Patel
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!180
|[[Pardi Assembly constituency|Pardi]]
|[[Kanubhai Desai]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2|181
| rowspan=2|[[Kaparada Assembly constituency|Kaprada (ST)]]
| rowspan=2|Jitubhai H. Chaudhari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| resigned and switched to BJP
|-
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
|-
!182
|[[Umbergaon Assembly constituency|Umbergaon(ST)]]
|Ramanlal Patkar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
<section end="Valsad district"/>
|}<section end="Composition"/>

== See also ==
* [[Elections in Gujarat]]
* [[Politics of Gujarat]]
* [[Council of Ministers of Gujarat]]
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

== External links ==
* [https://www.loksabhaelections.in/gujarat Gujarat Election 2019 Results Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf Official definitions of Gujarat Legislative Assembly constituencies]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Terms of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022| ]]

National Highway 26A (India, old numbering)

2025-07-29T19:11:36Z

Wmltusa: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 934 (India)]]

Ke Bani Crorepati

2025-06-18T04:30:43Z

Wmltusa:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian-Bhojpuri quiz show}}
{{Third-party|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Game show|Quiz show]]
| based_on = [[Who wants to be a Millionaire? ]]
| presenter = [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
| music = Keith Strachan<br/>Matthew Strachan<br/>Ramon Covalo<br/>Nick Magnus
| country = India
| language = Bhojpuri
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 50
| first_aired = {{Start date|2011|06|06|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2011|08|12|df=yes}}
| channel = [[Mahuaa TV]]
| company = [[BIG Synergy]]
| image = Ke Bani Crorepati.png
}}
'''Ke Bani Crorepati''' or '''KBC Bhojpuri'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-07-14|title=Key Bani Crorepati {{!}} Biharplus|url=http://www.biharplus.in/news/bihar-events/key-bani-crorepati/|access-date=2021-10-10|archive-date=2011-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714183821/http://www.biharplus.in/news/bihar-events/key-bani-crorepati/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> was the one of 9 Indian [[Kaun Banega Crorepati]] versions for Bhojpuri-speaking peoples, based from original show [[Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]] in [[United Kingdom|UK]]. It was aired from 6 June to 29 July 2011, on [[Mahuaa TV]] channel. It was hosted by [[Shatrughan Sinha]]. Top prize was [[Indian rupee|₹]] 1,00,00,000/-.{{fact|date=November 2023}}

== Rules ==
===Fastest Finger First===
===Main game===
In this show, the show appeared the clock. Each contestant had 30 seconds for questions 1-5 and 45 seconds for questions 6-10. From questions 11-15, the clock was absent and contestants can thinking how long as desired.

== Lifelines ==
In this season, three lifelines used:

* '''50:50''':- If the contestant would use this lifeline, the host would ask the computer to remove two of the wrong answers. This would remain one right answer and one wrong answer. This would help a contestant giving 50% chance of answering the correct answer.
* '''Phone-a-Friend''':- If the contestant would use this lifeline, the contestant would be allowed to call one of the three pre-arranged friends, who all have to provide their phone numbers in advance. The host would usually be started off by talking to the contestant's friend and introduces him/her to the viewers. After the introduction, the host would hand the phone call over to the contestant, who then immediately had 30 seconds to ask and hope for a reply from their friend.
* '''Audience Poll''':- If any contestant would use this lifeline, the host would repeat the question to the audience. The studio audience would get 10 seconds to answer the question. Audience members would use touchpads to give the answer what they believe. After the audience would have chosen their choices, their choices would be displayed to the contestant in percentages in bar-graph format and also shown on the monitors screens of the host and contestant, as well as the TV viewers.

== Money Tree ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"
!'''Question'''
!'''Correct Answer Value'''
!'''Walk Away Value'''
!'''Miss Answer Value'''
!'''Amount Lost if Wrong Answer'''
|-
|'''15'''
|'''₹ 1,00,00,000/-'''
|₹ 50,00,000/-
| rowspan="5" |₹ 3,20,000/-
|₹ 46,80,000/-
|-
|14
|₹ 50,00,000/-
|₹ 25,00,000/-
|₹ 21,80,000/-
|-
|13
|₹ 25,00,000/-
|₹ 12,50,000/-
|₹ 9,30,000/-
|-
|12
|₹ 12,50,000/-
|₹ 6,40,000/-
|₹ 3,20,000/-
|-
|11
|₹ 6,40,000/-
|₹ 3,20,000/-
|₹ 0/-
|-
|'''10'''
|'''₹ 3,20,000/-'''
|₹ 1,60,000/-
| rowspan="5" |₹ 10,000/-
|₹ 1,50,000/-
|-
|9
|₹ 1,60,000/-
|₹ 80,000/-
|₹ 70,000/-
|-
|8
|₹ 80,000/-
|₹ 40,000/-
|₹ 30,000/-
|-
|7
|₹ 40,000/-
|₹ 20,000/-
|₹ 10,000/-
|-
|6
|₹ 20,000/-
|₹ 10,000/-
|₹ 0/-
|-
|'''5'''
|'''₹ 10,000/-'''
|₹ 5,000/-
| rowspan="5" |₹ 0/-
|₹ 5,000/-
|-
|4
|₹ 5,000/-
|₹ 3,000/-
|₹ 3,000/-
|-
|3
|₹ 3,000/-
|₹ 2,000/-
|₹ 2,000/-
|-
|2
|₹ 2,000/-
|₹ 1,000/-
|₹ 1,000/-
|-
|1
|₹ 1,000/-
|₹ 0/-
|₹ 0/-
|}

== Winners ==

=== Top Prize Winners ===

* Rajesh Singh - ₹ 1,00,00,000/- (27 July 2011)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajesh Singh wins Rs 1 crore on Bhojpuri KBC|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajesh-singh-wins-rs-1-crore-on-bhojpuri-kbc-463046|access-date=2021-11-03|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Ke Bani Crorepati gets its first winner|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/ke-bani-crorepati-gets-its-first-winner-tv/20110728.htm|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the Bhojpuri Crorepati|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-chatting-up-the-bhojpuri-crorepati/20110801.htm|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>

=== The biggest winners ===

* [[Sonakshi Sinha]] - ₹ 25,00,000/- (17 June 2011)
* Kaushalendra Kumar Shukla - ₹ 25,00,000/- (22 June 2011)
* Dr. Kuldip Singh - ₹ 25,00,000/- (13 July 2011)
* [[Hema Malini]] - ₹ 25,00,000/- (29 July 2011)
* [[Dharmendra]] - ₹ 25,00,000/- (8 August 2011)

=== ₹ 0/- winners ===

* Tiku Chhabra (4 August 2011) (4th question wrong)

== Controversy ==
[[Shatrughan Sinha]] filed a report against the top officials of ''[[Mahuaa TV|Mahuaa]]'' channel. He hosts the game show ''Ke Bani Crorepati'', which is based on ''[[Kaun Banega Crorepati]]'' and confirms that the makers of the show did not give many of the celebrity guests, the amount they won on the show. Not that the celebrities are asking, but most of that money was supposed to go for charity, and that makes the ''[[Shatrughan Sinha|Shatrughan]]'' even more furious. He has convicted the makers for approximately ₹ 1.75 crore/-. As a good host of the show, Sinha had roped in celebs like [[Dharmendra]], [[Hema Malini]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Sonakshi Sinha]] and along with former finance minister, [[Yashwant Sinha]] as guest participants. Also, the BJP parliamentarian accused the channel of subtracting ₹ 25 lakhs/- as tax deducted at source (TDS) from his remuneration, but never depositing that amount to the Income Tax department. The program was produced by ''[[BIG Synergy|BIG Synergy Media Limited]]'' for ''[[Mahuaa TV|Mahuaa]]'', who had contacted [[Sonakshi Sinha]]’s father in early 2011 to anchor the show, which was to have 50 episodes in all with prize money amounting to ₹ 1 crore/-. According to Sinha all these were done in bad faith and the channel must, at once, pay the dues. Bollywoodlife.com said that ''he'' did a very noble deed by taking the matter to the police.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-10|title=Shatrughan Sinha complains Ke Bani Crorepati duped celebrity guests|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/news/shatrughan-sinha-complains-ke-bani-crorepati-duped-celebrity-guests-297702/|access-date=2021-10-10|website=Bollywood Life|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?}}

[[Category:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?]]
[[Category:2011 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Indian television series based on British television series]]
[[Category:Bhojpuri-language television shows]]

Patcham Formation

2025-05-30T17:27:10Z

Wmltusa: reworked references as per guidelines per sources

{{short description|Geologic formation in India}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Patcham Formation
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = [[Bathonian]]<br>~{{fossil range|167|165}}
| period = Bathonian
| prilithology = [[Limestone]]
| otherlithology = [[Marl]]
| namedfor = [[Patcham Island]]
| namedby =
| region = [[Gujarat]], [[Kachchh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.5|N|70.5|E|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|23.4|S|33.3|E|display=inline}}
| unitof =
| subunits =
| underlies =
| overlies =
| thickness =
| extent = [[Patcham Island]]
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | India
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 23.5
| lon_deg = 70.5
| mark = Blue pog.svg
| marksize = 12
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Patcham Formation''' or '''Pachchham Formation''' is a [[Bathonian]] geologic [[Formation (geology)|formation]] of [[Patcham Island]], [[Kutch district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. [[Dinosaur]] remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific [[genus]].<ref name="dinosaurdistribution">Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]
** [[List of stratigraphic units with indeterminate dinosaur fossils]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* D. K. Srivastava, D. K. Pandey, A. Alberti and F. T. Fürsich. 2010. Record of ''Advenaster'' Hess, 1955 (Asteroidea) from the Bathonian Patcham Formation of Kala Jhar in Habo Dome, Kachchh Basin, India. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India 55(1):65-69
* {{citation |last1=Weishampel |first1=David B. |author2-link=Peter Dodson |last2=Dodson |first2=Peter |author3-link=Halszka Osmólska |last3=Osmólska |first3=Halszka |year=2004 |title=The Dinosauria, 2nd edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C |publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press |pages=1–880 |accessdate=2019-02-21 |isbn=0-520-24209-2 |author1-link=David B. Weishampel }}* S. K. Jana and S. S. Das. 2002. A report of a 157.8 m.y.-old dinosaur bone from the Jurassic marine Chari Formation, Kutch, Gujarat and its taphonomic significance. Current Science 82(1):85-88
* D. Mukherjee, S. Bardhan, and D. Ghosh. 2002. Significance of new species of ''Cryptorhynchia'' (Brachiopoda) from the Middle Jurassic of Kutch, India. Alcheringa 26:209-231
* D. Mehl and F. T. Fürsich. 1997. Middle Jurassic Porifera from Kachchh, western India. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 71:19-33
* F. T. Fürsich, D. K. Pandey, W. Oschmann, A.K. Jaitly, and I.B. Singh. 1994. Ecology and adaptive strategies of corals in unfavourable environments: Examples from the Middle Jurassic of the Kachchh Basin, western India. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen 194(2–3):269-303

[[Category:Geologic formations of India]]
[[Category:Jurassic System of Asia]]
[[Category:Jurassic India]]
[[Category:Bathonian Stage]]
[[Category:Limestone formations]]
[[Category:Shallow marine deposits]]
[[Category:Paleontology in India]]
[[Category:Geology of Gujarat]]