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Karnire

2026-05-08T06:24:27Z

Wleness: started new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Karnire
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Karnataka
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =File:Karnire district road.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.1132|N|74.8244|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}} [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tulunaad]] ([[South Canara]])
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 24
| population_total = 920<ref>{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41251|title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Karnataka - District Dakshina Kannada - 2011}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 =[[kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
574154
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| registration_plate = KA-19
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mangaluru]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Dakshina Kannada]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Moodabidri Assembly constituency|Moodabidri]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Karnire''' is a [[panchayat town]] located at [[Mangalore taluk]] in [[Dakshina Kannada district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It is on the banks of [[Shambhavi River]]. It is next to the small village of [[Kavathar]], [[Balkunje]]. Its nearest town is [[Palimar]] in [[Udupi District]].

==Geography==
It has an average elevation of 24 metres.
It is in the [[Kanara|Karavalli]] region of [[karnataka]], where it is suitable for agriculture and building factories. It is next to the River Shambhavi, which originates from [[kudremukh]] and ends at mulki with the [[Arabian Sea]].

==Agriculture==
The major crops grown are paddy and sugar cane along with neighbouring villages like Balkunje and palimar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1121864|title=Mangaluru: Balkunje supplies sugarcane for Ganesh Chaturthi to both DK, Udupi districts|website=daijiworld.com}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Palimar Bridge.jpg|thumb|center|Palimar Shambhavi River Bridge]]
The town is well connected by roads to [[Palimar]], [[Padubidri]], [[Bajpe]], [[Kateel]],[[Balkunje]] and [[Kinnigoli]] by district road. But due to aging structure of the bridge between Balkunje and Palimar, it is closed for heavy vehicles and private buses. Buses used to ply from Karnire to Palimar and Padubidri and Adve(kinnigolli-palimar or padubidri route). But due to bridge closing towards Palimar buses ply from Balkunje or either Karnire to towns like Kinnigoli and Kateel.

The nearest airport to this town is [[Mangalore International Airport]], which is around 30 km from the village.

Although the nearest railway station is [[Nandikoor railway station]], people prefer to go at [[Mulki railway station]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/konkan-railway-announce-running-of-special-trains/articleshow/109538300.cms|title=Konkan Railway announce running of special trains|work=The Times of India |date=23 April 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> as it is the nearest station for people to go to various big cities like [[Mumbai]], [[Murudeshwar]], and [[Mangalore]] while Nandikur does not provide access to these cities.

==See also==
*[[Udupi]]
*[[Mulki (disambiguation)|Mulki]]
*[[Konkan railway]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dakshina Kannada district]]

Pushpaka Vimanam

2026-05-07T07:49:11Z

Wleness:

{{about|the 2021 film|the mythological flying palace Pushpaka Vimana|Vimana||Pushpaka Vimana (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|2021 film by Damodara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pushpaka Vimanam
| image = Pushpaka Vimanam poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Damodara
| writer = Damodara
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = {{Ubl|Govardhan Rao Devarakonda|Vijay Mattapally|Pradeep Errabelly}}
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Anand Deverakonda]]|Geeth Saini|[[Saanve Megghana]]|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Hestin Jose Joseph
| editing = Ravi Teja Girijala
| music = {{Ubl|[[Ram Miriyala]]|Sidharth Sadasivuni|Mark K Robin|Amit N Dasani}}
| studio = {{Ubl|King of the Hill Entertainment|Tanga Productions}}
| distributor = {{Ubl|[[Suresh Productions]]|Global Cinemas|Freeze Frame Films (Overseas)}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|11|12}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Pushpaka Vimanam''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy thriller film]] written and directed by Damodara and produced by Govardhan Rao Devarakonda, Vijay Mattapally and Pradeep Errabelly under the banners of King of the Hill Entertainment and Tanga Productions. The film stars [[Anand Deverakonda]], Geeth Saini, [[Saanve Megghana]], and [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anand Deverakonda's 'Pushpaka Vimanam' is based on real-life stories |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2021/mar/02/anand-deverakondas-pushpaka-vimanam-is-based-on-real-life-stories-2270767.html |date=2 March 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film was released on 12 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Anand Deverakonda and Geeth Saini's Pushpaka Vimanam to hit screens on November 12 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anand-deverakonda-and-geeth-sainis-pushpaka-vimanam-to-hit-screens-on-november-12/articleshow/86583881.cms |date=28 September 2021 |access-date=14 October 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Chittilanka Sundar is a recently married teacher. After the marriage, he is hopeful of a blissful life with his wife Meenakshi, but his expectations are shattered when she elopes with someone else. Feeling embarrassed, he tries to hide this from his neighbors and colleagues and secretly searches for her. He questions her parents and friends to no avail.

One day, Sundar's colleagues plans to visit his house to greet the newly married couple, so he hires an actor Rekha to pretend to be his wife. They manage to pull it off, although there are some hitches in the form of a noisy neighbor. The headmaster of the school where Sundar works one day sees Rekha smoking with her friends and informs this to him. He also arranges to buy a new HD TV on behalf of the staff so that he can use the opportunity to counsel Rekha.

While browsing channels, Sundar witnesses the news of Meenakshi's death. Feeling shocked and fearing the worst, he goes to the mortuary and identifies the body. He then meets SI Rangam, who primarily suspects Sundar as the culprit. Rangam, in his investigation, finds blood stains in Sundar's house, which are later revealed to be Meenakshi's. Sundar also fails to prove that Meenakshi eloped due to his earlier lies. Rangam suspects Rekha to be Sundar's accomplice. Rangam thrashes Sundar in the guise of interrogation to obtain the truth. During the "interrogation", Sundar reveals the actual reason Meenakshi left him.

During their first night together, Sundar asks Meenakshi about her virginity, angering her. He later apologizes to her but she does not respond to him. Things escalate when he tries to hit Meenakshi after she insulted his father, so Meenakshi leaves to her former boyfriend's house. Her postmortem reveals the date of death to be the 10th of the month, and Sundar manages to provide a partial alibi for the day, prompting the police to release him. Sundar's neighbor, an aspiring musician, tries to console him. He claims that on the day of Meenakshi's death, he has composed his career's best music and was not able to move from his chair.

Rangam interrogates Meenakshi's ex-boyfriend and realizes that she left him after a huge fight. The police then tries to arrest Sundar, but he manages to escape. While on the run, he finds out that Meenakshi stayed with her friend whom he had earlier visited. He rushes over to her house and learns that she planned to return to him on the day of her death. He investigates further and finds that his neighbor tried to assault her and by mistake killed her by pushing her. Rangam takes the credit for solving the case, and the story ends on a positive note with Sundar trying to move on with his life.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Anand Deverakonda]] as Chittilanka Sundar
* Geeth Saini as Meenakshi
* [[Saanve Megghana]] as Rekha
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as SI Rangam
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as School Headmaster
* [[Sharanya Pradeep]] as Meenakshi's friend
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Sundar's neighbour and a budding music director
* [[Harsha Chemudu]] as Meenakshi's ex
* Vajja Venkata Giridhar as Social teacher
* [[Kireeti Damaraju]] as Abhi, Sundar's friend
* [[Varsha Bollamma]] in a cameo appearance
* Bhadram as Sai, Pushpak Travels Agent
* Nivitha as Telugu teacher (TT)
}}

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pushpaka Vimanam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = {{Ubl|[[Ram Miriyala]]|Sidharth Sadasivuni|Mark K Robin|Amit N Dasani}}
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 6 October 2021
| recorded = 2021
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:44
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External music video
| 1 = [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=tPeux8J_uew&feature=youtu.be Pushpaka Vimanam Full Songs Jukebox]
| header = Soundtrack album
}}
}}

Background score of the film was composed by Mark K Robin. 2 songs ("Kalyanam" and "Silakaa") were composed by [[Ram Miriyala]], 2 songs ("Aaha" and "Malli Rava") were composed by Sidharth Sadasivuni, 1 song ("Swamy Ra Ra (Krishna Shabdam)") was composed by Amit N Dasani and 1 song ("Chori Chori Dekho Rey") was composed by Mark K Robin.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title_width =
| writing_width =
| music_width =
| lyrics_width =
| extra_width =
| title1 = Kalyanam
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| music1 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| length1 = 3:01
| title2 = Aaha
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 = Phani Kumar Raghava
| music2 = Sidharth Sadasivuni
| extra2 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| length2 = 3:29
| title3 = Silakaa
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 = Ram Miriyala and Anand Gurram
| music3 = Ram Miriyala
| extra3 = Ram Miriyala
| length3 = 4:06
| title4 = Swamy Ra Ra (Krishna Shabdam)
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 = Traditional
| music4 = Amit N Dasani
| extra4 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length4 = 3:15
| title5 = Malli Rava
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 = Rahman
| music5 = Sidharth Sadasivuni
| extra5 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length5 = 2:41
| title6 = Chori Chori Dekho Rey
| note6 =
| writer6 =
| lyrics6 = Krishna Kanth
| music6 = Mark K Robin
| extra6 = [[Damini Bhatla]]
| length6 = 1:51
}}

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews from critics. Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times Of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 and wrote "Pushpaka Vimanam is by no means the perfect dark comedy it sets out to be, especially when films in a similar genre have already done better in Telugu. But watch it this weekend if you’re game for a quirky film with a pinch of comedy, spoon-full of twists and a stellar cast to back it all up".<ref>{{cite news |title=Pushpaka Vimanam Movie Review : This comedy-thriller is a mixed bag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/pushpaka-vimanam/movie-review/87662916.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=15 February 2022}}</ref> Gabbeta Ranjith Kumar of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated "Anand Deverakonda's performance adds value to this part-comedy, part-investigative drama".<ref>{{cite web |title=Pushpaka Vimanam movie review: Anand Deverakonda starrer is a mixed bag |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/tollywood-movie-review/pushpaka-vimanam-movie-review-anand-deverakonda-7619624/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

''[[The New Indian Express]]''<nowiki/>' Ram Venkat Srikar rated the film 3/5 felt it was an "enjoyable comedy that doubles up as a whodunit."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2021 |title=Pushpaka Vimanam movie review: An enjoyable comedy doubling up as a whodunit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/nov/13/pushpaka-vimanam-movie-review-an-enjoyable-comedy-doubling-up-as-a-whodunit-2382909.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217152421/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/nov/13/pushpaka-vimanam-movie-review-an-enjoyable-comedy-doubling-up-as-a-whodunit-2382909.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
Reviewing the film for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Sangeetha Devi Dundoo concluded that "There are all interesting ideas, but the narrative doesn’t bring everything together in an engrossing manner. A better screenplay might have helped make ''Pushpaka Vimanam'' a quirky black comedy it intended to be. It’s not a bad film, it isn’t great either."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=12 November 2021 |title='Pushpaka Vimanam' movie review: Sometimes smart, sometimes not |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/pushpaka-vimanam-movie-review-sometimes-smart-sometimes-not/article37454660.ece |issn=0971-751X |access-date=17 December 2021 |archive-date=17 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217152430/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/pushpaka-vimanam-movie-review-sometimes-smart-sometimes-not/article37454660.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14244714}}
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2021 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ram Miriyala]]

Rustom Faramroze Contractor

2026-05-05T05:20:20Z

Wleness: creating new details nd citations!

{{Short description|Indian former military leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| name = R. F. Contractor
| honorific_suffix = [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]]
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| burial_place =
| image = File:VAdm RF Contractor.jpg
| caption =
| nickname = Rusi
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{navy|India}} {{coast guard|India}}
| service_years = 1971–2008
| rank = [[File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-8.svg|23px]] [[File:13-Indian_Navy-VADM.svg|23px]] [[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]]
| commands = [[Indian Coast Guard]] [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] {{ship|INS|Viraat|R22}} {{ship|INS|Ranvijay|D55}} {{ship|INS|Rajput|D51}} {{ship|INS|Sukanya|P50}}
| unit =
| battles =
| awards = [[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Nao_Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Nao Sena Medal]]
| relations =
| other_work =
}}

[[Vice Admiral (India)|Vice Admiral]] '''Rustom Faramroze 'Rusi' Contractor''', [[PVSM]], [[AVSM]], [[Nao Sena Medal|NM]] is a former flag officer in the [[Indian Navy]]. He last served as the 17th [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]], from 2006 to 2008. He earlier served as the [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]] and commanded the aircraft carrier {{ship|INS|Viraat|R22}}.

==Early life and education==
Contractor was born in Nagpur. He completed his education at the [[St. Francis De'Sales High School, Nagpur, Maharashtra|St. Francis De'Sales High School]]. He subsequently joined the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], Khadakvasla in 1967.<ref name="DGICG">{{cite web |title=Vice admiral Rustom Faramroze contractor is new DG Coast Guard |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=20447 |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref>

== Naval career ==
Contractor was commissioned into the Indian Navy on 1 July 1971. After a few sea tenures, he opted to specialise in Navigation and Direction. In the late 80s, the Navy started to acquire offshore patrol vessels from South Korea. Contractor was the [[ship commissioning|commissioning]] [[commanding officer]] [[lead ship]] of the [[Sukanya-class patrol vessel]], {{ship|INS|Sukanya|P50}}. He commissioned the vessel in South Korea on 31 August 1989 and brought her home to India.{{sfn|Singh|2005}}{{fcn|date=September 2024}} He attended the Naval higher command course (NHCC) at the [[College of Naval Warfare]], Karanja.<ref name="DGICG" />

Contractor served as the Commanding Officer [[INS Jarawa]] & Naval Officer-in-Charge, Port Blair. He also commanded the [[Rajput-class destroyer|Rajput-class]] [[guided-missile destroyer]]s {{ship|INS|Rajput|D51}} and {{ship|INS|Ranvijay|D55}}. In December 1997, he took over as the Commanding Officer of the naval base in Goa, INS Mandovi. He concurrently served as the [[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy]]. The academy moved to its present location, Ezhimala, in 2008.<ref name="DGICG" />

On 15 June 2000, Contractor took command of the aircraft carrier {{ship|INS|Viraat|R22}}. He was the 10th commanding officer of the carrier. He was in command of the carrier during the first [[President's fleet review|International Fleet review]] in 2001 in Mumbai. He later served as the Chief Staff Officer (Operations) of the [[Eastern Naval Command]]. He also attended the [[Royal College of Defence Studies]] in London.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aviator lands navy top post |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/aviator-lands-navy-top-post/cid/769648 |website=telegraphindia.com |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref>

=== Flag rank ===
Contractor was promoted to acting rank of [[Rear admiral (India)|rear admiral]] and appointed [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of Naval Staff]] - Information Warfare and Operations (ACNS IW&O). This appointment was that of an assistant Principal Staff Officer at Naval HQ. He subsequently moved to Kochi as the Chief of Staff (COS), [[Southern Naval Command]]. On 26 January 2005, he was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gazette of India |url=https://ia600102.us.archive.org/20/items/in.gazette.2005.138/W_15_2011_112_text.pdf |website=archive.org |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref> After a year-long tenure as COS, he was appointed [[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]] (FOCWF). He was the FOCWF during the [[President's fleet review]] in 2006, flying his flag on {{ship|INS|Ranjit|D53}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rear Admiral Rajender Singh takes charge as SNC Chief of Staff |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/rear-admiral-rajender-singh-takes-charge-as-snc-chief-of-staff_215592.html |website=Zee News |access-date=25 May 2024 |language=en |date=6 May 2005 |ref= CITEREFSingh2005}}</ref>

Contractor took command of the [[Western Fleet (India)|Western Fleet]] from Rear Admiral Pratap Singh Byce on 11 May 2005. After a year-long stint as FOCWF, he relinquished command, handing over to Rear Admiral Anup Singh. He moved to NHQ as the Assistant Controller of Carrier Projects (ACCP).<ref name="DGICG" />
[[File:The_Director_General,_Pakistan_Maritime_Security_Agency_Rear_Admiral,_Tayyab_Ali_Dogar_called_on_the_Director_General_Coast_Guard,_Vice_Admiral,_RF_Contractor,_in_New_Delhi_on_August_09,_2007.jpg|right|thumb|RAdm [[Tayyab Ali Dogar]], DG [[Pakistan Maritime Security Agency]] calls on DGICG, VAdm Contractor (right).]]

=== DGICG ===
The [[Indian Coast Guard]] (ICG) came into being on 19 August 1978. The new service was to function under the overall command and control of a Director General (DGICG).<ref>{{cite web|title=COAST GUARD TO BE FORMED IN AUGUST|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-APR-AUG-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1978-06-29_121.pdf|website=pibarchive.nic.in|date=29 June 1978|access-date=9 April 2021|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607145330/http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1978-APR-AUG-MIN-OF-DEFENCE-PART-2/PDF/DEF-1978-06-29_121.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 31 August 2006, Contractor was promoted to the rank of Vice Admiral and took over as the 17th [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]] (DGICG), succeeding Director General
Dr. P Paleri.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Director General:Indian Coast Guard |url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/1883_3_FormerDirectorGeneral.aspx |website=indiancoastguard.gov.in |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Antony to induct 5th AOPV 'ICGS Sankalp' into coast guard tomorrow |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/archiveContent.aspx?relid=38988 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Defence Minister Underlines the need to Strengthen Coast Guard |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=31322 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Lanka News {{!}} Online edition of Daily News - Lakehouse Newspapers |url=https://archives.dailynews.lk/2008/02/01/news36.asp |website=archives.dailynews.lk |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=View |first1=Our |title=Sethusamudram and security |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/8jaF46OvOpLOukAV35RXuO/Sethusamudram-and-security.html |website=mint |access-date=25 May 2024 |language=en |date=3 February 2008}}</ref> During his tenure, the third Coast Guard air enclave (in Probandar) was commissioned. In 2007, he met with his Pakistani counterpart, the Director General [[Pakistan Maritime Security Agency]] [[Rear admiral (Pakistan)|Rear Admiral]] [[Tayyab Ali Dogar]] to resolve issues regarding violation of the [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] (EEZ). The hotline between the two Director General was also established during his tenure.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coast Guard gets an eye in the sky |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2008/jun/11sea.htm |website=www.rediff.com |access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CG gets new Air Enclave to boost coastal surveillance |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/shipping-/-transport/cg-gets-new-air-enclave-to-boost-coastal-surveillance/articleshow/3124275.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=26 May 2024 |date=12 June 2008}}</ref>

He served as the DGICG over two-and-a-half years. He relinquished charge on 30 November 2008 to Vice Admiral [[Anil Chopra (admiral)|Anil Chopra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=New coast guard chief in action station |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-coast-guard-chief-in-action-station/articleshow/3779242.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=25 May 2024 |date=1 December 2008}}</ref>

== Post-retirement ==
Contractor retired after 37 years of service on 30 November 2008. He was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2009 for his tenure as DGICG.<ref>{{cite web |title=Republic Day Gallantry and other Defence Decorations |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=46977 |website=archive.pib.gov.in |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref> In August 2009, the [[Armed Forces Tribunal]] was set up by an act of [[Indian Parliament|Parliament]]. Contractor was among the 15 administrative members of the tribunal, and was part of the Mumbai bench.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armed Forces Tribunal to be inaugurated tomorrow |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=51613 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref>

He is a [[Freemasonry|freemason]] under the [[District Grand Lodge of Bombay]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lodge Corinth |url=https://www.lodgecorinth1122ecnagpur.org/index.html |access-date=2026-03-14 |website=www.lodgecorinth1122ecnagpur.org}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Ati_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Nao_Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Paschimi_Star_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Vijay_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|colspan="4"|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Nao Sena Medal]]
|[[Paschimi Star]]
|-
|[[Sangram Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[25th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|
|[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Awards and decorations of the Indian Armed Forces#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation|first1=G M|last1=Hiranandani|title=Transition to eminence : the Indian navy 1976-1990|year=2005|isbn=978-8170622666|publisher=Lancer Publishers}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=N. Venugopal}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy]]|years=1997-1999}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Surinder Pal Singh Cheema]]}}
{{s-bef|before=S. K. Damle}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Commanding Officer]] [[INS Viraat]]|years=2000-2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Devendra Kumar Joshi]]}}
{{s-bef|before=Pratap Singh Byce}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Flag Officer Commanding Western Fleet]]|years=2005-2006}}
{{s-aft|after=Anup Singh}}
{{S-bef|before=P. Paleri}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]]|years=2006–2008}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Anil Chopra (admiral)|Anil Chopra]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Contractor, Rustom Faramroze}}
[[Category:Indian Navy vice admirals]]
[[Category:Directors General of the Indian Coast Guard]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Commanding Western Fleet]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Nau Sena Medal]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Naval War College, Goa alumni]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal College of Defence Studies]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kull: The Legacy of the Raisingghs

2026-05-02T09:47:43Z

Wleness: started a post

{{Short description|2025 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kull – The Legacy of the Raisingghs.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama thriller]]
| based_on =
| writer = Althea Kaushal
| director = Sahir Raza
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Nimrat Kaur]]
* [[Amol Parashar]]
* [[Ridhi Dogra]]
}}
| music = Sanchit Choudhary
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 8 
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Ekta Kapoor]]
* [[Shobha Kapoor]]
* Bal Singh
* Gagan Anand
* Tanveen Dugal
* Avnit Chadha
* Kuljit Chadha

}}
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 30–37 minutes
| company = {{plainlist|
* [[Balaji Telefilms|Balaji Digital]]
* 9pm films|9pm films
}}
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|05|02}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}
'''''Kull: The Legacy of the Raisingghs''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[drama thriller]] television series directed by Sahir Raza and written by Althea Kaushal. Created by [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Shobha Kapoor]] under [[Balaji Telefilms|Balaji Digital]] and produced by 9pm films, it stars [[Nimrat Kaur]], [[Amol Parashar]] and [[Ridhi Dogra]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kull: Meet 'The Raisingghs' played by Nimrat Kaur, Amol Prashar, Ridhi Dogra and more in upcoming royal drama series |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/kull-meet-the-raisingghs-played-by-nimrat-kaur-amol-prashar-ridhi-dogra-and-more-in-upcoming-royal-drama-series-1385093 |website=PINKVILLA |date=29 April 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-date=30 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430041429/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/kull-meet-the-raisingghs-played-by-nimrat-kaur-amol-prashar-ridhi-dogra-and-more-in-upcoming-royal-drama-series-1385093 |url-status=live }}</ref> The series premiered on 2 May 2025 on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=OTT Releases This Week (April 28 To May 4): Watch Costao, Bromance, Kull And More On Prime Video, Zee5, SonyLIV, JioHotstar |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/ott-releases-this-week-april-28-to-may-4-watch-costao-bromance-kull-the-legacy-of-the-raisingghs-on-zee5-sonyliv-prime-video-ott-news-10233053 |website=English Jagran |date=27 April 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-date=27 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427031535/https://english.jagran.com/entertainment/ott-releases-this-week-april-28-to-may-4-watch-costao-bromance-kull-the-legacy-of-the-raisingghs-on-zee5-sonyliv-prime-video-ott-news-10233053 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Nimrat Kaur]] as Indrani Raisinggh
* [[Amol Parashar]] as Abhimanyu Raisinggh
* [[Ridhi Dogra]] as Kavya Raisinggh
* [[Ankit Siwach]] as Bhagwan Sharad Ramteke
* Rohit Tiwari as Jograaj
* Arslan Goni as Kabir
* [[Gaurav Arora]] as Brij Raisinggh
* [[Vikram Sakhalkar]] as Abhay Mathur
* Rahul Vohra as Chandra Pratap Raisinggh
* Tarun Chaturvedi as Veer
* Kuldeep singh panwar as Inspector Mannu
* Rohan Singh as Constable Chand
* Rivaan Gajbhiye as Young Abhimanyu

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Balaji Digital launches third original series 'Kull – The Legacy of the Raisingghs' on JioHotstar |url=https://mediabrief.com/balaji-digital-launches-third-original-series-on-jiohotstar/|website=MediaBrief |date=29 April 2025}}</ref> 9pm films shot the series in [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |title='Kull': Nimrat Kaur Channels Quiet Strength |url=https://indiawest.com/kull-nimrat-kaur-channels-quiet-strength/ |website=India-West |date=5 May 2025}}</ref> Filming took place in [[Lalgarh Palace|Laxmi Niwas Palace]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nimrat Kaur on OTT Vs film industry: 'As a female actor I have got more challenging parts on OTT' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/nimrat-kaur-on-ott-vs-film-industry-as-a-female-actor-i-have-got-more-challenging-parts-on-ott-101746009439185.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=2 May 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-date=2 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502100604/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/nimrat-kaur-on-ott-vs-film-industry-as-a-female-actor-i-have-got-more-challenging-parts-on-ott-101746009439185.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Release ==
The series was made available to stream on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]] on 2 May 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Most-awaited Bollywood OTT releases in May 2025 on ZEE5, SonyLIV, JioHotstar, Netflix |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/most-awaited-bollywood-ott-releases-may-2025-zee5-sonyliv-jiohotstar-netflix/223280095d496 |website=OTTPlay |date=26 April 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426085150/https://www.ottplay.com/news/most-awaited-bollywood-ott-releases-may-2025-zee5-sonyliv-jiohotstar-netflix/223280095d496 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Santanu Das writing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the series 2 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kull review: Nimrat Kaur and Amol Parashar try their best to anchor twisted family drama |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/kull-review-nimrat-kaur-and-amol-parashar-try-their-best-to-anchor-twisted-family-drama-101746157616259.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=2 May 2025}}</ref> [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' awarded the series {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kull: The Legacy Of The Raisingghs Review: Misses The Mark |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kull-the-legacy-of-the-raisingghs-review/20250502.htm |website=Rediff |date=2 May 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-date=3 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250503031037/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/kull-the-legacy-of-the-raisingghs-review/20250502.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=32235809|title=Kull: The Legacy of the Raisingghs}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/kull-the-legacy-of-the-raisingghs/1271409189 ''Kull: The Legacy of the Raisingghs''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504103251/https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/kull-the-legacy-of-the-raisingghs/1271409189 |date=4 May 2025 }} on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:2020s drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]

Bhiwandi taluka

2026-05-01T16:41:49Z

Wleness: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

'''Bhiwandi taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Thane district]] of Maharashtra in [[Konkan division]].<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या. |date=2014-11-27 |work=Prahar |accessdate=2015-08-15 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444 |archivedate=2015-07-22 }}</ref><ref name="ThaneDistrictCollectorate-20150816">{{cite web|url=http://www.thane.nic.in/htmldocs/saja_village.html|title=Circle Saja Revenue Village List - Tahsil Office|publisher=Thane District Collectorate|accessdate=16 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092256/http://www.thane.nic.in/htmldocs/saja_village.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> It contains the city of [[Bhiwandi]].

==Thane district==
Until 31 July 2014, Thane was the country's most populous district with a population of over 12 Million.<ref name="DNA-20140801">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-gets-its-36th-district-palghar-craved-out-of-india-s-most-populous-thane-district-2007051|title=Maharashtra gets its 36th district - Palghar; carved out of India's most populous Thane district|date=2014-08-01|work=Daily News and Analysis|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref> On 1 August 2014, the talukas of [[Mokhada taluka|Mokhada]], [[Jawahar taluka|Jawahar]], [[Talasari taluka|Talasari]], [[Vikramgadh taluka|Vikramgadh]], [[Wada taluka|Wada]], [[Dahanu taluka|Dahanu]], [[Palghar taluka|Palghar]] and [[Vasai taluka|Vasai]] were separated from the erstwhile Thane district to form a new district [[Palghar district|Palghar]]. The talukas [[Thane taluka|Thane]], Bhiwandi, [[Kalyan taluka|Kalyan]], [[Ulhasnagar taluka|Ulhasnagar]], [[Ambernath taluka|Ambernath]], [[Murbad taluka|Murbad]] and [[Shahapur taluka|Shahapur]] were retained in Thane district.<ref name="DNA-20140801" /><ref name="TimesOfIndia-20140614">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Thane-district-will-finally-be-split-into-2-parts-from-August-15/articleshow/36516533.cms|title=Thane district will finally be split into 2 parts from August 15|last=Tembhekar|first=Chittaranjan |author2=Sanjeev Shivadekar|date=2014-06-14|work=Times of India|accessdate=16 August 2015}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Bhiwandi taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|56.52}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|38.91}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|2.18}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|1.74}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.24}}
}}

Bhiwandi taluka has a population of 1,141,386 according to the 2011 census. Bhiwandi had a literacy rate of 79.31% and a sex ratio of 746 females per 1000 males. 863,740 (75.67%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 3.76% and 8.12% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Thane |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/834/download/36204/DH_2011_2721_PART_A_DCHB_THANE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages of Bhiwandi taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 34.67 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 34.15 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 17.78 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value4 = 4.39 |color4 = steelblue
|label5 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value5 = 2.41 |color5 = skyblue
|label6 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value6 = 2.23 |color6 = gold
|label7 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value7 = 1.40 |color7 = maroon
|label8 = Others |value8 = 2.97 |color8 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 34.67% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 34.15% Urdu, 17.78% [[Hindi]], 4.39% Telugu, 2.41% Gujarati, 2.23% Bhojpuri and 1.40% Marwari as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Base, Maharashtra]]
*[[Kon, India|Kon]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bhiwandi taluka}}
{{Thane district topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Thane district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

Madhupur Satra

2026-05-01T04:19:14Z

Wleness: Added First Info First Draft.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Mandir
|image =Madhupur satra at Kochbihar.jpg
|alt =
|caption = Madhupur Satra
|map_type = India West Bengal
|coordinates = {{coord|26.363537|89.378220|type:landmark|display=inline}}
|map_caption =
|map_size =
|other_names =
|country = {{flag|India}}
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|district = [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]] ([[West Bengal]])
|locale =
|deity =
|festivals = [[Raasleela]], [[Dol Purnima]]
|architecture =
|temple_quantity =
|monument_quantity =
|inscriptions = Assamese
|year_completed = Mid 16th-century (Approx.)
|creator = [[Nara Narayan]]
|temple_board =
|website =www.madhupursatra.org
}}
'''Madhupur Satra''' is a religious institutional center associated with the [[Ekasarana]] tradition of [[Vaishnavism]],<ref>{{harv|Sarma|1966|p=101}}</ref> situated in [[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]], the Indian state of West Bengal. It was established by Assamese Vaishnavite monasteries for religious practices in the mid-16th century during [[Koch kingdom]] (1515–1949). The great Bhakti Saint Mahapurusha [[Srimanta Sankardeva]] (1449–1568) and his disciple Mahapurusha Madhavadeva died here.<ref name="india1">{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Madhupur-Satra-68204.htm |title=Madhupur Satra in India |publisher=India9.com |date=2005-10-04 |access-date=2013-03-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/Assam/agomani/rrsatra.html |title=Road & Electricity |publisher=Cic.nic.in |access-date=2013-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305004234/http://www.cic.nic.in/cicwebpages/Assam/agomani/rrsatra.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Madhupur satra is also called as Dahmukutor than; 'dahmukut' means 'bhiti' or living houses of ten disciples (bhaktas) of Srimanta Sankardeva. The name ''[[Satra (Ekasarana Dharma)|satra]]'' originates in the [[Bhagavata Purana]] in Sanskrit (''sattra''), and is used in the sense of an assembly of devotees.<ref>{{harv|Neog|1980|p=310}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=320| height=370| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|26|20|30|N|89|27|30|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in the Cooch Behar Sadar subdivision in Cooch Behar district''' CT: census town, M: municipal town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|26|20|37|N|89|28|26|E}}| label-pos1=left|label1= Baisguri | numbered1=CT| mark-title1= [[Baisguri]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000 |shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|26|23|30|N|89|29|45|E}}| label-pos2=left|label2=Baneswar| numbered2=CT| mark-title2= [[Baneswar]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|26|20|10|N|89|28|44|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Chakchaka| numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Chakchaka]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|26|16|50|N|89|28|18|E}}| label-pos4=left|label4=Dhaliabari| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= [[Dhaliabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|26|18|49|N|89|27|50|E}}| label-pos5=left|label5=Guriahati| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Guriahati]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|26|21|36|N|89|27|36|E}}| label-pos6=right|label6=Khagrabari| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Khagrabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|26|18|55|N|89|28|15|E}}| label-pos7=right|label7=Kharimala Khagrabari| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Kharimala Khagrabari]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|26|20|0|N|89|25|55|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Takagachh| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Takagachh]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|26|19|40|N|89|27|3|E}}| label-pos9=right|label9=Cooch Behar| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Cooch Behar]] (M) | shape-color9=#800000
|mark-coord10={{coord|26|14|37|N|89|29|10|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Dewanhat| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Dewanhat]] (R) | shape-color10= #C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|26|17|8|N|89|28|12|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Ghughumari| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Ghughumari]] (R)| shape-color11= #C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|26|26|15|N|89|22|30|E}}| label-pos12=right|label12=Kalarayerkuthi| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Kalarayerkuthi]] (R)| shape-color12= #C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|26|24|32|N|89|22|56|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Pundibari| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Pundibari]] (R) | shape-color13= #C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|26|17|40|N|89|27|20|E}}| label-pos14=left|label14=Gudam Maharaniganj| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Gudam Maharaniganj]] (H) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|26|19|37|N|89|26|18|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Cooch Behar Palace| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Cooch Behar Palace]] (H) |shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|26|21|48|N|89|22|41|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16= Madhupur Satra| numbered16=H| mark-title16= Madhupur Satra (H) |shape-color16=black| label-size16=13|label-color16=black 
|mark-coord17={{coord|26|22|7|N|89|22|4|E}}| label-pos17=top|label17= Haripur| numbered17=H| mark-title17= [[Haripur, Cooch Behar]] (H) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|26|22|11|N|89|29|59|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18= Baikunthapur| numbered18=H| mark-title18= [[Baikunthapur]] (H) |shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|26|23|12|N|89|30|45|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19= Sidheswari| numbered19=H| mark-title19= [[Sidheswari]] (H) |shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|26|18|0|N|89|29|0|E}}|label23= Mara| label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23=-24| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23=none
|mark-coord24={{coord|26|17|40|N|89|30|30|E}}|label24= Torsha River| label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24=34| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24=none}}

===Location===
Madhupur Satra is located at {{coord|26.363537|89.378220|type:landmark|display=inline}}.

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Establishment==
This satra buildings were built by [[Nara Narayan]] of the [[Koch dynasty]] in the mid-16th century. After independence of India, [[Mahendra Mohan Choudhury]], chief minister of Assam rebuilt the houses, [[Namghar]], roads with brick and mortar and built Sankardev's temple in January, 1968 with help of 'Madhupur Satra Samiti'.

==Satradhikar==
Monks, called "bhakats", live in satras under a "satradhikar" or "[[Mahanta]]". The main disciple of Srimanta Sankardeva was [[Madhavdev]]. Before death of Sankardeva, he gave the responsibility to his disciple Madhavadeva (died 1596 AD), to take care of the Satras. He laid down the system of daily prayer service and initiated the system of religious [[tithes]].Later, Achyut guru, Shree Ram Ata, bishnu Ata became satradhikar of Madupur satra. After death of Bishnu Ata, 'Samuha' (bhaktas of some nearest villages) took responsibility of this satra. Later, Burhir-po Gobinda Atoi, Gopinath Atoi, Krishna Bapu Satriya, Ramnath Bapu Satriya, Gangaram Bapu Satriya, Pocharam vorali Atoi, Niron Atoi, Tolon Atoi, Lakshmikanta Atoi burha-bhakta, Fatik Chandra Dev Goswami took responsibility as Satradhikar. After the death of Fatik Chandra Dev Goswami, Lakshmikanta Mahanta became Satradhikar of Madhupur satra on 18 April 2012.

==Structures==
The Satra is four-sided enclosed area with four gateways ("karapat"). Centrally placed in this enclosure is a rectangular prayer-hall ("[[Namghar]]" or "kirtanghar") at the aligned in the east–west direction. On its eastern side there is an additional independent structure called the "Manikut" (jewel-house), the sanctum santorum, in which the "asana", a wooden tetradehral structure with four carved lions), is placed containing the main object of worship (usually a copy of the Bhagavat Purana in manuscript or an idol). The "namghar" is surrounded by four straight rows of huts, called "hati", in which monks (bhakats) reside. The ''adhikara'' and other high officers of the Satra reside in the eastern "hatis".<ref>{{harv|Neog|1980|p=309}}</ref>

==Cultural programmes==
Some of the cultural programmes, which are held in Sattras:
* [[Bhaona]]
* [[Doul utsav]] or Deul
* [[Janmastami]]
* [[Rasa lila]] or Raas utsav
* Sankardeva's birth anniversary celebration in October
* First Satradhikar Gobinda Ata's death anniversary celebration in Magh (January–February) month<ref name="india1"/>

==Madhupur Satra picture gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Madhupur Satra at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 06.jpg
File:Madhupur Satra at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 08.jpg
File:Madhupur Satra at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 09.jpg
File:Madhupur Satra at Cooch Behar District in West Bengal 10.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
{{commons category|Madhupur Satra}}
* [[List of Satras]]
* [[Sattriya]]
* [[Barpeta Satra]]
* [[Dakshinpat Satra]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
*{{cite book
| last = Neog
| first = Maheshwar
|author-link=Maheswar Neog
| title = Early History of the Vaishnava Faith and Movement in Assam
| publisher = Motilal Banarasidass
| year = 1980
| location = Delhi
}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarma |first=S N |title=The Neo-Vaisnavite Movement and the Satra Institution of Assam |publisher=Gauhati University |year=1966 |isbn=978-8173310263}}

==Further reading==
* Shree Shree Sankardeva O Shree Shree Madhavadeva – Writer: [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]]
* Srimanta Sankardeva O teor jugor Boishnobacharyasakal – Dr. Shibnath Berman
* Mahapurush Srimanta Sankardebor Chomu Parichoy O Boikuntha Proyanor Sthan Shree Shree Madhupur (dham) Satrar Itibitto – Pitambar Ray Bhakta (Cooch Behar).

{{Cooch Behar topics}}
{{Hindu temples in West Bengal}}

[[Category:16th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Satras (Ekasarana Dharma)]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Assam]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Cooch Behar district]]

Paidi Rakesh Reddy

2026-04-28T14:42:28Z

Wleness: creating initial entry added tags!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Asannagari Jeevan Reddy]]
| successor =
| constituency =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party =
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Paidi Rakesh Reddy''' (born 1967) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is a member of the Telangana Legislative Assembly from [[Armur Assembly constituency|Armur constituency]] in [[Nizamabad district]]. He represents the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and was elected in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-03 |title=Armur assembly constituency election results 2023: BJP's Paidi Rakesh Reddy defeats INC's Prodduturi Vinay Kumar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/armur-assembly-constituency-election-results-2023-bjps-paidi-rakesh-reddy-defeats-incs-prodduturi-vinay-kumar/articleshow/105702913.cms |access-date=2024-07-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy was born in [[Ankapur]], Armur mandal, Nizamabad district. He is born to Paidi Ganga Reddy. In 1987, he started his career as a mason earning his livelihood as a labourer in UAE and later he worked as a driver, also in [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]. But he was a keen learner and soon he started his career as an entrepreneur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-07 |title=Paidi Rakesh Reddy: ఎడారి జీవితం నుండి అసెంబ్లీ వరకు |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/nri/paidi-rakesh-reddy-of-bjp-won-the-armur-seat-rams-spl-1177646.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2023-12-06 |title=From NRI in Gulf to MLA in Telangana: The journey of Paidi Rakesh Reddy |url=https://telanganatoday.com/from-nri-in-gulf-to-mla-in-telangana-the-journey-of-paidi-rakesh-reddy |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> He later became a businessman and started exports of red sanders. He is a school dropout after passing Class 12. He studied till Class VIII at Zilla Parishad Boys High School, Armur, [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] and discontinued in 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paidi Rakesh Reddy(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- ARMUR(NIZAMABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=17 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He was married to Bhudevi at a very young age in the form of child marriage and had a kid at 18 years old called Sucharitha, then 18 years after the death of Bhudevi, he remarried to Revathi and they have 2 children called Reyansh and Reha. They have started a family foundation named Rakesh Reddy Foundation and have been serving the people in the region through this non-profit organisation.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Reddy won the [[Armur Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 72,658 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Prodduturi Vinay Kumar Reddy of [[Indian National Congress]] by a huge margin of 29,669 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Armur Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Paidi Rakesh Reddy wins Armur with 72658 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/armur-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470923-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Armur Election Result 2023 Live, Armur Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 {{!}} ABP News |url=https://news.abplive.com/electionselections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-armur-constituency-11.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rakesh Reddy, Paidi}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Nizamabad district]]

Banduan (film)

2026-04-25T16:46:01Z

Wleness:

{{Infobox film
| name = Banduan
| image = Banduan film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Kroll Azry
| writer = Kroll Azry Nazri Vovinski
| producer = Kalyana Devan Kathiravan R
| starring = [[Aaron Aziz]] [[Rosyam Nor]] [[Afdlin Shauki]] Fadhli Masoot Abi Madyan
| cinematography = Vikee Thiagarajan
| editing = Aral R Thangam Anand Raghavan
| music = [[Sam_C._S.|Sam CS]] Litia Ramachandran
| production_companies = Number Twenty One Media [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
| distributor = [[Astro Shaw]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|11|06|Malaysia}}
| country = Malaysia
| language = Malay
| budget = RM 7 million
}}'''''Banduan''''' ({{translation|Prisoner}}) is a 2025 Malaysian [[action thriller]] film directed by Kroll Azry, serving as an official remake of the 2019 Indian Tamil-language film ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]''. The film stars [[Aaron Aziz]] in the lead role, alongside [[Rosyam Nor]] and [[Afdlin Shauki]]. It was released on November 6, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil hit movie 'Kaithi' retold for Malaysian audiences as 'Banduan' |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2025/08/31/tamil-hit-movie-kaithi-retold-for-malaysian-audiences-as-banduan/189510 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=[[Malay Mail]] |date=31 August 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Banduan Trailer: The Malaysian remake of Lokesh Kanagaraj's Kaithi promises to be a faithful reimagining of the Karthi-starrer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/banduan-trailer-the-malaysian-remake-of-lokesh-kanagarajs-kaithi-promises-to-be-a-faithful-reimagining-of-the-karthi-starrer-10241556/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=30 October 2025 |language=en-In |date=10 September 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sam CS completes background score for Kaithi's Malaysian remake Banduan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Oct/28/sam-cs-completes-background-score-for-kaithis-malaysian-remake-banduan |website=Cinema Express |access-date=30 October 2025 |language=en-In |date=28 October 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{Expand plot|section|date=November 2025}}
Dali, an ex-convict longing to meet his daughter for the first time. But when a drug raid shatters his chance at redemption, he is thrown into a deadly night of chaos, forcing him to fight for survival—and a second chance at fatherhood.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Aaron Aziz]] as Dali
* [[Rosyam Nor]] as Inspector Johari
* [[Afdlin Shauki]] as Sergeant Yahya
* Fadhli Masoot as Koboi
*Abi Madyan as Rajab
*Adlin Aman Ramlie
*Amir Nafis as Farid
*Daniel
*Hushairy Hussein
*Hawra Jamalullail as Hana, Dali's daughter
*Meynillen Thamil Selvan as Naga/Malik
*Joshua Michael
*Shashi Tharan as Doctor Selvam
*Sasidaran as Sergeant Devan
*Adam Shahz as Corporal Khairul
*[[Zul Ariffin]] as Azharuddin, Rejab's brother
}}

== Production ==
''Banduan'' is a co-production between Malaysia's Number Twenty One Media Sdn Bhd and Dream Warrior Pictures Sdn Bhd, a Malaysian subsidiary of India's [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]. It marks the first official Indian Tamil film industry remake in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BERNAMA |date=2025-08-31 |title=Tamil Hit Movie 'Kaithi' Retold For Malaysian Audiences As 'Banduan' |url=https://www.bernama.com/misc/rss/news.php?id=2462567 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=BERNAMA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-10 |title=Banduan Trailer: The Malaysian remake of Lokesh Kanagaraj's Kaithi promises to be a faithful reimagining of the Karthi-starrer |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/banduan-trailer-the-malaysian-remake-of-lokesh-kanagarajs-kaithi-promises-to-be-a-faithful-reimagining-of-the-karthi-starrer-10241556/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

According to the producers, the film retains the essence and core themes of the original ''Kaithi''—such as redemption, fatherhood, and survival.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BERNAMA |date=2025-08-31 |title=Tamil Hit Movie 'Kaithi' Retold For Malaysian Audiences As 'Banduan' |url=https://www.bernama.com/misc/rss/news.php?id=2462567 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=BERNAMA |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Karthi flies to Malaysia to catch Banduan premiere, meets lead actor Aaron Aziz |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Nov/04/karthi-flies-to-malaysia-to-catch-banduan-premiere-meets-lead-actor-aaron-aziz |website=Cinema Express |access-date=4 November 2025 |language=en |date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The film is distributed by [[Astro Shaw]] and premiered in Malaysian cinemas on November 6, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Local |first=theSun |title=Malaysian remake of Tamil hit Kaithi titled Banduan premieres November |url=https://thesun.my/malaysia-news/malaysian-remake-of-tamil-hit-kaithi-titled-banduan-premieres-november-NL14799657 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=thesun.my |date=31 August 2025 |language=en-MY}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Malaysian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s Malay-language films]]
[[Category:2025 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Malaysian films]]

Swamy (2004 film)

2026-04-24T20:40:38Z

Wleness: Done

{{short description|Indian Telugu-language action drama film}}
{{No plot|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name =
| image = Swamy (2004 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = VR Pratap
| writer = [[Posani Krishna Murali]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = VR Pratap
| story = Posani Krishna Murali
| based_on = 
| producer = RK Bhagavan Teja (C Kalyan)
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Nandamuri Harikrishna|Harikrishna]]
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
*[[Uma (actress)|Uma]]
*[[Rajiv Kanakala]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Madhu A Naidu
| editing =
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| studio = Krishna Teja Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2004|7|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Swamy''''' is a 2004 Indian Telugu-language action drama film directed by VR Pratap and starring [[Nandamuri Harikrishna|Harikrishna]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Uma (actress)|Uma]] and [[Rajiv Kanakala]].

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Nandamuri Harikrishna|Harikrishna]] as Swamy
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Swamy's wife
*[[Aamani]] as medical college principal
*[[Uma (actress)|Uma]] in a [[dual role]] as Seeta and Geeta
*[[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Anand
*[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]]
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Keerikkadan Jose|Mohan Raj]]
*[[Nutan Prasad]] as judge
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]]
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]]
*[[Raghu Babu]]
*[[Chalapati Rao]] as taxi driver
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]]
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]]
*[[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
*[[Brahmanandam]]
*[[Asha Saini]] (item number in the song "Driver Lekha")
{{Colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]] in his third collaboration with Harikrishna.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swamy - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/swamy/TMCpteylUIE_ |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230102103/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/swamy/TMCpteylUIE_ |url-status=live }}</ref> The songs were well received.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-swamy1.html|title=Telugu Cinema audio function - Swamy - Nandamuri Hari Krishna - Meena|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=2022-07-19|archive-date=2022-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430224121/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-swamy1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chilaka O Chilaka
| length1 = 5:12
| lyrics1 = E. S. Murthy
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Usha (Telugu singer)|Usha]], Rama Mani
| title2 = Naa Peru Rambha
| length2 = 4:49
| lyrics2 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title3 = Andham Chandam
| length3 = 4:50
| lyrics3 = Pothula Ravi Kiran
| extra3 = [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[Sunitha Upadrashta]]
| title4 = Aanati Nee Kallu
| length4 = 3:15
| lyrics4 = [[Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]
| extra4 = M. M. Keeravani
| title5 = Driver Lekha (Tamilnadu Border)
| length5 = 5:47
| lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra5 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Sunitha Upadrashta
| total_length = 23:53
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that "On the whole the film has nothing new to offer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/swamy-review-telugu-pclv4Aejdihfc.html|title=Swamy|date=19 July 2004|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430224117/https://www.sify.com/movies/swamy-review-telugu-pclv4Aejdihfc.html|archive-date=30 April 2022}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave the film a rating of two out of five and wrote that "The plus points of the film are Hari Krishna and visual effects. The minus points are story, dialogues, screenplay and direction".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-swamy.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Swamy - Hari Krishna Nandamuri, Meena|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|author=Jeevi|date=16 July 2004|access-date=19 July 2022|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430224126/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-swamy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote "Though posani cliams it is inspired by the real life incidents the dialogues and picturisations sans the originality. At times they are cheap".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/swamyreview.shtml|title=Swamy (2004) movie review|website=Telugu Cinema|access-date=28 September 2025|date=16 July 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040805071629/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/movies/swamyreview.shtml|archive-date=5 August 2004}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Posani Krishna Murali}}
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Posani Krishna Murali]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:2004 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]

Pidatala Ranga Reddy

2026-04-23T19:08:20Z

Wleness: creating the article w/ refs!

{{Short description|Indian politician (1917–1991)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Pidatala Ranga Reddy''' (1917 – 1991) was an Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh. He was a five time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Giddalur Assembly constituency|Giddalur Assembly Constituency]] in the erstwhile Nellore and [[Prakasam district]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Giddalur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/giddalur-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=Giddalur (Andhra Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/giddalur.html |access-date=23 April 2026 |website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy was a senior Congressman and was a freedom fighter.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prof I.V.Chalapathi Rao |url=http://archive.org/details/MadduriAnnnapurnaiah |title=Madduri Annnapurnaiah |date=2000 |language=ENGLISH}}</ref> He participated in individual satyagraha in 1940 and took part in the Quit India Movement in 1942. He was first elected to the provisional parliament in 1950. He was made the Chief Whip of the Congress Legislature Party in Madras Assembly. Later, he was also a Chief Whip in the Andhra Pradesh Assembly and the Speaker of the AP Assembly from March 1972 to September 11974. He was the Minister for Planning and Information in the Andhra Pradesh Government from 1960 to 1962.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026 |title=Pidathala Ranga Reddi |url=https://nehruarchive.in/people/pidathala-ranga-reddi |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Nehru Archive |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1958-10-08 |title=To P. Ranga Reddi (8 October 1958) |url=https://nehruarchive.in/documents/to-p-ranga-reddi-8-october-1958-0v1g0 |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=The Nehru Archive |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In Andhra Pradesh, he was first elected as an MLA from Giddalur Assembly constituency in 1955, representing the Indian National Congress and won for three consecutive terms in 1967, 1972 and 1978, the last one on Janata Party ticket.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prasad |first=R. J. Rajendra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=1cSOAAAAMAAJ&q=Pidathala&redir_esc=y |title=Emergence of Telugu Desam: And an Overview of Political Movements in Andhra |date=2004 |publisher=Master Minds |language=en}}</ref> He lost the 1983 election, but regained the seat in 1985 contesting as an independent candidate, his final term in the assembly.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

In 1970s, when the Congress party split, he opposed supporting Indira Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Nadendla Bhaskar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Y8WikyrDp0kC&pg=PA44&dq=Pidathala+rangareddy&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Pidathala%20rangareddy&f=false |title=Walking with Destiny |date=2008 |publisher=Walking With Destiny |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranga Reddy, Pagadala}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1955–1962]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1978–1983]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh]]

Chennai Formula Racing Circuit

2026-04-20T18:39:39Z

Wleness: started data

{{Short description|Motorsport track in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox motorsport venue
| name = Chennai Formula Racing Circuit
| coordinates = {{Coord|13|4|22.08|N|80|16|50.52|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| image =
| image_caption =
| fia_grade = 3<ref name="homologated">{{cite news |title=Chennai City Circuit - Circuit Licence Grade 3 |url=https://i.imgur.com/L3NO83l.png |publisher=[[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile]] |date=1 September 2024}}</ref>
| capacity =
| owner =
| operator =
| broke_ground =
| opened = {{Start date and age|2024|08|31|df=yes}}
| closed = {{Start date and age|2024|09|01|df=yes}}
| construction_cost=
| architect = Driven International
| former_names =
| events = [[Indian Racing League]] (2024) [[F4 Indian Championship|F4 India]] (2024)
| layout = Street Circuit (2024)
| length_km = 3.839
| length_mi = 2.385
| turns = 19
| record_time = 1:39.161
| record_driver = {{flagicon|POR}} [[Álvaro Parente]]
| record_car = [[Wolf GB08]]
| record_year = [[2024 Indian Racing League|2024]]
| record_class = [[Group CN|CN]]
| website =
}}

'''Chennai Formula Racing Circuit''', also known as the '''Chennai City Circuit''',<ref name="homologated"/> is a 3.839 km (2.385mi) [[street circuit]] in [[Island Grounds]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It hosted the second round of the [[F4 Indian Championship]] and the [[Indian Racing League]] 2024 on 31 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ragav |first=S. Dipak |date=2024-08-31 |title=Indian Racing Festival: Chennai’s inaugural night street race opening day turns out to be a damp squib |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/motorsport/chennai-night-street-race-day-1-fia-controversy-indian-racing-festival-news/article68590937.ece |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Racing Promotions Private Limited, the organisers of the [[Indian Racing League]] and [[F4 Indian Championship]], conceived a street circuit in [[Chennai]] in collaboration with the Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu, and it was formally launched to the public on 16 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chennai racing circuit launched |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2023/aug/17/chennai-racing-circuit-launched-2606118.html |newspaper=The New Indian Express |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref> Funding for the circuit was provided by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]], with the [[Greater Chennai Corporation]] and the [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]] undertaking construction.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mathur |first=Sahil |date=2023-08-16 |title=Chennai Formula Racing Circuit launched, to host India's first-night street races |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/motorsport/indian-motorsports-news-chennai-formula-racing-circuit-launched-indias-first-night-street-races/article67202313.ece |access-date=2023-11-13 |work=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-16 |title=Chennai Formula Racing Circuit to host India's First night race |url=https://www.autotrack.ind.in/post/chennai-formula-racing-circuit-to-host-india-s-first-night-race |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=Auto Track}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-14 |title=Rs 15 cr grant for Chennai racing circuit |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/rs-15-cr-grant-for-chennai-racing-circuit-741817 |access-date=2023-11-13 |work=DT Next |language=en}}</ref> The circuit become the second [[street circuit]] in India after the [[Hyderabad Street Circuit]] and it was scheduled to host India’s first night street race for the Indian Racing League and Indian F4 on 9 and 10 December 2023; however, the event was canceled due to [[Cyclone Michaung]] and delayed to August 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ragav |first=S. Dipak |title=Chennai Formula Racing Circuit launched |language=en-IN |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/chennai-formula-racing-circuit-launched/article67202685.ece |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name='2023_chennai_f4_cancelled'>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |title=Indian F4 round three cancelled, round four relocated due to wet weather |url=https://formulascout.com/indian-f4-round-three-cancelled-round-four-relocated-due-to-wet-weather/113911 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US |date=6 December 2023 |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref><ref name='2024_chennai_f4'>{{Cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Jayantho |title=F4 night street race to see light of the day in Chennai on August 31 |language=en-IN |work=DT Next |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/f4-night-street-race-to-see-light-of-the-day-in-chennai-on-august-31-795794 |date=20 July 2024 |access-date=20 July 2024}}</ref>

The circuit's debut was rescheduled for 31 August – 1 September 2024, using the same categories and retaining the night race concept.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Kavita |date=2024-08-26 |title=Indian Racing Festival: Finishing touches being applied to Chennai street race circuit |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/motorsport/indian-racing-festival-2024-chennai-street-race-circuit-map-news/article68568084.ece |access-date=2024-08-29 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-30 |title=Chennai gears up for India’s 1st night race on street circuit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-gears-up-for-indias-1st-night-race-on-street-circuit/articleshow/112119978.cms |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajan |first=Sangita |date=2024-08-29 |title=Indian racing festival 2024 hits Chennai with Formula 4 and India’s first night race |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/indian-racing-festival-2024-hits-chennai-with-formula-4-and-indias-first-night-race/article68572780.ece |access-date=2024-08-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, the circuit did not receive its [[Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile|FIA]] [[List of motor racing circuits by FIA grade|homologation]] in time and an approval was given after the [[Madras High Court]] sought an extension of the homologation deadline, leading to just the IRL cars undertaking a brief shakedown late on the Saturday night.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chennais-formula-4-night-street-race-madras-high-court-to-hold-special-sitting-on-august-31/article68588973.ece|title=Chennai’s Formula 4 night street race: Madras High Court to hold special sitting on August 31|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="changes">{{Cite web |publisher=DTNEXT |date=2024-08-31 |title=F4 Chennai street race: FIA suggests changes; RRPL seeks time from HC |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/f4-chennai-4-street-race-fia-suggests-changes-rrpl-seeks-time-from-hc-801827 |access-date=2024-08-31 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="homologated"/> The first race held on the circuit was for the domestic entry-level [[Formula LGB Swift|Formula LGB 4]] series, and was won by T.S. Diljith.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.drivespark.com/four-wheelers/2024/chennai-formula-4-race-1-irl-f4-indian-jk-flgb-4-results-056395.html|title=Chennai Formula 4 Race: Race 1 Results|publisher=DriveSpark|date=1 September 2024}}</ref> [[Hugh Barter]] and Aqil Alibhai were the first [[F4 Indian Championship|Formula 4]] winners on the circuit, whilst [[Raoul Hyman]] and [[Álvaro Parente]] won the first Indian Racing League heats – the first IRL race was red-flagged after a dog made its way onto the circuit.<ref name="F4-24">{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |title=Barter wins before Alibhai nails Indian F4’s night race on Chennai streets |url=https://formulascout.com/barter-wins-before-alibhai-nails-indian-f4s-night-race-on-chennai-streets/123229 |website=Formula Scout |language=en |date=1 September 2024 |access-date=3 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/racing/top-stories/alvaro-parante-of-speed-demons-delhi-take-top-honours-at-indian-racing-festival-as-chennais-night-circuit-spectacle-concludes/articleshow/113033481.cms|title=Alvaro Parante of Speed Demons Delhi take top honours at Indian Racing Festival as Chennai's Night Circuit Spectacle concludes|publisher=[[Times of India]]|date=3 September 2024}}</ref>

== Track ==
The circuit – designed by Driven International, the group which built the [[Hyderabad Street Circuit|Hyderabad Formula E circuit]] – is situated around the Island Grounds, features 19 corners and runs in an anti-clockwise direction.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |title=TN govt launches India's first-ever night street racing circuit in Chennai |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/tn-govt-launches-india-s-first-ever-night-street-racing-circuit-in-chennai-123081600718_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |date=15 August 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Formula 4 to kick up night dust on roads around Island Grounds |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/city/formula-4-to-kick-up-night-dust-on-roads-around-island-grounds-745829 |work=DT Next |language=en |date=3 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |title=New Indian F4 series to race on street circuit in Chennai this December |url=https://formulascout.com/new-indian-f4-series-to-race-on-street-circuit-in-chennai-this-december/110393 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US |date=18 August 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref> The circuit starts on Kamarajar Promenade, some 450 metres from the Bay of Bengal. A 'bus stop' complex of corners follows around the [[Victory War Memorial]], before running north-west along Flag Staff Road. A left-hander then follows onto a long straight traversing [[Anna Salai]], broken up by a chicane around the [[Equestrian statue of Thomas Munro|Statue of Thomas Munro]]. A hairpin then follows at the Periyar Statue before heading south-east along Swami Sivananda Salai, with this section broken up by a series of chicanes before the final corner around the [[75th Anniversary of Indian Independence|Memorial Pillar of the 75th Independence Day]] – the lap finishes by crossing the [[Napier Bridge]]. The pit-lane and paddock facilities lie adjacent to the Victory War Memorial.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=F4 street circuit to come up around Island Grounds |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/f4-street-circuit-to-come-up-around-island-grounds/articleshow/102783739.cms |issn=0971-8257 |date=17 August 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chennai gets India's first street racing circuit with option to host night races |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/chennai-gets-indias-first-street-racing-circuit-with-option-to-host-night-races-13005592.html |work=Firstpost |language=en |date=16 August 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref>

Following issues with homologation, turn 10 at the Periyar Statue and turn 19 at the 75th Anniversary Pillar had to be re-profiled – the track was ultimately granted a Grade Three licence.<ref name="homologated"/><ref name="changes"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/motorsport/chennai-street-race-delays-fia-approval-indian-racing-festival-circuit-controversy-track-conditions-safety-update/article68590997.ece|title=Indian Racing Festival: Speedbumps aside, optics live up to expectations ahead of main race day|publisher=[[The Hindu|Sportstar]]|date=31 August 2024}}</ref>

==Lap records==

The fastest official race lap records at the Chennai Formula Racing Circuit are listed as:

{| class="wikitable"
! Category !! Time !! Driver !! Vehicle !! Date
|-
! colspan=5 | Full Circuit (2024): {{cvt|3.839|km|mi|abbr=on}}
|-
| [[Group CN]] || '''1:39.161''' || {{flagicon|POR}} [[Álvaro Parente]] || [[Wolf GB08|Wolf-Aprilia GB08 "Thunder"]] || [[2024 Indian Racing League|1 September 2024]]
|-
| [[Formula 4]] || '''1:41.952'''<ref name="F4-24"/> || {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Hugh Barter]] || [[Mygale M21-F4]] || [[2024 F4 Indian Championship|1 September 2024]]
|-
| [[Formula LGB Swift|Formula LGB 4]] || '''2:02.704''' || {{flagicon|IND}} T.S. Diljith || [[Super Speeds]]-[[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti]] || 1 September 2024
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian motorsports}}

[[Category:Defunct motorsport venues|Chennai]]
[[Category:Motorsport venues in Tamil Nadu|Chennai]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Chennai]]
[[Category:2024 establishments in India]]

Kora Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:28:05Z

Wleness: started post

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kora
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| constituency_no =
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| district = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]] and [[Tiptur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiptur]]
| established = 1951
| abolished = 1957
| electors = 
| reservation =
| mla =
| party =
| latest_election_year =
}}
'''Kora Assembly constituency''' was one of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the state assembly of [[Mysore State|Mysore]], in India. It was part of [[Tumkur Lok Sabha constituency|Tumkur]] and [[Tiptur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiptur]] Lok Sabha constituencies.<ref name="delimitation1952">{{cite web |date=1952 |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1956 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |access-date=13 October 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || B. C. Nanjundaiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kora <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = B. C. Nanjundaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,553 |percentage = 44.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sette Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,138 |percentage = 19.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. S. Siddaramaiah |party = Socialist Party (India) |votes = 3,622 |percentage = 16.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pujari Boraiah |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,921 |percentage = 8.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muddarangappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,683 |percentage = 7.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. S. Nanjappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 701 |percentage = 3.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,415 |percentage = 25.05% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 21,618 |percentage = 51.50% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,618}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,973 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|13.437041|77.062890|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Tumakuru district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Kuriyedathu Thatri

2026-04-13T09:46:19Z

Wleness: started new entry

{{short description|Historical figure from Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
'''Kuriyedathu Thatri''' or '''Kuriyedathu Savitri''' was a [[Nambudiri|Nambuthiri]] woman from [[Kerala]], [[India]], known for going through the [[Smarthavicharam|Smarthavicharana]] ([[Caste system in India|caste]]-based trial for [[adultery]]) in 1905.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnan |first=Mini |title=July 13, 1905: A Namboodiri woman is convicted of adultery and made an outcaste. This is her story |url=https://scroll.in/article/930288/july-13-1905-a-namboodiri-woman-is-convicted-of-adultery-and-made-an-outcaste-this-is-her-story |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> Often called as '''Thathri Kutty''', her Smarthavicharam is considered as the most controversial one held in Kerala as it shocked the core of the patriarchal and misogynistic society and culture in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thathri Kutty, The Woman Behind Women Liberation in Malayalam History |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/top-stories/inspiration/thathri-kutty-the-woman-behind-women-liberation-in-malayalam-history/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=www.shethepeople.tv}}</ref> She is considered by many as one of the earlist [[Feminism|feminists]] from Kerala who fought against the [[patriarchy]] that dominated the state.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillai |first=Manu S. |date=2017-09-30 |title=Manu S. Pillai on the woman who shook the imperfect world of Namboodiri men |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/savitris-revenge/article19776821.ece |access-date=2023-01-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Following the trial of Thathri, a council called Yogakhsemam was formed under the leadership of a few revolutionary Namboothiri men who promoted ideas such as the relaxation of marriage laws and abolishing the practice of Sambandham.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arjun.M.Pisharodi |date=2021-09-23 |title=Thatrikutty- The Patriarchy Smasher |url=https://medium.com/@keralaputhran3/how-a-promiscuous-18-yo-kerala-woman-dismantled-a-notorious-caste-based-ritual-dc5b81f9523d |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> Her trial was a turning point in Kerala's history for women and their liberation.

==Early life==
Tatri was born in Kalpakasseri Illam in [[Thalapilly|Thalapally]] taluk in what is now inside [[Thrissur district]] as the daughter of Ashtamurthy Namboothiri of Kalpakasseri Illam. As per records, she was born in 1885. According to rumours, after her birth, an astrologer told her father that Thatri's birth was “destined to bring calamity and destroy the family's honour“. At the age of 9, Thathri went to her aunt's house near Kunnamkulam to learn singing from a Nambeeshan. Tatri's statement during the trial says that she was [[Sexual harassment|sexually harassed]] there for 12 consecutive days by her relative Musamburi Nampyathan.

==Marriage and aftermath==
Thathri is said to have married between the ages of 11 and 13 to Raman Namboothiri of Chemmanthite Kuriyedathillam, who was in his early 60s. Raman had multiple wives and regularly hired prostitutes to his house.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nilayamgode |first=Devaki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dMZuEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kuriyedathu+Thatri&pg=PT98 |title=Before the Break of Dawn: Secrets of the Namboodiri Women |date=2022-06-19 |publisher=Global Collective Publishers |isbn=978-1-954021-80-8 |language=en}}</ref> Later Thathri split from Raman. How she split from her husband is still unclear, but several sources state that Raman abandoned Thathri after she protested his bringing other women and [[Prostitution|prostitutes]] into their home. With Raman abandoning her, Thathri started sex work to earn a living.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethu |first=Divya |date=2021-01-20 |title=How an 18-YO Kerala Woman Dismantled A Notorious Caste-Based Ritual |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/247515/kuriyedathy-thathri-kutty-dhathri-savitri-namboodiri-women-smarthavicharam-caste-bias-excommunication-gender-bias-kerala-history-matampu-kunukuttan-brushte-div200/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

It is still unclear whether it was Thatri's helplessness or her own choice that made her choose prostitution. Thathri was said to be extremely beautiful and the men who had sex with her came from various [[Caste system in India|castes]] with some of them being influential in the society. Men who visited her did not know she was an antharjanam (Married namboothiri woman) and these visits were arranged through her servant. It is said that one day her husband had hired Thatri unaware of her identity and when he recognised her, he reported her.<ref>{{Cite web |title=തീയെരിഞ്ഞ ഓർമകൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/sunday/remembering-kuriyedathu-thathri.html |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=ManoramaOnline}}</ref>

==The trial==
{{see also|Smarthavicharam}}
[[Smarthavicharam]] was a notorious ritualistic trial for [[adultery]] practiced among the [[Brahmin]]s of Kerala. If the accused woman was found guilty, she and the men found involved with her (known as jāran) were excommunicated from the caste (Bhraṣṭû) and banished.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Some "Bhrashtu" (Excommunication or Ostracism) Cases |url=https://www.namboothiri.com/articles/bhrashtu.htm |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=www.namboothiri.com}}</ref> When Raman Namboothiri reported Thatri's matter in the concerned Namboothiri meeting, an investigation was started against Thatri for infidelity and promiscuity. Some people suggest that it was Thatri's neighbour who reported Thatri's acts in the meeting. By the end of 1904, Tathri's first ''smarthavicharam'' was already over. But due to controversies, the King ordered smarthavicharam to be conducted once more.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-05 |title=അറുപത്തഞ്ചാമത്തെ പങ്കാളി ആര് ? ഈ പേരും പറയണമോ ? {{!}} |url=https://newsgil.in/2018/01/05/storyb-of-kuriyedath-thathri/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> On 13 July 1905, her second trial was conducted. During the trial Thathri admitted to all accusations and in return demanded that the law be administered equally to everyone. Thatri revealed that she was sexually harassed or had mutual consensual sex with 30 [[Nambudiri|Namboodiris]], 13 [[Ambalavasi|ambalavaasis]], 10 [[Iyer]]s and 11 [[Nair]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കുറിയേടത്ത് താത്രിയും സ്മാര്‍ത്ത വിചാരവും; തീയെരിഞ്ഞ ഓര്‍മകള്‍ക്ക് 115 വയസ്‌ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/thrissur/remembering-smarthavicharam-of-kuriyedath-thathri/articleshow/76992318.cms |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> Many of the men Thatri named as sexually abusing her were her close relatives, including her father and his half-brother. The list also included renowned scholars, musicians, and [[Kathakali]] artistes ranging from 14 to 85 in age.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കുറിയേടത്ത് താത്രിയുടെ 65 ആം ജാാരൻ |url=https://meddlingmedia.com/2021/05/07/kuriyedath-thathri/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Meddling Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

Despite many men denying their involvement, Thatri confirmed their identities by recalling the birthmarks and moles on their bodies. She was able to even remember the exact date, time and place when they slept together or when they sexually assaulted her. She also produced various written and visual evidence like letters that were written to her. This trial led to these men losing their credibility in the society.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Geethu |title=കുറിയേടത്ത് താത്രി, ഒരു സ്മാര്‍ത്ത വിചാരണയുടെ ഓർമ്മ |url=https://janamtv.com/80277411/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=janamtv.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Based on the records, many historians argue that the king had a special interest in Thatri's trial. Bhaskaranunni in his book says that this must be because of an allegation that the king or a close relative of the king was among those who had sex with Tathri. During the seven-month-long trial in three locations under heavy security, each name was called out by Thatri. It is said that when she was about to tell the 65th name, Tatri asked holding up a ring; Do I need to say this name too? The trial was reportedly ended by the King after this incident.<ref>{{Cite web |title=പിതാവും സഹോദരനും കൂടിയായപ്പോൾ പൂർണമായി പുരുഷവർഗത്തോടുള്ള താത്രിക്കുട്ടിയുടെ പക! |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/excerpts/excerpts-from-the-book-thathrikkuttiyude-smartha-vicharangal-by-alankode-leelakrishnan-1.7419749 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> Rumour has it that the King abruptly ended the trial because he believed he would be the 65th name to be revealed. Another theory is that when Thathri was about to say the name of the 65th man, families in the nearby villages and families from outside the village, became concerned that she might name someone from their families, and the trial was forced to come to a halt.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethu |first=Divya |date=2021-01-20 |title=How an 18-YO Kerala Woman Dismantled A Notorious Caste-Based Ritual |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/247515/kuriyedathy-thathri-kutty-dhathri-savitri-namboodiri-women-smarthavicharam-caste-bias-excommunication-gender-bias-kerala-history-matampu-kunukuttan-brushte-div200/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> It is also said that Thatri called out the name of many men during the trial to take revenge against them as they sexually harassed her during her childhood. For the first time in the history of Smarthavicharam, the accused were also allowed to conduct a cross-examination during the trial of Thatri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കുറിയേടത്ത് താത്രിയ്ക്കും അറുപത്തിനാല് പുരുഷന്മാർക്കും ഭ്രഷ്ടിനുശേഷം എന്തുസംഭവിച്ചു? |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/excerpts/excerpt-from-kuriyedath-thathriyude-smarthavicharangal-by-alankode-leelakrishnan-1.7342862 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

Kavunkal Shankarapanicker, Katalath Madhavan Nair, Panangavil Narayananambiar and Achyutapothuwal, who were famous Kathakali artists of that time, quit their jobs and left their village because of the disgrace of having a clandestine illicit relationship with Thatri.

==Life after the trial==
After the trial, Thathri was excommunicated along with the sixty four men she had named. As per government records, Thathri was sent to [[Chalakudy]] and settled in a riverside home. There is no record of her life after that. However there are many popular beliefs. A popular belief is that Thatri converted to [[Christianity]] and married a Christian. Pavithran, in his book 'British Commission to India', states that she settled down in [[Coimbatore]] after marrying an [[Anglo-Indian people|Anglo Indian]] gangman from the [[Indian Railways]]. Vasanthi Sankaranarayanan, the translator of the book Outcaste, states that Thathri lived somewhere in [[Tamil Nadu]] until the age of 80.<ref>{{Cite web |title=കുറിയേടത്ത് താത്രി: 9 വയസ്സുമുതൽ 23 വരെയുള്ള പീഡനകഥകൾ, സ്മാർത്തവിചാരത്തിന്റെ കാണാപ്പുറങ്ങൾ! |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/excerpts/kuriyedath-thathri-smarthavicharam-book-by-adv-biju-kaippanplakkal-1.7726652 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

Despite being sexually abused or having had sex with several men, from the time she was 9 to 23, there are no records of Thatri getting [[Pregnancy|pregnant]] or having an [[abortion]]. Some historians believe that after her smarthavicharam and remarriage, she gave birth to two daughters and a son. There have been rumours that a popular [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] actress of the mid-twentieth century is her granddaughter, a claim which the actress has denied.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandwani |first=Vasudha |date=2020-10-29 |title=Thathri Kutty: The Woman Who Challenged Brahminism Through Her Sexuality {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2020/10/30/thathri-kutty-challenged-brahminism-sexuality/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The life of Kuriyedathu Thathri has been the subject of several books, documentaries and movies. ''Thaathreesmarthavicharam: Sampoornna Reghakalum Padanangalum'' (Thaathreesmarthavicharam, Complete Documents and Studies) is a compilation by [[Cherai Ramadas]] of documents and studies related to the trial.<ref name="Book capturing Dakshayani Velayudhan’s life sketches, legislative debates, released">{{Cite web |last=The Hindu |first= |date=2023-06-17 |title=Book capturing Dakshayani Velayudhan’s life sketches, legislative debates, released |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/book-capturing-dakshayani-velayudhans-life-sketches-legislative-debates-released/article66980701.ece |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Thaathreesmarthavicharam: Sampoornna Reghakalum Padanangalum">{{Cite book |last=Ramadas |first=Cherai |title=Thaathreesmarthavicharam: Sampoornna Reghakalum Padanangalum |publisher=DC Books |year=2023 |isbn=9789357320542 |language=ml |trans-title=Thaathreesmarthavicharam, Complete Documents and Studies}}</ref> In 1969, [[Madampu Kunjukuttan]] wrote the Novel ''Bhrashtu'' (Outcaste) based on Kuriyedath Thathri and her smarthavicharam. The [[Malayalam]] film [[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]] (1994) by [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] is loosely based on Smarthavicharam of Kuriyedath Thathri.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-07-22 |title=Revisiting a trial |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/Revisiting-a-trial/article16206237.ece |access-date=2023-01-09 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[Taya (2022 film)|Taya]]'', the 2021 [[Sanskrit]] feature film made by G. Prabha, depicts the life of Thathri from a different perspective.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revisiting past worlds |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/jul/29/revisiting-past-worlds-2336817.html |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite journal |last=P. K. |first=Sreekumar |last2=Jose K. |first2=Priya. |title=Temporal and Spatial Coordinates of Chastity Trials |url=https://samyuktajournal.in/journal/index.php/sgc/article/download/69/80/74 |journal=Samyukta: A Journal of Gender and Culture |language=en |publication-date=January 2020 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=46}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thatri, Kuriyedathu}}
[[Category:Women from Kerala]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian feminists]]
[[Category:Place of death unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

Udita Duhan

2026-04-13T03:39:56Z

Wleness: Stub

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Udita Duhan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|1|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]], India
| height = 1.58 m
| weight = 54 kg
| spouse = {{married|[[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep Singh]]|2025}}
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub =
| years1 = 2016–
| clubs1 = Hockey Haryana
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2025–
| clubs2 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2016
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 = 4
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2017–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 138
| nationalgoals2 = 17
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}} [[File:Field hockey pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|Nations Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022 Spain]]|}}
{{MedalComp|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games – Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Hangzhou]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2022 Muscat]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023 Ranchi]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Rajgir]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Asian Women's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018 Donghae]]|}}
}}
'''Udita Duhan''' (born 14 January 1998) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] field hockey player and member of [[India women's national field hockey team|national team]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hockeyindia.org/team/udita.html |title=HockeyIndia profile |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=24 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924170440/http://hockeyindia.org/team/udita.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> She plays as a defender.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.asiangames2018.id/athletes/athlete/UDITA-3000578/ |title=Asian Games profile |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210359/https://en.asiangames2018.id/athletes/athlete/UDITA-3000578/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2024, during the [[Hockey India League]] auctions, [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]] acquired her for ₹32 lakhs. She is the most expensive player in the women's edition of the league. <ref>{{cite web |last1=PTI |first1=Deccan Herald |title=Udita Duhan attracts highest bid in first half of Hockey India League women's auction |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/hockey/udita-duhan-attracts-highest-bid-in-first-half-of-hockey-india-league-womens-auction-3232839 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=4 April 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Anand |first1=Anish |title=Hockey India League auction, Day 3: Udita becomes most expensive player at Rs 32 lakh |url=https://www.espn.in/field-hockey/story/_/id/41801137/hockey-india-league-player-women-auction-live-day-2-hil-action-salima-savita-vandana-neha |website=ESPN |access-date=4 April 2025 |language=en |date=15 October 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Duhan was born in Bhiwani's [[Nangal]] village, [[Hisar district]], [[Haryana]]. Her father, Jasbir Singh, was a police officer and also a handball player. She started playing handball but later shifted to hockey. After her father died in 2015, her mother Geetha Devi encouraged her to continue hockey and soon she joined SAI hostel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SportsCrazy |date=2022-07-28 |title=Udita Duhan Biography: Achievements, Personal Life, Family, Unknown Facts & Social Media |url=https://www.sportzcraazy.com/udita-duhan-biography-achievements-personal-life-family-unknown-facts-social-media/ |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.sportscraazy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deswal |first=Deepender |date=2023-08-03 |title='Hockey player Udita Duhan has fulfilled her late dad's dream' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/hockey-player-udita-duhan-has-fulfilled-her-late-dads-dream-292683 |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=www.tribuneindia.com |archive-date=6 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106150817/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/hockey-player-udita-duhan-has-fulfilled-her-late-dads-dream-292683 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life==
In March 2025, she married Indian field hockey player [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=Hockey: Indian national team stars Mandeep Singh and Udita Duhan tie the knot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/hockey-indian-national-team-stars-mandeep-singh-and-udita-duhan-marriage-9900282/ |access-date=2025-09-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
* 2018: Silver at Asian Games, Jakarta.
* 2018: Silver at Asian Champions Trophy in Donghae.
* 2018: She participated at the [[2018 Women's Hockey World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hockey Women's World Cup 2018: Team Details India |url=https://fih.altiusrt.com/competitions/869/reports/teams |publisher=FIH |page=7}}</ref>
* 2021: She took part in the Tokyo Olympics 2020 played from 23 July to 8 August 2021.
* 2022: Bronze at Asia Cup, Muscat.
* 2022: She was part of the team that won bronze at the 2022 Commonwealth Games.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Judge |first=Shahid |date=2023-05-09 |title=Hockey: Udita Duhan puts aside regret to embark on flourishing hockey career |url=https://scroll.in/field/1048792/hockey-udita-duhan-puts-aside-regret-to-embark-on-flourishing-hockey-career |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2025
|[[Hockey India Awards]]
|Defender of the Year
|{{nom}}
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIH|name=Udita Duhan}}
* [https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/udita-profile-1677 Udita Duhan] at [[Hockey India]]
* {{2018 Asian Games profile|UDITA-3000578|Udita Duhan}}
* {{Olympics.com profile|udita|Udita Duhan}}
* {{Olympedia|name=Udita Duhan}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FHW Squad 2018 World Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2018 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2020 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 World Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2022 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2025 Asia Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duhan, Udita}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey midfielders]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Haryana]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2020 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hisar (city)]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

{{India-fieldhockey-bio-stub}}

Radheshyam Rathiya

2026-04-11T20:17:04Z

Wleness: creating the post w/ refs!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Radheshyam Rathiya
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|5|12|df=y}}
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency|Raigarh]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Gomtee Sai]]
| successor1 =
| spouse = Nindravati Rathiya
| parents = Lila Ram Rathiya (father) Til Kunwar (mother)
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Radheshyam Rathiya''' (born 12 May 1972) is an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Raigarh Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/raigarh-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8916715.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He has been elected to Lok Sabha from [[Raigarh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Raigarh (ST) election results 2024 live updates: BJP's Radheshyam Rathiya wins against Congress' Menka Devi Singh with a margin of 240391 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/raigarh-st-election-results-2024-chhattisgarh-raigarh-st-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-radheshyam-rathiya-bjp-menka-devi-singh-cong/articleshow/110674664.cms |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Raigarh, Chhattisgarh Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Radheshyam Rathiya Triumphs |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/raigarh-chhattisgarh-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548106-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Ex-local body heads {{!}} High jumpers|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|accessdate=31 July 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731162655/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-local-body-heads-high-jumpers-2565844-2024-07-13|archivedate=31 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rathiya, Radheshyam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:People from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Doyang–Dhansiri Valley

2026-03-31T20:43:59Z

Wleness: started a info.

{{Short description|Archaeological site in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
The '''Doyang–Dhansiri Valley''' is an ancient archaeological site in the southern part of [[Assam]] and the south western part of [[Nagaland]] in India, which is home to the rivers [[Dhansiri]] and its tributary, the [[Chathe]] and [[Doyang]]. The stretch of land is located in the middle of 25–26.8 E and 93–94.5 N where it is almost fully surrounded by hills, with the north being an exception as it expands into the [[Assam valley|Assam Valley]]. The valley is has attracted the attention of archaeologists for its [[Artifact (archaeology)|artefact]]s, which have contributed to the study of ancient Assam and their rulers, religions, and cultures, specifically in the time period of 2nd century A.D. to 18th century A.D.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dutta |first=Hemendranath |date=1997 |title=Art and Archaeology of the Doiyang - Dhansiri Valley of Assam |journal=ProQuest Dissertations Publishing}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|}}
*{{Cite book|title=History, Art and Archaeology of Doiyang-Dhansiri Valley|last=Dutta|first=H.N.|publisher=LBS Publications|year=2012|isbn=9788185921808|location=Guwahati}}
*{{Cite thesis|last=Dutta|first=Hemendranath|title=Art and archaeology of the Doiyang Dhansiri valley of Assam|date=1997|degree=PhD|publisher=Gauhati University|hdl=10603/66569 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/66569}}
{{refend}}

{{coord missing|Assam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Doyang-Dhansiri Valley}}
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Assam]]
[[Category:Geography of Assam]]

{{Assam-geo-stub}}
{{Asia-archaeology-stub}}

St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur

2026-03-31T01:39:09Z

Wleness: Info

{{Short description|Catholic church in Velur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur
| image = Velur church.jpg
| caption = St. Francis Xavier Forane Church, Velur
| religious_affiliation = [[Catholic]]
| location = {{Flagicon|IND}} [[Velur, Thrissur, Kerala]]
| geo =
| district = [[Thrissur]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| consecration_year = {{start date and age|df=yes|1712}}
| status =
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| website = {{URL|http://www.arnoschurchvelur.com/}}
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'''St. Francis Xavier Forane Church''' is at the center of [[Velur, Kerala|Velur]], [[Kerala]], India. It is a [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]], and a protected monument<ref name="pillai">{{cite book|title=A Hand Book on Protected Monuments of Kerala|last=Pillai|first=R. Chandran|publisher=Department of Archaeology, [[Government of Kerala]]|year=2001|oclc=63125677}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/remembering-the-man-who-wrote-puthen-pana/articleshow/56632166.cms |title=Remembering the man who wrote 'Puthen Pana' |date=Jan 17, 2017 |work=Times Of India |agency=TNN}}</ref> in the [[Archdiocese of Thrissur]] with considerable antiquity and spiritual heritage. Historically this Forane church has been the mother church of many parishes. Four Forane divisions have come into existence out of this church.

The church's founder, Fr. [[Johann Ernst Hanxleden]],<ref name="pillai" /> who is popularly known as Arnos Padiri, wrote the first Malayalam – Portuguese Encyclopedia <ref>{{cite book|title=The Portuguese and the socio-cultural changes in India, 1500–1800|last=Mathew|first=K. S.|publisher=Institute for Research in Social Sciences and Humanities, MESHAR|year=2001|isbn=978-81-900166-6-7|page=463}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-times-and-life-of-arnos-paathiri/article7512463.ece |title=The times and life of Arnos Paathiri |date=7 August 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> He was a [[Jesuit]] [[priest]] from [[Germany]]. It is believed that the Velur church was founded on 3 December 1712 in honor of [[St. Francis Xavier]].{{Commons category|Arnos Church, Velur}}

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://www.arnoschurchvelur.com/ Official site]

{{Christianity in Kerala}}{{Churches of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Velur Church}}
[[Category:Archdiocese of Thrissur]]
[[Category:Churches in Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1712]]
[[Category:Churches in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Thrissur]]

{{India-church-stub}}
{{SyroMalabar-church-stub}}

Tank

2026-03-22T16:54:01Z

Wleness: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|Tracked heavy armoured fighting vehicle}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Mark I series tank.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|The first tank to engage in battle, the British [[Mark I tank]] (pictured in 1916) with the [[Solomon Joseph Solomon|Solomon]] camouflage scheme]]

A '''tank''' is an [[armoured fighting vehicle]] intended as a primary offensive weapon in [[Front line|front-line]] [[Land warfare|ground combat]]. Tank designs are a balance of heavy [[firepower]], strong [[Vehicle armour|armour]], and [[battlefield]] [[Mobility (military)|mobility]] provided by [[Continuous track|tracks]] and a powerful engine; their main armament is often mounted within a [[Gun turret|turret]]. They are a mainstay of modern 20th and 21st century ground forces and a key part of [[combined arms]] combat.
[[File:German tank Pz.Kpfw. VI Ausf. B "Tiger II" (223) of the 503rd heavy tank battalion on the streets of Budapest October 1944. (50023567543).jpg|alt=German tank Pz.Kpfw. VI Ausf. B "Tiger II" (223) of the 503rd heavy tank battalion on the streets of Budapest October 1944.|thumb|German tank [[Tiger II|Pz.Kpfw. VI Ausf. B "Tiger II" (223)]]]]
[[File:Tank Leopard 2A7 NATO Days 2022 (no marks).png|alt=Leopard 2A8 tank (KMW) representing newest generation of Main Battle Tanks equipped with anti drone systems.|thumb|[[Leopard 2|Leopard 2A8]] tank (KMW)]]
Modern tanks are versatile mobile land [[weapons platform]]s whose main armament is a large-[[calibre]] [[tank gun]] mounted in a rotating [[gun turret]], supplemented by [[machine gun]]s or other ranged weapons such as [[anti-tank guided missile]]s or [[rocket launcher]]s. They have heavy [[vehicle armour]] which provides protection for the crew, the vehicle's munition storage, [[fuel tank]] and propulsion systems. The use of tracks rather than wheels provides improved [[operational mobility]] which allows the tank to overcome rugged terrain and adverse conditions such as mud and ice/snow better than wheeled vehicles, and thus be more flexibly positioned at advantageous locations on the battlefield. These features enable the tank to perform in a variety of intense combat situations, simultaneously both [[offensive (military)|offensively]] (with [[direct fire]] from their powerful main gun) and [[defence (military)|defensively]] (as [[fire support]] and [[defilade]] for friendly troops due to the near invulnerability to common infantry [[small arm]]s and good resistance against heavier weapons, although anti-tank weapons used in 2022, some of them man-portable, have demonstrated the ability to destroy older generations of tanks with single shots<ref name= "6000nlaw">{{Cite news |last1= Parker |first1=Charlie |last2= Grylls |first2=George |date=24 March 2022 |title=Britain promised extra 6,000 missiles and war funds for Ukraine |work= [[The Times]] |editor-last= Brown |editor-first=Larisa |url= https://www.thetimes.com/article/43eb2854-aae8-11ec-8da7-c2b9b8c9eee5 |url-access= subscription |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>),{{Disputed inline|Near invulnerability to small arms and good resistance against heavier weapons|date=September 2022}} all while maintaining the mobility needed to exploit changing tactical situations.<ref>[[#CITEREFvon Senger und Etterlin1960|von Senger and Etterlin (1960)]], ''The World's armoured Fighting Vehicles'', p. 9.</ref> Fully integrating tanks into modern military forces spawned a new era of combat called [[armoured warfare]].

Until the invention of the [[main battle tank]], tanks were typically categorized either by [[weight class]] ([[tankette|ultralight]], [[light tank|light]], [[medium tank|medium]], [[heavy tank|heavy]] or [[superheavy tank]]s) or doctrinal purpose ([[breakthrough (military)|breakthrough-]], [[cavalry tank|cavalry-]], [[infantry tank|infantry-]], [[Cruiser tank|cruiser-]], antinfantry-, [[Anti-tank warfare|antitank-]], operational-, qualitative reinforcement-, [[combined arms]]-, [[special operations]]-, or [[armoured reconnaissance|reconnaissance]] tanks). Some are larger and more thickly armoured and with large guns, while others are smaller, lightly armoured, and equipped with a smaller caliber and lighter gun. These smaller tanks move over terrain with speed and agility and can perform a reconnaissance role in addition to engaging hostile targets. The smaller, faster tank would not normally engage in battle with a larger, heavily armoured tank, except during a surprise [[flanking manoeuvre]].

{{TOC limit|limit=4}}

==Etymology==
The word ''tank'' was first applied in a military context to British "landships" in 1915 to keep their nature secret before they entered service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=tank {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of tank by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/tank |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Origins===
On 24 December 1915, a meeting took place at the Inter-Departmental Conference (including representatives of the Director of Naval Construction's Committee, the Admiralty, the Ministry of Munitions, and the War Office). Its purpose was to discuss the progress of the plans for what were described as "Caterpillar Machine Gun Destroyers or Land Cruisers." In his autobiography, [[Albert Gerald Stern]] (Secretary to the Landship Committee, later head of the Mechanical Warfare Supply Department) says that at that meeting:
{{blockquote |text=[[Thomas James Macnamara|Mr. (Thomas J.) Macnamara]] ([[Member of parliament|M.P.]], and [[Secretary to the Admiralty|Parliamentary and Financial Secretary to the Admiralty]]) then suggested, for secrecy's sake, to change the title of the Landship Committee. [[Sir Eustace Tennyson-d'Eyncourt, 1st Baronet|Mr. d'Eyncourt]] agreed that it was very desirable to retain secrecy by all means, and proposed to refer to the vessel as a "Water Carrier". In Government offices, committees and departments are always known by their initials. For this reason I, as Secretary, considered the proposed title totally unsuitable.{{efn|The initials W.C. are a British abbreviation for a [[Flush toilet#Water-closet (WC), the name|water closet]]; in other words, a toilet. However, later in the War, a number of Mk IV Tanks were fitted with grapnels to remove barbed wire. They were designated "Wire Cutters" and had the large letters "W.C." painted on their rear armour.<ref>{{cite book |title=Armoured Fighting Vehicles of the World, Volume One |author=Chamberlain, Peter|publisher=Cannon Publications |year=1998 |pages=49 |isbn=1-899695-02-8|display-authors=etal}}</ref>}} In our search for a synonymous term, we changed the word "Water Carrier" to "Tank," and became the "Tank Supply" or "T.S." Committee. That is how these weapons came to be called Tanks.}}
He incorrectly added, "and the name has now been adopted by all countries in the world."<ref>''Tanks 1914–1918: The Log Book of a Pioneer''. Hodder & Stoughton, 1919, p. 39</ref>

Lieutenant-Colonel Ernest Swinton, who was secretary to the meeting, says that he was instructed to find a non-committal word when writing his report of the proceedings. In the evening he discussed it with a fellow officer, [[Walter Dally Jones|Lt-Col Walter Dally Jones]], and they chose the word "tank". "That night, in the draft report of the conference, the word 'tank' was employed in its new sense for the first time."<ref>''Eye-Witness, And the Origin of the Tanks''; Major-General Sir Ernest D. Swinton; Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1933, p. 161</ref> Swinton's ''Notes on the Employment of Tanks'', in which he uses the word throughout, was published in January 1916.

In July 1918, ''Popular Science Monthly'' reported:

{{Blockquote|Because a fellow of the [[Royal Historical Society]]* has unintentionally misled the British public as to the origin of the famous "tanks", [[Sir William Tritton]], who designed and built them, has published the real story of their name ... Since it was obviously inadvisable to herald "Little Willie's" reason for existence to the world he was known as the "Instructional Demonstration Unit." "Little Willie's" hull was called in the shop orders a "water carrier for Mesopotamia"; no one knew that the hull was intended to be mounted on a truck. Naturally, the water carrier began to be called a "tank". So the name came to be used by managers and foremen of the shop, until now it has a place in the army vocabulary and will probably be so known in history for all time.<ref>Popular Science Monthly, July 1918, p. 7.</ref>}}
(*F.J. Gardiner, F.R.Hist.S.)

D'Eyncourt's account differs from Swinton's and Tritton's:

{{Blockquote|... when the future arrangements were under discussion for transporting the first landships to France a question arose as to how, from a security point of view, the consignment should be labelled. To justify their size we decided to call them 'water-carriers for Russia' —the idea being that they should be taken for some new method of taking water to forward troops in the battle areas. Lt.-Col. Swinton ... raised a humorous objection to this, remarking that the War Office pundits would probably contract the description to 'W.C.'s for Russia', and that we had better forestall this by merely labelling the packages 'Tanks'. So tanks they became, and tanks they have remained."<ref>A Shipbuilder's Yarn; E.H.W.T. d'Eyncourt, Hutchinson & Co., 1948, p. 113</ref>}}

This appears to be an imperfect recollection. He says that the name problem arose "when we shipped the first two vehicles to France the following year" (August 1916), but by that time the name "tank" had been in use for eight months. The tanks were labelled "With Care to Petrograd," but the belief was encouraged that they were a type of snowplough.

===International===
{{original research|section|date=May 2024}}
[[File:１０式戦車（第２戦車連隊）.jpg|thumb|A Japanese [[Type 10]] firing.]]
The term "tank" is used throughout the English-speaking world, but other countries use different terminology. In France, the second country to use tanks in battle, the word {{lang|fr|tank}} or {{lang|fr|tanque}} was adopted initially, but was then, largely at the insistence of [[Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne|Colonel J.B.E. Estienne]], rejected in favour of {{lang|fr|char d'assaut}} ("assault vehicle") or simply {{lang|fr|char}} ("vehicle"). During World War I, German sources tended to refer to British tanks as {{lang|de|tanks}}<ref>Die Tankschlacht bei Cambrai: Dr. Georg Strutz, pub 1929.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Die Englischen Tanks bei Cambrai English Tanks Cambrai (Art.IWM PST 8318) |url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/8666 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215232702/http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/8666 |archive-date=15 February 2015 |access-date=1 April 2015 |work=Imperial War Museums}}</ref> and to their own as {{lang|de|Kampfwagen}}.<ref>Die deutschen Kampfwagen im Weltkriege; Ernst Volckheim, 1937.</ref> Later, tanks became referred to as "{{lang|de|Panzer}}" ({{lit|armour}}), a shortened form of the full term "{{lang|de|Panzerkampfwagen}}", literally "armoured fighting vehicle". In [[Arabic]], tanks are called {{Transliteration|ar|Dabbāba}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kay |first=Ernest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8mVDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 |title=Arabic Military Dictionary: English-Arabic, Arabic-English |date=2016-11-25 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-51255-6 |language=en}}</ref> The same word is used in [[Turoyo]] (a western dialect of [[Aramaic]]), but [[Swadaya]], an eastern dialect, uses {{Transliteration|syr|rashupta}} instead.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Awde |first1=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5R1y1nvcWccC&pg=PA264 |title=Aramaic (Assyrian/Syriac) Dictionary & Phrasebook: Swadaya-English, Turoyo-English, English-Swadaya-Turoyo |last2=Lamassu |first2=Nineb |last3=Al-Jeloo |first3=Nicholas |date=2007 |publisher=Hippocrene Books |isbn=978-0-7818-1087-6 |pages=264 |language=en}}</ref> In Italian, a tank is a "{{lang|it|carro armato}}" ({{lit|armed wagon}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=English Translation of "carro armato" {{!}} Collins Italian-English Dictionary |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com:80/dictionary/italian-english/carro-armato |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030223957/http://www.collinsdictionary.com:80/dictionary/italian-english/carro-armato |archive-date=2016-10-30 |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.collinsdictionary.com |language=en}}</ref> Norway uses the term {{lang|no|stridsvogn}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stridsvogn |title=stridsvogn |publisher=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322163911/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stridsvogn |archive-date=2026-03-22 | access-date=2026-03-22}}</ref> and Sweden the similar {{lang|sv|stridsvagn}} ({{lit|battle wagon}}, also used for chariots),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stridsvagn |title=stridsvagn |publisher=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322164435/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stridsvagn |archive-date=2026-03-22 | access-date=2026-03-22}}</ref> whereas Denmark uses {{lang|da|kampvogn}} ({{lit|fight wagon}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kampvogn |title=kampvogn |publisher=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322164645/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kampvogn |archive-date=2026-03-22 | access-date=2026-03-22}}</ref> Finland uses {{lang|fi|panssarivaunu}} (armoured wagon),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/panssarivaunu |title=panssarivaunu |publisher=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322164847/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/panssarivaunu |archive-date=2026-03-22 | access-date=2026-03-22}}</ref> although {{lang|fi|tankki}} is also used colloquially.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tankki#Finnish |title=tankki |publisher=Wiktionary, the free dictionary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260322165050/https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tankki#Finnish |archive-date=2026-03-22 | access-date=2026-03-22}}</ref> The Polish name {{lang|pl|czołg}}, derived from verb {{lang|pl|czołgać się}} ("to crawl"), is used, depicting the vehicle's movement and its speed.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} In Hungarian, the tank is called {{lang|hu|harckocsi}} (combat wagon), albeit {{lang|hu|tank}} is also common.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} In Japanese, the term {{Transliteration|ja|sensha}} ({{lang|ja|戦車}}, lit. "battle vehicle") is taken from Chinese and used, and this term is likewise borrowed into Korean as {{Transliteration|ko|jeoncha}} ({{lang|ko-Hang|전차}}/{{lang|ko-Hani|戰車}}); more recent Chinese literature uses the English-derived {{lang|zh|坦克}} {{Transliteration|zh|tǎnkè}} (tank) as opposed to {{lang|zh|戰車}} {{Transliteration|zh|zhànchē}} (battle vehicle) used in earlier days.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Development overview==
The modern tank is the result of a century of development from the first primitive armoured vehicles, due to improvements in technology such as the internal combustion engine, which allowed the rapid movement of heavy armoured vehicles. As a result of these advances, tanks underwent tremendous shifts in capability in the years since their first appearance. [[Tanks in World War I]] were developed separately and simultaneously by Great Britain and France as a means to break the deadlock of [[trench warfare]] on the [[Western Front (WWI)|Western Front]]. The first British prototype, nicknamed [[Little Willie]], was constructed at [[William Foster & Co.]] in [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]], England in 1915, with leading roles played by Major [[Walter Gordon Wilson]] who designed the gearbox and hull, and by [[William Tritton]] of [[William Foster & Co.|William Foster and Co.]], who designed the track plates.<ref name="Tank origins">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25109879|title=World War One: The tank's secret Lincoln origins|work=[[BBC News]]|date=24 February 2014|access-date=1 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913032138/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25109879|archive-date=13 September 2015}}</ref> This was a prototype of a new design that would become the British Army's [[Mark I tank]], the first tank used in combat in September 1916 during the [[Battle of the Somme]].<ref name="Tank origins"/> The name "tank" was adopted by the British during the early stages of their development, as a security measure to conceal their purpose (see [[#Etymology|etymology]]). While the British and French built thousands of tanks in World War I, Germany was unconvinced of the tank's potential, and did not have enough resources, thus it built only twenty.

[[Tanks of the interwar period]] evolved into the much larger and more powerful [[Tanks in World War II|designs of World War II]]. Important new concepts of armoured warfare were developed; the Soviet Union launched [[Battles of Khalkhin Gol|the first mass tank/air attack at Khalkhin Gol]] ([[Nomonhan]]) in August 1939,<ref>[[#CITEREFCoox1939|Coox (1985)]], p. 579, 590, 663</ref> and later developed the [[T-34]], one of the predecessors of the [[main battle tank]]. Less than two weeks later, Germany began their large-scale armoured campaigns that would become known as [[blitzkrieg]] ("lightning war") – massed concentrations of tanks combined with [[Motorized infantry|motorized]] and [[mechanized infantry]], [[artillery]] and [[air power]] designed to break through the [[front (military)|enemy front]] and collapse enemy resistance.

The widespread introduction of [[high-explosive anti-tank]] warheads during the second half of World War II led to lightweight infantry-carried anti-tank weapons such as the [[Panzerfaust]], which could destroy some types of tanks. [[Tanks in the Cold War]] were designed with these weapons in mind, and led to greatly improved armour types during the 1960s, especially [[composite armour]]. Improved engines, transmissions and suspensions allowed tanks of this period to grow larger. Aspects of gun technology changed significantly as well, with advances in shell design and aiming technology.

During the [[Cold War]], the [[main battle tank]] concept arose and became a key component of modern armies.<ref name="House1984"/> In the 21st century, with the increasing role of [[asymmetrical warfare]] and the end of the Cold War, that also contributed to the increase of cost-effective [[Rocket propelled grenade|anti-tank rocket propelled grenades]] (RPGs) worldwide and its successors, the ability of tanks to operate independently has declined. Modern tanks are more frequently organized into [[combined arms]] units which involve the support of [[infantry]], who may accompany the tanks in [[infantry fighting vehicle]]s, and supported by [[reconnaissance aircraft|reconnaissance]] or [[ground-attack aircraft]].<ref>{{Citation|first=Roger| last = Trinquier |author-link=Roger Trinquier| title = Modern Warfare. A French View of Counterinsurgency |translator-first= Daniel |translator-last=Lee | quote = Pitting a traditional combined armed force trained and equipped to defeat similar military organizations against insurgents reminds one of a pile driver attempting to crush a fly, indefatigably persisting in repeating its efforts.}}{{Page needed|date=May 2012}}</ref>

==History==
{{History of the tank|state=expanded}}
{{Main|History of the tank}}

===20th-century===
====Conceptions====
The tank is the 20th-century realization of an ancient concept: that of providing troops with mobile protection and firepower. The [[internal combustion engine]], [[vehicle armour|armour plate]], and [[continuous track]] were key innovations leading to the invention of the modern tank.

During the 119 BC [[Battle of Mobei]] of the [[Han–Xiongnu War]], the [[Han dynasty|Han]] general [[Wei Qing]] led his army through a fatiguing expeditionary march across the [[Gobi desert]] only to find [[Yizhixie]] [[chanyu]]'s main force waiting to encircle them on the other side. Using armored heavy wagons known as "Wu Gang Wagon" ([[Chinese language|Chinese]]: 武剛車) in ring formations that provided Chinese [[Archery|archers]], [[crossbowmen]] and [[infantry]] protection from the Xiongnu's powerful [[Charge (warfare)|cavalry charges]], and allowed Han troops to utilize their ranged weapons' advantages of [[Accuracy and precision|precision]]. This forced a [[stalemate]] and allowed time for his troops to recover strength, before using the cover of a [[sandstorm]] to launch a counteroffensive which overran the [[nomad]]s.

[[File:DaVinciTankAtAmboise.jpeg|thumb|left|Model of [[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s [[Leonardo's fighting vehicle|fighting vehicle]]]]
Many sources imply that [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[H. G. Wells]] in some way foresaw or "invented" the tank. Leonardo's late-15th-century drawings of what some describe as a "tank" show a man-powered, wheeled vehicle surrounded by cannons. However, the human crew would have difficulty moving the heavy vehicle over long distances, while usage of animals was problematic in a space so confined. In the 15th century, [[Jan Žižka]] built armoured wagons known as ‘''Wagenburg''’ containing cannons and used them effectively in several battles during the [[Hussite Wars|Hussite-wars]]. The continuous "[[Continuous track|caterpillar track]]" arose from attempts to improve the mobility of wheeled vehicles by spreading their weight, reducing ground pressure, and increasing their traction. Experiments can be traced back as far as the 17th century, and by the late nineteenth they existed in various recognizable and practical forms in several countries.

It is frequently claimed that [[Richard Lovell Edgeworth]] created a caterpillar track. It is true that in 1770 he patented a "machine, that should carry and lay down its own road", but this was Edgeworth's choice of words. His own account in his autobiography is of a horse-drawn wooden carriage on eight retractable legs, capable of lifting itself over high walls. The description bears no similarity to a caterpillar track.<ref>Edgeworth, R. & E. ''Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth'', 1820, pp. 164–66</ref> Armoured trains appeared in the mid-19th century, and various armoured steam and petrol-engined vehicles were also proposed.

The machines described in Wells's 1903 short story ''[[The Land Ironclads]]'' are a step closer, insofar as they are armour-plated, have an internal power plant, and are able to cross trenches.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wells|first1=H.G.|title=The Land Ironclads|journal=The Strand Magazine|date=1903|volume=23|issue=156|pages=751–69|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015011810515;view=1up;seq=767}}</ref> Some aspects of the story foresee the tactical use and impact of the tanks that later came into being. However, Wells's vehicles were driven by steam and moved on [[pedrail wheel]]s, technologies that were already outdated at the time of writing. After seeing British tanks in 1916, Wells denied having "invented" them, writing, "Yet let me state at once that I was not their prime originator. I took up an idea, manipulated it slightly, and handed it on."<ref>{{citation |last=Wells |first=H.G. |title=War and the Future |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1804/1804-h/1804-h.htm#2H_4_0011 |chapter=V. Tanks |page=1 |year=1916 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327131513/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1804/1804-h/1804-h.htm#2H_4_0011 |archive-date=27 March 2013 }}</ref> It is, though, possible that one of the British tank pioneers, [[Ernest Swinton]], was subconsciously or otherwise influenced by Wells's tale.<ref>Harris, J.P. Men, Ideas, and Tanks. Manchester University Press, 1995. p. 38</ref><ref>Gannon, Charles E. Rumors of War and Infernal Machines: Liverpool University Press, 2003. p. 67</ref>

The first combinations of the three principal components of the tank appeared in the decade before World War One. In 1903, Captain Léon René Levavasseur of the French artillery [[Levavasseur project|proposed mounting a field gun in an armoured box on tracks]]. Major William E. Donohue, of the British Army's Mechanical Transport Committee, suggested fixing a gun and armoured shield on a British type of track-driven vehicle.<ref>''The Devil's Chariots: The Birth and Secret Battles of the First Tanks'' John Glanfield (Sutton Publishing, 2001){{Page needed|date=May 2012}}</ref> The first [[Armored car (military)|armoured car]] was produced in Austria in 1904. However, all were restricted to rails or reasonably passable terrain. It was the development of a practical caterpillar track that provided the necessary independent, all-terrain mobility.

In a memorandum of 1908, Antarctic explorer [[Robert Falcon Scott]] presented his view that man-hauling to the South Pole was impossible and that motor traction was needed.<ref>RF Scott (1908) ''The Sledging Problem in the Antarctic, Men versus Motors''</ref> Snow vehicles did not yet exist, however, and so his engineer [[Reginald Skelton]] developed the idea of a caterpillar track for snow surfaces.<ref>Roland Huntford (2003) ''Scott and Amundsen. Their Race to the South Pole. The Last Place on Earth.'' Abacus, London, p. 224</ref> These tracked motors were built by the [[Wolseley Motors|Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company]] in Birmingham and tested in Switzerland and Norway, and can be seen in action in [[Herbert Ponting]]'s 1911 documentary film of Scott's Antarctic [[Terra Nova Expedition]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKBttUMKND4 |title=- YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003104603/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKBttUMKND4 |archive-date=3 October 2016 |at=50-minute mark }}</ref> Scott died during the expedition in 1912, but expedition member and biographer [[Apsley Cherry-Garrard]] credited Scott's "motors" with the inspiration for the British World War I tanks, writing: "Scott never knew their true possibilities; for they were the direct ancestors of the 'tanks' in France".<ref>{{cite book| last = Cherry-Garrard | first = Apsley | author-link = Apsley Cherry-Garrard| title = The Worst Journey in the World chapter 9 | publisher = Penguin Books | location = London| year = 1970| orig-year = 1922| isbn = 978-0-14-009501-2 | oclc = 16589938| title-link = The Worst Journey in the World }}</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2021}}

In 1911, a Lieutenant Engineer in the Austrian Army, [[Günther Burstyn]], presented to the Austrian and Prussian War Ministries plans for a light, three-man tank with a gun in a revolving turret, the so-called Burstyn-Motorgeschütz.<ref>''Gunther Burstyn'' Angwetter, D. & E. (Verlag Der Österreichischen Akademie Der Wissenschaften, 2008){{Page needed|date=May 2012}}</ref> In the same year an Australian civil engineer named [[Lancelot de Mole]] submitted a basic design for a tracked, armoured vehicle to the British [[War Office]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article65020239 |title=Australia To The Fore. Invention of the War Tank |publisher=Trove.nla.gov.au |date=12 February 1920 |access-date=13 May 2012}}</ref> In Russia, Vasiliy Mendeleev designed a tracked vehicle containing a large naval gun.<ref>''Russian tanks, 1900–1970 The Complete Illustrated History of Soviet Armoured Theory and Design'' John Milsom (Stackpole Books, 1971){{Page needed|date=May 2012}}</ref> All of these ideas were rejected and, by 1914, forgotten (although it was officially acknowledged after the war that de Mole's design was at least the equal to the initial British tanks). Various individuals continued to contemplate the use of tracked vehicles for military applications, but by the outbreak of the War no one in a position of responsibility in any army seems to have given much thought to tanks.{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}

====World War I====
[[File:Tanks of WWI.ogg|thumb|right|Film clip of World War I-era tanks]]
{{Main|Tanks in World War I}}

=====United Kingdom=====
{{Blockquote|The direct military impact of the tank can be debated but its effect on the Germans was immense, it caused bewilderment, terror and concern in equal measure. It was also a huge boost to the civilians at home. After facing the Zeppelins, at last Britain had a wonder weapon. Tanks were taken on tours and treated almost like film stars.|David Willey, curator at [[The Tank Museum]], Bovington.<ref name="Tank origins"/>}}
From late 1914 a small number of middle-ranking [[British Army]] officers tried to persuade the War Office and the Government to consider the creation of armoured vehicles. Amongst their suggestions was the use of caterpillar tractors, but although the Army used many such vehicles for towing heavy guns, it could not be persuaded that they could be adapted as armoured vehicles. The consequence was that early tank development in the United Kingdom was carried out by the [[Royal Navy]].
[[File:British Mark V-star Tank.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|British World War I Mark V* tank]]
As the result of an approach by Royal Naval Air Service officers who had been operating armoured cars on the Western Front, the [[First Lord of the Admiralty]], [[Winston Churchill]], formed the [[Landship Committee]], on 20 February 1915.<ref name="Churchill">{{Citation | last = Churchill | first = Winston | title = The World Crisis (Abridged) | publisher = Macmillan Publishing Company | location = Canada & New York | year = 1992 | isbn = 0-684-19453-8 | pages = 316–317 |url=https://archive.org/details/worldcrisisabr00chur}}</ref> The [[Director of Naval Construction]] for the Royal Navy, [[Eustace Tennyson d'Eyncourt]], was appointed to head the Committee in view of his experience with the engineering methods it was felt might be required; the two other members were naval officers, and a number of industrialists were engaged as consultants. So many played a part in its long and complicated development that it is not possible to name any individual as the sole inventor of the tank.<ref name="Churchill"/>

However leading roles were played by Lt [[Walter Gordon Wilson]] R.N. who designed the gearbox and developed practical tracks and by [[William Tritton]] whose agricultural machinery company, [[William Foster & Co.]] in [[Lincoln, Lincolnshire]], England built the [[prototype]]s.<ref name="Tank origins"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Foley|title=Rise of the Tank: Armoured Vehicles and their use in the First World War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2ZtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|year=2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-78346-393-0|page=32|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327160324/https://books.google.com/books?id=f2ZtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref> On 22 July 1915, a commission was placed to design a machine that could cross a trench 4 ft wide.<ref name="Tank origins"/> Secrecy surrounded the project with the designers locking themselves in a room at the White Hart Hotel in Lincoln.<ref name="Tank origins"/> The committee's first design, [[Little Willie]], ran for the first time in September 1915 and served to develop the form of the track but an improved design, better able to cross trenches, swiftly followed and in January 1916 the prototype, nicknamed "Mother", was adopted as the design for future tanks. The first order for tanks was placed on 12 February 1916, and a second on 21 April. Fosters built 37 (all "male"), and [[Metro-Cammell|Metropolitan Railway Carriage and Wagon Company]], of Birmingham, 113 (38 "male" and 75 "female"), a total of 150.<ref>Glanfield, Appendix 2.</ref> Production models of [[Male tank|"Male"]] tanks (armed with naval cannon and machine guns) and [[Female tank|"Females"]] (carrying only machine-guns) would go on to fight in history's first tank action at the Somme in September 1916.<ref name="Churchill"/><ref>McMillan, N: Locomotive Apprentice at the North British Locomotive Company Ltd Glasgow Plateway Press 1992{{Page needed|date=May 2012}}</ref> Great Britain produced about 2,600 tanks of various types during the war.<ref>Glanfield, Devil's Chariots{{Page needed|date=May 2012}}</ref> The first tank to engage in battle was designated ''D1'', a British [[Mark I tank|Mark I]] Male, during the [[Battle of Flers-Courcelette]] (part of the wider [[battle of the Somme|Somme offensive]]) on 15 September 1916.<ref>{{Citation | last = Regan | first = Geoffrey | title = The Guinness Book of More Military Blunders | location = London | publisher = Guinness Publishing | year = 1993 | page = 12 | isbn = 0-85112-961-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessbookofmi00rega}}</ref> Bert Chaney, a nineteen-year-old signaller with the 7th London Territorial Battalion, reported that "three huge mechanical monsters such as [he] had never seen before" rumbled their way onto the battlefield, "frightening the [[List of terms used for Germans#Jerry|Jerries]] out of their wits and making them scuttle like frightened rabbits."<ref>''The Mammoth Book of How it Happened'', Robinson Publishing, 2000, {{ISBN|978-1-84119-149-2}}, pp. 337–38</ref> When the news of the first use of the tanks emerged, Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]] commented,

{{blockquote|text=It is really to Mr Winston Churchill that the credit is due more than to anyone else. He took up with enthusiasm the idea of making them a long time ago, and he met with many difficulties. He converted me, and at the [[Ministry of Munitions]] he went ahead and made them. The admiralty experts were invaluable, and gave the greatest possible assistance. They are, of course, experts in the matter of armour plating. [[Albert Gerald Stern|Major Stern]], (formerly an officer in the Royal Naval Air Service) a business man at the Ministry of Munitions had charge of the work of getting them built, and he did the task very well. [[Ernest Swinton|Col Swinton]] and others also did valuable work.|author=David Lloyd George, 19 September 1916.<ref>"The New Armoured Cars", ''The Motor Cycle'', 21 September 1916, p. 254</ref>}}

=====France=====
[[File:American troops going forward to the battle line in the Forest of Argonne. France, September 26, 1918. - NARA - 530748.jpg|thumb|left|French [[Renault FT]] tanks, here operated by the US army, pioneered the use of a fully traversable turret and served as pattern for most modern tanks.]]

Whilst several experimental machines were investigated in France, it was a colonel of artillery, [[Jean Baptiste Eugène Estienne|J.B.E. Estienne]], who directly approached the Commander-in-Chief with detailed plans for a tank on caterpillar tracks, in late 1915. The result was two largely unsatisfactory types of tank, 400 each of the [[Schneider CA1|Schneider]] and [[Saint-Chamond (tank)|Saint-Chamond]], both based on the [[Holt tractor]].

The following year, the French pioneered the use of a full 360° rotation [[gun turret|turret]] in a tank for the first time, with the creation of the [[Renault FT]] light tank, with the turret containing the tank's main armament. In addition to the traversable turret, another innovative feature of the FT was its engine located at the rear. This pattern, with the gun located in a mounted turret and the engine at the back, has become the standard for most succeeding tanks across the world even to this day.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steven J. |title=The Renault FT Light Tank |date=1988 |location=London, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-0850458527 |page=3}}</ref> The FT was the most numerous tank of the war; over 3,000 were made by late 1918.

=====Germany=====
Germany fielded very few tanks during [[World War I]], and started development only after encountering British tanks on the Somme. The [[A7V]], the only type made, was introduced in March 1918 with just 20 being produced during the war.<ref>[[#Willmott2003|Willmott (2003)]], ''First World War'', p. 222</ref> The first tank ''versus'' tank action took place on 24 April 1918 at the [[Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux]], France, when three British [[Mark IV tank|Mark IVs]] met three German [[A7V]]s. Captured British Mk IVs formed the bulk of Germany's tank forces during World War I; about 35 were in service at any one time. Plans to expand the tank programme were under way when the War ended.

=====United States=====
The United States [[Tank Corps of the American Expeditionary Force|Tank Corps]] used tanks supplied by France and Great Britain during World War I. Production of American-built tanks had just begun when the War came to an end.

=====Italy=====
Italy also manufactured two [[Fiat 2000]]s towards the end of the war, too late to see service.

=====Russia=====
Russia independently built and trialed two prototypes early in the War; the tracked, two-man [[Vezdekhod]] and the huge [[Tsar Tank|Lebedenko]], but neither went into production. A tracked self-propelled gun was also designed but not produced.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vadimvswar.narod.ru/ALL_OUT/TiVOut9801/RuTLe/RuTLe008.htm |title=Легенда о русском танке |publisher=Vadimvswar.narod.ru |access-date=13 May 2012 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614054809/http://vadimvswar.narod.ru/ALL_OUT/TiVOut9801/RuTLe/RuTLe008.htm |archive-date=14 June 2013 }}</ref>

Although tank tactics developed rapidly during the war, piecemeal deployments, mechanical problems, and poor mobility limited the military significance of the tank in World War I, and the tank did not fulfil its promise of rendering trench warfare obsolete. Nonetheless, it was clear to military thinkers on both sides that tanks in some way could have a significant role in future conflicts.<ref name = "Willmott2003">[[#Willmott2003|Willmott (2003)]], ''First World War''{{Page needed|date=May 2012}}</ref>

====Interwar period====
{{Main|Tanks of the interwar period}}

[[File:Hotchkiss H-39.jpg|thumb|French [[Hotchkiss H35#The Char léger modèle 1935 H modifié 39|Hotchkiss H-39 light tank of 1939]]]]
In the [[History of the tank#Between the wars|interwar period]] tanks underwent further mechanical development. In terms of tactics, [[J.F.C. Fuller]]'s doctrine of spearhead attacks with massed tank formations was the basis for work by [[Heinz Guderian]] in Germany, [[Percy Hobart]] in Britain, [[Adna R. Chaffee, Jr.]], in the US, [[Charles de Gaulle]] in France, and [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]] in the USSR. [[B. H. Liddell Hart|Liddell Hart]] held a more moderate view that all arms – cavalry, infantry and artillery – should be mechanized and work together. The British formed the all-arms [[Experimental Mechanized Force]] to test the use of tanks with supporting forces.

In the [[Second World War]] only Germany would initially put the theory into practice on a large scale, and it was their superior tactics and French blunders, not superior weapons, that made the "blitzkrieg" so successful in May 1940.<ref name="Deighton1979"/> For information regarding tank development in this period, see [[History of the tank#Between the wars|tank development between the wars]].

Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union all experimented heavily with tank warfare during their clandestine and "volunteer" involvement in the [[Spanish Civil War]], which saw some of the earliest examples of successful mechanized combined arms —such as when [[Second Spanish Republic|Republican]] troops, equipped with Soviet-supplied tanks and supported by aircraft, eventually routed Italian troops fighting for the [[Nationalists]] in the seven-day [[Battle of Guadalajara]] in 1937.<ref>[[#TimeApril1937|Time (1937)]], ''Chewed up''</ref> However, of the nearly 700 tanks deployed during this conflict, only about 64 tanks representing the ''Franco'' faction and 331 from the ''Republican'' side were equipped with cannon, and of those 64 nearly all were [[World War I]] vintage [[Renault FT]] tanks, while the 331 Soviet supplied machines had 45mm main guns and were of 1930s manufacture.<ref>Manrique p. 311, 321, 324</ref> The balance of ''Nationalist'' tanks were machine gun armed. The primary lesson learned from this war was that machine gun armed tanks had to be equipped with cannon, with the associated armour inherent to modern tanks.

The five-month-long war between the Soviet Union and the Japanese 6th Army at ''Khalkhin Gol'' ([[Nomonhan]]) in 1939 brought home some lessons{{which|date=August 2015}}. In this conflict, the Soviets fielded over two thousand tanks, to the around 73 cannon armed tanks deployed by the Japanese,<ref>Goldman p. 19</ref> the major difference being that Japanese armour were equipped with [[diesel engine|diesel]] engines as opposed to the Russian tanks equipped with petrol engines.<ref>Coox p. 300, 318, 437</ref> After General [[Georgy Zhukov]] inflicted a defeat on the Japanese 6th Army with his massed combined tank and air attack, the Soviets learned a lesson on the use of gasoline engines, and quickly incorporated those newly found experiences into their new [[T-34]] medium tank during [[World War II]].<ref>Coox 998</ref>

Prior to World War II, the tactics and strategy of deploying tank forces underwent a revolution. In August 1939, Soviet General [[Georgy Zhukov]] used the combined force of tanks and airpower at [[Nomonhan]] against the Japanese 6th Army;<ref>Coox p. 579, 590, 663</ref> [[Heinz Guderian]], a tactical theoretician who was heavily involved in the formation of the first independent German tank force, said "Where tanks are, the front is", and this concept became a reality in World War II.<ref>[[#Cooper1979|Cooper and Lucas (1979)]], ''[[Panzer]]: The armoured Force of the Third Reich'', p. 9</ref> Guderian's armoured warfare ideas, combined with Germany's existing doctrines of ''Bewegungskrieg'' ("[[maneuver warfare]]") and [[infiltration tactics]] from World War I, became the basis of [[blitzkrieg]] in the opening stages of World War II.

====World War II====
{{Main|Tanks in World War II}}

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1975-102-14A, Panzer VI (Tiger II, Königstiger).jpg|thumb|alt=A row of seven large German tanks from World War Two lined up with their long cannons pointing up at an angle, as if saluting|German Tiger II tanks of [[503rd heavy tank battalion (Germany)|''Schwere Panzer Abteilung'' 503 (s.Pz.Abt. 503) 'Feldherrnhalle']] posing in formation for a German newsreel in 1944]]

=====Germany=====
During [[World War II]], the first conflict in which armoured vehicles were critical to battlefield success, the tank and related tactics developed rapidly. Armoured forces proved capable of tactical victory in an unprecedentedly short amount of time, yet new [[anti-tank]] weaponry showed that the tank was not invulnerable. During the Invasion of Poland, tanks performed in a more traditional role in close cooperation with infantry units, but in the [[Battle of France]] deep independent armoured penetrations were executed by the Germans, a technique later called ''blitzkrieg''. Blitzkrieg used innovative [[combined arms]] tactics and radios in all of the tanks to provide a level of tactical flexibility and power that surpassed that of the Allied armour. The [[French Army]], with tanks equal or superior to the German tanks in both quality and quantity, employed a linear defensive strategy in which the armoured cavalry units were made subservient to the needs of the infantry armies to cover their entrenchment in Belgium.<ref name = "Deighton1979">[[#Deighton1979|Deighton (1979)]], ''Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk''.</ref> In addition, they lacked radios in many of their tanks and headquarters,<ref>[[#CITEREFForty2004|Forty (2004)]], p. 251.</ref> which limited their ability to respond to German attacks.

In accordance with blitzkrieg methods, German tanks bypassed enemy strongpoints and could radio for [[close air support]] to destroy them, or leave them to the infantry. A related development, [[motorized infantry]], allowed some of the troops to keep up with the tanks and create highly mobile combined arms forces.<ref name = "Deighton1979"/> The defeat of a major military power within weeks shocked the rest of the world, spurring tank and anti-tank weapon development.

[[File:M4A4 cutaway.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Cutaway of an [[M4 Sherman|M4A4 Sherman]] tank, the primary tank used by the United States and a number of the other western allies during the [[Second World War]].]]
The [[North African Campaign]] also provided an important battleground for tanks, as the flat, desolate terrain with relatively few obstacles or urban environments was ideal for conducting mobile armoured warfare. However, this battlefield also showed the importance of logistics, especially in an armoured force, as the principal warring armies, the German [[Afrika Korps]] and the [[British Eighth Army]], often outpaced their supply trains in repeated attacks and counter-attacks on each other, resulting in complete stalemate. This situation would not be resolved until 1942, when during the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]], the Afrika Korps, crippled by disruptions in their supply lines, had 95% of its tanks destroyed<ref>{{cite book | title=The Phantom Army of Alamein | publisher=Bloomsbury | author=Stroud, Rick | year=2012 | pages=219}}</ref> and was forced to retreat by a massively reinforced [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]], the first in a series of defeats that would eventually lead to the surrender of the remaining Axis forces in [[Tunisian Campaign|Tunisia]].

=====Soviets=====
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101III-Merz-014-12A, Russland, Beginn Unternehmen Zitadelle, Panzer.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Battle of Kursk]] was credited to be the largest tank battle ever fought, with each side deploying nearly 3,000 tanks.]]
When Germany launched its invasion of the Soviet Union, [[Operation Barbarossa]], the Soviets had a superior tank design, the [[T-34]].<ref>[[#Zaloga1997|Zaloga ''et al.'' (1997)]]</ref> A lack of preparations for the [[Axis powers|Axis]] surprise attack, mechanical problems, poor training of the crews and incompetent leadership caused the Soviet machines to be surrounded and destroyed in large numbers. However, interference from [[Adolf Hitler]],<ref>Stolfi, ''Hitler's'' Panzer''s East''{{Page needed|date=May 2012}}</ref> the geographic scale of the conflict, the dogged resistance of the Soviet combat troops, and the Soviets' massive advantages in manpower and production capability prevented a repeat of the German successes of 1940.<ref>Deighton (1979), ''Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk'', p 307</ref> Despite early successes against the Soviets, the Germans were forced to up-gun their Panzer IVs, and to design and build both the larger and more expensive [[Tiger I|Tiger]] heavy tank in 1942, and the [[Panther tank|Panther]] medium tank the following year. In doing so, the ''Wehrmacht'' denied the infantry and other support arms the production priorities that they needed to remain equal partners with the increasingly sophisticated tanks, in turn violating the principle of combined arms they had pioneered.<ref name = "House1984">[[#CITEREFHouse1984|House (1984)]], ''Toward Combined Arms Warfare:A Survey of 20th Century Tactics, Doctrine, and Organization'' {{Page needed|date=May 2012}}</ref> Soviet developments following the invasion included upgunning the T-34, development of self-propelled anti-tank guns such as the [[SU-152]], and deployment of the [[IS-2]] in the closing stages of the war, with the T-34 being the most produced tank of World War II, totalling up to some 65,000 examples by May 1945.

=====United States=====
[[File:Shermans disembarking from LST at Anzio crop.jpg|thumb|[[M4 Sherman|Sherman]] tanks joining the [[U.S. Fifth Army]] forces in the beachhead at [[Anzio]] during the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]], 1944]]
Much like the Soviets, when entering World War II six months later (December 1941), the United States' [[mass production]] capacity enabled it to rapidly construct thousands of relatively cheap [[M4 Sherman]] medium tanks. A compromise all round, the Sherman was reliable and formed a large part of the Anglo-American ground forces, but in a tank-versus-tank battle was no match for the Panther or Tiger.<ref>[[#CITEREFCawthorne2003|Cawthorne (2003)]], ''Steel Fist: Tank Warfare 1939–45'', p. 211</ref> Numerical and logistical superiority and the successful use of combined arms allowed the Allies to overrun the German forces during the [[Invasion of Normandy|Battle of Normandy]]. Upgunned versions with the [[76 mm gun M1]] and the [[Sherman Firefly|17-pounder]] were introduced to improve the M4's firepower, but concerns about protection remained—despite the apparent armour deficiencies, a total of some 42,000 Shermans were built and delivered to the Allied nations using it during the war years, a total second only to the T-34.

Tank [[Chassis|hulls]] were modified to produce [[flame tank]]s, mobile [[rocket artillery]], and [[combat engineering]] vehicles for tasks including [[demining|mine-clearing]] and [[bridge|bridging]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Starry |first1=Donn. A |author1-link=Donn A. Starry |title=Mounted Combat in Vietnam |date=1978 |publisher=Department of the Army |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-83931-084-3 |pages=45, 79, 129, 143, 153 |url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-17-1/CMH_Pub_90-17-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108125912/https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-17-1/CMH_Pub_90-17-1.pdf |archive-date=8 January 2015 |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref> Specialized self-propelled guns, most of which could double as [[tank destroyer]]s, were also both developed by the Germans—with their ''[[Sturmgeschütz]]'', ''[[Panzerjäger]]'' and ''[[Jagdpanzer]]'' vehicles—and the ''[[Samokhodnaya ustanovka]]'' families of AFV's for the Soviets: such turretless, [[Casemate#Armoured vehicles|casemate]]-style [[tank destroyer]]s and [[assault gun]]s were less complex, stripped down tanks carrying heavy guns, solely firing forward. The firepower and low cost of these vehicles made them attractive but as manufacturing techniques improved and larger turret rings made larger tank guns feasible, the [[gun turret]] was recognized as the most effective mounting for the main gun to allow movement in a different direction from firing, enhancing tactical flexibility.<ref name="Deighton1979"/>

====Cold War====
{{Main|Tanks in the Cold War}}

[[File:T-72A tank on parade.jpg|thumb|upright=.9|The Cold War era Soviet [[T-72]] was the most widely deployed main battle tank across the world.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Steven J. Zaloga|author2=Michael Jerchel|author3=Stephen Sewell|title=T-72 Main Battle Tank 1974–93|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EouHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT3|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4728-0537-9|page=3}}</ref>]]

During the [[Cold War]], tension between the [[Warsaw Pact]] countries and North Atlantic Treaty Organization ([[NATO]]) countries created an [[arms race]] that ensured that tank development proceeded largely as it had during World War II. The essence of tank designs during the Cold War had been hammered out in the closing stages of World War II. Large turrets, capable suspension systems, greatly improved engines, [[sloped armour]] and large-caliber (90 mm and larger) guns were standard. Tank design during the Cold War built on this foundation and included improvements to [[fire-control system|fire control]], [[gyroscopic]] gun stabilization, communications (primarily radio) and crew comfort and saw the introduction of [[laser]] rangefinders and [[infrared]] night vision equipment. [[Composite armour|Armour technology]] progressed in an ongoing race against improvements in [[anti-tank weapons]], especially [[guided missiles|antitank guided missiles]] like the [[BGM-71 TOW|TOW]].

Medium tanks of World War II evolved into the ''[[main battle tank]]'' (MBT) of the Cold War and took over the majority of tank roles on the battlefield. This gradual transition occurred in the 1950s and 1960s due to [[anti-tank]] [[guided missiles]], [[armour-piercing discarding sabot|sabot]] ammunition and [[high-explosive anti-tank]] warheads. World War II had shown that the speed of a light tank was no substitute for armour & firepower and medium tanks were vulnerable to newer weapon technology, rendering them [[obsolete]].{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

In a trend started in World War II, [[economies of scale]] led to serial production of progressively upgraded models of all major tanks during the Cold War. For the same reason many upgraded post-World War II tanks and their derivatives (for example, the [[T-55]] and [[T-72]]) remain in active service around the world, and even an obsolete tank may be the most formidable weapon on battlefields in many parts of the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steven J.|last2=Johnson|first2=Hugh |title=T-54 and T-55 Main Battle Tanks 1944–2004 |date=2004 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=1-84176-792-1}}</ref> Among the tanks of the 1950s were the British [[Centurion Tank|Centurion]] and Soviet T-54/55 in service from 1946, and the US [[M48 Patton|M48]] from 1951.<ref>[[#CITEREFvon Senger und Etterlin1960|von Senger und Etterlin (1960)]], ''The World's Armoured Fighting Vehicles'', pp. 61, 118, 183</ref> These three vehicles formed the bulk of the armoured forces of NATO and the Warsaw Pact throughout much of the Cold War. Lessons learned from tanks such as the [[Leopard 1]], [[M48 Patton]] series, [[Chieftain tank|Chieftain]], and T-72 led to the contemporary [[Leopard 2]], [[M1 Abrams]], [[Challenger 2 tank|Challenger 2]], [[C1 Ariete]], [[T-90]] and [[Merkava]] IV.

Tanks and anti-tank weapons of the Cold War era saw action in a number of [[proxy war]]s like the [[Korean War]], [[Vietnam War]], [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], [[Soviet–Afghan War]] and Arab-Israeli conflicts, culminating with the [[Yom Kippur War]]. The T-55, for example, has seen action in no fewer than [[T-54/55#Other conflicts|32 conflicts]]. In these wars the U.S. or NATO countries and the Soviet Union or China consistently backed opposing forces. Proxy wars were studied by Western and Soviet [[military intelligence|military analysts]] and provided a contribution to the Cold War tank development process.

===21st century===
{{Main|Tanks of the post–Cold War era}}

[[File:Italian Army - 132nd Tank Regiment Ariete main battle tank during an exercise in Italy 01.jpg|alt=|thumb|An Italian [[Ariete|C1 Ariete]] in 2022.]]
The role of tank vs. tank combat is becoming diminished. Tanks work in concert with infantry in urban warfare by deploying them ahead of the platoon. When engaging enemy infantry, tanks can provide covering fire on the battlefield. Conversely, tanks can spearhead attacks when infantry are deployed in personnel carriers.<ref name="Modern tank tactics, infantry">{{Citation|title=Combat Techniques: An Elite Forces Guide to Modern Infantry Tactics|year=2010|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-36824-1 |first1=Martin J. |last1=Dougherty |first2=Chris |last2=McNab }}{{Page needed|date=May 2012}}</ref>

Tanks were used to spearhead the initial US invasion of Iraq in 2003. As of 2005, there were 1,100 [[M1 Abrams]] used by the [[United States Army]] in the course of the [[Iraq War]], and they have proven to have an unexpectedly high level of vulnerability to [[roadside bomb]]s.<ref>[[#USAToday2005a|USA Today (2005)]], ''Tank takes a beating in Iraq''</ref> A relatively new type of remotely detonated mine, the [[explosively formed penetrator]] has been used with some success against American armoured vehicles (particularly the [[Bradley fighting vehicle]]). However, with upgrades to their armour in the rear, M1s have proven invaluable in fighting insurgents in urban combat, particularly at the [[Second Battle of Fallujah|Battle of Fallujah]], where the US Marines brought in two extra brigades.<ref name="USAToday2005b"/> Israeli [[Merkava]] tanks contain features that enable them to support [[infantry]] in [[low intensity conflict]]s (LIC) and [[counter-terrorism]] operations. Such features are the rear door and rear corridor, enabling the tank to carry infantry and embark safely; the [[Israeli Military Industries|IMI]] [[APAM-MP-T]] multi-purpose ammunition round, advanced [[C4IS]] systems and recently: [[Trophy (countermeasure)|TROPHY active protection system]] which protects the tank from shoulder-launched anti-tank weapons. During the [[Second Intifada]] further modifications were made, designated as "Merkava Mk. 3d Baz LIC".{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}

====Research and development====
[[File:XM1202 MCS.jpg|thumb|left|Graphic representation of the US Army's cancelled [[Future Combat Systems manned ground vehicles#XM1202 Mounted Combat System|XM1202 Mounted Combat System]]]]

In terms of firepower, the focus of 2010s-era [[Research and development|R&D]] was increased detection capability such as [[Thermography|thermal imagers]], automated fire control systems for the guns and increased [[muzzle energy]] from the gun to improve range, accuracy and armour penetration.<ref>{{Citation | last = Pengelley | first = Rupert | title = A new era in tank man armament: The options multiply | journal = Jane's International Defence Review | issue = November 1989 | pages = 1521–31 | year = 1989}}</ref> The most mature future gun technology is the [[Electrothermal-chemical technology|electrothermal-chemical]] gun.<ref>Hilmes, Rolf (30 January 1999), "Aspects of future MBT conception". ''Military Technology'' '''23''' (6): 7. Moench Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh.</ref> The [[XM291]] electrothermal-chemical tank gun has gone through successful multiple firing sequences on a modified American [[M8 Armored Gun System]] chassis.<ref>{{Citation| last = Goodell | first = Brad |title = Electrothermal Chemical (ETC) Armament System Integration Into a Combat Vehicle |journal = IEEE Transactions on Magnetics | volume = 43 | issue = 1 | pages = 456–459 | publisher = IEEE |date=January 2007| doi = 10.1109/TMAG.2006.887524| bibcode = 2007ITM....43..456G | s2cid = 35796526 | issn=0018-9464 }}</ref> To improve tank protection, one field of research involves making the tank invisible to radar by adapting [[Stealth technology|stealth]] technologies originally designed for aircraft. Improvements to [[camouflage]] or and attempts to render it invisible through [[active camouflage]], which changes according to where the tank is located, are being pursued. Research is also ongoing in [[Electromagnetism|electromagnetic]] armour systems to disperse or deflect incoming [[hollow charge|shaped charges]],<ref>{{Citation| last = Wickert | first = Matthias | title = Electric armour Against Shaped Charges: Analysis of Jet Distortion With Respect to Jet Dynamics and Current Flow| journal = IEEE Transactions on Magnetics| volume = 43| issue = 1| pages = 426–29 | publisher = IEEE|date=January 2007| doi = 10.1109/TMAG.2006.887650| bibcode = 2007ITM....43..426W | s2cid = 12106623}}</ref><ref>Xiaopeng, Li, et al., ''Multiprojectile Active Electromagnetic armour'', pp. 460–62</ref> as well as various forms of [[active protection system]]s to prevent incoming projectiles (RPGs, missiles, etc.) from striking the tank.

Mobility may be enhanced in future tanks by the use of [[diesel–electric powertrain|diesel–electric]] or turbine–electric [[series hybrid]] drives—first used in a primitive, gasoline-engined form with Porsche's ''[[Elefant]]'' German tank destroyer of 1943—improving fuel efficiency while reducing the size and weight of the power plant.<ref>''Electric/Hybrid Electric Drive Vehicles for Military Applications'', pp. 132–44</ref> Furthermore, advances in gas turbine technology, including the use of advanced [[recuperator]]s,<ref>McDonald, Colin F., ''Gas Turbine Recuperator Renaissance'', pp. 1–30</ref> have allowed for reduction in engine volume and mass to less than 1 m3 and 1 metric ton, respectively, while maintaining fuel efficiency similar to that of a diesel engine.<ref>Koschier, Angelo V. and Mauch, Hagen R., ''Advantages of the LV100 as a Power Producer in a Hybrid Propulsion System for Future Fighting Vehicles,'' p. 697</ref> In line with the new doctrine of [[network-centric warfare]], the 2010s-era modern battle tank shows increasing sophistication in its electronics and communication systems. The future of tanks has been challenged by the proliferation of relatively inexpensive anti tank guided missiles and rockets during the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/tanks-could-grow-obsolete-russia-ukraine-war-shows-2022-3?r=US&IR=T|title=Ukraine has destroyed nearly 10% of Russia's tanks, making experts ask: Are tanks over?|website=[[Business Insider]]|date=March 23, 2022}}</ref>

==Design==
[[File:M1 Abrams-TUSK.svg|upright=2|thumb|Labelled diagram of an M1 Abrams]]

The three traditional factors determining a tank's capability effectiveness are its ''firepower'', ''protection'', and ''mobility''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tiger Tank Battalions in World War II|last=Forty|first=George|publisher=Compendium Publishing, Ltd.|year=2008|isbn=978-0-7603-3049-4|location=London|pages=107}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Blood, Sweat and Arrogance: The Myths of Churchill's War|last=Corrigan|first=Gordon|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2012|isbn=978-1-78022-555-5|location=London}}</ref> Firepower is the ability of a tank's crew to identify, engage, and destroy enemy tanks and other targets using its large-caliber cannon. Protection is the degree to which the tank's armour, profile and camouflage enables the tank crew to evade detection, protect themselves from enemy fire, and retain vehicle functionality during and after combat. Mobility includes how well the tank can be transported by rail, sea, or air to the operational staging area; from the staging area by road or over terrain towards the enemy; and tactical movement by the tank over the battlefield during combat, including traversing of obstacles and rough terrain. The variations of tank designs have been determined by the way these three fundamental features are blended. For instance, in 1937, the French doctrine focused on firepower and protection more than mobility because tanks worked in intimate liaison with the infantry.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Seeds of Disaster: The Development of French Army Doctrine, 1919–39|author1-link=Robert A. Doughty|last=Doughty|first=Robert|publisher=Stackpole Books|year=1985|isbn=978-0-8117-1460-0|location=Mechanicsburg, PA|pages=162}}</ref> There was also the case of the development of a heavy cruiser tank, which focused on armour and firepower to challenge Germany's Tiger and Panther tanks.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Centurion Tank|last=Ware|first=Pat|publisher=Pen & Sword Military|year=2012|isbn=978-1-78159-011-9|location=South Yorkshire|pages=7–8}}</ref>

===Classification===
{{main|Tank classification}}

{{unreferenced section|date=August 2017}}
[[File:Purwarupa Harimau MT saat FAT (Factory Acceptance Test) 24 - 25 Februari 2022.jpg|thumb|[[Kaplan MT / Harimau|The Kaplan/Harimau tank]] made in [[Indonesia]] and [[Turkey|Türkiye]] is a medium-quality tank programmed for areas that are difficult for large tanks to reach.]]
Tanks have been classified by weight, role, or other criteria, that has changed over time and place. Classification is determined by the prevailing theories of armoured warfare, which have been altered in turn by rapid advances in technology. No one classification system works across all periods or all nations; in particular, weight-based classification is inconsistent between countries and eras.

In World War I, the first tank designs focused on crossing wide trenches, requiring very long and large vehicles, such as the British Mark I; these became classified as [[heavy tank]]s. Tanks that fulfilled other combat roles were smaller, like the French Renault FT; these were classified as [[light tank]]s or [[tankette]]s. Many late-war and inter-war tank designs diverged from these according to new, though mostly untried, concepts for future tank roles and tactics. Tank classifications varied considerably according to each nation's own tank development, such as "cavalry tanks", "fast tanks", and "breakthrough tanks".

During World War II, many tank concepts were found unsatisfactory and discarded, mostly leaving the more multi-role tanks; these became easier to classify. Tank classes based on weight (and the corresponding transport and logistical needs) led to new definitions of heavy and light tank classes, with [[medium tank]]s covering the balance of those between. The British maintained [[cruiser tank]]s, focused on speed, and [[infantry tank]]s that traded speed for more armour. [[Tank destroyer]]s are tanks or other [[armoured fighting vehicle]]s specifically designed to defeat enemy tanks. [[Assault gun]]s are armoured fighting vehicles that could combine the roles of infantry tanks and [[tank destroyer]]s. Some tanks were converted to [[flame tank]]s, specializing on close-in attacks on enemy strongholds with [[flamethrower]]s. As the war went on, tanks tended to become larger and more powerful, shifting some tank classifications and leading to [[super-heavy tank]]s.

Experience and technology advances during the [[Cold War]] continued to consolidate tank roles. With the worldwide adoption of the modern [[main battle tank]] designs, which favour a modular universal design, most other classifications are dropped from modern terminology. All main battle tanks tend to have a good balance of speed, armour, and firepower, even while technology continues to improve all three. Being fairly large, main battle tanks can be complemented with light tanks, [[armoured personnel carrier]]s, [[infantry fighting vehicle]]s or similar relatively lighter armoured fighting vehicles, typically in the roles of [[armoured reconnaissance]], [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious]] or [[air assault]] operations, or against enemies lacking main battle tanks.

===Offensive capabilities===
{{Main|Tank gun}}

[[File:105mm tank gun Rifling.jpg|thumb|upright| A sectioned 105mm [[rifling|rifled]] [[Royal Ordnance L7]] tank gun]]

The [[tank gun|main weapon]] of modern tanks is typically a single, large-[[caliber]] [[cannon]] mounted in a [[Gun laying|fully traversing]] (rotating) [[gun turret]]. The typical modern tank gun is a [[smoothbore]] weapon capable of firing a variety of ammunition, including [[armour-piercing]] [[kinetic energy penetrator]]s (KEP), also known as [[armour-piercing discarding sabot]] (APDS), and/or [[APFSDS|armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot]] (APFSDS) and [[high-explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) [[shell (projectile)|shells]], and/or [[high-explosive squash head]] (HESH) and/or [[anti-tank guided missile]]s (ATGM) to destroy armoured targets, as well as [[High-explosive fragmentation|high-explosive]] (HE) [[High-explosive fragmentation|shells]] for shooting at "soft" targets (unarmoured vehicles or troops) or [[fortifications]]. [[Canister shot]] may be used in close or urban combat situations where the risk of hitting friendly forces with [[Shrapnel (fragment)|shrapnel]] from HE rounds is unacceptably high.<ref name = "USAToday2005b">[[#USAToday2005b|USA Today (2005)]], ''Tanks adapted for urban fights they once avoided''</ref>

A [[gyroscope]] is used to stabilise the main gun, allowing it to be effectively aimed and fired at the "short halt" or on the move. Modern tank guns are also commonly fitted with [[thermal insulation|insulating]] [[thermal sleeve]]s to reduce gun-barrel warping caused by uneven [[thermal expansion]], [[bore evacuator]]s to minimise gun firing fumes entering the crew compartment and sometimes [[muzzle brake]]s to minimise the effect of [[recoil]] on accuracy and [[rate of fire]].

[[File:German Leopard 2A6 from 3rd Panzer Battalion fires it's main gun during the shoot-off of Strong Europe Tank Challenge (40964003420) (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|German [[Leopard 2]]A6 from a Panzerbattalion fires its main gun during the shoot-off of [[Strong Europe Tank Challenge]].]]
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - 188th Brigade Training Day, March 2008-cropped.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Merkava]] Mk IIID Baz firing]]
Traditionally, target detection relied on visual identification. This was accomplished from within the tank through [[telescope|telescopic]] [[periscope]]s; often, however, tank commanders would open up the hatch to view the outside surroundings, which improved situational awareness but incurred the penalty of vulnerability to sniper fire. Though several developments in target detection have taken place, these methods are still common practice. In the 2010s, more electronic target detection methods are available.

In some cases [[spotting rifle]]s were used to confirm proper trajectory and range to a target. These spotting rifles were mounted co-axially to the main gun, and fired [[tracer ammunition]] ballistically matched to the gun itself. The gunner would track the movement of the tracer round in flight, and upon impact with a hard surface, it would give off a flash and a puff of smoke, after which the main gun was immediately fired. However this slow method has been mostly superseded by [[laser rangefinder|laser rangefinding]] equipment.

Modern tanks also use sophisticated [[night vision device|light intensification]] and [[thermal imaging]] equipment to improve fighting capability at night, in poor weather and in smoke. The accuracy of modern tank guns is pushed to the mechanical limit by computerized [[fire-control system]]s. A fire-control system uses a laser rangefinder to determine the range to the target, a [[thermocouple]], [[anemometer]] and [[wind vane]] to correct for weather effects and a muzzle referencing system to correct for gun-barrel temperature, warping and wear. Two sightings of a target with the range-finder enable calculation of the target movement [[Vector (geometric)|vector]]. This information is combined with the known movement of the tank and the principles of [[External ballistics|ballistics]] to calculate the [[elevation (ballistics)|elevation]] and [[Aiming point|aim point]] that maximises the probability of hitting the target.

Usually, tanks carry smaller caliber armament for short-range defense where fire from the main weapon would be ineffective or wasteful, for example when engaging [[infantry]], [[Armoured car (military)|light vehicles]] or [[close air support]] aircraft. A typical complement of secondary weapons is a general-purpose machine gun mounted [[coaxial weapon|coaxially]] with the main gun, and a heavier [[anti-aircraft]]-capable machine gun on the turret roof. Some tanks also have a hull-mounted machine gun. These weapons are often modified variants of those used by infantry, and so use the same kinds of ammunition.

===Protection and countermeasures===
[[File:T-90 tank during the Victory Day parade in 2009.jpg|thumb|right|The Russian [[T-90]] is fitted with a "three-tiered" protection systems: 1: [[Composite armour]] in the turret 2: Third generation [[Kontakt-5]] [[explosive reactive armour|ERA]] 3: [[Shtora]]-1 countermeasures suite.]]

{{See also|Anti-tank warfare}}
The measure of a tank's protection is the combination of its ability to avoid detection (due to having a low profile and through the use of camouflage), to avoid being hit by enemy fire, its resistance to the effects of enemy fire, and its capacity to sustain damage whilst still completing its objective, or at least protecting its crew. This is done by a variety of countermeasures, such as armour plating and reactive defenses, as well as more complex ones such as heat-emissions reduction.

In common with most unit types, tanks are subject to additional hazards in dense wooded and urban combat environments which largely negate the advantages of the tank's long-range firepower and mobility, limit the crew's detection capabilities and can restrict turret traverse. Despite these disadvantages, tanks retain high [[survivability]] against previous-generation [[rocket-propelled grenade]]s aimed at the most-armoured sections.

However, as effective and advanced as armour plating has become, tank survivability against newer-generation [[tandem-warhead]] anti-tank missiles is a concern for military planners.<ref>[[#BBCNews2006|BBC News (2006)]] ''Tough lessons for Israeli armour''</ref> Tandem-warhead RPGs use two warheads to fool active protection systems; a first dummy warhead is fired first, to trigger the active defenses, with the real warhead following it. For example, the [[RPG-29]] from the 1980s is able to penetrate the frontal hull armour of the Challenger II<ref>{{cite news|title=MoD kept failure of best tank quiet|author=Sean Rayment|work=[[Sunday Telegraph]]|date=12 May 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1551418/MoD-kept-failure-of-best-tank-quiet.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704200640/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1551418/MoD-kept-failure-of-best-tank-quiet.html|archive-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> and also managed to damage a M1 Abrams.<ref>{{cite news |title=Operation in Sadr City Is an Iraqi Success, So Far |author=Michael R. Gordon |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=21 May 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/world/middleeast/21sadr.html?_r=2&hp&oref=slogin&oref=slogin |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623214243/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/21/world/middleeast/21sadr.html?_r=2&hp&oref=slogin&oref=slogin |archive-date=23 June 2017 }}</ref> As well, even tanks with advanced armour plating can have their tracks or gear cogs damaged by RPGs, which may render them immobile or hinder their mobility. Despite all of the advances in armour plating, a tank with its hatches open remains vulnerable to [[Molotov cocktail]] (gasoline bombs) and grenades. Even a "buttoned up" tank may have components which are vulnerable to Molotov cocktails, such as optics, extra gas cans and extra ammunition stored on the outside of the tank.

====Avoiding detection====
{{Further|Military deception}}
[[File:Type 99 MBT front right.jpg|thumb|left|[[People's Liberation Army|PLA]]'s [[Type 99a tank]] with [[disruptive coloration|disruptive]] camouflage painting]]
A tank avoids detection using the doctrine of [[countermeasure]]s known as CCD: [[military camouflage|camouflage]] (looks the same as the surroundings), concealment (cannot be seen) and deception (looks like something else).

=====Camouflage=====
{{further|Military camouflage}}
[[File:Challenger 2-Megatron MOD 45161486.jpg|alt=|thumb|A British [[Challenger 2]] Theatre Entry Standard fitted with a mobile camouflage system.]]
Camouflage can include disruptive painted shapes on the tank to break up the distinctive appearance and silhouette of a tank. Netting or actual branches from the surrounding landscape are also used. Prior to development of infrared technology, tanks were often given a coating of camouflage paint that, depending on environmental region or season, would allow it to blend in with the rest of its environment. A tank operating in wooded areas would typically get a green and brown paintjob; a tank in a winter environment would get white paint (often mixed with some darker colors); tanks in the desert often get khaki paintjobs.

The Russian [[Nakidka]] camouflage kit was designed to reduce the [[optical]], [[Thermal radiation|thermal]], [[infrared]], and [[radar]] signatures of a tank, so that acquisition of the tank would be difficult. According to Nii Stali, the designers of Nakidka, Nakidka would reduce the probabilities of detection via "visual and near-IR bands by 30%, the thermal band by 2–3-fold, radar band by 6-fold, and radar-thermal band to near-background levels.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090707002753/http://www.niistali.ru/pr_secure/nobron_en.htm#7 "Nakidka" kit for protection against surveillance and precision-guided systems](archive)</ref>

=====Concealment=====
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2018}}

Concealment can include hiding the tank among trees or digging in the tank by having a combat bulldozer dig out part of a hill, so that much of the tank will be hidden. A tank commander can conceal the tank by using "hull down" approaches to going over upward-sloping hills, so that she or he can look out the commander's cupola without the distinctive-looking main cannon cresting over the hill. Adopting a turret-down or [[hull-down]] position reduces the visible silhouette of a tank as well as providing the added protection of a position in [[Enfilade and defilade#Defilade|defilade]].

Working against efforts to avoid detection is the fact that a tank is a large metallic object with a distinctive, angular [[silhouette]] that emits copious [[thermal imaging|heat]] and engine noise. A tank that is operating in cold weather or which needs to use its radio or other communications or target-detecting electronics will need to start its engine regularly to maintain its battery power, which will create engine noise. Consequently, it is difficult to effectively camouflage a tank in the absence of some form of cover or concealment (e.g., woods) it can [[hull-down|hide]] its hull behind. The tank becomes easier to detect when moving (typically, whenever it is in use) due to the large, distinctive auditory, vibration and thermal signature of its engine and power plant. Tank tracks and dust clouds also betray past or present tank movement.

Switched-off tanks are vulnerable to infra-red [[thermal imaging|detection]] due to differences between the [[thermal conductivity]] and therefore [[heat#Heat dissipation|heat dissipation]] of the metallic tank and its surroundings. At close range the tank can be detected even when powered down and fully concealed due to the [[heat haze|column of warmer air]] above the tank and the smell of diesel or gasoline. Thermal blankets slow the rate of heat emission and some thermal camouflage nets use a mix of materials with differing thermal properties to operate in the infra-red as well as the [[visible spectrum]].

[[Grenade launcher]]s can rapidly deploy a [[smoke screen]] that is opaque to [[infrared]] light, to hide it from the thermal viewer of another tank. In addition to using its own grenade launchers, a tank commander could call in an artillery unit to provide smoke cover. Some tanks can produce a smoke screen.

Sometimes camouflage and concealment are used at the same time. For example, a camouflage-painted and branch-covered tank (camouflage) may be hidden in a behind a hill or in a dug-in-emplacement (concealment).

=====Deception=====
[[File:E04934.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Troops carry a lightweight wood-framed "dummy" tank into position.]]
Some [[armoured recovery vehicle]]s (often tracked, tank chassis-based "tow trucks" for tanks) have dummy turrets and cannons. This makes it less likely that enemy tanks will fire on these vehicles. Some armies have fake "dummy" tanks made of wood which troops can carry into position and hide behind obstacles. These "dummy" tanks may cause the enemy to think that there are more tanks than are actually possessed.

====Armour====
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2013}}
{{Main|Vehicle armour}}

{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=300|align=left
| image1 = M1 Abrams Hull Front Special Armor.jpg
| image2 = M1 Abrams Turret Bustle Side Special Armor.png
| image3 = M1 Abrams Hull Side Special Armor.jpg
| image4 = M1 Abrams Gun Shield Special Armor.jpg
| footer = Configuration of M1 Abrams [[Chobham armor|Chobham]] Special Armor. Clockwise from upper left: Hull front, turret bustle, hull side, gun shield.
}}
[[File:Challenger2-Bergen-Hohne-Training-Area-2.jpg|thumb|right|The British [[Challenger 2|Challenger II]] is protected by second-generation [[Chobham armour]]]]

To effectively protect the tank and its crew, tank armour must counter a wide variety of antitank threats. Protection against [[kinetic energy penetrator]]s and [[high-explosive anti-tank]] (HEAT) shells fired by other tanks is of primary importance, but tank armour also aims to protect against infantry [[Mortar (weapon)|mortars]], [[grenades]], [[rocket-propelled grenade]]s, [[anti-tank guided missile]]s, [[land mine|anti-tank mines]], [[anti-tank rifles]], [[bomb]]s, direct [[artillery]] hits, and (less often) [[Weapon of mass destruction|nuclear, biological and chemical]] threats, any of which could disable or destroy a tank or its crew.

[[rolled homogeneous armour|Steel armour plate]] was the earliest type of armour. The Germans pioneered the use of [[carbon steel#Case hardening|face hardened]] steel during World War II and the Soviets also achieved improved protection with [[sloped armour]] technology. World War II developments led to the obsolescence of homogeneous steel armour with the development of [[shaped-charge]] warheads, exemplified by the [[Panzerfaust]] and [[bazooka]] infantry-carried weapons which were effective, despite some early success with [[spaced armour]]. Magnetic mines led to the development of [[diamagnetism|anti-magnetic]] paste and paint. From WWII to the modern era, troops have added improvised armour to tanks while in combat settings, such as sandbags or pieces of old armour plating.

British tank researchers took the next step with the development of [[Chobham armour]], or more generally [[composite armour]], incorporating [[ceramic]]s and plastics in a [[resin]] matrix between steel plates, which provided good protection against HEAT weapons. [[High-explosive squash head]] warheads led to [[spall|anti-spall]] armour linings, and kinetic energy penetrators led to the inclusion of exotic materials like a matrix of [[depleted uranium]] into a composite armour configuration.

[[File:M60A1-Patton-Blazer-latrun-2.jpg|thumb|Blazer [[explosive reactive armour]] (ERA) blocks on an Israeli M-60]]
[[Reactive armour]] consists of small explosive-filled metal boxes that detonate when hit by the metallic jet projected by an exploding HEAT warhead, causing their metal plates to disrupt it. [[Tandem warhead]]s defeat reactive armour by causing the armour to detonate prematurely. Modern reactive armour protects itself from Tandem warheads by having a thicker front metal plate to prevent the precursor charge from detonating the explosive in the reactive armour. Reactive armours can also reduce the penetrative abilities of [[kinetic energy penetrator]]s by deforming the penetrator with the metal plates on the Reactive armour, thereby reducing its effectiveness against the main armour of the tank.

====Active protection system====
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Storming Ahead.jpg|thumb|right|[[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] [[Merkava]] Mk4 tank with [[Trophy (countermeasure)|Trophy]] [[active protection system|APS]] ("מעיל רוח") during training]]

The latest generation of protective measures for tanks are [[active protection system]]s. The term "active" is used to contrast these approaches with the armour used as the primary protective approach in earlier tanks.
* [[Soft kill]] measures, such as the Russian [[Shtora]] countermeasure system, provide protection by interfering with enemy targeting and fire-control systems, thus making it harder for the enemy threats to lock onto the targeted tank.
* Hard kill systems intercept incoming threats with a projectile(s) of its own, destroying the threat. For example, the Israeli [[Trophy (countermeasure)|Trophy]] destroys an incoming rocket or missile with shotgun-like projectiles. The Soviet [[Drozd]], the Russian [[Arena active protection system|Arena]], the Israeli [[Trophy (countermeasure)|Trophy]] and [[Iron Fist (countermeasure)|Iron Fist]], Polish [[ERAWA]], and the American [[Quick Kill]] systems show the potential to dramatically improve protection for tanks against [[anti-tank missile|missiles]], [[rocket-propelled grenade|RPGs]] and potentially kinetic energy penetrator attacks, but concerns regarding a [[Friendly fire|danger zone for nearby troops]] remain.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

===Mobility===
[[File:Zwei Leopard 2A5 beim durchqueren eines Gewässer.ogv|thumb|right|Two [[German Army]] Leopard 2s demonstrate their [[Amphibious vehicle#Deep fording|deep-wading]] capabilities]]

The mobility of a tank is described by its battlefield or tactical mobility, its operational mobility, and its strategic mobility.<ref name="logistics_burden">{{cite book |date= 1999 |title= Reducing the Logistics Burden for the Army After Next: Doing More with Less|url=https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/6402/chapter/1 |location=Washington, DC, USA |publisher=National Academy Press |doi= 10.17226/6402|bibcode= 1999nap..book.6402N|isbn=9780309063784}}</ref>
* '''Tactical mobility''' is the tank's ability to move through the battle area. This could include acceleration, braking, speed and rate of turn on varying terrain, and obstacle clearance: the tank's ability to travel over or through obstacles like walls, trenches, and water.
* '''Operational mobility''' is the ability to move tanks hundreds of kilometers from a staging area to the battle area, for example, by using transport helicopters.
* '''Strategic mobility''' is the ability of the tanks to be transported over long distances, usually by air or sea. For tanks to be transported efficiently by air, weight and volume must be kept within the transport aircraft's capabilities.<ref name="logistics_burden" />

[[File:M1 strategic mobility.jpg|thumb|right|[[M1 Abrams]] offloading from [[Landing Craft Air Cushioned]] vehicle.]]
Tanks have high tactical mobility and can travel over most types of terrain due to their [[continuous track]]s and advanced suspension. The tracks disperse the weight of the vehicle over a large area, resulting in less [[ground pressure]]. A tank can travel at approximately {{convert|40|km/h|mph}} across flat terrain and up to {{convert|70|km/h|mph}} on roads, but due to the mechanical strain this places on the vehicle and the logistical strain on fuel delivery and tank maintenance, these must be considered exceptional "burst" speeds.

Tanks are susceptible to mechanical failure of engine and transmission systems, particularly at maximum burst speeds. Consequently, wheeled tank transporters and rail transport are used wherever possible for non-combat tank transport. Tank mobility is very restricted compared to wheeled [[armoured fighting vehicle]]s. Most operational mobility in blitzkrieg tank operations was conducted at the pedestrian pace of {{convert|5|km/h|mph}}, and that was only achieved on the roads of France.<ref>[[#Deighton1979|Deighton (1979)]], ''Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk'', p. 180</ref>
[[File:M88 pulling M1 engine.jpg|right|thumb|The [[M1 Abrams]] is powered by a {{convert|1500|shp}} [[Honeywell]] [[AGT-1500|AGT 1500]] gas turbine engine, giving it a governed top speed of {{convert|45|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} on paved roads, and {{convert|30|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} cross-country.]]

===Suspension and running gear===

Tank agility is a function of the weight of the tank due to its inertia while manoeuvring and its [[ground pressure]], the power output of the installed power plant and the tank [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] and [[Continuous track|track]] design. In addition, rough terrain effectively limits the tank's speed through the stress it puts on the [[suspension (vehicle)#Armoured fighting vehicle suspension|suspension]] and the crew. A breakthrough in this area was achieved during World War II when improved suspension systems were developed that allowed better cross-country performance and limited firing on the move. Systems like the earlier [[Christie suspension|Christie]] or later [[torsion-bar]] suspension developed by [[Ferdinand Porsche]] dramatically improved the tank's cross-country performance and overall mobility.<ref>[[#Deighton1979|Deighton (1979)]], ''Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk'', p. 154</ref>

=== Engine ===
The tank's power plant supplies [[kinetic energy]] to move the tank, and [[electric current|electric]] power via a [[Electrical generator#Vehicle-mounted generators|generator]] to components such as the [[gun turret|turret]] rotation motors and the tank's electronic systems.

The tank power plant evolved from predominantly petrol and adapted large-displacement aeronautical or automotive [[internal combustion engines|engines]] to [[diesel engine]]s. Japan was the first to begin transitioning to this engine type beginning with the [[Type 89B]] in 1934. The main advantage of diesel is their higher [[fuel efficiency|fuel economy]], which allows for greater operating ranges. Diesel engines can also run on a variety of fuels, such as aviation kerosene and even gasoline. Advanced [[multi-fuel]] [[Diesel engine#Quality and variety of fuels|diesel engines]] have been adopted.{{sfn|Ogorkiewicz|1991|p=247-249}} [[Gas turbine#Tanks|Gas turbines]] are powerful per unit weight but fuel-hungry; they have been used in a few tanks, including the Soviet [[T-80]] and American [[M1 Abrams]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|+Tank power output and [[torque]] in context:{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
|-
! colspan=2 |Vehicle
! Power output {{break}} kW (hp)
! Power/weight {{break}} kW/t (hp/t)
! Torque {{break}} N⋅m (lbf⋅ft)
|-
! Mid-sized car
| [[Toyota Camry]] 2.4 L
| {{convert|158|hp|kW|order=flip|abbr=values}}
| {{convert|106|hp/t|kW/t|order=flip|abbr=values}}
| {{convert|218|Nm|abbr=values}}
|-
! Sports car
| [[Lamborghini Murciélago]] 6.5 L
| {{convert|632|hp|kW|order=flip|abbr=values}}
| {{convert|383|hp/t|kW/t|order=flip|abbr=values}}
| {{convert|660|Nm|abbr=values}}
|-
! Racing car
| [[Formula One car]] 3.0 L
| {{convert|950|hp|kW|order=flip|abbr=values}}
| {{convert|1428|hp/t|kW/t|order=flip|abbr=values}}
| {{convert|350|Nm|abbr=values}}
|-
! Main battle tank
| [[Leopard 2]], [[M1 Abrams]]
| {{convert|1500|hp|kW|order=flip|abbr=values}}
| {{convert|24.2|to|24.5|hp/t|kW/t|order=flip|abbr=values}}
| {{convert|4700|Nm|abbr=values}}
|-
! Locomotive
| [[SNCF Class T 2000]]
| {{convert|2581|hp|kW|order=flip|abbr=values}}
| {{convert|11.5|hp/t|kW/t|order=flip|abbr=values}}
|
|}

===Fording===
In the absence of [[combat engineer]]s, most tanks can only [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] small rivers. The typical fording depth for MBTs is approximately {{convert|1|m|ft|abbr=on}}, being limited by the height of the engine air intake and driver's position. Modern tanks such as the Russian [[T-90]] and the German [[Leopard 1]] and [[Leopard 2]] tanks can ford to a depth of {{convert|3|to|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} when properly prepared and equipped with a [[Vehicle snorkel|snorkel]] to supply air for the crew and engine. Tank crews usually strongly dislike deep fording, but it adds considerable scope for [[List of military tactics|surprise]] and tactical flexibility in water-crossing operations by opening new and unexpected avenues of attack.

[[Amphibious tank]]s are specially designed or adapted for water operations, such as by including snorkels and skirts, but they are rare in modern armies. Purpose-built [[amphibious assault vehicle]]s or [[armoured personnel carrier]]s are used, without tanks, in [[Amphibious warfare#Post–World War II|amphibious assaults]]. Advances such as the [[EFA (mobile bridge)|EFA mobile bridge]] and [[Armoured vehicle-launched bridge|armoured vehicle-launched scissors bridges]] have also reduced the impediment to tank advance that rivers posed in World War II.<ref>[[#Deighton1979|Deighton (1979)]], ''Blitzkrieg, From the rise of Hitler to the fall of Dunkirk'', pp. 234–52</ref>

===Crew===
{{redirect|Tank commander}}
[[File:Leclerc-IMG 1717.jpg|thumb|The tank commander's position in an [[AMX Leclerc]]]]
[[File:T72B3-Crew.svg|thumb|Positions of crew members in a Russian [[T-72]]B3 tank. The driver (3) is seated in the front, commander (1) and gunner (2) are in the turret, directly above the carousel (4), which contains the ammunition for the autoloading mechanism.]]
{{Army units}}
Most modern tanks most often have four crew members, or three if an [[auto-loader]] is installed. These are the:
* [[Commanding officer|Commander]] – The commander is responsible for commanding the tank, with all-round vision devices rather than the limited vision of the driver and gunner. He guides the gunner roughly onto target and guides the driver around turns and obstacles.
* [[Gunner (artillery)|Gunner]] – The gunner is responsible for [[Gun laying|laying (aiming) the gun]]. It may be laying for direct fire, where the gun is aimed similarly to a rifle, or indirect fire, where firing data is calculated and applied to the sights. The term includes automated aiming using, for example, radar-derived target data and computer-controlled guns. Gun laying involves moving the axis of the bore of the barrel in two planes, horizontal and vertical. A gun is "traversed" (rotated in a horizontal plane) to align it with the target, and "elevated" (moved in the vertical plane) to range it to the target.
* Loader – The loader loads the gun, with a round appropriate to the target (HEAT, smoke, etc.) as ordered by either the commander or the gunner. The loader is usually the lowest-ranked member of the crew. In tanks with auto-loaders this position is omitted.
* [[Driver (person)|Driver]] – The driver drives the tank, and also performs routine maintenance on the automotive features.
[[File:3rd ID M1A1 Abrams TC and Gunner 2008.jpg|thumb|A view in a M1A1 Abrams tank of the gunner's station (bottom left) and commander's station (top right)]]

Operating a tank is a team effort. For example, the loader is assisted by the rest of the crew in stowing ammunition. The driver is assisted in maintaining the automotive features.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theshermantank.com/sherman/the-crew-and-their-stations-the-human-part-of-the-tank/| title = The Crew And Their Stations: The Human Part Of The Tank, How They Lived, Worked, And Fought| date = 22 November 2015}}</ref>

Historically, crews have varied from two to twelve members. First World War tanks carried the crew needed to man the multiple guns and machine guns, and up to four crewmen to drive the tank: the commander drove the tank and manned the brakes, steering via orders to his gears-men; a co-driver operated the gearbox and throttle; and two gears-men, one for each track, steered by setting their side to idle, allowing the track on the other side to slew the tank to one side. Pre-World War II French tanks were noted for having a two-man crew, in which the overworked commander had to load and fire the gun in addition to commanding the tank.

With World War II the multi-turreted tanks proved impracticable, and as the single turret on a low hull design became standard, crews became standardized around a crew of four or five. In those tanks with a fifth crew member, usually three were located in the turret (as described above) while the fifth was most often seated in the hull next to the driver, and operated the hull machine gun in addition to acting as a co-driver or radio operator. Well-designed crew stations, giving proper consideration to comfort and ergonomics, are important to the combat-effectiveness of a tank, as they limit fatigue and speed up individual actions.

===Engineering constraints===
[[File:Arjun MBT bump track test.JPG|thumb|The Indian [[Arjun MBT]]'s [[hydropneumatic suspension]] at work, while moving over a bump track.]]
A noted author on the subject of tank design engineering, [[Richard Ogorkiewicz]], outlined the following basic engineering sub-systems that are commonly incorporated into a tank's technological development:{{sfn|Ogorkiewicz|1991|p=}}{{page needed|date=May 2012}}
* Mobility (through chassis design)
* [[Engine#Combustion engine|Engines]]
* [[Transmission (mechanics)|Transmissions]]
* [[Suspension (vehicle)|Suspensions]] and [[running gear]]
* Soil-vehicle mechanics
* [[Tank gun|Guns]] and [[Ammunition#Ordnance ammunition|ammunition]]
* [[Ballistics]] and mechanics of guns
* Vision and sighting systems
* Illuminating and [[Night Vision#Night vision technologies|night vision]] systems
* [[Fire-control system|Fire control systems]] for main and auxiliary weapons
* [[Gun data computer|Gun control systems]]
* [[Precision-guided munition|Guided weapons]]
* [[Vehicle armour#Armoured fighting vehicles|Armour]] protection
* Configuration
To the above can be added unit communication systems and electronic anti-tank countermeasures, crew ergonomic and survival systems (including flame suppression), and provision for technological upgrading.
Few tank designs have survived their entire service lives without some upgrading or modernization, particularly during wartime, including some that have changed almost beyond recognition, such as the latest Israeli [[Magach#Versions|Magach]] versions.

The characteristics of a tank are determined by the performance criteria required for the tank. The obstacles that must be traversed affect the vehicle's front and rear profiles. The types of terrain specified to be traversed determine the maximum permissible track ground pressure.<ref name="performance reqs">{{Citation|title=Journal of the United Service Institution of India, Volume 98|year=1968|publisher=United Service Institution of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZI8AQAAIAAJ|page=58|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327160324/https://books.google.com/books?id=iZI8AQAAIAAJ|archive-date=27 March 2018}}</ref>

Tank design is a compromise between technological and budgetary constraints and tactical capability requirements. It is not possible to maximise firepower, protection and mobility simultaneously, while also incorporating the latest technology and being economically viable.
For example, in the case of tactical capability requirements, increasing protection by adding armour will result in an increase in weight and therefore decrease in mobility; increasing firepower by installing a larger gun will force the designer team to increase armour, the therefore weight of the tank by retaining same internal volume to ensure crew efficiency during combat. In the case of the Abrams MBT which has good firepower, speed and armour, these advantages are counterbalanced by its engine's notably high fuel consumption, which ultimately reduces its range, and in a larger sense its mobility. And most enhancements add to cost.

Since the Second World War the economics of tank production, governed by the complexity of manufacture and cost and the impact of a given tank design on logistics and field maintenance capabilities, have also been accepted as important in determining how many tanks a nation can afford to field in its force structure.

Some tank designs that were fielded in significant numbers, such as [[Tiger I]] and [[M60A2 Starship|M60A2]] proved to be too complex or expensive to manufacture, and made unsustainable demands on the logistics services support of the armed forces. The ''affordability of the design'' therefore takes precedence over the combat capability requirements.
Nowhere was this principle illustrated better than during the Second World War when two Allied designs, the Soviet [[T-34]] and the US [[M4 Sherman]], although both simple designs which accepted engineering compromises, were used successfully against more sophisticated designs by Germany that were more complex and expensive to produce, and more demanding on overstretched logistics of the Wehrmacht. Given that a tank crew will spend most of its time occupied with maintenance of the vehicle, engineering simplicity has become the primary constraint on tank design since the Second World War despite advances in mechanical, electrical and electronics technologies.

Since the Second World War, tank development has incorporated experimenting with significant mechanical changes to the tank design while focusing on technological advances in the tank's many subsystems to improve its performance. However, a number of novel designs appeared, with mixed success, including the firepower of the Soviet [[IT-1]] and [[T-64]], and the crew protection of the Israeli [[Merkava]] and Swedish [[S-tank]], while for decades the US's [[M551]] remained the only light tank deployable by parachute.

{{Further|Tank classification}}

==Command, control, and communications==
[[File:Leo2A6M li.jpg|thumb|[[German Army]] [[Leopard 2]]A6M incorporates [[Network-centric warfare|networked battlefield]] technology]]

[[C4ISTAR|Commanding and coordinating]] tanks in the field has always been subject to particular problems, particularly in the area of communications, but in modern armies these problems have been partially alleviated by [[computer network|networked]], [[system integration|integrated systems]] that enable communications and contribute to enhanced [[situational awareness]].

===20th century===
====World War I and Interwar period====
Armoured [[bulkhead (partition)|bulkheads]], engine noise, intervening terrain, dust and smoke, and the need to operate with hatches closed are severe detriments to communication and lead to a sense of isolation for small tank units, individual vehicles, and tank crew. Radios were not portable or robust enough to be mounted in a tank, although [[Morse code]] transmitters were installed in some Mark IVs at Cambrai as messaging vehicles.<ref>Macksey, K., Tank vs Tank, Grub Street, London, 1999, p. 32</ref> The mounting of [[Tank phone|a field telephone to the rear]] was not a practice. During World War I when these failed or were unavailable, situation reports were sent back to headquarters by some crews releasing carrier pigeons through loopholes or hatches<ref>Fletcher, D., British Mark I Tank 1916, Osprey, p. 19</ref> and communications between vehicles was accomplished using hand signals, handheld [[Flag semaphore|semaphore flags]] which continued in use in the [[Red Army]]/[[Soviet Ground Forces|Soviet Army]] through the Second and Cold wars, or by foot or horse-mounted messengers.<ref>[[#CITEREFWright2002|Wright 2002]], ''Tank: The Progress of a Monstrous War Machine'', p. 48, "To the extent that they communicated at all, the tank crews did so by squeezing carrier pigeons out through a hole in a gun sponson, by brandishing a shovel through the manhole, or by frantic coloured discs in the air."</ref>

====World War II====
From the beginning, the German military stressed wireless communications, equipping their combat vehicles with radios, and drilled all units to rely on disciplined radio use as a basic element of tactics. This allowed them to respond to developing threats and opportunities during battles, giving the Germans a notable tactical advantage early in the war; even where Allied tanks initially had better firepower and armour, they generally lacked individual radios.<ref>{{cite book |last=Healy |first=Mark |editor-last=Prigent |editor-first=John |title=Panzerwaffe: The Campaigns in the West 1940 |volume=I |page=23 |location=London |publisher=Ian Allan |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7110-3240-8}}</ref> By mid-war, Western Allied tanks adopted full use of radios, although Russian use of radios remained relatively limited.

====Cold War era====
[[File:MerkavaMk4 ZE001m.jpg|thumb|[[Merkava]] Mark 4 [[main battle tank]] is equipped with a digital C4IS battle-management system.]]
On the modern battlefield an [[intercom]] mounted in the crew helmet provides internal communications and a link to the [[communications network|radio network]], and on some tanks an external intercom on the rear of the tank provides communication with co-operating infantry. Radio networks employ radio [[voice procedure]] to minimize confusion and "chatter".
A recent {{when|date=January 2013}} development in AFV [[Equipment of the Italian Army|equipment]] and doctrine is integration of information from the [[fire control system]], [[laser rangefinder]], [[Global Positioning System]] and terrain information via [[Electromagnetic pulse|hardened]] military specification [[electronics]] and a [[computer networks|battlefield network]] to display information on enemy targets and friendly units on a [[computer monitor|monitor]] in the tank. The sensor data can be sourced from nearby tanks, planes, [[Unmanned aerial vehicles|UAVs]] or, in the future infantry (such as the US [[Future Force Warrior]] project). This improves the tank commander's [[situational awareness]] and ability to [[navigate]] the battlefield and select and engage targets. In addition to easing the reporting burden by automatically logging all orders and actions, orders are sent via the network with text and graphical overlays. This is known as [[Network-centric warfare]] by the US, [[Network Enabled Capability]] (UK) or [[Digital Army (IDF)|Digital Army Battle Management System]] צי"ד (Israel). Advanced battle tanks, including the [[K2 Black Panther|K-2 Black Panther]], have taken up the first major step forward in adopting a fully [[radar integrated Fire Control System]] which allows it to detect tanks from a further distance and identify it as a friend-or-foe as well as increasing the tank's accuracy as well as its capability to lock onto tanks.

====21st century====
{{See also|Military communications|C4ISTAR}}
[[File:Limpid Armor LCG DSS.jpg|thumb|Circular review system of the company LimpidArmor]]
Performing situational awareness and communication is the one of four primary MBT functions in the 21st century.<ref name=MBT>{{cite web | last = Slyusar | first = Vadym | title = Methodology of identification of the critical requirements for armaments and military equipment.| work = VI International Scientific and Practical Conference "Coordination problems of military technical and devensive industrial policy in Ukraine. Weapons and military equipment development perspectives". Abstracts of reports. – October 10–11, 2018. – Kyiv. – DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.36335.69281| date = 2018 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330386141}}</ref>
To improve the crew's situational awareness MBTs use [[circular review system]] with a combination of [[Augmented reality]] and [[Artificial Intelligence]] technologies.<ref name=AI>{{cite web | last = Slyusar | first = Vadym | title = Artificial intelligence as the basis of future control networks. | work = Preprint | date = 2019 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334573170}}</ref>

Further advancements in tank defense systems have led to the development of [[active protection system]]s, which may be classified as either:

* '''Soft-kill''' – Soft-kill protection systems use integrated on-board [[radar warning receiver]]s which can detect incoming anti-tank missiles and projectiles. Once detected, measures such as [[smoke screen]]s or [[smoke grenade]]s are deployed, interfering with the incoming missile's tracking system, causing it to miss the tank or to deactivate.
* '''Hard-kill''' – The more advanced approach involves destroying the incoming enemy missile or projectile by deploying anti-missile projectiles. This is seen more reliable protection.

Both these active protection systems can be found on several [[main battle tank]]s including the [[K2 Black Panther]], the Merkava and the Leopard 2A7.

==Combat milestones==

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Conflict
! Year
! Total number of tanks
! Notes
|-
|| [[Battle of the Somme]]
|| 1916
| style="text-align: right;" | 49
|| Tanks first used in battle<ref>{{cite book |title=The Somme |last=Sheffield |first=G. |publisher=Cassell |year=2003 |location=London |isbn=0-304-36649-8 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/somme0000shef }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Philpott |first=W. |title=Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the Making of the Twentieth Century |year=2009 |publisher=Little, Brown |location=London |edition=1st |isbn=978-1-4087-0108-9}}</ref>
|-
|| [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Battle of Cambrai]]
|| 1917
| style="text-align: right;" | 378
|| First successful use of tanks<ref>{{cite book|last=Hammond |first=B. |title=Cambrai 1917: The Myth of the First Great Tank Battle |publisher=Orion |location=London |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7538-2605-8}}</ref>{{Clarification needed|date=April 2022}}
|-
|| [[Second Battle of Villers-Bretonneux]]
|| 1918
| style="text-align: right;" | 23
|| First tank vs. tank battle
|-
|| [[Spanish Civil War]]
|| 1936–1939
| style="text-align: right;" | ~700
|| Interwar tanks in combat
|-
|| [[Invasion of Poland]]
|| 1939
| style="text-align: right;" | ~8,000
|| Origin of "''[[Blitzkrieg]]''" term
|-
|| [[Battle of Hannut]], Belgium
|| 1940
| style="text-align: right;" | ~1,200
|| First large tank vs. tank battle
|-
|| [[Battle of France]]
|| 1940
| style="text-align: right;" | 5,828
|| Weaker but better commanded tanks successful in combined arms operations{{Original research inline|date=April 2022}}
|-
|| [[Battle of Kursk]]
|| 1943
| style="text-align: right;" | 10,610
|| Most tanks in one battle
|-
|| [[Battle of the Sinai (1973)|Battle of the Sinai]]
|| 1973
| style="text-align: right;" | 1,200
|| Combat between [[main battle tank]]s
|}

==See also==
{{Columns-list|
* {{annotated link|Armoured recovery vehicle}}
* {{annotated link|Armoured vehicle-launched bridge}}
* {{annotated link|Armoured warfare}}
* {{annotated link|Tanks in the Cold War}}
* [[Circular review system]]
* {{annotated link|Comparison of World War I tanks}}
* {{annotated link|History of the tank}}
* {{annotated link|Hobart's Funnies}}
* {{annotated link|Hull-down}}
* {{annotated link|Infantry fighting vehicle|abbreviation=IFV}}
* [[List of main battle tanks by country]]
* [[List of main battle tanks by generation]]
* [[List of modern armoured fighting vehicles]]
* [[Lists of armoured fighting vehicles]]
* {{annotated link|Main battle tank}}
* {{annotated link|Military engineering vehicle}}
* {{annotated link|Shot trap}}
* {{annotated link|Tank classification}}
* {{annotated link|Tank desant}}
* {{annotated link|Tank destroyer}}
* {{annotated link|Tankette}}
* {{annotated link|Tanks in World War I}}
* {{annotated link|Tanks in World War II}}
* {{annotated link|Tanks of the interwar period}}
* {{annotated link|Tanks of the post–Cold War era}}
* [[War wagon]]
}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|tank}}
* [http://www.onwar.com/tanks/index.htm OnWar's Tanks of World War II] Comprehensive specifications and diagrams of World War II tanks.
{{TankTopics}}
{{WWI tanks|style=wide}}
{{Interwar tanks|style=wide}}
{{WWII tanks|style=wide}}
{{Cold War tanks|style=wide}}
{{Post-Cold War tanks|style=wide}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tanks| ]]
[[Category:Armoured fighting vehicles by type]]
[[Category:English inventions]]
[[Category:Armoured warfare]]
[[Category:Tracked armoured fighting vehicles]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Bhushan Kumar

2026-03-19T14:33:59Z

Wleness:

{{short description|Chairman and managing director of T-Series}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhushan Kumar
| image = Bhushan Kumar at the launch of ‘Simran’ trailer.jpg
| caption = Kumar in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|11|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Film producer]]|[[Music producer]]}}
| title = [[Chairman]] and [[Managing Director]] of [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| years_active = 1996–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Divya Khosla Kumar]]|13 February 2005}}
| children = 1
| father = [[Gulshan Kumar]]
| relatives = {{ubl
| [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]] (uncle)
| [[Tulsi Kumar]] (sister)
| [[Khushalii Kumar]] (sister)
}}
| family = [[List of Hindi film families#Kumar family|Kumar family]]
}}
'''Bhushan Kumar Dua''' (born 27 November 1977)<ref name=Birthday>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Bhushan |title=Bhushan Kumar to have a working 35th birthday |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1604321/Bhushan-Kumar-to-have-a-working-35th-birthday |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=27 November 2012 |access-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614081625/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1604321/Bhushan-Kumar-to-have-a-working-35th-birthday |archive-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> is an Indian [[film producer]] and music producer. He is the [[chairman]] and [[managing director]] of Super Cassettes Industries Limited, also known as [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. He is known for his work in [[Bollywood]].

On the Hurun India Rich List 2022, he and his family were ranked as the 175th richest Indian with a net worth of ₹10,000 crores (around US$1.2 billion).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hurun Rich India List 2022 |url=https://westerntimesnews.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/IIFL-Wealth-Hurun-India-Rich-List-2022.pdf |website=hurunindia.net |access-date=24 October 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Kumar took control of the music company [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] in 1997, along with his uncle [[Krishan Kumar (actor)|Krishan Kumar]], after the murder of his father, [[Gulshan Kumar]]. He went on to become the chairman and managing director of the company.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Bhushan|title=New Direction|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/new-direction/1000537/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202043557/http://www.screenindia.com/news/new-direction/1000537/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2013|newspaper=Screen India|date=14 September 2012|access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Bhushan|title=Music will always be the soul of a film: Bhushan Kumar|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview_music-will-always-be-the-soul-of-a-film-bhushan-kumar_1741847|work=DNA|date=17 September 2012|access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref>

===Film producer===

In 2013, Kumar produced ''[[Nautanki Saala]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nautanki Saala|title=Bhushan Kumar to co-produce Rohan Sippy's next|url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/bhushan-kumar-to-coproduce-rohan-sippys-next/973602/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202082752/http://www.screenindia.com/news/bhushan-kumar-to-coproduce-rohan-sippys-next/973602/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2013|newspaper=Screen India|date=13 July 2012|access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref> The same year, Bushan Kumar released a remake of ''[[Aashiqui]]'', ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Aashiqui 2|title=T-Series & Vishesh Films' Aashiqui 2 to release in December 2012|url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/t-series--vishesh-films-aashiqui-2-to-release-in-december-2012/index.htm|work=Bollywood Trade|date=11 June 2012|access-date=26 February 2021|archive-date=26 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126212320/http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/trade-news/t-series--vishesh-films-aashiqui-2-to-release-in-december-2012/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

T-Series has worked with directors such as [[Madhur Bhandarkar]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Madhur Bhandarkar|title=Madhur Bhandarkar to direct film for T-Series|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1590542/Madhur-Bhandarkar-to-direct-film-for-T-Series|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110074747/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1590542/Madhur-Bhandarkar-to-direct-film-for-T-Series|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2012|access-date=26 February 2021|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=7 November 2012}}</ref> and [[Milan Luthria]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Saif in a T-Series film to be directed by Milan Luthria|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sonakshi-in-oh-my-god/964996/0|access-date=26 February 2021|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 June 2012}}</ref>

On 3 April 2017, Kumar signed a contract with [[Akshay Kumar]] for the film ''Mogul'', which is an official biopic based on the life of his father.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bhushan Kumar|title=Akshay and Bhushan Kumar sign Mogul in a Shiva temple|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/030417/akshay-kumar-and-bhushan-kumar-sign-mogul-in-a-shiva-temple.html|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=3 April 2017}}</ref> However, Akshay Kumar quit the film and [[Aamir Khan]] agreed to do the part, only to quit and return later.<ref name="Jolly">{{cite news |title=The clash of the Jollys |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/251119/the-clash-of-the-jollys-1.html |access-date=23 December 2020
|work=Deccan Chronicle|date=25 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bhushan Kumar was born in a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family<ref>{{cite news |date=15 March 2017 |title=Akshay Kumar's Mogul: All you need to know about Gulshan Kumar |language=en |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/akshay-kumar-mogul-gulshan-kumar-biopic-murder-t-series-965755-2017-03-15 |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref> in Delhi to the founder of T-Series, owner [[Gulshan Kumar]] and his wife Sudesh Kumari Dua. Kumar married [[Divya Khosla Kumar|Divya Khosla]]<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2005 |title=Bhushan Kumar marries Divya Khosla |work=Indiaglitz |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/gallery/3/21884.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223051818/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/gallery/3/21884.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref> on 13 February 2005 at the [[Vaishno Devi|Maa Vaishno Devi]] shrine in [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]]. They have a son born in October 2011.<ref>{{cite news |last=Son |date=14 October 2011 |title=Bhushan Kumar blessed with a boy |work=Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1369140/Bhushan-Kumar-blessed-with-baby-boy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626181828/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/1369140/Bhushan-Kumar-blessed-with-baby-boy |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2013 |access-date=26 February 2021}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In June 2018, Bhushan Kumar was accused of sexual harassment by Marina Kuwar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maru |first1=Vibha |title=Feeling so depressed: Marina Kuwar in new post after Sonu Nigam's video warning Bhushan Kumar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/feeling-so-depressed-marina-kuwar-in-new-post-after-sonu-nigam-s-video-warning-bhushan-kumar-1692206-2020-06-24 |access-date=25 August 2020 |work=India Today |date=24 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='No one knows how badly these incidents affect your life': Marina Kuwar's cryptic post after Sonu Nigam names her in video |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/no-one-knows-how-badly-these-incidents-affect-your-life-marina-kuwar-s-cryptic-post-after-sonu-nigam-names-her-in-video/story-ZokTQCaLXSImBPQ7Vt29AP.html |access-date=25 August 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |title=Mumbai: T-Series MD Bhushan Kumar's closure report rejected in rape case by court |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/mumbai-t-series-md-bhushan-kumars-closure-report-rejected-in-rape-case-by-court-10574071.html |access-date=18 June 2022 |work=Firstpost |date=19 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2018, Kumar was accused by the [[Income Tax Department]] of evading taxes and of moving hundreds of [[crore]]s to foreign countries to purchase properties using [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988|benami]] means.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Thakur|first=Pradeep|date=2 December 2018|title=T-Series CMD grilled for 'tax evasion', Income Tax searches on properties|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/t-series-cmd-grilled-for-tax-evasion-income-tax-searches-on-properties/articleshow/66902748.cms|access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! Producer
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2001
|''[[Tum Bin]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2002
|''[[Jee Aayan Nu]]''
|{{yes}}
|Punjabi film
|
|-
|2003
|''[[Aapko Pehle Bhi Kahin Dekha Hai]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2004
|''[[Muskaan]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2005
|''[[Lucky: No Time for Love]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Humko Deewana Kar Gaye]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|''[[Darling (2007 Indian film)|Darling]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Karzzzz]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|2009
|''[[8 x 10 Tasveer]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2010
|''[[Aashayein]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Kajraare]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Tees Maar Khan (2010 film)|Tees Maar Khan]]''
|{{no}}
| Special appearance in the song "Happy Ending"
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|''[[Patiala House (film)|Patiala House]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Ready (2011 film)|Ready]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Yaara o Dildaara]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
|''[[Nautanki Saala]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[A New Love Ishtory]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2014
|''[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhoothnath Returns]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Hate Story 2]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Creature 3D]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2015
|''[[Baby (2015 Hindi film)|Baby]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Ek Paheli Leela]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[All Is Well (2015 film)|All Is Well]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[I Love New Year]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhaag Johny]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Hate Story 3]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2016
|''[[Airlift (film)|Airlift]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Sanam Re]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Sarbjit (film)|Sarbjit]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Junooniyat]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Raaz: Reboot]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Tum Bin II]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Wajah Tum Ho]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2017
|''[[Noor (2017 film)|Noor]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Hindi Medium]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Raabta (film)|Raabta]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Baadshaho]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Simran (film)|Simran]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Chef (2017 film)|Chef]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Tumhari Sulu]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |2018
|''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Hate Story 4]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Raid (2018 film)|Raid]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Blackmail (2018 film)|Blackmail]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Fanney Khan]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Batti Gul Meter Chalu]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="16" |2019
|''[[Cabaret (2019 film)|Cabaret]]''
|{{yes}}
|[[ZEE5]] release
|
|-
|''[[Why Cheat India]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[De De Pyaar De]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Kabir Singh]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Malaal (film)|Malaal]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Arjun Patiala]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Khandaani Shafakhana]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Singham (2019 film)|Singham]]''
|{{yes}}
|Punjabi film
|
|-
|''[[Batla House]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Saaho]]''
|{{yes}}
|Telugu-Hindi bilingual film
|
|-
|''[[Daaka]]''
|{{yes}}
|Punjabi film
|
|-
|''[[Satellite Shankar]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Marjaavaan]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Pagalpanti (2019 film)|Pagalpanti]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (2019 film)|Pati Patni Aur Woh]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |2020
|''[[Tanhaji]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Jai Mummy Di]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Street Dancer 3D]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Shubh Mangal Zyada Saavdhan]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Thappad]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''
|{{yes}}
|[[Netflix]] release
|
|-
|''[[Chhalaang]]''
|{{yes}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Amazon Prime Video]] release
|
|-
|''[[Durgamati (film)|Durgamati]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Indoo Ki Jawani]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="15" | 2021
|''[[Madam Chief Minister]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Tuesdays And Fridays''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Mumbai Saga]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Saina (film)|Saina]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Koi Jaane Na]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Sardar Ka Grandson]]''
|{{yes}}
|[[Netflix]] release
|
|-
|''[[Sherni (2021 film)|Sherni]]''
|{{yes}}
|[[Amazon Prime Video]] release
|
|-
|''[[Haseen Dillruba]]''
|{{yes}}
|[[Netflix]] release
|
|-
|''[[Bhuj: The Pride of India]]''
|{{yes}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Hotstar]] release
|
|-
|''[[Shiddat]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Dybbuk (film)|Dybbuk]]''
|{{yes}}
|[[Amazon Prime Video]] release
|
|-
|''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Chhorii]]''
|{{yes}}
|[[Amazon Prime Video]] release
|
|-
|''[[Chandigarh Kare Aashiqui]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Atrangi Re]]''
|{{yes}}
|[[Hotstar]] release
|
|-
| rowspan="23" | 2022
|''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Toolsidas Junior]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 February 2022|title=Toolsidas Junior trailer: Sanjay Dutt turns snooker coach in Rajiv Kapoor's final film. Watch|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/toolsidas-junior-trailer-sanjay-dutt-turns-snooker-coach-in-rajiv-kapoor-s-final-film-watch-101645264960589.html|access-date=19 February 2022|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Radhe Shyam]]''
|{{yes}}
|Telugu-Hindi bilingual film
|
|-
|''[[Jalsa (2022 film)|Jalsa]]''
|{{yes}}
|[[Amazon Prime Video]] release
|
|-
|''[[Hurdang]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Anek]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Sherdil: The Pilibhit Saga]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[HIT: The First Case (2022 film)|Hit: The First Case]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ek Villain Returns]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dhokha: Round D Corner]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vikram Vedha (2022 film)|Vikram Vedha]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nazar Andaaz]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Code Name: Tiranga]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thank God (film)|Thank God]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Honeymoon (2022 film)|Honeymoon]]''
|{{yes}}
|Punjabi film
|
|-
| ''[[Tara Vs Bilal]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Double XL]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thai Massage (film)|Thai Massage]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mister Mummy]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[An Action Hero]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Cirkus (film)|Cirkus]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2023
|''[[Kuttey]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Faraaz (film)|Faraaz]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kartik Aaryan, Kriti Sanon-starrer ''Shehzada'' begins production, books Nov 2022 release date|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/kartik-aaryan-kriti-sanonstarrer-shehzada-begins-production-books-nov-2022-release-date/2177512|access-date=15 October 2021|website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Bholaa]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Gumraah (2023 film)|Gumraah]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/aditya-roy-kapur-begins-shoot-bhushan-kumar-murad-khetanis-thadam-remake-dussehra/|title=Aditya Roy Kapur begins shoot of Bhushan Kumar and Murad Khetani's Thadam remake on Dussehra|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=15 October 2021|access-date=15 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Adipurush]]''
| {{yes}}
|Hindi-Telugu bilingual film
|<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Keshri |first=Shweta |date=28 March 2023 |title=Adipurush to release in June. Director Om Raut, producer Bhushan Kumar visit Vaishno Devi ahead of promotions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/adipurush-release-om-raut-bhushan-kumar-vaishno-devi-prabhas-2352527-2023-03-28 |magazine=India Today |access-date=29 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sukhee]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Yaariyan 2]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Starfish (2023 film)|Starfish]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|''Animal'']]
| {{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title='Animal' producer Bhushan Kumar says the Ranbir Kapoor starrer will be a 'Pan World Film' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/animal-producer-bhushan-kumar-says-the-ranbir-kapoor-starrer-will-be-a-pan-world-film/articleshow/103599959.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 September 2023 |access-date=29 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7"| 2024
|''[[Srikanth (film)|Srikanth]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Savi (film)|Savi]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Phir Aayi Hasseen Dillruba]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Ghudchadi]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Khel Khel Mein (2024 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Akriti |date=30 March 2024 |title=Akshay Kumar And Taapsee Pannu Wrap Up Comedy Film Khel Khel Mein Shoot; Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/akshay-kumar-and-taapsee-pannu-wrap-up-comedy-film-khel-khel-mein-shoot-report-8833243.html |work=News18 |access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vicky Vidya Ka Woh Wala Video]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title='Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3' team resumes shooting: Karthik Aaryan, Tripti Dimri to head to Madhya Pradesh |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-team-resumes-shooting-karthik-aaryan-tripti-dimri-to-head-to-madhya-pradesh/articleshow/111060195.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=17 June 2024 |access-date=23 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|''[[The Diplomat (2025 film)|The Diplomat]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
|''[[Raid 2 (film)|Raid 2]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Metro... In Dino]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[De De Pyaar De 2]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2025 |title=Ajay Devgn and Rakul Preet Singh starrer De De Pyaar De 2 to release on Diwali 2025|url=https://www.pvrinoxmovieslineuppromo2025.com/news/bollywood/ajay-devgn-and-rakul-preet-singh-starrer-de-de-pyaar-de-2-to-release-on-diwali-2025/|work=PVR Inox Movies Lineup Promo 2025|access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tere Ishk Mein]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2026
| ''[[Border 2]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Assi (film)|Assi]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| {{Pending film|Untitled [[Anurag Basu]] film}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| {{Pending film|Dhamaal 4}}
| {{yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2025 |title=Ajay Devgn starrer Dhamaal 4 to release on October 10, 2025|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/ajay-devgn-starrer-dhamaal-4-to-release-on-october-10-2025/ |website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| {{TableTBA}}
| {{Pending film|[[Spirit (2027 film)|Spirit]]}}
| {{yes}}
| Filming; multilingual film
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prabhas, Sandeep Reddy Vanga’s Film Spirit Commences Shooting
|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/prabhas-sandeep-reddy-vangas-film-spirit-commences-shooting-79483.html|website=[[Filmfare]]|date=24 November 2025|access-date=26 November 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
===[[Filmfare Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year!!Category!!Work!!Result!!Ref.
|-
! [[63rd Filmfare Awards|2018]]
| rowspan="7" |[[Filmfare Best Film Award|Best Film]]
| ''[[Hindi Medium]]''
| {{Won}}
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/nominations |title=Nominations for Filmfare Awards 2017 |publisher=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan=3| [[66th Filmfare Awards|2021]]
| ''[[Thappad]]''
| {{Won}}
| rowspan=3| <ref>{{cite news |title=Nominations For The 66th Vimal Elaichi Filmfare Awards 2021 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-66th-vimal-elaichi-filmfare-awards-2021_-47279-1.html |date=25 March 2021 |work=Filmfare |access-date=25 March 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tanhaji]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan=1| [[68th Filmfare Awards|2023]]
| ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
! rowspan=1| [[69th Filmfare Awards|2024]]
| ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
| {{nom}}
|
|-
! rowspan=1| [[70th Filmfare Awards|2025]]
| ''[[Khel Khel Mein (2024 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]''
| {{Won}}
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bhushan Kumar}}
*{{IMDb name|id=1024685|name=Bhushan Kumar}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|bhushan-kumar}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|bhushan_kumar|Bhushan Kumar}}

{{Bhushan Kumar}}
{{T-Series}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Bhushan}}
[[Category:Film producers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Kumar family|Bhushan Kumar]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Indian record producers]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:T-Series (company)]]
[[Category:Music industry executives]]

Government Medical College, Patiala

2026-03-18T16:19:35Z

Wleness:

{{Short description|Medical college in Punjab, India}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{COI|date=September 2018}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
[[File:Govt. Medical College, Patiala - Campus.jpg|thumb|GMC Patiala campus]]
{{Infobox university
| name = Government Medical College, Patiala
| native_name =
| image_name = Government Medical College, Patiala logo.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = ਰੋਗੁ ਦਾਰੂ ਦੋਵੈ ਬੁਝੈ ਤਾ ਵੈਦੁ ਸੁਜਾਣੁ
| mottoeng = If someone understands both the disease and the medicine, only then is he a wise physician
| established = {{start date and age|1953}}
| closed =
| type = [[Government]]
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| head_label = Director-Principal
| head = Dr. Raminderpal Singh Sibia
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff = 44
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Patiala]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus = Urban
| former_names =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname = GMC Patiala
| mascot =
| affiliations = [[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| website = {{URL|https://gmcpatiala.edu.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Government Medical College, Patiala''' is a public [[medical school|medical college]] located in [[Patiala]], in the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. It is the second-oldest medical college in the state.

==History==
[[File:Govt. Medical College, Patiala - Campus.jpg|thumb|GMC Patiala campus]]
Government Medical College, Patiala was proposed in October 1951 by the [[Patiala and East Punjab States Union]] government, under the First [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five-Year Plan]]. The first batch was started on 29 September 1953. The classes initially started from the old building of the Rajindra Hospital, which later shifted to the Archives Department, about 2 kilometers from its current location. With the construction of the new Rajindra Hospital in 1953 the old hospital building was made available to house some of the offices of the PEPSU state.<ref>Singh Gursharan, History of Pepsu: Patiala and East Punjab States Union, 1948-1956. Konark Publishers, 1991. p.317. {{ISBN|9788122002447}}</ref>

Currently the Archives Department is housed in the Rajindra Hospital, which was built in 1877 and opened in January 1883. The nearby Dufferin Hospital started construction in November 1888 and opened in October 1890.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.revenue.punjab.gov.in/pdf/phulkian1904.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=29 September 2018 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929194757/http://www.revenue.punjab.gov.in/pdf/phulkian1904.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Rajindra Hospital is named after Maharaja Sir [[Rajinder Singh of Patiala|Rajinder Singh]] and it receives a notable mention in 1908 by [[The Imperial Gazetteer of India]] as the Rajindra Hospital.<ref>[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_057.gif Digital South Asia Library]uchicago.edu {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128084744/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/text.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V20_057.gif |date=28 January 2023 }}</ref> The hospital was known as Rajindra Hospital in pre-independence era, was sometimes mentioned as Rajendra Hospital, and currently uses the name Rajindra Hospital.

With its attached 1009-bed Rajindra Hospital + 121-bed TB hospital is one of the largest health institutions in the region.{{Peacock inline|date=August 2023}}

The attached central clinical laboratory with facilities for hematology, pathology, microbiology, biochemistry is known as Bhupindra Clinical Laboratory.

== Location and campus ==
The college consists of an administrative block and self-contained blocks for the basic clinical departments. The college maintains a library, computer centre and a reading room.

== Affiliated hospitals ==

Rajindra Hospital, Patiala with 1009 beds was attached to the college in early 1951. The hospital was equipped with all the latest apparatus and instruments to make it fit for imparting clinical teaching to the students.{{Peacock inline|date=August 2023}} Two well designed, spacious and well lighted lecture theatres equipped with arrangements for epidiascopes projections and audio visual aids were provided on the hospital side in addition to four lecture theatres of similar design on college side for basic departments.{{Peacock inline|date=August 2023}}

The department of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Medicine/Pulmonary Medicine is located in a separate campus, known as the Tuberculosis Centre, Patiala which started functioning on 25 July 1953 with 22 observation beds, 11 for male and 11 for female patients with Tuberculosis.<ref>Health Department, Punjab Government. Annual Report on the Working of Hospitals, Dispensaries and Primary Health Centres in the State of Punjab. 1964.</ref> It is popularly known as TB Hospital or [[Padma Shri]] Dr.[[Khushdeva Singh]] Chest Diseases Hospital, and currently has a capacity of 121 beds. Primary health centres at Bhadson, Kauli and Tripuri are attached with this college for teaching purposes.

There are three hostels, two for girls and one for boys. In addition to this there is one hostel in the Rajindra Hospital also for Doctors/Interns/House surgeons. The college has a very spacious auditorium, big play ground and an open-air theatre.

The college is governed by Director Research and Medical Education, Punjab and is affiliated to [[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]], [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]].

== University ==

Govt. Medical College Patiala is affiliated to [[Baba Farid University of Health Sciences]] Faridkot, Established in the memory of great Sufi Saint Baba Farid by Punjab government in July, 1900 by an Act of the State Legislature, which was established in 1999.

==Notable physicians==
* [[Khushdeva Singh]]
* [[Sohan Hayreh]]
* [[Dr.K.D.Singh]]
* [[Amandev Singh]]
* [[Karanvir Singh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.gmcpatiala.com/}}
{{Colleges affiliated to Baba Farid University of Health Sciences}}
{{Universities and colleges in Punjab, India}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|30.3281|76.3862|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Education in Patiala]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in East Punjab]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1951]]

Chandas (poetry)

2026-03-17T22:15:09Z

Wleness: formatting fix

{{short description|Meter}}
{{About|the Kannada and Telugu poetry|the Vedic poetry|Vedic metre|metre in Sanskrit poetry|Sanskrit prosody|the quatrain poetic form of North India and Pakistan|Chhand|the typeface|Chandas (typeface)|other uses|Chanda (disambiguation)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
Metrical poetry in Sanskrit is called '''Chandas''' ({{langx|sa|छन्दस्}}) or '''Chandas'''/'''Chandassu''' ({{langx|kn|ಛಂದಸ್ಸು}}) and '''Chandassu''' ({{langx|te|ఛందస్సు}}). The term ''Chandas'' ({{langx|sa|छन्दः/छन्दस्|translit=chandaḥ/chandas}} (singular), {{langx|sa|छन्दांसि|translit=chandāṃsi|links=no}} (plural)) means "pleasing, alluring, lovely, delightful, or charming", and is based on the root ''chad'', which means "esteemed to please, to seem good, feel pleasant, and/or something that nourishes, gratifies, or is celebrated". Chandas refers to the Vedas themselves. [[Krishna]] refers to the Vedas as leaves of the tree of creation. Vedas being in verse-form (Chandas), also came to be known as Chandas. The term also refers to "any metrical part of the Vedas or other composition". Prose and poetry follows the rules of Chandas to design the structural features of 'poetry'. Chhandas is a definable aspect of many definable and indefinable aspects of poetry. Chhandas generates rhythm to the literature when the rules are properly followed. Rhythm is important to literature as a preliminary attraction.

==Construction of Chandas==

===In Telugu ===
In [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 'Chandas' is constructed based on the number of ''akṣara'' (roughly syllables) in each line (also called pādam) of a poem.

As the same lines are repeated (''āvṛtta''), these are called ''vṛttā''. If all the lines in a poem follow the same 'types of akṣarās', it is called a 'sama Vrutta'.

There are separate [[Telugu language|Telugu]] equivalents for the English words 'letter' and 'syllable'. The first one is ''namu'' (letter). This is the basic 'letter' of the Telugu in the alphabets, and is called ''varṇa-samāmnāya''. There are 56 ''varṇa-samāmnāya'' in Telugu.

The equivalent for 'syllable' in Telugu is ''akṣaramu''. 'Syllable' is often defined as the 'unit of pronunciation at a stretch' with a collection of letters (Nās) in it.

For example, in a word like ''svapnamu'', ''sva'' is an ''akṣaramu'' (syllable), but not a ''namu'' (letter) as it has two ''nās'' (''sa'' and ''va'') in it.

These akṣara are divided into ''laghuvu'' (light) and ''guruvu'' (heavy) based on the time period of pronunciation. These akṣara are the fundamental aspects in constructing ''chandas'' in Telugu.

Meters of the same length are distinguished by the pattern of ''laghuvu'' ("light") and ''guruvu'' ("heavy") syllables in the ''pādam''.

Pattern of '''laghuvu''' and '''guruvu''' in a sequence of three is called Gaṇam (group). The word '''ya-mā-tā-rā-ja-bhā-na-sa-la-gam''' is called ''Gana Suchi''. The Ganas are the same as [[Sanskrit prosody|Sanskrit Chandas]].
* guruvu-laghuvu-laghuvu = '''bha-ganam'''
* laghuvu-guruvu-laghuvu = '''ja-ganam'''
* laghuvu-laghuvu-guruvu = '''sa-ganam'''
* laghuvu-guruvu-guruvu = '''ya-ganam'''
* guruvu-laghuvu-guruvu = '''ra-ganam'''
* guruvu-guruvu-laghuvu= '''ta-ganam'''
* guruvu-guruvu-guruvu = '''ma-ganam'''
* laghuvu-laghuvu-laghuvu = '''na-ganam'''

These {{Not a typo|Ganam(s)}} are divided into three major categories:
* ''Surya Ganam''
* ''Indra Ganam''
* ''Chandra Ganam''

====Types of Chandas====
Based on categories of {{Not a typo|Ganam(s)}}, Telugu poetry is classified as
*'''Jāti'''
*'''Upajāti'''
*'''Vṛttam or Vṛtta'''

''Upajāti'' only has ''yati'' (caesura) but no ''prāsa'' (rhythm) where as ''Jāti'' and ''Vṛttā'' contain both ''yati'' and {{Transliteration|te|''prasā''}}.

There are 26 types of ''chandas''. Each ''chandas'' is recognized by the number of akṣarā present in each line of the poem. As an ‘’akṣara’’ can be either a ‘’laghuvu’’ or a ‘'guruvu'’, the number of variations possible in each type of 'chandas' follows a 'binary system'. The names and numbers of '’chandas'’ and the numbers of ‘'sama vṛttā'’ that can be generated in each variety are as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! # of chandas
! Name
! No. of letters per line
! # of sama vṛttam possible
|-
| 1
| Ukta
| 1
| 2
|-
| 2
| atyukta
| 2
| 4
|-
| 3
| Madhya
| 3
| 8
|-
| 4
| pratisṭha
| 4
| 16
|-
| 5
| suprstisṭha
| 5
| 32
|-
| 6
| gāyatri
| 6
| 64
|-
| 7
| uṣṭikku
| 7
| 128
|-
| 8
| anusṭhuppu
| 8
| 256
|-
| 9
| bṛhati
| 9
| 512
|-
| 10
| paṃkti
| 10
| 1,024
|-
| 11
| triṣṭuppu
| 11
| 2,048
|-
| 12
| jagati
| 12
| 4,096
|-
| 13
| atijagati
| 13
| 8,192
|-
| 14
| Sakvari
| 14
| 16,384
|-
| 15
| atiṣakvari
| 15
| 32,768
|-
| 16
| ashṭi
| 16
| 65,536
|-
| 17
| atyashṭi
| 17
| 131,072
|-
| 18
| dhṛti
| 18
| 262,144
|-
| 19
| atidhṛti
| 19
| 524,288
|-
| 20
| kṛti
| 20
| 1,048,576
|-
| 21
| prakṛti
| 21
| 2,097,152
|-
| 22
| ākṛti
| 22
| 4,194,304
|-
| 23
| vikṛti
| 23
| 8,388,608
|-
| 24
| sukṛti
| 24
| 16,777,216
|-
| 25
| abhikṛti
| 25
| 33,554,432
|-
| 26
| utkṛti
| 26
| 67,108,864
|}
<ref>{{Cite book| title = sulakshaṇa sāramu | author=lingamagunṭa timmakavi }}</ref>

The total number of sama vṛtta in 26 {{tlit|sa|chandassus}} is 134,217,726.

=== In Kannada ===
The poetical works of [[Old Kannada]] and [[Medieval Kannada literature|Middle Kannada]] followed the rules of Chandas given by [[Nagavarma I]] in the book ''Chandombudhi''. [[Kannada prosody]] is classified into three parts:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nammakannadanādu.com/vyakarana/chandassu.php|title=ಛಂದಸ್ಸು, ಕಂದ ಪದ್ಯ, Chandassu, ಷಟ್ಪದಿ|website=www.nammakannadanādu.com|access-date=2019-04-21}}</ref>

# '''Prāsa''' (ಪ್ರಾಸ)
# '''Yati''' (ಯತಿ)
# '''Gana''' (ಗಣ)

==== Prāsa ====
Prāsa, or the [[rhyme scheme]], refers to the same consonant repeating periodically in each line. There are two types:

* Ādi Prāsa: Rhyming of consonants at the beginning of a line
* Antya Prāsa: Rhyming of consonants at the end of a line.

==== Yati ====
While reading poetry, to breathe, readers paused at places in the text. These places were called Yati. However, the usage of 'Yati' is uncommon in Kannada literature.

==== Gana ====
Gana refers to a group. In Kannada prosody, Gana refers to the group of the syllables, letters, or units. There are three types:

* Mātra Gana: Gana classified on the basis of the syllables.
* Akṣara Gana: Classified on the basis of letters.
* Ansha Gana: Classified on the basis of units or parts of the poem. Brahma, Vishnu and Rudra are the three types of Ansha Gana.

===''Mātrā'' Gana ===
One '''{{Transliteration|kn|italic=no|mātrā}}''' means the time taken to pronounce a letter. Thus the gana classified on this basis is called '''Mātrā Gana.''' While classifying, the ganas are made of 3, 4 or 5 syllables.

There are two types of syllables in Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|prasody}}:

* Laghu: A short syllable (based on time duration to pronounce). It is denoted by the symbol 'U'.
* Guru: A long syllable (based on time duration to pronounce). It is denoted by the symbol '-'.

==== A letter becomes Guru when it has following features ====

* Long vowels (dīrgha svara)
* A letter preceding the combined letter ([[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]])
* Letter combined with [[anusvara]] or [[visarga]]
* Consonantal letter
* Diphthongs
* Last letter of third and sixth line of Śatpadi

A letter is considered as '''Laghu''' when it does not have the above features.

=== Types of Kannada Chandassu ===

# '''''Kanda''''' (ಕಂದ ಪದ್ಯ)
# '''''Shatpadi''''' (ಷಟ್ಪದಿ)
# '''''Ragaḷe''''' (ರಗಳೆ)

==== Kanda Poem ====
A kanda poem is a special type of Kannada prosody. The poem has four lines, where the first and third lines and the second and fourth lines have same number of {{Transliteration|kn|mātras}}. Each Gana used in kanda poem has four {{Transliteration|kn|mātras}}.

==== Śatpadi ====
A śatpadi is a poem that has six lines. The first, second, fourth, and fifth lines have equal numbers of {{Transliteration|kn|mātras}} and third and sixth lines have same number of {{Transliteration|kn|mātras}}. Each Gana used in śatpadi may have 3, 4, or 5 {{Transliteration|kn|mātras}}.

There are six types of śatpadi. Each type has different rules, features and characteristics. The types are: '''''Śara''''' (ಶರ), '''''Kusuma''''' (ಕುಸುಮ), '''''Bhoga''''' (ಭೋಗ), '''''Bhāmini''''' (ಭಾಮಿನಿ), '''''Parivardhini''''' (ಪರಿವರ್ಧಿನಿ), and '''''Vārdhaka''''' (ವಾರ್ಧಕ).

==== Ragaḷe ====
A ragaḷe is a poem that has many lines. All lines have equal number of {{Transliteration|kn|mātras}}. There are three types of ragaḷe: '''''Utsāha''''' ''(''ಉತ್ಸಾಹ'')''', Mandanila''' (''ಮಂದಾನಿಲ'')'', and '''''Lalita''''' (ಲಲಿತ)'''''.'''''

=== ''Akṣara'' Gana ===
Gana classified on the basis of letters or characters is known as Akṣara Gana. The Akṣara ganas are made of three letters or characters. A formula-sentence is used for this: ya-mā-tā-rā-ja-bhā-na-sa-la-gam (ಯಮಾತಾರಾಜಭಾನಸಲಗಂ).

Thus we get eight akshara ganas by this. The ganas are same as in Sanskrit Chandas. The ganas are

* '''ya-gaṇa''': ya-mā-tā = U – –
* '''ma-gaṇa''': mā-tā-rā = – – –
* '''ta-gaṇa''': tā-rā-ja = – – U
* '''ra-gaṇa''': rā-ja-bhā = – U –
* '''ja-gaṇa''': ja-bhā-na = U – U
* '''bha-gaṇa''': bhā-na-sa = – U U
* '''na-gaṇa''': na-sa-la = U U U
* '''sa-gaṇa''': sa-la-gā = U U –

==== Vṛttas ====
The poems written on the basis of Akṣara gana are known as '''Vṛttas'''. In Kannada Chandassu there are six types of Vṛttas:

# '''''Utpala Mālā''''' (ಉತ್ಪಲಮಾಲಾ ವೃತ್ತ)
# '''''Champaka Mālā''''' (ಚಂಪಕಮಾಲಾ ವೃತ್ತ)
# '''''Shārdūla Vikrīdita''''' (ಶಾರ್ದೂಲ ವಿಕ್ರೀಡಿತ ವೃತ್ತ)
# '''''Mattebha Vikrīdita''''' (ಮತ್ತೇಭ ವಿಕ್ರೀಡಿತ ವೃತ್ತ)
# '''''Sragdharā''''' (ಸ್ರಗ್ಧರಾ ವೃತ್ತ)
# '''''Mahā Sragdharā''''' (ಮಹಾ ಸ್ರಗ್ಧರಾ ವೃತ್ತ)

==See also==
*[[Kannada language|Kannada Language]]
*[[Telugu language]]
*[[Kannada literature]]
*[[Telugu literature]]
*[[Kannada people|Kannada]] and [[Telugu people|Telugu]] people
* [[Satavahana Dynasty]]
* [[Sanskrit grammar]]
* [[Sanskrit pronouns and determiners]]
* [http://chandam.apphb.com Chandam - A Complete Software for Telugu Chandassu.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421082238/http://chandam.apphb.com/ |date=21 April 2014 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
3. kannada-grammer-in-old-poetry https://vistaranews.com/education/chandassu-how-kannada-grammer-in-old-poetry-designed-and-related-to-sanskrit/362436.html

==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-natyashastra/d/doc210084.html Metrical Patterns (chandas)], Chapter XVI of the Nāṭyaśāstra

[[Category:Kannada language]]
[[Category:Telugu language]]
[[Category:Genres of poetry]]

Sangeetha Rajeev

2026-03-16T03:11:03Z

Wleness: Added Info

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sangeetha Rajeev
| image = Sangeetha at the London Tube (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 260px
| caption = Sangeetha Rajeev in London
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| origin = India
| genre = Pop, Ka-Pop, Electronic Dance Music (EDM), Indian Folk Music
| occupation = Singer, composer, actress
| instruments = Vocals, keyboard, guitar
| years_active = 2013–present
| label = Sara Records
| associated_acts = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[RP Patnaik]], [[Sricharan Pakala]], [[Dharma Vish]], [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]
| website =
}}
'''Sangeetha Rajeev''' (born 23 October), also known professionally as '''SaRa''', is an Indian playback singer, composer and independent music artist. She is known for her contributions to [[Kannada]] pop music (Ka-Pop) and is regarded as one of the first female independent artists in the Kannada music scene. And she introduced the genre Ka Pop or ಕ Pop (Kannada Pop), which was launched by the legendary Dr. [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://youtube.com/shorts/ynP2NuxQ-aQ?si=21A72i_D2UxtmdtY | website=Facebook | title= Sangeetha Rajeev introduces Ka Pop genre (Kannada Pop) Launched by Puneeth Rajkumar}}</ref>

In 2019, she received the Best International Pop Singer award at the VIMA Music Awards in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PRABHU |first=RUTH DSOUZA |date=2019-03-25 |title=Sangeetha Rajeev Indian independent music won VIMA award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sangeetha-rajeev-indian-independent-music-won-vima-award/article26634139.ece |access-date=2025-06-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Sangeetha has collaborated with several notable artists, including [[Sonu Nigam]] for the Kannada track "Neene Neene", which was later released in Hindi as "Tuhi Tuhi". Her single "Nee Hinga Nodabyada",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Monalisa |first=Monika |date=2020-10-05 |title=Beats from the heart |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/Oct/05/beats-from-the-heart-2205774.html |access-date=2025-06-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> which she wrote, composed and performed, gained widespread popularity and became one of the most recognisable tracks in the Kannada independent music space.

She has since expanded into other regional music industries, debuting in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with the single "Naa Raju" and in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] with the EP ''Rise'' (2023).<ref>{{Citation |last1=Wang |first1=Le |title=A Feasibility Study on the Application of Virtual Reality Technology for the Rehabilitation of Upper Limbs After Stroke |date=2020 |work=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |pages=431–441 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49282-3_31 |access-date=2025-06-04 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-49281-6 |last2=Chen |first2=Jean-Lon |last3=Wong |first3=Alice M. |last4=Tseng |first4=Kevin C.|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-49282-3_31 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2022, she was featured by [[YouTube]] as part of its "Creating for India" campaign, becoming the first artist from Karnataka to receive front-page coverage in major newspapers through the initiative.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://epaper.financialexpress.com/3512475/Bengaluru/June-21-2022#page/1/1 | title=Financial Express Bengaluru epaper dated Tue, 21 Jun 22 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/creatingforindia |title=#creatingforindia |website=YouTube}}</ref>

Sangeetha is also pursuing a career in acting, with upcoming roles in the Hindi film ''Red Collar'' and the 2025 released Kannada feature film ''Nimitta Matra''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/exclusive-sangeetha-rajeev-makes-her-acting-debut-in-bollywood/articleshow/93692121.cms| title=Exclusive: Sangeetha Rajeev makes her acting debut in Bollywood| newspaper=The Times of India| last1=Lokesh| first1=Vinay}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/transition-from-a-singer-to-actor-takes-a-lot-of-hard-work-and-dedication-sangeetha-rajeev/articleshow/105654522.cms?from=mdr | title=Transition from a singer to actor takes a lot of hard work and dedication: Sangeetha Rajeev | newspaper=The Times of India | date=2 December 2023 }}</ref> She also received positive reviews for her performance in the film from both critics and audiences. <ref>{{cite news | url=https://bangaloremail.in/2025/02/17/nimitta-matra-enchants-audience-with-its-gripping-narration-and-excellent-performances/ | title=Nimitta Matra enchants audience with its gripping narration and excellent performances | newspaper=Bangalore Mail | date=17 February 2025}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Sangeetha at the London Tube.jpg|thumb|Sangeetha in London during her early days]]
Sangeetha Rajeev was born Bangalore to a musical family. Her father S Rajeev was a bank manager, who had to move to Mumbai on an official transfer. She along with her family moved to Mumbai at the age of 6 where she spent most of her childhood. In Mumbai she was trained in [[Bharatnatyam]] and [[Carnatic music|Carnatic classical music]]. She is also trained in [[Hindustani classical music]].

Sangeetha did most of her schooling in [[Mumbai]].{{citation needed|date=March 2023}} Sangeetha graduated in information science engineering. She then moved to England to work before returning to India to pursue music.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== Career ==
Sangeetha started her career from [[Kannada]] films. She was introduced to this industry by the music composer [[Dharma Vish]]. She sang a song in the film [[Aane Pataaki]] for which she also won the best playback singer award the same year. She was then introduced to the [[Tollywood (Telugu)|Tollywood]] industry by the [[Kshanam]] music composer [[Sricharan Pakala]] and director Shreeranjani through actor/producer [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]'s home production [[Annapurna Studios]]. She started her [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film career with the film ''[[Rangula Ratnam (2018 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' where she sang the Birthday (Tic Toc) song and became the voice of [[Sithara (actress)]]. She has also sung in the Hindi film ''Simply Ek Love Story.''

She has also produced and composed many independent singles in the Kannada and Hindi languages, including "Nee Hinga Nodabyada".<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/sep/23/after-song-goes-viral-sangeetha-rajeev-to-be-part-of-virtual-concert-for-noble-cause-2200517.html|title=After song goes viral, Sangeetha Rajeev to be part of virtual concert for noble cause|website=The New Indian Express|date=24 September 2020 }}</ref> Her single "Neene Neene" was a collaboration with [[Sonu Nigam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/oct/05/beats-from-the-heart-2205774.html|title=Beats from the heart|website=The New Indian Express|date=5 October 2020 }}</ref>

[[File:Sangeetha at Pro Kabbadi Performance.jpg|thumb|Sangeetha performing at Pro Kabbadi]]

==Influences==
One of SaRa's early musical influences was her mother herself, M K Sharadamba,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2013/oct/22/lets-get-rocking-in-kannada-528858.html|title=Let's get rocking in Kannada|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 October 2013 }}</ref> who is a [[Carnatic music|Carnatic classical musician]]. SaRa is highly influenced by western music and considers the late great [[Michael Jackson]] to be her western influences.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/our-flautist-can-make-you-head-bang-says-sangeetha-rajeev-kannada-rock-band-singer-26912|title=Our flautist can make you head bang, says Sangeetha Rajeev, Kannada rock band singer|date=21 March 2015|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

[[File:SaRa Lambeth with Dr Neeraj Patil.jpg|thumb|Sangeetha felicitated in London]]

== Discography ==

=== As a playback singer ===
[[File:Sangeetha Rajeev wins Best Playback Singer, KiMA.jpg|thumb|Sangeetha Rajeev wins the Best Playback Singer at Kannada International Music Awards, KiMA]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Song !! Film / Album !! Composer !! Language !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || "Yentane taragathi" || ''[[Aane Pataaki]]'' || [[Dharma Vish]] || rowspan="2" | [[Kannada]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ww12.sangeetharajeev.com/|title=sangeetharajeev.com|website=ww12.sangeetharajeev.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Thinbedakami 2" || ''[[Lucia (2013 film)|Lucia]]'' || [[Poornachandra Tejaswi (composer)|Poornachandra Tejaswi]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/lucia-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/997210724|title=Lucia (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Poornachandra Tejaswi|date=10 June 2013|via=music.apple.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || "Haule Haule" || ''Simply Ek Love Story'' || Karthik Vijay || [[Hindi]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/greater-noida/movies/simply-ek-love-story/ET00023016|title=Simply Ek Love Story (2014) – Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date in greater-noida – BookMyShow|website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || "Ali Baba" || ''Rebel'' || [[Jassie Gift]] || rowspan="4" | Kannada ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N90i3U3YHnM|title=Rebel | Audio JukeBox | Feat. Aadithya, Sanjana | New Kannada|date=22 September 2015 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Namma ee aata" || ''Aadhya'' || Jeevan Reddy ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2016 || "Bijili Krishna" || ''I Dash You'' || Adil Nadaf ||
|-
| "Hero Cycle" || ''[[Bhujanga]]'' || [[Poornachandra Tejaswi (composer)]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/hero-cycle/1077663351?i=1077663491|title=Hero Cycle by Hemanth & Sangeetha Rajeev|date=16 January 2016|via=music.apple.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126175501/https://music.apple.com/in/album/hero-cycle/1077663351?i=1077663491|archive-date=26 January 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| "Khushi" || Looty || [[Dharma Vish]] || [[Tulu language|Tulu]] ||<ref>[http://www.saavn.com/s/song/kannada/Looty/Khushi-Tulu/XQU6YBxkAwU First Kannada movie to have Tulu Songs sung by Sangeetha Rajeev]</ref>
|-
| 2017 || "Dhool Yebbussro" || ''[[Raj Vishnu]]'' || [[Arjun Janya]] || Kannada ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/raj-vishnu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1250908311|title=Raj Vishnu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP by Arjun Janya|date=23 June 2017|via=music.apple.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || "Birthday" || ''[[Rangula Ratnam (2018 film)|Rangula Ratnam]]'' || [[Sricharan Pakala]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/rangula-ratnam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1333047280|title=Rangula Ratnam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – Single by Sricharan Pakala|date=9 January 2018|via=music.apple.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || "Namde Lifu" || ''[[Edakallu Guddada Mele]]'' || Ashic Arun || rowspan="13" | Kannada ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/namde-lifu/1369928472?i=1369928643|title=Namde Lifu by Sangeetha Rajeev|date=10 April 2018|via=music.apple.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2019 || "Rum Rum Rurum (Psychedelic Song)" || ''Mataash'' || [[S.D. Aravinda]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/rum-rum-rurum-psychedelic-song/1446546123?i=1446546221|title=Rum Rum Rurum (Psychedelic Song) by Tejasvi Haridas, Sangeetha Rajeev & Abhijith Kishan|date=30 November 2018|via=music.apple.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Heartalli" || ''Chanaksha'' || [[Abhimann Roy]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcG25vId4X4|title=Heartalli Song | Chanaksha Kannada Movie Songs | Dharma Keerthiraj, Archana Rao | Abhimann Roy|date=27 November 2018 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Nadu Naachide" || ''Naguva Nayana'' || Karthik Pai ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJY6wS3CNG4|title=Nadu Nachide Song | Naguva Nayana Short Film | Karthik Pai | Sangeetha Rajeev | Balaji Prasad V|date=14 December 2018 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Payanava" || ''[[Premier Padmini (film)|Premier Padmini]]'' || [[Arjun Janya]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jYhB0gAaS8|title=Premier Padmini Audio JukeBox | Jaggesh | Ramesh Indira | Shruti Naidu | Arjun Janya|date=26 February 2019 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Taasha" || ''[[Kushka (film)|Kushka]]'' || Abhilash Gupta ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/30zmEDpg8MHDYgSETaFSuL|title=Taasha (From "Kushka" Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=14 June 2019|via=open.spotify.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Shaane Top Agavne" || ''[[Sinnga (film)|Sinnga]]'' || [[Dharma Vish]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/shaane-top-agavne/JhAedi1ddFE|title=Shaane Top Agavne (Full Song) – Sinnga – Download or Listen Free – JioSaavn|date=13 July 2019|via=www.jiosaavn.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Mussanje-EDM" || ''Paaravvana Kanasu'' || Tharun Symonds ||<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/mussanje-edm/1476413082?i=1476413319|title=Mussanje-EDM by Abhilash Gupta & Sangeetha Rajeev|date=12 August 2019|via=music.apple.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 || "Moodanada Surya" || ''Gule'' || Sangeetha Rajeev ||<ref name="auto" />
|-
| "Oora Bittu" || ''Gule'' || Sangeetha Rajeev ||<ref name="auto" />
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || "I Love You" Feat [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]|| ''Namma Hudugaru'' || [[Abhimann Roy]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3D8kuh4gKA|title=Puneeth Rajkumar's Latest Song – I Love You – Lyrical Video | Namma Hudugaru | Niranjan, Abhimann Roy|date=8 October 2021 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Late Late" || ''Puncture'' || Manasa Holla ||
|-
| 2022 || "Coka 2.0" || ''[[Liger (film)|Liger]]'' || [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]], Lijo George-DJ Chetas ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5RKLcnGug78|title=Rebel | Audio JukeBox | Feat. Aadithya, Sanjana | New Kannada|date=12 August 2022 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 ||"Yaaro Yaaro" || ''Yadha Yadha Hi'' || [[Sricharan Pakala]] ||
|-
| 2025 ||"Jawari Swag" || ''Nimitta Matra'' || Sangeetha Rajeev ||
|-
| 2025 ||"Mouna" || ''Nimitta Matra'' || Sangeetha Rajeev ||

|}

=== Independent Music ===
[[File:Sangeetha Rajeev wins Best Pop Song, Global VIMA 2019.jpg|thumb|Sangeetha Rajeev wins the Best International Pop Song at Global VIMA, 2019 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Work !! Composer !! Language
|-
| 2013 || "Sarvasva"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160527112540/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/sarvasva/id725830682 Buy Sarvasva songs on iTunes]</ref> || rowspan="24" | Sangeetha Rajeev || [[Kannada]]
|-
| 2016 || "Chan Se Udi"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/chan-se-udi-single/1088007862|title=Chan Se Udi – Single by Sangeetha Rajeev|date=2 March 2016|via=music.apple.com}}</ref>|| [[Hindi]]
|-
| 2017 || "Kare"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kare-single/1319800615|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184719/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/kare-single/1319800615|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 January 2018|title = Kare – Single by Sangeetha Rajeev|website = [[iTunes]]|date = 29 December 2017}}</ref> || Kannada
|-
| 2018 || "Tu Hi"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/tu-hi-single/1319799929|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115184744/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/tu-hi-single/1319799929|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 January 2018|title=Tuhi – Single by Sangeetha Rajeev|website=[[iTunes]]|date=23 February 2018}}</ref> || Hindi
|-
| 2018 || "Ee Sala Cup Namde (RCB Anthem)"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqNGTFHtbRc|title=12th Man Anthem – Sangeetha Rajeev ft. Sorted Diaries | Ee Sala Cup Namde | RCB Anthem | Fan Anthem|date=7 April 2018 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> || Kannada
|-
| 2018 || "Zindagi"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/zindagi-single/1437930814|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212014140/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/zindagi-single/1437930814|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2019|title = Zindagi – Single by Sangeetha Rajeev|website = [[iTunes]]|date = 23 October 2018}}</ref> || Hindi
|-
| 2018 || "Nan E Life"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/nan-e-life-single/1437930917|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212012926/https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/nan-e-life-single/1437930917|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2019|title = Nan e Life – Single by Sangeetha Rajeev|website = [[iTunes]]|date = 23 June 2019}}</ref> || Kannada
|-
| 2019 || "Hai Salaam"<ref name="auto1">*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U7q1O93Ufis]</ref>|| [[Hindi]]
|-
| 2020 || "YML"<ref name="auto1"/> || rowspan="5" | Kannada
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2020 || "Thank You Maa"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RTdur8BQ2Co|title=SANGEETHA RAJEEV – Thank You Maa | Mother Song | Latest Song 2020|date=10 May 2020 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Wedlock Down"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lxDD2HgkVQM|title=WEDLOCK DOWN – Sangeetha Rajeev | Official Music Video | Rohith | Vasu Dixit | 4K Full HD|date=11 June 2020 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Nee Hinga Nodabyada"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zB7KJmtecw|title=NEE HINGA NODABYADA – Sangeetha Rajeev | Official Music Video | Uttar Karnataka Folk | 4K Full HD|date=24 August 2020 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Neene Neene"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0RcK4fgfR_I|title=Neene Neene – Sangeetha Rajeev | Sonu Nigam | Starring Shine Shetty | Official Teaser Video|date=28 September 2020 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Tuhi Tuhi"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0TTT5XHv-NI|title=TUHI TUHI – Sangeetha Rajeev | Official Music Video | Starring Shine Shetty|date=23 November 2020 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> || Hindi
|-
| "Ena Maadali"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kannadarap.com/sangeetha-rajeev-ena-maadali-folk-party-anthem-lyrics/ |title=Sangeetha Rajeev "ENA MAADALI" Folk Party Anthem - Lyrics - Kannada Rap |access-date=20 December 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304113849/https://www.kannadarap.com/sangeetha-rajeev-ena-maadali-folk-party-anthem-lyrics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> || rowspan="4" | Kannada
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2021 || "Noda Noda"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjAkqk7dBlE|title=NODA NODA – Sangeetha Rajeev | Official Music Video | Kannada Song|date=16 March 2021 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Appa"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jlf-6fWW_cM|title=APPA – Sangeetha Rajeev | Official Music Video | Kannada Song|date=27 July 2021 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Nee Hinga Nodabyada 2"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W1HQJnn3rFo|title=NEE HINGA NODABYADA 2 (Kannada Remix) – Sangeetha Rajeev | Official REMIX Video 2021|date=25 August 2021 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Nannatta Soodamaku"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/mu/album/nannatta-soodamaku-single/1582839430|title=Nannatta Soodamaku – Single by Sangeetha Rajeev|date=30 August 2021|via=music.apple.com}}</ref> || rowspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| "Nannatta Soodamaku 2"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/mu/album/nannatta-soodamaku-2-0-single/1582834574|title=Nannatta Soodamaku 2.0 – Single by Sangeetha Rajeev|date=30 August 2021|via=music.apple.com}}</ref>
|-
| "Naa Muttidella Chinna"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/manju-pavagada-dances-his-way-into-a-music-video/articleshow/86649337.cms|title=Manju Pavagada dances his way into a music video – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=October 2021 }}</ref> || rowspan="2" | Kannada
|-
| 2022 || "Lovvu Lovvu"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DHMRLdJeKdU|title = LOVVU LOVVU – Sangeetha Rajeev | Official Music Video | Kannada Folk Song|website = YouTube| date=8 February 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022 || "Naa Raju"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RApxEJGn8x0|title = NAA RAJU – Sangeetha Rajeev | Official Music Video | Telugu Folk Song|website = YouTube| date=14 June 2022 }}</ref> || Telugu
|-
| "Nan Raja"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VZ5j4L2pxHM|title = NAN RAJA – Sangeetha Rajeev | Official Music Video | Kannada Folk Song|website = YouTube| date=14 June 2022 }}</ref> || Kannada
|-
| 2022 || "Neene Illade"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKIAuYB6_Uk | title=Neene Illade – Official Music Video | Sangeetha Rajeev | Kannada New Song | 4k Video | website=YouTube | date=15 November 2022 }}</ref> || rowspan="24" | Sangeetha Rajeev || [[Kannada]]
|-
| 2022 || "Tanha"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDHq6tLk3Ds | title=Tanha – Official Music Video | Sangeetha Rajeev | Hindi 4k Video Song | Heartbreak Song | website=YouTube | date=15 November 2022 }}</ref> || [[Hindi]]
|-
| 2023 || "Aigiri Nandini"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5rL1Gli_lPs&feature=youtu.be | title=Tanha – Official Music Video | Sangeetha Rajeev | Hindi 4k Video Song | Heartbreak Song | website=YouTube | date=28 February 2023 }}</ref> || [[Kannada]]
|-
| 2023 || "Innu Yaaka Baralilla"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hd74eaMrl9s&feature=youtu.be | title=Tanha – Official Music Video | Sangeetha Rajeev | Hindi 4k Video Song | Heartbreak Song | website=YouTube | date=30 June 2023 }}</ref> || [[Kannada]]
|-
| 2023 || "Rise"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_qUjyO6gLM | title=Rise – Official Music Video | Sangeetha Rajeev | Hindi 4k Video Song | Heartbreak Song | website=YouTube | date=20 November 2023 }}</ref><ref name="Music beyond borders">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2023/dec/06/music-beyond-borders-2638882.html |title=Music beyond borders |date=6 December 2023 }}</ref> || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|-
| 2025 ||"Rudra (By SHAZZE & Stone Van Brooken Feat. Sangeetha Rajeev)"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gp-vNa6Ubl4|title = RUDRA – ORIGINAL MIX | Official Music Video | DJ MIX|website = YouTube| date=14 June 2025 }}</ref> || [[Sanskrit]]
|-
| 2025 ||"Jai Ganaraya"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SWNiO6QACf4|title = Jai Ganaraya | Official Music Video | |website = YouTube| date=5 September 2025 }}</ref> || [[Hindi]]
|
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ As a Music Director
|-
! Year !! Song !! Film !! Language
|-
| 2020 || Oora Bittu || Gule || Kannada
|-
| 2020 || Moodanada Surya || Gule || Kannada
|-
| 2025 || Jawari Swag || Nimitta Matra || Kannada
|-
| 2025 || Mouna || Nimitta Matra || Kannada
|-
| 2025 || Mouna Sad Reprise || Nimitta Matra || Kannada
|-
| 2025 || Jo Jo || Nimitta Matra || Kannada
|}
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/nimitta-matra-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1795430469 |title=Nimitta Matra (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP by Sangeetha Rajeev on Apple Music }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
[[File:Sangeetha Rajeev Studio shot.jpg|thumb|Sangeetha as an actor]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Ref.
|-
| 2024 || ''Red Collar'' || Hindi ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/exclusive-sangeetha-rajeev-makes-her-acting-debut-in-bollywood/articleshow/93692121.cms |title=Exclusive: Sangeetha Rajeev makes her acting debut in Bollywood |newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 August 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''Nimitta Matra'' || Kannada ||<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name="Music beyond borders"/>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Song !! Language !! Ref.
|-
| VIMA International Music Awards || ''Zindagi'' || Hindi ||<ref name="Prabhu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/sangeetha-rajeev-indian-independent-music-won-vima-award/article26634139.ece|title=Sangeetha Rajeev is taking Indian independent music global|first=Ruth Dsouza|last=Prabhu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 March 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| KiMA International Music Awards || ''Yentane Taragathi'' || Kannada ||
|}

==References==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{YouTube|u=TheTeddy12}}
* [https://youtube.com/@sangeetha.rajeev Official YouTube channel of Sangeetha Rajeev]
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajeev, Sangeetha}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]

Jaan-E-Mann

2026-03-15T06:19:36Z

Wleness:

{{Short description|2006 Indian film directed by Shirish Kunder}}
{{about|the Hindi film|Malayalam-language film|Jan.E.Man}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jaan-E-Mann
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| image = Jaan-E-Mann poster.jpg
| director = [[Shirish Kunder]]
| producer = [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
| writer = Shirish Kunder
| starring = [[Salman Khan]] [[Akshay Kumar]] [[Preity Zinta]] [[Anupam Kher]]
| narrator = Akshay Kumar
| music = [[Anu Malik]]
| cinematography = [[Sudeep Chatterjee]]
| editing = [[Shirish Kunder]]
| studio = [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]
| distributor = Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2006|10|20}}
| runtime = 173 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|40 [[crore]]}} <ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=381|title=Jaan-E-Mann – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|46.26 crore }} <ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Jaan-E-Mann''''' ({{translation|Beloved}}) is a 2006 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy film]] directed by [[Shirish Kunder]] and was produced by [[Sajid Nadiawala]]. The film stars [[Salman Khan]], [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Preity Zinta]]. This was Kunder's debut film as a director. He also edited and wrote the screenplay and dialogue.<ref name="trailer">{{cite web | title=indiaglitz.com| work=A high-tech trailer for Jaan-E-Mann | url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/24642.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902105630/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/24642.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=2 September 2006| access-date=9 September 2006}}</ref>

''Jaan-E-Mann'' was released on 20 October 2006 on the festive weekend of Diwali/Eid, clashing with [[Don (2006 Hindi film)|''Don – The Chase Begins Again'']] starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]]. The film proved to be a commercial failure at the box office. It received mixed reviews from critics upon release, with praise for its innovative filming techniques, visuals, production design, soundtrack and special effects; however its story, screenplay and dialogues received sharp criticism.

At the [[52nd Filmfare Awards]], ''Jaan-E-Mann'' received 2 nominations – [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] ([[Farah Khan]] for "Humko Maloom Hai") and [[Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]].

== Plot ==
The film begins when Suhaan Kapoor (Salman Khan) receives a notice saying his ex-wife Piya Goyal (Preity Zinta), who has settled in [[New York City|New York]], wants a divorce settlement of {{INR|link=yes|5 million}}, because he failed to make his alimony payments due to his poor financial condition. Suhaan appeals to his uncle Bonney Kapoor ([[Anupam Kher]]), a mediation lawyer, for help. While they are trying to figure out a solution, Agastya Rao (Akshay Kumar) lands at their doorstep searching for Piya. He reveals to them that he fell in love with Piya during his college days but could not express his love to her because she was in love with someone else, unaware that the person he lost her to was Suhaan. Piya had ignored Agastya then, a nerd, a nobody, and even broke his heart by blowing him off to be with Suhaan at a concert that Agastya had taken her to. A heartbroken Agastya left the college as a result and eventually wound up in Houston working for [[NASA]].

Suhaan and Piya fall in love in college and elope. However, he kept his marriage a secret to further his career as a movie star and when his career hits a low, he returns home to find out that she has left him. She does not answer his calls or letters, and he soon receives a divorce notice in the mail.

Suhaan and Bonney hatch a plan to get Agastya and Piya together so that Suhaan does not need to pay alimony to Piya and Agastya can end up with the woman of his dreams. Suhaan accompanies Agastya to New York to help Agastya win Piya over. They rent an apartment opposite Piya's and watch her every move using telescopes, binoculars, and surveillance techniques. Using a headset, Suhaan feeds Agastya lines to woo Piya with and eventually succeeds in getting Piya and Agastya together.

One night, Suhaan finds out Piya has a baby girl, Suhaan's daughter. He realizes that she left him since she did not want her and the baby to ruin Suhaan's film career. Suhaan realizes his mistake and tries to make amends and start a new life with Piya and his daughter, Suhaani. Unfortunately, before he can act, Piya gets engaged to Agastya.

It later emerges that Piya's brother, Vishal ([[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawwab Shah]]), had been hiding letters that Suhaan wrote to her and was responsible for initiating the divorce process. Agastya realizes that Piya is still in love with Suhaan and not him; so, he reveals the truth and tells her to be with Suhaan. Piya flies back to [[India]] where Suhaan is trying to find work as a small-time actor. They express their mutual love, reuniting their broken family.

A few years later, Agastya is on a [[NASA]] [[Space Shuttle]] and initiates a video conference with Suhaan and Piya (on Suhaan's birthday). He introduces them to his new girlfriend who looks strikingly like Piya.

== Cast ==
* [[Salman Khan]] as Suhaan Kapoor, a former superstar who is married to his college girlfriend Piya. After hitting a career low, he gets a divorce notice from Piya and has to pay for the alimony.
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Agastya Rao / Champu, a NASA specialist who used to have a crush on Piya during his years in college but was rejected by her back then. He becomes friends with Suhan and with his help, he tries to get him and Piya together.
* [[Preity Zinta]] as Piya Goyal Kapoor and Preity Zintacova (dual role)
* [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Zubin Hornibhoy, Piya's friend
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Bonney Kapoor / New York Cafe Owner (Dual Role)
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawwab Shah]] as Vishal Goyal (Piya's brother)
* [[Soni Razdan]] as Mrs. Sushma Goyal
* [[Jawed Sheikh]] as Samrat Goyal
* [[Rajat Bedi]] as Vishal Goel, Piya's adopted brother

== Production ==
Filming started in New York City on 1 September 2005 and then moved to [[Mumbai]].

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was released on 8 September 2006.<ref name="music">{{cite web | title=news.sawf.org| work= Music release date announced for Jaan-E-Mann| url=http://news.sawf.org/Bollywood/20188.aspx | access-date=9 September 2006}}</ref> The music is composed by [[Anu Malik]] and includes a few playback singers forming the former contestants of ''[[Indian Idol]]''. Lyrics are penned by [[Gulzar]]. According to the Indian trade website ''[[Box Office India]]'', with around 1,250,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's eighth highest-selling.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100624132928/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-date=24 June 2010|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

=== Track listing ===
{{Infobox album
| name = Jaan-E-Mann
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 8 September 2006
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Anu Malik]]
| prev_title = [[Zindaggi Rocks]]
| prev_year = 2006
| next_title = [[Umrao Jaan (2006 film)|Umrao Jaan]]
| next_year = 2006
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ajnabi Shehar
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length1 = 7:00
| title2 = Humko Maloom Hai
| extra2 = Sonu Nigam, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length2 = 7:15
| title3 = Jaane Ke Jaane Na
| extra3 = Sonu Nigam, [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Krishna Beura]]
| length3 = 5:30
| title4 = Kubool Kar Le
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Rahul Vaidya]], [[Amit Sana]], [[Prajakta Shukre]], [[Monali Thakur]], [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
| length4 = 6:37
| title5 = Sau Dard
| extra5 = Sonu Nigam, Suzanne D'Mello
| length5 = 5:45
| title6 = Ud Jaana.....Broi
| extra6 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Adnan Sami]], Earl Edgar D'Souza, [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length6 = 6:40
| title7 = Jaane Ke Jaane Na – Club Mix
| extra7 = Sonu Nigam, Sukhwinder Singh, [[Krishna Beura]]
| length7 = 4:36
| title8 = Sau Dard – Groove Mix
| extra8 = Sonu Nigam, Suzanne D'Mello
| length8 = 4:45
| title9 = Ud Jaana.....Broi – Club Mix
| extra9 = Kunal Ganjawala, Adnan Sami, Earl Edgar D'Souza, Sunidhi Chauhan
| length9 = 6:11
}}

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
''Jaan-E-Mann'' opened in nearly 1,200 screens worldwide.<ref name="opening">{{cite web | title=sify.com| work=1,200 screens for Jaan-E-Mann | url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14257901| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311042552/http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14257901| url-status=dead| archive-date=11 March 2007| access-date=25 October 2006}}</ref> The film faced stiff competition from ''Don – The Chase Begins Again'' which also released on the same day. The film opened to a 40% response. The second day saw a huge drop in the collections, due to the Diwali celebrations. According to ''boxofficeindia.com,'' the collections jumped to 70%, but fell again to 50%. The film has done very well in the smaller centres in India.<ref name="Boxoffice">{{cite web | title=boxofficeindia.com| work=Jaan-E-Mann hit at the box office | url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/| access-date=25 October 2006}}</ref>

Pranab Kapadia, the UK distributor of ''Jaan-E-Mann'' said "''Jaan-E-Mann'''s figures have picked up dramatically in Britain. Although the film grossed a mere £18,000 on its opening day, the film has experienced a remarkable upswing, grossing £40,000 on Monday and £60,000 on Tuesday. The audience and critics reception has been overwhelming."<ref name="upswing">{{cite web | title=clickwalla.com| work=Jaan-E-Mann picks up overseas | url=http://www.clickwalla.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=989&Itemid=43| access-date=30 October 2006}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=44|count=9|average=|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=October 16, 2022}}

[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film 3.5 out of 5, saying "On the whole, JAAN-E-MANN balances humor and emotions beautifully. In fact, it's a BIG film in all respects -- right from its cast to the extravagant sets to the lavish making, besides, of course, unadulterated entertainment it has to offer. At the box-office, the Diwali and Idd holidays will prove bountiful for the film and add to the big returns. Business-wise, JAAN-E-MANN should fare best at multiplexes and also at major centres, besides Overseas. But its business at comparatively smaller centres, where masala films dominate, is bound to be affected by DON's presence. However, if the strong word of mouth catches on, the business at smaller centres will add to its booty."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jaan-e-mann/critic-review/jaan-e-mann-movie-review/|title=Jaan-E-Mann Review 3.5/5 | Jaan-E-Mann Movie Review | Jaan-E-Mann 2006 Public Review | Film Review|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=20 October 2006 }}</ref> Poonam Joshi of [[BBC.com]] gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, writing "Jaan-E-mann simultaneously parodies the worst elements of Hindi cinema, while exulting in the best that Bollywood has to offer, making for an unexpectedly original and entertaining film."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2006/10/23/jaaneman_2006_review.shtml|title=BBC - Movies - review - Jaan-E-Mann|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> [[Raja Sen]] of [[Rediff.com]] gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating "In the end, what echoes in your ears as you leave is Akki's thick, goofy he-he-he laugh. It's the best thing in the film."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/oct/20jaan1.htm|title=Akshay's goofy laugh wins you over|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

Conversely, Namrata Joshi of [[Outlook India]] called the film "A mish-mash—a twisted love triangle but even the inventive narrative doesn't take it very far."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/jaan-e-mann/233051|title=Jaan-e-Mann|date=5 February 2022|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref> [[Vincent Musetto]] of [[New York Post]] gave the film 1 out of 5 stars, writing "We keep waiting for one of those outlandish musical treats to bring some life to the clichd script. Kunder throws in a few breaks, but they're tepid and brief."

== Nominations ==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Nominees
! Results
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Anu Malik]]
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[Sonu Nigam]] for "Humko Maloom Hai"
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of movies set in New York City]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061018122631/http://www.jaanemann.com/ Official Site]
* {{IMDb title|id=0456481|title=Jaan-E-Mann}}
{{Sajid Nadiadwala}}

[[Category:2006 films]]
[[Category:2006 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2006 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films about people with dwarfism]]
[[Category:Indian films set in New York City]]
[[Category:2006 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:2006 musical films]]

Robert Fernández

2026-03-10T01:45:17Z

Wleness:

'''Robert Fernández''' may refer to:

* [[Robert Fernández (footballer)]] (born 1962), Spanish footballer
* [[Robert Fernandez (cricketer)]] (born 1986), Indian cricketer
* [[Bob Fernandez]] (1924–2024), American veteran from the [[attack on pearl harbor]].

==See also==
* [[Roberto Fernández (disambiguation)]]

{{hndis|Fernandez, Robert}}

Dhivya Duraisamy

2026-03-08T18:37:30Z

Wleness: started new post.

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dhivya Duraisamy
| image = Dhivya_Duraisamy.jpg
| caption = Dhivya in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|06|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kurumbalur, [[Perambalur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[News presenter]]|
[[Actress]]}}
| other_names = Divya
| years_active = 2019 – present
| parents = {{Plainlist|
*Duraisamy
*Chintamani
}}
}}
'''Dhivya Duraisamy''' (born 22 June 1990) is an Indian actress and former news presenter working in [[Tamil cinema]]. She made her debut as an actress in the 2019 Tamil film ''[[Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/special-articles/special-article/suryas-birthday-jothika-came-shed-divya-duraisamy-lively-interview|title=Dhivya Duraisamy shares secrets|access-date=19 November 2022|work=Nakeeran|language=ta}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Dhivya Duraisamy was born on 22 June 1990 in [[Perambalur District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] to Duraisamy and Chinthamani.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/web-stories/movies/2024/04/11/actress-dhivya-duraisamy-ravishing-pictures.html|title=Dhivya Duraisamy|work=Manorama|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dhivya worked as a news presenter for several channels including [[Thanthi TV]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/special-articles/special-article/those-are-unforgettable-memories-divya-duraisamy-opens-her-mind|title=Dhiyva Duraisamy opens up on her thoughts|access-date=19 November 2022|work=Nakeeran|language=ta}}</ref> She made her acting debut in the 2019 [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] ''[[Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/divya-duraisamy-pair-with-actor-jai-in-suseenthiran-next-movie-msb-325427.html|title=Jai to team up with Dhivya|date=31 July 2020|work=News18|access-date=19 November 2022}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[Ispade Rajavum Idhaya Raniyum]]''
|Anand's pair
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Mathil]]''
|Sanmathi
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2022
|''[[Kuttram Kuttrame]]''
|Kokila
|
|-
|''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]''
|Yazhnila
|
|-
|''[[Sanjeevan]]''
|
|Lead actress
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024
|''[[Blue Star (film)|Blue Star]]''
|Thenmozhi
|
|-
|''[[Adharma Kadhaigal]]''
|Dhivya
|<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 August 2024|title='Enathuyire Neeyadi' from Adharma Kadhaigal out
|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/09/enathuyire-neeyadi-from-adharma-kadhaigal-out|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|url-status=live|access-date=10 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810015149/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/09/enathuyire-neeyadi-from-adharma-kadhaigal-out|archive-date=10 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vaazhai]]''
|Vembu
|
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Channel
|-
|2024
|''[[Cooku with Comali season 5]]''
|Contestant
|[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|2025
|''[[Om Kali Jai Kali]]''
|Meena
|[[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|11872344}}
* {{instagram|dhivya__duraisamy|Dhivya Duraisamy}}

[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cooku with Comali contestants]]
[[Category:1990 births]]

Daddy (2017 film)

2026-03-07T04:03:48Z

Wleness: Article updated with improved flow

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Daddy
| image = Daddy Film Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ashim Ahluwalia]]
| writer = {{ubl|[[Arjun Rampal]]|Ashim Ahluwalia}}
{{Infobox
| decat=yes
| child=yes
| label1=Dialogues by
| data1=[[Ritesh Shah]] Asad Hussain
}}
| producer = {{ubl|Rutvij Patel|Arjun Rampal}}
| starring = {{ubl|Arjun Rampal|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|[[Jessica Lee Gagné]]|[[Pankaj Kumar (cinematographer)|Pankaj Kumar]]}}
| editing = {{ubl|[[Deepa Bhatia]]|Navnita Sen}}
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Sajid–Wajid]] '''Score:''' Naren Chadavarkar Benedict Taylor
| studio = {{Plainlist|
*Kundalini Entertainment
*Karta Entertainment
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2017|09|08|df=y}}
| runtime = 134 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/daddy-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zotewmzq|title=Daddy (2017) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=4 September 2017}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR}}15.5 crore<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daddy - Movie|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3592|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=14 February 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Daddy''''' is a 2017 [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[Crime film|crime drama]] film co-written and directed by [[Ashim Ahluwalia]]. The film stars [[Arjun Rampal]], who also co-wrote and produced the film, portraying gangster-turned-politician [[Arun Gawli]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsnexa.com/entertainment/arjun-rampal-daddy-movie-arun-gowli-biopic/|title=Arjun Rampal's "Daddy" movie is a Arun Gawli biopic; releasing on 21st July|access-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801234922/https://newsnexa.com/entertainment/arjun-rampal-daddy-movie-arun-gowli-biopic/|archive-date=1 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> alongside [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] in her Hindi film debut.

The film was released on 8 September 2017, and received mixed reviews from critics, emerging as a [[Box-office bomb|commercial faliure]].

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=September 2024}}
In the 1960s and late 1970s, when Mumbai's textile mills are shutting down one after the other, many unemployed youths, including [[Arun Gawli]], resort to matka-gambling on the insistence of his friends, Rama Naik and Babu Reshim, to earn a quick buck and form their own gang. However, soon, Gawli finds himself getting trapped in a vortex of crime when he is taken under the wing of Maqsood Bhai after committing a murder. Further, their clashes of ideologies and power games turn them against each other. Meanwhile, Gawli marries his sweetheart Zubeida Mujawar, who coaxes him to leave behind his criminal profession. He almost makes up his mind to turn clean. But, when Rama gets killed in a brutal police encounter, Gawli takes charge of their gang based in Dagdi. He suspects that Rama's killing was engineered by Maqsood and thus begins a gruesome gang war between them. Hot on the heels is a cop, Vijaykar Nitin, who wants to nab Gawli at any cost and bring him to justice. The rest of the plot revolves around how one of India's most feared gangsters landed in politics and his transition to becoming 'Daddy'.

==Cast==

* [[Arjun Rampal]] as [[Arun Gawli]]
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Zubeida Mujawar / Asha Gawli
* [[Nishikant Kamat]] as [[Inspector]] Vijaykar Nitin
* [[Rajesh Shringarpure]] as Rama Naik
* Purnanand Wandekar as Vijay
* [[Anupriya Goenka]] as Hilda
* [[Shruti Bapna]] as Rani
* [[Usha Naik]] as Arun's mother
* [[Shrikant Yadav]] as Sada
* Deepak Damle as Phamplet Bandya
* [[Raj Arjun]] as Rafique
* [[Mir Sarwar]] as Samaad Khan
* Vijay Sanap as Salim Gurda
* Abhimanue Arun as Newman
* Anand Ingle as Babu Reshim
* Vidhyadhar Joshi as Politician
* Richa Meena as Geeta Gawli
* Vijay Nikam as Ashok Joshi
* Girish Pal as Sachit
* [[Vishal O Sharma]] as Vakil
* Sanjay Mhatre as MLA Mhatre
* [[Farhan Akhtar]] as Maqsood (based on [[Dawood Ibrahim]]) (cameo appearance)
* [[Nataša Stanković]] as item dancer in the song "Dance Dance"

== Soundtrack ==
The music of the film was composed by [[Sajid–Wajid]]. The song "[[Zindagi Meri Dance Dance]]" from the 1987 film [[Dance Dance (film)|''Dance Dance'']] was recreated by Olefonken.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=7 August 2017 |title=30 saal baad – Mithun Chakraborty’s disco song ‘Zindagi Meri Dance’ recreated for Arjun Rampal’s Daddy 30 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/30-saal-baad-mithun-chakrabortys-disco-song-zindagi-meri-dance-recreated-arjun-rampals-daddy/ |access-date=14 February 2026 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Daddy
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| released = {{Start date|2017|09|21}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=15|s=16}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
}}
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Eid Mubarak Qawwali
| music1 = Sajid–Wajid
| extra1 = [[Shabab Sabri]], Tanvir Hussain
| length1 = 3:18
| lyrics1 = Danish Sabri
| title2 = Aala Re Aala Ganesha
| music2 = Sajid–Wajid
| extra2 = Wajid Ali, Ganesh Chandanshive
| length2 = 5:32
| lyrics2 = Prashant Ingole
| title3 = [[Zindagi Meri Dance Dance]]
| music3 = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| extra3 = [[Alisha Chinai]], [[Vijay Benedict]]
| note3 = Recreated by Olefonken
| length3 = 6:25
| lyrics3 = [[Anjaan (lyricist)|Anjaan]]
| all_writing =
| total_length = 15:16
}}

==Reception==
Subhash K. Jha of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars, writing "Arjun Rampal plays Arun Gawli as a time bomb waiting to explode. There are no extra toppings, bonuses to this performance".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2017 |title=Daddy Movie Review: Arjun Rampal's Powerful Performance Creeps Up On You Without Warning |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/daddy-movie-review-arjun-rampal-gives-arun-gawli-new-life-on-celluloid-1747747 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250522080955/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/daddy-movie-review-arjun-rampal-gives-arun-gawli-new-life-on-celluloid-1747747 |archive-date=2025-05-22 |access-date=14 February 2026 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> Udita Jhunjhunwala of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "Arjun Rampal's intense act elevates Ashim Ahluwalia's brave biopic".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2017 |title=Daddy movie review: Arjun Rampal's intense act elevates Ashim Ahluwalia's brave biopic |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/daddy-movie-review-arjun-rampals-intense-act-elevates-ashim-ahluwalias-brave-biopic-4021319.html |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250425105202/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/daddy-movie-review-arjun-rampals-intense-act-elevates-ashim-ahluwalias-brave-biopic-4021319.html |archive-date=2025-04-25 |access-date=14 February 2026 |work=[[Firstpost]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars writing "The Arjun Rampal starrer has a thickly-populated circuitous plot, which goes back and forth in time, which comes in the way of a solid crime thriller cum study of the making of a gangster".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-09 |title=Daddy movie review: A thickly-populated circuitous plot ruins this Arjun Rampal film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/daddy-movie-review-arjun-rampal-star-rating-4832834/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Sweta Kaushal of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 2/5 stars, and wrote "The film romanticises the hero (Arjun Rampal as Arun Gawli) and then serves the usual formula gangster fare. Where it fails, however, is keeping it all coherent".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-07 |title=Daddy movie review: Arjun Rampal’s film stays on the beaten course |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/daddy-movie-review-arjun-rampal-s-film-belongs-in-the-80s/story-9MSqjM9O2ujXtJMXRKZAZN.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Ananya Bhattacharya of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars writing "Arjun Rampal steps into the shoes of gangster Arun Gawli in his biopic, Daddy. The film is disappointing as both a biopic and an entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Ananya |date=2017-09-08 |title=Daddy Movie Review: Arjun Rampal shines as Arun Gawli |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/daddy-movie-review-arjun-rampal-arun-gawli-1040554-2017-09-08 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6926486}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|daddy-2}}

{{Arjun Rampal}}

[[Category:2017 biographical drama films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Crime drama films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Political films based on actual events]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical drama films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Ritesh Shah]]
[[Category:2017 crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Biographical films about gangsters]]
[[Category:Films based on Marathi people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language biographical drama films]]

Horogouri Pice Hotel

2026-02-25T03:18:28Z

Wleness: started new stub

{{Short description|2022 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Horogouri Pice Hotel.jpeg
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| writer = '''Dialogues''' 
Sourav Sengupta
| screenplay = Ritom Ghoshal
| story = [[Nilanjana Sengupta]]
| director = Pavel Ghosh
| creative_director = Rai Sengupta
| starring = {{ubl|Suvosmita Mukherjee|[[Rahul Mazumdar]]}}[[Arnab Banerjee]]
| theme_music_composer = Shovon Ganguly
| open_theme = "Horogouri Pice Hotel"
| country = [[India]]
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 767
| executive_producer = Sourodip Nag
| producer = {{Ubl|[[Jisshu Sengupta]]|Nilanjona Sengupta}}
| location = Kolkata
| cinematography = Sukanta Nag
| editor = {{Ubl|Nironjon Mondol|Dipok Hajra}}
| runtime = 20–22 minutes
| company = [[Jisshu Ujjwal Sengupta Production]]
| network = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|09|12|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|01|26|df=y}}
}}
'''''Horogouri Pice Hotel''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series which premiered on 12 September 2022 on [[Star Jalsha]] and also digitally available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].The show went off air on 26 January 2025<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title='Horo Gouri Pice Hotel' to premiere soon; Jisshu U Sengupta says, "During the initial days of our marriage, we used to order food from a similar hotel" - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/horo-gouri-pice-hotel-to-premiere-soon-jisshu-u-sengupta-says-during-the-initial-days-of-our-marriage-we-used-to-order-food-from-a-similar-hotel/articleshow/94097440.cms |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=The Times of India |date=9 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2025|reason=[[WP:TIMESOFINDIA]]}}<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=A sneak peek into the plot of Horo Gouri Pice Hotel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/a-sneak-peek-into-the-plot-of-horo-gouri-pice-hotel/cid/1886043 |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> It stars Suvosmita Mukherjee, [[Rahul Mazumdar]] and Arnab Banarjee as the leads and Arunava Dey Rahul Banerjee and Surabhi Mallick as main antagonists.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title='Horo Gouri Pice Hotel' to premiere soon; Jisshu U Sengupta says, "During the initial days of our marriage, we used to order food from a similar hotel" - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/horo-gouri-pice-hotel-to-premiere-soon-jisshu-u-sengupta-says-during-the-initial-days-of-our-marriage-we-used-to-order-food-from-a-similar-hotel/articleshow/94097440.cms |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=The Times of India |date=9 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=June 2025|reason=[[WP:TIMESOFINDIA]]}}

== Plot ==
The plot of the story revolves around a daughter of a rich family, Oishani and a highly educated girl adjusting in a middle-class family after her marriage. She and her husband Shankar then work in their successful hotel where they also face various challenges, mainly caused by the family's widowed daughter-in-law, Mitali.

After overcoming several trials and tribulations, including a misled separation of Oishani and Shankar, well planned by Mitali; the two reunite and expose the latter to the family, throwing her out of the house.

Oishani is pregnant living happily with her family, all set for her due-dates. Soon, she gives birth to a girl child, much neglected by the members of her family, who believe in the virtue of a boy-child creating more stature within society. Soon, all is well and Oishani decides to start focusing on a dream she's always strived to fulfil.

Oishani now undergoes immense training and has emerged as an IPS officer, protecting status of the nation and her family, alongside nurturing her daughter.

Later entire Ghosh family dies in a car accident caused by a business rival.

Dhriti, sole survivor of the accident is now grown up after she was rescued by a man and renamed Gouri.

==Cast==
=== Main ===
* Suvosmita Mukherjee as
** IPS Oishani Ghosh (née Chatterjee) - Shankar's wife, Dhriti's mother.
** Dhriti "Dhee" (née Ghosh) Rai Chowdhury aka Gouri - Shankar and Oishani's daughter, Rudra's wife,
*** Anumegha Kahali as young Dhriti
* [[Rahul Mazumdar]] as Shankar Ghosh - Oishani's husband, Maheshwari and Satyakinkar's son, Dhriti's father.
* [[Indrasish Roy]] / [[Arnab Banerjee]] as Rudra Rai Chowdhury; Dhriti's husband.

=== Recurring ===
=== Ghosh family ===
* [[Mithu Chakrabarty]] / [[Tulika Basu]] as Maheshwari Ghosh - Satyakinkar's wife; Prabhakar, Shankar, Bhaskar and Bani's mother; Jhilmil and Dhriti's grandmother.
* Anindya Sarkar as Satyakinkar Ghosh - Maheshwari's husband; Prabhakar, Shankar, Bhaskar and Bani's father; Jhilmil and Dhriti's grandfather.
* Surabhi Mallick as Mitali Ghosh - Prabhakar's wife;Piku's Mother.
* Jishnu Bhattacharya as Piku Ghosh - Mitali and Tapas' son; Prabhakar's adoptive son.
* Soumyadip Singha Roy as Dibakar Ghosh - Satyakinkar's nephew; Shiuli's husband;Gublu's father
* Taniya Roy as Shiuli Ghosh - Dibakar's wife;Gublu's mother
* Arunava Dey as Bhaskar Ghosh - Maheshwari and Satyakinkar's younger son.
* Soumi Banerjee as Bani Ghosh - Maheshwari and Satyakinkar's daughter.
* Shreya Chatterjee as Mohini - Ghosh family's maid.
* [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] as Prabhakar Ghosh - Mitali's estranged husband, Bhebli's ex-husband;Jhilmil's father;Piku's step-father; Maheshwari and Satayakinkar's son. as Main antagonist
*Satakshi Nandy as Bhebli- Prabhakar's ex- wife, Jhilmil's mother
* Rusha Mukherjee as Phuli Ghosh - Bhaskar's wife
* Swarup Dey as Kanishkar Ghosh - Satyakinkar's nephew, Debjani's husband
* Poonam Basak / Diyettima Ganguly as Debjani Ghosh (ńee Chatterjee) aka Debu - Sohini and Oishani's youngest sister, Kanishkar's wife.

=== Chatterjee/Roy Family ===
* Tania Kar as Sohini Roy (née Chatterjee) - Tapas's widow, Oishani and Debjani's sister.
* Manoj Ojha as Tapas Roy - Sohini's husband, Oishani's elder brother in-law and rival, Piku's father.(Dead)
* [[Sudip Mukherjee]] as Sohini, Oishani & Debu's father (Dead)
* Rupsha Mondal as Priyanka

=== Rai Chowdhury family ===
* [[Swagata Basu]] as Rudra's grandmother
* Subrata Mitra as Pratap Rai Chowdhury, Rudra's father
* Unknown as Rudra's mother
* Unknown as Rudra's elder sister
* Unknown as Rituraj Rai Chowdhury
* Unknown as Priya aka Dhee (Fake)
* Mahua Haldar as Damini aka Guru Maa

=== Others ===
* Jayanta Das as Bilu - Shankar's friend.
* [[Soma Banerjee]] as Mitali's mother, Tapas's cousin sister.
* Olivia Malakar as Sharmistha - Oishani's friend, Shankar's former fiancé.
* Gautam Mukherjee as Mahesh Agarwal - A builder, Tapas's partner.
* [[Tathagata Mukherjee]] as Indrajit Sen aka Khokon.
* Ankushree Maity as Malini.
* Biplab Banerjee as Haradhan Sarkhel aka Gurudev as Main Antagonist
* Dipanjan Bhattacharya
* Mishor Bose
* Laboni Ghosh
* Prantik Banerjee
* Ayesha Bhattacharya
* Atri Bhattacharya
* Buddhadeb Bhattacharya
* Samm Bhattacharya

===Guests appearance===
* [[Roosha Chatterjee]] as Ushoshi Ghosh - an IPS officer, Extended Cameo Appearance from [[Tomay Amay Mile]].
* [[Srijla Guha]] as ''Special Guest.''
* [[Aparajita Auddy]] as Judge in cookery competition (Cameo appearance)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230226065610/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/horogouri-pice-hotel/1260113099 Horogouri Pice Hotel]'' on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]

Battle of Argaon

2026-02-23T00:13:17Z

Wleness:

{{Short description|1803 battle}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Argaon (Sirsoli)
| partof = the [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]
| image = 0188 Plan of the Battle of Argaum (1803).jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = Plan of the Battle of Argaon (Sirsoli)
| date = 29 November 1803
| place = [[Sirsoli Adgaon]], [[Akola District]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21|04|49|N|76|56|37|E|}}
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| result = [[United Kingdom|British]] victory
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}} {{flagdeco|UKGBI}} [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]
**{{flagdeco|East India Company|1801}} [[East India Company]] {{Tree list end}}[[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Hyderabad]]
| combatant2 = {{Tree list}}{{flagdeco|Maratha Confederacy}} [[Maratha Empire]]
**{{flagicon image|Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|border=}} [[Gwalior State]]
**{{flagicon image|Flag of the Princely State of Nagpur.svg|border=}} [[Kingdom of Nagpur]]{{Tree list end}}
| commander1 = {{flagicon|UKGBI}} [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] {{flagicon|East India Company|1801}} [[James Stevenson (East India Company officer)|James Stevenson]] [[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam Ali Khan]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Princely State of Nagpur.svg|border=}} [[Raghoji II Bhonsle|Raghuji II]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Gwalior (State).svg|border=}} [[Daulat Rao Sindhia|Daulat Sindhia]]
| strength1 = 8,000 men
| strength2 = 10,000 men 41 guns
| casualties1 = 650 killed 350 wounded 25 missing
| casualties2 = 900 killed 1,100 wounded 22 guns
| notes =
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Second Anglo-Maratha War}}
| territory = [[Berar Province|Berar]] annexed to the Nizam's dominions
}}
The '''Battle of Argaon''' (also known as '''Battle of Argaum''') took place on 29 November 1803, between the British under the command of Major-General [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] (later the [[Duke of Wellington (title)|Duke of Wellington]]) and the forces of the [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Bhonsles of Berar]] and the [[House of Scindia|Scindias]] of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]].

==Prelude==
After [[Raghoji II Bhonsle]] and [[Daulat Rao Scindia]] were defeated at the [[Battle of Laswari]], they moved south on 28 November 1803. In 1803, [[Nizam Ali Khan]] fell gravely ill, prompting Daulat Rao Shinde and the Bhonsale to invade his territories.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Kate |first=P. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjndiykddsIC |title=Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724-1948 |date=1987 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-017-8 |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref>

==Battle==

British forces, under the command of Colonel Stevenson and Wellesley, defeated the Marathas at the Battle of Adgaon. This victory allowed the Nizam to regain control of all Maratha claims in Berar, thereby putting an end to the Bhonsales' rule over the region. [[Nizam Ali Khan]] died later that same year, and he was succeeded by his son Sikander Jah, also known as [[Sikander Jah, Asaf Jah III|Asaf Jah III]].<ref name=":0" />

[[File:The Chase at Argaum (cropped).jpg|thumb|The Chase at Argaum]]

==See also==
* [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{citation |chapter-url=http://akola.nic.in/gazetteers/maharashtra/places_Adgaon.html |chapter=Adgaon |title=Akola District Gazetteer |orig-year=1977 |edition=online |date=December 2006 |publisher=www.maharashtra.gov.in |ref={{harvid|Gazetteer|2006}} |accessdate=17 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305153727/http://akola.nic.in/Gazetteers/maharashtra/places_Adgaon.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite book |last=Cust |first=Sir Edward |date=1862 |title=Annals of the Wars of the Nineteenth Century, Volume I |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgKgAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA161 |location=London |publisher=John Murray |pages=160–161 |access-date=11 January 2025}}
*{{cite book |last=Roy |first=Kaushik |date=2011 |title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA120 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |page=120 |isbn=978-0415728362 |access-date=11 January 2025}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Battle of Argaon}}

{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Wellesley}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Argaon, Battle of}}
[[Category:Conflicts in 1803]]
[[Category:1803 in India]]
[[Category:Battles of the Second Anglo-Maratha War]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the British East India Company]]
[[Category:History of the Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]
[[Category:November 1803]]

List of heads of state of Pakistan

2026-02-15T05:28:24Z

Wleness: cleanup

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Politics of Pakistan}}

Fifteen individuals have served as '''head of state of Pakistan''', from the foundation of [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] in 1947 to the present day. The current head of state of Pakistan is [[Asif Ali Zardari]], elected in [[2024 Pakistani presidential election|2024]] after being nominated by the [[Pakistan People's Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Younas |first=Mobeen |date=2024-03-10 |title=Asif Ali Zardari Elected President of Pakistan 2024 |url=https://president.gov.pk/about/president-asif-ali-zardari |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=president.gov.pk |language=en}}</ref>

From 1947 to 1956 the head of state was the [[Pakistani monarchy|Pakistani monarch]], who was the same person as the [[monarch of the United Kingdom]] and the other [[Commonwealth realm]]s. The Monarch was represented in Pakistan by the [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]]. Pakistan became a republic under the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|Constitution of 1956]] and the Monarch and Governor-General were replaced by a [[Figurehead|ceremonial]] [[President of Pakistan|President]].

==Monarchy (1947–1956)==
{{main|Monarchy of Pakistan}}
The succession to the throne of Pakistan was the same as the [[succession to the British throne]].
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"| {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2"| Monarch {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="3"| Reign
! rowspan="2"| Prime ministers
|-
! Start
! End
! Total
|-
! rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[File:King George VI LOC matpc.14736 A (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| rowspan="2" scope="row" |'''[[George VI]]''' {{small|(1895–1952)}}
| rowspan="2" |{{nowrap|14 August}} 1947
| rowspan="2" |6 February 1952
| rowspan="2" |{{ayd|1947|08|14|1952|02|06}}
| [[Liaquat Ali Khan|Khan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Khawaja Nazimuddin|Nazimuddin]]
|-
! rowspan="3" |2
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Queen Elizabeth II official portrait for 1959 tour (retouched) (cropped) (3-to-4 aspect ratio).jpg|100px]]
| rowspan="3" scope="row" |'''[[Elizabeth II]]''' {{small|(1926–2022)}}
| rowspan="3" |6 February 1952
| rowspan="3" |{{nowrap|23 March}} 1956
| rowspan="3" |{{ayd|1952|02|06|1956|03|23}}
|-
| [[Mohammad Ali Bogra|Bogra]]
|-
| [[Chaudhri Muhammad Ali|Ali]]
|}

===Governors-General===
{{main|Governor-General of Pakistan}}
The [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] was the representative of the monarch in Pakistan and exercised most of the powers of the monarch. The Governor-General was appointed for an indefinite term, serving at the pleasure of the monarch. After the passage of the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]], the Governor-General was appointed solely on the advice of the [[Cabinet of Pakistan]] without the involvement of the British government. In the event of a vacancy the [[Chief Justice of Pakistan|Chief Justice]] served as [[Administrator of the Government|Officer Administering the Government]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" | {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" | Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="3" | Term of office
! rowspan="2" | Monarch {{small|(Reign)}}
|-
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
|-
! 1
| [[File:Jinnah1945c.jpg|90px]]
| '''[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]''' {{small|(1876–1948)}}
| 14 August 1947
| 11 September 1948
| {{ayd|1947|08|14|1948|09|11}}
| rowspan="3" style="background:#eaecf0" | [[File:King George VI LOC matpc.14736 A (cropped).jpg|40px]] '''[[George VI]]''' {{small|(1947–1952)}}
|-
| colspan="10"| ''Office vacant'' ({{Dts|format=dmy|1948|September|11}} – {{Dts|format=dmy|1948|September|14}})
|-
! 2
| [[File:Khawaja Nazimuddin.jpg|90px]]
| '''[[Khawaja Nazimuddin|Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin]]''' {{small|(1894–1964)}}
| 14 September 1948
| 17 October 1951
| {{ayd|1948|09|14|1951|10|17}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |3
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Malik Muhammad.jpg|90px]]
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Malik Ghulam Muhammad|Sir Ghulam Muhammad]]''' {{small|(1895–1956)}}
| rowspan="2" | 17 October 1951
| rowspan="2" | 7 August 1955
| rowspan="2" |{{ayd|1951|10|17|1955|08|07}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#eaecf0" |[[File:Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (1959).jpg|40px]] '''[[Elizabeth II]]''' {{small|(1952–1956)}}
|-
! 4
| [[File:Iskander Mirza.jpg|90px]]
| '''[[Iskander Mirza]]''' {{small|(1899–1969)}}
| 7 August 1955
| 23 March 1956
| {{ayd|1955|08|07|1956|03|23}}
|}

==Republic (1956–present)==
Under the [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|1956 Constitution]], the first constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the President replaced the monarch as ceremonial head of state. The President was elected by the [[Electoral College (Pakistan)|Electoral College]] for a five-year term. In the event of a vacancy the [[Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan|Chairman of the Senate]] served as [[acting (law)|Acting]] President.

===Presidents===
{{transcluded section|source=List of presidents of Pakistan}}
{{#section-h:List of presidents of Pakistan|Presidents}}

==Timeline==
{{#tag:timeline|ImageSize=width:1000 height:auto barincrement:13
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:100 right:100 left:20
AlignBars = late

Define $now = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

Colors =
id:independent value:gray(0.8) legend:Unaffiliated
id:military value:rgb(0.76,0.69,0.57) legend:Military
id:RP value:rgb(0.45,0.50,0.99) legend: Republican_Party
id:MLC value:rgb(0.09,0.68,0.79) legend: Pakistani_Muslim_League_(C)
id:PPP value:black legend: Pakistan_People's_Party
id:MLN value:rgb(0.22,0.50,0.29) legend: Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)
id:MLQ value:rgb(0.22,0.90,0.29) legend: Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Q)
id:PTI value:red legend: Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf

id:gray1 value:gray(0.85)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.95)

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
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pos:(20,75) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text:"Political Parties:"

BarData =
bar:Mirza
bar:AKhan
bar:YKhan
bar:Bhutto
bar:Chaudhry
bar:Zia-ulHaq
bar:GIK
bar:Sajjad
bar:Leghari
bar:Rafiq_Tarar
bar:Musharraf
bar:Mian_Soomro
bar:Zardari
bar:Hussain
bar:Alvi

PlotData =
width:5 align:left fontsize:9 shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
bar:Mirza
from: 23/03/1956 till: 27/10/1958 color:RP text:"[[Iskander Mirza]]"
bar:AKhan
from: 27/10/1958 till: 08/06/1962 color:Military
from: 08/06/1962 till: 25/03/1969 color:MLC text:"[[Ayub Khan]]
bar:YKhan
from: 25/03/1969 till: 20/12/1971 color:Military text:"[[Yahya Khan]]"
bar:Bhutto
from: 20/12/1971 till: 14/08/1973 color:PPP text:"[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]"
bar:Chaudhry
from: 14/08/1973 till: 16/09/1978 color:PPP text:"[[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]]"
bar:Zia-ulHaq
from: 16/09/1978 till: 17/08/1988 color:Military text:"[[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]"
bar:GIK
from: 17/08/1988 till: 18/07/1993 color:Independent text:"[[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]"
bar:Sajjad
from: 18/07/1993 till: 14/11/1993 color:MLN
from: 02/12/1997 till: 01/01/1998 color:MLN text:"[[Wasim Sajjad]]"
bar:Leghari
from: 14/11/1993 till: 02/12/1997 color:PPP text:"[[Farooq Leghari]]"
bar:Rafiq_Tarar
from: 01/01/1998 till: 20/06/2001 color:MLN text:"[[Muhammad Rafiq Tarar]]"
bar:Musharraf
from: 20/06/2001 till: 15/10/2007 color:Military
from: 15/10/2007 till: 18/08/2008 color:MLQ text:"[[Pervez Musharraf]]"
bar:Mian_Soomro
from: 18/08/2008 till: 09/09/2008 color:MLN text:"[[Muhammad Mian Soomro]]"
bar:Zardari
from: 09/09/2008 till: 09/09/2013 color:PPP
from: 10/03/2024 till: $now color:PPP text:"[[Asif Ali Zardari]]"
bar:Hussain
from: 09/09/2013 till: 09/09/2018 color:MLN text:"[[Mamnoon Hussain]]"
bar:Alvi
from: 09/09/2018 till: 10/03/2024 color:PTI text:"[[Arif Alvi]]"
}}

==See also==
* [[Governor-General of Pakistan]]
* [[President of Pakistan]]
** [[List of international trips made by presidents of Pakistan]]
* [[Vice President of Pakistan]]
* [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]]
** [[List of prime ministers of Pakistan]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|25em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Pakistan.htm World Statesmen – Pakistan]
* [http://rulers.org/rulp1.html#pakistan Rulers.org – Pakistan]

{{Heads of State of Pakistan}}

[[Category:Heads of state of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in Pakistan|H]]

Barodiya Kalan

2026-02-06T13:49:45Z

Wleness: stub.

{{Short description|Town in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barodiya Kalan
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sagar District|Sagar]]
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| population_total = 6,836
| population_as_of = 2011
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|MP 15]]
}}
'''Barodiya Kalan''' is a village in [[Malthon]] Tehsil of [[Sagar district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=मप्रः सागर जिले की ग्राम पंचायत बरोदियाकलां बनी नगर परिषद |url=https://www.agniban.com/mp-village-panchayat-of-sagar-district-barodiya-kalan-became-municipal-council/ |date=4 December 2021 |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=Agniban |language=hi}}</ref>

==Geography ==
Barodiya is located on northern part of district. 470441 is the pin code of Barodiya. [[Khurai]] and [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]] are the nearest cities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barodia Kala Pin Code |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/madhya-pradesh/sagar/barodia-kala |website=India TV News |access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Barodiya Kalan has a population of 6,836, of which 3,647 are males while 3,189 are females. There are a total of 1,625 families residing in the village. The literacy rate of Barodiya Kalan was 76.48%.<ref>{{cite news |title=Barodiya Kalan Population - Sagar, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/460029-barodiya-kalan-madhya-pradesh.html |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=Census 2011 India}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Malthon]]
* [[Khurai]]

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|24|12|50|N|78|34|49|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sagar district]]

{{Sagar-geo-stub}}

Bench Life

2026-02-05T22:30:45Z

Wleness: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bench Life.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| based_on =
| writer = Manasa Sharma Mahesh Uppala
| director = Manasa Sharma
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]]
* Charan Peri
* [[Ritika Singh]]
* [[Aakanksha Singh]]
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
* Nayan Sarika
* Venkatesh Kakumanu
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
}}
| music = Pk Dandi
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 5 
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Ramesh Manyam
| producer = [[Niharika Konidela]]
| location =
| cinematography = Danush Bhaskar
| editor = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 39-42 mins
| company = Pink Elephant Pictures
| budget =
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|09|12}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}
'''''Bench Life''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] streaming television series written and directed by Manasa Sharma.<ref>{{cite web | last=AR | first=Reshmi | title=From Code to Screen: Manasa Sharma's Journey with Bench Life | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=8 September 2024 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/bench-life-the-it-industrys-untold-stories-come-alive-on-sony-liv-1822085 | access-date=12 September 2024 | archive-date=9 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909081748/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/bench-life-the-it-industrys-untold-stories-come-alive-on-sony-liv-1822085 | url-status=live }}</ref> Produced by [[Niharika Konidela]] under Pink Elephant Pictures,<ref>{{cite web | last=AR | first=Reshmi | title=OTT Gave Producers Courage to Explore New Genres, says Niharika Konidela | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=6 September 2024 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/niharika-konidela-blurring-the-lines-between-acting-and-production-1821911 | access-date=12 September 2024 | archive-date=9 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240909070433/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/niharika-konidela-blurring-the-lines-between-acting-and-production-1821911 | url-status=live }}</ref> it stars [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]], Charan Peri, [[Ritika Singh]], [[Aakanksha Singh]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], Nayan Sarika, Venkatesh Kakumanu and [[Tanikella Bharani]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Manasa Sharma's Bench Life Brings Corporate Culture to Life on Sony LIV | website=Deccan Chronicle | date=10 September 2024 | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/manasa-sharmas-bench-life-brings-corporate-culture-to-life-on-sony-liv-1822641 | access-date=12 September 2024 | archive-date=11 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911063851/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/manasa-sharmas-bench-life-brings-corporate-culture-to-life-on-sony-liv-1822641 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Mohammad | first=Avad | title=Bench Life on Sony Liv: This crazy character to be the biggest highlight of the fun web series | website=OTTPlay | date=10 September 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bench-life-on-sony-liv-this-crazy-character-to-be-the-biggest-highlight-of-the-fun-web-series/44ad691ff5570}}</ref> The series premiered on [[SonyLIV]] on 12 September 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Digital | first=Times Now | title=Niharika Konidela's Next Production 'Bench Life' To Release on OTT On September 12 | website=Times Now | date=27 August 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/niharika-konidelas-next-production-bench-life-to-release-on-ott-on-september-12-article-112840767}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Prakash | first=Chatakonda Krishna | title=OTT Telugu Web Series: ఒక రోజు ముందుగానే ఓటీటీలోకి వచ్చిన కొణిదెల నిహారిక తెలుగు వెబ్ సిరీస్.. ఏడు భాషల్లో స్ట్రీమింగ్ | website=Hindustantimes Telugu | date=11 September 2024 | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/konidela-niharika-comedy-web-series-bench-life-streaming-on-sony-liv-ott-platform-in-7-languages-121726070022108.html | access-date=12 September 2024 | archive-date=11 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240911202923/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/konidela-niharika-comedy-web-series-bench-life-streaming-on-sony-liv-ott-platform-in-7-languages-121726070022108.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]]<ref name="Cast">{{cite web | title=Sony LIV's 'Bench Life': A must-watch for these reasons | website=English.Mathrubhumi | date=12 September 2024 | url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/why-to-watch-sony-liv-bench-life-1.9895792}}</ref> as G. Balram "Balu"
* Charan Peri<ref name="Cast" /> as Ravi Kumar
* [[Ritika Singh]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Meenakshi Sharma
* [[Aakanksha Singh]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Jagadiswari "Isha"
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]<ref name="Cast" /> as Prasad, an ex-IPS officer; Isha's father
* Nayan Sarika as Gayathri, Ravi's wife
* Venkatesh Kakumanu as Kishore Kumar
* Sasha Singh as Monica, Kishore's colleague later wife.
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Ramanatham
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Meenakshi's mother
* [[Niharika Konidela]] as Pooja (Cameo Appearance).
}}

== Production ==
The series was announced by Pink Elephant Pictures on [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{cite web | author=The Hans India | title=From software engineer to director, Manasa Sharma is all set to bring different emotions of a corporate employee with Sony LIV's Bench Life | website=Andhra Pradesh Breaking News, Telangana News, Hyderabad News Updates, National News, Breaking News | date=10 September 2024 | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/from-software-engineer-to-director-manasa-sharma-is-all-set-to-bring-different-emotions-of-a-corporate-employee-with-sony-livs-bench-life-905772 | access-date=12 September 2024 | archive-date=10 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910183920/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/from-software-engineer-to-director-manasa-sharma-is-all-set-to-bring-different-emotions-of-a-corporate-employee-with-sony-livs-bench-life-905772 | url-status=live }}</ref> The trailer of the series was released on 26 August 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Prakash | first=Chatakonda Krishna | title=OTT Telugu Comedy Series: నిహారిక ప్రొడ్యూజర్‌గా 'బెంచ్ లైఫ్' సిరీస్.. కామెడీతో అదిరిన ట్రైలర్.. స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎప్పుడంటే.. | website=Hindustantimes Telugu | date=26 August 2024 | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/niharika-konidela-telugu-comedy-web-series-bench-life-ott-release-date-on-sony-liv-ott-trailer-with-fun-121724667893401.html | language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Satya Pulagam of ''[[ABP Group|ABP Desam]]'' awarded the series 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Pulagam | first=Satya | title=బెంచ్ లైఫ్ రివ్యూ: Sony LIV ఓటీటీలో నిహారిక నిర్మించిన వెబ్ సిరీస్ | website=ABP Desam | date=12 September 2024 | url=https://telugu.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/ott-webseries-bench-life-review-in-telugu-vaibhav-ritika-singh-charan-peri-akanksha-singh-series-streaming-on-sony-liv-179460 | language=te}}</ref> Avad Mohammad from ''[[OTTplay]]'' rated the series three-and-a-half out of five stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Mohammad | first=Avad | title=Bench Life Review: A heartwarming and entertaining slice of life comedy | website=OTTPlay | date=11 September 2024 | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/bench-life-review-a-heartwarming-and-entertaining-slice-of-life-comedy/69bb0820ae189}}</ref> Sruthi Ganapathy Raman from ''[[Scroll.in]]'' reviewed the series.<ref>{{cite web | last=Raman | first=Sruthi Ganapathy | title='Bench Life' review: Vaibhav is the star employee in an otherwise middling office drama | website=Scroll.in | date=12 September 2024 | url=https://scroll.in/reel/1073174/bench-life-review-vaibhav-is-the-star-employee-in-an-otherwise-middling-office-drama}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt30821976}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/bench-life-telugu-1700001519 ''Bench Life''] on [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:2024 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]

Shankar Dayal Singh

2026-02-05T04:48:19Z

Wleness: added references

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = '''Dr. Shankar Dayal Singh'''
| image = Shankar Dayal Singh.jpg
| caption = Dr. Shankar Dayal Singh (1937–1995)
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1937|12|27}}
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad, Bihar]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1995|11|26|1937|12|27}}
| death_place = In train at Tundla
| office = Member of [[Lok Sabha]]
| term = 1971-1977
| constituency = [[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]] (then in Bihar)
| office1 = Member of [[Rajya Sabha]]
| term1 = 1990-1995
| occupation = [[Politician, Author]]
| profession = [[Author]]
| alma_mater = [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) & [[Janata Dal]] (JD)
| spouse = Smt. Kanan Bala Singh
| children = Ranjan Kumar Singh (Son) Rajesh Kumar Singh (Son) Rashmi Singh (Daughter)}}
Litterateur and parliamentarian '''Shankar Dayal Singh''' ([[Hindi]]: डा० शंकर दयाल सिंह) was twice elected to the [[Parliament of India]]. He was one of the youngest members of the [[Fifth Lok Sabha]], in which he represented the [[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]] parliamentary constituency in Bihar (now in [[Jharkhand]]). Contesting his maiden [[1971 Indian general election|Lok Sabha election in 1971]], he defeated Smt. Vijaya Raje, the wife of [[Raja Bahadur Kamakhya Narain Singh|Sri Kamakhya Narayan Singh]], Raja of Ramgarh.<ref>Lok Sabha Results 1971 [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_II_LS71.pdf] Page 101</ref> He was again elected to the upper house, the [[Rajya Sabha]], in 1990 from [[Bihar]].<ref>[http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx Alphabetical List of All Members of Rajya Sabha Since 1952]</ref>

Dr. Singh was a prolific author and a popular columnist. He authored more than thirty books and edited many more. He was a staunch supporter of [[Hindi]] and the [[Languages of India|Indian Languages]]. He was the Vice Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on Official Languages from 7 June 1994 until his demise on 26 November 1995 <ref>List of Chairmen and Vice Chairmen of the Parliamentary Committee on Official Languages [http://164.100.160.134/rajbhashasamiti/pdf/adhyaksh-upadhyaksh.pdf]</ref> As the Vice Chairman of the Parliamentary Committee on Official Languages, he promoted the use of Hindi and other Indian languages in official work and also encouraged various Public Sector Enterprises (PSE) to come out with their house magazines in vernacular. As a mark of respect for his untiring services several PSEs have instituted annual awards in his memory.<ref name = award>[http://www.hindihomepage.com/post-in-detail.php?post_id=959 News on Hindi Home Page]</ref>
 Singh was equally admired and loved by all across the party line.<ref name = Obituary>[http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lsdeb/ls10/ses15/p2711_3.htm Obituary references in the Parliament of India]</ref> He died of cardiac arrest during a train journey from [[Patna]] to [[New Delhi]] in the midway at [[Tundla]] on 26 November 1995.

==75th Birth Anniversary==
[[File:Shankar_Amrit_Mahotsava_Logo.jpg|thumb|left]]
His 75th Birth Anniversary was celebrated from 27 December 2011 to 27 December 2012 as Amrit Mahotsav ([[Hindi]] : अमृत महोत्सव) in the country with much fanfare and enthusiasm. The celebrations started with a grand program at New Delhi on 27 December 2011. Programs were held at Goa (February 2012: organized by the ''Gomantak Rashtrabhasha Vidyapeeth''), Indore (July 2012; organized by ''Sri Madhya Bharat Hindi Sahitya Samiti'' <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201848/http://naiduniaepaper.jagran.com/Details.aspx?id=371307&boxid=71420640 News in Nai Dunia, Indore]</ref> and by ''Shankar Amrit Mahotsava Samiti, Aurangabad [Bihar]''). Salasar (Rajasthan), Chennai, Rishikesh and Patna.
 To mark the Shankar Amrit Mahotsava, Singh's 75th birth anniversary, the Government of Bihar named an important road stretch from [[National Highway 2 (India)|NH2]] near Deo More ([[Hindi]] : देव मोड़) to Bhawanipur in Aurangabad district after the famous Hindi laureate.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bridge-on-NH-77-to-be-named-after-Benipuri/articleshow/11531746.cms News in Times of India, Patna]</ref>
 A Felicitation Volume entitled ''Shankar Dayal Singh: Rajniti Ki Dhoop; Sahitya Ki Chhanv'' ([[Hindi]] : शंकर दयाल सिंह : राजनीती की धूप; साहित्य की छाँव ) was also released on the occasion of his 75th Birth Anniversary and a copy of it was presented to the President of India Smt. [[Pratibha Devisingh Patil]] at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]].<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/release/phsmall.asp?phid=40692 Press Information Bureau]</ref>

==Memorial awards==
About a dozen Public Sector Enterprises of India, including the State Trading Corporation of India (New Delhi), HL Life Care Limited (Thiruvanantpuram), NHDC (Bhopal), Securities and Exchange Printing Construction Corporation Limited, Container Corporation of India (New Delhi), PEC Limited (New Delhi), Drazing Corporation of India (Vishakhapattanam), India Infrastructure Finance Company Limited (New Delhi), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (Bangalore) and National Seeds Corporation (New Delhi) have instituted various annual awards in the memory of the great scholar and Hindi patriarch.<ref name="award"/>
 An award by the name of ''Dr. Shankar Dayal Singh Jan Bhasha Samman'' (डा० शंकर दयाल सिंह जन भाषा सम्मान) has been instituted in his memory by the Shankar Sanskriti Pratishan. The first award was presented to ''International Hindi Association'' of the USA by Honorable Speaker, Lok Sabha Smt. [[Meira Kumar]] in a function held at New Delhi on 27 December 2012.<ref>[http://speakerloksabha.nic.in/event/EventDetails.asp?EventId=2024 Lok Sabha Website]</ref> The second and third ''Dr. Shankar Dayal Singh Jan Bhasha Samman'' was presented to ''Dr. [[Ashok Chakradhar]]'' and ''Balendu Sharma Dadhich'' respectively.

==Early life==
He was born in Bhawanipur village of [[Aurangabad, Bihar]] into a [[Rajput]] family to Sri Kamta Prasad Singh 'Kam'. He lost his mother at a very early age and was brought up by his grandmother and paternal aunts. He was a brilliant student of exceptional merit right from his early childhood.

===Father===
His father Sri Kamta Prasad Singh 'Kam' was a freedom fighter and was close to Shri [[Sri Krishna Sinha]], the first Chief Minister of [[Bihar]]. He himself was a writer of extraordinary merit and authored more than a dozen books. He was also a Member of the Legislative Council (MLC) in Bihar.<ref>[http://aurangabad.bih.nic.in/literature.aspx Literature and Culture, Aurangabad, Bihar district official site]</ref>

===Education===
Singh got his primary education at home and went on to study at the [[Rajghat Besant School]] in [[Benaras]]. He received his B.A. degree from the [[Banaras Hindu University]], followed by M.A. degree from the [[Patna University]]. Later, he was awarded D.Litt. by the [[Vikramshila University]].

==Career==
Singh was a prolific writer and a published author of over 30 books. His memoirs and travelogues found place in almost all the esteemed periodicals of the times, such as the Dharam Yug, Saptahik Hindustan, Kadambini, Dinmaan, Ravivaar etc. besides various news papers like the Nav Bharat Times, Hindustan, Lokmat Samachar, Jansatta, Dainik Jagran, Prabhat Khabar etc. He was also the editor of ''Mukta Kantha'', a literary Hindi magazine. He founded ''Parijat Prakashan'' in Patna that became one of the premier Hindi publication houses in eastern India. He was conferred with the title of '''Bihar Ratna''' in 1990 and was felicitated with the '''Anant Gopal Shevade Hindi Samman''' in 1993, for his contributions to the society and literature.

===Indian National Congress===
Besides being one of the youngest MPs in the Fifth Lok Sabha, he was also an elected member of the Central Election Committee (CEC) of the ruling [[Indian National Congress]]. He was a special invitee to the Congress Working Committee (CWC). Up against a popular anti-Indira wave in 1977, he lost to Sri Sukhdev Prasad Verma of BLD.<ref>Lok Sabha Results 1977 [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_II_LS77.pdf] Page 103</ref>

===Janata Party===
In 1984, he joined the [[Janata Party]] and unsuccessfully contested the parliamentary election from [[Aurangabad, Bihar]], but still he was able to shake the bastion of the [[Rajput]] Supremo Sri [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]] as he had to trail in one of the assembly segments for the first time.<ref>Lok Sabha Results 1984 [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_II_LS84.pdf] Page 85</ref>

===Janata Dal===
Singh was one of the founder members of the [[Jan Morcha]] with Sri [[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]] and raised it in Bihar almost solely. Jan Morcha later merged into the [[Janata Dal]]. Thereafter, he was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1990, the office that he held until his death.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

===Parliamentary committees===
He served as a Member on various Parliamentary Committees. His contribution as the Member of the Parliamentary Committee on Official Languages deserves special mention. Later, he rose to become its Deputy Chairman (07.06.1994 to 26.11.1995).<ref>[http://rajbhasha.nic.in/khand8-eng1.pdf Official Report of the Department of Official Languages, GOI] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325173259/http://rajbhasha.nic.in/khand8-eng1.pdf |date=25 March 2012 }}</ref> He was also on the Panel of Vice-Chairmen of the Rajya Sabha (1990–92).<ref name = RS>[http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/s.pdf Biographical Sketches of Rajya Sabha Members 1952-2003]</ref>

==Services==
He also served as the Deputy Chairman of the [[Delhi Public Library]]<ref>[https://dpl.gov.in/list-of-chairmen.php DPL-List of Chairmen]</ref> and the Kendriya Hindi Sansthan (en. Central Hindi Institute). Earlier, he was a Director on the Board of Samachar Bharti, a news agency for vernacular languages; and went on to become its Chairman.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}} He authored more than thirty books and edited many others. He was a columnist for Hindi dailies and periodicals.{{Citation needed|date= June 2022}}

==Personal life==
A true humanitarian, he was a friend of all and a foe of none. Even being in politics, he did not let himself be bound in the shackles of the party that he represented. He was equally admired and loved by all across the party line. His sudden demise in the night of 26 November 1995, in a train journey between [[Patna]] and [[New Delhi]] at [[Tundla]], left his family of friends, admirers and followers shocked and surprised.<ref name="Obituary"/> He was survived by his wife Kanan Bala Singh, ''an educationist'', and three children: viz Ranjan Kumar Singh, a ''journalist'', Rajesh Kumar Singh and Rashmi Singh, both in the ''civil services''.<ref name = RS/><ref>[http://iasowaup.org/Rashmi%20Singh.html Devi Ahilya Bai Holkar Award to Rashmi Singh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515020635/http://iasowaup.org/Rashmi%20Singh.html |date=15 May 2011 }}</ref> His wife, Kanan Bala Singh published her reminiscence on the life of her husband titled ''Mere Sahchar'' (English: My Co-partner) in 2001.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/archieve/phtgalry/pgyr2001/pg052001/pg17may2001/170520015.html Vice President Sri Krishna Kant presented with a copy of Mere Sahchar]</ref>

==Published works==
* ''Yudh Ke Chaurahe Tak''<ref>Parijat Prakashan 1970 [[Patna]]</ref>
* ''Yudh Ke Aas Pass''<ref>Star Pocket Books 1972 [[Delhi]]</ref>
* ''Gandhi Ke Desh Se, Lenin Ke Desh Mein''<ref>Star Pocket Books 1974 [[Delhi]]</ref>
* ''Kitna Kya Ankaha''<ref>Parijat Prakashan 1974 [[Patna]]</ref>
* ''Emergency: Kya Sachh, Kya Jhooth''<ref>Delhi Printers 1977 [[Delhi]]</ref>
* ''Emergency: Fact and Fiction''<ref>Delhi Printers 1978 [[Delhi]]</ref>
* ''Kuchh Batein, Kuchh Log''<ref>Poorvodaya Prakashan, 1978 [[Patna]]</ref>
* ''Ek Din Apna Bhi'' 1980
* ''Hindi Sahitya Katipaya More'' (Hindi), 1980
* ''Samaya; Asamaya'' (Hindi), 1980
* ''Baat Jo Bolegi'', (Hindi), 1982
* ''Paas Se Dekhne Ka Sukh'' (Hindi)<ref>Parijat Prakashan 1983 [[Patna]]</ref>
* ''Jo Chhor Gaye Veh Bhi Rahenge'' (Hindi)<ref>Anurag Prakashan 1986 [[Delhi]]</ref>
* ''Bheegi Dharti Ki Sondhi Gandh'' (Hindi)<ref>Parijat Prakashan 1990 [[Patna]]</ref>
* ''Parivesh Ka Sukh'' (Hindi)<ref>Parijat Prakashan 1991 [[Patna]]</ref>
* ''Rajniti Ki Dhoop, Sahitya Ki Chhanva'' (Hindi)<ref>Parijat Prakashan 1992 [[Patna]]</ref>
* ''Dhara Ke Is Par, Dhara Ke Us Par'' (Hindi)<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 1994 Delhi">Prabhat Prakashan 1994 [[Delhi]]</ref>
* ''Surbhit Smritiyan'' (Hindi)<ref>Prabhat Prakashan 1994 [[Delhi]] {{ISBN|81-7315-034-6}}</ref>
* ''Yeh Kahani Nahin'' (Hindi)<ref>Prabhat Prakashan 1994 [[Delhi]] {{ISBN|81-7315-033-8}}</ref>
* ''Gandhi's First Step: Champaran Movement''<ref>B.R. Pub. Corp. 1994 [[Delhi]] {{ISBN|81-7018-834-2}}</ref>
* ''Mahatma Gandhi: Pratham Darshan, Pratham Anubhuti'' (Hindi)<ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 1994 Delhi"/>
* ''Mahatma Gandhi: Satya Se Satyagrah Tak'' (Hindi)<ref>Abhiruchi Prakashan 1994 [[Delhi]]</ref>
* ''Gandhi Aur Ahinsak Andollan'' (Hindi)<ref>Kitab Ghar 1995 [[Delhi]] {{ISBN|81-7016-257-2}}</ref>
* ''Hindi: Rashtra Bhasha; Raj Bhasha; Jan Bhasha''<ref>Kitab Ghar [[Delhi]] {{ISBN|81-7016-290-4}}</ref>
* ''Khile Gulab Ki Pankhuri'' (Hindi)<ref>Sri Almora Book Depot 1995</ref>

==Edited works==
* ''Pandit Motilal Nehru, a Great Patriot'', with D. C. Goswami, R. K. Nayak. National Forum of Lawyers and Legal Aid, 1976
* ''Acharya Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Smriti Dharohar'' (Hindi), Muktakantha Prakashan, 1979
* ''Dr. Karan Singh: Ek Saumya Vyaktitva'' (Hindi), 1981
* ''Yaad Ek Yayavar Ki'' (Hindi), Parijat Prakashan, 1988
* ''Bihar : Ek Sanstkritik Vaibhav'' (Hindi) <ref>Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. 1999 [[Delhi]] {{ISBN|81-7182-294-0}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=syip6LKz78kC&q=%22Shankar+Dayal+Singh%22+-inpublisher:icon Bihar : Ek Sanstkritik Vaibhav]</ref>

==Further reading==
* ''Mere Sahchar'' (Hindi) by Kanan Bala Singh. Pārijat Prakashan, Patna, 2001.
* ''Indradhanushi Yaden'' (Hindi). Prabhat Prakashan. 1998. {{ISBN|81-7315-228-4}}.
* ''Shankar Dayal Singh : Rajniti Ki Dhoop; Sahitya Ki Chhanv'' (Hindi) Parijat {{ISBN|81-903561-3-5}}.
* ''Smritiyon ke Ilake Mei: Shankar Dayal Singh par Ekagra'' (Hindi) Anamika Prakashan {{ISBN|978-81-87770-42-8}}.
* ''Shankar Dayal Singh ki Sahitya Sadhana'' (Hindi) Sahitya Bhumi {{ISBN|978-93-88583-80-0}}.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
* [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL518675A/Shankar_Dayal_Singh Shankar Dayal Singh] at [[Open Library]]

==External links==
* [http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=Shankar+Dayal+Singh&qt=results_page Shankar Dayal Singh] at World Catalogue

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shankar Dayal}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Bihar]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad, Bihar]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Chatra district]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]

Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering, Pusad

2026-02-04T20:48:56Z

Wleness: new

{{Short description|College in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering, Pusad
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| image = Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University.png
| image_alt =
| caption =
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| motto = ''प्रज्वलितो ज्ञानमय प्रदीपा''
| motto_lang = sa
| mottoeng = Ignite learned lamps (Kindle knowledgeable beacons)
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1983}}
| closed = 
| founder = [[Sudhakarrao Naik]] (former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]])
| parent = Janata Shikshan Prasarak Mandal (JSPM)
| academic_affiliations = {{ubl|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]<ref name=UGCInd/>|[[Association of Commonwealth Universities]]|[[Institution of Engineers (India)]]<ref name=ach1/>|[[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]]}}
| accreditation = {{ubl|[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|(NAAC)]]<ref name=DTE1/> |[[ISO 9000#Contents of ISO 9001|ISO 9001- 2008]]<ref name=ach1/>|[[Government of Maharashtra]] ''GRADE A'' institute<ref name=ach1/>}}
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president = Jaibhau Naik
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor =
| rector =
| principal = Avinash M. Wankhade<ref name=princi1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/staticpages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=1117 |title=BNCOE principal details |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516061102/http://www.dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=1117 |archive-date=16 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff = 181<ref name=prop/>
| administrative_staff = 141<ref name=prop/>
| students = 2784 sanctioned (1910 enrolled)<ref name=prop/>
| undergrad = 1800<ref name=prop/>
| postgrad = 100+<ref name=prop/>
| doctoral = 10+<ref name=prop/>
| other = 100+ in [[Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana]]
| address = Sootgirni-Karla Road, Kakaddati
| city = [[Pusad, Yavatmal district]]
| state = [[Vidarbh]] region of [[Maharashtra]]
| province =
| country =
| postcode = 445215
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|53|38|N|77|32|43|W|display=title}}
| type = Undergraduate & postgraduate private engineering college
| campus = Urban, {{cvt|30|acre}}
| language = English (official medium of instruction, [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (both widely used on campus)
| free_label =
| free =
| colors = 
| athletics_nickname = 
| mascot = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| website = {{URL|http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering (BNCoE), Pusad''', founded in 1983,<ref name=prop>[http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in/bncoe/PDF/Fee_Proposal_2016-17_2017-18_.pdf JSPM and BNCOE College details]</ref> is a not-for-profit<ref>[http://www.highereducationinindia.com/institutes/babasaheb-naik-college-of-engineering-157.php BNCOE profile on Higher Education India portal]</ref> engineering college run by the Janta Shikshan Prasharak Mandal, located at [[Pusad, Yeotmal District]] in [[Vidarbha]] region of the state of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]].<ref name=bncoe>{{cite web|title=Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering, Pusad|url=http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in/|publisher=bncoepusad.ac.in|access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref>

==History==
Janta Shikshan Prasarak Mandal was established and registered as a society in 1960. The Founder President of JSPM was Late Shri. [[Vasantrao Naik]] - the former [[List of chief ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] (1963 to 1975), and the Founder Secretary was [[Sudhakarrao Naik]] - the former Chief Ministers of Maharashtra (1991 to 1993) and former [[List of governors of Himachal Pradesh|Governor of Himachal Pradesh]] (1994 to 1995). In 1961, the JSPM started [[Phulsing Naik Mahavidyalaya]] at Pusad with an enrollment of 100 student.<ref>[https://www.pncollegepusad.ac.in/pages/about_jspm.php About JSPM], pncollegepusad.ac.in, accessed 28 sept 20221.</ref>

in 1983–84, the JSPM started Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering (BNCOE).<ref name=r1/> In 1984–1985, the JSPM started Sudhakarrao Naik Institute of Pharmacy,<ref name=r1>{{Cite web |url=http://pncollegepusad.org/pages/jspm.php |title=Sudhakarrao Naik Institute of Pharmacy, Pusad |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015115249/http://pncollegepusad.org/pages/jspm.php |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and Dr. NP Hirani Institute of Polytechnic.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jspmpoly.ac.in/institute.html |title=Dr. NP Hirani Institute of Polytechnic, Pusad |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013175330/http://www.jspmpoly.ac.in/institute.html |archive-date=13 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1991, the JSPM started JSPM College of Physical Education.<ref>[http://www.punjabcolleges.com/MH/PhysEd/Pusad/JSPM-69763/ JSPM College of Physical Education, Pusad ]</ref>

As of 2014, JSPM runs 22 schools, colleges and hostels.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in/data/imp2014/Toppers2014.pdf |title=22 JSPM run institutes |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015141758/http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in/data/imp2014/Toppers2014.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Today JSPM society imparts education to more than 10,000 students every year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in/college-info/about-bncoe.htm |title=JSPM enrolled student numbers |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119202728/http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in/college-info/about-bncoe.htm |archive-date=19 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Location==
Located within Kakaddati locality, the college is {{cvt|2|km}} on [[List_of_state_highways_in_Maharashtra#State_highways#SH215|SH-215]] Karla Road from the [[Pusad]] bus stand, {{cvt|110|km}} from district headquarters [[Yavatmal district|Yavatmal]] via [[List_of_state_highways_in_Maharashtra#State_highways#SH210|SH-210]] or alternate route via [[List_of_state_highways_in_Maharashtra#State_highways#SH213|SH-213]], {{cvt|155|km}} from [[Amravati]] via [[National Highway 161G (India)|NH-161G]], {{cvt|255|km}} from [[Nagpur]] via [[National Highway 53 (India)|NH-53]] and [[National Highway 361 (India)|NH-361]], {{cvt|580|km}} from the state capital [[Mumbai]], {{cvt|1290|km}} from the national capital [[Delhi]] and {{cvt|1470|km}} from [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]].<ref name=DTE1>{{Cite web |url=http://dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=1117 |title=BNCOE distance from key places |access-date=7 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011211707/http://dtemaharashtra.gov.in/approvedinstitues/StaticPages/frmInstituteSummary.aspx?InstituteCode=1117 |archive-date=11 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Nearest [[Train station|railway station]] are at [[Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station|Nanded]] - {{cvt|110|km}} for south bound, [[Akola Junction railway station|Akola]] - 140, {{cvt|60|km}} from [[Hingoli Deccan railway station|Hingoli]] and [[Washim railway station|Washim]] {{cvt|61|km}} for west & south bound, [[Wardha Junction railway station|Wardha]] - {{cvt|180|km}} for north bound and [[Nagpur Junction railway station|Nagpur]] - {{cvt|255|km}} for north and east bound passengers.

Nearest airports with regular scheduled commercial flights is {{cvt|255|km}} away [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport]] at [[Nagpur]]. Other airports nearby with no regular scheduled commercial flights are [[Yavatmal Airport]] at [[Yavatmal]] - {{cvt|110|km}}, [[Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport]] at [[Nanded]] - {{cvt|110|km}}, [[Akola Airport]] at [[Akola]] - {{cvt|140|km}}, [[Amravati Airport]] at [[Amravati]] - {{cvt|155|km}}, and [[Osmanabad Airport]] at [[Osmanabad]] - {{cvt|313|km}}.

==Affiliations and accreditation==
BNCoE, Pusad is affiliated to the [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]] which is recognized under Section 12(B) of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission (UGC)]] Act of [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)]], [[Government of India]] as well as accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)]] (Permanent AICTE Application#: 1-4318017).<ref name=DTE1/> [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]] is an associate member of the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]], [[London]].{{cn|date=May 2024}} Independent recognition of ''BNCoE, Pusad'' by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission (UGC)]] makes it eligible for the UGC grants for the schemes related to students and teachers.<ref name=UGCInd>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in/data/UGC2f.pdf |title=BNCOE's independent UGC recognition |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604192515/http://bncoepusad.ac.in/data/UGC2f.pdf |archive-date=4 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

BNCoE, Pusad is accredited by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]] and its successor [[National Board of Accreditation|National Board of Accreditation (NBA)]] for running undergraduate and postgraduate courses in various branches of engineering.<ref name=edu>{{cite web|title=Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering|url=http://education.oneindia.in/colleges/engineering/babasaheb-naik-college-engineering/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119075325/http://education.oneindia.in/colleges/engineering/babasaheb-naik-college-engineering/|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2012|publisher=Oneindia|access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref><ref name=india>{{cite web|title=Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering|url=http://www.highereducationinindia.com/institutes/babasaheb-naik-college-of-engineering-157.php|publisher=highereducationinindia.com|access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref>

BNCoE, Pusad is [[ISO 9000#Contents of ISO 9001|ISO 9001- 2008]] certified, accredited by [[Institution of Engineers (India)]] and has been awarded 'GRADE A' by the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref name=ach1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in/Academic/college-achievement.htm |title=BNCOE achievements |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230009/http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in/Academic/college-achievement.htm |archive-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

BNCoE, Pusad [[Laboratory]] facilities have been recognized as ''[[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]-level'' by the [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]]. Though BNCoE, Pusad itself does not directly offer any PhD courses but this recognition allows its staff to pursue [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] courses while using college [[laboratory]] facilities for the [[research]].

==Courses==
The college runs [[Bachelor of Engineering]] (BE)and [[Master of Engineering]] courses.<ref name="minglebox.com">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20141012100414/http://www.minglebox.com/college/Babasaheb-Naik-College-of-Engineering-Pusad/course/Master-of-Engineering-in-Structural-Engineering Degrees offered by BNCOE]}}</ref>

===Bachelor of Engineering (BE) courses===
The college has 1st year intake of 660 in the [[Bachelor of Engineering]] (BE) courses of minimum 4 years duration in the following academic disciplines:<ref name="minglebox.com"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Engineering Branch/Specialization
! Morning Shift Intake
! Evening Shift Intake
! Notes
|-
| [[Civil Engineering]] (started in 1983)<ref name=prop/>
| 120
| 0
|
|-
| [[Computer Engineering|Computer Science & Engineering]] (started in 1985)<ref name=prop/>
| 60
| 00
|
|-
| [[AI and Data science ]] (started in 2021)<ref name=prop/>
| 60
| 00
|
|-
| [[Mechanical Engineering]] (started in 1983)<ref name=prop/>
| 60
|
|
|-
| [[Electronics Engineering|Electronics]] and [[Telecommunication Engineering]] (started in 1983)<ref name=prop/>
| 30
| 0
|
|-
| [[Electrical Engineering|Electrical]] (started in 1983) and [[Power Engineering]] (started in 2012)<ref name=prop/>
| 60
| 0
|
|-
| Total
| 330
| 00
| 330
|}

===Master of Engineering (ME) courses===
The college has 1st year intake of 18 students (total 52) in each of the following [[Master of Engineering]] courses of minimum 2 years (4 semester) duration.<ref name="minglebox.com"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! ME Course Specialization
! Department
! Intake
! Notes
|-
| [[Computer-aided technologies|CAD]]/[[Computer-aided manufacturing|CAM]] (started in 2011)<ref name=prop/>
| [[Mechanical Engineering]]
| 18
|
|-
| [[Computer Engineering|Computer Science & Engineering]] (started in 2011)<ref name=prop/>
| [[Computer Engineering|Computer Science & Engineering]]
| 18
|
|-
| [[Digital Electronics]] (started in 2010)<ref name=prop/>
| [[Electronics Engineering]]
| 18
|
|-
| [[Structural Engineering]] (started in 2010)<ref name=prop/>
| [[Civil Engineering]]
| 18
|
|-
| Total
|
| 72
|
|}

==Facilities==
The college has {{convert|43200|m2}} of buildings spread over a {{convert|30|acre|adj=on}} campus which has the following on-site facilities:

===Teaching, laboratories, and research===
* [[Auditorium]]: 750-seats centrally air-cooled auditorium
* [[Classroom]]s: nearly 100 classrooms and labs spread across several buildings of Computer & IT block, Electronics and Electrical block, Civil & Mechanical block, Workshops and Admin block
* [[Electricity]]: 24 Hrs. Electric Supply through express feeder with a 140 kVA backup Generator, college has also set up a Hybride Energy park with [[Solar Energy]] and [[Windmill]]
* [[Internet]]: campus-wide 4 [[Mbit/s]] [[leased line]] [[internet]] and [[intranet]] connecting 1000+ computers, [[Wi-Fi]] Language lab, live lectures are delivered from [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]]
* [[Laboratory]]: 72 well furnished lab facilities, with equipment worth INR8+ crore, have been recognized as ''[[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]-level'' by the [[Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University]], this allows the students staff to pursue undergraduate, [[Master of Engineering|ME]] and [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]-level [[research]]<ref name=prop/>
* [[Library]]: Well equipped 1500 sq. meter LAN-connected computerized Digital Library with 11000+ titles, 60000+ books, 27 national and 450 international journals, reading space for 200 members, audio-video facilities, free book bank for 700 meritorious & [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC/CT)]] students, 30 internet terminals with 45 Mbit/s bandwidth connection, photocopy facilities and more than 1500 international E-journals ([[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]], [[ASME]], [[American Society of Civil Engineers|ASCE]]), etc.<ref name=lib1>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in/data/lib.pdf |title=BNCOE library |access-date=8 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015161520/http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in/data/lib.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=prop/> Library is open 24 hours during the exams. Further expansion of library is planned in 2014–2015 with addition of 4500 sq meter air-conditioned reading space on the 1st floor as well as more class rooms on top of the library.
* Teaching staff of 181 includes 23 professors, 48 Assistant professors and 120 lecturers with a student-teacher ratio of 10:1 in 2017<ref name=prop/>
* [[Competitive examination]]: Special classes for the [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering|GATE]], [[Graduate Record Examinations|GRE]], [[Test of English as a Foreign Language|TOEFL]], etc.
* [[Campus placement]] Department: organizes campus placement drives with employers (e.g. [[Indian Army]], [[Indian Navy]], [[Cognizant]], [[IBM]], [[Infosys]], [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]], etc.) and provides training in employability, soft-skills, interviewing skills and guidance for the higher education in India and overseas

===Accommodation===
* [[Hostel]]s: 4 boys' & 2 girls' hostels that can accommodate about 992 & 350 students respectively,<ref name=DTE1/> All six hostels have internet connectivity, [[Mess]] (dining hall) and own separate large [[Recreation room|Recreation Hall]]s with [[Newspaper]] & [[Library#Reference library|Reading Room]]s and various games such as [[Table tennis]], [[Badminton]] court, [[Carom billiards|Carom]], [[Chess]], [[Television|TV]], etc.
* Faculty Accommodation: 38 residential units for married teaching staff members and a [[bungalow]] for the [[Principal (academia)|Principal]]
* [[Guesthouse]] accommodation: 5 ([[Air conditioning|air conditioned]]) units with attached ensuite bathroom for guests, parents and other visitors

===Sports===
* [[Gym]]nasium - one multi-gym in the basement of computer science hostel
* [[Badminton]] - 1 indoor court in each of the 6 hostels
* [[Basketball]] - 1 outdoor concrete court
* [[Judo]] & [[Karate]] - coaching classes are held for students
* [[Table tennis]] - 2 tables in each of the 6 hostels
* [[Tennis|Lawn Tennis]] - 2 outdoor courts with [[floodlights]]
* [[Volleyball]] - 2 outdoor courts
* One multipurpose ground for [[sport of athletics|athletics]], [[cricket]], [[association football|football]], [[handball]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[kabaddi]], [[kho kho]], and [[softball]]
* Annual sports competition among hostels on special occasions
* Annual sports festival & competition ''Gaiety'' among students
* Participation in District, university and state sports competitions

===Cultural and social facilities===
* Arts: Arts Club, Drama club and Music Club
* Cultural events: Annual Cultural festival & competition ''Gaiety'' and Youth Festival
* Religious Festivals: Officials events are held to celebrate the [[Ganesha Chaturthi]] Festival, [[Holi]] Festival, [[Iftar]] Party, [[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Lohri]] Festival, [[New Year]] Party and [[Vasant Panchami|Saraswati Pooja]]
* Social learning: [[National Service Scheme|NSS]], [[Indian Society for Technical Education|ISTE Chapter]], [[Institution of Engineers (India)|IE (India) Chapter]], Path Finders Club and Quiz Club
* Venues include Auditorium, Open air theater, [[Recreation room|Recreation Hall]]s, library and grounds

==Board of Management==
The longest-serving former [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] late [[Vasantrao Naik]] was the founder chairman of the ''Janta Shikshan Prasarak Mandal'' and its various educational institutes, including the ''Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering, Pusad''. After him, his nephews late [[Sudhakarrao Naik]] (also a former Chief Minister of Maharashtra) and his brother [[Manohar Naik]] (current 2014-2019 MLA from Pusad) served as the members of the managing committee.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in/bncoe/ |title=JSPM and BNCOE managing Committee |access-date=4 May 2017 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924144747/http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in/bncoe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Sister organizations==
The ''Janata Shikshan Prasarak Mandal (JSPM)'', along with BNCOE, has also founded the following educational institutes:<ref name=prop/>

'''Professional Institutes'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! SN#
! Name
! Founded
! Courses
! Address
! Notes
|-
! 1
! Dr. NP HIrani Institute of Polytechnic, Pusad
! 1984
! [[Diploma in Engineering]]
! Pusad-Karla road
! Right next to BNCOE
|-
! 2
! Sudhakarrao Naik Institute of Pharmacy, Pusad
! 1983
! DipPharm, [[Bachelor of Pharmacy|BPharm]], [[Master of Pharmacy|MPharm]]
! 1.2 km from the Pusad bus stand on Pusad-Digras-Nagpur Road
!
|-
! 3
! Physical Education College, Pusad
! 1991
! [[Bachelor of Physical Education|BPEd]]
! Pusad-Nagpur road
!
|}

'''Degree Colleges'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! SN#
! Name
! Founded
! Courses
! Address
! Notes
|-
! 4
! Phulsingh Naik Mahavidalaya, Pusad
! 1961
! [[Higher Secondary Examination|HSc (Voc)]], BA, BSC, BCom, BCA, BLib, MA, MCom, MSc
! Pusad-Nagpur Road
! Across Pus River
|-
! 5
! Srimati Vatsalbai Naik Mahila Mahavidalaya
! 1989
! 11th and 12th, BA, BCom, BSC (home science), MA (Sanskrit, history, home economics)
! Talao layout
!
|}

'''Schools in Pusad city''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! SN#
! Name
! Founded
! Courses
! Address
! Notes
|-
! 6
! JSPM School, Pusad
! 1989
! 5th to 10th
! in front of Phulsing Naik Mahavidalaya on Nagpur road
!
|-
! 7
! JSPM School (new), Pusad
! 2003
! 8th to 10th
! Talav layout
!
|-
! 8
! JSPM School, Itawa
! 1989
! 1st to 4th
! Itawa, 1.2 km from Pusad bus stand on Nagpur road
!
|-
! 9
! JSPM Upper Primary Urdu School, Pusad
! 1990
! 1st to 7th
! Rabbani nagar, behind Pus River!
!
|}

'''Outside Pusad city agglomeration'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! SN#
! Name
! Founded
! Courses
! Address
! Notes
|-
! 10
! JSPM School, Gaul
! 1992
! 5th to 12th
! Gaul village, Yavatmal district
! 32 km from Pusad on Pusad-[[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]] [[List of state highways in Maharashtra|MS HS 183]]
|-
! 11
! JSPM Urdu Vidayalaya, Fulsawangi
! 1990
! 5th to 12th
! Fulsawangi village, [[Mahagaon, Yavatmal|Mahagaon]] taluka, Yavatmal district
! 48 km from Pusad on Mahagaon-Kinwat MS HS 232 highway road<ref name=ful1>[https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Pusad,+Maharashtra,+India/Fulsawangi,+Maharashtra+445230,+India/@19.8174974,77.5843693,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bd1754ee1c7bba1:0x4fa254d0a0f7568e!2m2!1d77.568649!2d19.9104257!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bd1888e85a36e95:0x51369fe587c58a09!2m2!1d77.8767442!2d19.7085395 Pusad to Fulsawangi google route]</ref>
|-
! 12
! JSPM Vidalaya, Bansi
! 1984
! 5th to 12th
! Bansi village
! 15 km from Pusad via a link road off Nagpur road<ref>[https://www.google.com.sg/maps/dir/Pusad,+Maharashtra,+India/Bansi,+Maharashtra+445204,+India/@19.9527139,77.5252175,13z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bd1754ee1c7bba1:0x4fa254d0a0f7568e!2m2!1d77.568649!2d19.9104257!1m5!1m1!1s0x3bd10c976200786b:0xae80182ae23b80aa!2m2!1d77.5367468!2d19.9948476 Pusad to Bansi google map route]</ref>
|}

==In popular culture==
BNCOE is the location of ''Anna's Canteen'' novel written by 1988-91 BNCOE alumni Charanjit Singh Minhas.<ref name=GBp>[https://books.google.com/books/about/Anna_s_Canteen.html?id=FXK3NAEACAAJ Anna's Canteen novel on Google Books]</ref><ref name=ACGR>[http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17233472-anna-s-canteen Anna's Canteen review on Goodreads]</ref><ref name=ACAmz>[https://www.amazon.com/Annas-Canteen-Charanjeet-Minhas-ebook/dp/B00AEB9EZC Anna's Canteen review on Amazon]</ref> The ''BNCOE Pusad'' song pays tribute to the life of students at BNCOE.<ref name=Psong>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skAkmYfSLGY BNCOE Pusad song, from the 4th ''APNA (Awaz of Pusad in North America) Reunion'' 2016]</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skAkmYfSLGY BNCOE Pusad song, with 1988-92 pictures when campus was still developing and admin block was still under construction]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LHmS0dprq5k Video collage of BNCOE pictures till 2016]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E407CZWe3Zk Kumar Vishwas show at BNCOE in 2016]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG0pbvot228 Maitri reunion of 1983-87 batch held] at [[Chikhaldara]] in 2017, video length: 1.12 hours
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BQvWq_fONLE Gaiety 2010 dance performance]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal bar|Education|India}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.bncoepusad.ac.in}}

{{Education in India}}
{{India topics}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University|*]]
[[Category:Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1983]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh

2026-01-24T03:31:05Z

Wleness: started place

{{short description|6th century Hindu temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Dashavatara Temple
| image = Deogarh01.jpg
| alt = Deogarh Dashavatara Hindu Temple
| caption = Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh|
| relief = yes
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| coordinates = {{coord|24|31|35.8|N|78|14|24.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Lalitpur District, India|Lalitpur district]]
| location = [[Betwa River]] valley
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Vishnu]]
| festivals =
| architecture_style = [[Hindu temple architecture|Nagara]]
| year_completed = {{Circa|500 CE}}<ref name=cornellplan>[https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/ss:3855959 Dasavatara Temple Plan], Cornell University</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=T. Richard Blurton|title=Hindu Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC&pg=PA52|year=1993|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-39189-5|page=52}}</ref>
| website =
}}
The '''Dashavatara Temple''' is an early 6th century [[Hindu temple]] located at [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]], [[Lalitpur district, India|Lalitpur]] district, [[Uttar Pradesh]] which is 125 kilometers from Jhansi, in the [[Betwa River]] valley in northern-central [[India]].<ref name="Dehejia">Dehejia, Vidya. Indian Art. New York, NY: Phaidon Press Limited, 1997, p. 143</ref><ref name="Michell95">{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC&pg=PA95|year=1977|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1|pages=27 with Figure 5, 95–96}}</ref> It has a simple, one cell square plan and is one of the earliest [[Hindu]] stone temples still surviving today.<ref name="Dehejia" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Fred S. Kleiner|title=Gardner's Art through the Ages: A Global History, Enhanced Edition|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780534642013|url-access=registration|year=2010|publisher=Cengage|isbn=978-1-4390-8578-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780534642013/page/170 170]}}</ref> Built in the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta Period]], the Dashavatara Temple at Deogarh shows the ornate [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] style [[architecture]].<ref>Rowland, Benjamin. The Art and Architecture of India. Kingsport, Tennessee: Kingsport Press, Inc., 1953 p. 224</ref><ref>Mitter, Partha. Indian Art. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. p. 42</ref>

The temple at Deogarh is dedicated to [[Vishnu]], but includes in it small footprint images of various deities such as [[Shiva]], [[Parvati]], [[Kartikeya]], [[Brahma]], [[Indra]], the river goddesses [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna in Hinduism|Yamuna]], as well as a panel showing the five [[Pandava|Pandavas]] of the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="Dehejia" /><ref name="Michell95"/> The temple was built out of stone and masonry brick.<ref name="Dye">Dye, Joseph. The Arts of India. Virginia Museum of Fine Arts. 2001. p. 112</ref> Legends associated with Vishnu are sculpted in the interior and exterior walls of the temple. Also carved are secular scenes and amorous couples in various stages of courtship and intimacy.<ref name="Dehejia" /><ref name="Michell95"/>

According to Alexander Lubotsky, this temple was built according to the third khanda of the Hindu text ''[[Vishnudharmottara Purana]]'', which describes the design and architecture of the ''Sarvatobhadra''-style temple, thus providing a [[floruit]] for the text and likely temple tradition that existed in ancient India.<ref>The Iconography of the Vishnu Temple at Deogarh and the Vishnudharmottarapurana, Alexander Lubotsky, Ars Orientalis, Vol. 26, (1996), pp. 65-80</ref> Though ruined, the temple is preserved in a good enough condition to be a key temple in the Hindu temple architecture scholarship, particularly the roots of the North Indian style of temple design.<ref name="Michell95"/><ref>{{cite journal | last=Meister | first=Michael W. | title=A Note on the Superstructure of the Marhia Temple | journal=Artibus Asiae | volume=36 | issue=1/2 | year=1974 | doi=10.2307/3249713 | pages=81–88| jstor=3249713 }}</ref><ref>Vincent Arthur Smith, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WQ9gYUuP5acC&pg=PA83 ''Art of India'']. Parkstone International, 2012.</ref>

The Dashavatara temple is locally known as '''Sagar marh''', which literally means "the temple on the tank", a name it gets from the square water pool cut into the rock in front.<ref name=vats1/>

== Location ==
The temple site is in Deogarh, also spelled Devgarh (Sanskrit: "fort of gods"<ref name=bruhn28>{{cite book|author=Klaus Bruhn|title=The Jina Images of Deogarh |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2K83AAAAIAAJ |year=1987|publisher= Brill|pages= 28–29}}</ref>), in the Betwa River valley at the border of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. It is an ancient Hindu temple below the Deogarh hill, towards the river, about {{convert|500|m}} from a group of three dozen Jain temples with dharmashala built a few centuries later, and the Deogarh Karnali fort built in early 13th-century.<ref name=cunninghamv10p100/><ref name=vats1>Madho Sarup Vats (1952), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzwTAAAAIAAJ The Gupta Temple at Deogarh], Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. LXX, pages 1-2 with footnotes</ref>

The Dashavatara temple is about {{convert|30|km}} from Lalitpur town in Uttar Pradesh, {{convert|220|km}} west of [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]], {{convert|250|km}} south of [[Gwalior]], {{convert|230|km}} northeast of [[Bhopal]], and about {{convert|400|km}} southwest of [[Kanpur]]. The nearest railway station is located in [[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]], while the closest major airport with daily services is Khajuraho ([[IATA]]: HJR) and Bhopal (IATA: DBH).<ref>{{cite book|author=Klaus Bruhn|title=The Jina Images of Deogarh |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2K83AAAAIAAJ |year=1987|publisher= Brill|pages= 515–516}}</ref>

The site is on the western edge of the Lalitpur range, with rocky Betwa river rapids about {{convert|500|m}} away, amidst a forest. The British India era archaeologist Alexander Cunningham visited this site in 1875 and called the general location as "singularly picturesque". The fort has several Jain temples, and the Dashavatara temple is solitary Hindu monument midway between the fort and the Deogarh village.<ref name=cunninghamv10p100>A. Cunningham, [https://archive.org/stream/reporttoursinbu01cunngoog#page/n111/mode/2up Tours in Bundelkhand and Malwa], Archaeological Survey Report Vol. 10, pages 100, 104-110, {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:View of the Remains of the Dashavatara Temple in Deogarh.jpg|thumb|Dashavatara Temple on its jagati.]]
Deogarh is an ancient site. Numerous inscriptions in different languages and scripts have been found here, as have a series of Hindu, Jain and Buddhist monuments. These suggest that it was once a significant human settlement, likely a location on an imperial trade route that brought people from different linguistic backgrounds to it. According to Madho Vats, Deogarh nestled within picturesque hills in north, west and south along with its abundant waters was conveniently located between the major ancient economic centers such as [[Pataliputra]] (Patna), [[Varanasi|Kashi]] (Varanasi), [[Sanchi]], [[Udayagiri Caves|Udayagiri]], [[Ujjain]], [[Vidisha|Bhilsa]] and Bagh.<ref name=vats1/> Cunningham in 1875, noted that the inscriptions he found in Deogarh during his tour were in Gupta script and few others he could not decipher. The ones his team was able to read were Hindu Sanskrit inscriptions that started with phrases such as "[[Om]]! namah [[Shiva]]ya! (...)", and the [[samvat]] dates included within the inscriptions meant that the various inscriptions ranged from 808 CE to 1164 CE, none before the 8th-century or after the 13th century.<ref name=cunninghamv10p100/> Cunningham reported about the colossal statues of Tirthankaras in the Jain temples site and then added an extensive report on the solitary Hindu Deogarh temple which he called the "Gupta Temple".<ref name=cunninghamv10p100/><ref name=bruhn28/> At the very end of his report, he remarked that the architectural style and themes displayed in the Dashavatara temple suggest that the temple must have been built before 700 CE, with his guess being 600 to 700 CE.<ref name=cunninghamv10p100/>

Before Cunningham's 1875 report, the temple was visited by Charles Strahan around 1871, who found it midst the jungle growth. Strahan shared his enthusiasm about the temple with Cunningham as follows:<ref name=cunninghamv10p100/>

<blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 6px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em">
The jungle is heaviest in the immediate neighborhood of Deogarh, where the Betwa is overlooked on either bank by rocky cliffs once sacred to Hindu shrines, whose ruins display the utmost profusion of the art of sculpture, but which now hardly overtop the surrounding trees. ''One temple of great magnificence'', with a broad paved causeway leading from the foot of the hill on which it stands, along the face of the rocks, is of great archaeological interest, some of the sculptures being well preserved. – Charles Strahan (emphasis according to Cunningham's publication<ref name=cunninghamv10p100/>)
</blockquote>
[[File:Deogarh, Dasavatara-Tempel Vishnu (1999) (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[Vishnu]] sleeping, protected by [[Shesha]]]]
In 1899, P.C. Mukerji surveyed the site more comprehensively on the behalf of Archaeological Survey of India. He noticed the profusion of Vishnu imagery in the reliefs and accepted the local oral tradition that claimed that the ten avatars of Vishnu were carved on the temple but are now missing. In his report, he called it the [[Dashavatara]] temple and mentioned the local ''Sagar Marh'' name for the temple.<ref name=vats1/>

In the decades following the Mukerji's report, excavations in the Deogarh region in early 20th-century such as those by Daya Ram Sahni yielded evidence of more Hindu shrines as well inscriptions, Jain temples and Buddhist monuments. These include the Naharghati inscriptions, a monastic cave and the inscribed relief of Saptamatrikas (seven mothers, [[Shaktism]]). In 1918, Sahini also found panels from the temple buried near the foundation and used by someone to build a wall nearby. These panels narrated scenes from the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref name=vats2>Madho Sarup Vats (1952), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzwTAAAAIAAJ The Gupta Temple at Deogarh], Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. LXX, pages 2-3 with footnotes</ref> According to Bruhn, the Deogarh Naharghati inscriptions, cave and sculptures are all Hindu monuments and one of richest archaeological findings in Deogarh area, and they include Gupta era art, several early and late Nagari script inscriptions, an early Mahishasura-mardini Durga relief, Shiva lingas and various Hindu statues.<ref name=bruhn28/><ref name=vats1/>

In early 20th-century, the missing ten avatars that Sahni knew about but no one else had seen proof of, led to a debate whether the temple should be called Dashavatara temple or something else. However, the excavations and subsequent study of reliefs from the Deogarh temple site by scholars such as Vats yielded the evidence of reliefs showing [[Krishna]], [[Narasimha]], [[Vamana]], [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]], [[Rama]], and others.<ref name=vats2/>{{refn|group=note|Many of these later exacavated reliefs are now at major museums, the largest collection at the National Museum in Delhi, and a few in ASI Museum in Deogarh. The Delhi Museum has Deogarh temple reliefs that narrate the legends of Krishna.<ref name=solis106>{{cite book|author= Benjamín Preciado-Solís|title=The Kṛṣṇa Cycle in the Purāṇas: Themes and Motifs in a Heroic Saga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JvCaWvjGDVEC&pg=PA106 |year=1984 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-89581-226-1|pages=106–107}}</ref>}} Thereafter the temple has generally been known as the Dashavatara temple of Deogarh.<ref name=vats2/> According to Vats, the evidence suggests that a large number of reliefs that existed in late 19th century went missing in the first few decades of the 20th century.<ref name=vats2/> Much of the Dashavatara temple, along with Jain temples nearby, are in ruins and shows signs of damage.<ref name=bruhn55/>{{refn|group=note|The region, like the rest of central and north India, witnessed wars and destruction during the Muslim invasion and Sultanate period. The region was conquered by Ain-ul-mulk, a Muslim commander of Delhi Sultanate who was then appointed as the governor. Later, Malwa Sultans ruled the Chanderi region, then Mughals through 17th-century. After the Muslim Mughal rule, the Hindu Maratha Empire conquered this region, then came British India. Deogarh belonged to the Chanderi region, but Deogarh was not a political center or hub during this period. According to Klaus Bruhn, the role of Muslims in the history of Deogarh site is unclear. All theories about who caused the destruction is speculative, because Muslim writers of the Sultanate period do not mention Deogarh, nor do any inscriptions found in Deogarh mention any raids by anyone.<ref name=bruhn55/> Inscriptions in the Indian tradition, states Bruhn, tend to focus on donations and positive things rather than record historical destruction.<ref name=bruhn55/> The larger temples in Deogarh show signs of more damage, but not the smaller ones though the latter would have been weaker and easier to destroy. It is possible, though also a speculation, that someone used Deogarh monuments as quarry for some unestablished project.<ref name=bruhn55>{{cite book|author=Klaus Bruhn|title=The Jina Images of Deogarh |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2K83AAAAIAAJ |year=1987|publisher= Brill|pages= 55, 66}}</ref> In 1956, the state of Madhya Pradesh was created whose boundary with Uttar Pradesh, in part was set by River Betwa. Deogarh, therefore, became a part of Uttar Pradesh, though its history is more connected with that of Gwalior and Malwa region.<ref name=bruhn55/>}}

Archaeologists have inferred that it is the earliest known [[Panchayatana (temple)|Panchayatana]] temple in North India.<ref name="Vishnu p. 9-10">{{harvnb|Lubotsky|1992|pp=9–10}}</ref> It was subsequently renamed by Cunningham as ''Dashavatara Mandir'' or Dashavatara Temple (because the temple depicts ten incarnations of Vishnu), and also as ''Sagar Marh'' (meaning: the temple by the well).

===Date===
The Dashavatara temple is generally dated between late 5th-century and early 6th-century, or about 500 CE.<ref name=cornellplan/><ref>{{cite book|author=Frederick M. Asher|title=The Art of Eastern India: 300 - 800|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-gGxzx6wxIC&pg=PA30|year=1980|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-1-4529-1225-7|page=30}}, Quote: "(...) elegant Vishnu reclining on the coils of Sesha illustrated on the south side of the late fifth century or early sixth century Deogarh temple".</ref> Benjamín Preciado-Solís, a professor of Indian History specializing in Hindu and Buddhist iconography, dates it to the 5th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Benjamín Preciado-Solís| title=The Kṛṣṇa Cycle in the Purāṇas: Themes and Motifs in a Heroic Saga|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JvCaWvjGDVEC&pg=PA106 |year=1984 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-89581-226-1|pages=106–107}}</ref> According to George Michell, an art historian and a professor specializing in Hindu Architecture, it is unclear when exactly the Dashavatara temple was built but its style suggests the sixth century.<ref name="Michell95"/> Michael Meister, another art historian and professor of Indian temple architecture, dates the temple to between 500 and 525 CE.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Meister | first=Michael W. | title=Prasada as Palace: Kutina Origins of the Nagara Temple | journal=Artibus Asiae | volume=49 | issue=3/4 | year=1988 | doi=10.2307/3250039 | page=274 Figure 29 caption| jstor=3250039 }}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:1880 sketch of early 6th century Deogarh Dashavatara Hindu temple plan.jpg|thumb|1880 sketch of 9-squared Dashavatara temple plan (not to scale, some parts not shown){{refn|group=note|For an aerial view and more complete/accurate plan, see Vats's drawings.<ref>Madho Sarup Vats (1952), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzwTAAAAIAAJ The Gupta Temple at Deogarh], Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. LXX, pages 49-51 Plates 1-3</ref>}}]]
The Dashavatara temple has a high plinth (''jagati'') and is set with a basement porch. The temple provides steps in the center of all sides of the platform to let the pilgrim enter the temple from all four directions.The temple is a masterpiece of Indian architecture.<ref name=vats5>Madho Sarup Vats (1952), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzwTAAAAIAAJ The Gupta Temple at Deogarh], Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. LXX, page 5 with footnotes</ref>

The temple faces west, with slight deviation to the south that enables the setting sun's rays to fall on the main idol in the temple. The plinth is square with a {{convert|55.5|ft|m}} side, about {{convert|9|ft|m}} above the bottom step (called the moon stone) of the shrine.<ref name=vats5/> Each corner of the platform has an {{convert|11|ft}} square projection with remnants of a shrine. The plinth was molded in four parallel courses, each molding about {{convert|0.95|ft}} thick. Above the four moldings, rectangular panels separated by pilasters ran all along the plinth with friezes narrating Hindu texts such as the ''Ramayana'' and the ''Mahabharata''.<ref name="Elgood2000p144">{{cite book|author =Heather Elgood|title=Hinduism and the Religious Arts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAcF8RgbtZ0C&pg=PA144 |year= 2000|publisher= Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn= 978-0-8264-9865-6|page=144}}</ref><ref>Madho Sarup Vats (1952), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzwTAAAAIAAJ The Gupta Temple at Deogarh], Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. LXX, pages 15-20 with footnotes</ref> Some of these friezes are now in museums such as the [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum in Delhi]]. These show, for example, the narratives from the Krishna legend.<ref name=solis106/>

[[File:Door Desavatara Deogarh.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Sanctum door reliefs.]]
On the platform is a nine squares layout. The surviving Vishnu temple is in the middle square.<ref name="Vishnu p.7">{{harvnb|Lubotsky|1992|pp=7}}</ref> The sanctum is a square with {{convert|18.5|ft}} side. Its doorway is intricately carved with reliefs. The images on the top of the lintel of the sanctum and walls show Vishnu and [[Lakshmi]], flanked by [[Shiva]], [[Parvati]], [[Indra]], [[Kartikeya]], [[Ganesha]], [[Brahma]] and others. The outer wall of the sanctum on three sides have niches with sculptures of Vishnu legends: [[Gajendra Moksha|Gajendra-moksha]] flying in with [[Garuda]], [[Nara-Narayana]] seated in [[lalitasana]] position, and Anantasayi Vishnu in reclining position.<ref name="Michell95"/>

On the top of the sanctum is the remnants of [[Shikhara|sikhara]] of the Dashavatara temple. According to Vats, this sikhara is one of the earliest extant lithic illustration in North India along with the one in [[Mundeshwari Temple|Mundeshvari temple]] in Bihar. The Deogarh temple is built on a square plan, while the Mundeshvari temple is built on an octagonal plan.<ref name=vats4>Madho Sarup Vats (1952), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzwTAAAAIAAJ The Gupta Temple at Deogarh], Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. LXX, page 4 with footnotes</ref> The Deogarh temple sikhara was pyramidal of receding tiers (''tala''), with a straight edge.

The Dashavatara Temple is closely related to the iconic architectural temple structure described in the ''[[Vishnudharmottara Purana]]'', and can be interpreted as an architectural representation of the ''[[Chaturvyuha]]'' concept and the [[Pancaratra]] doctrine, centering on the depictions of the four main emanations of [[Vishnu]]: [[Vāsudeva]], [[Samkarshana]], [[Pradyumna]] and [[Aniruddha]].<ref name="AL">{{cite journal |last1=Lubotsky |first1=Alexander |title=The Iconography of the Viṣṇu Temple at Deogarh and the Viṣṇudharmottarapurāṇa |journal=Ars Orientalis |date=1996 |volume=26 |pages=65–80 |jstor=4629500 |issn=0571-1371}}</ref>

===Sculptures===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Anantasayi Vishnu Deogarh.jpg
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| image2 = Seated Vishnu Deogarh Dasavatara.jpg
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| footer = Left: Sheshashayi [[Vishnu]] reclining on the serpent-bed of Shesha. Right: Vishnu in sitting posture under the serpent's hood<ref name="AL"/>
}}
Sculpted panels are seen on the terraced basement, with carved figurines of river goddesses Ganga and Yamuna flanking the doorway to the sanctum sanctorum, standing respectively on their vahanas: crocodile and tortoise.<ref name=vats12/> The panels of the stone door have intricate carvings showing amorous couples in different stages of courtship and intimacy. On the facade are two males standing, one holding a flower and the other a garland as if greeting the visitor.<ref name=vats12/>

The relief on the doorway lintel of the sanctum shows Vishnu.<ref name=vats12/> He is four-armed, holds his iconic conch shell in his rear left hand, the iconic chakra in his rear right, front right hand is in ''abhaya'' mudra while the left front is on his thigh. Below him, to his right, is a female figure presumably Lakshmi but her iconic details are missing. To the right, he is flanked by standing [[Narasimha]] (the man-lion avatar of Vishnu) in [[namaste]] posture, while on left is a dwarf who has been interpreted as [[Vamana]] (the dwarf avatar),<ref name="Vishnu p. 5">{{harvnb|Lubotsky|1992|pp=5}}</ref> or more often ''Gana'' as he lacks the iconic details of Vamana.<ref name=vats12>Madho Sarup Vats (1952), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzwTAAAAIAAJ The Gupta Temple at Deogarh], Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. LXX, pages 12-13 with footnotes</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| width = 220
| image1 = 2717 UpperTier.jpg
| caption1 = A relief at Dasavatara temple (L to R): Kartikeya, Indra, Brahma, Shiva, Parvati, Nandi.
| image2 = Pandavas with Draupadi OR ayudhapurushas facing Madhu Kaitabha.jpg
| caption2 = ''Mahabharata'' relief (L to R): Arjuna, Bhima, Yudhisthira, Nakula, Sahadeva and Draupadi.{{refn|group=note|name=5m1f|This panel is controversial. Vats offers a second interpretation, stating that the left four are Kaumodaki, Sudarsana, Sarnga and Nandaka preparing to fight the two demons who have appeared as male Kaitabha and female Madhu.<ref name=vats13/>}}
}}
On the outer walls of each side of the sanctum are niches. Each niche has an alto-relievo of [[Vaishnava]] mythology:<ref name=legend>{{cite book|title=Temples of India Myths and Legends|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|location=New Delhi|editor1-last=S.|editor1-first= Manjula|last=Bhoothalingam|first=Mathuram|year=2016|pages=7–10|isbn=978-81-230-1661-0}}</ref>
*On the north side is the [[Gajendra Moksha]] in a niche that is 3.25 feet by 5 feet (0.65:1 ratio). A symbolic elephant is praying for help with his leg inside a pond and lotus flower in his trunk, where he is being strangled. Vishnu is shown flying in on Garuda to liberate the elephant from evil strangulation.<ref name=vats13>Madho Sarup Vats (1952), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzwTAAAAIAAJ The Gupta Temple at Deogarh], Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. LXX, pages 13-15 with footnotes</ref>
*On the east side is the [[Nara Narayana]] alto-relievo. Nara and Narayana are seated in meditation in lalitasana. Both of them hold a rosary in hand, are shown to be with closed eyes and calm, as if lost in their meditation. [[Apsara|Apsaras]] are shown flying above with cusped hands as if showering flowers. Below Nara and Narayana sit lion and deer in peace and without anxiety. The panel also has four headed Brahma seated on lotus and in lotus asana.
*In the south side niche is the Anantasayi Vishnu legend as he rests after creating a new cosmic cycle. He sleeps on [[Shesha|Sesha]] whose 7-headed hood shades him. Lakshmi is sitting near Vishnu's feet and shown caressing his right leg. Vishnu is wearing an elaborate crown ([[kiritamukuta]]) and neck, ear, arm and body jewelry. A miniature four headed Brahma is above in center, but he does not emerge from Vishnu navel (a version found in later-dated Puranas). Brahma also has only two hands, with one holding his iconic kamandalu (water pot). Others flanking Brahma are Indra and Kartikeya (Skanda) on one side, Siva and Parvati on Nandi, and a person with a garland. Below the reclining Vishnu is a panel depicting the five males ([[Pandavas]]) and one female ([[Draupadi]]) of the ''Mahabharata'' legend.<ref name=vats13/>{{refn|group=note|name=5m1f}}

[[File:Deogarh, Dasavatara-Tempel Nara-Narayana (1999).JPG|thumb|right|[[Nara Narayana]] panel on the eastern wall of the Vishnu temple]]
According to Lubotsky, it is likely that the entrance is dedicated to the [[Vāsudeva]] aspect of Vishnu; the Anantashayana side is his role as the creator ([[Aniruddha]]); the sage form of Nara-Narayana side symbolizes his preservation and maintainer role in cosmic existence ([[Pradyumna]]); and the Gajendramoksha side represents his role as the destroyer ([[Samkarsana]]).<ref name="Vishnu p. 5"/>

===Reliefs and museums===
The Dashavatara temple had numerous plinth panels of about 2.5 feet by 2 feet each, with friezes related to secular life and themes of Hinduism. Some of these reliefs were found during excavations at the site, some recovered nearby and identified by their location, the material of construction and the style. Many are lost. The recovered reliefs are now housed in major museums. Some of the significant reliefs identified include:
[[File:Lakshamana cuts Surpanaka's nose.jpg|thumb|A Deogarh temple ''Ramayana'' relief now in National Museum, Delhi; L to R: Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, in lower right is demoness Surpanakha caught after harassing Sita and Rama.]]
*''[[Ramayana]]'' scenes: a panel depicts the ''Ahalya-uddhara'' legend where Hindu god [[Rama]] redeems [[Ahalya]]. The scene shows Ahalya in a reverential state offering flowers, Rama and Lakshmana holding their bows, and a [[rishi]] monk sitting nearby with a rosary. Other legends include the departure of Rama, Sita and Lakshmana for their exile; the three arriving at sage Atri's hermitage; the ''Surpanakha'' legend; the ''Dandaka'' forest legend; the abduction of Sita by Ravana; the bullying of Sita by Ravana legend; the Sugriva victory legend and the Hanuman bringing the herb containing mountain for Lakshmana legend.<ref>Madho Sarup Vats (1952), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzwTAAAAIAAJ The Gupta Temple at Deogarh], Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. LXX, pages 16-18 with footnotes</ref>
*''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' scenes: a panel narrates the Krishna's birth in a prison legend; Yashoda and Nanda playing with Baladeva and Krishna; Krishna battling Kamsa legend; Krishna stealing bathing gopi clothes and two nude women concealing their breasts; the Sudama legend and a few others. One of the panels shows the Vamana, Bali and Trivikrama legend; another the Narasimha saving Prahlada legend.<ref>Madho Sarup Vats (1952), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzwTAAAAIAAJ The Gupta Temple at Deogarh], Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. LXX, pages 18-21 with footnotes</ref>
*Secular life scenes: A number of panels show solitary women with various expressions; small boys playing; girls picking flowers in a field; six girls together of which five are watching and one is dancing; five girls of which one in center is dancing and the other four are playing musical instruments; a woman giving a baby to a man so that he can hold the baby but the man stands indifferent; and others.<ref name=vats22/>
*Kama and mithuna scenes: lovers are shown as if having a conversation with one of his hand on her shoulder, the shy woman looking the other way; she sitting in his lap and he fondling her breasts; a man and woman with intertwined bodies, her body reclined on his; a man turning away while the woman embracing him from behind and clinging to him; another panel showing a woman declining a man making advances; and others.<ref name=vats22>Madho Sarup Vats (1952), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzwTAAAAIAAJ The Gupta Temple at Deogarh], Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. LXX, pages 21-23, 26 with footnotes</ref>

Another sculpture found in the Vishnu temple depicts the [[Krishna]] legend in which [[Devaki]] hands over her new born son Krishna to her husband [[Vasudeva]]. This sculpture is said to be one of the best depictions of Gupta period art, based on the sensuous and graceful modelling of the figurines, but different in that its clothes are shown draped in an exclusive fashion. It is now housed at the [[National Museum]] in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=Solis>{{Cite book|last=Solis|first= Benjamín Preciado-Solis|title= The Krishna cycle in the puranas: themes and motifs in a heroic saga|work=Gupta sculpture|page=106|access-date=2010-01-06|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JvCaWvjGDVEC&pg=PA106 |publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|year=1984|isbn=0895812266}}</ref>

The panels show the culture and dress of ancient India. The jewelry and clothing including ''dhoti'', ''sari'', ''kurta'', ''lahanga'', blouse, pleated skirt, ''dopatta'' (''uttariya''), ''langoti'', neck wear and others.<ref>Madho Sarup Vats (1952), [https://books.google.com/books?id=hzwTAAAAIAAJ The Gupta Temple at Deogarh], Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Vol. LXX, pages 21-27, 33-41 with footnotes</ref>

===Textual roots===
The Hindu treatise ''[[Vishnudharmottara Purana]]'' describes several temples including a "Sarvatobhadra temple", which has been compared by archaeologists and Indologists with the Dashavatara Temple (Vishnu temple) or the Gupta Mandir of Deogarh. According to Lubotsky, a comparative study suggests that the ideal temple design and iconography described in the treatise as "Sarvatobhadra temple" was the same as the Vishnu temple of Deogarh. This conclusion was based on plan, size, iconography and several other norms described for building the Sarvatobhadra style Hindu temples.<ref name="Vishnu p.2-3">{{harvnb|Lubotsky|1992|pp= 2–3}}</ref> Based on this comparison, the structural details of the Deogarh temple have been inferred. Maps have also been drawn of the temple structure. The probable date of the temple's construction has been estimated to be between 425 and 525.<ref name="Vishnu p. 4">{{harvnb|Lubotsky|1992|pp=4}}</ref>

The Sarvatobhadra design requires a superstructure with nine sikharas. The Dasavatara temple at Deogarh shows only one "shikara", and right squares with no remnant structure. Lubotsky acknowledges that this aspect of the Sarvatobhadra design cannot be fully established by existing evidence. However, the supporting features of [[Coping (architecture)|coping]]s and amalakas (a bulbous stone [[finial]]) have been found in the ruins, which supports the theory that more shikaras existed on eight mandapas, as part of the temple.<ref name="Vishnu p.15">{{harvnb|Lubotsky|1992|pp=15}}</ref>

Four stairways outside the platform provide access to the temple. However, as per excavation details, combined with the two small shrines with the central shrine seen now, the layout of the temple has been interpreted to represent a typical ''Panchayatana'' style of the temples of North India.<ref name="Vishnu p. 9-10"/> The total height of the shrine based on isometric projections is about {{convert|45|ft|m}}.<ref name="Vishnu p.11">{{harvnb|Lubotsky|1992|pp=11}}</ref> Provision of porches has not been corroborated but some analogous comparison with the Varaha temple (boar incarnation of Vishnu) in the fort precincts, which belonged to the same period, suggests the existence of porticoes even in the Vishnu temple. Further, a later date Kuriya Bira temple about {{convert|2|mi|km}} to the south of the Vishnu temple, has been cited to substantiate that this temple had a mandapa around a small shikara shrine, as required in the Sarvatobhadra design.<ref name="Vishnu p.13">{{harvnb|Lubotsky|1992|pp=13}}</ref>

According to Lubotsky, the Deogarh temple tallied with the description provided for the Sarvatobhadra temple in the ancient treatise of Vishnudharmottara Purana.<ref name="Vishnu p.16">{{harvnb|Lubotsky|1992|pp=16}}</ref>

==Reception==
The Vishnu temple's uniqueness has been expressed succinctly by archaeologist [[Percy Brown (scholar)|Percy Brown]], in these words: <blockquote>
''When complete, this building was unquestionably one of rare merit in the correct ordering of its parts, all alike serving the purpose of practical utility, yet imbued with supreme artistic feeling. Few monuments can show such a high level of workmanship, combined with a ripeness and rich refinement in its sculptural effect as the Gupta temple at Deogarh''.<ref name="Vishnu p.17">{{harvnb|Lubotsky|1992|pp=17}}</ref>
</blockquote>

===Reconstructions Proposed===
Cunningham had originally proposed a reconstruction of the temple with four columns on each side supporting a portico and a shikhara topped by an amalaka.<ref>Recherchen über den Gupta-Tempel in Deogarh (Research on the Gupta Temple in Deogarh) [with English Summary], Klaus Imig, Artibus Asiae, Vol. 63, No. 1 (2003), pp. 35-68</ref> However Vats<ref>Vats, M D (1952). The Gupta Temple at Deogarh. Archaeological Survey of India. New Delhi.</ref> and Imig have proposed that it was a panchayatana temple. Imig compared a number of temples from the region and from other regions from similar period, and concluded that the garbhagriha (sanctum) cell was surrounded by a wall forming an ambulatory.

==See also==
* [[Jain temple, Deogarh]]
* [[Pataini temple]]
* [[Bhitargaon]]
* [[Sanchi]]
* [[Tigawa]]
* [[Vidisha]]
* [[Nachna Hindu temples]]
* [[Bhumara]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book|author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya|title=An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass)|url= https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up | isbn=978-81-7536-534-6}}
*{{cite book|author=Prasanna Kumar Acharya|title=A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-81-7536-113-3}}
*{{cite book|author1=Vinayak Bharne|author2=Krupali Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4}}
*{{cite book|author=Alice Boner|title=Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0705-1}}
*{{cite book|author1=Alice Boner|author2=Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā|title=Silpa Prakasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass)|isbn=978-8120820524}}
*{{cite book|author1=A.K. Coomaraswamy|author2=Michael W. Meister|title=Essays in Architectural Theory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5B1QAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-0-19-563805-9}}
*Dehejia, V. (1997). ''Indian Art''. Phaidon: London. {{ISBN|0-7148-3496-3}}.
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-312-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=The Temple Architecture of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ |year=2007|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0470028278}}
*{{cite book|author=Adam Hardy|title=Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADrgEACAAJ|year=2015|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-93-81406-41-0}}
*Harle, J.C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*{{cite book|author=Monica Juneja|title=Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-8178242286}}
*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C|year= 1976|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press)|isbn=978-81-208-0223-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple Volume 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC|year= 1979|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press)|isbn=978-81-208-0224-7}}
*{{citation|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/1887/2668/1/299_022.pdf |title=Isomorphic Reconstruction Map of Sarvodhbhadra temple or the Vishnu temple of Deogarh, in "Ritual, State and History in South Asia. Essays in Honour of J.C. Heesterman" |year= 1992|last=Lubotsky|first= Alexander |editor=A.W. van den Hoek|display-editors=et al}}
*{{cite book|author1=Michael W. Meister|author2=Madhusudan Dhaky|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ|year=1986|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=978-0-8122-7992-4}}
*{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC|year=1988|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-53230-1}}
*{{cite book|author=George Michell|title=Hindu Art and Architecture|url=https://archive.org/details/hinduartarchitec00mich|url-access=registration|year=2000|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-20337-8}}
*{{cite book|author=T. A. Gopinatha Rao|title=Elements of Hindu iconography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC |year=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0878-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Ajay J. Sinha|title=Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C |year=2000|publisher=University of Delaware Press|isbn=978-0-87413-684-5}}
*{{cite book|title=South Indian Temples|author=Burton Stein|isbn=978-0706904499|publisher =Vikas|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ| year=1978}}
*{{cite book|author=Burton Stein|title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26693-2}}
*{{cite book|author1=Burton Stein|author2=David Arnold|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10|year=1997|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-362-5}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh}}

{{Hindu inscriptions and arts|state=autocollapse}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:6th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:6th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Gupta art]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Lalitpur district, India]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu ]]
[[Category:Legendary footprints]]

T. K. Subramaniam

2026-01-05T13:35:12Z

Wleness: Starting

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
'''T. K. Subramaniam''' was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Sathyamangalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Sathyamangalam constituency]] in the [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989 elections]]. He was a candidate of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Election Commission of India |page=6 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReport-TN06.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 |accessdate=2017-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReport-TN89.pdf |archivedate=7 October 2010 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}
{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Brahmani River

2026-01-02T12:02:32Z

Wleness:

{{Short description|River in Odisha, India}}
{{For|tributary of Dwarka in Ganga Basin with same name|Brahmani River (Dwarka)}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Brahmani River
| native_name = {{native name|or|ବ୍ରାହ୍ମଣୀ ନଦୀ}}
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| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Odisha]]
| subdivision_type3 =
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| length = {{convert|799|km|0|abbr=on}}
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| source1 = Confluence of [[South Koel River]] and [[Sankh River]]
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|22|14|45|N|84|47|02|E|display=inline}}
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| basin_size_km2 = 39033
| tributaries_left = [[Kharasrota River]]
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[[File:Aerial satellite imagery of Brahmani delta, mangrove and beach ridges.JPG|thumb|Aerial satellite imagery of Brahmani delta, mangrove and beach ridges]]
[[Image:Mahanadi.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The Brahmani River System Map (top)]]

The '''Brahmani''' is a major [[seasonal]] river in the [[Odisha]] state of eastern [[India]]. The Brahmani is formed by the confluence of the [[Sankh River|Sankh]] and [[South Koel River|South Koel]] rivers, and flows through the districts of [[Sundargarh district|Sundargarh]], [[Deogarh district|Deogarh]], [[Angul district|Angul]], [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]], [[Cuttack district|Cuttack]], [[Jajpur district|Jajapur]] and [[Kendrapara district|Kendrapara]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/-Orissa/Brahmani-River-20953.htm |title=Brahmani River in India |access-date=2008-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713102321/https://www.india9.com/i9show/-Orissa/Brahmani-River-20953.htm |archive-date=2019-07-13 }}</ref> Also the South Koel can be considered as the upper reaches of the Brahmani.<ref>{{cite book |author=V.K. Dadhwal |display-authors=etal |url=https://indiawris.gov.in/downloads/Brahmani%20and%20Baitarni%20Basin.pdf |title=Brahmani and Baitarni Basin |date=2014 |publisher=Central Water Commission, National Remote Sensing Center |page=12 |version=Version 2.0}}</ref> Together with the river [[Baitarani River|Baitarani]], Brahmani forms a large delta before emptying into the [[Bay of Bengal]] at Dhamra. It is the second widest river in [[Odisha]] after [[Mahanadi]].

==Sources==
The Brahmani is formed by the confluence of the rivers South Koel and Sankh near the major industrial town of [[Rourkela]] at 22 15'N and 84 47' E. The Sankh has its origins near the [[Jharkhand]]-[[Chhattisgarh]] border, not far from the [[Netarhat]] Plateau. The South Koel too arises in Jharkhand, near [[Lohardaga]], on the other side of a watershed that also gives rise to the [[Damodar River]]. Both of these sources are in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The site of the Brahmani's origin is mythologically reputed to be the place where Sage [[Parashara]] fell in love with the fisherman's daughter, [[Satyavati]] who later gave birth to [[Ved Vyasa]], the compiler of the [[Mahabharata]]. The place is thus called Ved Vyasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V09_016.gif|title = Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 9, page 10 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library}}</ref>

[[Image:Koel river Jaraikela Orissa.png|thumb|right|220px|South Koel river near Jaraikela, Orissa. One of the two tributaries of Brahmani River]]

After assuming the name of Brahmani, the river crosses the Tamra and Jharbera forests, skirting along [[National Highway 23]]. It then passes the town of [[Bonaigarh]] in [[Sundargarh district]] before being dammed at Rengali in [[Anugul]] district. A large reservoir of the same name is created as a consequence. It is then joined from the right by the Tikira (Tikra) and the Singadajore. It then flows through the town of [[Talcher]] before being joined from the right by the [[Nigra (Brahmani)|Nigra]]. It flows past the town of [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]] before splitting up into two streams. The main stream flows by the town of [[Jajpur]] Road beyond which it is crossed by [[National Highway 16]] and the [[Kolkata]]-[[Chennai]] mainline of [[East Coast Railway]]. The branch stream called Kimiria receives the waters of the [[Birupa]] (a distributary of the [[Mahanadi river|Mahanadi]], Kelua and Genguti before rejoining the main stream at Indupur). It then flows crisscrossing through [[Pattamundai]]. The river then receives the Kharsuan, on its left bank before merging with the Baitarani, a major river, to form the [[Dhamra river|Dhamra estuary]]. A distributary called Maipara branches off here to join the Bay of Bengal a short distance away while the main stream proceeds northward for a few km more before ultimately meeting the sea near [[Chandbali]] at [[Palmyras Point]]. The Brahmani delta is the site of the [[Bhitarkanika]] wildlife sanctuary, famous for its estuarine [[crocodile]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/#lat=20.5569383&lon=86.7305374&z=11&l=0&m=a&v=2|title = Wikimapia - Let's describe the whole world!}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Odisha Rivers Profile |date=20 May 2017 |publisher=South Asia Network on Dams, Rivers and People (SANDRP) |url=https://sandrp.in/2017/05/20/odisha-rivers-profile/ }}</ref>

[[File:Patrapur Bridge on Brahmani River in Pattamundai along SH-9A.jpg|thumb|Patrapur Bridge on Brahmani River in [[Pattamundai]] along SH-9A]]

==Length and catchment==
At about {{convert|480|km|mi}} long, the Brahmani is the second longest river in Odisha after the [[Mahanadi river|Mahanadi]]. However, if its constituent rivers are included, its length extends to about {{convert|799|km|mi}}, of which {{convert|541|km|mi}} are in Odisha. It has a catchment area of about {{convert|39033|km2|mi2}} in Odisha alone.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title = Brahmani River |encyclopedia=Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77140/Brahmani-River}}</ref>

==Irrigation projects==
[[File:Mahanadi.jpg|thumb|Map of the Brahmani and Mahanadi rivers]]
Apart from the [[Rengali dam]] mentioned above, there also exists a [[barrage (dam)|barrage]] shortly before [[Talcher]] called Samal Barrage. The Jokadia and the Jenapur [[anicut]]s are the other irrigation projects on the river. Near its [[River delta|mouth]], the river is also integrated with the Odisha Coast Canal of the East Coast Canal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Waterways in Odisha: a new wave of Ecological Destruction |publisher=Manthan Adhyayan Kendra |location=[[Barwani|Badwani, Madhya Pradesh]] |url=https://www.manthan-india.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf/Waterways-English.pdf }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hydrography of Odisha}}
{{Mahanadi Basin}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rivers of Odisha]]
[[Category:Tributaries of the Mahanadi River]]

Marwar Junction–Munabao line

2025-12-30T22:18:48Z

Wleness: Added New Details Needs Work.

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Marwar Junction–Munabao line
| color =
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image =
| image_width =
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| status = Operational
| locale = [[Thar Desert]], [[Rajasthan]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Marwar Junction}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Munabao}}
| stations =
| routes =
| open = {{start date and age|1902}}
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength = Marwar Junction–Munabao: {{convert|370|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Luni–Jodhpur: {{convert|30|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}

| gauge = {{track gauge|1676 mm|lk=on}}
| minradius =
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| speed = 100 km/h
| electrification = Yes
| elevation = Marwar Junction {{convert|267|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| website =
| map = {{Marwar Junction–Munabao line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}
The '''Marwar Junction–Munabao line''' connects {{stnlnk|Marwar Junction}}, on the [[Jaipur–Ahmedabad line]] to {{stnlnk|Munabao}}, the last station in India, near the India–Pakistan border. Both are in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. There is a link to {{stnlnk|Jodhpur}}. This line operates under the jurisdiction of [[North Western Railway zone]].

==History==
A {{track gauge|1000mm}}-wide [[metre-gauge]] line from Marwar Junction to Pali was built by the Rajputana Railway in 1882. It was extended to Luni in 1884 and Jodhpur in 1885. It formed the first Jodhpur Railway. It later became part of Jodhpur–Bikaner Railway.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Jodhpur-Bikaner_Railway| title = Jodhpur–Bikaner Railway| publisher = fibis| access-date = 30 April 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140202124719/http://www.wiki.fibis.org/index.php?title=Jodhpur-Bikaner_Railway| archive-date = 2 February 2014| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name=irfcaii>{{cite web| url = https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html |title = IR History: Part II (1870–1899)| publisher=IRFCA | access-date = 30 April 2014}}</ref>

A metre-gauge line from Luni to Shadipalli, in Sind, was built across the [[Thar Desert]] in 1902 by Jodhpur–Bikaner Railway and the line from Shadipalli to Hyderabad (now in Pakistan) was regauged from 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge to {{track gauge|1000mm}} meter gauge in 1901.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html|title = IR History: Part III (1900–1947)| publisher=IRFCA | access-date = 30 April 2014}}</ref>

The Luni–Barmer–Munabao section was converted to {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}}-wide [[broad gauge]] in 2004.<ref name=geography>{{cite web| url = https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-inter.html |title = Geography:International| publisher=IRFCA | access-date = 30 April 2014}}</ref> The Jodhpur–Luni–Marwar Junction section was converted to broad gauge in early 2000s.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1308229227325-OVERVIEW.pdf |title = Overview of Jodhpur Division: Historical Perspective| publisher= North Western Railway| access-date = 30 April 2014}}</ref>

==Border crossing==
According to a 1929 issue of the ''Railway Gazette'', the Sind Mail used to run on this route between Ahmedabad and Hyderabad, Sind. The route was in use with through services between Jodhpur and Karachi till around 1965. On the Pakistan side, [[Khokhrapar]] was the terminus of a branch line from Hyderabad, Sind via Mirpur Khas, 135 km from the border.<ref name=geography/>

The rail link across Munabao-Khokhrapar border was restored in 2006. It reduced considerably the travel distance and time for people travelling to and from southern parts of Pakistan, particularly [[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Mohajirs]] in Sind, and central and southern India. They otherwise would have had to use the longer route via Wagah-Attari. As per the agreement between Indian and Pakistan railways, the [[Thar Express]] travels once a week from Karachi during a six-month block, crosses the international border, and the passengers change over to an Indian train at Munabao for their onward journey to Jodhpur.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article931198.ece |title = Thar Express survives 'terror attack'| first= Mohammed|last= Iqbal|work=The Hindu|date=5 December 2010| access-date = 30 April 2014}}</ref> Service on the Munabao-Khokhrapar link of the India–Pakistan border was suspended on 24 August 2006 following incessant rain and water-logging on the Indian side and restored on 17 February 2007. Pakistan Railways have set up a new railway station at {{stnlnk|Zero Point}}<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history7.html |title = IR History: Part VII (2000-present)| publisher=IRFCA | access-date = 30 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://208.112.102.150/PrintEdition.aspx?ID=4700&Cat=13&dt=12/11/2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140313154151/http://208.112.102.150/PrintEdition.aspx?ID=4700&Cat=13&dt=12%2F11%2F2006| url-status = dead| archive-date = 13 March 2014| title = Khokhrapar station to be operational soon| publisher = The News, 12 December 2006| access-date = 30 April 2014}}</ref>

==Passenger movement==
{{stnlnk|Jodhpur}} is the only railway station on this line which is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |title=Indian Railways Passenger Reservation Enquiry |work=Availability in trains for Top 100 Booking Stations of Indian Railways |access-date=30 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140510115649/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/7days_Avl.html |archive-date=10 May 2014 }}</ref>

==Sheds and workshops==
The former metre-gauge workshop at Jodhpur now performs periodic overhauling of broad-gauge passenger coaches. The former metre-gauge diesel shed at Bhagat ki Kothi was converted to broad-gauge shed in the 1990s. It houses 133+ electro-motive diesel locos. It is home to [[WDG-4]], [[WDP-4]], [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]]. WDM-3A and WDG-3A locomotives.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-shed.html |title= Sheds and workshops|publisher= IRFCA| access-date = 30 April 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/marwar-junction-mj/129 Trains at Marwar Junction]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/jodhpur-junction-ju/126 Trains at Jodhpur]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/departures/bhagat-ki-kothi-bgkt/2268 Trains at Bhagat Ki Kothi]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/barmer-bme/1145 Trains at Barmer]
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/munabao-mbf/2269 Trains at Munabao]

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marwar Junction-Munabao line}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Jodhpur railway division|*]]
[[Category:Ajmer railway division|*]]

Jangpura Assembly constituency

2025-12-04T15:03:28Z

Wleness: adjust intro for clarity

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jangpura
| mla = [[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| loksabha_cons = [[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[South Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 41
}}
'''Jangpura Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern India.
Jangpura assembly constituency is a part of South East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency).
It is a posh neighbourhood in South Delhi district of Delhi divided into Jangpura, Jangpura Extension, Jangpura A and Jangpura B.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Jag Pravesh Chandra
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Maninder Singh Dhir]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Praveen Kumar (Delhi politician)|Praveen Kumar]]
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]
| {{Full party name with color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Jangpura<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Jangpura">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Jangpura pp|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0541.htm |access-date=8 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208135848/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0541.htm |archive-date=8 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Jangpura Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Jangpura Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/jangpura |access-date=19 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319041927/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/jangpura |archive-date=19 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]|votes=38,859|percentage=45.44|change={{Increase}}12.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Manish Sisodia]]|votes=38,184|percentage=44.65|change={{decrease}}6.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Farhad Suri|votes=7,350|percentage=8.60|change={{decrease}}6.69}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=[[Bijender]]|votes=119|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=441|percentage=0.52|change={{up}}0.05}}
{{Election box majority||votes=675|percentage=0.79|change={{down}}17.39}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=85,511|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Jangpura}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Praveen Kumar
| votes = 55,133
| percentage = 50.88
| change = +2.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Impreet Singh Bakshi
| votes = 29,070
| percentage = 32.77
| change = +7.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]
| votes = 13,565
| percentage = 15.29
| change = -9.53
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 419
| percentage = 0.47
| change = +0.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Subhash
| votes = 247
| percentage = 0.28
| change = -0.13
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 16,063
| percentage = 18.18
| change = -4.22
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 88,794
| percentage = 60.66
| change = -3.66
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = -4.22
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Jangpura}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Praveen Kumar (Delhi politician)|Praveen Kumar]]
| votes = 43,927
| percentage = 48.11
| change = +11.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Maninder Singh Dhir]]
| votes = 23,477
| percentage = 25.71
| change = +2.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]
| votes = 22,662
| percentage = 24.82
| change = -9.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the above]]
| votes = 314
| percentage = 0.34
| change = -0.35
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 20,450
| percentage = 22.40
| change = +20.23
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 91,329
| percentage =64.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +11.16
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Jangpura <ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=41 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Maninder Singh Dhir]]
| votes = 29,701
| percentage = 36.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Tarvinder Singh Marwah
| votes = 27,957
| percentage = 34.78
| change = -22.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Pankaj Jain
| votes = 18,978
| percentage = 23.61
| change = -12.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal (United)
| candidate = Rakesh
| votes = 1,523
| percentage = 1.89
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 555
| percentage = 0.69
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 1,744
| percentage = 2.17
| change = -19.17
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 80,399
| percentage = 62.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Jangpura<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]
| votes = 37,261
| percentage = 57.00
| change = -11.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Manjinder Singh Sirsa]]
| votes = 23,310
| percentage = 35.66
| change = +9.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Gaje Singh
| votes = 3,192
| percentage = 4.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 13,956
| percentage = 21.34
| change = -20.96
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 65,374
| percentage = 59.60
| change = +8.44
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -11.88
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Jangpura<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]
| votes = 32,937
| percentage = 68.88
| change = +17.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Kuldeep Singh Bhogal
| votes = 12,710
| percentage = 26.58
| change = -3.28
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| candidate = Rajan Taneja
| votes = 1,009
| percentage = 2.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 20,227
| percentage = 42.30
| change = +21.69
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 47,820
| percentage = 51.16
| change = +1.39
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +17.41
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003" />

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Jangpura<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Tarvinder Singh Marwah]]
| votes = 28,384
| percentage = 51.47
| change = +4.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Bir Bahadur
| votes = 16,465
| percentage = 29.86
| change = -12.66
}}
{{Election box candidate
| party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| candidate = Tilak Raj Malhotra
| votes = 8,605
| percentage = 15.60
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 11,919
| percentage = 21.61
| change = +16.73
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 55,144
| percentage = 49.77
| change = -8.75
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +4.07
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998" />

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Jangpura<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Jag Pravesh Chandra
| votes = 24,200
| percentage = 47.40
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ram Lal Verma
| votes = 21,709
| percentage = 42.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = P. Chakraborty
| votes = 3,382
| percentage = 6.62
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,491
| percentage = 4.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 51,052
| percentage = 58.52
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993" />

==Other State Wings==
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.58|77.25|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Mandar Hill

2025-12-03T20:20:12Z

Wleness: Added Basic Entry Added Tags

{{Short description|Small mountain in Bounsi, India}}

{{Infobox religious building
| name = Shri Mandar Parvat Tirth
| native_name = Mandar giri
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]], [[Hinduism]]
| image = Bankamhill.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| map_type = Bihar
| map_size =
| map_caption = Location within Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|24.841165|N|87.035391|E|type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| location = [[Banka district]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| deity = [[Vasupujya]] and [[Vishnu]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]], [[Makar Sankranti]]
| temple_quantity = 12
| creator =
| established =
| website =
}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Mandar Parvat,''' also known as '''Mandar Hill''' is a small [[mountain]] situated in Bounsi, [[Banka district]] under [[Bhagalpur]] division of state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/bihar/mandarhill/page9.htm |title=Mandar Hill |work=hindubooks.org |accessdate=November 1, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016031409/http://www.hindubooks.org/temples/bihar/mandarhill/page9.htm |archive-date=October 16, 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is about 700 ft high and approximately 45 km south of Bhagalpur city of Bounsi, a place located on the state highway between [[Bhagalpur]] and [[Dumka]]. Mandar Hill is an important place of [[pilgrimage]] for both [[Jains]] and [[Hindus]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandar Hill at Banka |url=http://www.explorebihar.in/mandar-hill-at-banka.html |url-status=dead |accessdate=December 27, 2017 |work=explorebihar.in |archive-date=December 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217183617/http://www.explorebihar.in/mandar-hill-at-banka.html }}</ref> A carnival is organised every year at [[Mahavir Jayanti]] & [[Makar Sankranti|Makar Sakranti]].

==History==
Mandar hill is holds an important place in the religious history of South Bihar. It finds mention in various [[Puranas]] including the [[Varaha Purana]] and the [[Garuda Purana]] which associate it with stories of relating to Hindu deities like [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]]. The hill associated with the early medieval [[Later Gupta dynasty]] as an inscription from King [[Ādityasena]] has been found here dated to the mid-to-late 7th century CE and records the building of a temple on the hill.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Kumkum |title=Recent Archaeological Investigation in and around the Mandar Hill, District Banka, South Bihar |journal=Pratna Samiksha: A Journal of Archaeology |date=2013 |volume=4 |pages=105-118 |url=https://www.academia.edu/11993225/Recent_Archaeological_Investigation_in_and_around_the_Mandar_Hill_District_Banka_South_Bihar}}</ref>

== Religious Significance ==
=== Jainism ===
Mandar Parvat, is believed to place of three out of five [[Panch Kalyanaka|kalnayak]] ([[Panch Kalyanaka]]) — ''[[diksha]]'', ''[[kevala jnana]]'', and ''[[Moksha (Jainism)|nirvana]]'' of [[Vasupujya]], the 12th [[tirthankara]] in [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=202}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-bihar-tourism-spots-mandar-hill-in-bhagalpur-famous-for-hindu-and-jain-worship-place-known-for-natural-beauty-7271504.html|title = नेचुरल ब्यूटी और धार्मिक मान्यताओं के लिए विश्व विख्यात है मंदार पर्वत, देश विदेश से आते हैं सैलानी}}</ref>

=== Hinduism ===
{{Main|Mount Mandara}}
The mountain has many references in [[hindu mythology|Hindu Mythology]] as Mandarachal Parvat. As per references found in the [[Puranas]] and the [[Mahabharata]], this hill was used for churning the ocean to extract the nectar from its bosom ([[Samudra manthan|Samudra Manthan]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-banka-tourist-place-mandar-hill-is-special-for-three-religions-8449649.html|title = बांका स्थित मंदार पर्वत से देवताओं ने किया था समुद्र मंथन, आज भी देखने को मिलते हैं साक्ष्य}}</ref> There is, adjacent to this hill, a pond called "Paapharni".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/bihar-banka-district-mandar-parvat-have-samudra-manthan-14-ratna-come-out-know-full-story-ann-1952901|title = Mandar Parvat: बिहार के बांका में है वो पर्वत जिससे हुआ था समुद्र मंथन, निकले थे 14 रत्न और कालकूट विष, जानें पूरी कहानी}}</ref> This holy pond has its own historical significance. It is a place where you can revive yourself after taking a bath in the pond that refreshes you mentally and physically. In the middle of the pond is a temple of Lord [[Vishnu]] and Goddess [[Lakshmi]].

Many rare sculptures of Lord [[Shiva]], [[Kamadhenu]] and [[Varaha]], believed to be of 11-12th century AD, can be found to be scattered around Mandar Hill. These rare artifacts need to be conserved by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=March 30, 2017|title=Antiquities destroyed in Bihar's Mandar hills ropeway project|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/antiquities-destroyed-in-bihar-s-mandar-hills-ropeway-project/story-O0y3uI95ZZ4M9R2sWCezeJ.html}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Digambar-Jain-Mandir-at-Mandar-Hill-Top.jpg|Vasupujya Jain temple
File:Mandar4.png|Vishnu temple
File:Mandar Mount or Hill.jpg|Depiction of ''[[Samudra Manthana]]''
</gallery>

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{cite book | last1=Titze | first1=Kurt| last2=Bruhn | first2= Klaus| title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence | url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|page=202|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] | location=[[New Delhi]] | edition=2 | date=1998 | isbn=81-208-1534-3 }}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Mandar Parvat}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bihar]]
[[Category:Mountains of Bihar]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]

Hayyal (B)

2025-12-03T10:44:57Z

Wleness: started post

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hayyal (B) Karnataka
| other_name = Haiyyal (B)
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village

| image_alt =
| image_caption = Hayyal (B), Wadagera Map
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|16|33|51.41|N|76|57|33.70|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Yadgir district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Wadgera Taluka]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Hayyal (B), Wadgera]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3140
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 175 people per km²
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 585223
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 621174
| registration_plate = KA 33
| website = {{URL|karnataka.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''[[Hayyal (B), Wadgera]]''' is a [[panchayat village]]<ref>2011 Village Panchayat Code = 218094, {{Cite web|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory: Village Panchayat Names of Shahapur, Yadgir, Karnataka|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=5843&parenttype=B&ptype=V|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227192004/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=5843&parenttype=B&ptype=V|archive-date=27 February 2013}}</ref> in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">2001 Census Village code = 00379500, {{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/PLCN/dir-29R.pdf|title=2001 Census of India: List of Villages by Tehsil: Karnataka|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|page=147|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113181046/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/PLCN/dir-29R.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Panchayat-Dir-2011">2011 Census Village code = 621174, {{Cite web|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory: List of Census Villages mapped for: Hayyal (B) Gram Panchayat, Shahapur, Yadgir, Karnataka|publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=218094&rlbtype=V|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213235214/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=218094&rlbtype=V|archive-date=13 February 2013}}</ref> Administratively since 2017, [[Hayyal (B)]] has been under the [[Wadgera Taluka]] of [[Yadgir district]] in Karnataka.<ref name="Panchayat-Dir-2011" /> It lies on the left (east) bank of the [[Krishna River]]. [[Hayyal (B)]] is 26 kilometers by road southeast of the village of [[Bendebembli]] and 23 kiolmeters by road northwest of the City of [[Shahapur, Karnataka]].and 18 kiolmeters by road northeast of the Taluka of [[Wadgera Taluka]].and 39 kiolmeters by road northeast of the District of [[Yadgir ]]. The nearest rail station is Yadgir Station and the nearest [[railhead]] is in [[Yadgir]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yadgir District Map Showing Railway Line|publisher=Yadgir District|url=http://yadgir.nic.in/Maps/YADGIR%20DIST%20RAILWAY%20LINE.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206192228/http://yadgir.nic.in/Maps/YADGIR%20DIST%20RAILWAY%20LINE.jpg|archive-date=6 February 2013}}</ref>

There are three villages in the [[gram panchayat]]:[[Hayyal (B), Wadgera]], [[Madarkal]], and [[Ekchinti, Wadgera]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_Village_Release_2800.xlsx|title=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner India - Village amenities of 2011}}</ref>

==Education==
The government high school and primary school at Hayyal (B) has twice been shifted away to other locales.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Govt robs Yadgir to favour Sirsi|newspaper=The Deccan Herald|date=7 June 2011|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/167209/govt-robs-yadgir-favour-sirsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703025408/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/167209/govt-robs-yadgir-favour-sirsi.html|archive-date=3 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
At the 2011 census, Hayyal (B) had 3,140 inhabitants, with 1,540 males and 1,600 females.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web|title=Official Website of Yadgir District|url=http://yadgir.nic.in}}
{{Clear}}

{{Yadgir district}}

[[Category:Villages in Yadgir district]]

{{Yadgir-geo-stub}}

Noorjahan (TV series)

2025-11-25T06:58:56Z

Wleness: creating some info v1!

{{short description|Indian historical television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| director = [[Imtiaz Khan]]
| producer =
| writer =
| starring = [[Gauri Pradhan]] [[Milind Soman]] [[Kruttika Desai Khan]]
| language = Hindi English
| company = [[Cinevistaas Limited]]
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes =
| runtime =
| first_aired = {{start date|2000}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2001}}
| channel = [[DD National]]
}}

'''Noorjahan''' is an Indian series produced by [[Cinevistaas Limited|Cinevistaas]], and co written and directed by [[Imtiaz Khan]]. It was based on the life of Mughal Queen [[Nur Jahan|Noorjahan]] which aired on [[Doordarshan]] in 2000-2001. It was bilingual, shot in English and Hindi.

The title role in the show was played by [[Gauri Pradhan]], while model-turned-actor [[Milind Soman]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19990927-model-milind-soman-to-play-salim-in-serial-noorjahan-on-dd-824130-1999-09-26|title=Model Milind Soman to play Salim in serial Noorjahan on DD1|date=27 September 1999 |access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/jun/21milind.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: The Milind Soman interview|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref> played [[Jahangir|Prince Salim]] with Kruttika Giresh Desai opposite him as his wife Maanbai.

[[Ghazal]] artist [[Talat Aziz]] and singer [[Jaspinder Narula]] sung many ghazals and Love Duets in the show

== Cast ==
* [[Mangal Dhillon]] as Emperor [[Akbar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/old-html/special/y2k3/tellychakkar3.htm|title=An Indiantelevision dot com's Telly Chakkar|website=www.indiantelevision.com|access-date=2016-06-24}}</ref>
* [[Smita Jaykar]] as [[Maharaja|Maharani]] [[Mariam-uz-Zamani|Jodha Bai]]
* [[Milind Soman]] as [[Jahangir|Prince Salim / Emperor Jahangir]]
* [[Gauri Pradhan]] as [[Nur Jahan|Mehrunissa/ Queen Noor Jahan]]
* [[Krutika Desai Khan]] as Maharani [[Shah Begum (wife of Jahangir)|Maan Bai]]
* [[Puneet Issar]] as [[Sher Afgan Khan]]
* [[Salil Ankola]] as Kashmiri poet [[Yusuf Shah Chak|Yusuf Chak]]
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] as [[Habba Khatoon]]
* [[Maya Alagh]]
* [[Parikshit Sahni]] as [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg]]
* Ruhshad Nariman Daruwalla as Mehrunissa's elder brother
* [[Gajendra Chauhan]] as Raja Todalmal
* [[Mahendra Sandhu]] as Raja Bhagwandas
* [[Ranjeeta Kaur]] as Ashmat
* [[Rahul Bhat]] as Prince Yakub

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* Based on the historical novel, Nurjahan, by Jyoti Jafa. {{ISBN|978-8174360298}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3833618/?ref_=ttfc_fc_tt Noorjahan] on IMDb

[[Category:2000 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:DD National original programming]]
[[Category:2001 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]
[[Category:Works set in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Akbar]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 16th century]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jahangir]]

Channar (surname)

2025-11-11T22:00:49Z

Wleness:

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

''Channar'', or ''Chandor'' was a surname used in [[Kerala]] until the early 20th century by reputed families of the [[Ezhava]] community.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/socialmovementss0000raom|url-access=registration|title=Social Movements and Social Transformation: A Study of Two Backward Classes Movements in India |page=[https://archive.org/details/socialmovementss0000raom/page/23 23] |first=M. S. A. |last=Rao |publisher=Manohar |year=1987}}</ref><ref name="chan2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TuPeXFP0WgC&pg=PA30|title= Communal Road to a Secular Kerala |page=30|first=George |last=Mathew|publisher=Concept Pub. Co |year=1989 | isbn=978-81-7022-282-8}}</ref> The same surname is also being used by [[Jat people|Jatt]] clans.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPsvytmN3mUC&pg=PA153|title=A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province: A.-K|date=1997|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-85297-69-9|language=en}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}Channar families, along with the families with the surnames such as Panicker, Thandar and Vaidyar were similarly high status Ezhavas with caste privileges.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Osella|first1=Filippo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rMRw0gTZSJwC&q=channar%20izhava%20superiority&pg=PA95|title=Social Mobility In Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict|last2=Caroline|first2=Filippo|last3=Osella|first3=Caroline|date=2000-12-20|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=978-0-7453-1693-2|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{surname}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Channar (surname)}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language surnames]]
[[Category:Ezhava]]

Jagannath Barooah University

2025-11-05T06:06:54Z

Wleness: started new post

{{Short description|University in Assam}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{No significant coverage|date=October 2025}}
{{One source|date=October 2025}}
{{Primary sources|date=October 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Jagannath Barooah University
|native_name =
| image = Jagannath Barooah College logo.png
| image_size = 150px
| image_alt = Jagannath Barooah college logo
| caption =
| motto = The light that never fails
| mottoeng = ''The light that never fails''
| established = *{{Start date and age|1930|8|19}} (as J. B. College)
* {{Start date and age|2023}} (as J. B. University)
| founders = {{plainlist|*[[Krishna Kanta Handique]]
*Tulsi Narayan Sharma
*Jagneswar Sarma
*Phanidhar Dutta
*Prafulla Pran Changkakati Gunagobinda Dutta
}}
| closed =
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[state university (India)|state university]]
| affiliation =
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Assam]]
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor = Jyoti Prasad Saikia
| rector =
| Registrar =
| vice principal =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Jorhat]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.7573|94.2046|type:edu_region:IN-AS|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12

| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| former_names = Jorhat College, J.B. College
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname = J.B. University
| mascot =
| website = {{URL|https://jbu.ac.in/}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jagannath Barooah University''' is a university located in [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]], [[India]]. It was founded on 19 August 1930. The college is recognised by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC). It was accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC), India in 2003. The college is promoted to the status of a university by [[Government of Assam]] by the Jagannath Barooah University Act 2023.

==History==
[[file:JB College Jorhat.jpg|thumb|Front view of JB college]]
[[File:JB College, Jorhat.jpg|thumb|Different view of JB College]]
It was named Upper Assam College at first and later ''Jorhat College'' on 4 September 1930. On 25 June 1938, during a meeting under the then president, [[Chandradhar Barooah]], it was renamed to the present Jagannath Barooah College in recognition of the commodious building 'Borpatra Kutir' along with the previous landowner, Murulidhar Barooah. Murulidhar Barooah had inherited this property from his grandfather [[Jagannath Barooah]], who was the first graduate of [[Upper Assam]] in 1872 from [[Presidency College, Calcutta]]. The founder principal of this institution was Prof. [[Krishna Kanta Handique]].<ref name="thecollege"/> The other dedicated founder teachers were Prof. Tulsi Narayan Sharma (Founder Secretary), Jagneswar Sarma, Phanidhar Dutta, Prafulla Pran Changkakati and Gunagobinda Dutta.<ref name="thecollege">{{cite web|url=https://jbu.ac.in/index.php/about-us/the-college|title=The College|access-date=9 December 2024|website=jbu.ac.in/}}</ref>

==Departments==
* [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* [[Bio-Technology]]
* [[Botany]]
* [[Chemistry]]
* [[Commerce]]
* [[Computer Science]]
* [[Economics]]
* [[Electronics]]
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Geography]]
* [[Geology]]
* [[Hindi]]
* [[History]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Philosophy]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Political Science]]
* [[Sanskrit]]
* [[Sociology]]
* [[Statistics]]
* [[Zoology]]

==Accreditation==
The college has been awarded grade "A" by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]

==Courses==
The university offers undergraduate and post-graduate courses.

; Bachelor Programme:
* Bachelor of Computer Application (BCA)
* Bachelor of Arts (B.A)
* Bachelor of Commerce (B.COM)
* Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.)

; Master programme:
* Post-graduate courses in [[Geography]], [[Philosophy]], [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Commerce]],[[Political Science]],[[History]],[[Mathematics]],[[Sociology]],[[English language|English]]
* Post-graduate courses under Distance Education Scheme of Dibrugarh University in following subjects: Assamese, Commerce, [[Economics]], [[History]], [[Mathematics]] and [[Political Science]] & [[Sociology]].
* Post-graduate Diploma course in Computer Application., (PGDCA).

==Library==
The college has a well-stocked library, named as Krishnakanta Handiqui Central Library, with a good variety and range of collections. Currently, it houses around 53,000+ books, 3104 back volume and about 151 CD/DVDs. National and international journals and magazines in Assamese, Hindi and English languages and subscribes 15 national and local dailies. Moreover, it has a good collection of encyclopaedias relating to different subjects.
* Library Automation Software - [[Koha (software)|Koha]] ILMS
* Web OPAC
* Library Hours - Monday to Saturday 09:00 AM – 04:30 PM

==College magazine==
The college publishes an annual magazine, the "JBIAN" and the first issue of the magazine was published in 1939. The annual magazine is also published online in digital format.

==Notable alumni==


* [[Sheela Borthakur]], social worker and [[Padma Shri]] awardee
* [[Zubeen Garg]], singer, composer, filmmaker, director and actor
* [[Tarun Gogoi]], former [[Chief Minister of Assam]]
* [[Bijoy Krishna Handique]], former union minister (MP)
* [[Pabitra Margherita]], politician, actor, singer
* [[Jayanta Nath]], singer, composer, film director.
* [[Manas Robin]], singer, composer.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://jbu.ac.in/}}

{{Dibrugarh University}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Assam]]
[[Category:Jorhat]]
[[Category:Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Education in Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Dibrugarh University]]
[[Category:1930 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1930]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1930]]
[[Category:State universities in Assam]]

List of Telugu films of 2003

2025-10-04T16:51:12Z

Wleness: updated article also and updated info for clarity

{{Short description|None}}
{{Tollywood films}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] (Telugu language film industry) based in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] in the year [[2003 in film|2003]].

== Box office ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest-grossing films of 2003
|-
!Rank !! Title !! Studio !! Worldwide gross !! Ref
|-
! style="text-align:center;" | 1
| ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]''
| Leo Projects Private Limited
| {{INR}}45 [[crore]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-07-24|title=Telugu mid-year report|website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/telugu-mid-year-report/article28443534.ece}}</ref>
|-
|}

== January–June ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#blue; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Opening
!| Title
! style="width:20%;" |'''Director'''
! Cast !! Production house !! Ref
|- January!
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background:#FFA07A; textcolor:#000;"| '''J A N'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''10'''
| ''[[Naaga]]'' || D. K. Suresh || [[Jr. NTR]], [[Sadha]], Jennifer, [[Raghuvaran]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || || Produced by Surya Movies<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-naaga.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Naaga - NTR, Sadaf, Jennifer, Raghuvaran, Rajan P Dev, Rambha - AM Ratnam|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''11'''
| ''[[Evare Athagadu]]'' || Bhanu Shankar || Vallabha, [[Priyamani]], [[Jaya Seal]], [[Brahmanandam]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''14'''
| ''[[Ee Abbai Chala Manchodu]]'' || [[Agathiyan]] || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]], Vani || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/ee-abbai-chaala-manchodu/telugu/ee-abbai-chaala-manchodu-movie-reviews-961-2.html|title=Ee Abbai Chaala Manchodu review: Ee Abbai Chaala Manchodu (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''15'''
| ''[[Okkadu]]'' || [[Gunasekhar]] || [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Bhoomika Chawla]], [[Prakash Raj]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Pellam Oorelithe]]'' || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] || [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Venu]], [[Rakshita]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-pellam.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Pellam Voorelithe - Srikanth, Venu, Rakshita, Sangeeta, Sunil- SV Krishna Reddy - Mani Sharma|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''24'''
| ''[[Juniors (film)|Juniors]]'' || J. Pulla Rao || [[Allari Naresh]], [[Sherin]], Pawan, [[Prakash Raj]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''30'''
| ''[[Ammayilu Abbayilu]]'' || Ravi Babu || [[Vijay Sai|Vijay]], [[Mohit Chadda|Mohit]], Vidya, [[Sonu Sood]], Devina, Swapna Madhuri || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/ammayilu-abbayilu/telugu/ammayilu-abbayilu-movie-reviews-935-2.html?sort=negative|title=Ammayilu Abbayilu review: Ammayilu Abbayilu (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''31'''
| ''[[Idi Maa Ashokgadi Love Story]]'' || [[Suresh Krissna]] || [[Siva Balaji]], [[Shweta Agarwal]], [[Kanchi Kaul]] || ||
|-
|- February!
| rowspan="5" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#D8BFD8; textcolor:#000;" | '''F E B'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''6'''
| ''[[Fools (2003 film)|Fools]]'' || [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] || Dasari Narayana Rao, [[Ramana (actor)|Srinath]], [[Gajala]], [[Kovai Sarala]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''7'''
| ''Utsaham'' || Allani Sridhar || [[Sai Kiran]], [[Sunitha Varma]], Amar || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''16'''
| ''[[Kabaddi Kabaddi (2003 film)|Kabaddi Kabaddi]]'' || Venki || [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]], [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]], [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kabaddikabaddi.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Kabaddi.. Kabaddi... - Jagapati Babu, Kalyani - Venki - Chakri - Maharshi Cinema|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''21'''
| ''Golmaal'' || P. N. Ramachandra Rao || [[J. D. Chakravarthy]], [[Ramesh Arvind]], [[Meera Vasudevan]], [[Neha Pendse]], [[Giri Babu]], [[Jayaprakash Reddy]], [[Brahmanandam]] || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-golmaal.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Golmaal -Chakri, Ramesh Aravind, Meera vasudevan, Neha - PN RamaChandra Rao - Vandemataram|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''26'''
| ''Indiramma'' || Ammineni Madhava Sai || [[Vijayashanti]], [[Achyuth]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] || ||
|-
|- March!
| rowspan="3" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#98FB98; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''9'''
| ''[[Vijayam (film)|Vijayam]]'' || [[Singeetham Srinivasa Rao]] || [[Raja Abel|Raja]], [[Gajala]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Murali Mohan]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/vijayam/telugu/vijayam-movie-reviews-922-2.html|title=Vijayam review: Vijayam (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''28'''
| ''[[Raghavendra (film)|Raghavendra]]'' || [[Suresh Krissna]] || [[Prabhas]], Shweta Agarwal, [[Anshu Ambani|Anshu]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Murali Mohan]] || ||Produced by Sri Sai Arts
|-
| ''[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]]'' || [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] || [[Allu Arjun]], Aditi Agarwal, [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Prakash Raj]] || ||Produced by United Producers<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-gangotri.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Gangotri - Allu Arjun, Aditi Agarwal - K Raghavendra Rao - Chinni Krishna - Aswini Dutt|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
|- April!
| rowspan="9" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#FFDEAD; textcolor:#000;" | '''A P R'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''2'''
| ''[[Hari Villu]]'' || [[B. Narsing Rao]] || [[Bhanuchander]], Haritha, Master Sai Subhakar, Baby Nitya || || Produced by [[Suresh Productions]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| ''[[Taarak]]'' || [[Balasekaran]] || [[Taraka Ratna|N. T. Rathnaa]], [[Sharmelee|Sharmili]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-taarak.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Taarak - NT Rathnaa, Sharmini - Bala Sekharan - Mani Sharma - Achanta Gopinath|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Karthik'' || Murali Raju || Mukesh, Kanishka || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]'' || [[V. V. Vinayak]] || [[Nitin (actor)|Nitin]], [[Neha Bamb|Neha]], [[Prakash Raj]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''11'''
| ''[[Aithe]]'' || [[Chandra Sekhar Yeleti]] || [[Shashank (actor)|Shashank]], [[Sindhu Tolani]], Abhishek, [[Mohit Chadda|Mohit]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Dhanush (film)|Dhanush]]'' || Nallamothu Sreenivasa Rao || [[Vadde Naveen]], Kiran Gill, [[Sivaji Raja]], [[Brahmanandam]] || ||Produced by Prasanthi Productions
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''19'''
| ''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]'' || [[Puri Jagannadh]] || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Asin Thottumkal|Asin]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''25'''
| ''[[Johnny (2003 film)|Johnny]]'' || [[Pawan Kalyan]] || [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Renu Desai]], [[Raghuvaran]], [[M. S. Narayana]] || ||Produced by Geeta Arts
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''26'''
| ''[[Ottesi Cheputunna]]'' || E. Sathi Babu || [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Kaniha|Sravanthi]], Anitha Patel, [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] || ||
|-
|- May!
| rowspan="4" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#edafaf; textcolor:#000;" | '''M A Y'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''16'''
| ''[[Appudappudu]]'' || [[Chandra Siddhartha]] || [[Raja Abel|Raja]], [[Sriya Reddy]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] || || Produced by GB Films<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-appudappudu.html|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Appudappudu - Raja, Shriya Reddy - Chandra Siddardha - RP Patnaik|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''18'''
| ''[[Maa Bapu Bommaku Pellanta]]'' || [[Ravi Raja Pinisetty]] || Ajay Raghavendra, [[Gayathri Raguram]], [[Aravind Akash]] || ||Produced by Swarna Chitra
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''22'''
| ''Aayudham'' || N. Shankar || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Sangeeta (Telugu actress)|Sangita]], [[Gurleen Chopra]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''23'''
| ''[[Nijam]]'' || [[Teja (film director)|Teja]] || [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]], [[Rakshita]], [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] || ||
|-
|- June!
| rowspan="4" valign="center" align="center" style="background:#d9c1b0; textcolor:#000;" | '''J U N'''
| style="text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| ''[[Palnati Brahmanayudu]]'' || [[B. Gopal]] || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], [[Sonali Bendre]], [[Aarti Agarwal]], [[Mukesh Rishi]] || ||Produced by Venkata Ramana Productions
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''12'''
|''[[Ninne Ishtapaddanu]]'' || Konda || [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]], [[Sridevi Vijayakumar]], [[Natassha|Anitha]], [[Giri Babu]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''19'''
| ''[[Oka Raju Oka Rani]]'' || Yogi M || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Namitha]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[M. S. Narayana]] || ||Produced by [[Ushakiran Movies]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;"| '''26'''
| ''[[Donga Ramudu and Party|Donga Ramudu & Party]]'' || Vamsi || [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] || ||
|-
|}

== July–December ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#blue; text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |Opening
!| Title
! style="width:20%;" |'''Director'''
! Cast !! Production house !! Ref
|- July!
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center; background: #d0f0c0; textcolor:#000;" | '''J U L'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''9'''
| ''[[Simhadri (2003 film)|Simhadri]]'' || [[S. S. Rajamouli]] || [[Jr. NTR]], [[Bhoomika Chawla]], [[Ankitha]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || || Produced by Vijaya Maruthi Creations
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''11'''
| ''[[Vasantam]]'' || [[Vikraman]] || [[Daggubati Venkatesh]], [[Aarti Agarwal]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] || ||Produced by Sri Sai Deva Productions<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-vasantham.html|title=Telugu cinema review - Vasantham - Venkatesh, Arti Agarwal, Kalyani - Vikraman - SA Raj Kumar - Sanam Naga Ashok Kumar, NV Prasad|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''18'''
| ''[[Kalyana Ramudu]]'' || G. Ramprasad || [[Venu Thottempudi]], [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Nikita Thukral]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] || ||Produced by SP Entertainments<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kalyanaramudu.html|title=Telugu cinema review - Kalyana Ramudu - Venu, Prabhu Deva, Nikita - SP Entertainments - G Ram Prasad|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | '''25'''
| ''[[Praanam]]'' || Malli || [[Allari Naresh]], [[Sadha]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[M. S. Narayana]], [[Kovai Sarala]] || ||Produced by GMRC<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-praanam.html|title=Telugu cinema review - Praanam - Naresh, Sadaf - Malli - Kamalakar - Maganti Babu|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Shambhu''|| R. Suresh Verma || [[Aryan Rajesh]], Sarika, [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Sanghavi]]|| ||Produced by Sabari Girisha<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-sambhu.html|title=Telugu cinema review - Sambhu - Aryan Rajesh, Sarika - Suresh Varma - Ilayaraja - Posani Krishna Murali|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Dhum'' || Raju Voopati || [[Jagapati Babu]], Chaitanya Krishna, Neha Mehta, [[Sonia Agarwal]] || ||Produced by Radaan Mediaworks Pvt Limited<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-dham.html|title=Telugu cinema review - Dham - Jagapati Babu, Neha Mehta, Sonia Agarwal - Raja Vupaati - Radhika|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[City (2003 film)|City]]'' || Ambati Subhash || Mukesh Udeshi, Swapna Reddy, Vaibhavi || ||Produced by Tanya Films Corporation
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''31'''
| ''[[Sambaram]]'' || [[K. Dasaradh]] || [[Nitin (actor)|Nitin]], [[Nikita Thukral]], [[Giri Babu]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] || ||Produced by Chitram Movies<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sambaram.html|title=Telugu cinema review - Sambaram - Nitin, Nikita - Dasarath - RP Patnaik - Chitram Movies|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|- August!
| rowspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#c2b280;" | '''A U G'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''7'''
| ''[[Dongodu]]'' || Bheemineni Srinivas || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]], [[Rekha Vedavyas]], [[Tanikella Bharani]] || ||Produced by Goodwill Cinema<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-dongodu.html|title=Telugu cinema review - Dongodu - Ravi Teja, Kalyani, Rekha - Bheemineni Srinivasa Rao|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''8'''
| ''[[Simhachalam (film)|Simhachalam]]'' || Indra Kumar || [[Raghumudri Srihari|Srihari]], [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]|| ||Produced by Chandrahasa Cinema<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-simhachalam.html|title=Telugu cinema review - Simhachalam - Srihari, Prakash Raj, Meena - Indra Kumar - Mani Sharma|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''15'''
| ''[[Neeku Nenu Naaku Nuvvu]]'' || Raja Shekar || [[Uday Kiran]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] || ||Produced by [[Suresh Productions]]
|-
| ''[[Anaganaga O Kurraadu]]'' || L P Ramarao || [[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]], [[Rekha Vedavyas]], [[Rajeev Kanakala]] || ||Produced by Sri Sai Ooha Creations<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tollywood.allindiansite.com/anaganaga_o_kurradu.html |title=AllIndianSite.com - Anaganaga O Kurradu - Telugu movie Review - It's All About Tollywood |access-date=2013-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810035516/http://tollywood.allindiansite.com/anaganaga_o_kurradu.html |archive-date=2013-08-10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Charminar (2003 film)|Charminar]]'' || Sagar || [[Venkat (Telugu actor)|Venkat]], [[Abhirami (actress, born 1983)|Abhirami]], [[Prakash Raj]] || ||Produced by Sri Kali productions<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-charminar.html|title=Telugu cinema review - Charminar - Venkat, Abhirami, Prakah Raj - Sagar - Ghantadi Krishna|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''22'''
| ''[[Seetayya]]'' || YVS Chowdhary || [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Soundarya]], [[Mukesh Rishi]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''30'''
| ''[[Aadanthe Ado Type]]'' || [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]] || [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Aryan Rajesh]], [[Bhoomika Chawla]], [[Natassha|Anitha Hassandhani]] || ||
|- September!
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:wheat; textcolor:#000;" |'''S E P'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''5'''
| ''[[Oka Radha Iddaru Krishnula Pelli]]'' || G. Nageswara Reddy || [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Prabhu Deva]], [[Namitha]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''12'''
| ''[[Janaki Weds Sriram]]'' || Anji || [[Rohit (Telugu actor)|Rohit]], [[Gajala]], [[Rekha Vedavyas]] || ||
|-
| ''Pellamtho Panenti'' || [[S. V. Krishna Reddy]] || [[Venu Thottempudi]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]], [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]] || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/pellamtho-panenti/telugu/pellamtho-panenti-movie-reviews-971-2.html|title=Pellamtho Panenti review: Pellamtho Panenti (Telugu) Movie Review - fullhyd.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''18'''
| ''[[Okato Number Kurraadu]]'' || [[A. Kodandarami Reddy]] || [[Taraka Ratna]], [[Rekha Vedavyas]], [[Brahmanandam]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''24'''
| ''[[Tagore (film)|Tagore]]'' || [[V. V. Vinayak]] || [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Jyothika]], [[Shriya Saran]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''28'''
| ''[[Vishnu (2003 film)|Vishnu]]'' || [[Shaji Kailas]] || [[Vishnu Manchu]], [[Vedhika]], [[Neetu Chandra]] || ||
|- October!
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#ffb7c5;" | '''O C T'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''
| ''[[Ela Cheppanu]]'' || Ramana || [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''9'''
| ''[[Toli Choopulone]]'' || Kasi Viswanath || [[Kalyan Ram]], Akanksha, [[Charanraj]], Sudeepa || ||Produced by [[Ushakiran Movies]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tolichoopulone.html|title=Telugu cinema review - Toli Choopulone - Kalyan Ram Nandamuri, Akanksha - Kasi Viswanath - Chakri - Ramoji Rao|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''10'''
| ''[[Okariki Okaru]]'' || Rasool || [[Srikanth (actor, born 1979)|Srikanth]], [[Aarti Chabria]], Balayya, [[Tanikella Bharani]] || ||Produced by Anandi Arts<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-okarikiokaru.html|title=Telugu cinema review - Okariki Okaru - Sreeram, Arti Chabria - Rasool - Keeravani|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''16'''
| ''[[Ori Nee Prema Bangaram Kaanu]]'' || AVS || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]], [[Giri Babu]], [[Bramhanandam]] || ||Produced by Maitree Talkies<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-onpbk.html|title=Telugu cinema review - Ori Nee Prema Bangaram Kaanu - AVS - Rajesh, Sangeeta|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''23'''
| ''[[Sivamani (film)|Sivamani]]'' || [[Puri Jagannadh]] || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Asin Thottumkal]], [[Rakshita]], [[Prakash Raj]] || ||Produced by Vaishno Devi films
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''31'''
| ''[[Veede]]'' || Ravi Raja Pinisetty || [[Ravi Teja]], [[Reema Sen]], [[Aarti Agarwal]], [[Shayaji Shinde]] || ||
|- November!
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center; background:#ace1af;" | '''N O V'''
| style="text-align:center;" | '''7'''
| ''Srirama Chandrulu'' || Srikanth || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]], [[Rambha (actress)|Rambha]], [[Sindhu Menon]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''8'''
| ''[[Nenu Seetamahalakshmi]]'' || [[G. Nageswara Reddy]] || [[Rohit (actor)|Rohit]], Shravya, [[Chalapathi Rao]] || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nenuseetamahalakshmi.html|title=Telugu cinema - Nenu Seetamahalakshmi - Rohit, Sravya - Valluripally Ramesh, G Nageswara Reddy - Chakri|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''12'''
| ''[[Abhimanyu (2003 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' || A Mallikarjun || [[Kalyan Ram]], [[Divya Spandana]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] || ||Produced by Rock Line Productions<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-abhimanyu.html|title=Telugu cinema - Abhimanyu - Kalyan Ram Nandamuri, Spandana - Mallikharjuna - C Aswini Dutt - Venkatesh - Mani Sharma|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | '''14'''
| ''Goa'' || P. Kishore Kumar || Sumit Roy, Subhash Chandra, Krishna Teja || ||
|-
| ''[[Nenu Pelliki Ready]]'' || Venky || [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]], [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]], [[Natassha|Anitha Hassandani]] || ||
|-
| ''Back Pocket'' || || [[Vijay Sai]], Sony Raj, [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], Lavanya, [[Preeti Nigam]], Anant, Sudarshan, [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]], Seema, Vinod Bala || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''21'''
| ''[[Villain (2003 film)|Villain]]'' || [[K. S. Ravikumar]] || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Neha Dhupia]], [[Tulip Joshi]], [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] || ||
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''26'''
| ''[[Chantigadu]]'' || [[B. Jaya (director)|Jaya]] || [[Baladitya (actor)|Baladitya]], [[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]], [[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]], [[Ahuti Prasad]] || ||Produced by Superhit Friends<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-chantigadu.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Chantigadu - Baladitya, Suhasini - Jaya - BA Raju - Vandemataram|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;" | '''28'''
| ''[[Missamma (2003 film)|Missamma]]'' || Neelakanta || [[Bhoomika Chawla]], [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]], [[Laya (actress)|Laya]], [[Tanikella Bharani]] || ||Produced by Satyam Entertainment<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-missamma.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Missamma - Bhumika Chawla, Laya, Sivaji - Neelakanta - B Satyanarayana - Vandemataram|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|- December!
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#b8860b;" | '''D E C'''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''6'''
| ''[[Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu]]'' || Jyoti Krishna || [[Tarun Kumar|Tarun]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Shriya Saran]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[Reema Sen]], [[Archana Puran Singh]] || ||Produced by Sri Surya Movies<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-nmnt.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Nee Manasu Naaku Telusu - Tarun, Shriya and Trisha - AM Rathnam - AR Rehman - Jothi Krishna|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Maa Alludu Very Good]]'' || [[E V V Satyanarayana]] || [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Allari Naresh]], [[Ramya Krishna]], Mounika, [[Kovai Sarala]] || || Produced by Roja Movies<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mavg.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Maa Alludu Very Good - Rajendra Prasad, Naresh, Ramya Krishna, Mounika|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | '''12'''
| ''[[Neeke Manasichaanu]]'' || Surya Teja || [[Meka Srikanth|Srikanth]], [[Charmee Kaur]], Anvithaa, [[Brahmanandam]] || || Produced by GSK Arts<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-neekemanasichanu.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Neeke Manasichanu - Srikanth, Charmi, Anvita - Surya Teja, Sri|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Avuna]]'' || C. Uma Maheshwara Rao ||Adarsh, Santhi Rao, [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''18'''
| ''[[Tiger Harischandra Prasad]]'' || [[V. Samudra]] || [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]], [[Ramya Krishna]], Dasari Arun Kumar, [[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] || || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-tigerharischandraprasad.html|title=Telugu cinema Review - Tiger Harischandra Prasad - Hari Krishna, Ramya Krishna, Dasari Arun Kumar, Sangeeta - V Samudra|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | '''19'''
| ''[[Satyam (2003 film)|Satyam]]'' || Surya Kiran || [[Sumanth]], [[Genelia D'Souza]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] || || Produced by [[Annapoorna Studios]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Telugu cinema|horiz}}
{{2003 films |state=autocollapse}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Telugu Films Of 2003}}
[[Category:Lists of Telugu films by year|2003]]
[[Category:Lists of 2003 films by language]]
[[Category:2003 in Indian cinema]]

Harrisons Malayalam

2025-07-22T05:11:26Z

Wleness:

{{Short description|Indian agricultural business corporation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Harrisons Malayalam
| image = Tea Plantations-Surianalle.jpg
| image_caption = HML Tea Plantations
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|HARRMALAYA}}|{{BSE|500467}} }}
| foundation =
| location = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| key_people =
| industry =
| revenue =
| parent = [[RPG Group]]
| subsid =
| homepage = {{url|https://harrisonsmalayalam.com}}
}}
'''Harrisons Malayalam''' is an Indian agricultural business corporation, based in [[Kochi, Kerala]] and a part of the [[RPG Group]]. It has a history that goes back to over 150 years. It cultivates between 14,000 ha – 26,000 ha (information varies) of its own land, and processes products from other farmlands in its neighbourhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/forgery-case-filed-against-harrisons-malayalam-staff/article5307999.ece|title=Forgery case filed against Harrisons Malayalam staff|last=|first=|date=2 November 2013|website=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=|via=|access-date=}}</ref>

In addition to banana, [[cardamom]], cocoa, coffee, coconut, pepper, and vanilla, its primary products are rubber, tea, and pineapple. Harrisons Malayalam is the largest producer of pineapples in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rpggroup.com/our_business/speciality/harrsio_malayalam.aspx|title=Welcome to RPG - Harrison Malayalam Ltd|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=[[RPG Group]]|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617122548/http://www.rpggroup.com/our_business/speciality/harrsio_malayalam.aspx|archivedate=17 June 2015|accessdate=2015-06-19|df=dmy-all}}</ref> the largest producer of [[tea]] in South India, and is the largest employer in the region.<ref name="victim">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/We-are-Being-Victimised-Alleges-Harrisonss-Malayalam-Limited/2015/02/18/article2673758.ece|title=We are Being Victimised, Alleges Harrisons Malayalam Limited|last=|first=|date=|website=[[New Indian Express]]|publisher=|access-date=}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
In 2021 the company is awarded 6th rank in Great Place to Work in India, and 16th rank in Great Place to Work Asia.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/great-place-to-work-ranks-harrisons-malayalam-ltd-16th-of-best-workplaces-in-asia/article35459171.ece| title=Great Place to Work ranks Harrisons Malayalam Ltd 16th of Best Workplaces in Asia| date=22 July 2021| access-date=19 November 2021|website=thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1907, United Kingdom-based [[Elementis|Harrisons & Crosfield]] established Malayalam Plantations Ltd. in [[South India]]. In 1983, 34% of Malayalam Plantations were sold to Indian nationals, leaving Harrisons with 40%. The following year, Malayalam Plantations merged with Harrison & Crossfield's other interests in India to form Harrisons Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harrisonsmalayalam.com/history/|title=History – Harrisons Malayalam Ltd : Rubber, Tea, Tissue Culture, Engineering – India}}</ref>
It was acquired by the RPG Group in 1988, and [[Sanjiv Goenka]] was the chairman.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us - 1980s|url=https://www.rpsg.in/about-us#L1980s|access-date=|website=RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/harrissons-malayalam-split-into-2/articleshow/11842485.cms| title=Harrissons Malayalam split into 2| author=Udit Prasanna Mukherji| website=[[The Times of India]]| date=Feb 11, 2012}}</ref>
When the RPG Group's businesses were divided between the two brothers Sanjiv and [[Harsh Goenka|Harsh]], the assets of Harrisons Malayalam were vertically split and put under two separate management teams.<ref name="split">{{Cite web|last=Datta|first=Aveek|date=2011-12-27|title=Goenkas split rest of RPG group|url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/RnCjsjVissRim3biOq0vXK/Goenkas-split-rest-of-RPG-group.html|access-date=2020-11-22|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>
Sanjiv continued as chairman of the existing company, and Harsh got control of the demerged unit Harmony Plantations.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-harsh-goenka-will-list-harmony-plantations-1753580| title=Harsh Goenka will list Harmony Plantations| date=Oct 18, 2012| author=Sumit Moitra| website=dnaindia}}</ref>

The company has 13 tea estates and 11 rubber estates, and rubber factories at [[Suryanelli]] (tea) [[Kumbazha]] (rubber) and Achoor.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.business-standard.com/company/harri-malayalam-233/information/company-history| title=Harrisons Malayalam Ltd. (HARRMALAYA) - Company History| newspaper=Business Standard India}}</ref><ref name="split"/>
It employs around 13,000 people in rural Kerala, and more than 100,000 people are dependent on the company for their livelihood.<ref name="victim"/>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://harrisonsmalayalam.com Official website - HarrisonsMalayalam.com]
* [https://www.rpggroup.com/our-businesses/speciality/harrisons-malayalam/ Page from parent company RPG Group]
* [https://www.rpsg.in/business/hml Page from parent company RP-Sanjiv Goenka Group]

[[Category:Tea companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kochi]]
[[Category:RPSG Group]]
[[Category:Companies with year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Africa-India Key Maritime Engagement

2025-07-20T09:28:59Z

Wleness: stub.

{{Short description|Multilateral naval exercise hosted by the Indian Navy}}

'''Africa-India Key Maritime Engagement''' also called '''''AIKEYME''''' ({{Lit|Unity}}) is a biennial [[naval exercise]] that will be conducted by [[India]] and African Countries. The exercise is aimed at enhancing interoperability among the countries and enhancing diplomatic and operational ties between nations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/from-tiger-triumph-to-aikeyme-india-s-maritime-diplomacy-through-naval-exercises-expands-across-oceans/ar-AA1DfS0x |access-date=2025-04-20 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> The Exercise was first announced in March 2025.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |date=2025-03-24 |title=Indian navy's maiden initiatives of Indian Ocean Ship Sagar (IOS Sagar) and Africa-India Key Maritime Engagement (AIKEYME) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2114491 |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== List of editions ==

=== 2025 ===
The maiden edition of the naval exercise was conducted between 13 and 18 April 2025. The exercise was co-hosted by the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Tanzania People's Defence Force]] in [[Dar es Salaam|Dar-es-Salaam]], [[Tanzania]] with additional participation from nine other countries including [[Comoros]], [[Djibouti]], [[Eritrea]], [[Kenya]], [[Madagascar]], [[Mauritius]], [[Mozambique]], [[Seychelles]] and [[South Africa]]. It would have a Harbour Phase (13-15 April) including table-top and command post exercises focused on anti-piracy operations and information sharing, alongside joint training in seamanship and [[Visit Board Search and Seizure]] (VBSS) simulations and a Sea Phase (16-18 April) including drills, search and rescue operations, VBSS, small arms training and helicopter operations. {{INS|Sunayna}}, under its [[INS Sunayna#IOS Sagar|IOS ''Sagar'']] mission designation, will also witness the Harbour Phase.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Debdutta |last2=ThePrint |date=2025-03-25 |title=India & African nations to hold 1st joint naval exercise in Indian Ocean. Why it matters |url=https://theprint.in/defence/india-african-nations-to-hold-1st-joint-naval-exercise-in-indian-ocean-why-it-matters/2563664/?amp |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The other Indian Navy ships to participate in the exercise included {{INS|Chennai}} and {{INS|Kesari|2005|6}} to the exercise. Meanwhile, INS ''Sunayna'' would depart the port on 15 April for its next leg of ''Sagar'' mission.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2025-04-13 |title=Inaugural India, Africa maritime engagement exercise begins in Tanzania |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/inaugural-india-africa-maritime-engagement-exercise-begins-in-tanzania/article69446598.ece/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

INS ''Chennai'' and INS ''Kesari'' completed the exercise and left the port Dar-es-Salaam on 19 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-27 |title=Indian Navy conducts successful anti-ship missile firings to demonstrate combat readiness |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-navy-conducts-successful-anti-ship-missile-firings-to-demonstrate-combat-readiness/articleshow/120660099.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Malabar (naval exercise)|Exercise Malabar]]
*[[Varuna (naval exercise)|Exercise Varuna]]
*[[Milan (naval exercise)|Exercise Milan]]
*[[Exercise TROPEX|TROPEX]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}
{{navy-stub}}
{{India-mil-stub}}
{{Africa-mil-stub}}

[[Category:Indian military exercises]]
[[Category:Indian naval exercises]]

Santosh Kumar Roy (Assam politician)

2025-04-13T18:28:41Z

Wleness: Starting

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| term = 1972 - 1978
| predecessor = [[Tajamul Ali Laskar]]
| successor = [[Gourishankar Roy]]
| children = 6, including [[Gautam Roy]]
| relatives = [[Mandira Roy]] (Daughter in law) [[Rahul Roy (politician)|Rahul Roy]] (Grandson)
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Politician
| constituency = [[Katlicherra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katlicherra]]
| spouse = Shefalika Roy
}}

'''Santosh Kumar Roy''' was an Indian politician from the state of Assam. He was a former Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] for [[Katlicherra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katlicherra]]. He was the father of [[Gautam Roy]], father in law of [[Mandira Roy]], grandfather of [[Rahul Roy (politician)|Rahul Roy]] and grandfather in law of Daisy Roy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-31 |title=Assam's Roy family: Congress veteran on BJP ticket, kin as Independents |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/assams-roy-family-congress-veteran-on-bjp-ticket-kin-as-independents-7253270/ |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Roy married Shefalika Roy in 1939 and had 5 daughters and one son.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Assam (India) Legislature Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8NQAQAAMAAJ |title=Assam Legislative Assembly Who's who |date=1973 |publisher=Assam Legislative Assembly. |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In the [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election]], Roy was the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the constituency of [[Katlicherra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katlicherra]]. He received 23988 votes, 54.02% of the total vote. He defeated his nearest [[Independent politician|independent]] opponent by 6851 votes. He served until the [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978 Assam Legislative Assembly Election]], where the former MLA for Katlicherra, Gourishankar Roy, was instead the Congress candidate for Katlicherra and won the election. His son, [[Gautam Roy]], would later go on to represent the same constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katlicherra Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/katlicherra-assam-assembly-constituency#1972 |access-date=2022-03-06 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Santosh Kumar}}
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Hailakandi district]]

Surup Guha Thakurta

2025-04-04T01:18:13Z

Wleness: cleaned up article after review additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 1936)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Surup Guha Thakurta
| image =
| country =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1936|4|27|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], British India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 28 March 2016
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/29198.html Cricinfo
}}
'''Surup Guha Thakurta''' (born 27 April 1936) is an Indian former [[cricket]]er. He played seven [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches for [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] between 1963 and 1966.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/29198.html |title=Surup Guha Thakurta |accessdate=28 March 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Bengal cricketers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/29198.html}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thakurta, Surup Guha}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Bengal cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Kolkata]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1930s-stub}}

Amit Singh (cricketer)

2025-04-03T08:42:33Z

Wleness: enhanced details additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Amit Singh
| image =
| fullname = Amit Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|6|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Bidar]], [[Karnataka]], India
| nickname =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium-fast
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]
| country = India
| club1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| year1 = 2004/05–present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| year2 = 2009–2012
| clubnumber2 =
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| column3 = [[Twenty20 cricket|T20]]
| matches1 = 20
| matches2 = 14
| matches3 = 30
| runs1 = 214
| runs2 = 51
| runs3 = 13
| bat avg1 = 10.42
| bat avg2 = 5.10
| bat avg3 = 2.16
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score1 = 41
| top score2 = 21
| top score3 = 5
| deliveries1 = 3247
| deliveries2 = 664
| deliveries3 = 574
| wickets1 = 52
| wickets2 = 15
| wickets3 = 34
| bowl avg1 = 27.06
| bowl avg2 = 37.86
| bowl avg3 = 22.09
| fivefor1 = 1
| fivefor2 = 0
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor1 = 1
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling1 = 7/31
| best bowling2 = 3/25
| best bowling3 = 4/19
| catches/stumpings1 = 9/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 6/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 3/-
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/26789.html ESPNcricinfo
| date = 20 April
| year = 2012
}}

'''Amit Singh''' (born 21 June 1981) is an Indian [[first-class cricket]]er who plays for [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] in domestic cricket.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/26789.html Amit Singh – ESPNcricinfo]</ref> He is a right-arm medium-pace bowler and bats right-handed. He was formerly a part of [[Rajasthan Royals]] squad in the [[Indian Premier League]], but was waived off the team to make space for new bowlers in Delhi like [[S. Sreesanth|Sreesanth]] and [[Fidel Edwards]] .<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2012/content/squad/556292.html Indian Premier League 2012 – Rajasthan Royals squad]</ref>

Singh rose to prominence during the 2014 edition of [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] when he was signed by [[Delhi Daredevils]]. He was backed by the then captain and coach of the Royals, [[Shane Warne]]. He had an impressive IPL debut against [[Kings XI Punjab]] where he had figures of 4-0-9-3.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/392210.html Indian Premier League 2009 – Kings XI Punjab v Rajasthan Royals]</ref> However, he was reported for suspect bowling action twice during that season, only to be cleared a week later.<ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/403811.html Amit Singh reported for second time]</ref><ref>[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/404776.html Amit Singh's bowling action cleared]</ref> After being released from the Rajasthan Royals squad, Singh had not played in any match of the 2013 season, but was implicated in the spot-fixing scandal, involving Sreesanth, [[Ankeet Chavan]], and [[Ajit Chandila]]. He was arrested on 16 May 2013 in connection with his part in the scandal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2013/content/current/story/636343.html|title = Bookie arrested is former Royals player}}</ref> As per media sources, it is reported that BCCI has suspended him from cricket.

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{cricinfo|id=26789}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Amit}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Gujarat cricketers]]
[[Category:Rajasthan Royals cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bidar]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Cricketers banned for corruption]]

Zerat

2025-03-18T09:29:18Z

Wleness:

[[File:Indigofera tinctoria1.jpg|right|thumb|[[Indigo plant]]]]
[[File:Indigo factory bengal2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Indigo dye|Indigo]] manufacturing factory in [[Bengal]]]]
'''Zerat''' is a [[Land tenure|land ownership]] system in early [[colonial India]]. The zerat system was particularly common in [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]].<ref name="SinhaCommittee1996">{{cite book|last1=Sinha|first1=Narendra Krishna|last2=Committee|first2=History of Bengal Publication|title=The history of Bengal, 1757–1905|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wSNuAAAAMAAJ|access-date=21 January 2011|year=1996|publisher=University of Calcutta}}</ref> It refers to the private land of the landlord, which would often be cultivated by peasants.<ref name="SinhaCommittee1996"/><ref name="Economics1970">{{cite book|author=Delhi School of Economics|title=The Indian economic and social history review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QDouAAAAIAAJ|access-date=21 January 2011|year=1970|publisher=Vikas Pub. House|pages=213–16}}</ref> Zerat was mainly responsible for a change in traditional forms of agricultural organization in some parts of India, replacing the [[ryot]] system.<ref name="Economics1970"/> It produced a strain on the peasant economy, despite peasants being free to grow their own crops.<ref name="Economics1970"/>

In [[indigo]] cultivation practiced by planters in Bihar and Bengal, the ''rayat'' and ''zerat'' were common practices which represented two labour hiring processes. The ryot (or raiyat) ("peasant") was a small land holder who took financial support from the planter and in return had to come to a written understanding to turn over the produce from his land to the planter at a predetermined amount.<ref name="ChaudhuriScience2008">{{cite book| last1 = Chaudhuri | first1= Binay Bhushan | editor = D. P. Chattopadhyaya | title = History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization | chapter = Peasant history of late pre-colonial and colonial India|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljmIJySEm4UC&pg=PA455|access-date=23 January 2011|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1688-5|pages=455–456}}</ref>

''Zerat'' cultivation, which is direct cultivation by the planter, however, was an exclusive practice of the planter in which he hired labour to work on his fields to grow crops of his choice. 'Zerat' literally means "the [[Zamindar]]s private land, [[demesne]]", which had a direct impact on the peasants. The ploy of the planter in demesne was to encroach the land of the peasant and eventually claim it as his own and expand his control over the peasantry as a Zamindar.<ref name="ChaudhuriScience2008"/>

In the Magistrate of [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]'s Administration Report for the year 1876–77, he reports that indigo cultivation in Bengal is divided into three methods that planters refer to as "tirhut". These are characterized as systems of tenure and conditions of indigo cultivation. The first of these, "zerat", is used if the land is in the planter's sole possession, and the ryot employed to work the land is a hired labourer. The term "assamiviar" is relevant when the land is in the rayat's possession and he is compelled (being the planter's tenant) to grow indigo on it at fixed rates. Lastly, the term "khooshgee" is appropriate when the rayat, under no compulsion, grows the plant as a remunerative crop.<ref name="WattAgriculture1890">{{cite book|last1=Watt|first1=Sir George|author2=India. Dept. of Revenue and Agriculture|title=A dictionary of the economic products of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FbZLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA424|access-date=22 January 2011|year=1890|publisher=Printed by the Superintendent of Government Printing|pages=424–}}</ref> Sometimes referred to as "compulsory labour", [[Eminent domain|expropriated]] peasants made up the largest group of the zerat labour force.<ref name="KumarRaychaudhuri1983">{{cite book|last1=Kumar|first1=Dharma|last2=Raychaudhuri|first2=Tapan|last3=Desai|first3=Meghnad|title=The Cambridge economic history of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ew8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA326|access-date=22 January 2011|year=1983|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-22802-2|pages=326–}}</ref>

The ryot option was preferred by the planter, as his involvement was limited only to finance the cultivation and not pay for any other costs of labour and other inputs required to raise the crop or even loss of crop, particularly in indigo cultivation. The risk was entirely that of the peasant, who at times of loss of crop suffered losses and was even unable to cover the loan taken from the planter. The basic difference in the Zerat system was the planter had not only to pay for the labour costs but also bear all risks involved with raising the crop, and as such he did not prefer this option.<ref name="ChaudhuriScience2008"/>

== See also ==
* [[Indian feudalism]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Labour relations in India]]
[[Category:Land management in India]]
[[Category:Indigo dye production]]