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Teni Junction railway station

2026-05-07T21:15:11Z

WilmerLassetter: made new pg

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Teni
| other_name = Teni railway station
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] station
| image =Theni railway station.jpg
| image_caption =
| address = Railway Station Rd, Teni Allinagaram, [[Theni|Teni]], [[Teni district|Teni dt.]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| borough = Madurai Division
| country = India
| coordinates =
| elevation = {{convert|348|m}}
| owned = Indian Railways
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| line = Madurai–Bodinayakkanur branch line
| platform = 2
| tracks = 3
| train_operators = Indian Railways
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| parking = Yes
| status = Operational
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = TENI
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Madurai}}
}}
| iata = TENI
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| opened = {{Start date|1909|df=y}}
| opening = {{Start date|1909|df=y}}
| closed = 1915–1928 1942–1954 2011–2022
| rebuilt = 1 April 2022
| electrified = Yes
| former = Teni Railway Station
| passengers = 80,358 per year 220 per day
| pass_year = 2022–23
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mapframe =
}}

'''Teni''' (station code:TENI) is an NSG–5 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Madurai railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=23 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It serves [[Theni]], located in [[Theni district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="annual_earnings">{{cite web |title=Annual Originating Passengers & Earnings for the year 2022-23 |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1707457097521-Originating%202022-23.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405104303/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1707457097521-Originating%202022-23.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2024 |page=2}}</ref><ref name="map">{{cite web|title=Madurai Division System Map|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1381729275720-Wttmdu.31.12.pdf|website=Southern Railway|access-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108192724/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1381729275720-Wttmdu.31.12.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

It is a railway station on Madurai–Bodinayakkanur branch line, serving the town of Theni in Tamil Nadu state, India. It was closed in 31st of december 2010 as the line was under [[Track gauge conversion|gauge conversion]], from metre to broad gauge until 30 March 2022. From 31 March 2022 once again this station became operational after CRS inspection was successfully conducted between Andipatti to Theni railway station. It is one of the railway stations in [[Southern Railway zone]]. It falls under [[Madurai railway division|Madurai Division]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=karthik|title=Teni Railway Station Map/Atlas SR/Southern Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/teni-teni/4798|access-date=2020-12-28|website=India Rail Info}}</ref> It is one of the rare railway stations in India where all the historic Indian gauges 610mm, 762mm, 1000mm are used. Currently it has been converted to 1676mm broad gauge. Now only one unreserved train is being operated daily between Madurai junction and Theni railway station.

== Lines ==
This is a railway station of Madurai–Bodinayakanur line. It has been converted into broad gauge and passenger trains are being operated in this route. A new line is proposed to constructed from {{stnlnk|Dindigul Junction}} to [[Kumily]] via [[Batlagundu]], [[Periyakulam]], [[Theni|Teni]], [[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Cumbum]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-02-27|title=A new dawn for Sabari railway project|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-new-dawn-for-sabari-railway-project/article8287935.ece|access-date=2020-12-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New lines and extensions, budget wish list of rail users|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/new-lines-and-extensions-budget-wish-list-of-rail-users/articleshow/62716373.cms|access-date=2020-12-28|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== History ==
Theni railway station was inaugurated on 1909 as a light railway line (610mm), later that line was closed due to World War I in 1915. Later Teni railway station was inaugurated together with the Madurai–Bodinayakanur 90 km branch line on 20 November 1928 as narrow-gauge railway (762mm) by the Madras Provincial revenue member [[Norman Marjoribanks]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=மதுரை - தென்காசியம்பதி தொடர்வண்டி போக்குவரத்து இன்றுடன் நிறுத்தம் – Dinamalar Tamil News|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/detail.php?id=156693|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112212818/https://m.dinamalar.com/detail.php?id=156693|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2021|access-date=2020-12-28|website=Dinamalar|language=ta}}</ref> Later in 1942, during the Second World War, the line was closed and the tracks were removed. After [[Independence of India|India's Independence]], between 1953 and 1954, the track was restored as a [[metre-gauge railway]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2008-03-14|title=Metre gauge to become history|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Metre-gauge-to-become-history/article15184253.ece|access-date=2020-12-28|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The Madurai–Bodinayakanur line was sanctioned for [[Track gauge conversion|gauge conversion]], from [[metre-gauge railway|metre-gauge]] ([[Metre gauge|1,000 mm]] (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in)) to [[broad-gauge railway|broad gauge]] ([[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|1,676 mm]] (5 ft 6 in)). It was closed on 1 January 2011, expecting to reopen it by 2012, but due to lack of funds, the project advanced at very slow pace. Finally, on 23 January 2020, the first stretch between {{stnlnk|Madurai Junction}} and Usilampatti (37 km) was inaugurated, after passing the inspection of the [[Commission of Railway Safety]]. The remaining 53 km Usilampatti–Bodinayakanur section is expected to reopen in April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=மதுரை – உசிலம்பட்டி தொடர்வண்டி சேவை தொடங்குவது எப்போது?: சு.வெங்கடேசன் எம்.பி கேள்விக்கு கோட்ட மேலாளர் பதில்|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/535925-madurai-usilampatti-train-service-mp-su-venkatesan-raises-concern.html|access-date=2020-12-28|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai|language=ta}}</ref> In December 2020 Usilambatti to Andipatti section of the railway line got materialised and was inaugurated, after passing the inspection of the [[Commission of Railway Safety]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CRS holds speed trial on Usilampatti-Andipatti line|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/crs-holds-speed-trial-on-usilampatti-andipatti-line/articleshow/79768622.cms|access-date=2020-12-28|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

During 1909 a narrow-gauge railway line existed between Dindigul Junction to Kumily Lower Camp via Sempatti, Batlagundu, Periyakulam, Theni, Cumbum. It had several branch lines in-between Periyakulam to Kodaikanal foothills and theni to Kottagudi. Near Kottagudi, the [[Kundala Valley Railway]] line's Topslip railway station is present at a distance of 5 km.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mysteries of a Defunct Ropeway|url=https://www.irfca.org/articles/defunct-ropeway.html|access-date=2020-12-28|publisher=IRFCA}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Railway map of 1909 Imperial gazetteer of india|url=https://wiki.fibis.org/images/0/08/South_Indian_Railway_1909.png|access-date=|website=}}</ref> This railway line had been closed due to World War I as well as due to poor patronage.

The current railway line alignment between theni railway station to [[Bodinayakkanur railway station]] follows the same alignment of the old railway line which existed during 1910 between [[Theni]] to Kottagudi branch railway line. The new railway line is constructed from Theni to {{stnlnk|Madurai Junction}} later in 1928 as Madurai-Bodinayakanur Branch Line, now this line is exist and is currently under Gauge conversion from [[metre-gauge railway|metre gauge]] to [[Broad-gauge railway|broad gauge]]. The old railway line from {{stnlnk|Kodaikanal Road}} to Kumuli is dismantled due to World War I as well as poor patronage.<ref name=":0" />

== Performance and earnings ==
For the FY 2022–23, the annual earnings of the station was {{INRConvert|3195095}} and daily earnings was {{INRConvert|8754}}. For the same financial year, the annual passenger count was 80,358 and daily count was 220. While, the footfall per day was recorded as 459.<ref name="annual_earnings" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1909]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Theni district]]

Vaijapur Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T22:53:00Z

WilmerLassetter: made a post!

{{Distinguish|Vijapur Assembly constituency}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vaijapur
| type = SLA
| map_image = 112-Vaijapur.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
| division = [[Aurangabad Division|Aurangabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| constituency_no = 112
| established =
| reservation = 
| abolished =
| mla = [[Ramesh Bornare]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors =320,856
| preceded_by = [[Bhausaheb Patil Chikatgaonkar]]
}}
'''Vaijapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the six constituencies of the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha located in [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

It is a part of [[Aurangabad (Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other assembly constituencies, viz [[Kannad Assembly constituency]], [[Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency]], [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency]], [[Aurangabad Central Assembly constituency]] and [[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Ashatai Waghamare || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Mahendranath Ramchandra || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Girjabai Machhindranath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || V. P. Patil
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Shakuntalabai Patil
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Uttamrao Keshavrao Patwari ( Bhalerao ) || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || [[Govindrao Adik]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | [[Ramkrishna Baba Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Kailas Ramrao Patil
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="3" | [[Rangnath Wani|Rangnath Murlidhar Wani]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Bhausaheb Patil Chikatgaonkar]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan="2" | [[Ramesh Bornare|Ramesh Bornare Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramesh Bornare|Ramesh Bornare Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 133,627 |percentage = 54.95% |change = {{increase}}4.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Dinesh Pardeshi |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 91,969 |percentage = 37.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ekanath Khanderao Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,205 |percentage = 3.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kishor Bhimrao Jejurkar |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 5,495 |percentage = 2.26% |change = {{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,723 |percentage = 0.71% |change = {{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 41,658 |percentage = 17.13% |change = {{decrease}}13.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 244,898 |percentage = 76.33% |change = {{increase}}12.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 243,175}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 320,856 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.45 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}4.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramesh Bornare|Ramesh Bornare Patil]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 98,183 |percentage = 50.36% |change = {{increase}}25.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abhay Kailasrao Patil |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 39,020 |percentage = 20.01% |change = {{decrease}}7.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akil Gafur Shaikh |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,835 |percentage = 11.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pramod Shahadrao Nangare |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 10,297 |percentage = 5.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajiv Babanrao Dongre |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,824 |percentage = 5.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Santosh Jagannath Jadhav |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 7,224 |percentage = 3.71% |change = {{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhavrao Narharrao Paithane |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,564 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwas Bharat Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,522 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dnyaneshwar Ghodke |party = Prahar Janshakti Party |votes = 1,449 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 970 |percentage = 0.50% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 59,163 |percentage = 30.34% |change = {{increase}}27.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 196,486 |percentage = 63.35% |change = {{decrease}}6.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 194,968}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 310,142 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.83 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing = {{increase}}22.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Bhausaheb Patil Chikatgaonkar]] |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 53,114 |percentage = 27.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rangnath Wani|Rangnath Murlidhar Wani]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 48,405 |percentage = 25.25% |change = {{decrease}}5.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Dinesh Pardeshi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 41,346 |percentage = 21.56% |change = {{decrease}}1.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ekanath Khanderao Jadhav |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 24,243 |percentage = 12.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramhari Karbhari Jadhav |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 12,648 |percentage = 6.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dangode Kalyan Dnyaneshwar |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,924 |percentage = 3.09% |change = {{increase}}1.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babasaheb Bapurao Pagare |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,453 |percentage = 1.28% |change = {{decrease}}1.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,206 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,709 |percentage = 2.46% |change = {{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 193,077 |percentage = 70.24% |change = {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 191,734}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,887 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.81 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}2.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rangnath Wani|Rangnath Murlidhar Wani]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 51,379 |percentage = 30.48% |change = {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate =[[ Bhausaheb Patil Chikatgaonkar]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 50,154 |percentage = 29.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Dinesh Pardeshi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,557 |percentage = 23.47% |change = {{increase}}6.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kailasrao Ramrao Patil alias Aaba |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,708 |percentage = 8.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pagare Prabhakar Thakaji |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,908 |percentage = 2.32% |change = {{decrease}}1.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadaphal Prashant Dadasaheb |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,908 |percentage = 1.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunil Asaram Gholap |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,540 |percentage = 1.51% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tribhuvan Sanjay Dada |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,029 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,225 |percentage = 0.73% |change = {{decrease}}5.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,575 |percentage = 68.57% |change = {{decrease}}4.67 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,539}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245,849 |ref = |change = {{increase}}32.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rangnath Wani|Rangnath Murlidhar Wani]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 41,365 |percentage = 30.46% |change = {{decrease}}18.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhausaheb Ramrao Chikatgaonkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 32,413 |percentage = 23.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thombre Bhausaheb Rangnath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,553 |percentage = 17.34% |change = {{decrease}}4.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay Patil Nikamaliess Bhau (Tunkikar) |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,114 |percentage = 13.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagannath Khanderao Jadhav |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,609 |percentage = 8.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bankar Narayan Somilal |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 5,292 |percentage = 3.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Misal Arun Chandrakant |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,602 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wani Tukaram Sakhahari |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,005 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,952 |percentage = 6.59% |change = {{decrease}}15.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 135,843 |percentage = 73.24% |change = {{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 135,803}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,469 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}18.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rangnath Wani|Rangnath Murlidhar Wani]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 51,234 |percentage = 48.60% |change = {{increase}}30.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kailas Ramrao Patil |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 28,059 |percentage = 26.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Zambad Mansukh Manikchand |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,506 |percentage = 22.30% |change = {{decrease}}11.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Katare Chadrakant Bala |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,929 |percentage = 1.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,175 |percentage = 21.98% |change = {{increase}}17.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,878 |percentage = 73.70% |change = {{decrease}}3.44 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,420}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,162 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.61 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kailas Ramrao Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,177 |percentage = 34.21% |change = {{decrease}}8.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Rangnath Wani|Rangnath Murlidhar Wani]] |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 32,695 |percentage = 29.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Katare Chadrakant Bala |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 20,051 |percentage = 17.97% |change = {{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Pandharinath Gangadhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,727 |percentage = 5.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Gangadhar Parasram |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,258 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhise Shekhar Laxmanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,244 |percentage = 2.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nimbalkar Sarjerao Ramrao (Vakil) |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,889 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bainade Devsing Kisansing |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,725 |percentage = 1.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,482 |percentage = 4.91% |change = {{decrease}}0.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,142 |percentage = 77.14% |change = {{increase}}9.13 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,583}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,262 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}8.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramkrishna Baba Patil]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,305 |percentage = 42.54% |change = {{decrease}}5.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kailas Ramrao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 35,165 |percentage = 37.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrakant Katare |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 12,199 |percentage = 12.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anandi Arvind Annadate |party = Janata Dal |votes = 1,860 |percentage = 1.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pathade Suresh Bhaurao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,363 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Uttamrao Asaram Ingale (Mantri) |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,239 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,140 |percentage = 5.42% |change = {{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,000 |percentage = 68.01% |change = {{increase}}3.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,757}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,627 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.76 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian Congress (Socialist) |swing = {{decrease}}8.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramkrishna Baba Patil]] |party = Indian Congress (Socialist) |votes = 37,911 |percentage = 50.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kailas Ramrao Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,617 |percentage = 47.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Murlidhar Ighe |party = Independent politician |votes = 767 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,294 |percentage = 3.07% |change = {{decrease}}1.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,197 |percentage = 64.51% |change = {{increase}}6.59 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,652}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,109 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.66 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian Congress (Socialist) |loser = Indian National Congress (U) |swing = {{increase}}0.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Govindrao Adik]] |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 31,090 |percentage = 50.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxmanrao Bhagaji Bhise |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,260 |percentage = 45.72% |change = {{increase}}27.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sarjerao Ramrao Nimbalkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,321 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tribhuvan Dilipkumar Chimaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 634 |percentage = 1.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,830 |percentage = 4.58% |change = {{increase}}3.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,546 |percentage = 57.92% |change = {{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,813}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,706 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.14 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (U) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}16.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Uttamrao Keshavrao Patwari ( Bhalerao ) |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,376 |percentage = 34.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balwantrao Alias Balasaheb Ramrao Pawar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,740 |percentage = 33.16% |change = {{decrease}}52.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxmanrao Bhagaji Bhise |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 10,305 |percentage = 18.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. K. Tribhuvan |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,022 |percentage = 7.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sarjerao Ramrao Nimbalkar |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,572 |percentage = 2.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhalchandra Radhuba Chavan |party = Independent politician |votes = 589 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramphal Kedarsing Chindhale |party = Independent politician |votes = 452 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Daulatram Kesharchand Sancheti |party = Independent politician |votes = 390 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 636 |percentage = 1.13% |change = {{decrease}}71.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,393 |percentage = 57.03% |change = {{increase}}11.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,521}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 102,395 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.00 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}51.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shakuntalabai Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,404 |percentage = 86.08% |change = {{increase}}31.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. S. Misal |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,404 |percentage = 13.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,000 |percentage = 72.15% |change = {{increase}}51.08 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,154 |percentage = 45.88% |change = {{decrease}}18.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,808}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,515 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.50 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}31.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. P. Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,024 |percentage = 54.32% |change = {{decrease}}10.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Gangadhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,317 |percentage = 33.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Patil |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 5,723 |percentage = 12.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,707 |percentage = 21.07% |change = {{decrease}}14.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,829 |percentage = 64.05% |change = {{increase}}15.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,064}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,793 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}4.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Girjabai Machhindranath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,830 |percentage = 65.14% |change = {{increase}}18.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kishore Pawar Rameshwar Pawar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 10,659 |percentage = 29.14% |change = {{decrease}}24.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khanderao Kachru |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,093 |percentage = 5.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,171 |percentage = 36.00% |change = {{increase}}29.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,902 |percentage = 49.00% |change = {{increase}}6.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,582}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,431 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.40 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}11.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mahendranath Ramchandra |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 14,918 |percentage = 53.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashatai W/o Anandrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,007 |percentage = 46.58% |change = {{decrease}}9.63 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,911 |percentage = 6.84% |change = {{decrease}}30.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,925 |percentage = 42.32% |change = {{decrease}}6.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,925}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,988 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.89 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Vaijapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ashatai Waghamare |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,064 |percentage = 56.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lala Binda Prashad |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 4,757 |percentage = 19.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhika Taraji |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 3,444 |percentage = 13.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandharinath Vithova |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 2,754 |percentage = 11.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,307 |percentage = 37.20% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,019 |percentage = 48.49% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 25,019}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,599 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
[[Vaijapur]] 
[[Kannad]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|19.92|74.73|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Aurangabad district (Maharashtra)|Assembly constituencies of Aurangabad district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]

Cuddalore Assembly constituency

2026-05-03T19:39:24Z

WilmerLassetter: Stub

{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 155
| map_image = Constitution-Cuddalore.svg
| established = 1951
| district = [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency|Cuddalore]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| mla = [[G. Iyappan]]
| latest_election_year = 2021
| name = Cuddalore
| electors = 223,149
| reservation = None
}}

'''Cuddalore''' is a legislative assembly constituency, that includes the city of [[Cuddalore]]. Cuddalore Assembly constituency is a part of [[Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency]]. Cuddalore was one of 17 assembly constituencies to have [[Voter-verified paper audit trail|VVPAT]] facility with EVMs in the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ec-to-tighten-grip-on-cash-for-votes/article8225776.ece|title=EC to tighten grip on cash for votes|date=12 February 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=3 July 2020|archive-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322190411/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/ec-to-tighten-grip-on-cash-for-votes/article8225776.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Assembly
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Elected year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Duration
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1st Madras Assembly|First]]
| [[1952 Madras state assembly election|1952]]
| 1952-1957
| Rathinam
| {{Full party name with color|Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party}}
|-
| [[2nd Madras Assembly|Second]]
| [[1957 Madras state assembly election|1957]]
| 1957-1962
| rowspan=2 | [[P. R. Seenivasa Padayachi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[3rd Madras Assembly|Third]]
| [[1962 Madras state assembly election|1962]]
| 1962-1967
|-
| [[4th Madras Assembly|Fourth]]
| [[1967 Madras state assembly election|1967]]
|1967-1971
| [[Ere. Elamvazhuthi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="70%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Assembly
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Duration
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifth]]
| 1971-1977
| [[R. Govindaraj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixth]]
| 1977-1980
| [[K. Abdul Latheef]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Seventh]]
| 1980-1984
| [[Babu Govindarajan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eighth]]
| 1984-1989
| [[V. G. Cheelappa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Ninth]]
| 1989-1991
| [[E. Pugazhendi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Tenth]]
| 1991-1996
| [[P. R. S. Venkatesan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Eleventh]]
| 1996-2001
| rowspan=2 | E. Pugazhendi
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Twelfth]]
| 2001-2006
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Thirteenth]]
| 2006-2011
| [[G. Iyappan]]
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fourteenth]]
| 2011-2016
| rowspan=2 | [[M. C. Sampath]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Fifteenth]]
| 2016-2021
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|Sixteenth]]
| 2021-[[Incumbent]]
| G. Iyappan
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.46}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.07}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|60.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|47.76}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.02}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.05}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|31.61}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.09}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.72}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party}}|34.12}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Chandrasekaran |party=Indian National Congress |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. C. Sampath]]|party=AIADMK|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Sarasu|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= V. Rajkumar|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221152|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{cite web|title= Cuddalore Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a155|access-date= 24 Jul 2022|archive-date= 24 July 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220724065250/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a155/|url-status= live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Iyappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=84,563 |percentage=46.46% |change=+19.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. C. Sampath]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,412 |percentage=43.63% |change=+2.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Jaladeepan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=9,563 |percentage=5.25% |change=-1.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Anandraj |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=4,040 |percentage=2.22% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Gnanapandithan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,499 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,236 |percentage=0.68% |change=-0.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,151 |percentage=2.83% |change= -11.31% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=182,001 |percentage=76.35% |change= 1.66% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=391|percentage=0.21% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 238,364 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.39% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. C. Sampath]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,922|percentage=41.07 |change=-19.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. Pugazhendi|Ela. Pugazhendi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,509 |percentage=26.93% |change=-9.9 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Chandarasekaran |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=20,608 |percentage=11.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pazha. Thamaraikannan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=16,905 |percentage=9.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Seeman |Seeman (Sebastian Simon)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=6438550369547106&vanity=thehindu|title=Sebastian Simon alias Seeman is the founder of the political party Naam Tamilar Katchi|work=The Hindu|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref> |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=12,497 |percentage=7.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,062 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Selvam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,964 |percentage=1.14% |change=+0.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,413 |percentage=14.14% |change= -9.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=172,688 |percentage=74.69% |change= -3.33% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 231,205 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.49% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. C. Sampath]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=85,953 |percentage=60.56% |change=+17.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. Pugazhendi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,275 |percentage=36.83% |change=-10.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Gunasekaran |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,579 |percentage=1.11% |change=-0.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. V. Rajan |party=Independent politician |votes=892 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. E. Chithrakala |party=Loktantrik Samajwadi Party |votes=774 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,678 |percentage=23.73% |change= 19.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=141,930 |percentage=78.02% |change= 6.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,920 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 12.80% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[G. Iyappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,003 |percentage=47.76% |change=+2.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Kumar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,737 |percentage=43.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. V. Jayakumar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=7,866 |percentage=5.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sivakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,803 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sriramulu |party=Independent politician |votes=797 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Srivathsan |party=Independent politician |votes=776 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,266 |percentage=4.47% |change= 4.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=140,286 |percentage=71.54% |change= 14.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,095 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. Pugazhendi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=54,671 |percentage=45.61% |change=-16.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. R. S. Venkatesan]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=54,637 |percentage=45.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Pathmanaban |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,119 |percentage=5.94% |change=+0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Sriramulu |party=Independent politician |votes=1,284 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Muruganantham |party=Puratchi Bharatham |votes=929 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Senthilkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=685 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34 |percentage=0.03% |change= -40.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=119,862 |percentage=56.59% |change= -10.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,016 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.66% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. Pugazhendi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,480 |percentage=62.27% |change=+28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. Rajendiran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,853 |percentage=21.62% |change=-26.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Varatharajan |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=9,552 |percentage=7.99% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Padmanaban |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,925 |percentage=5.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Varatharajan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=848 |percentage=0.71% |change=-0.4 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=48,627 |percentage=40.66% |change= 26.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=119,606 |percentage=67.11% |change= 3.76% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,364 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.67% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. R. S. Venkatesan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,459 |percentage=48.60% |change=+26.14 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. Pugazhendi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,284 |percentage=34.27% |change=-8.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Abdul Lateef |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=15,940 |percentage=15.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chokkalilnga Achari |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,171 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,175 |percentage=14.33% |change= -6.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=105,873 |percentage=63.34% |change= -4.59% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 172,538 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. Pugazhendi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=42,790 |percentage=42.91% |change=+2.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Radhakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,408 |percentage=22.47% |change=-35.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Abdul Latheef |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=18,721 |percentage=18.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Janarthanan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,028 |percentage=7.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. O. Padmanabhan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,694 |percentage=6.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Rajamanickam |party=Independent politician |votes=906 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,382 |percentage=20.44% |change= 2.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=99,729 |percentage=67.93% |change= -5.95% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,592 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.11% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. G. Cheelappa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=53,759 |percentage=58.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Krishnamurthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,063 |percentage=40.00% |change=-9.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nakkeeran Alais Jayaraman |party=Independent politician |votes=776 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayabalan P |party=Independent politician |votes=621 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,696 |percentage=18.02% |change= 14.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=92,663 |percentage=73.88% |change= 11.12% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,630 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.96% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Babu Govindarajan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,539 |percentage=49.05% |change=+19.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ragupathi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,398 |percentage=45.25% |change=+13.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Balakrishna Sethupathy Padayachi |party=Janata Party |votes=4,077 |percentage=4.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,141 |percentage=3.80% |change= 1.41% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,646 |percentage=62.76% |change= 1.48% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 133,227 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 17.44% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Abdul Latheef |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=24,107 |percentage=31.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Govindarajan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,280 |percentage=29.21% |change=-23.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. R. S. Venkatesan |party=Janata Party |votes=20,106 |percentage=26.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venkatesan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,387 |percentage=11.00% |change=-35.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. R. Narasimhan |party=Independent politician |votes=863 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Natarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=526 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,827 |percentage=2.40% |change= -4.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,269 |percentage=61.28% |change= -12.28% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,391 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -21.00% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=R. Govindaraj |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,219 |percentage=52.60% |change=-2.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. R. Seenivasa Padayachi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,909 |percentage=46.17% |change=+2.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Kuppusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=822 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,310 |percentage=6.44% |change= -4.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,950 |percentage=73.56% |change= -2.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,497 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ere. Elamvazhuthi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,093 |percentage=55.09% |change=+23.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. R. Seenivasa Padayachi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,845 |percentage=43.71% |change=+2.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Padayachi |party=Independent politician |votes=767 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,248 |percentage=11.38% |change= 1.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,705 |percentage=75.58% |change= 3.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,210 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 14.37% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. R. Seenivasa Padayachi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,567 |percentage=40.72% |change=-0.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sambasiva Reddiar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,147 |percentage=31.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Ramsami Padayachi |party=Swatantra Party |votes=18,983 |percentage=28.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,420 |percentage=9.48% |change= 1.57% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,697 |percentage=71.61% |change= 16.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,494 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.46% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. R. Seenivasa Padayachi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,100 |percentage=41.18% |change=+22.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sambandan |party=Independent politician |votes=17,044 |percentage=33.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Dandapani |party=Independent politician |votes=13,091 |percentage=25.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,056 |percentage=7.92% |change= 3.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,235 |percentage=55.11% |change= -53.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,967 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |swing= 7.07% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Cuddalore<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Rathinam |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=64,446 |percentage=34.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. R. Seenivasa Padayachi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,466 |percentage=18.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,580 |percentage=4.01% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=188,903 |percentage=108.64% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,887 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|11.75|N|79.75|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:Cuddalore]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Hellinsia siniaevi

2026-04-25T16:01:41Z

WilmerLassetter: Created the pg more to come!

{{Short description|Species of moth}}
{{Speciesbox
|image =
|image_caption =
|taxon = Hellinsia siniaevi
|authority = [[Vasily Nikolaevich Kovtunovich|Kovtunovich]], 2003<ref>{{cite journal |first=V. N. |last=Kovtunovich |year=2003 |title=New species of plume moths from India |journal=Entomologischeskoe Obozrenie |volume=82 |pages=752–757 |url=https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9291316 |url-access=limited }}</ref>
}}

'''''Hellinsia siniaevi''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Pterophoridae]]. It is endemic to [[India]]<ref name="Pterophoroidea of the World"/><ref name="Pathania et al. 2021"/> and known from [[Assam]].<ref name="Pathania et al. 2021"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Pathania et al. 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Pathania |first1=Prakash C. |last2=Gielis |first2=Cornelis |last3=Das |first3=Apurva |last4=Chandra |first4=Kailash |title=Catalogue of superfamily Pterophoroidea Kuznetsov & Stekolnikov (Lepidoptera) of India |journal=Zootaxa |date=2021 |volume=4915 |issue=2 |pages=201–236 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.4915.2.2}}</ref>

<ref name="Pterophoroidea of the World">{{cite web |url=https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/1199/taxon/1059 |title=''Hellinsia siniaevi'' Kovtonovich, 2003 |work=Catalogue of the Pterophoroidea of the World 1.1.25.071 |date=12 March 2025 |access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5708244}}

[[Category:Hellinsia|siniaevi]]
[[Category:Plume moths of Asia]]
[[Category:Lepidoptera of India]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Moths described in 2003]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Vasily Nikolaevich Kovtunovich]]

{{Oidaematophorini-stub}}

Raipur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-23T14:32:27Z

WilmerLassetter:

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Raipur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no =
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Raipur district|Raipur]]
| division = [[Raipur division|Raipur]]
| established = 1951<ref name=ECI1951>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1951.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref>
| abolished = 1976<ref name=DPCO1976>{{cite web |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 – Schedule XII (Madhya Pradesh) |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/schedulefile?aid=AC_CEN_5_5_00037_200028_1517807323263&rid=250 |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref>
| reservation = None
| electors = 49,079 (1972)<ref name=ECI1972>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1972.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''Raipur''' was one of the original constituencies of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], created for the first [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|elections of 1951]]. Centred on the historic city of [[Raipur]], it remained a general (unreserved) single-member seat until the nationwide delimitation undertaken on the basis of the [[1971 census of India|1971 Census]]. Under the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 1976]], Raipur Assembly constituency was dissolved with effect from the [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977 election]] cycle; its urban core was re-designated as [[Raipur Town Assembly constituency|Raipur Town]] while suburban and rural areas were redistributed among newly carved seats.<ref name=DPCO1976/>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
!colspan=2| Party
! Votes
! Source
|-
| [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Thakur Pyarelal Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
| 9,462
| <ref name=ECI1951/>
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Charan Singh Tiwari{{efn|Contemporary ECI records list the winner as “Tiwari Singh Charan”, generally identified with Sharda Charan Tiwari in subsequent rolls.}}
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
| 13,679
| <ref name=ECI1957>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1957.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Sharda Charan Tiwari
| 20,597
| <ref name=ECI1962>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1962.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| S. C. R. Prasad
| {{Full party name with color|Orissa Jana Congress}}
| 20,522
| <ref name=ECI1967>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1967.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Sudhir Mukherjee
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|30,347
| <ref name=ECI1972/>
|-
| colspan="6" | {{Centre|''Constituency abolished, see [[Raipur Town Assembly constituency]]''}}
|}

== Results ==
{{Election box begin
| title= [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Raipur
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sudhir Mukherjee
| votes = 30,347
| percentage = 61.8
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Chandra Prakash Agrawal
| votes = 11,226
| percentage = 22.9
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| candidate = Chandan Lal Chandrakar
| votes = 7,627
| percentage = 15.3
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 49,079
| percentage = 62.7
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Independent (politician)
| loser = Orissa Jana Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name="ECI1972">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1972.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref>

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin
| title= [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Raipur
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Orissa Jana Congress
| candidate = S. C. R. Prasad
| votes = 20,522
| percentage = 41.79
| change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sharda Charan Tiwari
| votes = 14,962
| percentage = 30.45
| change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| candidate = Chandan Lal Chandrakar
| votes = 13,651
| percentage = 27.80
}}

{{Election box turnout
| votes = 49,135
| percentage = 59.2
| change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Orissa Jana Congress
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}
<ref name="ECI1967">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1967.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref>

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin
| title= [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Raipur
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Sharda Charan Tiwari
| votes = 20,597
| percentage = 49.2
| change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| candidate = Chandan Lal Chandrakar
| votes = 14,831
| percentage = 35.4
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Socialist Party
| candidate = M. M. Dubey
| votes = 6,431
| percentage = 15.4
}}

{{Election box turnout
| votes = 41,859
| percentage = 55.2
| change =
}}

{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}
<ref name="ECI1962">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1962.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref>

=== 1957 ===
{{Election box begin
| title= [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Raipur
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Charan Singh Tiwari
| votes = 13,679
| percentage = 54.1
| change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| candidate = G. S. Sarda
| votes = 7,453
| percentage = 29.5
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Praja Socialist Party
| candidate = D. R. Parekh
| votes = 4,140
| percentage = 16.4
}}

{{Election box turnout
| votes = 25,272
| percentage = 48.2
| change =
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| loser = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
| swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}
<ref name="ECI1957">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1957.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref>

=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin
| title= [[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Raipur
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
| candidate = [[Thakur Pyarelal Singh]]
| votes = 9,462
| percentage = 40.7
| change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Jagdeo Prasad Verma
| votes = 8,726
| percentage = 37.6
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Socialist Party (India, 1948)
| candidate = Ram Lal Chandrakar
| votes = 5,060
| percentage = 21.8
}}

{{Election box turnout
| votes = 23,248
| percentage = 45.1
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
| winner = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name="ECI1951">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/History%20web/OldElectionResults/1951.pdf |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 July 2025}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
Raipur displayed a competitive multiparty profile. The [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] held the seat through the formative decades, but anti-Congress sentiment in the late 1960s enabled the break-away [[Orissa Jana Congress|Jan Congress]] to capture the constituency in 1967.<ref name=ECI1967/> The 1972 result, producing an Independent victory with more than 61% of valid votes cast, underscored localised dynamics that pre-dated the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency period]].<ref name=ECI1972/>

== Delimitation and abolition ==
The [[Delimitation Commission of India|1976 Delimitation Commission]] reassessed constituency boundaries to equalise population representation following the 1971 Census. Raipur’s rapid urban expansion and demographic growth prompted its bifurcation:

* The densely populated municipal core became [[Raipur Town Assembly constituency|Raipur Town]].
* Peripheral zones were apportioned among [[Raipur City Gramin Assembly constituency|Raipur Rural]], [[Abhanpur Assembly constituency|Abhanpur]], [[Arang Assembly constituency|Arang]] (SC), Mandirhasod created seats within [[Raipur district]].<ref name=DPCO1976/>

This reorganisation took effect with the [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], marking the formal end of the original Raipur constituency.

== See also ==
* [[Raipur Town Assembly constituency]] (1977–2008)
* [[Raipur City South Assembly constituency]] (post-2008)
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Delimitation Commission of India]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Raipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1976]]

Zahirul Hasnain Lari

2026-04-23T01:24:05Z

WilmerLassetter: made new info

{{Short description|Pakistani politician (1907 – 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Zahirul Hasnain Lari
| honorific_suffix = Member of the [[Constituent Assembly of India]]
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1907|01|17}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1972|03|13|1907|01|17}}
| birth_place = [[Lar, Uttar Pradesh|Lar]], [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| profession = Lawyer Politician
| party =
| alma_mater =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Zahirul Hasnain Lari''' (17 January 1907 – 13 March 1972) was a lawyer and a known [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] leader from [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]]. He was a [[Pakistan movement]] activist and some acts of [[nationalism]] in his student life in India are noted.

==Early life==
Zahirul Hasnain Lari was born in [[Lar, Uttar Pradesh|Lar]], [[Deoria district|Uttar Pradesh]] India on 17 January 1907. He was born to parents (Father Abdus Shakoor) who belonged to the historic local Muslim community [[Iraqi Biradari]].<ref name="our publication">{{cite book |author1=Jalil Ahmad Lari|author2=Javed Ahmad Gauri|author3=Tabrez Akhtar Lari|title= APNO KI TALASH FINAL Book Urdu|url= https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Dl5q9nluGUWuc8BVjZY1BvljlYN2j2lZ |access-date=18 March 2023|pages=71}}</ref>
He was educated at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] Aligarh, receiving respectively, a B.A. (1927) degree, M.A., LL.B. (1930) degree and he was a notable alumnus.<ref>Zahirul Hasnain Lari(1) Abdus Shakoor, Lar Dt Gorakhpur (2) 17.1.1907 (7)B.A. 1927; M.A., LL B. 1930 {{cite web |title=Aligarh Muslim University Alumni Directory|page=Z1245|year=2019|url= https://idoc.pub/documents/aligarh-muslim-university-alumni-directory-1d47kw123yn2}} retrieved 14 Dec 2023</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Alumni Aligarh|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/248774051/Alumni-Aligarh}}Z.H.Lari, under Jurist, retrieved 15 Dec 203</ref> After graduation in Law, Zahirul Hasnain practiced as a lawyer at Gorakhpur district court. He enrolled as an Advocate in the High Court Allahabad where his family lived before migration to Pakistan in 1950.

==Political life==
[[1937 Indian provincial elections]] under [[Government of India Act 1935]]: Muslim League President [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] took a nationalist stance and emulated the Congress electoral campaign and appointed Muslim League Parliamentary Boards for the 1937 elections. The strategy mentioned above did not work as the Muslim League barely won 29 seats from the Muslim-reserved 66 seats or 29 in total U.P. assembly seats 288.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hermanne Kulke|author2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/A%20History%20of%20India_Kulke.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226092618/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/A%20History%20of%20India_Kulke.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2015|edition=4th|publisher=Routledge|page=314}}</ref>
On the other hand, the Congress Party won a simple majority of 138 to form the government. Zahirul Hasnain won the 1937 U.P. Legislative Assembly election from [[Gorakhpur]] reserved seat.
As an important Muslim League leader from [[United Province]] he served the deputy [[leader of the opposition]] post in U.P. Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{cite news|title=Why is BJP doing a Congress on Congress over LoP issue …|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=Jul 14, 2014|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/why-is-bjp-doing-a-congress-on-congress-over-lop-issue/articleshow/38341506.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Lari|first=Suhail Zaheer|title=Gorakhpur|url=https://www.suhaillaripakistan.com/chapters/Gorakhpur/|access-date=25 January 2021|website=Suhail Lari Pakistan|language=en|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131121213/https://www.suhaillaripakistan.com/chapters/Gorakhpur/}}</ref>

[[1946 Indian provincial elections]]: Zahirul Hasnain was re-elected to the U.P. Assembly in 1946 and became Deputy Leader of the Opposition (1946-1948). It is noteworthy that the 1946 election was fought with a different strategy under Zahirul Hasnain as a member of the parliamentary board of the Muslim League.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chapter, Creating a New Medina State Power, Islam, and the Quest for Pakistan in Late Colonial North India, In book Creating a New Medina Published online: 18 December 2014|author=Venkat Dhulipala|pages=389–461 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9781107280380.010 }}</ref> The result of this election was astonishing (e.g. [[United Provinces (1937–50)|United Provinces]] ||66||54||82%). In general, the Muslim League with the new strategy won the most seats from Muslim reserved seats in every province including Muslim-majority provinces, Punjab, and Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Barbara D. Metcalf |author2=Thomas R. Metcalf |year=2012 |title=A Concise History of Modern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7UgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA212 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=213– |isbn=978-0-511-24558-9}}</ref> Therefore, the 1946 election would effectively form a referendum if the Indian Muslims were to vote on the creation of Pakistan. In this connection, it was noted that Z.H. Lari, deputy leader of the opposition, intervened in the United Province assembly on the unity issue.<ref>{{cite book|title=chapter,7 7 In the Shadow of Partition - Oxford Academic, in book From Pluralism to Separatism: Qasbas in Colonial Awadh|author=Mushirul Hasan|year=2007|pages=245–278|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195693232.003.0007}} retrieved 29 Dec 2023</ref>

[[Constituent Assembly of India]]: The British government planned an early election in provinces in 1946. It was planned that these provincial assemblies then elect a new Constituent Assembly before the independence of India. Zahirul Hasnain Lari was appointed to the Constituent Assembly from the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]] on a Muslim League ticket.<ref>Z.H. Lari{{cite web|title=The Constitution Framers|url=https://www.constitutionofindia.net/the-constitution-framers/}}bottom row</ref> He made important interventions in the debates on cultural, educational rights of minorities, the right to life and liberty, and equal opportunity. The example of some of the interventions mentioned above is referred to here.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Where's the party?: towards a constitutional biography of |journal=Indian Law Review|year=2019|volume=3|doi=10.1080/24730580.2019.1611179|s2cid=165053562 }} retrieved 31 Dec 2023</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY OF INDIA DEBATES ( …|url=https://sansad.in/uploads/const_Assmbly_Debates_Volume7_29_November1948_fcd40ac246.pdf?updated_at=2022-09-15T06:41:42.873Z}}Amendment No. 382. Mr. Z. H. Lari</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Directive principles and the expressive accommodation of ideological dissenters|author= Tarunabh Khaitan|journal=International Journal of Constitutional Law|year=2018|volume=16|issue=2|pages=389–420|doi=10.1093/icon/moy025|hdl=11343/230897|hdl-access=free}}intervention by Lari</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY DEBATES|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/763009/1/cad_23-11-1948.pdf}}Z.H.Lari intervention</ref>

==Migration==
Zahirul Hasnain Lari resigned from the Assembly in 1949. In May 1950, Lari migrated to Pakistan. He was appointed as the additional judge of the Sindh Chief Court till December 1952. Later, he resigned from this post to join the Karachi bar.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lari|first=Suhail Zaheer|title=Migration|url=https://www.suhaillaripakistan.com/chapters/Migration/ |access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127055405/https://www.suhaillaripakistan.com/chapters/Migration/ }}</ref>

==Death==
Zahirul Hasnain Lari died on 13 March 1972 in Karachi.

==See also==
*[[Nasreen Jalil]], Pakistani senator
*[[Yasmeen Lari]], the first female architect in Pakistan

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zahirul Hasnain Lari}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Muhajir people]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement activists from the United Provinces]]
[[Category:Politicians from Karachi]]
[[Category:People from Gorakhpur]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to Pakistan]]

Neiba Ndang

2026-04-20T05:53:53Z

WilmerLassetter: Starting Initial Entry W/ Sources

{{short description|Indian politician|bot = PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| 2 =
| year =
| date =
| footnotes =
| website =
| profession = Social Worker
| alma_mater =
| education =
| father = Khriesang
| children =
| spouse =
| name = Neiba Ndang
| successor1 = Vatsu Meru
| predecessor1 = Bangdi Iheilung
| term_end1 = 2003
| term_start1 = 1993
| constituency1 =
| office1 = [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Member of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date = 1954
| caption =
| image =
| birth_name =
| source =
}}

'''Neiba Ndang''' is a politician from Nagaland, India. He was the Speaker of [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] from 1993 to 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Speakers, NLA |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/STATISTICAL/NAGALAND.htm |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=State Legislative Bodies in India}}</ref> He was elected to the State Legislature representing [[Peren Assembly constituency|Peren Constituency]] in the 1993 and [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998 Assembly Election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peren Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/nagaland/assembly-constituencies/peren.html |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=Elections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Neiba Ndang |url=https://myneta.info/nagaland2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=6 |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=My Neta}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born to N. K. Zeliang of [[Peren, Nagaland|Peren]]. He completed his BA from Arts College Kohima. In 1974-75 he was part of the [[Naga Students' Federation]]. He was also associated with the Contractors' Union.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Murry |first=Khochamo Chonzamo |title=Naga Legislative Assembly and its speakers |date=2007 |publisher=Mittal Publ |isbn=978-81-8324-126-7 |edition=1. publ |location=New Delhi, India}}</ref>

== Political life ==
In the [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] he contested unsuccessfully from the [[Peren Assembly constituency]] as an independent candidate. He then joined the [[Indian National Congress]] and contested the [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] as the party candidate. He defeated the sitting MLA Bangdi Lheilung.<ref name=":0" />

He was elected the speaker of the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] in 1993 at the age of 39 and completed his term in 1998.<ref name=":0" />

Ndang was the [[Nationalist Congress Party]]'s Nagaland State president during the [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2012 |title=NCP Nagaland for change |url=https://www.morungexpress.com/ncp-nagaland-for-change |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref> In March 2014 he was elevated as the party's national secretary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-09 |title=Nagaland unit of NCP gets new president |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/nagaland-unit-of-ncp-gets-new-president/articleshow/31699847.cms |access-date=2026-01-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ndang, Neiba}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Naga people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:People from Peren district]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politicians from Nagaland]]

{{Nagaland-INC-politician-stub}}

Rajendra Reang (Tripura politician)

2026-04-18T15:49:12Z

WilmerLassetter: Starting Some Details W/ Refs

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{for|the former TTAADC EM|Rajendra Reang}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Rajendra Reang
| image = File:Shri Rajendra Reang, MLA, lighting the lamp to inaugurate the Bharat Nirman Public Information Campaign, organized by PIB, at Kanchanpur in North Tripura district, Tripura. The Member.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|01|02|df=y}}<ref name="TA">{{cite web |title=OATH / AFFIRMATION BY ELEVENTH LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY MEMBERS |url=http://tripuraassembly.nic.in/current%20members%20profilenew.pdf |publisher=tripuraassembly.nic.in |accessdate=13 April 2020}}</ref>
| birth_place = Kanchanpura, [[North Tripura]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Member of Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Kanchanpur Assembly constituency|Kanchanpur]]
| salary1 =
| term_start1 = 2003
| term_end1 = 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2013 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref>
| predecessor1 = Binduram Reang
| successor1 = [[Prem Kumar Reang]]
| chiefminister1 =
| governor1 =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| spouse = Joyabati Reang
| college =
| children =
| citizenship = {{IND}}
| alma_mater =
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
}}
'''Rajendra Reang''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was a former member of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from 2003 to 2018 from Kanchanpur Vidhan Sabha Constituency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2003 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2003-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2008 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref> In [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] Rajendra defeated by [[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]] candidate Prem Kumar Reang in the margin of 4131 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 2018 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kanchanpur Election Result 2018 Live: Kanchanpur Assembly Elections Result Live Update, Vidhan Sabha Election Result & Live News |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/tripura/kanchanpur-election-result/ |access-date=6 December 2020 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kanchanpur (ST) Vidhan Sabha Election - Kanchanpur (ST) Assembly Election Results, Polling Stations, Voters, Candidates |url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/tripura/kanchanpur-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections |website=www.electionsinindia.com |access-date=6 December 2020 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329144032/https://www.electionsinindia.com/tripura/kanchanpur-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Political career ==
In the year 1974, he joins to [[Students' Federation of India]] and involved himself as an activist in the students' movement. Later he joins [[Tribal Youth Federation]] in 1995.<ref name="TA"/> At present day he is a central committee member of [[Ganamukti Parishad]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reang, Rajendra}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Tripuri people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:People from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2003–2008]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2013–2018]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}
{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

The Eken

2026-04-17T06:28:17Z

WilmerLassetter:

{{Short description|2022 Indian Bengali film}}
{{for|the 2023 film|The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Eken
| image = The Eken (2022) Poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official Theatrical Poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Joydip Mukherjee| Joydeep Mukherjee]]
| writer = Padmanabha Dasgupta
| screenplay = Padmanabha Dasgupta
| story = [[Sujan Dasgupta]]
| based_on = Manhattan er Madman
| producer = Shrikant Mohta Mahendra Soni
| starring = [[Anirban Chakraborty]] Suhotra Mukhopadhyay Somak Ghosh [[Payel Sarkar]] Debasish Mondal
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ramyadip Saha
| editing = [[Rabiranjan Maitra]] Md. Piyasuddin
| music = Subhadip Guha
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| distributor = SVF
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|04|14}}
| runtime = 132 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross = {{INR|1.3}} crore<ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Tina |title=This Bengali film has had 80 houseful shows in a week. It's the latest in Eken franchise |url=https://theprint.in/feature/this-bengali-film-has-had-80-houseful-shows-in-a-week-its-the-latest-in-eken-franchise/2635332/ |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=23 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''The Eken''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[black comedy]] [[Action film|action thriller film]] directed by [[Joydip Mukherjee|Joydeep Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Eken (2022) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/the-eken-48272 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> The film is produced by Shrikant Mohta and Mahendra Soni under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Eken (2022) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kolkata - BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kolkata/movies/the-eken/ET00323465 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>The film is based loosely on the novel ''Manhattan-ey Madman''. In the film, [[Anirban Chakrabarti]] plays the title role of [[Ekenbabu]], a fictional detective created by the Bengali author, Sujan Dasgupta. Padmanabha Dasgupta has written the screenplay for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Eken: নববর্ষের আগেই বড় পর্দায় একেন বাবু! প্রকাশ্যে 'দ্য একেন'-র পোস্টার |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/anirban-chakrabarti-starrer-eken-release-bangla-noboborsho-eken-babu-famous-bengali-detective-character-silver-screen-first-time-poster-launches-soc-356364-2022-03-22 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>

It was released in theatres on 14 April 2022. It was well received by the audience and had a successful run at the box office. The second film of this series ''[[The Eken: Ruddhaswas Rajasthan]]'' was released on 2023 and third film ''[[The Eken: Benaras e Bibhishika|The Eken: Benaras E Bibhishika]]'' was released on 2025.

At the end of the series ''Eken Babu'' season 9, the pre-credits scene indicated a sequel, ''The Eken: Keralay Kurukkhetro'', which will be releasing on Durga Pujo 2026.

== Plot ==
During his trip to [[Darjeeling]] with Bapi and Promotho, Lalbazar detective, Ekendra Sen (Ekenbabu) has a chance of meeting with the famous film star, Bipasha Mitra, and gets caught up in the investigation of a missing ancestral photograph and a precious stamp that belonged to her grandfather. At the same time, Ekenbabu gets an offer from Bipasha's friend and business partner, Debraj Singh, to work on a murder case. The mystery deepens when he discovers a valuable Lord Vishnu idol has been stolen from Bipasha's statue collection. He suspects that both the cases are linked to each other and doubts if both of his clients are telling the truth. He sets forth to find out the criminals with the help of the local police. The case becomes complicated as new facts come to light every now and then. However, Ekenbabu solves the case, catching the culprits with the help of a stranger who turns out to be on the same team as him.

== Cast ==
* [[Anirban Chakrabarti]] as [[Ekenbabu]]<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=আনন্দ |first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি |date=2022-02-01 |title='দ্য একেন'-এ অনির্বাণের সঙ্গী পায়েল, দার্জিলিংয়ে জোরকদমে চলছে শ্যুটিং |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/the-eken-paayel-sarkar-starts-shooting-of-the-film-the-eken-864202 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref>
* [[Payel Sarkar]] as Bipasha Mitra<ref name=":02"/>
* Suhotra Mukhopadhay as Bapi
* Somak Ghosh as Pramatha
* [[Debasish Mondal (actor)|Debasish Mondal]] as Debraj Singh
* Debopriyo Mukherjee as Bubun Kar
* Indrajit Mazumder as Jiten Ghosh
* Kaushik Chattopadhyay as Jayanta Biswas

== Production ==
The principal photography of the film began on 28 January 2022.<ref name=":02"/> The film was wrapped up in February 2022 with a few scenes shot during the pandemic.

The cinematographer of the film is Ramyadip Saha. The editing of the film is done by [[Rabiranjan Maitra]] and Md. Piyasuddin. The production is designed by Ranjit Gorai. The costume designer is Jayanti Sen. The makeup is done by Sourav Ganguly. The sound is designed and mixed by Srijit Gupta.

== Release ==
The teaser of the film released on 22 March, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title='The Eken' teaser: Eken Babu's first big screen outing promises to be an intense murder mystery - Times of ndia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-eken-teaser-eken-babus-first-big-screen-outing-promises-to-be-an-intense-murder-mystery/articleshow/90369337.cms |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=The Times of India |date=22 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The trailer of the film released on 25 March, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title='The Eken' trailer: The ingenious 'maachey bhaatey Bangali' detective is back to solve a murder mystery - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-eken-trailer-the-ingenious-maachey-bhaatey-bangali-detective-is-back-to-solve-a-murder-mystery/articleshow/90437999.cms |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=The Times of India |date=25 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The film released in theatres on 14 April, 2022 coinciding with [[Pohela Boishakh|Poila Baisakh]] or the Bengali New Year.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=SVF announces - Films Slate to hit the Silver Screen with Back-to-Back Releases in 2022 |url=https://svf.in/press/svf-announces-films-slate-to-hit-the-silver-screen-with-back-to-back-releases-in-2022/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=SVF Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 2:29
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = The Eken (Title Track)
| extra1 = [[Sidhu (musician)|Sidhu]]
| lyrics1 = Godhuli Sharma
| length1 = 2:29
}}

== Reception ==
Shamayita Chakraborty rated the film 4/5, reviewing for ''[[The Times of India]]'' and opined that the movie is worth watching for Eken Babu's humour and great performances but the plot is weak thus making the storyline predictable.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Shamayita |date=16 April 2022 |title=The Eken movie review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/the-eken/movie-review/90882476.cms |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Roushini Sarkar, reviewing for ''Cinestaan'', rated 2/4 and opined that the movie has multiple twists, however, the writing is poor and the execution of twists is boring. She praised the performances of Mukhopadhay and Ghosh but criticized that of the others.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Roushni |date=16 April 2022 |title=The Eken review: Despite great performance by Anirban Chakrabarti, this murder mystery is a one-time watch |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/the-eken-48272 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416123129/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/the-eken-48272 |url-status=live |archive-date=16 April 2022 |access-date=2 June 2022 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|16212178}}

{{Joydip Mukherjee}}
{{Shree Venkatesh Films}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eken, The}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:2022 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joydip Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Bengali-language mystery crime films]]
[[Category:SVF Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Ekenbabu]]

Khergao Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:41Z

WilmerLassetter: Created the pg nd citations!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Manipur legislative assembly in India}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Khergao
|type= SLA
|state = [[Manipur]]
|established = 1972
|abolished = 1974
|electors = 10,575 (1972)
| constituency_no =
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
'''Khergao''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Wangkhem Ibhol Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khergao<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130251/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Wangkhem Ibhol Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,561 |percentage=29.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Wahid |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,003 |percentage=22.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Longjam Jnanendra |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,723 |percentage=19.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Haque |party=Independent politician |votes=1,501 |percentage=17.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Muhibullah |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=697 |percentage=7.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Abdul Bari |party=Independent politician |votes=190 |percentage=2.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=558 |percentage=6.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,822 |percentage=83.42% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,575 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 disestablishments in India]]

Rudradeva

2026-04-15T12:55:06Z

WilmerLassetter: Starting Some Entry Nd Citations

{{Short description|Kakatiya ruler from 1158 to 1195}}
{{for|the 13th-14th century rulers|Rudrama Devi|Prataparudra}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Rudra-deva
| title = Maha-mandaleshvara Pati-hita-charita Vinaya-Vibhushana
| succession = [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] ruler
| reign = {{circa|1158|1195}}
| predecessor = [[Prola II]]
| successor = [[Mahadeva (Kakatiya dynasty)|Mahadeva]]
| dynasty = [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]]
| father = [[Prola II]]
}}
'''Rudra-deva''' ({{reign}}{{circa|1158|1195}}) was a [[Kakatiya]] king, who ruled parts of the present-day [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]] in southern India. He was the first sovereign ruler of his dynasty.

Like his father [[Prola II]], Rudra was initially a vassal to the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]]. Amid the decline of the Chalukya power, he subjugated several other Chalukya subordinates who had rebelled against the Chalukya authority. These included the [[Telugu Chodas|Choda]] chief Bhima II, Domma-raja of [[Nagunur Fort|Nagunuru]], and Meda II of Polavasa. He also appears to have fought against the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani]], who had usurped the power from the Chalukyas.

Rudra proclaimed sovereignty around 1163 CE, and conquered the [[coastal Andhra]] region by defeating several local chiefs, amid the decline of the [[Velanati Chodas|Velanati Choda]] power. He moved the Kakatiya capital from Anumakomda (present-day [[Hanamkonda]]) to Orugallu (present-day [[Warangal]]), and started the construction of a fort there. He commissioned the Rudreshvara temple, popularly known as the [[Thousand Pillar Temple]], at Anumakomda.

== Early life ==

Rudradeva was the eldest son of the Kakatiya ruler [[Prola II]], a vassal of the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]]. The earliest extant record from Rudradeva's reign is the 1158 CE [[Draksharamam|Daksharamam]] inscription issued by his minister Inangala Brammireddi.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=87-88}} This inscription describes the death of his father, possibly during an invasion of the [[Vengi]] area in the [[coastal Andhra]] region.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=584}}

The Daksharamam inscription dates itself to the [[Shaka era|Shaka]] year 1080 (1158 CE) and to the 13th regnal year of the "Chalukya-Chola" king [[Rajaraja II]]. It is possible that the inscription mentions Rajaraja II's regnal years, simply because it was customary to do so in the Daksharamam area:{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=88}} the Cholas were traditionally regarded as the overlords of the Vengi kingdom, although their power was not completely effective in this region. According to another theory, Rudra probably entered into an alliance with Rajaraja II, obtained the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] delta region as a fief from him, and invaded the region to avenge his father's death.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=591}} Yet another possibility is that Prola II, accompanied by Inangala Brammireddi, had allied with Rajaraja II in an attempt to suppress a revolt by [[Kota Vamsa|Kota]] and Haihaya chiefs; after his death in the resulting battle, his minister mentioned Rudradeva as the Kakatiaya ruler.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=88}}

== Early military career ==

The [[Thousand Pillar Temple]] inscription credits Rudra with several victories that ultimately led to the establishment of Kakatiyas as a sovereign power.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=88}} Many of these victories were against his father's enemies or their relatives. He appears to have achieved these victories sometime before 1163 CE, when he proclaimed sovereignty.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=89}}

=== Tailapa and Bhima of Vardhamana ===

During the time of Rudra's father [[Prola II]], ''Kumara'' Tailapa, a younger brother the Chalukya king [[Someshvara III]], governed the Kanduru-nadu province, with the [[Telugu Chodas|Choda]] chiefs as his subordinates.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=76-77}} Prola II helped Someshvara's successor [[Jagadhekamalla II|Jagadeka-malla II]] suppress a rebellion by Tailapa and the Choda chiefs.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=80-86}} Because he was a member of the Chalukya royal family, Tailapa was released and probably allowed to retain his royal privileges.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=90}}

After the death of Prola II, Tailapa probably again tried to assert his independence. According to the Thousand Pillar Temple inscription, Tailapa "died of dysentery caused by the terror of Rudra", and subsequently, the Choda chief Bhima II declared himself the king.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=89}} It appears that Bhima owed allegiance to ''Kumara'' Tailapa, and after his death, declared himself the king of Kanduru-nadu, possibly during the reign of the Chalukya king [[Tailapa III]].{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=90}}

According to the Thousand Pillar Temple inscription, Rudra invaded Bhima's town of Vardhamana (present-day Vaddaman or Vaddemanu).{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=89}}{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=588}} This invasion was likely not ordered by the Chalukya king, but was a result of Rudra's desire to check Bhima's influence in the area.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=90-91}}

=== Burning of Chododaya's city ===

According to the Thousand Pillar Temple inscription, Rudra burnt the town of Chododaya ("Udaya the Choda").{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=89}} Chododaya likely refers to Udaya II, the Choda ruler of [[Panagal, Nalgonda district|Panugallu]].{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=91}} Historian M. Somasekhara Sarma theorizes that at the time of Rudra's attack, the town of Chododaya was a part of Bhima's territories.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=588}} If the town was still under the control of Udaya II, this conflict likely happened after the reign of the Chalukya king [[Jagadhekamalla II|Jagadeka-malla II]], since both Rudra and Udaya II recognized him as their overlord. Udaya II's 1148-1149 CE Emdabetta (near [[Nagarkurnool]]) and [[Sirikonda]] inscriptions mention him as a subordinate of Jagadeka-malla.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=91}} Since both Bhima II and Udaya II belonged to the Choda family, it is possible that Rudra defeated both of them in a single campaign. This campaign may have taken place between 1157 CE and 1162 CE, as Bhima and Udaya are attested by their 1157 CE Kishtapuram and Rachuru inscriptions, and Rudra's victory is mentioned in his 1163 CE Thousand Pillar Temple inscription.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=91}}

The Thousand Pillar Temple inscription states that Rudra became "the resort of the shining lotus (''padma'') born of the milky ocean of the dynasty" of Chododaya.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=587}} This probably refers to his construction of a large tank at the site of the destroyed city. [[E. Hultzsch]] suggests that Padma was the name of Udaya's daughter.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=587}} Probably as part of a peace treaty, Rudra allowed Udaya II to hold his fief, and married his daughter.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=95}}

Rudra assigned the name "Panugamti-vada" to a locality in Orugallu (present-day Warangal) to commemorate his capture of Panugallu.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=91}} He granted the upper tract of the Srisailam forest as a fief to the Charaku chiefs, who assisted him in his campaign against the Chodas, as attested by a 1202 CE inscription of the Charaku chief Bollaya.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=95}}

=== Domma-raja ===

According to the Thousand Pillar Temple inscription, Rudra defeated Domma-raja and captured his town.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=88}} The inscription states that Rudra forced him to flee "by hundreds of his shining arrows as [[Arjuna]] did [[Karna]]".{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=586}}

Domma-raja was the chief (''maha-mandaleshvara''{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=586}}) of [[Nagunur Fort|Nagunuru]], where his inscriptions have been found. Rudra likely defeated him in 1159 CE, the approximate date of his last extant inscription found at Nagunuru. {{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=92}} The 1159 CE Nagunuru inscription of Domma-raja states that an 80,000-strong army of he, Medaraja and Jaga-deva defeated an unnamed enemy. It is possible that this enemy was Rudra, who later defeated these chiefs.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=586}} The inscription records the death of Jaga-deva, who probably died fighting Rudra's army.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=94}}

=== Meda ===

According to the Thousand Pillar Temple inscription, Rudra subdued the prowess of Meda, defeated the confederacy of the rival kings, and acquired the wealth of Poalvasa-''desha'' (territory).{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=88-89}} This refers to his subjugation of Meda II, the ruler of Polavasa.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=92}} Earlier, Rudra's father Prola II had killed Meda's brother Gumda.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=89}}

According to a fragmentary inscription of Rudra's minister Gangadhara, found at Anumakomda, Meda-raja (Meda II) refused to establish peace by offering his daughter to Rudra. Consequently, he lost his wealth, pride and family reputation.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=92}}

=== Mailigi and Kalachuris of Kalyani ===

According to the Thousand Pillar Temple inscription, Rudra destroyed the pride that arose during the meeting with Mailigi-deva. This statement occurs in the inscription after the narration of his victory over the neighbouring chiefs Domma-raja and Meda, and before the narration of his acquisition of wealth of Polavasa. Thus, it is likely that Rudra defeated all these chiefs in the same campaign.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=93}}

The identity of Mailigi-deva is uncertain, but he was most probably a member of the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalyani Kalachuri]] dynasty that supplanted the Kalyani Chalukyas. Since Rudra was a former Kalyani Chalukya vassal, the Kalachuris may have tried to make him accept their own suzerainty. The brother and the son of the Kalachuri king [[Bijjala II]] were both named Mailigi, and either of these may have led an army against Rudra.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=93}} Domma-raja and Meda II may have sided with the Kalachuris in this campaign.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=93-94}}

E. Hultzsch identified Mailigi with Mallugi, the predecessor of the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] king Bhillama V, but this can be dismissed on phonological grounds.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=587}}

According to the 1161 CE [[Lakshmeshwara]] inscription of Bijjala II, he repulsed an invasion by the king of Andhra. Since Rudra was the most prominent king of the Andhra region, it appears that he made an unsuccessful attempt to capture the Kalachuri capital Kalyani, probably as an extension of the campaign against Mailigi and other chiefs. An inscription of Rudra claims that his kingdom extended up to Kataka ("fort") in the west. This may be a reference to his march up to Kalyana-Kataka, another name for Bijjala's capital Kalyani.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=95}}

== Proclamation of sovereignty ==

Rudra proclaimed sovereignty in 1163 CE.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=89}} According to one theory, he allied with the [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuri]] king [[Bijjala II]], who overthrew his overlords - the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]]. However, this is unlikely as epigraphic evidence suggests that he fought against Mailigi of the Kalachuri family.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=94-95}} Moreover, in his inscriptions as a sovereign, he continues to bear the feudatory title ''Maha-mandaleshvara'', although he does not mention an overlord.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=96-97}} His other sovereign titles were also modest, for example, ''Pati-hita-charita'' and ''Vinaya-Vibhushana'' ("he whose adornment is modesty", in 1186 CE Daksharamam inscription).{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=97}}{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=597}} This suggests that he remained loyal to the Chalukyas till the end of that dynasty, and stopped mentioning an overlord only when no claimant to the Chalukya throne remained.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=96-97}}

According to Rudra's inscription, at this time, his kingdom extended from Godavari River in the north to Srisailam area in the south, and from Kataka (Kalyana-Kataka or Kalyani) in the west to the ocean ([[Bay of Bengal]]) in the east. The claim about the western boundary probably refers to his march up to Kalyani in the west during his campaign against the Kalachuri general Mailigi.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=95-96}} The claim about the eastern boundary is supported by the 1158 CE [[Draksharamam|Daksharamam]] inscription of Rudra's minister Inangala Brammireddi. However, it is an exaggeration, as much of the coastal Andhra region was under the control of [[Velanati Chodas]] and other chiefs, and Rudra's control over Daksharamam was temporary (see [[#Conquest of costal Andhra|Conquest of costal Andhra]] below).{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|pp=591-592}}

== As a sovereign ==

=== Victrory over Chakrakuta ===

A fragmentary inscription of Rudra's minister Gangadhara states that Rudra defeated the king of Chakurakuta, who had seized the title ''Manaya-khetaka-kara'' from Meda-raja. The identity of the defeated king or the date of his defeat are not certain.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=97}}

Historian P.V.P. Sastry theorizes that Rudra may have participated in a campaign of the Chola king Rajaraja II.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=97}}

=== Conquest of costal Andhra ===

Rudra appears to have captured the [[Draksharamam|Daksharamam]] area, as attested by the 1158 CE Daksharamam inscription of his minister Inangala Brammireddi. He retained control of this territory for at least four or five years, as attested by the 1163 CE Daksharamam inscription of his brother Durgga-raja of Repalli.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=591}} The [[Velanati Chodas|Velanati Choda]] king [[Rajendra Choda II|Kulottunga Rajendra II]] appears to have captured the Daksharamam area in 1163 CE, as attested by an inscription of his minister Devana-''Preggada''. Rudra appears to have recaptured the area sometime later, as suggested by the 1168 CE Daksharamam inscription of his queen Dannama-devi, which records her gift of a lamp to the temple of Bhimeshvara.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=592}} Rudra appears to have lost control of the area soon after: the provenance of the inscriptions of Rajendra II and his subordinates suggests that the area largely remained under the control of the Velanati Chodas until 1181 CE.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=592}}

Other parts of coastal Andhra were under the control of various chiefs, some of whom were involved in the battle that resulted in the death of Rudra's father Prola II. These chiefs included such as Haihayas of Kona, the Chalukyas of Pithapuram, the Kolanis (Sarasipuras) of the Eluru region, the Kotas of Amaravati, the Komdapadumati chiefs, and the Haihayas of [[Palnadu]].{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=95-96}} The Velanati Choda chief Rajendra II initially acknowledged the Chola suzerainty, but after the death of the Chola king Rajaraja II in c. 1172 CE, he declared sovereignty, and conquered most of the coastal Andhra region.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=592}}{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=98}}

After the death of Rajendra II in 1181 CE, the Velanati Choda kingdom suddenly collapsed, probably because of a civil war. Around the same time, a war broke out in the [[Palnadu]] kingdom, between the Haihaya prince Nalagama and his brothers. According to the ballad ''Palnati-virula-charita'', Nalagama sough support from Rudra.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=593}} Rudra marched there accompanied by the ''nayakas'' (chiefs) of Malyala, Komaravelli, Vipparla, and [[Natavadi]].{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=98}} Nalagama's alliance won the [[Battle of Palnadu]], but Rudra's role in this seems to have been insignificant: he contributed only a thousand horsemen to Nalagama's effort.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=593}}

Rudra then sent his army against the [[Kota Vamsa|Kota]] chief Bhima II (also known as Dedda Bhima or Dodda Bhima) of [[Dharanikota]], who was a son-in-law of Rajendra II. Rudra's generals - Kata (the son of Sabba-''senani'') and Bollama of the Malayala family - captured Dharanikota. Rudra's subordinates - the chiefs of Vipparla, Komaravelli, and Pempala - assumed the title ''Dodda-Bhimani-shirash-chchhedaka'', which suggests that Bhima died in this battle.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=593}}

Rudra appointed Bhima's son Keta II as a vassal ruler. With Keta's help, he subjugated the Komdapadumati chiefs, who controlled the western part of the Velanati kingdom.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=98}} An 1185 CE [[Tripurantakam]] inscription records Rudra's grant of the Revuru village in this region, confirming that his conquest of the region.{{sfn|R.S. Sharma|1957|p=209}} No records of the Komdapadumati chiefs dated after this year are available, suggesting that Rudra's campaign ended their dynasty.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=594}}

In 1184 CE, the Velanati Choda ruler [[Pruthviswara|Prithvishvara]], who had lost control of his ancestral territory, attempted to capture the Prolu-nadu region ([[Pithapuram]]-[[Kakinada]] area). Mallapa-deva, a member of the [[Chalukyas of Vengi|Vengi Chalukya family]], had carved out an independent kingdom in this area after the death of Rajaraja II. Mallapa-deva sought help from Rudra-deva, who appears to have marched to Daksharamam in his support, as attested by a 1185-1186 CE inscription. Epigraphic evidence suggests that Prithvishvara defeated Mallapa-deva, and retained control of Mallapa-deva from 1185 CE until his death.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|pp=594-595}}

Rudra evicted the Chalukyas of Mudigonda, who controlled the Visurunadu region. The Kukanuru inscription of the Chalukya chief Kusumaditya states that he had to seek shelter in other territories for 12 years because of an upheaval in his own kingdom. This likely refers to Rudra's attack on the Chalukya kingdom; the Chalukya chiefs seem to have regained control of their principality after Rudra's death, as suggested by the Kukanuru inscription. A 1213 CE inscription of the Kakatiya general [[Recherla Rudra]] states that he forced Kusumaditya's brother Nagati-raja to flee.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=98-99}}

===Possible conflict with the Yadavas ===

Little information is available about the last decade of Rudra's life.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=595}} Some historians have theorized that the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna (Yadava)]] king [[Jaitugi]] defeated and killed Rudra around 1195 CE, but others dispute this. This theory is based on the texts ''[[Suktimuktavali|Sukti-muktavali]]'' and ''Chatur-varga-chintamani''.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=99-100}}{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=529}}

The ''Sukti-muktavali'' verse states that the Yadava chief [[Bhillama V]] conquered some territory in the battlefield of Babhru. Since ''Babhru'' and ''Rudra'' are synonyms as alternative names of [[Shiva]], epigraphist [[P. B. Desai|P.B. Desai]] theorized that Bhillama defeated Rudra. However, according to historian [[P. V. Parabrahma Sastry|P.V.P. Sastry]], it is more likely that Babhru is the name of a place.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=99}}

The ''Vrata-khanda'' of [[Hemadri]]'s ''Chatur-varga-chintamani'' provides a poetic description of the military prowess of the Yadava king. In this description, Hemadri states that Jaitrapala (Jaitugi) sacrificed a human in the shape of Raudra, the lord of [[Telangana|Tilinga region]].{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=99-100}} According to historian [[A.S. Altekar]], "Raudra" may be a mistake by a scribe, the verse describes Jaitugi's killing of the Kakatiya king Rudra. Altekar argues that Rudra's death explains the weakened Kakatiya power in the subsequent years.{{sfn|A. S. Altekar|1960|p=529}} However, according to Sastry, Raudra ("[son] of Rudra") refers to Rudra's successor [[Mahadeva (Kakatiya dynasty)|Mahadeva]], who is known to have been killed by Jaitugi in the subsequent years. Mahadeva was a brother of Rudra: Hemadri probably mistook him for Rudra's son.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|pp=99-100}}

=== Administration ===

Rudra moved his capital from Anumakomda to Orugallu (present-day [[Warangal]]), and started the construction of a fort there. According to the Ganapeshvaram inscription of [[Ganapati (Kakatiya dynasty)|Ganapati]], he built a township between Orumgallu and the former Kakatiya capital Anumakomda. The various localities in this township were named after the towns sacked by Rudra during his campaigns, and settled with people from these towns.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=101}}

Rudra's notable generals and ministers included:

* Gangadhara of Vellaki family, who served as the administrator of Anumakomda during Prola II's reign, and the governor of Sabbi-naddu during Rudra's reign.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=101}} His inscriptions record several of his religious deeds (see [[#Religion]] below).{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=102}}
* Inangala Brammireddi (or Inamgala Brahmireddi) held the office of ''peggada'' as attested by his Daksharamam inscription.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=102}}
* Malli Nayaka, the war minister (''tantra-pala''){{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=597}}
* Peda Mallana, a son of Nanagaura of Induluri family, was the governor of Rudra's new capital Orugallu, as attested by the Shaivite text ''Shiva-yoga-sara''.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=102}}
* China Mallana, a brother of Peda, held the office of the chief accountant (''peda-samprati''), according to ''Shiva-yoga-sara''.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=102}}
* The Cheraku family, including Kata and his brothers, held the Cheraku-70 region as [[appanage]]. As generals, they helped the Kakatiayas subjugate the Choda chiefs Bhima and Udaya in Kanduru-nadu region, as attested by their Jammuluru inscription.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=102}} Kata's son Kama and his grandson Nama also served as commanders of Rudra's armies.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=596}}
* Kata, a member of the Malyala family of Samkisa-pura, was a general and also held the office of ''pradhani''. He helped the Kakatiyas subdue the [[Kota Vamsa|Kota]] kingdom, as suggested by his titles ''Kota-gelpata'' ("conqueror of Kota").{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=596}}
* The Recherlas of Pillalamarri, who had served the Kakatiyas for multiple generations since the time of [[Beta I]].{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=596}}

According to the 1195 CE Pillalamarri inscription of his subordinate Nami Reddi, Rudra was "the resort and refuge of learned men", who loved him.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=597}} The authorship of ''Niti-sara'' (or ''Niti-saram''), a work on politics (''raja-niti''), is sometimes attributed to Rudra. But this is doubtful, as this attribution is based on an apocryphal verse in a single manuscript of Baddena's ''Niti-shastra-muktavali'', and that verse mentions the author as "Pratapa-rudra", not "Rudra".{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|pp=597-598}}

== Succession ==

The last extant record from Rudra's reign is 26 April 1195 CE Bekkallu inscription.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=100}} He died childless, and his brother [[Mahadeva (Kakatiya dynasty)|Mahadeva]] succeeded him on the throne.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=103}} The Upparapalli inscription of Katayanayaka describes Mahadeva's son [[Ganapati (Kakatiya dynasty)|Ganapati]] as a son of Rudra: it is possible that Rudra adopted Ganapati as a son.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=100}} According to the Khamdavalli inscription of [[Prataparudra]], Rudra gave the kingdom to his younger brother Mahadeva. This suggests that Rudra himself appointed Mahadeva as his successor, possibly as a regent of Ganapati.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=102}}

== Religion ==
[[File:1000 pillar temple HNK.jpg|thumb|Rudreshvara temple, popularly known as the [[Thousand Pillar Temple]]]]
Rudra commissioned the Rudreshvara temple, popularly known as the [[Thousand Pillar Temple]], at Anumakomda.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=101}} According to the Ganapeshvaram inscription, he also constructed other temples named Rudreshvara ("Lord of Rudra") in the towns of his defeated enemies. Other people in his kingdom also built temples dedicated to [[Shiva]]: it was customary to erect a group of three temples (''tri-kuta'') in memory of one's relatives.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=597}}

An 1185 CE [[Tripurantakam]] inscription records Rudra's grant of the Revuru village on the [[Krishna River]] to the god Tripurantaka Mahadeva.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=98}}

Malli Nayaka, Rudra's minister of war, made a gift to a temple in [[Panagal, Nalgonda district|Panugallu]] to acquire [[Punya (Hinduism)|merit]] for the king.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=597}} Another minister, Gangadhara, commissioned a temple dedicated to the god Prasanna-keshava.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=102}} He probably also contributed to the construction of the Gamgachiya-''chevuru'' tank near this temple.{{sfn|Ghulam Yazdani|1960|p=597}} Gangadhara also built other temples in [[Nagunur Fort|Nagunuru]]: Samvartakeshvara and Hidimbaehala. According to his Karimnagar inscription, he believed that the [[Buddha]] was an incarnation of Hari (Vishnu), and installed an image of the Buddha at Pattasala. He also granted an [[agrahara]] to learned Brahmanas.{{sfn|P.V.P. Sastry|1978|p=102}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=A. S. Altekar |author-link=Anant Sadashiv Altekar |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts VII - XI |volume=VIII: Yādavas of Seuṇadeśa |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0D5RAAACAAJ |oclc=59001459 |isbn=9788170691259 }}
* {{cite book |author=P.V.P. Sastry|author-link=P. V. Parabrahma Sastry |editor=N. Ramesan |title=The Kākatiyas of Warangal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FiRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |location=Hyderabad |oclc=252341228 }}
* {{cite book |author1=N. Venkataramanayya |author2=M. Somasekhara Sarma |chapter=The Kakatiyas of Warangal |editor=Ghulam Yazdani |title=The Early History of the Deccan Parts VII - XI |volume=IX: The Kākatīyas of Warangal |year=1960 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0D5RAAACAAJ |oclc=59001459 |isbn=9788170691259 |ref={{harvid|Ghulam Yazdani|1960}} }}
* {{cite book |author1=N. Venkataramanayya |author2=P.V.P. Sastry |chapter=The Kākatīyas |editor=R.S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985-1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |edition=1987 reprint |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 |ref={{harvid|R.S. Sharma|1957}} }}
{{refend}}

{{Kakatiya dynasty}}

[[Category:Kakatiya monarchs]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]

Shetkar Suresh Kumar

2026-04-12T11:56:44Z

WilmerLassetter: made bio!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Shetkar Suresh Kumar
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Suresh Kumar Shetkar.png
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Zahirabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Zahirabad]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| majority =
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[B. B. Patil]]
| term_start1 = 1 June 2009
| term_end1 = 1 June 2014
| predecessor1 = Lok Sabha constituency created (Andhra Pradesh)
| successor1 = Lok Sabha constituency shifted to Telangana
| office2 = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2004
| term_end2 = 2009
| predecessor2 = Patlolla Kista Reddy
| successor2 = Patlolla Kista Reddy
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1960|08|08|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Narayankhed]], [[Medak district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], (present{{endash}}day [[Sangareddy district]], Telangana) India
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| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party = 
| spouse = Uma Shetkar
| relations =
| children = 3
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Politician]]
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| data5 =
}}

'''Shetkar Suresh Kumar Shivrao''' (born 8 August 1960) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[15th Lok Sabha]]. He is elected as the Senior Vice President of Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee in 2021<ref>[https://archive.today/20120713093217/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?695675 And the senior Vice President of Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/11/stories/2009031157220500.htm |title=The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad News : Congress MPS' clamour for 'safe' seats |website=www.hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314001324/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/11/stories/2009031157220500.htm |archive-date=14 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He belongs to the [[Indian National Congress]] political party and he represented [[Zahirabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Zahirabad constituency]] in [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/Results.htm|title=Election Commission of India}}</ref> Suresh Shetkar was a Member of legislative assembly from Narayankhed constituency from 2004 to 2009.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120713093217/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?695675 And the senior Vice President of Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=R. Ravikanth |date=2021-06-26 |title=Revanth new chief of Telangana Congress |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/revanth-new-chief-of-telangana-congress/article34992387.ece |access-date=2021-11-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-14 |title=The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad News : Congress MPs' clamour for 'safe' seats |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/11/stories/2009031157220500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314001324/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/11/stories/2009031157220500.htm |archive-date=2009-03-14 |access-date=2021-11-27 }}</ref>

He has been serving as Vice President since 2021 within the Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee and is currently 18th Lok Sabha member from [[Zahirabad Lok Sabha constituency|Zahirabad Lok Sabha Constituency]] Telangana.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-08 |title=Congress clears four names from Telangana for Parliament elections |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/congress-clears-four-names-from-telangana-for-parliament-elections/article67929881.ece |access-date=2024-04-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2024-03-08 |title=Suresh Shetkar, Balram Naik among four Congress candidates named from Telangana |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/telangana/suresh-shetkar-balram-naik-among-four-congress-candidates-named-from-telangana |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Suresh Shetkar was born in [[Narayankhed|Naranyankhed]], [[Medak]] to Shivrao Shetkar, a freedom fighter and three-time MLA and Chandramma. He did his B.Sc. (Agriculture) at Marathwada Agricultural University Parbhani, Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4523|title = ...National Portal of India}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Suresh Shetkar is 2nd born in the family and is married to Uma and has a son and two daughters. He has a sister and 3 brothers.

==Career==
His father gave a Congress party ticket to P. Kista Reddy who was a follower of Shivrao Shetkar according to an agreement who apparently deceived before by going independent and later was first time elected as An MLA from Narayankhed Constituency in 2004. Suresh Shetkar was elected to Zahirabad Lok Sabha as an MP constituency in 2009.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=4523 Official profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetkar, Suresh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Medak district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Special Ops (TV series)

2026-04-10T14:31:39Z

WilmerLassetter: made new post

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Special OPS Poster.jpeg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Action fiction|Action]] [[Spy fiction|Espionage]] [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| based_on =
| creator = {{ubl|[[Neeraj Pandey]]}}
| director = {{ubl|[[Neeraj Pandey]] |[[Shivam Nair]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Kay Kay Menon]]
* [[Vinay Pathak]]
* [[Karan Tacker]]
* [[Vipul Gupta]]
* Muzamil Ibrahim
* [[Meher Vij]]
* [[Saiyami Kher]]
* [[Divya Dutta]]
* [[Revathi Pillai]]
* Sajjad Delafrooz
}}
| writer = {{ubl|Neeraj Pandey|[[Deepak Kingrani]]|Benazir Ali Fida<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/hotstar-specials-and-neeraj-pandey-come-together-for-special-ops-606368|title=Hotstar Specials and Neeraj Pandey come together for 'Special Ops'|website=The Hans India|author=Vyas|date=20 February 2020|accessdate=6 March 2021}}</ref>}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = Advait Nemlekar
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 15
| location = {{ubl|[[India]]|[[Turkey]] |[[Azerbaijan]] |[[Jordan]]}}
| cinematography = Sudheer Palsane Arvind Singh Dimo Popov
| editor = Praveen Kathikuloth
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|03|17|df=yes}}
| last_aired = present
| company = Friday Storytellers
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Shital Bhatia]]
| runtime = 44–55 minutes
| num_seasons = 2
| list_episodes =
| related = [[Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story]]
}}

'''''Special Ops''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action fiction|action]] [[Spy fiction|espionage]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] series for [[Hotstar Specials]] created and directed by [[Neeraj Pandey]], with [[Shivam Nair]] serving as a co-director. Pandey also produced the series under Friday Storytellers, a division of his production house, for providing content to the digital medium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/karan-tacker-to-make-a-comeback-with-neeraj-pandey-s-web-series-special-ops-1649240-2020-02-23|title=Karan Tacker to make a comeback with Neeraj Pandey's web series Special Ops|website=India Today|date=23 February 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/neeraj-pandey-to-helm-spy-thriller-web-series-special-ops-2504913.html|title=Neeraj Pandey to Helm Spy Thriller Web Series 'Special Ops'|website=www.news18.com}}</ref> It stars [[Kay Kay Menon]] as Himmat Singh, a senior officer of the [[Research & Analysis Wing]] (R&AW), forms a team of five agents, in order to track down a person, who is the mastermind of the terror attacks which took place in [[India]].

Neeraj Pandey eventually conceptualised the idea of the script in late 2010, with the series eventually scheduled to be aired on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]], which however did not materialise. He later revived the project in August 2019. Shooting of the series took place in [[India]], and some scenes were filmed in [[Turkey]], [[Jordan]], [[the United Arab Emirates]] and [[Azerbaijan]]. The cinematography and editing were handled by Sudheer Palsane, Arvind Singh and Praveen Kathikuloth, whereas Advait Nemlekar composed the background score.

''Special OPS'' was released through [[Hotstar]] on 17 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/special-ops-trailer-hotstar-vip-kay-kay-menon-video-6286360/|title=Special Ops trailer: The Hotstar original promises thrills galore|date=25 February 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> The series received positive response from critics. It also received eight nominations at the inaugural [[Filmfare OTT Awards]], winning three of them.<ref name="MumbaiMay 18">{{Cite web|date=18 May 2020|title=Neeraj Pandey hints at Special Ops Season 2: We carry more responsibility as we take this franchise forward|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/neeraj-pandey-hints-at-special-ops-season-2-we-carry-more-responsibility-as-we-take-this-franchise-forward-1679242-2020-05-18|access-date=21 January 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Pandey had transformed the series into a franchise, with the second instalment ''[[Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story]]'' released on 12 November 2021.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 October 2021|title=Special Ops 1.5 trailer: Disney+ Hotstar show traces Kay Kay Menon's journey to becoming best R&AW Agent|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/special-ops-1-5-trailer-disney-hotstar-show-traces-kay-kay-menon-s-journey-to-becoming-best-raw-agent-101634648376340.html|access-date=12 November 2021|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref> The second season was released on 18 July 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 July 2025 |title=Special Ops 2 OTT release: Kay Kay Menon returns to battle cyber terrorism |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/story/special-ops-2-premieres-july-18-cyber-warfare-kay-kay-menon-2757166-2025-07-17 |work=India Today}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The series follows Himmat Singh (Menon) of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] who finds similar patterns in terrorist attacks and is convinced a single person is behind all the attacks. His task force team of five agents living in various parts of the world aim to catch the mastermind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/954371/special-ops-trailer-kay-kay-menon-plays-a-raw-agent-on-the-trail-of-a-terrorist-mastermind|title='Special Ops' trailer: Kay Kay Menon plays a R&AW agent on the trail of a terrorist mastermind|website=Scroll.in|date=26 February 2020 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Character
!Portrayed by
! style="width:80px;" | Season 1
! style="width:80px;" | Season 2
|-
| Himmat Singh
| [[Kay Kay Menon]]
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Farooq Ali / Amjad Sharif / Rashid Malik
| [[Karan Tacker]]
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Abbas Sheikh
| [[Vinay Pathak]]
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Avinash
| [[Muzammil Ibrahim]]
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Juhi Kashyap
| [[Saiyami Kher]]
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Balakrishna "Bala" Reddy
| [[Vipul Gupta]]
| {{CMain|Main}}
|
|-
| Ruhani Sayyed
| [[Meher Vij]] (Season 1) [[Shikha Talsania]] (Season 2)
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Saroj
| [[Gautami Kapoor]]
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Pari
| [[Revathi Pillai]]
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Hafiz Ali / Ikhlaq Khan
| [[Sajjad Delafrooz]]
| {{CMain|Main}}
|
|-
| Subramanyam
| [[Prakash Raj]]
|
| {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Sudheer Awasthi / The Collector
| [[Tahir Raj Bhasin]]
|
| {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Ismail Hassan
| [[Rajat Kaul]]
| {{CMain|Main}}
|
|-
| Sonya
| [[Sana Khan]]
| {{CMain|Main}}
|
|-
| Dr. Piyush Bhargava
| [[Arif Zakaria]]
|
| {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Naresh Chaddha
| [[Parmeet Sethi]]
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| D.K. Bannerjee
| [[Kali Prasad Mukherjee]]
| colspan="2" {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Virendra Bakshi
| [[Dalip Tahil]]
|
| {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Vinod Shekhawat
| [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]
|
| {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Dr. Harminder Gill
| Kamakshi Bhatt
|
| {{CMain|Main}}
|-
| Abhay Singh
| [[Vikkas Manaktala]]
|
| {{CMain|Main}}
|}

=== Recurring ===
* Tushar Dutt as Ravinder "Taxi"
* [[Mir Sarwar]] as Hamid (cameo appearance)
* [[Sharad Kelkar]] as IB officer Surya Kumar (extended cameo appearance)
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Sadia Qureshi
* Pakkhi Gupta as Farah Qureshi
* [[S. M. Zaheer]] as Noor Baksh
* K. C. Shankar as Wasim Karachiwala / Firdaus Sheikh / Jalaal Mansoor
* Hetal Puniwala as Javed Khalil
* Ajit Shidhaye as ISI Chief
* [[Vaansh Goswami]] as Muhammad
* [[Pawan Chopra]] as Chintan, Himmat's boss
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as G. P. Mathur
* Darren E. Scott as Zhang
* Aishwary Sharma as [[Ajmal Kasab]]
* [[Rajendra Chawla]] as Illiyaas Hassan
* [[Alok Pandey]] as Pappu Haramzada
* Devas Dixit as Lallan
* Tanaya Sachdeva as Aditi Rao, daughter of [[:Category:Ambassadors of India to Turkey|Indian ambassador in Turkey]]
* [[Sohaila Kapur]] as Sujata Thapar
* Bijendra Gupta as Habib Naik
* Rahul Vora as Zaheer Raza
* Abhiroy Singh as Mansoor
* Prashantt Guptha as Salim
* Ayush Tandon as Suhail
* Anuj Sharma as Chaudhary
* Yelsin as Kemaal
* Rajeev Mishra as Mehta
* Rohit Tannan as Moderator for Indo-Pak Meet
* Yelsei as Vladamir
* Salim Siddiqui as R&AW Agent Wasim, Muzaffarabad
* Ashutosh Shukla as Sahil Kashyap

== Episodes ==

===Series overview===
{{Series overview
| caption =

| color1 = #320700
| link1 = #Season 1 (2020)
| episodes1 = 8
| start1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2020|3|17}}
| end1 = {{End date|df=yes|2020|3|17}}
| color2 = #8C224A
| link2 = #Season 2 (2025)
| episodes2 = 7
| start2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|7|18}}
| end2 = {{End date|df=yes|2025|7|18}}
}}

=== Season 1 (2020) ===
The episodes were titled, as a tribute, after various [[Bollywood]] films by series creator Neeraj Pandey who served as an episode director on an alternating pattern with co-director Shivam Nair.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=[[IANS]]|title=Neeraj Pandey's special tribute to Bollywood|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/neeraj-pandeys-special-tribute-to-bollywood/1772819|access-date=18 June 2021|website=[[Outlook India]]}}</ref> The films referenced include ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'' (1959), [[Guide (film)|''Guide'']] (1965), ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960), ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]'' (1977), ''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]'' (1960), [[Qurbani (film)|''Qurbani'']] (1980), [[Shatranj Ke Khiladi (1977 film)|''Shatranj ke Khiladi'']] (1977) and ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975).<ref name=":1" />

{{Episode table |background=#320700 |overall=5 |title=25 |director=20 |writer=35 |airdate=18 |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Kaagaz Ke Phool
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = [[Shivam Nair]]
|WrittenBy = [[Neeraj Pandey]], Deepak Kingrani & Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|17|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = In 2001, five terrorists in a dilapidated house [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|attack the Parliament of India]] and die during the attack. In the present day, Himmat Singh attends the R&AW audit meeting to explain "miscellaneous" expenses of 28 crores incurred in the last 11 years, on the Middle-East desk. He explains that he had planted agents in five countries and those funds were utilised for their needs but he refuses to reveal their identities. Later his superiors ask him about his theory on 2001 Parliament attack in which he was a part of the investigations. Himmat finds the shop name in the dry fruits packets the terrorists were carrying and asks Abbas to investigate, from which he finds out that the sixth guy who bought the dry fruits was living near a mosque.

Himmat and Abbas reach to the place and start searching, they notice smoke coming out of the window as the sixth guy burns all his things and escapes. As they reach the house Himmat finds his Pakistani passport which was half burnt with no details. Farooq (Karan) calls Himmat and informs that he found Ikhlaq Khan in UAE.
|LineColor = #320700
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Guide
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Neeraj Pandey
|WrittenBy = Neeraj Pandey, Deepak Kingrani & Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|17|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Farooq suspects about Ikhlaq khan and informs Himmat. And spents time with Soniya. Flashback shows that in 2004, Himmat meets Farooq who then was a student. Back in present in the investigation Himmat told he got an intel about [[2008 Mumbai attacks|26/11 terror attack]] and sent to investigate kasab. There he believed that Ikhlaq khan is connected with that terror attack too. With the help of his team he operates "Operation Smiley" with Farooq leads the charge, they captured Ikhlaq khan's right-hand man Wasim Karachiwala from Dubai.
|LineColor = #320700
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Mughal-E-Azam
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Shivam Nair
|WrittenBy =Neeraj Pandey, Deepak Kingrani & Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|17|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Telecom Minister, Sujata Thapar appoints Abbas to keep an eye on Himmat. At investigation Himmat reveals that in 2008 upon killing Wasim Karachiwala Farooq decides to stay back in UAE. In 2012 he got to Illiyas Hassan, who was the driver of Wasim. From him he learnt about Ismail Hassan a business tycoon, who invests Hafiz Ali's money in market to fund terrorist organisations. Farooq as Amjad tries to get closer to Ismail. Hafiz executes Ismail's younger brother Abu. Meanwhile Himmat is ambushed while returning from the inquiry.
|LineColor = #320700}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Hum Kisi Se Kam Nahi
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Neeraj Pandey
|WrittenBy = Neeraj Pandey, Deepak Kingrani & Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|17|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Himmat survived the attack with minor injuries. Four assets and four tasks. Himmat's team is challenged to test their mettle and see if they are ready for the storm coming their way. Hafiz got a tip about Himmat. Farooq getting closer to Hafiz. Himmat causes a bomb blast in Rawalpindi and blames Jamaat to freeze their funds and assets.
|LineColor = #320700}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Chaudvin Ka Chand
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Shivam Nair
|WrittenBy = Neeraj Pandey, Deepak Kingrani & Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|17|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = During the Heated Argument for the funds of Operation Himmat brings the name of Telecom Minister for a 250cr. scam. Himmat hints a possible bomb blast in Delhi.Farooq's long wait comes to an end and he's face-to-face with Hafiz. Saroj informs Abbas that Himmat's life is in danger. Abbas learns that Telecom Minister is behind the attack on Himmat and warns her. Farooq poses as Rashid in front of Hafiz and agrees to help him on his deal. Farooq senses Ikhlaq khan will be on the deal so, Baku is added to the Special Ops map and new players are revealed. A woman in delhi is shown with a suicide bomber jacket as Himmat hints a possible bomb blast.
|LineColor = #320700}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Qurbani
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Neeraj Pandey
|WrittenBy = Neeraj Pandey, Deepak Kingrani & Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|17|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Hafiz, Ismail, Farooq reaches the oil fields. Himmat's team reaches Baku, assisted by Kemaal devised a strategy to eliminate Ikhlaq khan. Avinash and Juhi sets out to complete the task but, Ikhlaq does not comes out of the car, signs the deal and leaves. Himmat has no choice but to abort the mission. Himmat decides abduct Hafiz and orders his team the same. Due to absence in the inquiry, Himmat's funds are frozen by Chaddha and Banerjee. Meanwhile in the wedding the team attempts to abduct Hafiz. But, the attempt foiled as Hafiz kills Bala.

|LineColor = #320700}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Shatranj Ke Khiladi
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Shivam Nair
|WrittenBy = Neeraj Pandey, Deepak Kingrani & Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|17|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Bala is killed and due to suspicion the rest of the team forced to leave to their locations. Abbas finds a link about Ikhlaq khan captures the person and informs Himmat. Hafiz smells a mole and suspects Farooq. It was revealed that Jamaat is planning the bomb blast in Delhi. Farooq finds a pawn to survive another day. Himmat meets special IB officer Surya kumar. He was incharge of delegation of defence minister from Islamabad. Himmat shares his bomb blast hint about Surya. Surya agrees to help Himmat. Farooq requests Himmat to take one more shot at Hafiz as he leaves for Islamabad in 24 hours.

Himmat assembled remaining team to complete the mission. Farooq tricks Ismail and ambushed in the mall, Soniya is killed in the process. Russians abducts Kemaal and investigates, as per Himmat's instructions Kemaal takes Ismail's name hence Hafiz thought Ismail was the mole. Farooq saves Ismail from that ambush. Where Ismail reveals about the blast in Delhi. And that mystery woman is none other than Hafiz's wife Sadiya, she would complete the blast. And she along with her sister discuss about jihad.
|LineColor = #320700}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Sholay
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Neeraj Pandey
|WrittenBy = Neeraj Pandey, Deepak Kingrani & Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|03|17|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Ismail mentions Ikhlaq khan to Farooq, He shifts Ismail to a safe house. Farooq passed the information to Himmat. In the flashback, it was revealed that Sadia and her sister Farah were victims of 2013 Muzaffarnagar Hindu Muslim riots. Himmat investigates Abbas' link Habib, he identifies Hafiz as Ikhlaq khan and Sadia is Ikhlaq's wife. Habib found Sadia in the refugee camp and hands over to Jamaat. Where Jamaat would use her as a suicide bomber. Farooq soon realises Ikhlaq and Hafiz are the same person. Ikhlaq invites Farooq to Islamabad. Ravinder killed Ismail, Bakhtiyar is still in investigation. Himmat coarced Chaddha to arrange the fund for the final task.

Sadia, Farah are in the spot, Pakistan Minister's chief security Mansoor helps Farah to go through the hall. Himmat and team assembles for the task. Farooq and lkhlaq out for Islamabad. On the way Bakhtiyar informs Ikhlaq about Farooq's real identity and executes Ravinder. Avinash and Ruhani ambushed Ikhlaq and killed all the securities. Himmat confronts Ikhlaq khan, Farooq killed Ikhlaq. From his phone the team recovered Sadia and Farah. Surya learns Mansoor helping cause the blast, shots Mansoor dead. Himmat immediately informs Surya, he found Sadia and Farah, quickly separated from the crowd, found that they did not wear any bomber jacket. The talk goes as per schedule. And in the credit it was shown that Soniya is alive.
|LineColor = #320700
}}
}}

=== Season 2 (2025) ===

{{Episode table |background=#8C224A |overall=5 |title=25 |director=20 |writer=35 |airdate=18 |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Friday
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Neeraj Pandey
|WrittenBy = Neeraj Pandey, Deepak Kingrani and Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Al scientist Dr Bhargav's abduction from a tech summit and a senior R&AW officer's killing in Delhi push Himmat Singh to realise the beginning of a silent war.
|LineColor = #320700
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Saturday
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Shivam Nair
|WrittenBy = Neeraj Pandey, Deepak Kingrani and Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Probing Chaddha and Banerjee, Himmat learns about Shekhawat's mission. Subramanyam pressures Himmat to grab a bank defaulter. Farooq goes to Athens to locate another Al scientist.
|LineColor = #320700
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Sunday
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Neeraj Pandey
|WrittenBy = Neeraj Pandey, Deepak Kingrani and Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Avinash finds a critical lead in Budapest. Himmat learns that the attacks are part of a covert cyber war by China and a larger digital offensive designed to destabilise India.
|LineColor = #320700
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Monday
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Shivam Nair
|WrittenBy = Neeraj Pandey, Deepak Kingrani and Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Avinash and Juhi head to Dominica to trace Jignesh Dholakia, who Subramanyam wants arrested at any cost. Meanwhile, Himmat's daughter, Pari, finds long-buried secrets.
|LineColor = #320700
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Tuesday
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Neeraj Pandey
|WrittenBy = Neeraj Pandey, Deepak Kingrani and Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = As the web tightens, Himmat suspects a mole within, which leads him to the Collector. Meanwhile, Abbas is tasked with digging into Subramanyam.
|LineColor = #320700
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Wednesday
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Shivam Nair
|WrittenBy = Neeraj Pandey, Deepak Kingrani and Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Himmat pieces together the identity of Sudheer Awasthi, who is pulling the strings of the imminent cyber warfare. Later, he finds the mole leaking internal information.
|LineColor = #320700
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Thursday
|RTitle =
|DirectedBy = Neeraj Pandey
|WrittenBy = Neeraj Pandey, Deepak Kingrani and Benazir Ali Fida
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|07|18|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = With the clock ticking and the nation hanging by a thread, Himmat and his core squad brace themselves before Sudheer's final phase goes live with the help of Dr Bhargav.
|LineColor = #320700
}}
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
On 15 January 2019, the streaming platform [[Hotstar]],<ref name="e4mi2">{{Cite web|title=We are not building Hindi shows but Indian content: Gaurav Banerjee, Star India|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/digital-news/we-are-not-building-hindi-shows-but-indian-content-gaurav-banerjee-star-india-100913.html|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|date=19 November 2019 }}</ref><ref name="e4m2">{{Cite web|title=Hotstar announces original content under Hotstar Specials; to be out in March|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/digital-news/hotstar-announces-original-content-under-hotstar-specials-to-be-out-in-march-93987.html|access-date=17 September 2019|website=Exchange4Media|date=14 January 2019 }}</ref> announced its foray to original content production exclusively for the service,<ref name="gadgets.ndtv.com">{{Cite web|title=Hotstar Taps 15 Indian Filmmakers for Originals Expansion, Starting March|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/hotstar-originals-expansion-with-hotstar-specials-launch-march-1977860|access-date=21 January 2021|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=15 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> with [[STAR India|Star India]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=James|first=Nandana|title=Star India rolling out next big bet on OTT platform- Hotstar Specials|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/star-india-rolling-out-next-big-bet-on-ott-platform-hotstar-specials/article25994434.ece|access-date=21 January 2021|website=@businessline|date=14 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> the parent company of Hotstar,<ref name="gadgets.ndtv.com"/> tied up with 15 Indian filmmakers for creating the shows for its label called [[Hotstar Specials]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=14 January 2019|title=Hotstar adds to streaming drama with originals|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/upheyJzwLPEBLd8Ec4c65O/Hotstar-adds-to-streaming-drama-with-originals.html|access-date=21 January 2021|website=mint|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 January 2019|title=Hotstar Specials: Star India collaborates with Salman Khan, Kabir Khan, among others for new OTT platform |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hotstar-specials-star-india-collaborates-with-salman-khan-kabir-khan-among-others-for-new-ott-platform-5901221.html|access-date=21 January 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Pandey had started a new division Friday Storytellers, a subsidiary of his production house Friday Filmworks, for digital content providers, in which the series is produced.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=neerajpofficial|number=1232317200058343424|title=Proudly presenting Friday Storytellers, the digital arm of Friday Filmworks. Also happy to share with you the trailer of our first series Special Ops. Coming soon on Hotstar.|first=Neeraj|last=Pandey|date=25 February 2020}}</ref>

The series is developed as an eight-hour story which is inspired by nineteen years worth events of national significance by Pandey along with Deepak Kingrani and Benazir Ali Fida. [[Shivam Nair]] was served as the co-director.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title=A terror mastermind is on the prowl. Who else to call but Neeraj Pandey?|url=https://scroll.in/reel/954646/a-terror-mastermind-is-on-the-prowl-who-else-to-call-but-neeraj-pandey|access-date=21 January 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=12 March 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> He initially pitched the idea of the series in 2010, with Star India's head Gaurav Bannerjee, offering to premiere the show on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]], but failed to materialise later.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 March 2020|title=Neeraj Pandey: Special Ops will resonate with everyone|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/neeraj-pandey-special-ops-hotstar-6317208/|access-date=21 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The project was eventually announced with [[Kay Kay Menon]] being offered to play the protagonist, on 6 August 2019, and the rest of the cast and crew members were finalised in the same month.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

=== Filming ===
The principal photography of the series was kickstarted in mid-August 2019.<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=SaiyamiKher|number=1229683513860993024|title=Up next - SPECIAL OPS! Directed by the amazing @neerajpofficial :) He was always on my wish list after I watched A Wednesday! Glad I could be a part of this project. Coming soon.. stay tuned for more updates! @HotstarVIP @ShitalBhatiaFFW @FridayFilmworks @mid_day @MoharBasupic.|first=Saiyami|last=Kher|date=18 February 2020}}</ref> [[Shivam Nair]] took charge of helming the major portions of the show taking place in [[India]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VfddbpS21co|title=Neeraj Pandey at trailer launch of Special Ops web series | Hotstar Specials | Gaurav Banerjee|date=25 February 2020 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> and Pandey was directing the rest of the sequences. The show has recreated [[Parliament of India]] for filming [[2001 Indian Parliament attack]] portions which were dealt for the first time in film history.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2020|title=Special Ops trailer: 2001 Parliament attack leads to a 19-year manhunt in Neeraj Pandey's Hotstar original. Watch video|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/special-ops-trailer-2001-parliament-attack-leads-to-a-19-year-manhunt-in-neeraj-pandey-s-hotstar-original-watch-video/story-5f8z8zYLLqt44b56RTC9HN.html|access-date=12 November 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Apart from India the show is filmed in [[Turkey]],[[Jordan]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Azerbaijan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2020|title=Special Ops – The Story Of A 19-Year Hunt For The Terrorist Behind The Biggest Attacks On India|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/2020/02/special-ops-the-story-of-a-19-year-hunt-for-the-terrorist-behind-the-biggest-attacks-on-india/|access-date=12 November 2021|website=Urban Asian}}</ref> Pandey eventually stated that the shooting of the series in Delhi was more expensive, as the team needed to build sets and also use visual effects, as the story needs heavy mounting, and hence filmed in international locations.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Neeraj Pandey: Shooting in Delhi more expensive than some foreign locales|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/neeraj-pandey-shooting-in-delhi-more-expensive-than-some-foreign-locales/1754255|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=21 January 2021|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

== Release ==
A promotional video featuring between the scenes footage of filming was released on 23 February 2020.<ref name="hotstar">{{Cite tweet|user=HotstarVIP|number=1231220999724494854|title=Action. Thrill. Neeraj Pandey. Here's the first look of Hotstar Specials presents #SpecialOps. Trailer launches on 25th February. Stay Tuned! @FFW_Official @neerajpofficial @kaykaymenon02 @karantacker @kokodiaries @SaiyamiKher @pathakvinay @divyadutta25pic.|first=Hotstar|last=VIP|date=22 February 2020}}</ref> The teaser poster was released on 25 February 2020,<ref name="hotstar" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch the First Trailer for Neeraj Pandey's Special Ops, Coming to Hotstar in 2020|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/special-ops-teaser-trailer-hotstar-web-series-neeraj-pandey-cast-trailer-release-date-2184683|access-date=21 January 2021|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=24 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> followed by the trailer of the series,<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2020|title=Special Ops trailer: The Hotstar original promises thrills galore|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/special-ops-trailer-hotstar-vip-kay-kay-menon-video-6286360/|access-date=21 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2020|title=Special Ops trailer: 2001 Parliament attack leads to a 19-year manhunt in Neeraj Pandey's Hotstar original. Watch video|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/special-ops-trailer-2001-parliament-attack-leads-to-a-19-year-manhunt-in-neeraj-pandey-s-hotstar-original-watch-video/story-5f8z8zYLLqt44b56RTC9HN.html|access-date=21 January 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> which was dropped on the same day at a press conference held in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Cite web|title='Special Ops' trailer: Kay Kay Menon plays a R&AW agent on the trail of a terrorist mastermind|url=https://scroll.in/reel/954371/special-ops-trailer-kay-kay-menon-plays-a-raw-agent-on-the-trail-of-a-terrorist-mastermind|access-date=21 January 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=26 February 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> attended by the cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/special-ops-first-look-launch-6287770/|title=Kay Kay Menon, Divya Dutta, Sana Khaan and others launch Special Ops trailer|date=26 February 2020|website=.The Indian Express}}</ref> On 1 March 2020, the makers announced that the series will be premiered on [[Hotstar]] on 17 March 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neeraj Pandey's web series Special Ops starring Kay Kay Menon and Divya Dutta to release on March 17|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2020/mar/01/neeraj-pandeys-web-series-special-ops-starring-kay-kay-menon-and-divya-dutta-to-release-on-march-17-22752.html|access-date=21 January 2021|website=www.indulgexpress.com|date=29 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> where it will be made accessible for viewers who enabled the [[Disney+ Hotstar|VIP subscription method]], in the streaming platform.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 February 2020|title=Special Ops: The thriller series is based on 19-year-old manhunt for 2001 Parliament attack accused|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/special-ops-the-thriller-series-is-based-on-19-year-old-manhunt-for-2001-parliament-attack-accused-1650236-2020-02-26|access-date=21 January 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> On 15 March 2020, the second trailer of the series was released, which confirmed the release on the said date.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch the New Trailer for Special Ops, Out Tomorrow on Hotstar|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/special-ops-trailer-2-neeraj-pandey-hotstar-release-date-india-series-cast-2195484|access-date=21 January 2021|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=16 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> However, Hotstar eventually released the first episode, earlier ahead of the scheduled date, on 16 March 2020, followed by the other consecutive episodes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2 March 2020|title=Streaming in March 2020: Guilty, Mentalhood and Special Ops and more|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/streaming-in-march-2020-guilty-mentalhood-and-special-ops-and-more-6292221/|access-date=21 January 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> The series was premiered in seven Indian languages – [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Kannada]], along with its Hindi original version on the said date.<ref name=":0" /> The teaser of second season was released on 15 May 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 May 2025 |title=Special Ops 2 teaser: Kay Kay Menon fights global terrorism in new spy-thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/special-ops-2-teaser-kay-kay-menon-fights-global-terrorism-in-new-spy-thriller-2725228-2025-05-15 |work=India Today}}</ref> The official trailer was later released on 16 June 2025 at a press conference in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=16 June 2025|title=‘Special Ops’ Season 2 trailer - Kay Kay Menon returns as Himmat Singh, battles cyber-terrorism|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/special-ops-season-2-trailer-kay-kay-menon-neeraj-pandey-jiohotstar/article69700531.ece|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Originally slated for release on 11 July 2025, the second season was later released on 18 July 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=17 July 2025 |title='Special Ops 2' release date: Fans can't wait any longer, here's where and when to watch Kay Kay Menon's thrilling series |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/special-ops-2-release-date-fans-cant-wait-any-longer-heres-where-and-when-to-watch-kay-kay-menons-thrilling-series/articleshow/122574280.cms |work=Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''Special OPS'' received mostly positive response from critics. Rohan Naahar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated "Neeraj Pandey and Kay Kay Menon deliver the first Hotstar original series almost worth the self-isolation."<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 March 2020|title=Special OPS review: Neeraj Pandey and Kay Kay Menon deliver first Hotstar original almost worth the self-isolation|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/special-ops-review-neeraj-pandey-and-kay-kay-menon-deliver-first-hotstar-original-almost-worth-the-self-isolation/story-qtcWbTNb9QNtCDi6e5C0xI.html|access-date=21 January 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Sana Farzeen of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated "With some impressive performances and a compelling tale, Special Ops deserves a watch".<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web|date=17 March 2020|title=Special Ops first impression: An intriguing manhunt|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/special-ops-first-impression-hotstar-6318040/|access-date=14 August 2020|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV 24x7|''NDTV'']] gave three out of five stars to the show stating "''Special Ops'', is a sprawling espionage actioner that takes its own sweet time to glide towards two suspenseful climactic build-ups."<ref name="ndtv.com">{{Cite web|title=Special Ops Review: Burning Espionage Thriller Never Loses The Plot|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/special-ops-review-slow-burning-espionage-thriller-never-loses-the-plot-3-stars-out-of-5-2196073|access-date=14 August 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' too gave three out of five and stated "Special Ops' could have been a winner all together if it was more focussed. Still, this setup of spies is better than some of its counterparts, and is binge worthy too."<ref>{{Citation|title=Special Ops Season 1 Review: An engrossing espionage thriller|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/special-ops/seasonreview/75788510.cms|access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref>

Stutee Ghosh of ''[[The Quint]]'' stated "''Special Ops'' is uneven in its pace and falters in between but it’s also a proof of Neeraj Pandey’s skill that despite these flaws he has created a series that has enough drama to keep us hooked", and gave three out of five stars.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Stutee|date=18 March 2020|title=Review: 'Special Ops' Keeps Us Hooked Despite Its Uneven Pace|url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/special-ops-kay-kay-menon-neeray-pandey-hotstar-series-review|access-date=14 August 2020|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> Divyanshi Sharma of ''[[India Today]]'', gave a mixed review stating "Special Ops has some stellar performances, which was put down by, forced slow-motion scenes, predictable twists, absence of logic and poorly executed story."<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 March 2020|first=Divyanshi|last=Sharma|title=Special Ops Review: An overly-stretched espionage thriller|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/special-ops-review-an-overly-stretched-espionage-thriller-1658100-2020-03-21|access-date=21 January 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Nandini Ramanath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' opined "''Special Ops'' lands on the better side of ''Bard of Blood'', but doesn’t match the entertainment value of ''The Family Man'' [...] While the Parliament attack is well executed, the hand-to-hand combat scenes are unmistakably choreographed."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jhunjhunwala|first=Udita|title='Special Ops' review: Web series about a 19-year chase takes forever to get to the point|url=https://scroll.in/reel/956477/special-ops-review-web-series-about-a-19-year-chase-takes-forever-to-get-to-the-point|access-date=14 August 2020|website=Scroll.in|date=18 March 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' commented "Despite the supporting cast being underwritten, a few setbacks in the pacing, and the oh-so-convenient twists, the show gets a lot right".<ref>{{Cite web|title='Special OPS' web series review: Kay Kay Menon fronts an engaging but overlong search|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2020/mar/21/special-ops-web-series-review-kay-kay-menon-fronts-an-engaging-but-overlong-search-2119433.html|access-date=21 January 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=21 March 2020 }}</ref> ''[[Firstpost]]'' chief critic Pratishruti Ganguly gave two out of five and stated "Perhaps it would have fared better for ''Special Ops'' to do away with the frills and focus on the titular special operation right from the get {{Sic|go}}... However, it could well be a binge-worthy series in the times of self-quarantine."<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 March 2020|title=Special Ops review: Neeraj Pandey's meandering spy thriller lacks the thrill and emotional heft of his earlier work |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/special-ops-review-neeraj-pandeys-meandering-spy-thriller-lacks-the-thrill-and-emotional-heft-of-his-earlier-work-8166151.html|access-date=21 January 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Nominee
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="9" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
| rowspan="9" |[[2020 Filmfare OTT Awards|19 December 2020]]
|Best Drama Series
|''Special OPS''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Flyx Filmfare OTT Awards 2020: Complete winners' list - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/flyx-filmfare-ott-awards-2020-winners-so-far/articleshow/79812177.cms|access-date=20 January 2021|website=The Times of India|date=19 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director (Drama)
|[[Neeraj Pandey]] and [[Shivam Nair]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor (Drama)
|[[Kay Kay Menon]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress (Drama)
|[[Divya Dutta]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Background Score
| rowspan="2" |Advait Nemlekar
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Original Soundtrack
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Art Direction
|Sandeep Sharad Ravade
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Costume Designer
|Falguni Thakore
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Editor
|Praveen Kathikuloth
|{{won}}
|-
|}

== Future ==
{{Main|Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story}}
In a live chat session on [[Instagram]], with [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Karan Tacker]] and [[Neeraj Pandey]] in May 2020, the director hinted of the second season of the series which is yet to be conceptualised.<ref name="MumbaiMay 18" /> Although an official announcement of the second season was made in April,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Neeraj Pandey opens up on ''Special Ops'' season 2|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/neeraj-pandey-opens-up-on-special-ops-season-2/1795156|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=21 January 2021|website=Outlook India}}</ref> Pandey hinted that the series will be "bigger than that of the first season".<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 May 2020|title=Neeraj Pandey Hints at Bigger 'Special Ops' Season 2|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/neeraj-pandey-hints-at-bigger-special-ops-season-2-2624751.html|access-date=21 January 2021|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

In January 2021, Pandey announced that the works on the second season will be completed,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: Before Ajay Devgn's Chanakya, Neeraj Pandey to complete Special OPS 2 with Kay Kay Menon|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-ajay-devgn-s-chanakya-neeraj-pandey-complete-special-ops-2-kay-kay-menon-595987|access-date=21 January 2021|website=Pinkvilla|date=18 January 2021|language=en}}</ref> before starting the production of [[Ajay Devgn]]'s ''Chanakya''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 January 2021|title=Special Ops 2: Neeraj Pandey gives Karan Tacker's web series first preference over Ajay Devgn's Chanakya?|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/web-series/special-ops-2-neeraj-pandey-gives-karan-tackers-web-series-first-preference-over-ajay-devgns-chanakya-1763060/|access-date=21 January 2021|website=Bollywood Life|language=en}}</ref> He eventually converted the series into a franchise and on 22 January 2021, the makers announced the second instalment in the franchise titled ''[[Special Ops 1.5: The Himmat Story]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Shweta Keshri |date=22 January 2021 |title=Disney+Hotstar announces Special Ops 1.5, the backstory of Himmat Singh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/disney-hotstar-announces-special-ops-1-5-the-backstory-of-himmat-singh-1761835-2021-01-22|access-date=12 November 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The series which revolves around the backstory of Himmat Singh (Menon) as a r&aw officer, is a [[prequel]] to the first season.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neeraj Pandey, Disney+ Hotstar announce multi-series 'Special Ops Universe'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/jan/22/neeraj-pandey-disney-hotstar-announce-multi-series-special-ops-universe-2253717.html|access-date=12 November 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 January 2021 }}</ref> The series consisted of four episodes with a runtime of nearly one-hour and was premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 12 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2021|title=Special Ops 1.5: Neeraj Pandey Talks On Using Unconventional Title|url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/special-ops-1-5-neeraj-pandey-reveals-the-reason-behind-using-unconventional-title/|access-date=12 November 2021|website=Koimoi|language=en-US}}</ref> The second season was officially released on 18 July 2025.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 July 2025 |title=Special Ops Season 2 Trailer Out: When and where to watch Kay Kay Menon, Karan Tacker's much-awaited show |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/cinema/special-ops-season-2-trailer-out-when-and-where-to-watch-kay-kay-menon-karan-tackers-much-awaited-show-1391552 |work=Pinkvilla}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Srikant Tiwari (The Family Man)]], an Indian fictional secret agent character which appeared in ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)]]'', almost a year before ''Special Ops''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title |11854694}}
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/special-ops/1260022894 ''Special Ops''] at [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:Hindi-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Research & Analysis Wing in fiction]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Television shows about terrorism]]
[[Category:Secret histories]]

Ram Chandra (Lalaji)

2026-04-10T10:08:30Z

WilmerLassetter: Starting Some Details Needs Work - done

{{Short description|Indian spiritual leader}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Ram Chandra (Lalaji)
| image = RAM CHANDRA (LALAJI).jpg
| birth_name = Ram Chandra
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1873|02|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Fatehgarh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date|1931|08|14|df=yes}}
| nationality = Indian
| spouse =
| philosophy = [[Sahaj Marg]], heartfulness
| title =
| disciples = [[Chaturbhuj Sahay]], [[Ram Chandra (Babuji)]], Bhavani Shankar of Orai, Harnarayan-saxena.com
| institute = [[Ramashram Satsang, Mathura]], [[Shri Ram Chandra Mission]], [[Akhil Bhartiya Santmat Satsang]],
| founder =
| literary_works = “Truth Eternal”, "The path of Sufis & Saints (Tatva-Prabodhni)" (ISBN 9789350502723)

| website = [https://heartfulness.org]
}}
'''Ram Chandra (Lalaji)''' (2 February 1873 – 14 August 1931) was a spiritual guide from [[Fatehgarh]] [[Uttar Pradesh]] India. He was popularly known as "Lalaji" among his followers.<ref name=" Amar Ujala">{{cite news |title=सूफी संत की समाधि पर माथा टेक लिया आशीर्वाद |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/farrukhabad/71555778483-farrukhabad-news |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=Amar Ujala |agency=Amar Ujala |issue=20 April 2019 |publisher=Amar Ujala |date=20 April 2019 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=" Jagran">{{cite news |title=महात्मा रामचंद्र समाधि : 'जाति-पांति पूछै न कोई' |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/farukhabad-7624639.html |access-date=26 February 2022 |work=Dainik Jagran |agency=Dainik Jagran |issue=14 Nov 2011 |publisher=Dainik Jagran |date=14 Nov 2011 |language=hi}}</ref> He is said to have re-discovered the ancient Indian system of transmission called "[[Pranahuti (yogic transmission)|Pranahuti]]" (offering of Prana) which is often referred to as “Pranasya Pranah” (Life of Life) in the practice of meditation.<ref name=" Gurus of India">{{cite web |title=Gurus of India |url=http://www.gurusofindia.org/Home/ShriRamChandraMission |website=www.gurusofindia.org |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=" Spiritual Science Museum">{{cite web |title=SPIRITUAL SCIENCE MUSEUM |url=https://spiritualsciencemuseum.org/Home/Master/134/Shri-Ram-Chandra-Maharaj-Of-Fatehgarh |website=spiritualsciencemuseum.org |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=" Dictionaries and Encyclopedias">{{cite web |title=Sri Ram Chandra Mission |url=https://hinduism.en-academic.com/778/Sri_Ram_Chandra_Mission |website=Academic Dictionaries and Encyclopedias |access-date=26 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> After his passing, his disciples started many spiritual organizations like [[Shri Ram Chandra Mission]] and [[Ramashram Satsang]].<ref name="Prime Minister">{{cite web |title=Under Daaji's spiritual leadership, Shri Ram Chandra Mission is inspiring the whole world – says Prime Minister Narender Modi |url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/under-daajis-spiritual-leadership-shri-ram-chandra-mission-is-inspiring-the-whole-world-says-prime-minister-narender-modi/ |website=India Education {{!}} Latest Education News {{!}} Global Educational News {{!}} Recent Educational News |publisher=India Education Diary |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=17 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=" Sadhan">{{cite web |title=Sadhan – Ramashram Satsang, Mathura |url=http://www.sadhan.in/gurumaharaj.aspx |website=www.sadhan.in |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=" India reporter">{{cite web |title=SHRI SURESH JI MAHARAJ |url=https://www.indiareportertoday.com/palampur-bk-82/ |website=India Reporter Today |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=12 July 2021}}</ref><ref name=" Thakur Ramsingh">{{cite web |title=Sufi Saint Thakur Ramsingh Ji of Jaipur, Rajasthan, INDIA |url=https://saintramsingh.org/ramsamadhi.html |website=saintramsingh.org |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="HARNARAYAN SAXENA">{{cite web |title=HARNARAYAN SAXENA |url=https://harnarayan-saxena.com/ |website=www.harnarayan-sexena.com |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>

==Early life, education and family==
He was born on February 2, 1873, at Fatehgarh, Uttar Pradesh in North India on the day of "[[Basant Panchmi]]" (as per [[Hindu calendar]]).<ref name=" Amar Ujala"/> His father, Harbaksh Rai, was a tax superintendent at Farrukhabad. His mother, Mrs. Durga Devi, was a religious lady, who influenced Ram Chandra towards spirituality in his childhood.<ref name=" Gurus of India"/><ref name=" Saints and Mahatmas of India">{{cite book |title=Saints and Mahatmas Of India |date=1 January 2012 |publisher=B R Publishing Corporation |location=India |isbn=978-9350500590 |page=264 }}</ref> His father belonged to a family of Jagirdars (landlords), but they lost most of their wealth in the post mutiny disturbances at that time, and in a legal battle. Later Ram Chandra worked with one of his father's associates in the collector's office at Fatehgarh for his livelihood.<ref name=" Saints and Mahatmas of India"/><ref name=" Yogvani">{{cite web |title=Shri Ram Chandra Mission |url=https://yogavani.info/2021/08/04/shri-ram-chandra-mission/ |website=Yogavani from Indian Yoga Association |publisher=Yogwani |access-date=26 February 2022 |date=4 August 2021}}</ref> He was married and led a normal family life.<ref name=" Saints and Mahatmas of India"/> He knew [[Urdu]], Persian, Arabic, Hindi, Sanskrit and English languages. He completed his education from a Mission School at Farrukhabad.<ref name=" Gurus of India"/><ref name=" Spiritual Science Museum"/>

==Spiritual life==
His interest in spirituality grew during his school days. He rediscovered the ancient technique of yogic transmission which is also called “Pranahuti” (Upanishadic “Pranasya Pranah”). Pranahuti involves transmitting divine energy from the original source into the heart of the practitioner to expedite his spiritual progress.<ref name=" Gurus of India"/><ref name=" Yogvani"/><ref name=" Dictionaries and Encyclopedias"/> When he began imparting spiritual training some school teachers experienced positive changes in their personalities. The word spread and more people were attracted to Ram Chandra. He started formal group meditation (Satsang) in 1914. He continued the work until his death on 14 August 1931.<ref name=" Amar Ujala"/> His spiritual teachings are said to have equally influenced people of all castes and religions in India.<ref name=" Gurus of India"/><ref name=" Jagran"/> It was believed by his followers that through his simplified and effective training he made it possible for humans to attain their spiritual perfection during their lifetime itself while they lead a normal householder's life.<ref name=" Gurus of India"/>

==Teachings==
Some of his teachings are:

Purpose of the human life is to realize god and one should attain this purpose in his or her life without fail.

* Have company of realized people if you want to become realized.
* Do not offer advice to anyone unless asked for.<ref name="Truth Eternal xxix">{{cite book |title=Truth Eternal |date=2018 |publisher=SHPT India |location=India |isbn=978-93-88095-16-7 |page=xxix |edition=Third}}</ref>
* Ritual ceremonies should be avoided.<ref name="Gurus of India" />
* Widow marriage and female education should be promoted.<ref name="Truth Eternal xxix" /><ref name="Gurus of India" />
* Wants should be reduced. People should earn money honestly and spend it on others after meeting their basic needs.<ref name="Truth Eternal xxix" />
* Any type of intoxication is bad.<ref name="Truth Eternal xxix" />
* A person should be the same inside and outside, that is, he should speak what he has in his heart.<ref name="Truth Eternal xxix" />
* Transforming a human being into a better human being is the best miracle.<ref name="Truth Eternal xxix" />
* Home is the best training ground for spirituality and the greatest form of penance for submission, endurance, and sacrifice.<ref name="Gurus of India" />
* Some amount of afflictions is divine blessing, holding many secrets. Some amount of worries and insults is useful for spiritual progress.<ref name="Gurus of India" /><ref name="Spiritual Science Museum" />
* Good conversation skills are effective means for bringing harmony in human relationships.<ref>{{cite book |title=Truth Eternal |date=2018 |publisher=Spiritual Hierarchy Publication Trust India |location=India |isbn=978-93-88095-16-7 |page=143 |edition=Third}}</ref>
* Be good to your enemies.<ref name="Gurus of India" /><ref name="Spiritual Science Museum" />

==Following==
His disciples started many spiritual organizations like: “SRCM (Shri Ram Chandra Mission)” started by his disciple with the same name as his – “Ram Chandra” of Shahjahanpur,<ref name="Prime Minister"/><ref name=" Gurus of India"/><ref name=" Dictionaries and Encyclopedias"/>“Ramashram Satsang” by “Chaturbhuj Sahay”,<ref name=" Sadhan"/> “ABSS (Akhil Bhartiya Santmat Satsang)” by “[[Yashpal]]”,<ref>[https://abssatsang.com/ Akhil Bhartiya Santmat Satsang (Regd.) Delhi (ABSS)]</ref> and “Ram Samadhi Ashram” by “Thakur Ram Singh Bhati”.<ref name=" India reporter"/><ref name=" Thakur Ramsingh"/><ref name="HARNARAYAN SAXENA"/>

==Literary work==
He is said to have produced a vast amount of manuscript literature but most of it was lost after his death in 1931.<ref name=" Gurus of India"/> From the remaining manuscript which was in Urdu language some was initially serially published in the “Sahaj Marg” Journal of Shri Ram Chandra mission from the year 1958 onwards in Hindi language. Its English translation by S. A. Sarnad was published in the form of a book “Truth Eternal” in 1973.<ref name=" Truth Eternal xxix"/> Some of his other writings are published by the “Heartfulness Institute” in the books: Complete Works of Ram Chandra, Vol. 2, Vol. 3 and Vol. 4.<ref name=" Yogvani"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Truth Eternal |date=2018 |publisher=Spiritual Hierarchy Publication Trust India |location=India |isbn=978-93-88095-16-7 |page=Publisher's note}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HARNARAYAN SAXENA |url=https://harnarayan-saxena.com/books%2C-video-and-audio |website=www.harnarayan-sexena.com |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>

== 150th anniversary of Shri Ram Chandraji Maharaj of Fatehgarh ==
[[File:Ram Chandra 2023 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|right|Postal Stamp released on LalaJi Maharaj in 2023]]

[[File:Shri-Ramchandra-Ji-Rev.jpg|thumb|Commemorative coin of Rs 150 on150th Anniversary of Shri Ram Chandraji Maharaj of Fatehgarh]]

The [[Government of India]] released the commemorative coin of Rs 150 and postage stamp on 2 February 2023 at [[Kanha Shanti Vanam]], Hyderabad. Ministry of Finance issued a gazette notification for the release of coin on 25 October 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=e-Gazette |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/239858.pdf |website=www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/239858.pdf |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>
Hon’ble Minister of State of Communications, Shri Devusingh Jesinghbhai Chuhan joined by Chief Post Master General, Telangana Circle, Shri K. Prakash released the commemorative postal stamp on 2 February 2023 in the presence of [[Kamlesh Patel (Daaji)|Daaji]], the current global guide of Heartfulness.<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite web |title=TheHindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/commemorative-stamp-released/article66463566.ece |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=e-Postoffice |url=https://www.epostoffice.gov.in/ProductDetails/ProductDetails?Prodid=KNehYsOvHG1Q/p2Fd1/zZg==# |website=www.epostoffice.gov.in |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref>

The Government of India through a gazette notification by the Ministry of Finance on 25 October 2022, released the commemorative coin of Rs 150 along with the postage stamp on 2 February 2023 at [[Kanha Shanti Vanam]], Hyderabad.

A 10 days long Music & Meditation festival was celebrated from 25 January till 3 February 2023 at [[Kanha Shanti Vanam]], the world headquarters of Heartfulness. It was marked by the presence of several internationally renowned artists and attended by hundreds of thousands of seekers and visitors.<ref name="TheHindu"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Businessnews |url=http://businessnewsthisweek.com/business/smt-sudha-raghunathans-vocal-recital-marks-the-grand-finale-of-the-150th-birth-week-celebrations-of-lalaji-maharaj-at-the-largest-meditation-hall-in-the-world |website=www.businessnewsthisweek.com |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> An [[Inner peace|Inner Peace]] Museum was also inaugurated, showcasing artworks, paintings, sculptures, and other installations that depict the life and teachings of Lalaji Maharaj in his own handwriting.<ref>{{cite web |title=Businessnews |url=http://businessnewsthisweek.com/business/smt-sudha-raghunathans-vocal-recital-marks-the-grand-finale-of-the-150th-birth-week-celebrations-of-lalaji-maharaj-at-the-largest-meditation-hall-in-the-world |website=www.businessnewsthisweek.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://harnarayan-saxena.com/books%2C-video-and-audio

*http://sufisaints.net/content/pub_docs/Autobiography_of_a_Sufi.pdf

*http://sufisaints.net/content/pub_docs/Tattva_Prabodhini.pdf

{{improve categories|date=February 2022}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:Modern Indian yoga gurus]]
[[Category:Meditation]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]

Korukanti Chandar

2026-04-10T05:04:33Z

WilmerLassetter: Created some article more to come

{{short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Korukanti Chandar
| image = Korukanti Chander.jpg
| office = Member of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| term_end1 = 4 December 2023
| predecessor1 = [[Somarapu Satyanarayana]]
| successor1 = [[Makkan Singh Raj Thakur]]
| constituency1 = [[Ramagundam Assembly constituency|Ramagundam]]
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|09|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ramagundam]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| mother = Laxmi
| father = K. Mallaiah
| relations =
| spouse = K. Vijaya (died 2018)
| children =
| alma_mater =
| awards =
}}
'''Korukanti Chandar Patel''' (born 23 September 1973) is an elected representative from Ramagundam constituency<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/telangana-assembly-elections-2018/telangana-assembly-elections-2018-rebel-candidate-k-chander-patel-snatches-victory-from-trs/article25717853.ece|title=Telangana Assembly elections 2018: Rebel candidate K. Chander Patel snatches victory from TRS in Ramagundam|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2018-12-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-12-14|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> in the Telangana Legislative Assembly. In the 2018 Telangana Assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ramagundam-election-result-2018-live-updates-korukanti-chandar-patel-of-aifb-wins-1969025.html|title=Ramagundam Election Result 2018 Live Updates: Korukanti Chandar Patel of AIFB Wins|website=News18|date=11 December 2018|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandar, Korukanti}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:All India Forward Bloc politicians]]

Brijesh Chowta

2026-04-04T03:54:46Z

WilmerLassetter: Data.

{{Short description|Indian politician and Ex Captain of Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Captain Brijesh Chowta
| alma_mater = [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St Aloysius College]] 
[[Officers Training Academy]] [[Indian Institute of Management Indore]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Dakshina Kannada]]
| predecessor = [[Nalin Kumar Kateel]]
| successor =
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| term_end =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|08|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mangaluru]], Karnataka, India
| parents = Sesanna Chowta, Pushpa Chowta
}}

'''Captain Brijesh Chowta''' is an Indian [[politician]] and the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="eci">{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S0415.htm |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=results.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=Brijesh Chowta, Bharatiya Janata Party Representative for Dakshina Kannada |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/karnataka/dakshina-kannada/candidateshow/brijesh-chowta-2246 |website=times of India}}</ref> He is a Member of Parliament from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="eci" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=4 June 2024 |title=My commitment is to Hindutva; priority is for development, says Captain Chowta |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/my-commitment-is-to-hindutva-priority-is-for-development-says-captain-chowta/article68251569.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> assumed office on 4 June 2024.

He has been serving as the secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party, Karnataka since December 2023.

Born and raised in [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]], Chowta graduated from [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St.Aloysius College, Mangaluru]] in 2002 with a Bachelor of Science.

After passing out from the Officer Training Academy, he was commissioned into the 7th Battalion of [[8th Gorkha Rifles]]. And served in the Indian army from 2003 to 2010. During this stint, Chowta served in the counter-insurgency operations in [[Manipur]] and [[Assam]] respectively.

He then returned to Mangaluru and began his entrepreneurial and political journey joining the BJP in 2013.

== Early life and education ==
Captain Brijesh Chowta was born to Sesanna Chowta, now a retired agriculturist and Pushpa Chowta, a homemaker in Mangaluru. He completed his schooling at Milagres School and went on to complete his Pre-university college and bachelor's degree from [[St. Aloysius College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/st_aloysius_mangaluru/p/C71HOHfP0w9/?hl=en |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> Mangaluru. It is his association with the National Cadet Corps(NCC)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Captain Brijesh Chowta appointed BJP state secretary |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1152265 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> as part of which he also attended the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] Parade in New Delhi that nudged him to join the Indian Army.

Post his stint in the army, he pursued the Executive Business Management program at the [[Indian Institute of Management Indore|Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Indore]].

'''Army Days'''

Captain Brijesh Chowta appeared for the [[Combined Defence Services Examination|CDS examination]] and joined the [[Officers Training Academy|OTA Chennai]] and went on to be commissioned into 7th Battalion<ref name=":0" /> of the 8th Gorkha Rifles, where he served until 2010. From 2003 to 2010, he served in various regions across the North and North Eastern parts of India and was part of Counter Insurgency Operations in Assam and Manipur. Having undergone jungle warfare and counter-insurgency training from [[Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School (India)|CIJW School]], [[Vairengte]], Mizoram and Commando training at [[Belgaum Military School|Infantry School]], [[Belgaum]] he was also part of the elite Ghatak team, and served as an Adjutant to his battalion.

== Political career ==
In Following the [[2024 Indian general election]], Brijesh Chowta wins from [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency]] seat by defeating Padmaraj R Poojari (INC) by a margin of 1,49,208 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/dakshina-kannada-karnataka-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547739-2024-06-04|title=Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP Wins by 149208 Votes|date=4 June 2024|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-candidates-2024/captain-brijesh-chowta-10017-1|title=Captain Brijesh Chowta, BJP Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Captain Brijesh Chowta, Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com|website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/dakshina-kannada-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8917633.html|title=Dakshina Kannada Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin|date=4 June 2024|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/dakshina-kannada-lok-sabha-election-results/|title=Dakshina kannada Lok Sabha Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of Dakshina kannada Lok Sabha Constituency for General Election 2024|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/lok-sabha-election-2024/karnataka/dakshina-kannada-constituency-result-10517|title=Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha Election 2024: Dakshina Kannada Election Candidates List, Election Date, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi | दक्षिण कन्नड़ लोकसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2024 - AajTak|website=Aaj Tak|language=hi}}</ref>

Captain Brijesh Chowta completed his short service commission and returned to Mangaluru and joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata party]] and served as the District General Secretary of Yuva Morcha from 2013 - 2016, District BJP General Secretary, the Dakshina Kannada from 2016 to 2019 and Member of the BJP District Executive Committee Member from 2019 to 2023.

In the last decade, he has also been deputed by the party on election duty in various states like Karnataka (2013, 2018), Maharashtra (2014), Kerala (2016) and the parliamentary election (2014,2019). In 2023, he was appointed the State Co-Convenor for Yuva Samvada.

During the 2023 Karnataka state elections, Captain Brijesh Chowta was the election in-charge<ref>{{Cite web |last=PLUS |first=UDUPI NEWS |date=2024-03-20 |title=ಮಂಗಳೂರು : ಕ್ಯಾಪ್ಟನ್ ಬೃಜೇಶ್ ಚೌಟ ಬಿಜೆಪಿ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕನ್ನಡ ಲೋಕಸಭಾ ಅಭ್ಯರ್ಥಿ |url=https://udupinewsplus.com/?p=7916 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=ಉಡುಪಿ ನ್ಯೂಸ್ ಪ್ಲಸ್ |language=en-US}}</ref> for [[Byndoor Assembly constituency|Byndoor constituency]].

Since December 2023, when he was appointed,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capt. Brijesh Chowta appointed State BJP Secretary |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Capt-Brijesh-Chowta-appointed-State-BJP-Secretary.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref> he serves as secretary of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Karnataka state unit.

He was chosen as the BJP candidate by the BJP to represent Dakshina Kannada Loksabha constituency replacing incumbent<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-14 |title=Army veteran gets BJP ticket from DK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/army-veteran-gets-bjp-ticket-from-dk-mangaluru-a-meta-title-for-seo/articleshow/108477235.cms |access-date=2024-06-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Nalin Kumar Kateel]].

In the recently concluded Loksabha elections of 2024, he won with a margin<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-05 |title=Three decades on, DK's saffron bastion impregnable |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/bjp-continues-its-hold-in-dakshina-kannada-lok-sabha-constituency-for-33-years-with-victory-of-capt-brijesh-chowta/articleshow/110715615.cms |access-date=2024-06-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> of 1,49,208 votes securing<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Naina J. |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024 {{!}} BJP retains Dakshina Kannada constituency |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-bjp-retains-dakshina-kannada-constituency-3051920 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> 7,64,132 (53.97%) votes.<ref name="Wildcards {{!}} Surprise elements">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Wildcards {{!}} Surprise elements |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-wildcards-surprise-elements-2565861-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712170947/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-wildcards-surprise-elements-2565861-2024-07-13 |archivedate=12 July 2025 |accessdate=12 July 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Service and social responsibilities ==
{{Promotional|date=September 2024}}
Captain Brijesh Chowta is the President of Mangaluru [[Kambala]] which for the last 7 years has been conducting the rural folk sport of Kambala in Mangalore.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

It was started as he led a team of young minds during the agitation against PETA's efforts to ban the traditional folk sport Kambala. This gained momentum and turned into Mangaluru Kambala which is entirely managed by a volunteer team, and has become an important event in the cultural calendar of coastal Karnataka.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

He also has been a founding trustee<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sixth-edition of Mangalore lit fest inaugurated |url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Sixth-edition-of-Mangalore-lit-fest-inaugurated.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=www.mangaloretoday.com}}</ref> of the Bharat Foundation which conducts the Mangaluru Litfest – an annual two-day thought festival in Mangaluru since 2019.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

As a Founder Trustee of Samarthan Foundation, he has involved himself in various charitable and philanthropic activities across Dakshina Kannada.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==See also==
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[Government of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowta, Brijesh}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mangalore]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Karnataka]]

Mehal Singh Bhullar

2026-03-29T04:23:07Z

WilmerLassetter: expand section for consistency

{{Orphan|date=October 2019}}
{{Short description|Indian police officer}}
{{Infobox police officer
| honorific_prefix = [[Director General of Police]]
| name = Mehal Singh Bhullar
| honorific_suffix = I.P.S.
| image = MSBHULLARDG.JPG
| caption =
| status =
| department = [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab police]]
| birth_date = 1943
| death_date =
| nickname =
| badge_number =
| birth_place =
| death_place =
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| service = [[India]]
| service_years =
| rank = [[File:Director_General_of_Police.png|24px]][[Director General of Police]]
| awards = President’s Police Medal for Meritorious Service
| relatives =
| alma_mater =
| other_work =
}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| name = Mehal Singh Bhullar
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| death_date =
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| service_years =
| rank = [[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|24px]] [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| unit = 13th Battalion (Jind Infantry)[[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]]
| battles = [[Sino-Indian War]], [[Mizoram]] Insurgency, [[India-Pakistan War of 1965]]
| spouse = Daljeet Kaur
| awards =
}}

'''(Major) Mehal Singh Bhullar''' is a retired [[Indian Police Service]] officer who has served as the [[director general]] of the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] from 2002–2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020228/main5.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Main News}}</ref>

== Early life and military career ==
He served in the [[Indian Army]] through an emergency (war) service commission with the 13th [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]], ranking as a [[Major (rank)|Major]]. He participated in the [[Sino-Indian War]], the Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, and counter-insurgency operations in [[Mizoram]] during the 1960s.

== Career in Punjab Police ==
He is accredited with leading anti-insurgency operations in Punjab during the 1980–1990 period and for facilitating the unconditional surrender of several militants as Inspector General of Police, Border Range (Punjab).
His usage of military experience in anti-insurgency operations gained him recognition.
He spent many years of his service with the Punjab Armed Police, where he promoted a sports culture and played a seminal role in the establishment of the P.A.P. complex in [[Jalandhar]] and the Police D.A.V. School of [[Jalandhar]].

== Contribution to sports ==
Bhullar is credited with facilitating many sportspersons in the Punjab Police,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://punjabpolice.gov.in/SportsGallery.aspx|title=Punjab Police, India : Sports Gallery}}</ref> including [[WWE]] wrestler [[The Great Khali|Daleep Singh Rana (The Great Khali)]].
The Punjab Armed Police Indoor Stadium in [[Jalandhar]] is named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://nvonews.com/punjab-to-reinstate-khali/ | title=Error}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Bhullar is married to Daljeet Kaur and has two sons.
His eldest son, Harcharan Singh Bhullar, [[Police Medal (India)]] recipient, is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer serving in the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] as a [[Senior Superintendent of Police]].
His youngest son, Kuldeep Singh Bhullar, is a former politician who contested the [[Punjab]] [[Vidhan Sabha]] elections of 2002 from [[Zira, Punjab|Zira]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate.

== Other positions ==
Bhullar serves as the honorary lifetime president of the Punjab Volleyball Association.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhullar, Mehal Singh}}
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Abdul Samad Khan

2026-03-28T02:52:48Z

WilmerLassetter: Data - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Nawab
| name = Abdul Samad Khan
| honorific_suffix = Nawab Bahadur, Nawab of Talib Nagar and Nawab of Chhatari
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 7 September 1861<ref name=a/>
| birth_place = [[Talib Nagar]], [[Aligarh]], [[North-Western Provinces]]
| death_date = 1943
| death_place = [[Talib Nagar]], [[Aligarh]] [[North-Western Provinces]]
| party = ''Old Party'' faction of [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]]
| spouse =
| children =
}}

''' Nawab Abdul Samad Khan Bahadur''' (1861–1943) was the [[Nawab of Chhatari]] and [[Nawab of Talibnagar]] in the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]. He belonged to the [[Lalkhani]] family of [[Muslim Rajput]]s.<ref name=a/>

==Early life==
He was selected as trustee of the Old Party in [[Aligarh]] in 1909. He was nominated leading member of the Zamindars of the Province of [[Agra]] in 1917, the Chairman of Aligarh District Munincipal Board and a Special Magistrate with 2nd class powers in Tehsil Koil, Aligarh.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Separatism Among Indian Muslims: The Politics of the United Provinces' Muslims, 1860-1923|author=Robinson, F.|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521048262|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QS7FmiBwt-QC&pg=PA20|page=20|access-date=2015-06-24}}</ref> He was also one of the trustees of [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] of Aligarh.<ref name=a>{{cite book|title=Second supplement to Who's who in India: brought up to 1914|date=1914|publisher=Newul Fishore press |page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOa1AAAAIAAJ&q=Nawab+Talibnagar}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=The Pioneer Mail and Indian Weekly News|date=1925|volume=52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLQ-AQAAIAAJ|access-date=2015-06-24}}</ref>

The Nawab had one son, Nawab Abdul Sami Khan, and 3 daughters. He gave his daughters in marriage to his nephew Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari and thus he is the ancestor of future [[Nawab of Chhatari|Nawabs of Chhatari]] also.<ref>{{cite book|title=Who's who in India, Burma & Ceylon|date=1936|publisher=Who's who Publishers India|page=307|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLfl-WcHGRYC&q=Nawab+Talibnagar}}</ref>

==Titles==
* [[Khan Bahadur]]
* 1913-22: Nawab of Talib Nagar, Nawab of Chhatri<ref name=a/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdus Samad Khan}}
[[Category:1861 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh district]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]

Khammam

2026-03-27T03:10:17Z

WilmerLassetter: general adjusted layout for accuracy further and cleaned formatting

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khammam
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[City Corporation]]
| image_skyline = Khammam town-14-12-2015.JPG
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Khammam (Telangana)
| coordinates = {{coord|17.247300|N|80.151400|E|display=inline,title}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-marker = city
| map_caption = Interactive map
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khammam district|Khammam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Khammam Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="stats">{{cite web|title=Basic Information|url=http://manakmc.com/basic-information/|website=Official website of Khammam Municipal Corporation|access-date=18 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211114843/http://manakmc.com/basic-information/|archive-date=11 February 2016}}</ref>
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = Gudipudi Arun Kumar(BRS)
| leader_title2 = [[Deputy mayor]]
| leader_name2 = Fatima Zohra
| leader_title3 = [[Police Commissioner]]
| leader_name3 = Sunil Dutt, IPS
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/040124/state-govt-transfers-23-ips-officers.html | title=State Govt Transfers 23 IPS Officers | date=4 January 2024 }}</ref>
| area_rank = 3rd (in state)
| area_total_km2 = 126.45
| area_metro_km2 = 56.45
| area_urban_km2 = 866.54
| area_rural_km2 = 260.94
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 150
| population_total = {{formatnum:353504}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of cities in India by population|151(India)]] [[List of cities in Telangana by population|5th (Telangana)]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 633933
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Urdu]]
| population_demonym =
| blank1_name = Ethnicity
| blank1_info = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Planning agency
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Stambhadri Urban Development Authority]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 507001/02/03/04/115/ 154/163/170/305/318
| registration_plate = TG-04 TS-04 AP-20 (Old)<ref>{{cite web|title=District Codes|url=http://www.transport.telangana.gov.in/html/registration-districtcodes.html|publisher=Government of Telangana Transport Department|access-date=4 September 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''Khammam''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Composite: Hindoostan. |url=https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~31567~1150046:Composite--Hindoostan- |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=www.davidrumsey.com |language=en}}</ref> is the city in [[Khammam district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. It is the fourth largest city in the state. It is the headquarters of the [[Khammam district]] and Khammam [[Tehsil|mandal]] also.<ref name=profile>{{cite web |title=Khammam|url=http://www.telangana.gov.in/About/Districts/Khammam|publisher=Telangana state portal|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> It is located about {{convert|193|km|mi|0}} east of the state capital, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], {{convert|61|km|mi|0}} from [[Suryapet]], {{convert|120|km|mi|0}} from [[Warangal]] and also it is located about {{convert|121|km|mi|0}} North of the [[Andhra Pradesh]] state capital, [[Amaravati (state capital)|Amaravathi]]. The river [[Munneru]] flows on the western side of the city.<ref name="map">{{cite web |title=Krishna District Mandals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part31.pdf|publisher=Census of India|access-date=21 February 2016|page=145}}</ref> {{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], Khammam urban agglomeration has a population of 313,504.<ref name=population/> However, on 19 October 2012, the civic body of Khammam was upgraded to a [[municipal corporation]]. Post- upgradation to corporation, the population of Khammam was approximated to be 3,07,000.<ref>{{cite news|title=Khammam Municipality upgraded|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/khammam-municipality-upgraded/article4015575.ece|work=The Hindu|date=20 October 2012|language=en-IN}}</ref> During 2014-2023 under BRS regime Khammam got a major changeover, roads expansion, Medical College, Engineering College, ITHub.

== Etymology ==
Historical records show that the city has various names such as Stambhadri,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Insert title here |url=https://irrigation.telangana.gov.in/icad/static/districtProfiles/Khammam-IP.html |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=irrigation.telangana.gov.in}}</ref> Kambamettu,<ref>{{Cite web |title=India peninsula N. |url=https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~24850~970004 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.davidrumsey.com |language=en}}</ref> Khammammettu,<ref name="davidrumsey.com">{{Cite web |title=India South, Burma, Malay Peninsula. |url=https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~30726~1150655 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.davidrumsey.com |language=en}}</ref> Kama Mett,<ref name="davidrumsey.com"/> Gambambumettu, Kambamu Mettu, Khammam. It is named after the oldest pillar at Stambhadri Narasimhaswamy temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Moorthy |first=K. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5HXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22khammam+mettu%22 |title=Vishnu Mayam Jagat: A Mini Compendium of 400 Vaishnavate Temples |date=1996 |publisher=Message Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ravīndranāth |first=Muttēvi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hv5IAQAAIAAJ&q=%22khammam+mettu%22 |title=Tenāli Rāmakr̥ṣṇa kavi: śāstrīya pariśīlana |date=2007 |publisher=Pīkāk Buks |language=te}}</ref> British and Christian Missionary records show the name as "Kamma Mettu.".<ref>A Descriptive and Historical Account in the Godavari District in the Presidency of Madras, H. Morris, 1878, London, p. 216</ref><ref>A manual of the Kistna district in the presidency of Madras, Gordon Mackenzie, 1883, Madras, p. 25, 80</ref><ref>Buddhist remains in Āndhra and the history of Āndhra between 224 & 610 A.D., K. R. Subramanian, p. 149</ref><ref>A Handbook for India, Part I, Madras, John Murray, 1859, London</ref><ref>The Geography of India, J. Burgess, 1871, London, p. 48</ref><ref>The Church Missionary Intelligencer, Volume 2,1866, London, p. 73</ref> However, they may have been spelled in the process of anglicization, as there is no name for Khammam from James Rennell's Map of India - Geographies - India-Faden-1795 The name was also anglicized as "Commum Met" <ref>{{Cite web |title=1800 Faden Rennell Wall Map of India |url=https://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/India-faden-1795 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=Geographicus Rare Antique Maps |language=en}}</ref> and some places "Khammammet".<ref name="Babu2018">{{citation |last=Babu |first=M. Bosu |title=Material Background to the Vijayanagara Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5zeBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA155 |year=2018 |publisher=KY Publications |isbn=978-93-87769-42-7 |page=155}}</ref>

== History ==

The name ''Khammam'', which means a pillar is named after lord Narasimha Swamy, the presiding deity of Narasimhaswamy Gutta, an important pilgrimage site for the locals. Because of the presence of Lord Narasimhaswami temple in Khammam, the city was named Sthambadri earlier. The city is located on the banks of a river called [[Munneru]] which is a tributary of the [[Krishna River]]. Khammam district has a lot of historical importance in [[Telangana]].

From the year 1901 to 1981 Khammam town has grown from a small town of nine thousand population to a city of one hundred thousand inhabitants. In 1942 the town was constituted as Municipality. From the year 1952 to 1987 elections were held five times to elect its body.

Khammam City, which was the seat of the Taluk Administration, was part of the larger Warangal District, until 1 October 1953. Five taluks of the Warangal district viz., Khammam, Madhira, Yellandu, Burgampadu, and [[Paloncha]] (now Kothagudem) were carved out and a new district Khammam with Khammam as District Headquarters. In 1959 Bhadrachalam Revenue Division consisted of Bhadrachalam and Nuguru Venkatapuram Taluks of East Godawari district, which were on the other side of the river Godavari were merged into Khammam on grounds of geographical contiguity and administrative viability.

In 1973, a new taluk with Sathupalli as its headquarters was carved out from Madhira and Kothagudem taluks. In the year 1976 four new taluks were formed viz., Tirumalayapalem, Sudimalla, Aswaraopeta and Khammam district was initially a part of larger Warangal District.

History of Khammam shows that it has produced a number of leaders who were part of the Freedom struggle, such as first generation Communist leaders Peravelli Venkata Ramanaiah, Pendyala Satyanarayana Rao, Sarvadevabhatla Ramanatham, K.L. Narsimha Rao, Manchikanti Ramkishan Rao<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2017-02-09 |title=22nd death anniversary of CPM leaders Manchikanti observed |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2017-02-09/22nd-death-anniversary-of-CPM-leaders-Manchikanti-observed/279368 |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> and Chirravuri Laxminarasaiah First Municipal Chairman of Khammam; Congress leaders Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Bachu Simhadri, Chepuri Nenkanna, Madapati Ramchander Rao, Sardar Jamalpuram Keshava Rao, Bommakanti Satyanarayana Rao, Ravulapati Satyanarayana Rao, Hayagreeva Chary, and Nizam Rashtra Vimochanam [[Jalagam Vengala Rao]], former Chief Minister of AP, [[Prof. K. Venkata Ramiah]], Founder and Vice-Chancellor of KU.

=== Freedom movement ===

{{See also|Khammam district#Freedom movement}}
Some of the notable events in Khammam town during the freedom struggle:

*1915: First Iron and steel store established by the then freedom fighter Sri.Thavidisetty Sambaiah to cater the needs of Telangana
1928: Certified Medical Doctor, Dr.Kotha Venkata Narayana started Medical services
* 1931 – First Independence movement in Khammam proper
* 1935 – First Library established in Khammam town by Bachu Simhadri.
* 1936 – First Charka Jayathi initiated by Bachu Simhadri in Khammam.
* 1945 – 12th State Andhra Mahasabha meeting at Khammam organized by Pendyala Satya Narayana Rao as general secretary, Aahvana sangham. Elected Baddam Ellareddy as president and Pendyala Satya Narayana Rao as vice-president to 13th State Andhra Mahasabha in that meeting. The meeting was held on 26–28 March. [[Puchalapalli Sundarayya]] participated in the meeting as a guest. Nearly 40,000 people attended the meeting.
* 1946 – Mahathma Gandhi's visit to Khammam mett (Khammam town) on 5 August 1946
* 1947 August, 7 – Satyagraham at Madhira and Khammam by Jamalapuram Kesava Rao, Kurapati Venkata Raju, Jagadeeswaraiah Neelakandan, [[Bachalakura Laxmaiah]], Vattikonda Ramakotaiah, Heeralal Moriya, Teegala Hanumantha Rao, Kolipaka Kishan Rao, Gella Keshava Rao, [[Yadavalli Venkateswara Sharma]], Pullabhotla Venkateswarlu (Hyderabad congress present), Vutukuru Kamala (Freedom Fighter – Telangana Vimochana)

== Geography ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Khammam town-14-12-2015.JPG
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Khammam 15122015.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left:North of Khammam town as seen from Narasimha Swamy hill, Right:South of Khammam town as seen from Narasimha Swamy hill
}}

=== Topography ===
Khammam is located at {{Coord|17.25|N|80.15|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Khammam.html|title=redirect to /world/IN/02/Khammam.html}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 108 metres (390 feet).

=== Climate ===

{{climate chart
|Khammam
|16|30|15
|18|33|5
|22|37|5
|26|40|7
|28|42|15
|28|37|50
|25|32|85
|25|31|170
|23|33|160
|22|33|70
|18|31|10
|15|30|0
|source=
|float=right
|clear=right
}}
Climate for Khammam
Average Weather in Khammam for January
Sunlight 9 hours a day
Coldest January temperature 12 °C
Coldest daily temperature 16 °C
Warmest daily temperature 28 °C
Warmest January temperature 38 °C
Discomfort* Moderate
Morning Humidity 76%
Evening Humidity 45%
Rain in January 4  mm

Average Weather in Khammam for February
Sunlight 10 hours a day
Coldest February temperature 15 °C
Coldest daily temperature 19 °C
Warmest daily temperature 29 °C
Warmest February temperature 40 °C
Discomfort* Moderate
Morning Humidity 67%
Evening Humidity 39%
Rain in February 9  mm
Wet days for February 1 days

Khammam experiences typical Indian climatic conditions. The summer season is hot and the temperatures can climb rapidly during the day. The monsoon season brings a certain amount of rainfall and the temperatures gradually reduce during this period. After the onset of the monsoon, day temperatures are much lower and as the winter approaches, they reduce further.

The summer season is from March and lasts till the end of May. During this time of day temperatures are high and can reach 40 °C to 48 °C. Humidity is low as it is not located near the ocean. Conditions are generally dry during this period and the temperatures range from a minimum of 35 °C and can rise up to a maximum of 40  °C to 45 °C. Monsoon season brings much needed relief from the heat. Monsoon seasons are from the months of June to September. Temperatures average around 30 °C during this period. The place gets rain from the South West Monsoon. Some amount of rainfall can be experienced in October as well. The Winter season is from December to February. January is usually the coldest part of the year. Temperatures range from 28 °C to 34 °C during this time.
* Winter: December To February
*Summer: March to June
* South West Monsoons {{spaced ndash}} July to September
* North East Monsoons {{spaced ndash}} October to November

Rainstorms and cyclones are common in the region during the rainy season, which starts with the monsoons in early June. The cyclones could occur any time of the year, but commonly between August and November.

{{Weather box
| location = Khammam (1991–2020, extremes 1941–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 35.0
| Feb record high C = 39.4
| Mar record high C = 43.3
| Apr record high C = 45.5
| May record high C = 48.0
| Jun record high C = 46.7
| Jul record high C = 40.6
| Aug record high C = 41.2
| Sep record high C = 39.6
| Oct record high C = 37.4
| Nov record high C = 35.4
| Dec record high C = 34.6
| year record high C = 47.2
| Jan high C = 29.4
| Feb high C = 32.1
| Mar high C = 35.3
| Apr high C = 37.4
| May high C = 40.1
| Jun high C = 36.6
| Jul high C = 32.7
| Aug high C = 31.6
| Sep high C = 32.4
| Oct high C = 31.8
| Nov high C = 30.6
| Dec high C = 28.8
| year high C = 33.2
| Jan low C = 18.0
| Feb low C = 20.8
| Mar low C = 23.5
| Apr low C = 25.9
| May low C = 27.6
| Jun low C = 26.9
| Jul low C = 25.1
| Aug low C = 24.5
| Sep low C = 24.8
| Oct low C = 23.5
| Nov low C = 20.7
| Dec low C = 17.2
| year low C = 23.2
| Jan record low C = 9.4
| Feb record low C = 10.0
| Mar record low C = 14.2
| Apr record low C = 18.0
| May record low C = 18.6
| Jun record low C = 21.2
| Jul record low C = 18.4
| Aug record low C = 19.0
| Sep record low C = 18.7
| Oct record low C = 15.2
| Nov record low C = 11.7
| Dec record low C = 9.7
| year record low C = 9.4
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 12.0
| Feb rain mm = 10.6
| Mar rain mm = 3.1
| Apr rain mm = 8.7
| May rain mm = 42.5
| Jun rain mm = 109.7
| Jul rain mm = 195.2
| Aug rain mm = 231.4
| Sep rain mm = 136.5
| Oct rain mm = 124.5
| Nov rain mm = 18.5
| Dec rain mm = 6.8
| year rain mm = 899.7
| Jan rain days = 0.7
| Feb rain days = 0.2
| Mar rain days = 0.2
| Apr rain days = 0.7
| May rain days = 2.1
| Jun rain days = 5.9
| Jul rain days = 11.1
| Aug rain days = 11.6
| Sep rain days = 6.9
| Oct rain days = 6.1
| Nov rain days = 1.3
| Dec rain days = 0.3
| year rain days = 47.1
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 52
| Feb humidity = 47
| Mar humidity = 38
| Apr humidity = 37
| May humidity = 37
| Jun humidity = 51
| Jul humidity = 67
| Aug humidity = 71
| Sep humidity = 69
| Oct humidity = 69
| Nov humidity = 62
| Dec humidity = 56
|year humidity = 55
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Khammam Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 411–412
| access-date = 18 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M11
| access-date = 18 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

During the [[2015 India heat wave]], Khammam experienced a maximum temperature of {{convert|48|C|F}}.<ref name="toi">{{cite web | url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Heatwave-sweeps-across-India-335-people-dead/articleshow/47401544.cms|title=Heatwave sweeps across India, 335 people dead|work=[[The Times of India]]| date=24 May 2015| access-date =24 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url =https://time.com/3895471/hundreds-are-dying-in-a-blistering-heat-wave-sweeping-across-india/|title=Hundreds Are Dying in a Blistering Heat Wave Sweeping Across India|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]| date=25 May 2015| access-date =25 May 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Munneru bridge with heavy flood.jpg|thumb|alt=Munneru bridge with heavy flood|Munneru bridge with heavy flood]]

=== Floods ===
[[File:Munneru-bridge.jpg|thumb|Munneru river in Khammam]]
Khammam has been receiving higher annual rainfall than the rest of the state. The annual rainfall is {{convert|175|cm}} during the monsoon season. Khammam was also affected by the floods of [[Munneru]], the tributary of the Krishna River. In 2007, the floods struck by the River drowned the Bokkalagadda with heavy three-day rain. Again in 2009, floods struck and inundated the area. There has also been a proposal for the construction of a barricade. The [[Food Corporation of India]] assists farmers in Khammam whose crops have been damaged in foods by procuring their crops and guaranteeing a [[Minimum support price (India)|minimum support price]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 May 2012 |title=Government waives interest on crop loans |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2010/Dec/17/government-waives-interest-on-crop-loans-211741.html |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical population
| source = <ref>{{cite web |title=Town Amenities for Khammam District of Andhra Pradesh, 2011 |url=https://data.gov.in/resources/town-amenities-khammam-district-andhra-pradesh-2011 |website=Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India |language=en |date=1 March 2016}}</ref>
|1911 | 9117
|1921 | 11532
|1931 | 13002
|1941 | 18982
|1951 | 28251
|1961 | 35888
|1971 | 56919
|1981 | 98757
|1991 | 149077
|2001 | 198620
|2017 | 562255
}}
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], population of Khammam (urban and rural areas combined) in 2011 is 313,504; of which male and female are 155,461 and 158,043 respectively—a sex ratio of 1017 females per 1000 males. Urban population of Khammam is 250,182 whereas, rural population of Khammam is 63,322. 32,172 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 16,725 are boys and 15,447 are girls —a ratio of 924 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 79.40% (For ages 7 and above) with 223,380 literates, significantly higher than the state average of 67.41%.<ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Literacy of AP (Census 2011) |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf |publisher=Official Portal of Andhra Pradesh Government |access-date=5 September 2014 |page=43 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref>

{{bar box
|width=250px
|barwidth=100px
|title=Religions in Khammam<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/398-khammam.html|title=KhammamCity Population Census 2011 – Telangana}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Hindu|Orange|73.41}}
{{bar percent|Muslim|Green|24.39}}
{{bar percent|Christians|Blue|1.65}}
{{bar percent|Others†|Black|0.55}}
|caption=†Includes [[Sikh]]s, [[Jainism|Jains]] 
}}

== Governance ==



The [[Khammam Municipal Corporation]] is the city's civic body.

Khammam is one of Telangana's historical cities, with nearly 1,000 years of traceable history. It is the headquarters of the Khammam District. The town was constituted into a Municipality on 24 March 1942 and upgraded to a special grade municipality in the year 2001. Administratively, Khammam is divided into 11 revenue wards and 41 election wards. In 2012, the Khammam municipality was made a [[Municipal corporations in India|Municipal Corporation]], with 14 additional [[gram panchayat]]s being merged into the newly formed Khammam Municipal Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=17 May 2012 |title=Khammam is a municipal corporation now |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2011/Jun/27/khammam-is-a-municipal-corporation-now-266786.html |access-date=25 September 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=}}</ref> Presently Khammam has 20 revenue wards and 60 election divisions. The Municipal Corporation has an area of 93.45 km2.

== Culture ==
Bhakta Ramadasu Kala Kshetram,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.worldmapz.com/photo/45070_en.htm |title=Bhaktha Ramdas Kalakeshthram, Photo-India |publisher=Ugo.cn |access-date=2013-11-17 |archive-date=11 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611053727/http://in.worldmapz.com/photo/45070_en.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> has been a prestigious National theatre, constructed by the State Government in the name of Sri. Bhakta Ramadasu ( Kancherla Gopanna )<ref>[[Kancherla Gopanna]]</ref> was a devotee of Sri Rama and composer of Carnatic music.

[[File:Narasimhaswamy temple on Ghat Road.jpg|thumb|alt=Narasimhaswamy temple on Ghat Road|Narasimhaswamy temple on Ghat Road]]

== Landmarks ==



[[Khammam Fort]], constructed in 950 AD by the [[Kakatiya Dynasty]], is situated on a hill overlooking the city. [[Lakaram lake]] is another tourist attraction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aptourism.in/index.php/k2-separator/k2/item/156-lakaramlake |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030142353/http://aptourism.in/index.php/k2-separator/k2/item/156-lakaramlake#.VBgDBS5dWwE |archive-date=30 October 2013 |title=Lakaram lake |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Tourism}}</ref> Apart from these there are many places surrounding the city, such as [[Bhadrachalam]], [[Parnasala]], [[Nelakondapalli]], [[Kusumanchi]].

==Economy==
In 2023 [[Godrej Agrovet]], [[broke ground]] on an Integrated [[Palm Oil]] complex in Khammam. The investment in the facility is estimated to be close to Rs 300 [[crore]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bizzbuzz.news/eco-buzz/godrej-agrovet-to-invest-rs-300-cr-in-ts-1252701 | title=Godrej Agrovet to invest Rs 300 cr in TS | date=2 October 2023 }}</ref>

=== Information technology ===
[[File:Khammam_IT_Hub.jpg|thumb|Khammam IT Hub]]

Minister for IT and Industries KT Rama Rao inaugurated IT Hub in Khammam city. Spread across 42,000 sq feet, the five-floor IT tower is constructed at a cost of Rs 27 crore. As many as 19 companies signed up to begin operations at the IT hub which provides employment opportunities to unemployed youth. The minister also said that the government will sanction Rs 20 crore soon for the phase II of IT Hub.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/khammam/ktr-inaugurates-it-hub-in-khammam-660596|title = KTR inaugurates IT Hub in Khammam|date = 7 December 2020}}</ref>

== Transport ==
[[File:Khammam Bus Station.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Khammam New Bus Station]]
[[File:Khammam railway station entrance.jpg|thumb|Entrance to Khammam Railway Station]]

The city is connected to major cities and towns by means of road and railways. [[National Highway (India)|National]] and [[state highways]] that pass through the city are:
* [[National Highway 365BB (India)|National Highway 365BB]](Connects Khammam with [[Suryapet]], [[Hyderabad]] and [[Rajahmundry]]),
*[[National Highway 365A (India)|National Highway 365A]]
* [[National Highway 563 (India)|National Highway 563]]
*State Highway 3, and 42.
Khammam serves as a crucial link in connecting various cities in the region. It provides an alternative route from Hyderabad to the Godavari districts, bypassing the busy Vijayawada-Eluru route. Khammam also plays a significant role in connecting other important cities like Warangal and Rajahmundry.

The proposed Khammam-Devarapalli Greenfield Highway, which is currently under construction, is expected to significantly reduce the travel time between Hyderabad to Rajahmundry and Hyderabad to Vishakhapatnam upon its completion.

[[File:New Busstand-Khammam.jpg|thumb|alt=New Busstand-Khammam|New Busstand-Khammam]]
[[File:Mamata Road-Night View.jpg|thumb|alt=Mamata Road-Night View|Mamata Road-Night View]]

=== Road ===
Khammam [[Telangana State Road Transport Corporation]] bus station is the second biggest and highly sophisticated bus station in the [[Telangana]] state with modern facilities. It has 40 platforms and serving Large fleet of buses are available to various destinations in Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh and Odisha to the cities like Hyderabad, Warangal, Karimnagar, Nizamabad, Suryapet, Bangalore, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada, Tirupathi, Nellore, Guntur, Eluru, Rajamundry, Kakinada, Srikakulam, Jagadalpur & Bailadilla (Chhattisgarh), Koraput and Jaipur (Odisha).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://telanganatoday.com/ktr-to-inaugurate-new-bus-stand-in-khammam|title=KTR to inaugurate new bus stand in Khammam|newspaper=Telangana Today|date=2021-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations|url=http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/BusStations.php|website=[[TSRTC]]|access-date=20 May 2016|archive-date=10 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610082644/http://www.tsrtc.telangana.gov.in/BusStations.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> City buses in the name of Khammam City Service run in various routes across the city and sub urban areas and soon TSRTC will establish new city bus depot to operate city services within the city and to surrounding villages. A fleet of 50 electrical buses will get by TSRTC Khammam region under FAME policy.

=== Railway ===
[[Khammam railway station]] provides rail connectivity to the city, located on the [[Kazipet–Vijayawada section]] of the [[New Delhi-Chennai main line]]. It is administered under [[Secunderabad railway division]] of the [[South Central Railway zone]]. The station is served by [[Indian Railways]] and is well connected by rail to all parts of India. 98 trains arrive at or depart from the station every day, transporting over one [[lakh]] sixty thousand (160,000) passengers daily to their destinations across the country. Khammam railway station was declared second cleanest in the [[Indian Railways#Station categories|'NSG3' category]] stations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/secunderabad-declared-second-cleanest-station/article18475790.ece|title=Secunderabad declared second cleanest station|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-06-05|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:NS Canal passing through Khammam city.jpg|thumb|alt=NS Canal passing through Khammam city|NS Canal passing through Khammam city]]

== Education ==
There are various pharmacy colleges such as Khammam College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Browns College of Pharmacy and MBA, MCA, and engineering colleges around Khammam, such as the Khammam Institute of Technology and Sciences and Swarna Bharathi Institute of Science and Technology Engineering College, The Vazir Sultan College of Engineering. [[Mamata medical college|Mamata Medical College]] is also a teaching hospital located in the city. [[Sri Rama and Bhaktha Gentela Narayana Rao Government Degree College|SR & BGNR Degree]] and KMDC Degree & PG College also conducts archaeological research on megalithic sites. For competitive exams like groups, police, and teacher jobs Right Choice IAS academy is the famous coaching center in the entire Khammam district.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/brochure-on-megalithic-sites-in-khammam/article6099678.ece|title=Brochure on megalithic sites in Khammam|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2014-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/impetus-for-heritage-conservation-mission/article5874554.ece|title=Impetus for heritage conservation mission|first=P.|last=Sridhar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2014-04-04}}</ref> A Government Medical College received final approval to begin instruction in Khammam for the 2023-2024 school year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana: 6 govt medical colleges granted permission to start classes from 2023-24|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/telangana-6-govt-medical-colleges-granted-permission-to-start-classes-from-2023-24-8566365/}}</ref> The government medical college was inaugurated in September, 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thesouthfirst.com/telangana/telangana-set-to-inaugurate-9-medical-colleges-with-bare-minimum-facilities/ | title=Telangana is all set to inaugurate 9 medical colleges — with basic infrastructure in place | date=14 September 2023 }}</ref>

== Media ==

The major Telugu newspapers in city are [[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]], [[Eenadu]], [[Andhra Bhoomi]], [[Andhra Prabha]], [[Vaartha]], [[Suryaa (newspaper)|Suryaa]], [[Prajasakti]], Nava telangana and Vishalandra. The major English newspapers in the city are [[The Hindu]], [[Telangana Today]], [[The Times of India]], [[Deccan Chronicle]], [[The Hindu Business Line]], [[The New Indian Express]] and [[The Hans India]]. Electronic Media include [[HMTV]], [[ETV Network|ETV]], and [[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]].

== Sports ==

* Sardar Patel Stadium<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saap.in/khammam.htm |title=Welcome to Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh (S A A P) |publisher=Saap.in |access-date=2013-11-17}}</ref> – A stadium with all amenities including sports complex, indoor stadium, swimming pool, cricket net, skating rink, volleyball, basketball and tennis courts. There is a running track around the football pitch.

=== Festivals ===

Women in the city celebrate [[Bathukamma]], a floral festival in which they worship the goddess with different flowers for nine days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bathukamma-festivities-in-the-air/article6442465.ece|title=Bathukamma: Festivities in the air|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=28 July 2015|date=2014-09-24}}</ref> The women carry their ''Bathukamma'' to the nearest temple of their locality, then they clap, sing and dance rhythmically around the Bathukamma.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/bathukamma-festivities-to-begin-from-sept-24/article6432089.ece|title=Bathukamma festivities to begin from Sept. 24|first=Gollapudi Srinivasa|last=Rao|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=28 July 2015|date=2014-09-21}}</ref> Along with Bathukamma, [[Bonalu]] was also declared a state festival on 15 June 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Bonalu-Bathukamma-declared-state-festivals/articleshow/36677768.cms|title=Bonalu, Bathukamma declared state festivals|work=The Times of India|date=17 June 2014 |access-date=28 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===

The cuisine of the city is mainly [[South Indian cuisine|South Indian]]. The famous breakfast items are [[idli]], [[Dosa (food)|dosa]], [[Vada (food)|vada]], [https://www.sandyathome.com/2016/07/14/semolina-bonda-sooji-bonda-recipe-how-to-make-sooji-bonda/ Rava Bonda], [https://www.vahrehvah.com/mysore-bonda Mysore Bonda], Parotha and [[Puri (food)|Puri]]. Rice with variety of curries including curd is taken as main food and the most notable one is the ''Biryani''. Special food items [[Harees]] and [[Haleem]] are traditional food items available in the season of [[Ramadan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cityofkhammam.com/harees-popular-than-haleem-in-Khammam/|title=City of Khammam » Harees popular than Haleem in Khammam|work=City of Khammam|access-date=28 July 2015}}{{dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Notable people ==


*[[N. V. Raghuram]] (born 1948), Indian yoga guru
*[[Ravi Devesetti]] (born 1969), Tech Executive (PayPal, Experian, TCS)
*[[Uppuluri Sreenivasa Sreekanth]] (born 1976), Tech Entrepreneur
*[[Srikanth Kesa]] (born 1977), Business Man
*[[Priyadarshi Pullikonda]] (born 1989), Telugu Actor
*[[VJ Sunny]] (born 1989), Telugu Actor, winner of [[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 5)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Wikivoyage|Khammam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160511163012/http://www.khammam.telangana.gov.in/khammam/login.apo Official website of Khammam District.]

{{Municipalities of Telangana}}
{{Cities and towns in Khammam district}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Telangana}}

[[Category:Khammam| ]]
[[Category:Khammam district]]
[[Category:Khammam task force articles]]
[[Category:Cities in Telangana]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Telangana]]
[[Category:District headquarters of Telangana]]

Pattukkottai Alagiri

2026-03-26T09:19:49Z

WilmerLassetter: Starting New Post Initial Version - done

{{Short description|Indian social reformer (1900–1949)}}
{{Infobox person
| title =
| name =
| image = Alagiri 11.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_name = Pattukkottai Alagiri
| birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1900|06|23}}
| birth_place = Karukkakurichi, [[Pudukkottai State]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Pudukkottai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1949|03|28|1900|06|23|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Thanjavur]], [[Madras Province]], [[Dominion of India]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| known_for = [[Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–1940|Anti-Hindi agitations of Madras (1937–1940)]]<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[M. Karunanidhi]] |author2=|title=Nenjukku Needhi
|volume=1 |publisher=Dinamani Kathir publication |year=1975|page=42| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eda1AAAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=K.M.K. Gomathi Sankar |author2=|title=Tamilar Samuga Viduthalai Iyakkam
|volume= |publisher=Sarayu Publications |year=1990|page=97| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IluAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref>
| occupation = Social reformer
| father = Vasudeva Naidu
| mother = Kannamma
| spouse = {{marriage|Ethirajamma|1927}}
| children = 5
| relatives = K. G. Sukku Rajasinha (brother-in-law)<ref name="K.G.S">{{cite book|editor1-last=Pavai Chandran |author2=|title=Eezha Thamizharin Poraatta Varalaru|volume=1 |publisher=Kanmani Creative Waves, Chennai |year=2010| url=https://padippakam.com/padippakam/document/EelamHistory/pavaichandran/DM055.pdf }}</ref>
| nickname = {{hlist|''Thalapathy''|''Anjanenjan''}}
| alma_mater =
}}
'''Pattukkottai Alagiri''' (23 June 1900{{Snd}}28 March 1949), popularly known as '''Anjanenjan Alagiri''', was an Indian [[social reform]]er. He was a prominent leader in [[Self-Respect Movement]]<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last= Nataraja Kandasamy Mangalamurugesan |author2=|title=Self-Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu, 1920-1940
|volume= |publisher=Koodal Publishers |year=1979|page=67|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_cEAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= Rajan Kurai Krishnan, Ravindran Sriramachandran, V. M. S. Subagunarajan |author2=|title=Rule of the Commoner: DMK and Formations of the Political in Tamil Nadu, 1949–1967
|volume= |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2022|page=188|isbn=9781009197175 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0t6EAAAQBAJ }}
</ref> and [[Dravidar Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=டாக்டர் சி. என். ஏ. பரிமளம் |author2=|title=அண்ணா ஓர் அருங்குணப் பெட்டகம்
|volume= |publisher=பூம்புகார் பதிப்பகம் |year=1998|pages=13, 14| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znBuAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref>

== Early life ==
Pattukkottai Alagiri was born on 23 June 1900 to Vasudeva Naidu and Kannamma, in Karukkakurichi, [[Keeramangalam]] in the state of [[Pudukkottai State]]. He belonged to the [[Gavara]] Naidu community.<ref name="Pattukkottai Alagiri" /> His father served in the [[British Indian Army]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last= K. Thirunavukkarasu |author2=|title=Dravida Iyakka Vergal
|volume= |publisher=Manivasagar Pathippagam |year=1991|page=67|quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ieVGAQAAIAAJ }}</ref> He was a descendant of the Royal Family of [[Nayaks of Kandy|Kandy]].<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Kanchi Kalyanasundaram]] |author2=|title=Latchiyavaadhi Azhagirisamy
|volume= |publisher=Pagutharivu Pasarai, Chennai |year=1950|page=10| url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0008862_இலட்சியவாதி_அழகிரிசாமி.pdf }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Pavai Chandran |author2=|title=Eezha Thamizharin Poraatta Varalaru|volume=1 |publisher=Kanmani Creative Waves, Chennai |year=2010| url=https://padippakam.com/padippakam/document/EelamHistory/pavaichandran/DM055.pdf }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Kanchi Manimozhiar]], M.Ilanchezhian |author2=|title=Editorial : Azhagirisamy |publisher= Por Vaal magazine |date= March 25, 1950|language=ta }}
</ref> He attended American College Higher Secondary School in [[Madurai]]. He had participated in [[World War I]].<ref>
{{cite book|editor1-last= Somaskandan |author2=|title= Suyamariyathai Poraali Pattukkottai Anjanenjan Alagirisami
|volume= |publisher= Sinthanaiyalan magazine |date= March 2019| url=https://www.keetru.com/index.php/2010-06-24-04-33-44/sinthanaiyalan-march-19/36815-2019-03-18-06-30-32}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Alagiri is married to Ethirajamma in 1927. The couple had two sons, Ramamoorthy, Dilip Alagiri and three daughters, Diana, Baby and Pushparani.<ref name="Pattukkottai Alagiri">
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Alandur Mohanarangan |author2=|title=Maaveeran Anjanenjan Alagiri
|volume= |publisher=Meena Gopal Pathippagam |year=2002|page=196| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9IXaAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Kanchi Manimozhiar]], M.Ilanchezhian |author2=|title=Editorial : Azhagirisamy |publisher= Por Vaal magazine |date= April 1, 1950|language=ta }}
</ref> His brother in law K. G. Sukku Rajasinha, great-grandson of [[Sri Vikrama Rajasinha]], the last king of [[Nayaks of Kandy|Kandy]].<ref name="K.G.S" />

== Politics ==
On 3 June 1938, the [[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu|first anti-Hindi protest]] was held in [[Saidapet]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras]], led by [[Maraimalai Adigal]]. Pattukottai Azhagirisamy, the chief propagandist of the [[Self-Respect Movement]], led a march all over the state in protest against the [[Anti-Hindi agitation of 1937–1940|imposition of Hindi]].<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Kavya Shanmugasundaram |author2=|title=Pavendarin Thamiz Porattangal
|volume= |publisher=Kavya Publication |year=1990|page=62|isbn= |quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MekxAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Sundararajan |author2=|title=Tamil Marumalarchi
|volume= |publisher=Manivaasagar Pathippagam |year=1999|page=16| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WrNkAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Aladi Aruna]] |author2=|title=Hindi Ekathipathyam
|volume= |publisher=Mathivanan Publications |year=1966|page=45| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HEY-AAAAIAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=j. Kayalvizhi devi |author2=|title=Kudiarasu ithal kavithaigal
|volume= |publisher=Manimekalai Prasuram |year=1999|pages=293, 294| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmFkAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=J. Ramki |author2=|title=Mu.Ka.
|volume= |publisher=Kizhakku Pathippagam |year=2006|page=24|isbn=9788183681261 |quote=| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIhuAAAAMAAJ }}
</ref>

He conferred the title of "Kalaignar" on [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]]<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last= A.S. Panneerselvan |author2=|title= Karunanidhi: A Life
|volume= |publisher= Penguin Random House India Private Limited |year= 2021|page= 62|isbn= 9789390914548 |quote= When this play was staged at Krishna Theatre in Karunthatangudi in Thanjavur, Karunanidhi's earliest political idol, Pattukottai Alagiri conferred the title 'Kalaignar' on him, which virtually became his first name within a decade. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QXEhEAAAQBAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=R Kannan |author2=|title= MGR: A Life
|volume= |publisher= Penguin Random House India |year= 2017|page= 80|isbn= 9789386495884 |quote= On an earlier occasion, it was for his performance at the play that Dravidar Kazhagam's stormy petrel Pattukottai Azhagiri had conferred the title 'Kalaignar' on him.|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2mclDwAAQBAJ }}
</ref> and conferred the title of "Nadigavel" on [[M. R. Radha]].<ref>
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[Muktha Srinivasan]] |author2=|title=Inaiyatra Sadanaiyalargal
|volume=2 |publisher=Gangai Puthaka Nilayam |year=2001|page=158| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2lmAAAAMAAJ }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Karunanantham |author2=|title=Thanthai Periyar (Muzhu Muthal Vazhkai Varalaru)
|volume= |publisher=VOC Noolagam |year=1979|page=157| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnJlRnKlsOAC }}
</ref>

== Honours ==
[[Image:Alagiri 04.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Pattukkottai Alagiri statue]]
[[Image:Alagiri 05.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Pattukkottai Alagiri Memorial]]

* The [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Government]] constructed a memorial hall for Pattukkottai Alagiri.<ref>
*{{Cite news |date=January 31, 2011 |title=Manimandapams a tribute to leaders: Minister|work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/Manimandapams-a-tribute-to-leaders-Minister/article15540801.ece}}
*{{cite book|editor1-last= Information and Publicity |author2=|title= Pattukottai Azhagirisamy Ninaivu mandapam, Avudaiyankulam, Pattukkottai, Thanjavur District
|volume= |publisher=Tamil Development and Information Department, Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2021–2022|page=22| url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/cms_migrated/document/docfiles/ip_e_pn_2021_22.pdf }}
</ref>
* [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]], Vellore Division is named the Pattukottai Azhagiri Transport Corporation after him.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=N. Rajalakshmi |author2=|title=Tamil Nadu Economy
|volume= |publisher=Business Publications Incorporated |year=1999|page=198|isbn= 9788186982501 |quote= This wing started operating as an independent Corporation under the name of Pattukottai Azhagiri Transport Corporation Limited with headquarters at Vellore from 1st December 1982 with a fleet strength of 268. The operational area of this corporation was fixed as entire Vellore and Thiruvannamalai Districts.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6d7sAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>
* A statue has been erected in [[Pattukkottai]] in his honor which is often used as a focal point for public.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=[[M. Karunanidhi]] |author2=|title=Nenjukku Needhi
|volume=3 |publisher=Dinamani Kathir publication |year=1975|page=302| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0MAAAAIAAJ}}
</ref>
* [[M. Karunanidhi|Karunanidhi]] named his son [[M. K. Alagiri]] after him.<ref>{{Cite news|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Give Tamil names to children: Stalin |date=24 Jan 2022 |quote= My brother Alagiri was named after Pattukottai Alagirisamy, who, Kalaignar said, had inspired him to become a public speaker.|publisher=DT Next |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/01/23/give-tamil-names-to-children-stalin }}
*{{cite book|editor1-last=[[M. Karunanidhi]] |author2=|title=Nenjukku Needhi
|volume=3 |year=1975|page=301| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0MAAAAIAAJ}}
</ref>
* Pattukkottai Alagiri's birth anniversary is celebrated as a government function.<ref>{{Cite news|editor1-last= |author2=|title=Birth Anniv of Dr Sivanthi Aditanar to be observed as govt function |date=24 March 2020 |quote= The Minister also said that the birth anniversaries of Swami Sagajananda, on January 27, Ramasamy Padayatchiyar, on September 16, Pattukottai Azhagirisamy, on June 23, and Narayanasamy Naidu, on February 6, would also be celebrated as government functions.|publisher=DT Next |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2020/03/23/birth-anniv-of-dr-sivanthi-aditanar-to-be-observed-as-govt-function }}
*{{Cite news |date=24 Mar 2020 |title=Jayalalithaa's residence Veda Nilayam to be made memorial soon: Kadambur Raju|work=The Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/Mar/24/jayalalithaas-residence-veda-nilayam-to-be-made-memorial-soon-kadambur-raju-2120727.html}}
</ref>
* The [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Government]] has named a bus stand after him.
* The [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu Government]] has named Alagiri Nagar, [[Thiruvarur]] after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/governance/tiruvarur-azhagiri-nagar-people-fearing-of-their-damaged-homes|title=திருவாரூர்: 'கலைஞர் ஐயா கொடுத்த வீடு; எப்ப இடிஞ்சு விழும்னு தெரியல...' - அழகிரி நகர் மக்கள் அச்சம்!|first=அ|last=திவாகர்|website= விகடன்|date=20 Dec 2024}}</ref>
* Pattukottai Alagiri Matriculation Higher Secondary School, [[Papanasam]], is named after him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pattukottai Alagiri Matriculation Higher Secondary School|url=https://pattukkottaialagirischool.in/history.html}}</ref>
* [[S. A. Ganesan]] named his son Alagiri after him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.thehindu.com/tamilnadu/article23546254.ece|title=திராவிடம், பொதுவுடைமை, காந்தியத்தை உள்ளடக்கியவர் சா.கணேசன்|first=வழக்கறிஞர்|last=கே.எஸ்.ராதாகிருஷ்ணன்|website= இந்து தமிழ் திசை|date=15 April 2018}}</ref>

== Death ==
He died of [[tuberculosis]] on 28 March 1949.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=[[M. Karunanidhi]] |author2=|title=Nenjukku Needhi
|volume=3 |year=1975|page=301| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4f0MAAAAIAAJ}}
</ref>

On 30 March 1949, [[Periyar]] wrote a tribute to Pattukkottai Alagiri on [[Viduthalai (newspaper)|Viduthalai]] newspaper.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=V. Anaimuthu |author2=|title=Kilarchigalum Seithigalum 1
|volume=6 |year=2009|page=3121|publisher=Periyar Naagammai Educational and Research Trust }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alagiri, Pattukkottai}}
[[Category:1900 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Tamil people of Telugu descent]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]

Platanus orientalis

2026-03-26T05:55:44Z

WilmerLassetter: minor refined citations for accuracy and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Short description|Species of tree}}
{{redirects here|Chinar|other uses|Chinar (disambiguation)}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Plane tree Grove Tsav River.jpg
| image_caption = Natural forest of ''Platanus orientalis'' in Armenia
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="Barstow-2017">{{cite iucn |author=Barstow, M. |author2=Rivers, M.C. |date=2017 |title=''Platanus orientalis'' |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T33951A68135880 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T33951A68135880.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Platanus
| species = orientalis
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| range_map = Platanus orientalis range.svg
| range_map_caption = Distribution map
}}

'''''Platanus orientalis''''', the '''Oriental plane''',<ref name="BSBI-2007">{{BSBI 2007 |access-date=2014-10-17}}</ref> is a large, [[deciduous]] [[tree]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Platanaceae]], growing to {{convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} or more,<ref name="RHS A-Zencyclo-2008">{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1-4053-3296-5|pages=1136}}</ref> and known for its longevity and spreading crown. In autumn its deep green leaves may change to blood red, amber, and yellow.

==Etymology==
The species name ''orientalis'' means 'eastern' (in comparison, the 'western' plane (or American sycamore), the only other species known to Linnaeus, is named ''[[Platanus occidentalis]]''). The tree was called ''platane'' in ancient Greek history and literature and by related names in continental Europe. It is also well known in Asia from [[Anatolia]] to [[India]], where usually called ''chinar'' or ''chenar''.

==Range==
The [[native plant|native]] distribution is from [[Italy]] east through the Balkans, Turkey, and the [[Caucasus]] to [[Iran]].<ref name="POWO">{{Cite POWO |last1=POWO |author-link1=Plants of the World Online |id=685873-1 |title=''Platanus orientalis'' L. |access-date=8 August 2024 }}</ref> As it has been known in cultivation from early times in much of this region it can be difficult to determine if it is truly indigenous in peripheral areas.

==Description==
[[File:Източен чинар – лист (силует).svg|thumb|Leaf [[sillouette]]]]
[[File:Fruits of Platanus orientalis.jpg|thumb|Fruit and leaves of Oriental plane]]
The oriental plane is found naturally in riverine settings, together with such trees as [[alder]], [[willow]] and [[Populus|poplar]]. However, it is quite capable of survival and success in dry soils once it is established. It can grow into a massive tree with many examples hundreds of years old. Around ten trees are known from the past and present with a diameter of {{Convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} or more with several specimens around {{Convert|100|m3|abbr=on}} in total volume.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oriental Planes (Platanus orientalis) worldwide |url=https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/world-orientalplane/ |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=MonumentalTrees.com}}</ref> A specimen in Ghirmizi Bazar, [[Karabakh]], Republic of Azerbaijan is said to have a [[Diameter at breast height|DBH]] of {{convert|5|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}, with a [[Tree_girth_measurement|girth]] of {{convert|15.71|m|ft|2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |last=anonymous |date= |title=Monumental Trees -The Thickest Trees Worldwide |url=https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/girthrecords/ |access-date=February 15, 2018}}</ref>

Like other [[Platanus|plane trees]], its leaves are borne alternately on the stem, deeply lobed, and [[palmate]] or [[maple]]-like. It usually has flaking bark, occasionally not flaking and becoming thick and rugged. Flowers and fruit are round and burr-like, borne in clusters of between two and six on a stem. Considerable variation exists among trees in the wild, and this may be complicated by crossbreeding with planted [[London plane]]s (''Platanus × hispanica''), the [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] of ''P. orientalis'' with the [[American sycamore]] (''Platanus occidentalis'').

==Cultivation==
The tree is capable of being grown in most temperate latitudes, though it benefits greatly from warm summers. As a very large and wide tree with broad, thick leaves that tend to orient horizontally, it is especially prized for the shade and coolness it provides during the hot season.

It grows best in rich soil in a sunny location<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platanus+orientalis|title=Platanus orientalis Oriental Plane, Oriental planetree PFAF Plant Database|website=pfaf.org|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref> and can survive drought well, although young plants appreciate regular watering.

==Other uses==
The leaves and bark have been used medicinally. A fabric dye has been made from the twigs and roots. The [[timber]], often called '''[[Lacewood|lacewood]]''', is figured and valuable for indoor furniture. The leaves are also often used by artists for [[leaf carving]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/incredible-artwork-hand-carved-from-leaves-2011-8|title=Incredible Artwork Hand-Carved From Leaves|author=Dina Spector|date=August 18, 2011|publisher=Business Insider|access-date=May 30, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/08/16/leaf-carving-artists-branching-out_n_925700.html|title=Leaf Carving Artists In China Branching Out Into Pop Culture|publisher=Huffington Post|author=David Moye|date=August 16, 2011|access-date=May 30, 2016}}</ref>

==Cultural history==

===Iran===
[[File:Abbasabad, Tehran, Tehran, Iran - panoramio - Behrooz Rezvani (37).jpg|thumb|Around 18,000 plane trees had been planted in [[Valiasr Street]], [[Tehran]].]]
Many plane trees in Iran are of historical importance and have been designated as cultural heritage. One such example is the plane tree of [[Osku]], estimated to be 1,200 years old.<ref>[[:File:Chenar Tree Oskoo.jpg]]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://mehrnews.com/xh73B | title=ثبت ملی چنار 1200 ساله اسکو / لزوم حفاظت از درختان کهنسال | date=23 February 2012 }}</ref>
The capital [[Tehran]] used to be famous for its numerous oriental plane trees. ''Platanus orientalis'' is still one of the main ornamental trees in [[Tehran]].

===Greece===
[[File:Plane tree of Hippocrates.jpg|thumb|The "Tree of Hippocrates" in [[Kos, Greece]], possibly a descendant of the original]]

The [[Tree of Hippocrates]], under which Hippocrates—the "Father of Medicine"—taught at [[Kos]], is reputed to have been an oriental plane. A 500-year-old tree presently there may be on the same site and may have been planted from a succession of cuttings from the original. The [[Platonic Academy|Athenian Academy]], outside Athens, featured a [[sacred grove]] of planes where the students listened to the masters and where among others the [[Peripatetics]] practiced philosophy.

Many villages in Greece feature plane trees in their main squares, frequently found alongside them are water springs that in the past would serve as the main water source for the villagers; usually these are quite old trees with their age seen as a point of pride for the local inhabitants. Occasionally the oldest trees exhibit partially hollowed out trunks, with cavities large enough to provide amusement opportunities for local or visiting children and teenagers, and even serving (along with the rest of the tree) as tourist attractions or at least in one [[Loutraki, Aetolia-Akarnania|occasion]] a shrine.

===Rome===
[[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]]'s ''[[Pliny's Natural History|Natural History]]''<ref>XII.3.</ref> records the westward progress of the plane "introduced among us from a foreign clime for nothing but its shade", planted first at the tomb of Diomedes on the island of Tremiti, then imported to Greek Sicily by [[Dionysius the Elder]] (c. 432–367 BC), tyrant of Syracuse. He had plane-trees conveyed to the city of [[Rhegium]] (Reggio di Calabria), where they were looked upon as the great marvel of his palace, according to Pliny's sources. From there it spread by the first century AD as far as the lands of the [[Morini]] in Belgic Gaul. Regardless of why it may have been introduced, the tree had medicinal uses from early times. Pliny<ref>XXIV.29</ref> details 25 remedies using preparation from the bark, leaves and excrescences of plane. Pliny prescribes it for burns, bites, stings, frostbite and infections.

Pliny goes on to describe some legendary plane trees.<ref>XII.5</ref> There was one on the grounds of the Athenian Academy, he says, that had roots {{convert|50|ft|m}} long. [[Licinius Mucianus]] held a banquet for 19 in a hollow plane-tree of Lycia, and the emperor [[Caligula]] another for 15 plus servants in a tree house (nest) built in the branches of a plane-tree at [[Velletri]].

===India===
[[File:Char Chinar.jpg|thumb|Famous [[Char Chinar]] island containing four chinar trees on [[Dal Lake]] in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India]]

The ''chinar'' tree can be found throughout the landscape of the [[Kashmir Valley]] in the Indian [[western Himalayas]], planted across hillsides and cities, and is seen as a symbol for the region, locally known as {{lang|ks-Arab|بوٗئن|rtl=yes}} ''(Bouin)'' in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and ''chinar'' in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=[9]|url=http://jktourism.org/index.php/chinar|date=May 19, 2020|website=Official Website of Jammu & Kashmir Tourism}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaul |first=Prof Upendra |date=2023-08-23 |title=Chinar: The Heritage Tree of Kashmir |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/opinion/chinar-the-heritage-tree-of-kashmir/#:~:text=7:17%20am-,Chinar,%20Bouin%20to%20us%20in%20Kashmiri,%20is%20a%20large%20deciduous,as%20early%20as%201400%20BC. |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> Excavations from the [[Burzahom archaeological site]] have revealed charcoal remains of the tree from the Neolithic period.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lone |first=Abdul Rashid |title=Prehistoric Archaeology of Kashmir: An Overview|url=https://www.sahapedia.org/prehistoric-archaeology-of-kashmir-overview |work=[[Sahapedia]]}}</ref> Muslim Kashmiris believe that the ''chinar'' was brought to Kashmir valley by Islamic preachers from [[Iran]] in 14th century AD, while Hindu Kashmiris hold a view that the tree was traditionally planted near Hindu holy places in Kashmir and is associated with Hindu goddess ''[[Bhavani]]'', from whom it derives its Kashmiri name ''bouin''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Chinar Tree, "Bouin" of Kashmir- Symbol of Goddess Bhawani|first=Pran Nath|last=Wanchoo|url=http://vitasta.org/2002/1.8.html|journal=Vitasta|volume=XXXV|date=2001–2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205024600/http://vitasta.org/2002/1.8.html|archive-date=2006-12-05}}</ref>

After the advent of Muslim rule, especially under the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], ''chinar'' became a major garden and landscape tree, and dominates many historic gardens. The tree known for its elegance and exuberance has remained an attraction for artists and litterateurs. One tree believed to be planted in 1374'' ''AD at the [[Chattergam]] village by an Islamic mystic Syed Abul Qaim Hamadani who accompanied [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]] from [[Iran]] to [[Kashmir]], is believed by many in Kashmir to be the world's oldest surviving chinar tree.<ref>{{cite web|title=627-year-old living legend found in Kashmir|url=http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=128596|author=Rajesh Bhat|date=2007-12-24|work=Merinews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mooney-Singh|first=Chris|date=2014|title=Pantun of the Chinar Grove (Sri Nagar, Kashmir)|journal=Manoa|volume=26|issue=1|pages=68–69|doi=10.1353/man.2014.0024|s2cid=143772200|issn=1527-943X}}</ref> Planting of chinar trees in Kashmir was greatly patronised by the Mughals, and later by [[Dogra Dynasty|Dogra rulers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2013/sunday-edition/symbol-of-paradise.html|title=Symbol of Paradise|date=16 June 2013|publisher=[[Daily Pioneer]]}}</ref> Dogra Maharaja [[Hari Singh]] is believed to have "gifted" five chinar trees to [[Shimla]], then summer capital of British India, in present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name=ShimlaOL>{{cite web |last=Sharma |first=Ashwani |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/think-of-shimla-think-of-chinar-deodars |title=Think Of Shimla, Think Of Chinar, Deodars |date=8 September 2024 |work=Outlook }}</ref> These, and other chinars planted later in the hill station, have become part of the city's lore.<ref name=ShimlaOL/><ref>{{cite web |last=Dhaleta |first=Surekha |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shimlas-chinar-lore/articleshow/8906838.cms# |title=Shimla's chinar lore |date=June 19, 2011 |work=The Times of India }}</ref>

Chinar trees are being felled rapidly in Kashmir,<ref>{{cite web|title=Climate|url=http://anantnag.gov.in/climate.htm|publisher=Official Website of Anantag District|archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20090313062145/http://anantnag.gov.in/climate.htm|archive-date=2009-03-13}}</ref> although a ban was enacted in 2009 to curb cutting.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ban on cutting Chinar trees in Kashmir|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ban-on-cutting-Chinar-trees-in-Kashmir/articleshow/4227201.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024131601/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-05/india/28054456_1_trees-kashmir-ban|url-status=live|archive-date=24 October 2012|journal=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 March 2009}}</ref> Chinar trees are now required to be registered, considered State Property, and painted white at their base.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiagardening.com/garden-ideas/where-do-chinar-trees-grow-in-india/|title=Where Do Chinar Trees Grow In India|date=2019-10-25|website=India Gardening|language=en|access-date=2020-01-27}}</ref> [[Naseem Bagh]], a [[Mughal Gardens|Mughal garden]] near Srinagar with over 700 chinar trees has been developed as a Chinar Heritage Park by the [[University of Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nasim Bagh|url=https://www.gardenvisit.com/gardens/nasim_bagh|access-date=2020-10-21|website=www.gardenvisit.com}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
In 2011 a specimen planted by [[Capability Brown]] at [[Corsham Court]] in Wiltshire was identified by [[The_Tree_Register|The Tree Register of the British Isles]] as the tree with the greatest known spread in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-wiltshire-13682775|title=Corsham Court Oriental plane 'most spreading tree in UK'|work=BBC News|date=2011-07-06|access-date=2011-07-06}}</ref>

An example dating to at least 1762 is one of [[Kew Gardens]]' thirteen 'Heritage Trees'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.monumentaltrees.com/en/gbr/england/cityoflondon/965_royalbotanicgardens/9199/|title=Oriental plane in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England, United Kingdom|website=monumentaltrees.com|access-date=7 September 2018}}</ref>

The Pococke Garden at [[Christ Church, Oxford]] contains a specimen, known as The Pococke Tree, which is understood to have been planted by [[Edward Pococke]] from seed he collected in 1636 from [[Aleppo]]. With a girth of around {{Convert|9|m|ft|abbr=}} it is the oldest in the UK.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pococke Garden |url=https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/pococke-garden |website=Christ Church |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Christ Church College's Hidden Gardens |journal=OX Magazine |url=https://www.oxmag.co.uk/articles/christ-church-collegeandrsquos-hidden-gardens/ |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref>

==Cultural references==
A plane tree is the main theme in the aria [[Ombra mai fu]] composed by [[George Frideric Handel]], in which the main character, [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes'' ''I of Persia]], admires the shade of a plane tree.

The Chinar leaf is considered a national symbol in [[Azad Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]. The [[:File:AzadKashmirSeal.png|government seal]] continues to include the leaf. Many universities, including the [[University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir|University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] also include the symbol.

It is the [[List of Indian state trees|State tree]] of the Indian [[union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |title=National Identity Elements - States Ut Symbol G L |url=https://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/states-ut-symbol-g-l.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908171111/http://knowindia.gov.in/national-identity-elements/states-ut-symbol-g-l.php |archive-date=September 8, 2017 |website=[[Know India]]}}</ref> During the [[2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony]], held in India, the chinar tree was featured prominently in the 'tree of knowledge' segment of the ceremony. The [[Chinar Corps]] of the [[Indian Army]] is also named after the tree, and the tree's leaf appears on the sign of the corps.

The Pococke Tree in the Pococke Garden at [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]] is thought to be the inspiration for the Tumtum tree in Lewis Carol's poem [[Jabberwocky]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Alice in Gardenland |url=https://thegardenstrust.blog/2021/03/20/alice-in-gardenland/ |website=The Gardens Trust blog |date=20 March 2021 |publisher=[[The Gardens Trust]] |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Platanus orientalis foliage Partenit.jpg|Foliage
File:Bursa016.jpg|[[Bursa]], Turkey
File:Platanus orientalis 1bJPG.jpg|Cambron-Casteau Park, [[Belgium]]
File:Kashmir University.jpg|Chinars at the [[Kashmir University]] in [[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir during autumn
File:Leaf Of Platanus Orientalis .jpg|Leaf of ''Platanus orientalis'' in Kashmir
File:TRSTENO ORIENTAL PLANE TREE, CROATIA.jpg|alt=|The Tresteno Plane, 3.8 m in diameter at breast height, one of the largest volume oriental plane trees
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Platanus orientalis}}
*[https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Platanus+orientalis Plants for a Future]
*[https://www.aranya.co.uk/planes/text/orientalis.html Platanus orientalis]
*[http://www.euforgen.org/species/platanus-orientalis/ ''Platanus orientalis''] – information, genetic conservation units and related resources. [[European Forest Genetic Resources Programme]] (EUFORGEN)

{{Taxonbar|from=Q161105}}

[[Category:Platanus|orientalis]]
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[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
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Toilet: Ek Prem Katha

2026-03-19T05:26:03Z

WilmerLassetter:

{{Short description|2017 Indian film by Shree Narayan Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Toilet: Ek Prem Katha
| image = Toilet Ek Prem Katha.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release posters
| director = [[Shree Narayan Singh]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]]|Aruna Bhatia|Shital Bhatia|[[Prerna Arora]]|Arjun N. Kapoor|Neeraj Pandey|}}
| starring = {{ubl| [[Akshay Kumar]]|[[Bhumi Pednekar]]|[[Anupam Kher]]}}
| writer = [[Siddharth–Garima]]
| music = {{ubl|Vickey Prasad|Manas-Shikhar|[[Sachet–Parampara]]}}
| cinematography = Anshuman Mahaley
| editing = [[Shree Narayan Singh]]
| studio = {{ubl|[[Viacom18 Motion Pictures]]|[[KriArj Entertainment]]|[[Cape of Good Films]]|[[Plan C Studios]]}}
| distributor = Viacom18 Motion Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|08|11|India}}
| runtime = 155 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/toilet-ek-prem-katha-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtodk5odi0|title=TOILET: EK PREM KATHA (12A)|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=8 March 2022|archive-date=7 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307183620/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/toilet-ek-prem-katha-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtodk5odi0|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|75 [[crore]]|link=yes}}<ref name="IE Toilet Budget">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-on-poor-success-rate-of-bollywood-films-in-south-they-dont-spend-more-than-rs-2-crore-on-publicity-4774328|title=Akshay Kumar on poor success rate of Bollywood films: In South, they don't spend more than £2 on publicity|date=30 July 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|author=Express Web Desk|access-date=30 July 2017|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730155912/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-on-poor-success-rate-of-bollywood-films-in-south-they-dont-spend-more-than-rs-2-crore-on-publicity-4774328/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|311.5
crore}}<ref name="firstpost2" />
}}

'''''Toilet: Ek Prem Katha''''' ({{translation|Toilet: A Love
Story}}) or simply '''''Toilet''''', is a 2017 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy-drama film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/toilet-ek-prem-katha-success-haryana-government-makes-village-heads-watch-akshay-kumars-film-738702|title=Toilet-Ek Prem Katha success: Haryana Government directs village heads to watch Akshay Kumar's film|last=IBTimes|website=[[International Business Times]], India Edition|date=17 August 2017|access-date=16 October 2017|archive-date=22 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022042801/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/toilet-ek-prem-katha-success-haryana-government-makes-village-heads-watch-akshay-kumars-film-738702|url-status=live}}</ref> directed by [[Shree Narayan Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/uttar-pradesh-becomes-the-new-flavour-of-bollywood-in-2017-lucknow-central-toilet-ek-prem-katha-4851008/|title=Uttar Pradesh becomes the new flavour of Bollywood in 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|author=ANI|date=19 September 2017|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=19 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919124640/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/uttar-pradesh-becomes-the-new-flavour-of-bollywood-in-2017-lucknow-central-toilet-ek-prem-katha-4851008/|url-status=live}}</ref> Co-produced by [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Neeraj Pandey]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://boxofficecollection.in/bollywood/toilet-ek-prem-katha-first-look-akshay-kumar-bhumi-pendekar-starrer-releases-on-11-august-2017-26076|title=Toilet Ek Prem Katha Cast & Crew|author=BOC India Team|date=31 March 2017|publisher=BoxOfficeCollection.in|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=3 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003152722/http://boxofficecollection.in/bollywood/toilet-ek-prem-katha-first-look-akshay-kumar-bhumi-pendekar-starrer-releases-on-11-august-2017-26076|url-status=live}}</ref> the film stars Akshay Kumar and [[Bhumi Pednekar]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-toilet-ek-prem-katha-not-a-propaganda-film/articleshow/60119473.cms|title=Akshay Kumar: 'Toilet: Ek Prem Katha' not a propaganda film|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=PTI|access-date=10 May 2018|date=18 August 2017|archive-date=23 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823153629/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-toilet-ek-prem-katha-not-a-propaganda-film/articleshow/60119473.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> with campaigns to improve sanitation conditions in India, with an emphasis on the eradication of [[open defecation]], which is still a problem, especially in rural areas.<ref name="socialSatire">{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/latest-hindi-movie-news-bollywood-movies-news-updates/bollywood/bollywood-news/Akshay-Kumars-Toilet-Ek-Prem-Katha-is-a-social-satire/articleshow/55290246.cms|title=Akshay Kumar's 'Toilet ' Ek Prem Katha' is a social satire|date=29 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=21 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121084659/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/latest-hindi-movie-news-bollywood-movies-news-updates/bollywood/bollywood-news/Akshay-Kumars-Toilet-Ek-Prem-Katha-is-a-social-satire/articleshow/55290246.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

It was reported that the movie is based on the true story of Anita Narre from Madhya Pradesh, who refused to go back to her husband Shivram's home because it had no toilet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-woman-awarded-for-leading-toilet-revolution-571578|title=Madhya Pradesh woman awarded for leading 'toilet revolution'|publisher=[[NDTV]]|agency=Agence France Presse|date=16 February 2012|access-date=16 October 2017|archive-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904040725/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-woman-awarded-for-leading-toilet-revolution-571578|url-status=live}}</ref> In fact, after the ending of the film, a photograph of Narre couple is shown with Bhumi Pednekar, and this fact is mentioned as a subtitle. In the beginning of the film too, it is narrated that the film is inspired by a true incident, although the name of real characters comes only towards the end.

The film released on 11 August, 2017. It received mixed reviews from critics<ref>{{Cite web|title=Toilet: Ek Prem Katha {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/toilet_ek_prem_katha|website=www.rottentomatoes.com|access-date=2026-02-02|language=en}}</ref> for the scripting and performances of lead actors. It was a commercial success domestically as well as overseas, particularly in China. It became Kumar's highest-grossing film of all time and the [[List of Hindi films of 2017|fourth highest grossing Indian film]] of the year grossing {{INR|311.02 crore}} worldwide.

The film received three nominations at the [[63rd Filmfare Awards]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] for Narayan Singh and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for Akshay Kumar.

== Plot ==
In an Indian village [[Nandgaon, Uttar Pradesh]], a group of women go to a field, away from their village near Nandgaon in the early hours of the day to defecate in the open, behind the cover of bushes. Keshav has to marry a black buffalo because his father Pandit Vimalnath Sharma is a very religious and superstitious priest, and he believes that his son's marriage to a black buffalo will help improve Keshav's fortune.
[[File:Share of urban population with improved sanitation faciltities, OWID.svg|thumb|Percentage of population with access to decent sanitation, 2015. Note that the map predates Swachh Bharat's major advances.]]
Keshav meets Jaya, an educated college going girl, falls in love with her and eventually convinces her to marry him. However, Keshav's father is of the view that Keshav's [[horoscope]] is such that he can and should only marry a girl who has two thumbs on her left hand. Since Jaya does not fulfill this requirement, Keshav has an artificial thumb made and gives it to Jaya who wears it as a ring on her thumb. Keshav's unsuspecting father agrees to their marriage.

On her first morning in Keshav's house, Jaya reluctantly goes to a field to defecate, but comes back agitated without defecating and complains about it to Keshav. Despite Keshav's repeated attempts to convince Jaya to give up her stubbornness about needing a toilet, Jaya remains steadfast. He makes a couple of temporary adjustments to solve the problem, first taking her to a neighbour's house which has a portable toilet for a bedridden elderly woman, and later in a train that has a seven-minute stop at the village railway station, without actually constructing a toilet in his house, but after a while, one day she gets locked up in the toilet and train departs the station and agitated and frustrated Jaya leaves Keshav and moves back to her parents' house.

After a futile attempt to convince his [[sarpanch]] and villagers to build toilets in the village, Keshav, with the help of Jaya, contacts the concerned regulatory authority and starts the construction of a toilet in his front yard. When the construction is finished, Keshav's father and the sarpanch arrange to demolish the toilet while Keshav is still asleep. But Keshav wakes up before the toilet is completely destroyed and protects it from complete demolition.

Jaya now files for a divorce in the local court citing the unavailability of a toilet in her husband's house as the primary reason for seeking a divorce. Due to its unique nature, the case receives much media attention. Politicians and the concerned government departments spring into action to hasten the construction of toilets in Keshav's village. But Keshav's father remains steadfast on his decision to not have a toilet in his house, until one day, his mother, while going out to defecate, falls on the doorstep, injures her hip and cries vehemently that she can't possibly walk to the fields to defecate, and that she must use the toilet that Keshav constructed in the front yard. After much reluctance, Keshav's father gives in and helps his mother to the toilet. He then realises that a toilet is indeed a critical requirement within a household.

On the day of the hearing of the divorce case of Keshav and Jaya, the judge gets an official notice from the Chief Minister's office urging the judge to not grant their divorce as the construction of toilets in their village shall be started the very next day. The couple comes out together happily. Keshav's father apologises to Jaya for his stubbornness. In the end credits, villagers are shown lining up to use mobile toilets outside their village while the construction of toilets throughout the village proceeds.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Keshav Sharma<ref name="funnyButCredible">{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/toilet-ek-prem-katha-bhumi-pednekar-4403022/|title=Toilet Ek Prem Katha is funny yet credible: Bhumi Pednekar|date=30 November 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=10 May 2018|author=PTI|archive-date=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717164759/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/toilet-ek-prem-katha-bhumi-pednekar-4403022/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Bhumi Pednekar]] as Jaya Sharma (Nee' Joshi)<ref name="funnyButCredible" />
* [[Divyendu Sharma]] as Narayan ("Naru") Sharma
* [[Anupam Kher]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anupam-kher-wraps-up-toilet-ek-prem-katha-shoot/articleshow/56832245.cms|title=Anupam Kher wraps up 'Toilet: Ek Prem Katha' shoot|date=28 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|author=PTI|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=9 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180509011145/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anupam-kher-wraps-up-toilet-ek-prem-katha-shoot/articleshow/56832245.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> as Dinanath ("DJ Kakka") Joshi
* [[Sudhir Pandey]] as Pandit Vimalnath Sharma ("Panditji" or "Vimu"), Keshav and Naru's father
* Atul Srivastava as Mr. Jagdish Joshi, Jaya's father
* [[Ayesha Raza Mishra]] as Vidya Joshi, Jaya's mother
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Mathur
* [[Shubha Khote]] as Rampyari ("Dadi") Sharma, Keshav's grandmother
* Mukesh S Bhatt as Rastogi
* Kimti Anand as Pradhan
* Rati Shankar Tripathi as Sarpanch
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Director (cameo)
* [[Sana Khan]] as Keshav's unnamed lover (cameo)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sana-khan-play-akshay-kumars-girlfriend-toilet-ek-prem-katha/|title=Sana Khan to play Akshay Kumar's girlfriend in Toilet – Ek Prem Katha – Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 February 2017|access-date=30 July 2017|archive-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606055239/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sana-khan-play-akshay-kumars-girlfriend-toilet-ek-prem-katha/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/working-with-akshay-kumar-in-toiletek-prem-katha-was-challenging-sana-khan/articleshow/59683685.cms|title=Sana Khan: Working with Akshay Kumar in 'Toilet:Ek Prem Katha' was challenging|work=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|author=ANI|access-date=14 June 2018|date=20 July 2017|archive-date=1 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001052343/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/working-with-akshay-kumar-in-toiletek-prem-katha-was-challenging-sana-khan/articleshow/59683685.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Khushboo Sawan as Meena, Jaya's friend
* Richa Tiwari as Reporter
* [[Akash Singh Rajput]] as Reporter <ref> {{cite web|date=2023-02-02|title=TV is full of drama,' says actor Akash Singh Rajput|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/tv-is-full-of-drama-says-actor-akash-singh-rajput-475843}}</ref>
* [[Aasif Khan]] as Reporter (cameo)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-11|title=Aasif Khan: Gambles have worked best for me|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/asif-khan-gambles-have-worked-best-for-me-101615479335106.html|access-date=2021-03-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311161551/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/asif-khan-gambles-have-worked-best-for-me-101615479335106.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== Production ==
===Development===
The film was written by Siddharth Singh and Garima Wahal, the writers of the 2013 Hindi film ''[[Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela]]''. It shares some similarities with a true event in which 19-year-old Priyanka Bharti fled her husband's home in 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/toilet-ek-prem-katha-writers-refute-claims-of-plagiarism-by-documentary-filmmaker-3772579.html|title=Toilet: Ek Prem Katha writers refute claims of plagiarism by documentary filmmaker|work=Showsha|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|author=FP Staff|date=3 July 2017|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=30 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130221632/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/toilet-ek-prem-katha-writers-refute-claims-of-plagiarism-by-documentary-filmmaker-3772579.html|url-status=live}}</ref> when there was no toilet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/21-year-old-stands-for-the-need-for-sanitation/story-E5ZAjDe3cVTAtPB5TinNbI.html|title=21-year-old stands for the need for sanitation|work=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=7 March 2014|last=Saigal|first=Gaurav|access-date=30 July 2017|archive-date=26 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726170342/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/21-year-old-stands-for-the-need-for-sanitation/story-E5ZAjDe3cVTAtPB5TinNbI.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/brides-new-toilet-points-to-social-revolution/article3592717.ece|title=Bride's new toilet points to social revolution|author=AFP|date=2 July 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=30 July 2017|archive-date=1 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801232622/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/brides-new-toilet-points-to-social-revolution/article3592717.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In the film, before the end credits, ''Toilet'' mentions that it is based on the story of Anita Narre from Madhya Pradesh, who refused to go back to her husband Shivram's home because it had no toilet.<ref name="firstpost" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-woman-awarded-for-leading-toilet-revolution-571578|title=Madhya Pradesh woman awarded for leading 'toilet revolution'|publisher=NDTV Convergence|work=[[NDTV]]|author=Agence France Presse|date=16 February 2012|access-date=16 October 2017|archive-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904040725/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-woman-awarded-for-leading-toilet-revolution-571578|url-status=live}}</ref>

Filmmaker Praveen Vyas sent a legal notice to the makers, claiming that ''Toilet- Ek Prem Katha'' plagiarised scenes and dialogues from his documentary ''Manini'', based on the same subject.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/030717/toilet-ek-prem-katha-writers-plan-defamation-case-over-ridiculous-plagiarism-claims.html|title= Toilet-Ek Prem Katha writers plan defamation case over 'ridiculous' plagiarism claims|access-date= 3 July 2017|date= 3 July 2017|author= Deccan Chronicle|work= [[Deccan Chronicle]]|archive-date= 3 July 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170703191117/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/030717/toilet-ek-prem-katha-writers-plan-defamation-case-over-ridiculous-plagiarism-claims.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] called it a good effort to further the message of cleanliness, as per [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Narendra Modi Lauds Akshay Kumar Toilet Ek Prem Katha's Trailer; Calls It a Good Effort to Further the Message of Cleanliness|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/pm-narendra-modi-lauds-akshay-kumar-toilet-ek-prem-katha-trailer-calls-it-a-good-effort-to-further-the-message-of-cleanliness-1430809.html|work=[[News18]]|publisher=Network18 Media and Investments|access-date=10 May 2018|date=13 June 2017|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028160655/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/pm-narendra-modi-lauds-akshay-kumar-toilet-ek-prem-katha-trailer-calls-it-a-good-effort-to-further-the-message-of-cleanliness-1430809.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PM Narendra Modi impressed with Akshay Kumar's 'Toilet Ek Prem Katha' trailer|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pm-modi-impressed-with-akshay-kumars-toilet-ek-prem-katha-trailer/articleshow/59123054.cms|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|author=ANI|access-date=10 May 2018|work=[[Times of India]]|date=12 June 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215013455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pm-modi-impressed-with-akshay-kumars-toilet-ek-prem-katha-trailer/articleshow/59123054.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2017, [[Bill Gates]] listed ''Toilet: Ek Prem Katha'' as one of the six positive things that happened in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/on-bill-gates-best-of-2017-list-akshay-kumars-toilet-ek-prem-katha-1790024|title=On Bill Gates' Best Of 2017 List, Akshay Kumar's Toilet: Ek Prem Katha|work=[[NDTV]]|publisher=NDTV Convergence|first=Divya|last=Goyal|date=20 December 2017|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228194548/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/on-bill-gates-best-of-2017-list-akshay-kumars-toilet-ek-prem-katha-1790024|url-status=live}}</ref>

Akshay Kumar dug a toilet in [[Madhya Pradesh]] to promote the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/akshay-kumar-helps-build-toilet-in-mp/articleshow/57959050.cms|title=Akshay Kumar helps build toilet in MP|date=1 April 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 March 2022|archive-date=7 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307182051/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/akshay-kumar-helps-build-toilet-in-mp/articleshow/57959050.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie trailer was released on 11 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/toilet-ek-prem-katha-trailer-is-gripping-akshay-kumar-takes-on-an-important-issue-3539585.html|title=Toilet: Ek Prem Katha trailer is gripping; Akshay Kumar takes on an important issue|date=11 June 2017|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|access-date=7 March 2022|archive-date=7 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307182534/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/toilet-ek-prem-katha-trailer-is-gripping-akshay-kumar-takes-on-an-important-issue-3539585.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
On the [[review aggregator]] website ''[[Rotten Tomatoes]]'', ''Toilet Ek Prem Katha'' has an approval rating of 21% based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10.<ref>{{cite web |title=Toilet – Ek Prem Katha (2017) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/toilet_ek_prem_katha |access-date=9 May 2018 |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media]] |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201104546/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/toilet_ek_prem_katha/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 4 stars out of 5, saying, "Director Shree Narayan Singh holds up a mirror to society, showing us how our superstitious villagers, lazy administration and corrupt politicians have actually converted India into the world’s largest shit-pond. Women especially, are treated more insensitively than cattle!"<ref>{{cite news |last=Iyer |first=Meena |date=11 August 2017 |title=Toilet: Ek Prem Katha Movie Review |work=[[Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/toilet-ek-prem-katha/movie-review/59901542.cms |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811221725/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/toilet-ek-prem-katha/movie-review/59901542.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film a rating of 2 stars out of 5 and said, "It’s fitting that Akshay Kumar has greenlit and played the lead in this film, which is more a primer of How To Break Social Taboos and Make Toilets rather than a powerful social drama".<ref>{{cite news |last=Shubhra |first=Gupta |date=11 August 2017 |title=Toilet Ek Prem Katha movie review: This Akshay Kumar film is derailed by clunky execution |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/toilet-ek-prem-katha-movie-review-akshay-kumar-bhumi-pednekar-star-rating-4790636/ |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811104657/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/toilet-ek-prem-katha-movie-review-akshay-kumar-bhumi-pednekar-star-rating-4790636/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' praised the performances of the lead actors of the film but criticized the long length and inconsistent screenplay, and concluded the review by giving the film a rating of 3 stars out of 5, saying that, "On the whole, Toilet – Ek Prem Katha, despite the minuses, integrates a strong social message with entertainment wonderfully and also questions several age old practises in the society."<ref>{{cite web |author=Bollywood Hungama News Network |date=11 August 2017 |title=Movie Review: Toilet – Ek Prem Katha |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/toilet-ek-prem-katha/critic-review/toilet-ek-prem-katha-movie-review/ |access-date=10 May 2018 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010851/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/toilet-ek-prem-katha/critic-review/toilet-ek-prem-katha-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film a rating of 3.5 stars out of 5 and said, "Toilet – Ek Prem Katha is a solid entertainer with a strong social message. It may not have the most polished screenplay, but director Shree Narayan Singh's deft handling of the subject makes the most out of its noble intentions."<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rachit |date=10 August 2017 |title=Movie Review: Toilet: Ek Prem Katha |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/toilet-ek-prem-katha-movie-review-smart-and-relevant-entertainer-22989.html |access-date=10 May 2018 |work=[[Filmfare]] |publisher=Worldwide Media |archive-date=30 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430211109/http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/toilet-ek-prem-katha-movie-review-smart-and-relevant-entertainer-22989.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[News18]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and said, "It’s clear the film has its heart in the right place but the blatant pandering gets tiresome. Akshay Kumar brings just the right amount of levity and Bhumi Pednekar shines. It’s the sloppy writing that is the culprit here. Toilet Ek Prem Katha had potential but it’s only sporadically entertaining."<ref>{{cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |date=1 October 2017 |title=Toilet Ek Prem Katha Review: The Film Is Only Sporadically Entertaining |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/toilet-ek-prem-katha-review-the-film-is-only-sporadically-entertaining-1488687.html |website=News18 |access-date=9 August 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030145533/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/toilet-ek-prem-katha-review-the-film-is-only-sporadically-entertaining-1488687.html |url-status=live }}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Rohit Vats of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave it 2.5 stars out of 5, saying, "Ek Prem Katha endorses the Indian government’s Swacch Bharat Abhiyaan so seriously that after a point it starts to look like that Priyanka Bharti ad featuring Vidya Balan".<ref>{{cite news |last=Rohit |first=Vats |date=11 August 2017 |title=Toilet Ek Prem Katha movie review: Ashay Kumar, Bhumi Pednekar's film is lost in translation |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/toilet-ek-prem-katha-movie-review-in-akshay-kumar-we-trust/story-JTqGL9Z30cWT1vfPQ6GeEN.html |access-date=12 August 2017}}</ref>

Writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', [[Namrata Joshi]] said, "While some amount of potential (eventually lost) is visible in the first half, the second half of the film ends in a total mess".<ref>{{cite news |last=Namrata |first=Jodhi |date=11 August 2017 |title='Toilet: Ek Prem Katha' review: filmi pamphleteering |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/toilet-ek-prem-katha-review-filmi-pamphleteering/article19474519.ece |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030517/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/toilet-ek-prem-katha-review-filmi-pamphleteering/article19474519.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Anna MM of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated it 1.5/5, saying, "The tragedy of ''Toilet: Ek Prem Katha'' is that minus stalking and the ''chamchagiri'', it could have been a good film".<ref name="firstpost" /> Saibal Chaterjee of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film 2/5 stars, and said, "When what should at best have been a ten-minute public service film bloats into a two-and-a-half-hour, patience-testing, yawn-inducing Bollywood puff-job for a government scheme, it is bound to stink to high heaven. Toilet: Ek Prem Katha does".<ref>{{cite news |last=Saibal |first=Chaterjee |date=11 August 2017 |title=Toilet: Ek Prem Katha Movie Review – Akshay Kumar's Film Stinks To High Heaven |work=[[NDTV]] |publisher=NDTV Convergence |url=http://m.ndtv.com/entertainment/toilet-ek-prem-katha-movie-review-akshay-kumars-film-stinks-to-high-heaven-1736366 |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811223412/http://m.ndtv.com/entertainment/toilet-ek-prem-katha-movie-review-akshay-kumars-film-stinks-to-high-heaven-1736366 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rohit Bhatnagar of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 and said, "Akshay Kumar, Bhumi Pednekar and Divyendu Sharma are sure to win you over with their quirky yet brilliant acts".<ref>{{cite news |last=Rohit |first=Bhatnagar |date=11 August 2017 |title=Toilet Ek Prem Katha review: Great humour, performances make it worthwhile |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/110817/toilet-ek-prem-katha-review-brilliant-comic-timing-stellar-performances-spell-magic.html |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811171832/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/110817/toilet-ek-prem-katha-review-brilliant-comic-timing-stellar-performances-spell-magic.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''Film Companion'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and said, "The second half becomes a litany of lectures, brazen plugs for the government, tedious song sequences, a 3000-crore toilet scam and an inexplicable change of heart...everything is stitched together hurriedly. There is too much preaching and not enough punch. At over two and a half hours, it’s too long and not very satisfying."<ref>{{cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=11 August 2017 |title=Toilet: Ek Prem Katha: A Script That Doesn't Do Justice To The Film's Good Intentions |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/toilet-ek-prem-katha-review-anupama-chopra/ |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=4 August 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510121901/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bollywood-review/toilet-ek-prem-katha-review-anupama-chopra/ |url-status=live }}{{Rating|2.5|5}}</ref> Raja Sen of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and said, "Akshay Kumar is sincere, but this film is too painfully long and preachy to be effective."<ref>{{cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=19 March 2019 |title=Toilet: Ek Prem Katha Movie Review: Akshay Kumar's Toilet Doesn't Work |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/toilet-ek-prem-katha-movie-review-akshay-kumars-toilet-doesnt-work-1736482 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=12 August 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510120401/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/toilet-ek-prem-katha-movie-review-akshay-kumars-toilet-doesnt-work-1736482 |url-status=live }}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] called it a good effort to further the message of cleanliness, as per [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=PM Narendra Modi Lauds Akshay Kumar Toilet Ek Prem Katha's Trailer; Calls It a Good Effort to Further the Message of Cleanliness|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/pm-narendra-modi-lauds-akshay-kumar-toilet-ek-prem-katha-trailer-calls-it-a-good-effort-to-further-the-message-of-cleanliness-1430809.html|work=[[News18]]|publisher=Network18 Media and Investments|access-date=10 May 2018|date=13 June 2017|archive-date=28 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028160655/http://www.news18.com/news/movies/pm-narendra-modi-lauds-akshay-kumar-toilet-ek-prem-katha-trailer-calls-it-a-good-effort-to-further-the-message-of-cleanliness-1430809.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=PM Narendra Modi impressed with Akshay Kumar's 'Toilet Ek Prem Katha' trailer|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pm-modi-impressed-with-akshay-kumars-toilet-ek-prem-katha-trailer/articleshow/59123054.cms|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|author=ANI|access-date=10 May 2018|work=[[Times of India]]|date=12 June 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215013455/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pm-modi-impressed-with-akshay-kumars-toilet-ek-prem-katha-trailer/articleshow/59123054.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2017, [[Bill Gates]] listed ''Toilet: Ek Prem Katha'' as one of the six positive things that happened in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/on-bill-gates-best-of-2017-list-akshay-kumars-toilet-ek-prem-katha-1790024|title=On Bill Gates' Best Of 2017 List, Akshay Kumar's Toilet: Ek Prem Katha|work=[[NDTV]]|publisher=NDTV Convergence|first=Divya|last=Goyal|date=20 December 2017|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=28 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228194548/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/on-bill-gates-best-of-2017-list-akshay-kumars-toilet-ek-prem-katha-1790024|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film released on 11 August 2017, before [[Independence Day (India)|India's independence day]].<ref name=release>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/movies/toilet-ek-prem-katha-akshay-kumar-2017.html|title=Toilet Ek Prem Katha (2017)|publisher=Greynium Information Technologies|website=FilmiBeat|access-date=30 July 2017|archive-date=17 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617012340/http://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/movies/toilet-ek-prem-katha-akshay-kumar-2017.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed {{INRConvert|311.5|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} worldwide, becoming Akshay Kumar's highest-grossing film, and his first film to enter the [[100 Crore Club|300 crore club]].<ref name="firstpost2">{{cite news|last=MK|first=Surendhar|date=18 June 2018|title=Toilet: Ek Prem Katha trumps Baahubali 2 in China; becomes Akshay Kumar's first film to cross Rs 300 cr mark worldwide|work=[[Firstpost]]|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/toilet-ek-prem-katha-trumps-baahubali-2-in-china-becomes-akshay-kumars-first-film-to-cross-rs-300-cr-mark-worldwide-4530341.html|access-date=11 July 2018|archive-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628111022/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/toilet-ek-prem-katha-trumps-baahubali-2-in-china-becomes-akshay-kumars-first-film-to-cross-rs-300-cr-mark-worldwide-4530341.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:30%; text-align:center;"
|+ ''Toilet: Ek Prem Katha'' worldwide gross revenue breakdown
|-
! Territories
! Gross revenue
|-
| [[List of highest-grossing films in India|India]]
| {{INRConvert|186.42|c|lk=c|year=2017|mode=historical}}<ref name="hungama">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-dangal/|title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Dangal|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=24 December 2016|author=Bollywood Hungama News Network|publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|access-date=11 July 2018|archive-date=9 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709215543/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-dangal/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[List of highest-grossing films in China|China]]
| {{US$|14.36 million|long=no}}<ref name="entgroup">{{cite web |title=Daily Box Office > China |url=http://english.entgroup.cn/boxoffice/cn/daily/ |publisher=EntGroup |access-date=25 June 2018 |archive-date=27 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227085021/http://english.entgroup.cn/boxoffice/cn/daily/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ({{INR|97.34 crore}})<ref name="hungama-china" />
|-
| Other territories
| {{INRConvert|30.16|c|year=2017|mode=historical}}<ref name="hungama" />
|-
! [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|Worldwide total]]
! {{INRConvert|311.5|c|year=2018|mode=historical}}<ref name="firstpost2" />
|}

=== Domestic ===
The film collected {{INRConvert|13.10|c|year=2017|mode=historical}} in India on the first day.<ref name="BO">{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-toilet-ek-prem-katha/|title=Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Toilet – Ek Prem Katha|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=12 August 2017|access-date=11 June 2018|publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|author=Bollywood Hungama News Network|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144218/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-toilet-ek-prem-katha/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film became Kumar's 9th biggest opening film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-toilet-ek-prem-katha-becomes-akshay-kumars-9th-highest-opening-day-grosser/|title=Box Office: Toilet – Ek Prem Katha becomes Akshay Kumar's 9th highest opening day grosser|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=12 August 2017|access-date=12 August 2017|author=Bollywood Hungama News Network|publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814170508/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-toilet-ek-prem-katha-becomes-akshay-kumars-9th-highest-opening-day-grosser/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed Rs 132 crore in India, and emerged as the highest-grossing film of Kumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3243|title=Toilet Ek Prem Katha Becomes Akshay Kumar Highest Grosser|work=[[Box Office India]]|author=Box Office India Trade Network|date=13 September 2017|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=16 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916143731/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3243|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3210|title=Toilet Ek Prem Katha – Bareilly Ki Barfi Update|work=[[Box Office India]]|author=Box Office India Trade Network|date=2 September 2017|access-date=10 May 2018|archive-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904194307/http://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3210|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Overseas ===
On first day, the film collected {{INRConvert|16.66|l|year=2017|mode=historical}} from 16 screens in [[Australia]] and {{INRConvert|5.79|l|year=2017|mode=historical}} from eight screens in [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-toilet-ek-prem-katha-day-1-overseas/|title=Box Office: Toilet – Ek Prem Katha Day 1 in overseas|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=11 August 2017|access-date=12 August 2017|publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment|author=Bollywood Hungama News Network|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813064136/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-toilet-ek-prem-katha-day-1-overseas/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Toilet'' grossed $2,250,000 on its opening weekend overseas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3165|title=Top Overseas Grossers 2017 – Jab Harry Met Sejal Third|website=[[Box Office India]]|author=Box Office India Trade Network|date=15 August 2017|access-date=16 October 2017|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817210318/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3165|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was re-titled as ''Toilet Hero'' in China for Chinese audiences.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/toilet-ek-prem-katha-china-akshay-kumar-5207691/ |title=Akshay Kumar's Toilet Ek Prem Katha to release in China as Toilet Hero |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=7 August 2018 |access-date=28 October 2018 |publisher=The Indian Express |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713034833/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/toilet-ek-prem-katha-china-akshay-kumar-5207691/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film collected {{INRConvert|91.31|c|year=2018|mode=historical}} in 7{{nbsp}}days at the Chinese box office.<ref name="chinabo">{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/china-box-office-toilet-ek-prem-katha-collects-usd-0-86-million-day-7-china-total-collections-rs-91-31-cr/ |title=China Box Office: Toilet – Ek Prem Katha collects USD 0.86 million on Day 7 in China; total collections at Rs. 91.31 cr |date=15 June 2018 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=15 June 2018 |publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment |author=Bollywood Hungama News Network |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616055301/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/china-box-office-toilet-ek-prem-katha-collects-usd-0-86-million-day-7-china-total-collections-rs-91-31-cr/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By its 17th day, the film had grossed {{US$|14.36 million|long=no}}<ref name="entgroup" /> ({{INR|97.34 crore}}) in China.<ref name="hungama-china" />

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Toilet: Ek Prem Katha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Vickey Prasad, Manas-Shikhar, [[Sachet–Parampara]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 13 July 2017
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:00
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|_cH1biftbnc|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack of the film was composed by Vickey Prasad, Manas-Shikhar and [[Sachet–Parampara]] and the lyrics were written by Siddharth-Garima. The first track of the film, titled "Hans Mat Pagli", sung by [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]], was released online on 28 June 2017. The second track, "Bakheda", sung by [[Sukhwinder Singh]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], was released on 5 July 2017. The third song released was "Gori Tu Latth Maar", sung by [[Sonu Nigam]] and [[Palak Muchhal]], and released on 12 July 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2d8cevZDIQ|title=Hans Mat Pagli Video Song {{!}} Toilet- Ek Prem Katha {{!}} Akshay Kumar, Bhumi {{!}} Sonu Nigam, Shreya Ghoshal|access-date=28 June 2017|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=27 June 2017|first1=Sonu|last1=Nigam|first2=Shreya|last2=Ghoshal|work=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|archive-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628052225/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h2d8cevZDIQ&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_y1pHvjKKEE|title=Hans Mat Pagle Song {{!}} Toilet- Ek Prem Katha {{!}} Akshay Kumar, Bhumi {{!}} Shreya Ghoshal|access-date=29 June 2017|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=28 June 2017|first=Shreya|last=Ghoshal|work=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|archive-date=29 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629061643/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_y1pHvjKKEE&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AM4UnPD5RkI|title=Hans Mat Pagli Duet Video – Sonu Nigam, Shreya Ghoshal|access-date=30 June 2017|publisher=[[YouTube]]|date=29 June 2017|first1=Sonu|last1=Nigam|first2=Shreya|last2=Ghoshal|work=[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630051243/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AM4UnPD5RkI&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack was released on 13 July 2017 by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] and consists of five songs. The song "Toilet Ka Jugaad", sung by [[Akshay Kumar]] and Vickey Prasad, was included in the film but was not released along with the soundtrack. It was released on 4 August 2017.{{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:00
| title1 = Hans Mat Pagli
| all_lyrics = Siddharth-Garima
| music1 = Vickey Prasad
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 5:18

| title2 = Bakheda
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| music2 = Vickey Prasad
| length2 = 3:27

| title3 = Gori Tu Latth Maar
| length3 = 3:58
| extra3 = Sonu Nigam, [[Palak Muchhal]]
| music3 = Manas Shikhar

| title4 = Subah Ki Train
| length4 = 3:45
| extra4 = [[Sachet–Parampara]]
| music4 = Sachet–Parampara

| title5 = Toilet Ka Jugaad
| extra5 = [[Akshay Kumar]], Vickey Prasad
| length5 = 4:32
| music5 = Vickey Prasad

| length8 =
| title10 =
| length9 =
| title9 =
| length6 =
| title8 =
| length7 =
| title7 =
| title6 =
| all_writing =
| length10 =
}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Date of ceremony
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2 December 2017
|[[Screen Awards|Star Screen Awards]]
|Best Actor – Male (Popular)
|[[Akshay Kumar]]
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan="10" |30 December 2017
| rowspan="10" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|Best Film (Viewer's Choice)
| rowspan="3" |''Toilet: Ek Prem Katha''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/zee-cine-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-priyanka-chopra-amitabh-bachchan-secret-superstar-toilet-ek-prem-katha-win-big-2772030/|title=Zee Cine Awards 2018 Complete Winners List: Shah Rukh Khan, Priyanka Chopra, Amitabh Bachchan, Secret Superstar, Toilet Ek Prem Katha Win Big|last=Khole|first=Purva|date=19 December 2017|work=India.com|publisher=India Webportal|access-date=19 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222053304/http://www.india.com/showbiz/zee-cine-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-shah-rukh-khan-priyanka-chopra-amitabh-bachchan-secret-superstar-toilet-ek-prem-katha-win-big-2772030/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Film (Jury's Choice)
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Extraordinary Impact
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Actor – Male (Viewer's Choice)
| rowspan="2" |[[Akshay Kumar]]
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="7" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/|title=ZCA 2018|website=[[Zee Cine Awards]]|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=1 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501090052/http://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor – Male (Jury's Choice)
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Actor – Female (Viewer's Choice)
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhumi Pednekar]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Actor – Female (Jury's Choice)
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Debutant Director
| rowspan="2" |Shree Narayan Singh
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Director
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Writing
|Siddharth Singh, Garima Wahal
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |20 January 2018
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|Best Film
|''Toilet: Ek Prem Katha''
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018_-26161-3.html|title=Nominations for the 63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018|work=[[Filmfare]]|publisher=Worldwide Media|date=19 January 2018|author=Filmfare|access-date=19 January 2018|archive-date=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717164749/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018_-26161-3.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|Shree Narayan Singh
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Akshay Kumar]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
| [[10th Mirchi Music Awards|28 January 2018]]
| [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Music Composer of The Year|Upcoming Music Composer of The Year]]
| Vickey Prasad (for the song "Hans Mat Pagli")
| {{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=Nominations|publisher=Mirchi Music Awards 2017|access-date=13 March 2018|archive-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325084119/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|3 May 2018
|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|[[Ganesh Acharya]] (for the song "Gori Tu Latth Maar")
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/65th-national-film-awards-live-sridevi-posthumously-awarded-best-actress-for-mom-newton-wins-best-hindi-film-1717053.html|title=65th National Film Awards LIVE: Sridevi Posthumously Awarded Best Actress; Vinod Khanna Honoured With Dada Saheb Phalke Award|date=13 April 2018|work=[[News18]]|publisher=Network18 Media and Investments|access-date=14 April 2018|author=News18.com|archive-date=3 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903193716/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/65th-national-film-awards-live-sridevi-posthumously-awarded-best-actress-vinod-khanna-honoured-with-dada-saheb-phalke-award-1717053.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|13 May 2018
|[[Matri Shree Media Award]]
|Best Feature Film
|''Toilet: Ek Prem Katha''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=26 journalists to be conferred with 43rd Matri Shree Media Awards |url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/26-journalists-to-be-conferred-with-43rd-matri-shree-media-awards/India/news/1219718.html |date=3 May 2018 |access-date=11 July 2018 |author=UNI |work=[[United News of India]] |archive-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721125025/http://www.uniindia.com/~/26-journalists-to-be-conferred-with-43rd-matri-shree-media-awards/India/news/1219718.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |22 June 2018
| rowspan="3" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
|Best Film
|''Toilet: Ek Prem Katha''
|{{Nominated}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-nominations-2018-tumhari-sulu-leads-with-7-nods-newton-follows-1855889|title=IIFA Nominations 2018: Tumhari Sulu Leads With 7 Nods, Newton Follows|work=[[NDTV]]|publisher=NDTV Convergence|access-date=28 May 2018|date=22 May 2018|first=Nilanjana|last=Basu|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527084642/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-nominations-2018-tumhari-sulu-leads-with-7-nods-newton-follows-1855889|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Akshay Kumar]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Best Story
|Siddharth Singh, Garima Wahal
|{{Nominated}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="firstpost">{{cite news |last=Vetticad |first=Anna MM |date=11 August 2017 |title=Toilet: Ek Prem Katha movie review—Akshay Kumar's paean to Modi and the potty |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/toilet-ek-prem-katha-movie-review-akshay-kumars-paean-to-modi-and-the-potty-3919195.html |access-date=12 August 2017 |archive-date=11 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811193627/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/toilet-ek-prem-katha-movie-review-akshay-kumars-paean-to-modi-and-the-potty-3919195.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

<ref name="hungama-china">{{cite news |title=China Box Office: Toilet – Ek Prem Katha collects USD 0.09 million on Day 14 in China; total collections at Rs. 97.34 cr |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/china-box-office-toilet-ek-prem-katha-collects-usd-0-09-million-day-14-china-total-collections-rs-97-34-cr/ |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=22 June 2018 |publisher=Hungama Digital Media Entertainment |author=Bollywood Hungama News Network |access-date=11 July 2018 |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625060553/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/china-box-office-toilet-ek-prem-katha-collects-usd-0-09-million-day-14-china-total-collections-rs-97-34-cr/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|5785170}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|toilet-ek-prem-katha}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Viacom18 Studios}}
{{Akshay Kumar}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestFilm}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vickey Prasad]]
[[Category:Films scored by Manas–Shikhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sachet–Parampara]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Surinder Sodhi]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Choreography National Film Award–winning choreography]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:2017 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2010s satirical films]]
[[Category:Cape of Good Films films]]

Khushboo Bangla

2026-03-16T21:12:56Z

WilmerLassetter: minor fixed layout after review additionally

{{short description|Indian Bengali Movie Channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = '''Khushboo Bangla'''
| logo = Khushboo-Bangla.png
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2017
| image =
| launch_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|08|01}}
| closed_date =
| picture_format = [[576i]] ([[SDTV]])
| network =
| owner = Manoranjan TV Group Limited
| country = India
| language = [[Bengali language|Bangla]]
| area = India
| affiliates =
| headquarters = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| former_names = Khushboo TV (2012-2017)
| replaced =
| replaced_by =
| sister_channels = [[Manoranjan TV]] Manoranjan Movies [[Manoranjan Grand]] [[Manoranjan Prime]]
| timeshift_service =
| website =
| terr_serv_1 =
| terr_chan_1 =
| online_serv_1 =
| online_chan_1 =
}}

'''Khushboo Bangla''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] television channel. It started to broadcast on 14 October 2017 as the Bangla language cable channel in India. The channel mostly airs content intended for family and coming-of-age generations. Its main audience attraction is Bangla movies. This channel has also aired a Bangladeshi television drama series.<ref>{{cite web | title= ভারতীয় চ্যানেলে বাংলাদেশের ক্রাইম পেট্রোল, ডাবিং হবে হিন্দিতেও | url= https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/entertainment/2018/10/28/696962| access-date= 14 April 2019| newspaper = Kaler Kantho}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title= ভারতীয় চ্যানেলে বাংলাদেশের নাটক 'ক্রাইম প্যাট্রোল'| url= http://web.dailyjanakantha.com/details/article/381100/ভারতীয়-চ্যানেলে-বাংলাদেশের-নাটক-ক্রাইম-প্যাট্রোল/| access-date= 14 April 2019| newspaper= Janakantho}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title= ভারতীয় চ্যানেলে বাংলাদেশের ক্রাইম পেট্রোল | url= https://www.bd-pratidin.com/entertainment-news/2018/11/07/374065 | access-date= 14 April 2019| newspaper = Bangladesh Pratidin}}</ref>

==Current shows ==
*''Hasir Khazhana''
*''Bangladeshi Movies ''

==Former shows==
*''Crime Watch''
*''Bangla Golpo''
*''Funcho''
*''Mowgli''
*''Fun Unlimited''
*''Golpo Jhuri''
*''Adventure Stories ''
*''Magical Stories''
*''Chacha Bhatija( Bengali dubbed)''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Manoranjan Group]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2017]]
[[Category:Television stations in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Movie channels in India]]

{{India-tv-stub}}

Sambhaji Pawar

2026-03-15T04:12:18Z

WilmerLassetter: made a article!

{{Short description|Indian politician (1941–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
|caption =
| name = Sambhaji Pawar
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|03|15|1941}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2021 |title=Former MLA, Wrestler Sambhaji Pawar Dies In Maharashtra Aged 80|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-mla-wrestler-sambhaji-pawar-dies-in-maharashtra-aged-80-2391410/amp/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119174317/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-mla-wrestler-sambhaji-pawar-dies-in-maharashtra-aged-80-2391410 |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=19 November 2022 |website= [[NDTV]] |language=English
}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Sangli]], India
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Sambhaji Pawar''' (1941 – 15 March 2021) was a member of the [[Sangli Assembly constituency]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2009 |title=BJP scores hat trick in riot-hit constituencies|url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/bjp-scores-hat-trick-in-riot-hit-constituencies--61227 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119180308/https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/bjp-scores-hat-trick-in-riot-hit-constituencies--61227 |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=19 November 2022 |website= [[Mid-Day]] |language=English
}}</ref> of [[Maharashtra]] and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2022 |title=Pai. Sambhaji Hari Pawar(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency - Sangli (SANGLI) Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/mh2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=3591 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119175933/https://myneta.info/mh2009/candidate.php?candidate_id=3591 |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=19 November 2022 |website= [[Association for Democratic Reforms|myneta.info]] |language=English
}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 1986: Elected Bypoll to [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] - [[Janata Dal]]
* 1990: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly - Janata Dal <ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3720-maharashtra-1990/?do=download&r=8756&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=dbbda3d9f1cf58305222aa5f903a6a93pdf |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 1990|publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=16 November 2022}}</ref>
* 1995: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly - Janata Dal <ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3721-maharashtra-1995/?do=download&r=8758&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=dbbda3d9f1cf58305222aa5f903a6a93pdf |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 1995|publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=16 November 2022}}</ref>
* 2009: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly - [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3724-maharashtra-2009/?do=download&r=8764&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=dbbda3d9f1cf58305222aa5f903a6a93pdf |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election Results 2009|publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=16 November 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawar, Sambhaji}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Sangli]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Chandragupta II

2026-03-14T21:15:50Z

WilmerLassetter:

{{Short description|Ruler of Gupta Empire from c. 375 to c. 415}}
{{other uses|Chandragupta (disambiguation){{!}}Chandragupta}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Chandragupta II 𑀘𑀦𑁆𑀤𑁆𑀭𑀕𑀼𑀧𑁆𑀢
| title = [[Vikramāditya]] (The Sun of Valour) [[Maharajadhiraja|Mahārājādhirāja]] (King of Kings)
| image = ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = An 8 gram gold coin featuring Chandragupta II astride a caparisoned horse, with a bow in his left hand.<ref>*{{British-Museum-db|1910,0403.26|C_1910-0403-26}}</ref> The name ''Cha-gu-pta'' appears in the upper left [[Quadrant (circle)|quadrant]].
| succession = [[List of Gupta emperors|Gupta emperor]]
| reign = {{circa|375 or 380|415 CE}} (35–40 years)
| coronation = {{circa|380 CE}}
| predecessor = [[Samudragupta]], possibly [[Ramagupta]]
| successor = [[Kumaragupta I]]
| birth_date = (Unknown) possibly {{circa|345–350 CE}}
| birth_place = [[Pataliputra]], 
[[Gupta Empire]]
| death_date = {{Circa|415 CE}}
| death_place = [[Pataliputra]] or possibly [[Ujjain]], [[Gupta Empire]]
| spouse = [[Dhruvadevi]], Kuberanaga
| issue = {{ubl|
* [[Kumaragupta I]]
* [[Prabhavatigupta]]
* [[Govindagupta]]
* Ghatotkachagupta{{sfn|Shankar Goyal|2006|p=21}}}}
| father = [[Samudragupta]]
| mother = [[Dattadevi]]
| dynasty = [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781594202056/page/378/mode/2up |title=The Hindus: An Alternative History|author=Doniger, Wendy|year=2009 |page=379|publisher=Penguin |isbn=9781594202056 |access-date=2022-09-24 |language=en}}</ref>
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes

| allegiance = [[Gupta Empire]]

| branch = [[Gupta Empire#Military|Gupta Army]]

| rank = [[Commander-in-chief|Supreme Commander]]

| battles_label =
| battles = [[Gupta-Saka Wars]]
}}
}}

'''Chandragupta II''' (r.c. 375–415), also known by his title '''Vikramaditya''', as well as '''Chandragupta Vikramaditya''', was an emperor of the [[Gupta Empire]]. Modern scholars generally identify him with King Chandra of the [[Iron pillar of Delhi|Delhi iron pillar]] inscription.

He continued the [[Samudragupta#Military campaigns & territorial expansion|expansionist policy]] of his father [[Samudragupta]] through military conquests and marital alliances. Historical evidence attests to his remarkable victories, which include the defeat of the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanids]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Buddha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqI5AQAAIAAJ |title=Studies in Indian History and Civilization |date=1962 |publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala |language=en}}</ref> the [[Gupta–Saka Wars|conquest]] of the [[Western Kshatrapas]] and the vassalization of the [[Hephthalites|Hunas]]. Under the reign of Chandragupta II, the Gupta Empire reached its zenith, directly controlling a vast territory which stretched from the [[Oxus River]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agrawal |first=Ashvini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |date=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7 |page=240 & 264 |language=en}}</ref> in the west to the [[Bengal]] region in the east, and from the foothills of the [[Himalayas]] in the north to the [[Narmada River]] in the south. Chandragupta II expanded his influence and indirectly ruled over the [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]] region of Karnataka through a marriage alliance with Kadambas, and during his daughter [[Prabhavatigupta]]'s 20-year-long regency, he effectively integrated the [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakataka kingdom]] into the Gupta Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hem Channdra |url=http://archive.org/details/politicalhistory00raycuoft |title=Political history of ancient India, from the accession of Parikshit to the extinction of the Gupta dynasty |date=1923 |publisher=Calcutta, Univ. of Calcutta |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=282–288}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107941/page/n17/mode/2up |title=Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903}}</ref>{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|Dietmar Rothermund|2004|p=91}}

Chandragupta II was a devout [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnav]] but tolerated other faiths as well. He was a great patron of learning, his court is said to have hosted the legendary Navaratnas (Nine Gems). His rule strengthened trade, culture, and administration, making him one of [[India]]'s most celebrated monarchs. The Chinese pilgrim [[Faxian]], who visited India during his reign, suggests that he ruled over a peaceful and prosperous kingdom. The legendary figure of [[Vikramaditya]] is probably based on Chandragupta II (among other kings), and the noted [[Sanskrit]] poet [[Kalidasa]] may have been his court poet. The cave shrines at [[Udayagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] were also built during his rule. He was succeeded by [[Kumaragupta I]].

== Names and titles ==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction =horizontal
| header="Chandra" inscriptions
| total_width=300
| image1 = Name Chandra in Gupta script on the coinage of Chandragupta II.jpg
| image2 = Chandra on the Iron Pillar of Delhi.jpg
| footer=The name "Chandra" on a coin of Chandragupta II (left), and on the [[Iron Pillar of Delhi]] (right). [[Gupta script]]: letter ''"Cha"'' [[File:Gupta allahabad c.svg|12px]], followed by the [[conjunct consonant]] ''"ndra"'' [[File:Gupta allahabad ndr.jpg|14px]] formed of the vertical combination of the three letters ''n'' [[File:Gupta allahabad n.svg|14px]] ''d'' [[File:Gupta allahabad d.svg|14px]] and ''r'' [[File:Gupta ashoka r.svg|14px]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bandela |first1=Prasanna Rao |title=Coin Splendour: A Journey Into the Past |date=2003 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170174271 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mUg2BBJr7kC&pg=PA11 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=JA>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=John |title=Catalogue of the coins of the Gupta dynasties |date=1914 |page=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47214/page/n166 24] |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47214}}</ref>
}}
[[File:Chandragupta name on coinage.jpg|thumb|290px|The full name "Chandragupta" in Gupta script ([[Gupta script]]: [[File:Gupta allahabad c.svg|10px]][[File:Gupta allahabad ndr.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad gu.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta allahabad pt.jpg|12px]]) ''Cha-ndra-gu-pta'', on coinage.<ref name=JA/>]]
Chandragupta II was the second ruler of the dynasty to bear the name "Chandragupta", the first being his grandfather [[Chandragupta I]]. He was also simply known as "Chandra", as attested by his coins.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=480}} The Sanchi inscription of his officer [[Amrakarddava|Amrakardava]] states that he was also known as Deva-raja. The records of his daughter [[Prabhavatigupta]], issued as a [[Vakataka]] queen, call him Chandragupta as well as Deva-gupta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=63}} Deva-shri ([[IAST]]: Devaśri) is another variation of this name.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=148}} The [[Delhi iron pillar]] inscription states that king Chandra was also known as "Dhava": if this king Chandra is identified with Chandragupta ([[#Other military victories|see below]]), it appears that "Dhava" was another name for the king. Another possibility is that "dhava" is a mistake for a common noun "bhava", although this is unlikely, as the rest of the inscription does not contain any errors.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=63–64}}

A passage in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' suggests that major parts of the eastern coast of India – [[Kosala]], [[Odra kingdom|Odra]], [[Tamralipta]], and [[Puri]] – were ruled by the Devarakshitas around the same time as the Guptas. Since it seems unlikely that an obscure dynasty named Devarakshita was powerful enough to control substantial territory during the Gupta period, some scholars, such as [[Dasharatha Sharma]], theorize that "Deva-rakshita" ([[IAST]]: Devarakṣita) was another name for Chandragupta II. Others, such as D. K. Ganguly, oppose this theory, arguing that this identification is quite arbitrary, and cannot be explained satisfactorily.{{sfn|Dilip Kumar Ganguly|1987|pp=5–6}}

Chandragupta assumed the titles ''Bhattaraka'' and ''Maharajadhiraja'', and bore the epithet ''Apratiratha'' ("having no equal or antagonist"). The [[Supiya]] stone pillar inscription, issued during the reign of his descendant [[Skandagupta]], also calls him "Vikramaditya".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=148}} Some other notable titles such as "Lord of the Three Oceans" and "Ascetic King" (''rājādhirājaṛṣi'') are also accoladed to Chandragupta II.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bakker |first=Hans T. |date=2019 |title=Holy Ground: Where Art and Text Meet |url=https://www.academia.edu/41347365 |journal=Holy Ground: Where Art and Text Meet |pages=138}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt. 1. A.D. 300-985 |date=1981 |publisher=People's Publishing House |pages=52 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==

Chandragupta was a son of [[Samudragupta]] and queen [[Dattadevi]], as attested by his own inscriptions.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=148}} According to the official Gupta genealogy, Chandragupta succeeded his father on the Gupta throne. The Sanskrit play ''[[Devichandraguptam]]'', combined with other evidence suggests that he had an elder brother named [[Ramagupta]], who preceded him on the throne. In the play, Ramagupta decides to surrender his queen [[Dhruvadevi]] to a [[Indo-Scythians|Shaka]] enemy when besieged, but Chandragupta goes to the enemy camp disguised as the queen and kills the enemy. Sometime later, Chandragupta dethrones Ramagupta, and becomes the new king.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=479}} The historicity of this narrative is debated among modern historians, with some believing it to be based on true historical events, while others dismissing it as a work of fiction.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1969|p=139}}{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=51}}

== Period of reign ==
{{Gupta Empire}}
[[File:Inscribed Pillar - Recording Installation of Two Shiva Lingas by Udita Acharya in the Reign of Chandragupta Vikramaditya - 380 CE - Rangeshwar Temple - ACCN 29-1931 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-23 5503.JPG|thumb|The pillar inscribed with the [[Lakulisa Mathura Pillar Inscription]], [[Mathura]] recording the installation of two [[Lingam|Shiva Lingas]] by Udita Acharya in the "year 61 following the [[Gupta era|era of the Guptas]] in the reign of Chandragupta Vikramaditya, son of [[Samudragupta]]" (380 CE). Rangeshwar Temple. [[Mathura Museum]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=98}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Collections-Virtual Museum of Images and Sounds |url=https://vmis.in/ArchiveCategories/collection_gallery_zoom?id=1335&search=1&index=161816&searchstring=year%2061 |website=vmis.in |publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies}}</ref> [[Mathura Museum]].]]
The [[Lakulisa Mathura Pillar Inscription|Mathura]] pillar inscription of Chandragupta II (as well as some other Gupta inscriptions) mention two dates: several historians have assumed that one of these dates denotes the king's regnal year, while the other date denotes the year of the [[Gupta era|Gupta calendar era]].{{sfn|Harry Falk|2004|p=169}} However, Indologist Harry Falk in 2004 has theorised that the date understood to be the regnal year by the earlier scholars is actually a date of the ''kālānuvarttamāna'' system.{{sfn|Harry Falk|2004|p=171}} According to Falk, the ''kālānuvarttamāna'' system is a continuation of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] calendar era established by emperor [[Kanishka]], whose coronation Falk dates to 127 CE. The Kushana era restarts counting after a hundred years (e.g. the year after 100 is 1, not 101).{{sfn|Harry Falk|2004|pp=168–171}}

The date portion of the Mathura inscription reads (in [[IAST]]):{{sfn|Harry Falk|2004|p=169}}

: candragupta-sya vijarajya-saṃvatsa[re] ... kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare ekaṣaṣṭhe 60 ... [pra]thame śukla-divase paṃcāmyaṃ

The letters before the words ''kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare'' are abraded in the inscription, but historian [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] (1931–1932) reconstructed them as ''gupta'', and translated the term ''gupta-kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare'' as "year following the Gupta era". He translated the entire sentence as:{{sfn|Harry Falk|2004|pp=169–170}}

: In the ... year of ... Chandragupta, ... on the fifth of the bright half of the first ([[Ashadha]]) of the year 61 following the Gupta era.

Historian [[D. C. Sircar]] (1942) restored the missing letters as "[paṃ]cāme" ("fifth") and concluded that the inscription was dated to the Chandragupta's fifth regnal year.{{sfn|Harry Falk|2004|p=170}} The missing letters have alternatively been read as "prathame" ("first"). According to these interpretations, the inscription is thus dated in year 61 of the Gupta era, and either the first or the fifth regnal year of Chandragupta. Assuming that the Gupta era starts around 319–320 CE, the beginning of Chandragupta's reign can be dated to either 376–377 CE or 380–381 CE.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=52}}

Falk agrees that the missing letters denote a numerical year, but dismisses Sircar's reading as "mere imagination", pointing out that the missing letters are "abraded beyond recovery".{{sfn|Harry Falk|2004|pp=169–171}} In support of his Kushana era theory, Falk presents four Gupta inscriptions (in chronological order) that mention the term ''kālānuvarttamāna-saṃvatsare'':{{sfn|Harry Falk|2004|p=172}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Inscription !! Reigning monarch !! Dynastic year !! ''kālānuvarttamāna'' year
|-
| Mathura pillar || Chandragupta II || Abraded || 61
|-
| Lintel || Not mentioned || Not given || 70
|-
| [[Yaksha]] figure || Kumaragupta I || 112 || 5
|-
| Buddhist image pedestal || Kumaragupta I || 121 || 15
|}

Falk notes that the "dynastic year" in the table above appears to be a year of the Gupta era. The ''kālānuvarttamāna'' year cannot be regnal year, because Chandragupta I is not known to have ruled for as long as 61 years. If we assume "61" of the Mathura pillar inscription denotes a year of the Gupta era (as assumed by Bhandarkar, Sircar and other scholars), we must assume that "15" of the Buddhist image pedestal also denotes a year of the Gupta era: this is obviously incorrect, since Kumaragupta I ruled after Chandragupta II. Scholars K.K. Thaplyal and R.C. Sharma, who studied the Buddhist image pedestal inscription, speculated that the scribe had mistakenly interchanged the years 121 and 15, but Falk calls this assumption unnecessary.{{sfn|Harry Falk|2004|p=172}}

According to Falk, the discrepancy can be explained satisfactorily, if we assume that the ''kālānuvarttamāna'' era denotes a system that restarts counting after a hundred years. The Yaksha figure inscription is dated to year 112 of the Gupta era (c. 432 CE), which corresponds to the ''kālānuvarttamāna'' year 5. Thus, the ''kālānuvarttamāna'' era used during Kumaragupta's time must have started in 432–5 = 427 CE. The years mentioned in the Buddhist image pedestal inscription also suggests that the epoch of this era was c. 426–427 CE.{{sfn|Harry Falk|2004|pp=172–173}} Since the ''kālānuvarttamāna'' system restarts counting every 100 years, the ''kālānuvarttamāna'' era used during the reign of Chandragupta II must have started in 327 CE. Thus, the Mathura inscription can be dated to 327+61 = c. 388 CE.{{sfn|Harry Falk|2004|p=173}} While Falk's theory does not change the Gupta chronology significantly, it implies that the date of the Mathura inscription cannot be used to determine the beginning of Chandragupta's reign.{{sfn|Harry Falk|2004|p=173}}

The Sanchi inscription, dated to 412–413 CE (year 93 of the Gupta era), is the last known dated inscription of Chandragupta.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=148}} His son Kumaragupta was on the throne by the 415–416 CE (year 96 of the Gupta era), so Chandragupta's reign must have ended sometime during 412–415 CE.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=64}}

== Military career ==
[[File:401_CE_Udayagiri_Sanskrit_inscriptions_Hindu_caves.jpg|thumb|Cave 6 and Cave 8 inscriptions at [[Udayagiri Caves]] mention the rule of Chandragupta II.]]
The [[Udayagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] inscription of Chandragupta's foreign minister Virasena suggests that the king had a distinguished military career. It states that he "bought the earth", paying for it with his prowess, and reduced the other kings to the status of slaves.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=52–53}} His empire seems to have extended from the mouth of the Indus and northern Pakistan in the west to the Bengal region in the east, and from the [[Himalayan foothills]] in the north to the [[Narmada River]] in the south.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=480}}{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|Dietmar Rothermund|2004|p=92}}

Chandragupta's father [[Samudragupta]] and his son [[Kumaragupta I]] are known to have performed the [[Ashvamedha]] horse sacrifice to proclaim their military prowess. In the 20th century, the discovery of a stone image of a horse found near [[Varanasi]], and the misreading of its inscription as "Chandramgu" (taken to be "Chandragupta"), led to speculation that Chandragupta also performed the Ashvamedha sacrifice. However, there is no actual evidence to support this theory.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=59}}

=== Western Kshatrapas ===
{{Main|Gupta–Saka Wars}}

Historical and literary evidence suggests that Chandragupta II achieved military successes against the [[Western Kshatrapas]] (also known as [[Shakas]]), who ruled in west-central India.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=53}} The [[Allahabad Pillar]] inscription of Chandragupta's father [[Samudragupta]] names the "Shaka-Murundas" among the kings who tried to appease him.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=125}}{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=77–78}} It may be possible that Samudragupta reduced the Shakas to a state of subordinate alliance, and Chandragupta completely subjugated them.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=54}}

Virasena's Udayagiri inscription describes him as a resident of [[Pataliputra]], and states that he came to Udayagiri in Central India with the king who sought to "conquer the whole world". This indicates that Chandragupta had reached Udayagiri in central India during a military campaign. The theory that Chandragupta led an army to Central India is also corroborated by the c. 412–413 CE (Gupta year 93) Sanchi inscription of [[Amrakarddava|Amrakardava]], who is said to have "acquired victory and fame in many battles and whose livelihood was secured by serving Chandragupta." A c. 401–402 CE (Gupta year 82) inscription of Chandragupta's feudatory ''Maharaja'' Sanakanika has also been discovered in Central India. The only important power to have ruled in this region during Chandragupta's period were the Western Kshatrapas, whose rule is attested by their distinct coinage. The coins issued by the Western Kshatrapa rulers abruptly come to end in the last decade of the 4th century.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=53}} The coins of this type reappear in the second decade of the 5th century, and are dated in the Gupta era, which suggests that Chandragupta subjugated the Western Kshatrapas.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=54}}

The exact date of Chandragupta's victory is not known, but it can be tentatively dated to sometime between 397 and 409.{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|Dietmar Rothermund|2004|p=91}} The last of the 4th century Kshatrapa coins – that of [[Rudrasimha III]] – can be dated to the [[Shaka era|Shaka year]] 310 or 319 (the coin legend is partially lost), that is 388 or 397.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=53}} Chandragupta's coins, dated to 409, are similar to the Kshtrapa coins, with the Shakas' Buddhist vihara symbol replaced by the Gupta symbol of [[Garuda]].{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|Dietmar Rothermund|2004|p=91}}

Literary evidence also corroborates Chandragupta's victory over the Western Kshatrapas. The Sanskrit play ''[[Devichandraguptam]]'', whose historicity is disputed, narrates that Chandragupta's elder brother [[Ramagupta]] agreed to surrender his queen [[Dhruvadevi]] to a Shaka chief when besieged, but Chandragupta went to the enemy camp disguised as the queen, and killed the Shaka chief.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=54}} Chandragupta bore the title ''Vikramaditya'', and several Indian legends talk of king [[Vikramaditya]] who defeated the Shakas. Several modern scholars have theorised that these legends may be based on Chandragupta's victory over the Shakas.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=54}}

As a result of his victory over the Western Kshatrapas, Chandragupta must have extended his empire up to the [[Arabian Sea]] coast in present-day [[Gujarat]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=54}}

=== Other military victories ===
{{Main|Chandragupta II's Campaign of Balkh}}

[[File:Iron Pillar, Delhi, May 2008.jpg|thumb|The [[iron pillar of Delhi]], which features an inscription of king Chandra, identified as Chandragupta II. It was installed as a victory pillar in the [[Qutb complex]] by Sultan [[Iltutmish]] in the 13th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000–1765 |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP37 |language=en}}</ref>]]
[[File:Inscription on Iron Pillar, Delhi.jpg|thumb|The inscription of king Chandra]]
The [[Iron pillar of Delhi#Inscription of King Chandra or Chandragupta II|iron pillar of Delhi]] contains an inscription of a king called "Chandra".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=55}} Modern scholars generally identify this king with Chandragupta II, although this cannot be said with complete certainty.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=56}}

While alternative identifications have been proposed, there is strong evidence for identifying Chandra of the iron pillar inscription as Chandragupta II:{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=480}}
* Chandragupta's coins refer to him as "Chandra".{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=480}}
* According to the iron pillar inscription, Chandra was a devotee of [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=55}} Chandragupta was also a Vaishnavite, and is described as a ''Bhagvata'' (devotee of Vishnu) in the Gupta records.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=58}}
* The iron pillar is said to have been set up by king Chandra in honour of Vishnu, on a hill named Vishnu-pada, but the king seems to have died shortly before the inscription was engraved, as the inscription states that "the king has quit the earth and gone to the other world". A similar Vishnu-''dhvaja'' ([[flagpole]] in honour of Vishnu) was set up the Gupta emperor [[Skandagupta]] (a grandson of Chandragupta) after the death of his father [[Kumaragupta I]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=58}}
* According to his Udayagiri inscription, Chandragupta went on a ''[[digvijaya (conquest)|digvijaya]]'' ("conquest of all quarters") campaign.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=480}} He is known to have been a powerful sovereign emperor, and this fits in well with the iron pillar inscription's description of king Chandra as someone who "attained sole supreme sovereignty in the world acquired by his own arm and (enjoyed) for a very long time".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=58}}
* The iron pillar inscription states that the southern ocean is "perfumed by the breezes" of Chandra's prowess. This may be a reference to Chandragupta's extension of the Gupta rule to the [[Arabian Sea]] after his conquest of the Western Kshatrapa territory. Arabian Sea was located to the south of the Gupta empire, and thus, the term "southern ocean" is applicable to it in this context.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=58}}
* The iron pillar inscription states that "his name was Chandra and he was holding the glory of a full moon on his face". This is reminiscent of his descendant [[Skandagupta]]'s Mandasaur inscription, which describes Chandragupta as "a moon in the galaxy of Gupta kings with the famous name Chandragupta".{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=148}}

The iron pillar inscription credits Chandra with the following victories:{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=55}}
* Defeated an alliance of enemies in the [[Vanga kingdom|Vanga country]]
* Crossed the "seven faces" of the river Sindhu ([[Indus River|Indus]]) during a war and defeated the [[Bahlikas|Vahlikas]].

==== Punjab region ====

If Chandra is identified with Chandragupta, it appears that Chandragupta marched through the [[Punjab region]], and advanced up to the country of the Vahlikas, that is, [[Balkh]] in present-day Afghanistan.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=56}} Some short Sanskrit inscriptions at the [[Sacred Rock of Hunza]] (in present-day Pakistan), written in [[Gupta script]], mention the name Chandra. A few of these inscriptions also mention the name Harishena, and one particular inscription mentions Chandra with the epithet "Vikramaditya". Based on the identification of "Chandra" with Chandragupta, and Harishena with the Gupta courtier [[Harishena]], these inscriptions can be considered as further evidence of a Gupta military campaign in the area. However, this identification is not certain, and Chandra of the Hunza inscriptions could have well been a local ruler.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=480}}

According to [[Sten Konow]], the term "seven faces", mentioned in the iron pillar inscription, refers to the seven [[river mouth|mouths]] of Indus. Historians R. C. Majumdar and K. P. Jayaswal, on the other hand, believe that the term refers to the tributaries of Indus: the five rivers of [[Punjab region|Punjab]] ([[Jhelum River|Jhelum]], [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Sutlej River|Sutlej]], [[Beas River|Beas]], and [[Chenab River|Chenab]]), plus possibly the [[Kabul River|Kabul]] and the [[Kunar River|Kunar]] rivers.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=55}}

It is quite possible that Chandragupta passed through the Punjab region during this campaign: his political influence in this region is attested to by the use of the [[Gupta era]] in an inscription found at [[Shorkot]], and by some coins bearing the name "Chandragupta". However, there is no evidence that Chandragupta annexed Punjab to the Gupta Empire, which suggests that Chandragupta's victory in this region was not a decisive one. There is little evidence of Gupta influence in Punjab after his reign: numismatic evidence suggests that Punjab was ruled by petty chieftains after his death. These chieftains bore Indian names, but issued coins that imitate the [[Kidarites|Kidarite]] coinage: they may have been Hinduized foreigners or Indians continuing the usage of foreign-style coinage.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=57}}

==== Bengal region ====
The identification of Chandra with Chandragupta II also suggests Chandragupta achieved victories in the Vanga area in the present-day [[Bengal]] region. According to the [[Allahabad Pillar]] inscription of his father [[Samudragupta]], the [[Samatata]] kingdom of the Bengal region was a Gupta tributary. The Guptas are known to have been ruling Bengal in the early 6th century, although there are no surviving records of the Gupta presence in this region for the intervening period.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=57}}

It is possible that a large part of the Bengal region was annexed to the Gupta empire by Chandragupta, and that this control continued into the 6th century.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=57–58}} The Delhi iron pillar inscription suggests that an alliance of semi-independent chiefs of Bengal unsuccessfully resisted Chandragupta's attempts to extend the Gupta influence in this region.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=57}}

== Personal life and matrimonial alliances ==
[[File:Chandragupta II paying homage to Varaha in Udayagiri Caves.jpg|thumb|Probable image of Chandragupta II, paying homage to [[Varaha]], avatar of [[Vishnu]], in [[Udayagiri Caves]], circa 400.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Becker |first1=Catherine |title=Not Your Average Board: The Colossal Varāha at Erāṇ, an Iconographic Innovation |journal=Artibus Asiae |year=2010 |volume=70 |issue=1 |page=127 |doi=10.61342/TGAM2923 |issn=0004-3648 |jstor=20801634}}</ref>]]
Gupta records mention [[Dhruvadevi]] as Chandragupta's queen, and the mother of his successor [[Kumaragupta I]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=191–200}} The [[Basarh]] clay seal mentions Dhruva-svamini as a queen of Chandragupta, and the mother of [[Govindagupta]].{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=111}}{{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=359}} It is unlikely that Chandragupta had two different queens with similar names: it appears that Dhruvasvamini was most probably another name for Dhruvadevi, and that Govindagupta was a real brother of Kumaragupta.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1978|p=30}}

Chandragupta also married Kuvera-naga (alias Kuberanaga), whose name indicates that she was a princess of the [[Nagas of Padmavati|Naga dynasty]], which held considerable power in central India before Samudragupta subjugated them. This matrimonial alliance may have helped Chandragupta consolidate the Gupta empire, and the Nagas may have helped him in his war against the Western Kshatrapas.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=60}}

[[Prabhavatigupta|Prabhavati-gupta]], the daughter of Chandragupta and Kuvera-naga, married the [[Vakataka]] king [[Rudrasena II]], who ruled in the [[Deccan]] region to the south of the Gupta empire.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=59}} After her husband's death in c. 390, Prabhavati-gupta acted as a regent for her minor sons.{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|Dietmar Rothermund|2004|p=91}} In the two copper-plate inscriptions issued during her regency, the names of her Gupta ancestors with their imperial titles appear before the name of the Vakataka king with the lesser title ''Maharaja''. This suggests that the Gupta court may have had influence in the Vakataka administration during her regency.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=59}} Historians [[Hermann Kulke]] and [[Dietmar Rothermund]] believe that the Vakataka kingdom was "practically a part of the Gupta empire" during her 20-year long regency.{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|Dietmar Rothermund|2004|p=91}} The Vakatakas may have supported Chandragupta during his conflict with the Western Kshatrapas.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=60}}

The Guptas also appear to have entered into a matrimonial alliance with the [[Kadamba dynasty]], the southern neighbours of the Vakatakas. The [[Talagunda pillar inscription]] suggests that the daughters of the Kadamba king [[Kakusthavarman]], married into other royal families, including that of the Guptas.{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=174}}{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=60}} While Kakusthavarman was a contemporary of Chandragupta's son Kumaragupta I,{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=174}} it is noteworthy that some medieval chiefs of present-day [[Karnataka]] (where the Kadambas ruled) claimed descent from Chandragupta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=60}} According to the [[Vikramaditya]] legends, emperor Vikramaditya (a character believed to be based on Chandragupta) sent his court poet [[Kalidasa]] as an ambassador to the lord of [[Kuntala country|Kuntala]]. While the Kuntala king referred to in this legend has been identified by some scholars with a Vakataka king, it is more likely that he was a Kadamba king, because the Vakataka king did not rule over Kuntala, and was never called the lord of Kuntala.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=60}}

== Administration ==
[[File:Bodh Gaya Bodhisattva inscribed Gupta Year 64, ie 385 CE.jpg|thumb|One of the earliest dated [[Gupta art|Gupta statues]], a [[Bodhisattva]] derived from the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] style of [[Mathura art]], inscribed "year 64" of the [[Gupta era]], 384 CE, [[Bodh Gaya]].<ref name="JHR223">{{cite journal |last1=Rhi |first1=Ju-Hyung |title=From Bodhisattva to Buddha: The Beginning of Iconic Representation in Buddhist Art |journal=Artibus Asiae |year=1994 |volume=54 |issue=3/4 |pages=223 |doi=10.2307/3250056 |issn=0004-3648|jstor=3250056 }}</ref>]]
Several feudatories of Chandragupta are known from historical records:
* [[Śakanika Maharaja (feudatory of Gupta Dynasty)|''Maharaja'' Sanakanika]], a feudatory known from the Udayagiri inscription that records his construction of a Vaishnava temple.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=53}}
* ''Maharaja'' Trikamala, a feudatory known from a [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] inscription engraved on a [[Bodhisattva]] image{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=62}}
* ''Maharaja'' Shri Vishvamitra Svami, a feudatory known from a seal found at [[Vidisha]]{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=62}}
* ''Maharaja'' Svamidasa, the [[Maharajas of Valkha|ruler of Valkha]], was also probably a Gupta feudatory if we assume that his inscription is dated in the [[Gupta era|Gupta calendar era]]; according to another theory, his inscription is dated in the [[Kalachuris of Mahishmati|Kalachuri calendar era]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=62}}

The following ministers and officers of Chandragupta are known from various historical records:
* [[Virasena Saba|Vira-sena]], foreign minister, known from the Udayagiri inscription recording his construction of a Shiva temple{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=52}}
* [[Amrakarddava|Amrakardava]], a military officer, known from the Sanchi inscription recording his donations to the local Buddhist monastery{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=53}}
* Shikhara-svami, a minister; according to historian [[K. P. Jayaswal]]'s theory, he was the author of the political treatise ''Kamandakiya Niti''{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=62}}

== Navaratnas ==
''Jyotirvidabharana'' (22.10), a treatise attributed to [[Kalidasa]], states that nine famous scholars known as the [[Navaratnas#Vikramaditya's Navaratnas|Navaratnas]] ("nine gems") attended the court of the legendary Vikramaditya. Besides Kalidasa himself, these included [[Amarasimha]], Dhanvantari, Ghatakarapara, Kshapanaka, Shanku, [[Varahamihira]], [[Vararuchi]], and [[Vetala Bhatta]].<ref name="MS_1974">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA100 |title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature |author=M. Srinivasachariar |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1974 |isbn=9788120802841 |pages=94–111 }}</ref> However, there is no historical evidence to show that these nine scholars were contemporary figures or proteges of the same king.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=162-163}}<ref name="VVM_1969"/> ''Jyotirvidabharana'' is considered a literary forgery of a date later than Kalidasa by multiple scholars.<ref name="VVM_1969"/><ref name="MS_1974"/> There is no mention of such "Navaratnas" in earlier literature, and D. C. Sircar calls this tradition "absolutely worthless for historical purposes".{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1969|pp=120–123}}

Nevertheless, multiple scholars believe that one of these Navaratnas – Kalidasa – may have indeed flourished during the reign of Chandragupta II. These scholars include [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]], [[Arthur Berriedale Keith|A. B. Keith]], and [[Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi]] among others.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sueiThBrP4gC&pg=PA1 |title=Kālidāsa; Date, Life, and Works |author=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi and Narayan Raghunath Navlekar |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1969 |pages=1–35 |isbn=9788171544684 }}</ref><ref name="CR_2005">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0RWnRKTWp0C&pg=PT267 |title=The Loom of Time |author=Chandra Rajan |publisher=Penguin UK |year=2005 |pages=268–274 |isbn=9789351180104 }}</ref> It is possible that Kalidasa was a court poet of Chandragupta.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=61}}

== Religion ==
[[File:Varaha at Udayagiri.jpg|thumb|Chandragupta II is associated with the development of [[Vaishnavism]] in India, and the establishment of the [[Udayagiri Caves]] with Vaishnava iconography (here [[Varaha]] saving the world from chaos).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curta |first1=Florin |last2=Holt |first2=Andrew |title=Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes] |date=28 November 2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-566-4 |pages=270–273 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgF9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA270 |language=en}}</ref> Circa 400.<ref name="ABC-CLIO">{{cite book |last1=Curta |first1=Florin |last2=Holt |first2=Andrew |title=Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes] |date=28 November 2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-566-4 |page=271 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgF9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA271 |language=en}}</ref>]]
Many gold and silver coins of Chandragupta, as well the inscriptions issued by him and his successors, describe him as a ''parama-bhagvata'', that is, a devotee of the god [[Vishnu]]. One of his gold coins, discovered at [[Bayana]], calls him ''chakra-vikramah'', literally, "[one who is] powerful [due to his possession of the] discus", and shows him receiving a [[Sudarshana Chakra|discus]] from Vishnu.{{sfn|J. N. Banerjea|1982|p=781}}

An [[Udayagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] inscription records the construction of a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] cave temple by Chandragupta's feudatory ''Maharaja'' Sanakanika, in year 82 of the [[Gupta era]] (c. 401–402).{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=53}}

Chandragupta was also tolerant of other faiths. The Udayagiri inscription of Chandragupta's foreign minister Virasena records the construction of a temple dedicated to the god Shambhu ([[Shiva]]).{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=52}} An inscription found at [[Sanchi]] near Udayagiri records donations to the local Buddhist monastery by his military officer [[Amrakarddava|Amrakardava]], in year 93 of the Gupta era (c. 412–413).{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=53}}

== Faxian's visit ==
Chinese pilgrim [[Faxian]] visited India during the reign of Chandragupta and spent around six years in the Gupta kingdom.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=62}} He was mostly interested in Buddhist religious affairs and did not bother to record the name of the reigning king. His account presents an idealised picture of the Gupta administration, and not everything he states can be taken at face value. However, his description of the kingdom as a peaceful and prosperous one seems to be generally true, attested by the fact that he did not face any [[brigandage]] unlike the later Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]].{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=62}}

Faxian describes Madhya-desha ("Middle kingdom"), the region to the south-east of [[Mathura]], as a populous region with good climate and happy people. He mentions that the citizens were not required to "register their households or attend to any magistrates and their rules".{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=505}}{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=62}} Faxian mentions that wicked repeated rebels had their right hand cut off by the king's administration, but otherwise, there was no [[corporal punishment]] for crimes: the criminals were only fined, lightly or heavily, according to the severity of the crime.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=505}}{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=62}} According to Faxian, the king's bodyguards and attendants all received salaries.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=505}}

Faxian mentions that other than the [[untouchability|untouchable]] [[Chandala]]s, the people did not consume meat, intoxicating drinks, onions or garlic. The Chandalas lived apart from other people and struck a piece of wood to announce their presence when they entered a city or a marketplace: this would enable other people to avoid contact with them. Only the Chandalas engaged in the fisheries and hunting and sold meat. In the general markets, there were no butchers' shops or alcohol dealers, and the people did not keep pigs or fowl.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=505}} According to historian [[R. C. Majumdar]], Faxian's observations about the people's food habits seem to have been based on his contact with the Buddhist religious community and may not be applicable to the general public.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=63}}

Faxian mentions that the people used [[shell money|cowries]] for buying and selling goods.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=505}}

Faxian mentions the [[Pataliputra]] region as the most prosperous part of the Middle kingdom, describing its people as benevolent and righteous. He describes an annual Buddhist celebration, which involved a procession of 20 grand carts of [[Buddha (title)|Buddhas]], the [[Brahmin|Brahmanas]]'s invitation to the Buddhas to enter the city, and music performances. He mentions that in the cities, the [[Vaishya]] chiefs had established centres for dispensing charity and medical help to the destitute. These centres attracted the poor, the orphans, the widowers, the childless, the handicapped, and the sick, who were examined by doctors and given food and medicine until they got better.{{sfn|Upinder Singh|2008|p=505}}

== Inscriptions ==
[[File:Sanchi, Inscription of Candragupta II..JPG|thumb|[[Sanchi inscription of Chandragupta II]].]]

The following inscriptions of Chandragupta have been discovered:
* Mathura pillar inscription, dated to the year 61 of the Gupta era. The date has been interpreted as c. 380–381 by earlier scholars,{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=52}} but Harry Falk (2004) dates it to 388 (see [[#Period of reign|Period of reign]] section above).{{sfn|Harry Falk|2004|pp=169–173}}
* Mathura pillar inscription, undated{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=148}}
* Udayagiri cave inscription, dated to the year 82 of the Gupta era{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=148}}
* Udayagiri cave inscription, undated{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=148}}
* [[Gadhwa Stone Inscriptions|Gadhwa stone inscription]], dated to the year 88 of the Gupta era{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=148}}
* [[Sanchi inscription of Chandragupta II|Sanchi stone inscription]], dated to the year 93 of the Gupta era{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=148}}
* Mehrauli iron pillar inscription, undated{{sfn|Tej Ram Sharma|1989|p=148}}

== Coinage ==
[[File:India, Chandragupta II, Gupta Period - Coin with Figure of an Archer - 1977.62 - Cleveland Museum of Art.jpg|thumb|300px|Gold coin of Chandragupta II, with a figure of an archer (obverse), and with a figure of the Indian goddess of good fortune, Shri, seated on a lotus (reverse), Cleveland Museum of Art]]
Chandragupta continued issuing most of the gold coin types introduced by his father [[Samudragupta]], such as the Sceptre type (rare for Chandragupta II), the Archer type, and the Tiger-Slayer type. However, Chandragupta II also introduced several new types, such as the Horseman type and the Lion-slayer type, both of which were used by his son [[Kumaragupta I]].{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=24–27}}

Chandragupta's various gold coins depict his martial spirit or peacetime pursuits.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|pp=61–62}}

; Lion-slayer type
: These coins depict Chandragupta slaying a lion and bear the legend ''simha-vikrama''. Similar coins issued by his father Samudragupta depict the king slaying a tiger and bear the legend ''vyaghra-parakramaha''.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=61}} Historian R. C. Majumdar theorises that Chandragupta's conquest of present-day [[Gujarat]] (where the [[Asiatic lion]] is found) may have presented him with an opportunity to hunt lions, resulting in the substitution of tiger with lion on the imperial coins.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=61}}

; Couch-and-flower type
: These coins depict Chandragupta seated on a couch and holding a flower in his right hand. The legend "rupa-kriti" occurs below the couch. These coins are similar to Samudragupta's coins which depict the king playing a musical instrument.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=61}}

; Rider type
: These coins depict the king riding a fully-[[caparison]]ed horse.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=61}}

<gallery caption="Coins of Chandragupta II" class="center" mode="packed">
Two Gold coins of Chandragupta II.jpg | Obverse of "Chhatra" type (left) and "Archer" type (right) coins
Coin of Vikramaditya Chandragupta II with the name of the king in Brahmi script 380 415 CE.jpg | Coin with the king's name in [[Brahmi]] script
Silver Coin of Chandragupta II.jpg | Silver coin in [[Western Satraps]] style (15mm, 2.1 grams.)<ref name="CIC">"Evidence of the conquest of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurastra]] during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the Western Satraps... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type ... for the [[chaitya]] with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc.", p.cli</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Curta |first1=Florin |last2=Holt |first2=Andrew |title=Great Events in Religion: An Encyclopedia of Pivotal Events in Religious History [3 volumes] |date=2016 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-566-4 |page=271 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgF9DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA271 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ABC-CLIO"/>
</gallery>

<gallery caption="Various gold coins of Chandragupta II" class="center" mode="packed">
Dinar of Chandragupta II LACMA M.77.55.19 (1 of 2).jpg
Dinar of Chandragupta II LACMA M.77.55.23 (1 of 2).jpg
Dinar of Chandragupta II LACMA M.77.55.20 (1 of 3).jpg
Dinar of Chandragupta II LACMA M.77.55.21 (1 of 2).jpg
Dinar of Chandragupta II LACMA M.77.55.22 (1 of 2).jpg
</gallery>

In addition, Chandragupta II was the first Gupta king to issue silver coins. These coins were intended to replace the silver coinage of the [[Western Kshatrapas]] after Chandragupta II defeated them and were modelled on the Kshatrapa coinage. The main difference was to replace the dynastic symbol of the Kshatrapas (the three-arched hill) by the dynastic symbol of the Guptas (the mythic eagle [[Garuda]]). The obverse of these coins depicts a bust of the king, with corrupted Greek legend "OOIHU".<ref name="Kumar">"The conquest is indicated by the issue of the new Gupta silver coinage modelled on the previous Saka coinage showing on observe the King's head, Greek script, and dates as on Saka coins" in [https://books.google.com/books?id=pSKNeJsH7QgC&pg=PA511 ''Early history of Jammu region: pre historic to 6th century A.D.'' by Raj Kumar p.511]</ref><ref name="Altekar">"Evidence of the conquest of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurastra]] during the reign of Chandragupta II is to be seen in his rare silver coins which are more directly imitated from those of the [[Western Satraps]]... they retain some traces of the old inscriptions in Greek characters, while on the reverse, they substitute the Gupta type (a peacock) for the [[chaitya]] with crescent and star." in Rapson "A catalogue of Indian coins in the British Museum. The Andhras etc...", p.cli. Most people now realize that Rapson was mistaken in identifying the central bird as a peacock; rather, it is the mythic eagle Garuda, the dynastic symbol of the Guptas. For example, A.S. Altekar says: "... the three-arched hill in the centre is replaced by Garuda, which was the imperial insignia of the Guptas. The view of earlier writers ... that the bird is a peacock is clearly untenable." in Altekar: ''The Coinage of the Gupta Empire,'' Varanasi: Banaras Hindu University, 1957, p. 151.</ref> The reverse features the [[Brahmi]] script legend "Chandragupta Vikramaditya, King of Kings, and a devotee of [[Vishnu]]", around Garuda, the mythic eagle and dynastic symbol of the Guptas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mitchiner |first=Michael |year=1978 |title= Oriental coins and their values |volume=2 |publisher=Hawkins Publications |at=4821–4823}}</ref>

== Personality ==

The [[Udayagiri Caves|Udayagiri]] inscription of Virasena describes Chandragupta as a "king of kings" as well as an [[rishi|ascetic]] ''rajadhirajarshi'', and declares that his activities were "beyond comprehension".{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=52}}

== Identification with the legendary Vikramaditya ==
[[File:Vikramaditya goes forth to war (cropped).jpg|thumb|''Vikramaditya goes forth to war'', a modern artist's imagination]]
{{main|Vikramaditya}}

[[Vikramaditya]] is a legendary emperor of ancient India, who is characterised as the ideal king, known for his generosity, courage, and patronage to scholars. A number of historians believe that at least some of the Vikramaditya legends are based on Chandragupta II. These historians include [[D. R. Bhandarkar]], [[Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi|V. V. Mirashi]] and [[D. C. Sircar]] among others.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=157, 161}}<ref name="VVM_1969">{{cite book |author1=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |author2=Narayan Raghunath Navlekar |title=Kalidasa: Date, Life And Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sueiThBrP4gC&pg=PA8 |publisher=Popular |year=1969 |isbn=978-81-7154-468-4 |pages=8–29 |author1-link=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi }}</ref>

Based on some coins and the [[Supiya|Supia]] pillar inscription, it is believed that Chandragupta II adopted the title "Vikramaditya".{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1969|p=130}} The Cambay and Sangli plates of the [[Rashtrakuta]] king [[Govinda IV]] use the epithet "Sahasanka" for Chandragupta II. The name "Sahasanka" has also been applied to the legendary Vikramaditya.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=162}}

The legendary Vikramaditya is said to have defeated the [[Śaka]] invaders, and was therefore, known as Śakari ("enemy of the Śakas). Chandragupta II conquered [[Malwa]] after defeating the [[Western Kshatrapas]] (a branch of Śakas); he also expelled the [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]] from [[Mathura]]. His victory over these foreign tribes was probably transposed on upon a fictional character, resulting in the Vikramaditya legends.<ref name="AH_2009">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PA263 |title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics |author=Alf Hiltebeitel |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780226340555 |pages=254–275 |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Maurice Winternitz |author2=Moriz Winternitz |title=History of Indian Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ql0BmInD1c4C&pg=PA42 |year=1963 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0056-4 |page=42 }}</ref>

According to most legends, Vikramaditya had his capital at Ujjain, although some legends mention him as the king of Pataliputra. The Guptas had their capital at Pataliputra. According to D. C. Sircar, Chandragupta II may have defeated the Shaka invaders of Ujjain, and placed his son Govindagupta as a viceroy there. As a result, Ujjain might have become a second capital of the Gupta empire, and subsequently, legends about him (as Vikramaditya) might have developed.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=158–159, 164}}{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1969|p=131}} Guttas of Guttavalal, a minor dynasty based in present-day Karnataka, claimed descent from the imperial Guptas. The Caudadanapura inscription of the Guttas alludes to the legendary Vikramaditya ruling from Ujjayni, and several Gutta royals were named "Vikramaditya". According to Vasundhara Filliozat, their reference to the legendary Vikramaditya is simply because they confused him with Chandragupta II.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Vasundhara Filliozat |title=The Temple of Muktēśvara at Cauḍadānapura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaQWof50aY4C&pg=PA7 |year=1995 |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts / Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-327-4 |page=7 }}</ref> However, D. C. Sircar sees this as further proof that the legendary Vikramaditya was based on Chandragupta II.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1969|p=136}}

=== Vikram Samvat ===
[[Vikrama Samvat]], an Indian [[calendar era]] beginning in 57 BCE, is associated with the legendary Vikramaditya. However, this association did not exist before 9th century. The earlier sources call this era by various names, including ''Kṛṭa'', ''the era of the [[Malavas|Malava tribe]]'', or simply, ''Samvat''.{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|pp=174–175}}<ref name="MS_1974"/> Scholars such as [[D. C. Sircar]] and [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] believe that the name of the era changed to "Vikram Samvat" after the reign of Chandragupta II, who had adopted the title ''Vikramaditya''.{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1969|p=165–166}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Ashvini Agrawal |title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC&pg=PA315 |year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0592-7}}
* {{cite book |author=D. C. Sircar |title=Ancient Malwa And The Vikramaditya Tradition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwjaugEACAAJ |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=1969 |isbn=978-8121503488}}
* {{cite book |author=Dilip Kumar Ganguly |title=The Imperial Guptas and Their Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hud2_Ie3T94C&pg=PP1 |year=1987 |publisher=Abhinav |isbn=978-81-7017-222-2}}
* {{citation |title=The Myth of the Vakataka Coins |author=Shankar Goyal|journal=Journal of Indian History |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WXJDAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{cite journal |author=Harry Falk |title=The Kaniṣka era in Gupta Records |journal=Silk Road Art and Archaeology |volume=10 |publisher=Institute of Silk Road Studies, Kamakura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xU_rAAAAMAAJ |year=2004 |pages=167–176}}
* {{cite book |author1=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |title=A History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC&pg=PA91 |year=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32920-0}}
* {{cite book |author=J. N. Banerjea |chapter=Vaishnavism, Saivism and Minor Sects |editor=R. C. Mujumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=III, Part II |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MMKAQAAIAAJ |year=1982 |publisher=Indian History Congress / Orient Longmans}}
* {{cite book |author=Kailash Chand Jain |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA158 |year=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9}}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |author-link=R. C. Majumdar |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=3, Part I: A.D. 300-985 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBuAAAAMAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |oclc=34008529}}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA357 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2}}
* {{cite book |author=Upinder Singh |author-link=Upinder Singh |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA505 |year=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1677-9}}
* {{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC |year=1989 |publisher=Concept |isbn=978-81-7022-251-4}}
* {{cite book |author=Tej Ram Sharma |title=Personal and Geographical Names in the Gupta Inscriptions |url=https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft |page=[https://archive.org/details/personalgeograph00sharuoft/page/49 49] |year=1978 |publisher=Concept |oclc=5413655}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India|History|Monarchy|Biography}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Chandragupta II}}
* [http://coinindia.com/galleries-chandragupta2.html Coins of Chandragupta II]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandragupta Ii}}
[[Category:Chandragupta II| ]]
[[Category:Gupta emperors]]
[[Category:4th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:5th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:410s deaths]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:4th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:5th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:4th-century maharajadhirajas]]
[[Category:5th-century maharajadhirajas]]

Meitei Australians

2026-03-11T21:23:09Z

WilmerLassetter: Creating Bio

{{Short description|Meitei community in Australia}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Meiteis in Australia (Manipuris in Australia)
| native_name = [[File:Meitei transliteration of the term "Meitei".jpg|50px|]]
| native_name_lang = mni
| flag = Flag of Kangleipak.svg
| flag_caption = Meitei cultural flag
| image = 
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| image_uprigh =
| total = 
| total_year = 
| total_source = 
| total_ref = 
| total1 = 
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| total1_source = 
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| genealogy =
| regions =

| languages = [[File:Meetei Mayek letter I.svg|20px]] [[Meitei language]] {{small|(officially known as [[Manipuri language]])}} [[Australian English]] and other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]
| religions = [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] & [[File:The Symbol of Sanamahi.svg|20px]] [[Sanamahism]]
| related_groups = other [[Indian Australians]] and [[Bangladeshi Australians]]
| footnotes =
}}

The [[Meitei people]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝ}}), also known as the [[Manipuris]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯅꯤꯄꯨꯔꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ}}),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-04-15|title=Meitei {{!}} Manipur, People, Culture, & Language {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meitei|access-date=2025-04-21|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> originating from the [[northeastern India]]n state of [[Manipur]] and parts of [[Meitei people in Bangladesh|Bangladesh with Meitei population]], constitute a small but growing diaspora in [[Australia]].<ref name=":6" /> [[Migration to Australia]] began in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, primarily for purposes of higher education, skilled employment, and family reunification. Concentrated in urban centers such as [[Sydney]], [[Melbourne]], and [[Brisbane]], the Meitei community maintains aspects of [[Meitei language|its linguistic]], [[Meitei culture|cultural]], and [[Meitei religion|religious traditions]] while adapting to the sociocultural environment of Australia. Community organizations and informal networks support cultural continuity and social integration within the broader multicultural framework of the country.<ref name=":0" />

The Australian Meitei diaspora comprises individuals across different generational cohorts, including established residents who have lived in Australia for over a decade, as well as recent arrivals such as international students. The community is characterized by a dual sense of belonging, maintaining cultural and social connections to their place of origin in India while adapting to life in Australia.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=The Indian|date=2025-04-14|title=Manipuris keep 'Cheiraoba' alive in Melbourne -|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2025/04/14/manipuris-keep-cheiraoba-alive-in-melbourne/|access-date=2025-04-21|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{See|Meitei culture|Meitei intangible cultural heritage}}

=== Cinema ===
{{See|Meitei cinema|Cinema of Manipur|Cinema of Australia}}
In October 2017, the [[Meitei language]] film [[:en:Loktak_Lairembee|Loktak Lairembee]] (Lady of the Lake) received two nominations for the 11th Asia Pacific Screen Awards (APSA) in [[Brisbane]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipuri film nominated for APSA Brisbane awards 20171020|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.News_Links.News_Links_2017.Manipuri_film_nominated_for_APSA_Brisbane_awards_20171020|access-date=2025-04-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=2010-09-15|title=Manipuri film nominated for APSA, Brisbane awards|url=https://assamtribune.com/manipuri-film-nominated-for-apsa-brisbane-awards|access-date=2025-04-21|website=assamtribune.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Manipuri film 'Lady of the Lake' is winning rave reviews in Australia|url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/lady-of-the-lake-newton-australia-bollywood-cinema-20875|access-date=2025-04-21|website=www.dailyo.in|language=en}}</ref>

The Meitei language movie, [[Boong (film)]], was awarded Best Youth Film, in the 17th edition of the Asia Pacific Screen Awards, held in 2024 in Gold Coast, [[Queensland]], Australia, following the four-day Asia Pacific Screen Forum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Pacific Screen Awards 2024: Payal Kapadia's All We Imagine As Light, Lakshmipriya Devi's Boong win big|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/asia-pacific-screen-awards-2024-payal-kapadia-all-we-imagine-as-light-lakshmipriya-devi-boong-win-big-101733037148458.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Features|first=C. E.|date=2024-12-01|title=All We Imagine As Light and Boong wins big at Asia Pacific Screen Awards 2024|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Dec/01/all-we-imagine-as-light-and-boong-wins-big-at-asia-pacific-screen-awards-2024|access-date=2025-04-21|website=Cinema Express|language=en}}</ref>

=== Clothing ===
{{See|Meitei clothing|Meitei clothing in Bangladesh|Meitei clothing in Myanmar}}
Meitei women in Australia commonly wear traditional attire consisting of the [[phanek]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯐꯅꯦꯛ}}), a wraparound skirt, paired with the innaphi ({{Script|Mtei|ꯏꯟꯅꯐꯤ}}), a lightweight shawl draped over the upper body. This clothing style reflects customary dress practices of the [[Meitei community]] from [[northeastern India]].<ref name=":0" />

=== Cuisines ===
[[Meitei cuisine]] in Australia features traditional dishes such as [[eromba]], a preparation made by mashing fermented fish with boiled vegetables and chillies; ooti, a stew of peas cooked with alkaline water and regional herbs; and [[singju]], a salad composed of raw or lightly blanched vegetables mixed with fermented fish or other condiments. These dishes are typically prepared within domestic settings and community events, reflecting culinary practices of the Meitei community.<ref name=":0" />

Traditional Meitei dishes such as [[Iromba]], Utti, [[Fish in Meitei culture|Sareng Thongba, Ataoba Thongba]], and Singju are prepared within the Australian Meitei diaspora using ingredients consistent with their traditional culinary practices. Fermented fish, [[Ngari (fish)]] continues to be a central element in many preparations. A variety of indigenous herbs and vegetables, including Pan, Yendem, Komprek, Hawai Maton, Pullei, Uyyen, Yennam Nakkuppi, Koli Hawai, Hawai Asangbi, and Hungam, are also used, either cultivated locally or obtained through import channels, reflecting an effort to maintain traditional foodways in a diasporic context.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheiraoba at Melbourne|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=travel.Manipur_Travel_Log.Chingshang_Travellog.Cheiraoba_at_Melbourne|access-date=2025-04-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

During [[Meitei festivals]] in Australia, traditional Meitei foods such as ngatoi (fish curry), ooti (greens and lentil curry), [[singju]] (a salad spiced with perilla seeds, fermented fish, and ghost pepper), keli channa (chickpea preparation), and laphutharo eromba (a dish made with banana flower) are prepared and consumed by the Meitei community.<ref name=":5" />

=== Dance and music ===
[[Louise Lightfoot]] played a significant role in contextualizing Meitei dance
({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}) for Australian audiences, aiming to ensure it was understood as a sophisticated and culturally grounded art form rather than interpreted through racialized or exoticized frameworks.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZCVuEAAAQBAJ&dq=Manipuri+Australia&pg=PT81|title=The Celestial Dancers: Manipuri Dance on Australian Stage|last=Sarwal|first=Amit|date=2022-05-15|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-62550-9|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WfXDgAAQBAJ&dq=Manipuri+Australia&pg=PA15|title=Louise Lightfoot in Search of India: An Australian Dancer's Experience|last=Lightfoot|first=Louise|date=2017-05-11|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-9258-2|language=en}}</ref>

Drawing on these texts, Lightfoot prepared explanatory notes that outlined core features of [[Manipuri dance]]. These included an understanding of the performance space as sacred, the ritualistic and devotional character of the dance, the deliberate absence of emotions such as lust, greed, anger, envy, hatred, and pride, and the use of modest costuming intended to prevent sexualized interpretations.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Lightfoot’s efforts contributed to the reception of [[Manipuri dance]] as a serious artistic practice in Australia. A review published on 15 February 1957 described the [[Maibi Jagoi]] dance ({{Script|Mtei|ꯃꯥꯏꯕꯤ ꯖꯒꯣꯏ}}) as previously unseen by Australian audiences and noted the combination of technical precision and expressive grace in the performances. The review emphasized the dancers’ ability to convey narrative through gesture, rhythm, and movement, and remarked that even viewers unfamiliar with [[Indian classical dance]] could discern the meanings embedded in the choreography. Lightfoot observed that while vocal narration was customary in India, its absence in the Australian context did not substantially diminish the traditional elements of the performance.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

A Journey of Manipuri Dance was a performance held in [[Melbourne]], Australia, from 14 to 16 February 2014, featuring Sinam Basu Singh. The event focused on [[Manipuri dance]], a classical dance form originating from the Indian state of [[Manipur]]. It aimed to present the traditional movements, techniques, and cultural significance of [[Manipuri dance]] to an international audience.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Journey of Manipuri Dance at Melbourne by Sinam Basu Review by Dr Chandrabhanu|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.arts.A_Journey_of_Manipuri_Dance_at_Melbourne_by_Sinam_Basu_Review_by_Dr_Chandrabhanu|access-date=2025-04-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A Journey of Manipuri Dance at Melbourne, Australia with Sinam Basu Singh :: 14 -16 Feb 2014|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epGallery.asp?id=1&src=Arts_Dances/RasLeela/SinamBasu201402|access-date=2025-04-21|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref>

== Fashion ==
During the 2018 Eco Fashion Week Australia (EFWA), [[:en:Robert_Naorem|Robert Naorem]], a designer of Meitei heritage, presented a collection as part of the EFWA UpCycling Challenge on Day 4 of the event, held on 19 November. The showcase, titled Fashion Archaeology, incorporated elements of [[Meitei cultural heritage]] within the framework of sustainable fashion practices.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Khumukcham|first=Rinku|date=2018-11-21|title=Letter from Australia - Robert Naorem enthralls audiences on Eco Friendly Week Australia Runaway Night|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/letter-from-australia-robert-naorem-enthralls-audiences-on-eco-friendly-week-australia-runaway-night/|access-date=2025-04-21|website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Robert Naorem enthralls audiences on Eco Friendly Australia Runaway Night 2018|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.Fashion_Section.Robert_Naorem_enthralls_audiences_on_Eco_Friendly_Australia_Runaway_Night_2018|access-date=2025-04-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

Naorem's collection was constructed using upcycled materials, including thrifted garments, handmade pieces, and recycled textiles. The designs drew inspiration from Meitei historical and cultural symbols associated with Manipur, particularly the traditional inaphi, a draped shawl worn by [[:en:Meitei_women|Meitei women]], known for its distinctive motif work. The garments utilized handloom textiles, organic silks, and cottons, produced by artisanal weavers in Manipur.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

The collection featured embroidered representations of culturally significant symbols such as the [[Sangai]] (Rucervus eldii eldii), [[Kangla Sha]] (a mythological guardian figure), [[:en:Pung_Cholom|Pung Cholom]] (a traditional drum dance), [[Meitei Mayek]] (the indigenous Meitei script), and the [[:en:Nongin|Nongin]] (a bird species with symbolic relevance in Manipur). The design aesthetic emphasized bold colors and detailed craftsmanship.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

The runway presentation was accompanied by music based on Meitei folk traditions, composed by Thiyam. The event concluded with a visual emphasis on vibrant, jewel-toned garments, marking the final segment of EFWA 2018. The presentation served as an example of the integration of indigenous cultural elements with environmentally conscious design in a diasporic context.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

== Festivals ==
{{See|Meitei festivals}}
=== Cheiraoba ===
The Australian Meitei diaspora observes [[Cheiraoba]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯆꯩꯔꯥꯎꯕ}}) in cities such as [[Melbourne]] and elsewhere. Cheiraoba marks the beginning of the traditional Meitei New Year in the Indian state of [[Manipur]]. The observance typically involves domestic rituals, preparation of specific ceremonial foods, and communal activities that reflect customary practices associated with the [[Meitei lunar calendar]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheiraoba: How Manipuri expats ushered in New Year in Melbourne|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/04/17/cheiraoba-how-manipuri-expats-ushered-in-new-year-in-melbourne/|access-date=2025-04-21|website=EastMojo|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cheiraoba at Melbourne|url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=travel.Manipur_Travel_Log.Chingshang_Travellog.Cheiraoba_at_Melbourne|access-date=2025-04-21|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2019-04-16|title=Cheiraoba: How Manipuri expats ushered in New Year in Melbourne – EastMojo – Manipur News|url=http://www.manipur.org/news/2019/04/16/cheiraoba-how-manipuri-expats-ushered-in-new-year-in-melbourne-eastmojo/|access-date=2025-04-21|language=en-US}}</ref>
=== Ningol Chakouba ===
[[Ningol Chakouba]] ({{Script|Mtei|ꯅꯤꯉꯣꯜ ꯆꯥꯀꯧꯕ}}), a festival celebrated to strengthen the bond of love between married women and their paternal families, is also observed by the Meitei diaspora in Australia. Sometimes, it was cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Sun|first=The Indian|date=2020-12-21|title=Belated celebration for Manipuri expats in Melbourne -|url=https://www.theindiansun.com.au/2020/12/21/belated-feast-for-manipuri-expats-in-melbourne-post-lockdown/|access-date=2025-04-21|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Facing racism ==
Instances of racialized interpretations of Meitei culture in Australia have been documented in historical media coverage. In an article published in The Sydney Morning Herald on 13 June 1957, a writer identified as R.R. described the Manipuri dancer Ibetombi in racialized terms, referring to her as belonging to the "[[Mongols|Mongolian]]" race. The writer drew parallels between her performance and what he termed "Mongolian art," characterizing it with language suggestive of primitivism and exoticism.<ref name=":1" />

This depiction was publicly challenged by David K. Cleaver, a supporter of Indian classical dance, who submitted a letter to the editor published the same day. Cleaver criticized the racial classification as inaccurate, arguing that there is no singular concept of "Mongolian art or dance." He noted that while some Southeast Asian cultures had borrowed artistic influences from the north, their aesthetic traditions were more closely aligned with those of the Indian subcontinent than with East Asian cultures such as Korea or Japan. Cleaver further condemned the racial framing of cultural expression as a remnant of 19th-century pseudo-scientific theories.<ref name=":1" />

The categorization of regions such as northeast India within a so-called "Mongolian Fringe"—a term used by Olaf Caroe, former Foreign Secretary to the British-Indian government—has historically contributed to a racialized perception of indigenous and tribal communities. This classification has often led to cultural stereotyping, social marginalization, and discriminatory attitudes toward people from these regions.<ref name=":1" />

In contrast, figures such as Lightfoot sought to present Meitei dance in Australia through a more scholarly and culturally informed lens. Drawing on academic sources—including works by Mutua Jhulan Singh, Faubion Bowers, Haobam Kulabidhu Singh, and Jyotirmoy Roy—Lightfoot produced detailed explanatory notes for performances. These emphasized core characteristics of Manipuri dance, such as its ritualistic and devotional nature, the sacred symbolism of the performance space, the emotional restraint embodied by the dancers, and the use of modest costumes to prevent misinterpretation of the performance's intent.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Asia|Australia|Bangladesh|India|Oceania}}
* [[Meitei people in Canada]]
* [[Meitei people in the United Kingdom]]
* [[Meitei people in the United States]]
* [[Meitei people in Bangladesh]]
* [[Meitei people in Myanmar]]
* [[Meitei people in Assam]]
* [[Meitei people in Meghalaya]]
* [[Meitei people in Nagaland]]
* [[Meitei people in Tripura]]

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite web|title=Book event: Prof. Dr. Sruti Bandopadhay presents Manipuri Dance performance. {{!}} Events for Classical Dance {{!}} Events for Manipuri {{!}} Events for Classical dance {{!}} Events for dance|url=https://meetkalakar.com/Program/1171-Prof-Dr-Sruti-Bandopadhay-presents-Manipuri-Dance-performance|access-date=2025-04-21|website=meetkalakar.com}}

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Meitei Diaspora}}
{{Asian Australians}}
{{Ethnic groups in Australia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Meitei diaspora]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi diaspora]]
[[Category:Australia–India relations]]
[[Category:Australia–Bangladesh relations]]
[[Category:Indian diaspora in Australia]]
[[Category:Australian people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of Bangladeshi descent]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Australia]]

Vimal (actor)

2026-03-10T05:14:01Z

WilmerLassetter: slightly corrected formatting after review additionally and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian actor (born 1979)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vimal
| image = Actor Vimal at the Manjapai Press Meet (cropped).jpg
| caption = Vimal in 2014
| other_names = Galaxy Star
| birth_name = Ramesh Vimal Ramasamy
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|04|25|df=y}}<ref>https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/vemal/18164/filmography</ref>
| birth_place = Pannankombu, [[Manapparai]], [[Trichy district|Trichy]], Tamil Nadu, India
| yearsactive = 2001–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|producer}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Akshaya|2010}}
| children = 3
}}

'''Vimal''' is an [[Indian actor]] working in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. He appeared in a supporting role in ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' (2008), and played the lead role in ''[[Pasanga]]'' in 2009.

Vimal's breakthrough came with the film ''[[Kalavani]]'' in 2010. He further acted in movies such as ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]'' (2011), ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' (2012), ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' (2013), ''[[Manjapai]]'' (2014), ''[[Mannar Vagaiyara]]'' (2018) and ''[[Deiva Machan]]'' (2023).

==Early life==

Vimal was born on 25 April 1979, in Pannankombu, a village near [[Manapparai]], [[Tiruchirappalli district]], Tamil Nadu, and later moved to [[Chennai]]. He discontinued his studies and began learning dancing and joined the [[Koothu-P-Pattarai]], a theatre group in Chennai.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news |url-access=subscription |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2621557.ece |location=Chennai, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |first=Subha J |last=Rao |title=The Hindu : Arts / Cinema : Only Vemal! |date=12 November 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912002008/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2621557.ece |archive-date=2012-09-12}}</ref>

Vimal married Akshaya and they have three children together.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/actor-vimal-weds-his-sweetheart/articleshow/7178464.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010854/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/news-interviews/28264211_1_wedding-akshaya-parents | url-status=live | archive-date=5 October 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Actor Vimal weds his sweetheart |date=29 December 2010}}</ref>

==Acting career==
===2001–2008===
In 2001, he started a career as an aspiring model actor. While being a part of [[Koothu-P-Pattarai]], Vimal was appearing in uncredited roles in several high-profile Tamil films, including ''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004), ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' (2007), and ''[[Kuruvi]]'' (2008). He made cameo role in the critically acclaimed movie ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chennaimemes.in/i-never-accepted-to-do-that-film-vimal-finally-talks-about-ivanukku-engeyo-macham-irukku-watch-video/ |title="I Never Accepted to do That Film" Vimal Finally Talks About "Ivanukku Engeyo Macham Irukku" !! WATCH VIDEO !! | Chennai Memes |date=2 July 2019 |access-date=12 September 2021 |archive-date=12 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912133609/https://www.chennaimemes.in/i-never-accepted-to-do-that-film-vimal-finally-talks-about-ivanukku-engeyo-macham-irukku-watch-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2009–2016===
He played his first leading role in ''[[Pasanga]]'' (2009), directed by [[Pandiraj]], in which he played Meenakshisundaram, an insurance agent.<ref name="thehindu1"/> The film won critical acclaim, while his performance was well received. He next appeared in [[A. Sarkunam]]'s comedy entertainer ''[[Kalavani]]'' (2010) with [[Oviya]] in the female lead which went on to become a [[sleeper hit]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-22/news-interviews/28293166_1_kalavani-veppam-places | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811090658/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-22/news-interviews/28293166_1_kalavani-veppam-places | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Kalavani goes places |date=22 July 2010}}</ref> In 2011, he acted in three films, [[Cloud Nine Movies|Cloud Nine Movie's]] ''[[Thoonga Nagaram]]'', ''[[Eththan]]'' and ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]'', which saw him collaborating with [[A. Sarkunam]] again. ''Vaagai Sooda Vaa'' was a period piece set in the 1960s, with Vimal playing a village teacher named Veluthambi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/In-quest-of-victory/articleshow/8188464.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915014601/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-08/news-interviews/29520383_1_first-film-sarkunam-vimal |url-status=live |archive-date=15 September 2012 |title=In quest of victory! |access-date=10 November 2011 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 May 2011}}</ref> His other 2012 film, was ''[[Mattuthavani (film)|Mattuthavani]]'' which was long-delayed and was a flop at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-apr-23/mattuthavani.html |title=Mattuthavani – Behindwoods.com – Tamil Top Ten Movies – Ooh La La La Mattuthavani Mye Oru kal Oru kannadi Asthamanam Mazhaikalam 3 Karnan Meeravudan Krishnan Sooriya Nagaram Nandha Nandhitha Sevarkodi Naanga Aravaan Kaattu Puli Udumban Kadhalil Sodhapuvadhu Yeppadi Muppozhudhum Un Karpanaigal Mouna Guru kollaikaran Vettai Nanban Osthe Rajapattai Uchithanai Mukarnthal Mouna Guru Mambattiyan Velayudham 7aum Arivu Porali Mayakkam Enna |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=16 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516195652/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/top-ten-movies-apr-23/mattuthavani.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was then seen in [[UTV Motion Pictures|UTV]]'s comedy film ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' under [[Sundar C]]'s direction that features an [[ensemble cast]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/71910.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012224607/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/71910.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2011 |title=Sundar C's next – 'Masala' |website=IndiaGlitz.com |access-date=12 October 2011}}</ref> His next release was ''[[Ishtam (2011 film)|Ishtam]]'', a remake of Telugu hit ''Yemaindhi Ee Vela'', in which he played an urban character for the first time.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924132411/http://www.sify.com/movies/Vimal-gets-an-image-makeover-with--i-Ishtam--i-imagegallery-kollywood-liqk6pfbbjc.html?html=5 Vimal gets an image makeover with Ishtam]. Sify.com</ref>

In 2013, he acted five movies as ''[[Sillunu Oru Sandhippu]]'', a simple love story,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-silunu-oru-sandhippu/20130214.htm |title=Review: Silunu Oru Sandhippu is a simple love story |website=Rediff.com |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=3 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403204215/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-silunu-oru-sandhippu/20130214.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' co-starring with [[Sivakarthikeyan]] directed by [[Pandiraj]]. The film was a good opening and was a hit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-box-office-mar-31.html |title=Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga box office collection |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230080720/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-box-office-mar-31.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-box-office-apr-28.html |title=Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga box office collection |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=30 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230030343/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga/kedi-billa-killadi-ranga-box-office-apr-28.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kadal]]'' with actors [[Arjun Sarja]] and [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] directed by [[Vasanth]]. [[Ezhil]]'s direction ''[[Desingu Raja]]'' was released on 23 August.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/desingu-raja/desingu-raja-review.html |title=Desingu Raja Movie Review Desingu Raja, Desingu Raja review, Desingu Raja movie review |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328032441/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/desingu-raja/desingu-raja-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref>''[[Jannal Oram]]'' co-starring with [[R. Parthiepan]] and [[Vidharth]]. The film received mixed reviews from critics and audience.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/jannal-oram/movie-review/26649086.cms|title=Jannal Oram Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Jannal Oram by Times of India|access-date=3 April 2019|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Vimal is currently working on more than half-a-dozen projects. He has play in ''[[Pulivaal]]'' (2014), a comedy thriller with actor [[Prasanna (actor)|Prasanna]], remake of Malayalam film.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Chappa-Kurishu-turns-Pulival-in-Kollywood/articleshow/19614231.cms |work=The Times Of India |title='Chappa Kurishu' turns 'Pulival' in Kollywood – The Times of India |access-date=21 June 2013 |archive-date=19 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419011227/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Chappa-Kurishu-turns-Pulival-in-Kollywood/articleshow/19614231.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He has completed ''[[Manjapai]]'' (2014)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/manja-pai/movie-review/36248478.cms|title=Manja Pai Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Manja Pai by Times of India|access-date=3 April 2019|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> and [[Padmamagan]]'s ''[[Netru Indru]]'' (2014). He was next seen an action film, ''[[Kaaval (2015 film)|Kaaval]]'' (2015),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kaaval/kaaval-review.html |title=Kaaval (aka) Kaval review |date=26 June 2015 |website=Behindwoods.com |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=10 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310184445/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/kaaval/kaaval-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> followed by two comedy dramas, ''[[Anjala (film)|Anjala]]'' (2016)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/anjala/movie-review/50971022.cms|title=Anjala Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Anjala by Times of India|access-date=3 April 2019|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> and ''[[Mapla Singam]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mapla-singam/movie-review/51389618.cms|title=Mapla Singam Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Mapla Singam by Times of India|access-date=3 April 2019|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
===2018–present===

In 2018, [[Boopathy Pandian]]'s ''[[Mannar Vagaiyara]]'' was released. The film is produced by Vimal for the first time. It was running successful and was declared a super hit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mannar-vagaiyara-review-entertaining-to-an-extent-review-tamil-sb0skygbbbecb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126190310/http://www.sify.com/movies/mannar-vagaiyara-review-entertaining-to-an-extent-review-tamil-sb0skygbbbecb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2018 |title=Review : Mannar Vagaiyara review: Entertaining to an extent (2018) |website=[[Sify]]|access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> In December, an adult comedy film, ''[[Evanukku Engeyo Matcham Irukku]]''. It was a poor review from critics and audiences.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2018/dec/07/evanukku-engeyo-matcham-irukku-review-an-offensive-disastrous-attempt-at-an-adult-comedy-9132.html |title=Evanukku Engeyo Matcham Irukku Review: An offensive, disastrous attempt at an adult comedy |newspaper=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=3 April 2019 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329224231/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2018/dec/07/evanukku-engeyo-matcham-irukku-review-an-offensive-disastrous-attempt-at-an-adult-comedy-9132.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His next two films were romantic comedies including ''[[Kalavani 2]]'' (2019), a sequel to ''Kalavani'' and ''[[Kanni Raasi]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite news |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/kalavani-2-review/article28302870.ece |title='Kalavani 2' review: A film that robs us of our sanity |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 July 2019 |last1=S |first1=Srivatsan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812213931/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/kalavani-2-review/article28302870.ece |archive-date=2020-08-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2020/dec/05/kanni-rasi-movie-review-the-cards-arent-bright-for-this-one-21609.html |title=Kanni Rasi movie review: The stars don't align for this one |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=12 September 2021 |archive-date=12 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912133610/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2020/dec/05/kanni-rasi-movie-review-the-cards-arent-bright-for-this-one-21609.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Vimal was seen in the Zee5 crime thriller web series ''[[Vilangu (web series)|Vilangu]]'' (2022). The series, written and directed by Prashanth Pandiyaraj, started streaming in February and received extremely positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jul/27/actor-vimal-gets-an-honorary-doctorate-from-the-american-national-business-university-33112.html |title=Actor Vimal gets an honorary doctorate from the American National Business University |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221213717/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/jul/27/actor-vimal-gets-an-honorary-doctorate-from-the-american-national-business-university-33112.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was acted in a cameo in [[Vijay Sethupathi]] starrer ''[[DSP (film)|DSP]]'' (2022) directed by [[Ponram]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=DSP - An uninspired cop's tale |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/dsp-uninspired-cops-tale |access-date=2022-12-03 |work=Tamil Guardian.}}</ref> In 2023, he returns to the family territory in rural comedy, ''[[Deiva Machan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Deiva Machan Movie Review: A likeable film that's not compelling enough |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/deiva-machan/movie-review/99662765.cms|access-date=2023-04-21 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> His next projects were action films such as ''[[Kulasami]]'' and ''[[Thudikkum Karangal (2023 film)|Thudikkum Karangal]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kulasami Movie Review: Dull at best and strangely amusing at worst |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/May/07/kulasami-review-dull-at-best-and-strangely-amusing-at-worst-43111.html|access-date=2023-05-07 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Thudikkum Karangal Review: Vemal Film Is Not Quite The Thriller We Were Waiting For|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/thudikkum-karangal-review-vemal-film-is-not-quite-the-thriller-we-were-waiting-for-review-104701421|access-date=2023-10-25 |work=Times Now News}}</ref>
In 2024, Vimal plays the role of a morgue driver in ''[[Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai Movie Review: A well-acted journey with mixed results |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/pogumidam-vegu-thooramillai/movie-review/112679188.cms|access-date=2024-08-21 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Follow-up to the [[Bose Venkat]]'s-directed action-drama film ''[[Sir (2024 film)|Sir]]'', which explores themes of social inequality and the importance of education.<ref>{{Cite news |title='SIR' Movie Review: This social drama about education needs course correction |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Oct/19/sir-movie-review-this-social-drama-about-education-needs-course-correction|access-date=2024-10-19 |work=New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|+ List of Vimal film acting credits
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Kalakalappu (2001 film)|Kalakalappu]]'' || Karna's collegemate || Uncredited role
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Ghilli]]'' || Velu's teammate || Uncredited role Assistant Director<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vandhana |date=10 February 2015 |title=Rustic Art: The Actor Vimal Interview |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/rustic-art-the-actor-vimal-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423043932/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/rustic-art-the-actor-vimal-interview/ |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=23 April 2022 |website=Silverscreen.in}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' || Shaktivel's friend || Uncredited role
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008 ||''[[Kuruvi]]'' || Refugee in Cuddapah || Uncredited role Assistant Director
|-
| ''[[Pandhayam (2008 film)|Pandhayam]]'' || Murugesan || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' || Rangan ||
|-
| ''[[Thenavattu]]'' || Santhosh's henchman || Uncredited role
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Pasanga]]'' || Meenakshi Sundaram || [[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actor]]
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Kalavani]]'' || Arivazhagan (Arikki) ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 || ''[[Thoonga Nagaram]]'' || Kannan ||
|-
| ''[[Eththan]]'' || Sathyamoorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]'' || Veluthambi || [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor]]
|-
| rowspan="3"|2012 || ''[[Mattuthavani (film)|Mattuthavani]]'' || Panneer's friend || Uncredited role
|-
| ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' || Seenu ||
|-
| ''[[Ishtam (2012 film)|Ishtam]]'' || Saravanan ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2013 ||''[[Sillunu Oru Sandhippu]]'' || Ashok ||
|-
|''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' || Kesavan ||
|-
| ''[[Moondru Per Moondru Kaadhal]]'' || Varun ||
|-
| ''[[Desingu Raja]]'' || Idhayakani ||
|-
| ''[[Jannal Oram]]'' || Subbiah ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2014 || ''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]'' || Himself || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Pulivaal]]'' || Kasi ||
|-
| ''[[Manjapai]]'' || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Netru Indru]]'' ||Sivaji ||
|-
| ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' || Himself || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Oru Oorla Rendu Raja]]'' ||Azhagu ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Kaaval (2015 film)|Kaaval]]'' || Anbarasu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Anjala (film)|Anjala]]'' || Kavas ||
|-
|''[[Mapla Singam]]'' || Anbuchelvan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Mannar Vagaiyara]]'' || Madhiyazhagan || Also producer
|-
| ''[[Evanukku Engeyo Matcham Irukku]]'' || Hari ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kalavani 2]]'' || Arivazhagan (Arikki) || 25th Film
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Kanni Raasi]]'' || Gemini Ganesan ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[DSP (film)|DSP]]'' || Vinayagam || Cameo
|-
| rowspan="3"|2023 || ''[[Deiva Machan]]'' || Thabaal Karthi ||
|-
| ''[[Kulasami]]'' || Soora Sangu ||
|-
| ''[[Thudikkum Karangal (2023 film)|Thudikkum Karangal]]'' || Vetri ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024 || ''[[Pogumidam Vegu Thooramillai]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Sir (2024 film)|Sir]]'' || Mangollai Ponnarasan Sivagnanam "Ma. Po. Si" ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2025 || ''[[Badava]]'' || Velan ||
|-
| ''[[Gangers (film)|Gangers]]'' || Original Saravanan || rowspan="2" |Cameo
|-
| ''[[Maaman]]'' || Magician
|-
| ''[[Paramasivan Fathima]]'' || Paramasivan ||
|-
| ''[[Desingu Raja 2]]'' || Kulasekara Pandian ||
|-
| ''[[Mahasenha]]'' || Senguttuvan ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2026 || ''[[Vadam]]'' || Vetrivel ||
|-
|''Belladonna'' || TBA || Delayed<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/15/vemals-next-titled-belladonna|title = Vemal's next titled Belladonna}}</ref>
|-
| ''Galatta Family'' || TBA || Delayed<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61dvFYPuB0M |title=Galatta Family Trailer {{!}} Vimal {{!}} Anicka Vickram {{!}} Thambi Ramaiya {{!}} Mottai Rajendran {{!}} A.Sarkunam {{!}}VV |date=2025-11-23 |last=Lahari Music |access-date=2025-12-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''Vimal 39'' || TBA || Filming<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/35122/actor-vimal-begins-shoot-for-rural-comedy-with-ponman-makers-in-karaikudi|title = Actor Vimal Begins Shoot for Rural Comedy with Ponman Makers in Karaikudi}}</ref>




|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Vimal web series credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Ref
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Vilangu (web series)|Vilangu]]'' || Paridhi || [[ZEE5]] ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Om Kali Jai Kali]]'' || Ganesan || [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]] || <ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=விமல் நடிப்பில் புதிய வெப்தொடர் ஓம் காளி ஜெய் காளி விரைவில்...|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/vimals-new-web-series-om-kali-jai-kali-coming-soon-762638|work=[[Maalai Malar]]|access-date=1 March 2025|language=Tamil}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}} Name changed from Vimal to Vemal https://x.com/ActorVemal?t=VXTj0mpG8IsAVCAxKOtIdQ&s=09

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=2156989}}

{{Tamil Nadu State Award for Best Actor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vimal}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Tiruchirappalli district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Gabriel Boughton

2026-03-08T20:26:57Z

WilmerLassetter: expanded citations further and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{short description|British surgeon and India traveler (17th century)}}
{{Infobox medical person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Gabriel Boughton
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
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| birth_name = 
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| death_date = unknown
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| occupation =[[East Indiaman]] surgeon
| years_active =
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| work_institutions = [[East India Company]]
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}}
'''Gabriel Boughton''' was an [[East India Company]] (EIC) ship surgeon who travelled to India in the first half of the seventeenth century and became highly regarded by [[Mughal Empire|Mughal royalty]].

He became the centre of a legend surrounding the acquisition by the EIC of a licence to trade freely in India and establish the first EIC factories on the banks of the [[Hooghly River]] in Bengal. According to the legend, incorrectly retold for over a century, Boughton treated and cured emperor [[Shah Jahan]]'s daughter [[Jahanara Begum]] of burns after her clothing caught fire, and in return the emperor granted the EIC a [[firman|licence]] to trade freely and to open factories. Boughton was further credited with receiving concessions from the emperor's son [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]] for treating one of the prince's concubines.

After being retold in a number of reputable sources mainly throughout the eighteenth century, [[East India Company#Expansion|EIC expansion]] in the Indian [[state of Bengal]] in the 1840s became attributed to Boughton's story. However, when historians examined its details, some details were found to be impossible due to inconsistencies in dates and the absence of evidence that the emperor's licence ever existed.

==Background==
In the early days of the EIC, doctors frequently travelled with traders who were on their way to establish factories. In addition to medical care for themselves and their ships, warehouses, and factories, these "Company ship surgeons" were found to be useful in trading medical treatment for concessions from rich rulers.<ref name="Kochhar1999"/> In India, EIC establishments included [[Bombay]], [[Surat]], Persia, [[Madras]] and the east coast, and Bengal and the Bay. Boughton was one of the early medical practitioners of this era, the others including [[John Woodall]], [[William Hamilton (surgeon)|William Hamilton]], [[John Zephaniah Holwell]], and [[William Fullerton (surgeon)| William Fullerton]].<ref name=IMS1947/>

The English acquired a foothold in India in 1613 by establishing a factory at Surat under the reign of [[Jahangir]] and with Portuguese opposition. In 1631, by the order of Shah Jahan, the Portuguese were expelled from Hooghly, and seven years later the emperor appointed his son Shah Shuja to be [[Viceroy]] of Bengal. The capital of the province was changed from [[Gauḍa (city)|Gaur]] to [[Rajmahal]] in 1639.<ref name=BMJ1907/>

==Life==
Boughton entered Surat in 1644 and was appointed to [[Asalat Khan]], the [[Mir Bakhshi|paymaster general of the Mughal empire]], who was keen on having the services of a European surgeon. Subsequently, Boughton travelled to [[Agra]]. Following the death of Khan in 1647, Boughton was appointed to the emperor’s son, Shah Shuja, then the governor general of Bengal based at Rajmahal. When one of the prince's concubines developed a pain in her side, Boughton was able to cure her and, according to colonial administrator [[John Beard (colonial administrator)|John Beard]] in 1685, in return received exemption from duty for personal trade but not for the EIC. In 1649, Captain Brookhaven's ship from London arrived in Bengal with duty-free goods "upon the account of Boughton's nishauns",<ref name="Kochhar1999"/> giving the British an advantage over other traders. Two years later, the British returned to establish a factory at Hooghly and obtain another exemption for the EIC. They obtained this by informing Shah Shujah that the previous privileges given by Shah Jahan were for the exemption of all duty.<ref name="Kochhar1999"/>

==The legend==
The traditional story differs and first appeared in the second volume of [[Robert Orme]]'s ''[[History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan from 1745]]''<ref name="Kochhar1999"/> with a more detailed description in Stewart's book, amongst a number of other publications.<ref name="Kochhar1999"/><ref name="Stewart1813">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfBengal|title=The History of Bengal|last=Charles Stewart|date=1813|access-date=2019-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003214151/https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfBengal|archive-date=2017-10-03|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Beatson1902>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/b2265110x|title=Indian Medical Service past and present|last1=Beatson|first1=William Burns|author2-link=Royal College of Physicians of London|last2=Royal College of Physicians of London|date=1902|publisher=London : Simpkin and Marshall|others=London Royal College of Physicians}}</ref> Their primary sources are likely to have been two accounts, one by EIC ship captain [[Thomas Bowrey]] and the other by John Beard.<ref name="Kochhar1999"/> It was also reiterated in the article "Surgeon in India: Past and Present", contributed by Dodwell and Miles to the ''[[Calcutta Review]]'' in 1854 (vol. xxiii).<ref name=BMJ1907/>

===Appearance in India===
Prior to 1639, as stated in [[Charles Stewart (orientalist)|Charles Stewart's]] 1813 book ''The History of Bengal'', [[Sir Thomas Roe]], who had been sent by [[James VI and I|James I]] as ambassador to Jahangir in 1615 and who remained in the Mughal courts for three years, made an entry regarding Boughton in his memoirs,<ref name=BMJ1907>{{Cite journal|date=25 May 1907|title=British Medicine in India|journal=[[British Medical Journal]]|volume=1|issue=2421|pages=1245–1253|issn=0007-1447|pmc=2357439|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.2421.1245}}</ref> when he wrote that Boughton "had for his dinner three hens, with rice, his drink being water, and a black liquor called cahu [coffee], drank as hot as could be endured".<ref name=Kerr1811>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wj4cG0mtc5QC&dq=cahu+coffee&pg=PP4546|title=A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels (Complete) Arranged in Systematic Order: Forming a Complete History of the Origin and Progress of Navigation, Discovery and Commerce by Sea and Land from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time|last=Kerr|first=Robert|date=1824|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=9781465516121|language=en}}</ref> This story was found to be untrue and related to another Boughton.<ref name="Crawford1909"/> For many years after there is no mention of him until 1636–1637, when he appears stationed in Surat in medical charge of the [[East Indiaman|EIC's ship]] the ''Hopewell'', as part of the Bombay establishment.<ref name=IMS1947/>

===Jahanara Begum's burns===
[[File:Jahanara 1635.jpg|thumb|Jahanara Begum, 1635]]
In either 1636,<ref name="McDonald1955">{{Cite journal|last=McDonald|first=Donald|date=2 November 1955|title=The Indian Medical Service. A Short Account of its Achievements 1600–1947|department=[[History of Medicine Society|Section of the History of Medicine]]|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine]]|language=en|volume=49|issue=1|pages=13–17|doi=10.1177/003591575604900103|pmid=13289828|pmc=1889015}}</ref> 1643, 1644,<ref name="Crawford1909">{{Cite journal|last=Crawford|first=D. G.|date=January 1909|title=The Legend of Gabriel Boughton|journal=[[The Indian Medical Gazette]]|volume=44|issue=1|pages=1–7|issn=0019-5863|pmc=5167919|pmid=29005236}}</ref> or 1645,<ref name="Bhattacherje2009">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&dq=gabriel+broughton+india&pg=SL1-PA69|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates|last=Bhattacherje|first=S. B.|date=2009|publisher=[[Sterling Publishers]] Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9788120740747|location=New Delhi|pages=A69|language=en}}</ref> [[Jahanara Begum]], the favourite daughter of [[Mughal Emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]], was severely burnt when her clothing caught fire in an accident during a dance performance.<ref name="Kochhar1999">{{Cite journal|last=Kochhar|first=Rajesh|date=September 1999|title=The truth behind the legend: European doctors in pre-colonial India|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jbsc/024/03/0259-0268|journal=[[Journal of Biosciences]]|volume=24|issue=3|pages=259–268|via=[[Indian Academy of Sciences]]|doi=10.1007/BF02941239|citeseerx=10.1.1.623.1442|s2cid=23226012|access-date=2019-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117070141/https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/jbsc/024/03/0259-0268|archive-date=2019-01-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Crawford1909"/> Local healers had failed to cure her, and, at the advice of [[vizier]] Assad Khan, the Emperor requested an English surgeon. The council of [[Surat]] recommended Boughton, the surgeon of the EIC ship the ''Hopewell'', as best-qualified for attending to the Princess and sent him to the [[Deccan]], where the emperor had his camp. Boughton was successful in healing her and, in return, was asked to name his reward. His request was for the EIC to be granted the privilege and [[firman|licence]] of founding factories in [[Bengal]] and of trading there freely, without the requirement to pay duty.<ref name=BMJ1907/><ref name="CasselsBrown1907">{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Andrew Cassels|date=April 1907|title=Two Forgotten Medical Worthies|journal=[[Edinburgh Medical Journal]]|volume=21|issue=4|pages=339–351|issn=0367-1038|pmc=5280178}}</ref><ref name="Hansen1972">{{Cite book |last=Hansen |first=Waldemar |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AV--abKg9GEC&dq=gabriel+boughton&pg=PA127 |title=The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India |date=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=9788120802254 |location=Delhi |pages=127 |language=en |chapter=7. The smell of apples}}</ref><ref name="Ritchie1848">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=af1GAQAAMAAJ&dq=gabriel+broughton+india&pg=PA103|title=A History of the Indian Empire and the East Indian Company from the Earliest Times to the Present: Together with Accounts of Beloochistan, Affghanistan, Cashmere ...|last=Ritchie|first=Leitch|date=1848|publisher=W.H. Allen|location=London|pages=103|language=en}}</ref><ref name=Fryer2017>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAkkDwAAQBAJ&dq=gabriel+broughton+india&pg=PT115|title=A New Account of East India and Persia. Being Nine Years' Travels, 1672–1681, by John Fryer|last=Crooke|first=William|date=2017|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317187417|language=en}}</ref>

===Sultan Shah Shuja===
[[File:Shuja, Mughal Prince.jpg|thumb|Shuja, Mughal Prince]]
Thereafter, to secure and begin trading, Boughton travelled to Rajmahal, where he became acquainted with the Viceroy of Bengal, Shah Shuja, one of the Emperor's sons, and where further privileges were granted after Boughton healed a lady from the Sultan's [[zenana]].<ref name="Kochhar1999"/><ref name=BMJ1907/><ref name="Crawford1909"/><ref name="O'Malley1917"/> With royal approval, Boughton sent for his EIC men, and subsequently factories were founded at [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Balasore]], and [[Pipli]].<ref name="Kochhar1999"/><ref name=BMJ1907/><ref name="Crawford1909"/>

He was described "with that liberality which distinguishes Britons, sought not for any private emolument, but solicited that his nation might have liberty to trade free of all duties in Bengal and to establish factories in that country",<ref name="O'Malley1917">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rkzIR3rTCMC&dq=gabriel+boughton&pg=PA265|title=Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa Sikkim|last=O'Malley|first=L. S. S.|date=1917|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=9781107600645|language=en|chapter=XXI – The roll of honour}}</ref> and had therefore been credited with the beginnings of the EIC's trade in Bengal.<ref name="Cotton">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/calcuttaoldandn00cottgoog|title=Calcutta, Old and New: A Historical & Descriptive Handbook to the City|last=Evan Cotton|date=1907|publisher=W. Newman|others=[[New York Public Library]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/calcuttaoldandn00cottgoog/page/n22 4]|language=en}}</ref>

==Inconsistencies==
An alternative account based on evidence from the historian [[Firishta]] is given in [[Alexander Dow]]'s book ''The History of Hindostan, from the death of Akbar to the complete settlement of the empire under Aurangzebe'' (1772).<ref name=Beatson1902/><ref name=Dow1772>{{Cite web|url=https://digital.lb-oldenburg.de/brandes/sb/content/pageview/93603|title=The History of Hindostan, from the death of Akbar to the complete settlement of the empire under Aurangzebe|last=Dow|first=Alexander|date=1772|website=digital.lb-oldenburg.de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714093003/https://digital.lb-oldenburg.de/brandes/sb/content/pageview/93603|archive-date=14 July 2019|url-status=live|access-date=14 July 2019}}</ref>

There is enough evidence to show that Boughton pleased his royal patients and had much "influence in high places",<ref name=BMJ1907/> important enough that the legend gained popularity and was retold in reputable sources for over a hundred years, gaining its acceptance as true.<ref name="Kochhar1999"/><ref name=IMS1947/> The legend was first scrutinised by historiographer [[William Foster (historiographer)|Sir William Foster]].<ref name="Kochhar1999"/>

A number of dates have been found to be incompatible. Boughton was not near any royal residence or [[Agra]] at the time of Jahanara's injuries.<ref name=IMS1947>{{Cite journal|date=July 1947|title=The Passing of the I.M.S|journal=The Indian Medical Gazette|pages=411|s2cid=32191279}}</ref> On 3 January 1644, an official letter to the directors of the EIC in London, addressed by its president and council, discloses that Boughton was not sent to Shah Shuja until several years later than the legend tells.<ref name=BMJ1907/> Therefore, when further royal concessions were obtained, he was not in Rajmahal as stated in the legend. In addition, Jahanara's burns occurred in 1643–1644, while Boughton's mission to Agra occurred a year later. Her burns had in the meantime been treated and cured by Hakim Anitulla of Lahore. It is also not possible to credit the founding of the factory at Balasore to the further concessions, as it had already been established 12 years before Boughton's visit to Agra.<ref name=IMS1947/> In Stewart's book, he leaves a footnote regarding the concessions given by the emperor, saying "I was not able to find a copy of this firman among the Indian records."<ref name="Kochhar1999"/>

==Death==
Gabriel Boughton died in India shortly after the opening of the ports.<ref name=BMJ1907/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*[https://archive.org/details/englishinwester02andegoog/page/n62 ''The English in western India'']. Anderson, Phillip. Bombay, Smith, Taylor and co. 1854
*[https://digital.lb-oldenburg.de/brandes/sb/content/pageview/93603 ''The History of Hindostan, from the death of Akbar to the complete settlement of the empire under Aurangzebe''], [[Alexander Dow]], T. Beket and P. A De Hondt, London (1772)
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.115204/page/n1 ''The History Of Bengal''], Charles Stewart, Basilisks Press (1813)
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib33yukzod0C&dq=gabriel+broughton+Hopewell+surgeon+india&pg=RA2-PA157 The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Ed. by James Prinsep, Volumes 2–3], James Prinsep, Calcutta, 1834, p.157
*[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24717/page/n241 “Surgeons in India – Past and Present”], Dodwell and Miles ''Calcutta Review'' (1854), Vol.XXIII, pp. 241–243

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boughton, Gabriel}}
[[Category:British surgeons]]
[[Category:British East India Company people]]

Lava Kusa (1963 film)

2026-03-06T20:10:48Z

WilmerLassetter:

{{short description|1963 film by C. Pullayya and C. S. Rao}}
{{Other uses|Lava Kusa (disambiguation){{!}}Lava Kusa}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Lava Kusa.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = {{ubl|[[C. Pullayya]]|[[C. S. Rao]]}}
| screenplay = {{ubl|C. Pullayya|C. S. Rao}}
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl|[[Vempati Sadasivabrahmam|Sadasivabrahmam]] (Telugu)|A. K. Velan (Tamil)}}
}}
| based_on = ''[[Ramayana]]''
| producer = A. Sankara Reddy
| starring = {{ubl|[[N. T. Rama Rao]]|[[Anjali Devi]]|[[Kantha Rao]]}}
| cinematography = P. L. Rai
| editing = A. Sanjeevi
| music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| studio = Lalita Sivajyoti Films
| released = {{Film date|1963|03|29|df=y}}
| runtime = 208 minutes
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|Telugu|Tamil}}
| gross = ₹3 crore
}}

'''''Lava Kusa''''' (also spelled as '''''Lava Kusha''''') is a 1963 Indian [[Hindu mythological film]] written and directed by [[C. Pullayya]] and [[C. S. Rao]]. Produced by Lalita Sivajyothi Films, the film is a remake of the 1934 production of the [[Lava Kusa (1934 film)|same name]], which was also directed by C. Pullayya. The story is based on the ''[[Uttara Kanda]]'' of the ''[[Ramayana]]'', focusing on [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusa]], the twin sons of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]]. The cast includes [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Rama, [[Anjali Devi]] as Sita, with [[V. Nagayya|Chittoor Nagayya]], [[Kantha Rao]], [[Sobhan Babu]], [[S. Varalakshmi]], and [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] in supporting roles. The soundtrack features 27 songs, with the musical score primarily composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].

Production of the film began in 1958 but was stopped due to financial constraints. When it restarted, Pullayya's health was deteriorating, so his son C. S. Rao took over. ''Lava Kusa'' is notable for being the first full-length [[Color motion picture film|colour film]] in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name="TOI 50" /> The film was shot simultaneously in Telugu and Tamil, with minor differences in the cast. It was released on 29 March 1963 in Telugu and on 19 April 1963 in Tamil. ''Lava Kusa'' was a major commercial success, running for 75 weeks and grossing over ₹1 [[crore]]. The Telugu version won the [[National Film Award for Best Telugu Feature Film]]. The film was also dubbed in Kannada and later in Hindi in 1974. In 2011, it was rebooted as ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]''.

== Plot ==
The film is based on the ''[[Uttara Kanda]]'', the later part of the ''[[Ramayana]]'' attributed to [[Valmiki]]. It follows the lives of [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusa]], the [[twin]] sons of [[Sita]] and [[Rama]]. The story begins with the ''Pattabhishekam'' (coronation) of Rama and the brief period of Rama Rajyam. However, after hearing accusations from a washerman about Sita's chastity, Rama sends her into exile. In the forest, Sita gives birth to Lava and Kusa. As they grow up, the twins eventually visit [[Ayodhya]]. The story also covers the [[Ashvamedha|Aswamedha]] [[Yajna|Yagna]] performed by Rama and the resulting conflict between him and his sons, which culminates in the ''Pattabhishekam'' of Lava and Kusa. The film concludes with Rama ending his avatar and returning to the divine.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Character !! colspan="2" | Actors in Language
|-
!Telugu
!Tamil
|-
| [[Rama]] ||! colspan="2" |[[N. T. Rama Rao]]
|-
| [[Sita]] ||! colspan="2" |[[Anjali Devi]]
|-
| [[Valmiki]] ||! colspan="2" | [[V. Nagayya|Chittoor Nagayya]]
|-
| [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] ||Master Nagaraju || Master Uma
|-
| [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusa]] || Master Subrahmanyam || Master Murali
|-
| [[Lakshmana]] || [[Kantha Rao]] || [[Gemini Ganesan]]
|-
| [[Hanuman|Anjaneya]]||Sando Krishna ||
|-
| [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]] ||[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] ||
|-
| [[Shatrughna]] ||[[Sobhan Babu]] ||
|-
| [[Kausalya]] ||! colspan="2" | [[P. Kannamba]]
|-
| [[Shanta]] ||! colspan="2" |Sandhya
|-
| [[Bhumi (goddess)|Bhudevi]]|| colspan="2" ! |[[S. Varalakshmi]]
|-
| [[Vasishtha]]|| [[Dhulipala]] ||
|-
| Valmiki's disciple ||[[Ramana Reddy]] ||
|-
| Wife of Valmiki's disciple || [[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]]||
|-
| Washerman || [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] || [[M. R. Radha]]
|-
| Wife of washerman || [[Girija (actress)|Girija]] || [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|-
| Dancer (Special appearance) || ! colspan="2" |[[Sukumari]]
|-
| ||Sivarama Krishnayya ||
|}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
Producer A. Sankara Reddy aimed to make a film based on the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', with [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Anjali Devi]] playing the roles of [[Rama]] and [[Sita]]. This inspiration came after watching them perform as Rama and Sita in the song "Murisenu Lokamu" from his earlier film ''[[Charana Daasi|Charana Dasi]]'' (1956). Sankara Reddy approached director [[C. Pullayya]], who had plans to remake his 1934 Telugu film ''[[Lava Kusa (1934 film)|Lava Kusa]]'', to direct the film under his production banner, Lalitha Sivajyothi Films.<ref name="TH BFP" /> The remake, also titled ''Lava Kusa'', became the first full-length [[Color motion picture film|colour film]] in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name="TOI 50" /> Screenwriter [[Vempati Sadasivabrahmam]], who had previously worked with Pullayya on ''Charana Dasi'', was hired to script the film.<ref name="TH BFP" /> Sadasivabrahmam remained faithful to the original screenplay by Vallabhajosyula Ramanamurthy and the dialogues written by [[Balijepalli Lakshmikantham]].<ref name="TH BFP" />

The production costs increased significantly when Sankara Reddy decided to shoot the film in colour. Although production started in 1958, it stalled after one-third of the planned portions were completed due to financial difficulties.<ref name="TH BFP" /> After five years, Sunderlal Nahata agreed to fund the project in exchange for distribution rights, while [[B. Nagi Reddi]] provided studio facilities. By this time, C. Pullayya's health had deteriorated, and Sankara Reddy initially approached [[B.N. Reddi|B. N. Reddi]] to complete the film. B. N. Reddi suggested that C. Pullayya's son, [[C. S. Rao]], should take over the project.<ref name="TH BFP" /> Though initially hesitant, C. S. Rao agreed to complete the film after his father convinced him that the emotional scenes set in Rama's palace were crucial to the story.<ref name="TH BFP" />

=== Casting ===
''Lava Kusa'' was filmed as a bilingual in both [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with variations in the cast.<ref name="TH BFP" /> In the Telugu version, Anaparthi Nagaraju and Viyyuri Subrahmanyam were cast as [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] and [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusa]], respectively.<ref name="lavakusa felicit rjy" /> For the Tamil version, the roles were portrayed by Baby Uma and Master Murali.<ref name="TH BFP" /> Subrahmanyam was selected after the filmmakers saw him perform the role of Kusa in a play in [[Kakinada]]. He was nine years old when production started and 14 by the time the film was released.<ref name="TOI 50" /> Unlike Subrahmanyam, Nagaraju had previously acted in a few films. Pullayya offered him the role of Lava after observing his performance, and he was eight years old when filming commenced.<ref name="TOI 50" />

[[Kantha Rao]] was cast as [[Lakshmana]], but during production, he was diagnosed with [[eosinophilia]] and gained weight. He was then considered for the role of [[Shatrughna|Satrughna]].<ref name="kantarao" /> [[N. T. Rama Rao]] insisted that Kantha Rao play Lakshmana, and [[Sobhan Babu]] was cast as Satrughna instead.<ref name="TH BFP" /> Other prominent cast members included [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], [[Chittor V. Nagayya]] as [[Valmiki]], and Sando Krishna as [[Hanuman|Anjaneya]].<ref name="TH BFP" />

=== Filming ===
{{quote box
| quote = The shooting took place at a big mango orchard near [[Chennai]]. We used to wake up at 4 am and head to the sets. We would be ready with all our make-up on by 7 am. Both of us used to undergo an hour's training everyday. We even had to learn ''viluvidya'' (arrow fighting). I still remember how we used to call our trainer, Sharma master. He painstakingly taught us the art of shooting arrows.
| source = {{mdash}}Nagaraju, in an interview with ''The Times of India'' in April 2013.<ref name="TOI 50" />
| align = right
| width = 35%
}}
Nagaraju and Subrahmanyam underwent daily training sessions for an hour to memorize dialogues and practice archery for their roles.<ref name="TOI 50" /> Filming usually started at 7:00 AM and continued until 9:00 PM, but the child actors were released an hour earlier to ensure they got enough rest.<ref name="TOI 50" /> According to the actors, N. T. Rama Rao and Anjali Devi were fully dedicated to their roles.<ref name="lavakusa felicit rjy" /> When none of the crowns designed for Rama suited him, Rama Rao used the crown he had worn in ''Charanadasi'', which costed only ₹140 at the time.<ref name="TH BFP" />

In one scene, where Nagaraju had to cry, glycerin was used but proved ineffective. Anjali Devi then slapped him to evoke genuine tears, and the scene was successfully filmed. Afterward, she consoled him for 15 minutes.<ref name="TOI 50" />

The climax sequences were filmed first, which caused a [[Continuity (fiction)|continuity]] issue when the child actors appeared older in the scenes filmed later due to the delays in production.<ref name="TOI 50" /> In the scene where Rama embraces Lava and Kusa, Pullayya had the child actors stand on small tables to match Rama Rao's height, showcasing his respect for the character and the limitations of the technology available at the time.<ref name="lavakusa felicit rjy" /> Pullayya's associate, G. V. R. Seshagiri Rao, suggested reshooting a scene where a pregnant Sita runs toward Valmiki, as it appeared awkward.<ref name="TH BFP" />

== Music ==
The music of ''Lava Kusa'' was composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lava Kusa |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/lava-kusa/Oi6t5R8j-ak_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709115020/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/lava-kusa/Oi6t5R8j-ak_ |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=9 July 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lava Kusa (1963)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/BZW/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240709153556/https://indiancine.ma/documents/BZW/info |archive-date=9 July 2024 |access-date=10 July 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The Tamil version has additional music by [[K. V. Mahadevan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lava Kusa |url=http://www.saregama.com/album/lava-kusa_15414 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114350/http://www.saregama.com/album/lava-kusa_15414 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=லவகுசா [முழுநீள கேவாகலர்] |trans-title=Lavakusa [Gevacolor Feature] |url=https://archive.org/download/Lavakusa_201610/Lavakusa.pdf |access-date=9 July 2024 |publisher=Lalitha Sivajothi Films |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Sri Vidyam Jagatam Dhatri (Slokam)
| lyrics1 = Vempati Sadasiva
| extra1 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| length1 = 01:14
| title2 = Saptashvaratha (Slokam)
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao
| length2 = 01:29
| title3 = Navarathnojvala (Poem)
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| length3 = 01:06
| title4 = Inthakubooni Vacchi (Poem)
| lyrics4 = Vempati Sadasiva
| extra4 = Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao
| length4 = 01:21
| title5 = Jaya Jaya Rama Srirama
| lyrics5 = [[Samudrala Sr.]]
| extra5 = [[J. V. Raghavulu]], Sarojini
| length5 = 01:18
| title6 = Ramanna Ramudu Kodanda Ramudu
| lyrics6 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra6 = [[P. Susheela]], K. Rani
| length6 = 04:15
| title7 = Virise Challani Vennela
| lyrics7 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra7 = S. Janaki
| length7 = 02:50
| title8 = Ravanu Samharinchi (Poem)
| lyrics8 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra8 = Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao
| length8 = 01:21
| title9 = Vollanori Maama Nee Pillani
| lyrics9 =
| extra9 = Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao, [[Jikki]], J. V. Raghavulu, Swarnalata
| length9 = 03:37
| title10 = Ye Mahaniya Sadhvi (Poem)
| lyrics10 =
| extra10 = Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao
| length10 = 01:10
| title11 = Ye Nimishaniki
| lyrics11 = Kosaraju
| extra11 = Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao
| length11 = 04:00
| title12 = Jagadabhi Ramudu Sri Raamude
| lyrics12 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra12 = Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao, P. Leela, P. Susheela, Mallik
| length12 = 03:51
| title13 = Enduke Naa Meeda Kopam
| lyrics13 =
| extra13 = [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]], Swarnalata
| length13 = 02:40
| title14 = Ramakathanu Vinarayya
| lyrics14 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra14 = P. Leela, P Susheela
| length14 = 04:28
| title15 = Vurake Kanniru
| lyrics15 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra15 = P. Leela, P. Susheela
| length15 = 03:00
| title16 = Vinudu Vinudu
| lyrics16 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra16 = P. Leela, P susheela
| length16 = 04:14
| title17 = Sriramuni Charitamunu
| lyrics17 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra17 = P. Leela, P Susheela
| length17 = 05:35
| title18 = Sriraghavam Dasharathatmaja
| lyrics18 =
| extra18 = P. Leela, P Susheela
| length18 = 04:07
| title19 = Srirama Sugunadhama
| lyrics19 = Vempati Sadasiva
| extra19 = P. Leela, P. Susheela
| length19 = 03:01
| title20 = Sandehinchaku
| lyrics20 = Kosaraju
| extra20 = Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao
| length20 = 03:07
| title21 = Ashwamedha Yaganiki
| lyrics21 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra21 = Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao, Madhavapeddi, Raghavulu, Rani, Sarojini
| length21 = 03:24
| title22 = Savanashvambidi (Poem)
| lyrics22 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra22 = P. Susheela
| length22 = 01:15
| title23 = Hreemkaraasana (Poem)
| lyrics23 =
| extra23 = P. Susheela
| length23 = 01:33
| title24 = Leru Kushalavula Saati
| lyrics24 = Vempati Sadasiva
| extra24 = P. Leela, P Susheela
| length24 = 02:33
| title25 = Stree Balavruddhula (Poem)
| lyrics25 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra25 = Ghantasala, P. Leela, Susheela
| length25 = 01:18
| title26 = Sri Rama Parandhama
| lyrics26 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra26 = [[P. Leela]], K. Jamuna Rani, P Susheela
| length26 = 02:25
| title27 = Thandri Pampunanegi (Poem)
| lyrics27 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra27 = Ghantasala, P. Leela, P Susheela
| length27 = 02:36
| title28 = Darken Balakundani (Poem)
| lyrics28 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra28 = [[P. Leela]]
| length28 = 00:40
| title29 = Rangaru Bangaru (Poem)
| lyrics29 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra29 = Ghantasala
| length29 = 01:41
| title30 = Veyara Debba
| lyrics30 = Samudrala Sr.
| extra30 = Ghantasala & [[Jikki]]
| length30 = 03:17
| title31 = Ramaswami Padambujambu (Poem)
| lyrics31 =
| extra31 = P. Susheela
| length31 = 00:32
| title32 = Raajata Rajadharmamata (Poem)
| lyrics32 =
| extra32 = S. Varalakshmi
| length32 = 01:28
| title33 = Prathi Dinamenu (Poem)
| lyrics33 =
| extra33 = Ghantasala
| length33 = 01:24
| title34 = Inudu Asthadriki (Poem)
| lyrics34 =
| extra34 = P. Leela
| length34 = 01:31
| title35 = Kannularaga Tudisari (Poem)
| lyrics35 =
| extra35 = P. Susheela
| length35 = 01:02
| title36 = Kadagine Manovakkaya (Poem)
| lyrics36 =
| extra36 = P. Susheela
| length36 = 00:57
| title37 = Idhe Mana Ashramambu (Poem)
| lyrics37 =
| extra37 = Ghantasala
| length37 = 01:35
| title38 = Aapavaada Dooshita (Poem)
| lyrics38 =
| extra38 = P. Susheela
| length38 = 01:54
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Sri Vidyam Jagatam Dhatri (Slokam)
| lyrics1 = [[A. Maruthakasi]]
| extra1 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| length1 = 01:14
| title2 = Saptashva Rathamarudham Prachandam Kashyapatmajam (Slokam)
| lyrics2 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra2 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Navajyotyo (Poem)
| lyrics3 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra3 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| length3 = 01:06
| title4 = Intaku Bunivachchi Vachiyimpaka Podune
| lyrics4 = Vempati Sadasiva
| extra4 = Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao
| length4 =
| title5 = Jaya Jaya Raamaa Sree Raama
| lyrics5 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra5 = [[J. V. Raghavulu]] & Udutha Sarojini
| length5 = 01:18
| title6 = Ramanna Ramudu Kodanda Ramudu
| lyrics6 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra6 = [[P. Susheela]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
| length6 =
| title7 = Udhayam Aaanadhe Vennilaa
| lyrics7 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra7 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length7 = 02:18
| title8 = Ilangaiyar Kon Thanai Azhitthu
| lyrics8 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra8 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| length8 = 01:21
| title9 = Vollanori Maamaa Nee Pillani
| lyrics9 =
| extra9 = Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao, [[Jikki]], J. V. Raghavulu, Swarnalata
| length9 = 03:37
| title10 = Ye Mahaniya Sadhvi Jagadeka Pavitrata (Poem)
| lyrics10 =
| extra10 = Ghantasala Venkateswara Rao
| length10 = 01:10
| title11 = Indrum Illai Andrum Illai Endrume Illai
| lyrics11 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra11 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
| length11 = 04:00
| title12 = Thiruvalar Naayagan Sree Raamane
| lyrics12 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra12 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Leela]], [[P. Susheela]] & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
| length12 = 03:01
| title13 = Thappu Thappunu Thuniyai Thuvaichu
| lyrics13 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra13 = [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length13 = 03:17
| title14 = Jagam Pugazhum Punniya Kadhai 1
| lyrics14 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra14 = [[P. Leela]] & [[P. Susheela]]
| length14 = 03:50
| title15 = Maari Pol Kanneer Sindha
| lyrics15 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra15 = [[P. Leela]] & [[P. Susheela]]
| length15 = 01:52
| title16 = Jagam Pugazhum Punniya Kadhai 2
| lyrics16 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra16 = [[P. Leela]] & [[P. Susheela]]
| length16 = 03:15
| title17 = Jagam Pugazhum Punniya Kadhai 3
| lyrics17 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra17 = [[P. Leela]] & [[P. Susheela]]
| length17 = 05:35
| title18 = Sreeraghavam Dasharathathmajam Aprameyam
| lyrics18 =
| extra18 = [[P. Leela]] & [[P. Susheela]]
| length18 = 04:07
| title19 = Raama Suguna Seelaa
| lyrics19 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra19 = [[P. Leela]] & [[P. Susheela]]
| length19 = 03:01
| title20 = Sandhegam Ennamma
| lyrics20 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra20 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| length20 = 03:07
| title21 = Vetri Murasu Olikka Seiyyum Aswamedha Yaagaam
| lyrics21 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra21 = [[V. N. Sundharam]] & [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]
| length21 = 03:24
| title22 = Veera Maadhaa Kausalyaa Dhevi Petra
| lyrics22 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra22 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length22 = 01:15
| title23 = Hreemkaraasana (Poem)
| lyrics23 =
| extra23 = P. Susheela
| length23 = 01:33
| title24 = Eedu Inai Namakku Edhu Indha Boomiyil
| lyrics24 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra24 = [[P. Leela]] & [[P. Susheela]]
| length24 = 02:33
| title25 = Stree Balavrudhula Tega
| lyrics25 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra25 = Ghantasala, P. Susheela, P. Leela
| length25 =
| title26 = Sriraama Parandhamaa Jayarama Parandhama
| lyrics26 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra26 = [[A. P. Komala]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]] & [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
| length26 = 02:25
| title27 = Thandri Pampunanegi
| lyrics27 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra27 = Ghantasala, P. Susheela, P. Leela
| length27 = 02:36
| title28 = Takkani Balakundani
| lyrics28 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra28 = P. Leela
| length28 = 00:40
| title29 = Ponggum Olimayame
| lyrics29 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra29 = [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]]
| length29 = 01:41 or 03:01
| title30 = Thappu Thappunu Thuniyai Thuvaichu
| lyrics30 = A. Maruthakasi
| extra30 = [[Thiruchi Loganathan]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length30 = 03:17
| title31 = Ramaswamy Padambujambulambu
| lyrics31 =
| extra31 = P. Susheela
| length31 = 05:59
| title32 = Raajada Rajadharmamada Ramudu
| lyrics32 =
| extra32 = S. Varalakshmi
| length32 = 01:28
| title33 = Prathi Dinamenu
| lyrics33 =
| extra33 = Ghantasala
| length33 = 01:24
| title34 = Ninu Dattadriki Cherakunda
| lyrics34 =
| extra34 = P. Leela
| length34 = 01:31
| title35 = Kannularaga Tudisari
| lyrics35 =
| extra35 = P. Susheela
| length35 = 01:02
| title36 = Kadagine Manokkaya
| lyrics36 =
| extra36 = P. Susheela
| length36 = 00:57
| title37 = Edhi Mana Ashramambu
| lyrics37 =
| extra37 = Ghantasala
| length37 = 01:35
| title38 = Aapavaada Dooshi
| lyrics38 =
| extra38 = P. Susheela
| length38 = 01:54
}}

== Reception ==
''Lava Kusa'' achieved significant commercial success, running uninterrupted for 75 weeks, a record in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref name="idle" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2013 |title=Lava Kusha completes 50 years |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/lava-kusha-completes-50-years-telugu-news-92266.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407085450/http://www.indiaglitz.com/lava-kusha-completes-50-years-telugu-news-92266.html |archive-date=7 April 2017 |access-date=18 July 2016 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The film was released in 26 centres and achieved a 100-day run in all of them, a remarkable feat at the time. It went on to have a 150-day run in those centres and a 175-day run in 18 centres. Due to high demand, many film prints had to be relocated to different centres across [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]. Overall, the film ran for 100 days in 62 centres and had a 175-day run in 18 centres, grossing more than ₹1 crore.<ref name="TOI 50" />

== Accolades ==
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=11th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=2 May 2017 |access-date=13 September 2011 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 1964 |title='Best Picture' award for Hindi film |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kIFlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xJ0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1036%2C3969227 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524143845/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kIFlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xJ0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1036%2C3969227 |archive-date=24 May 2024 |access-date=9 July 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=5 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
''Lava Kusa'' is regarded as a classic in [[Telugu cinema]]. In January 2007, M. L. Narasimham of ''The Hindu'' included the film in a list of significant works, alongside ''[[Mala Pilla]]'' (1938), ''[[Raithu Bidda]]'' (1939), ''[[Vara Vikrayam (film)|Vara Vikrayam]]'' (1939), ''[[Bhakta Potana]]'' (1942), ''[[Shavukaru]]'' (1950), ''[[Malliswari (1951 film)|Malliswari]]'' (1951), ''[[Pedda Manushulu (1954 film)|Peddamanushulu]]'' (1954), and ''[[Mayabazar]]'' (1955), citing their influence on society and Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=19 January 2007 |title=Reliving the reel and the real |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/reliving-the-reel-and-the-real/article2271205.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204141847/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/reliving-the-reel-and-the-real/article2271205.ece |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[N. T. Rama Rao]]'s portrayal of Rama in ''Lava Kusa'' became iconic, leading him to reprise the role in several other films over the next two decades.{{efn|Rama Rao reprised the role of Rama in various unrelated films such as ''[[Sampoorna Ramayanam (1958 film)|Sampoorna Ramayanam]]'' (1958), ''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham]]'' (1975), and ''[[Sri Rama Pattabhishekam]]'' (1978).<ref name="idle" />}}

During the programme ''Telugu Cinema Prasthanam'' organized by the film society of [[Visakhapatnam]], actor and writer [[Ravi Kondala Rao]] highlighted ''Lava Kusa'' as one of the cult films that defined Telugu cinema. He compared it to other landmark films such as ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]'' (1913), ''[[Bhakta Prahlada (1932 film)|Bhakta Prahlada]]'' (1932), ''Mala Pilla (1938)'', ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'' (1951), and ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadasu]]'' (1953).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2013 |title=Call to promote good cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/call-to-promote-good-cinema/article4263409.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528122347/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/call-to-promote-good-cinema/article4263409.ece |archive-date=28 May 2015 |access-date=28 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 2011, director [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] adapted the storyline of ''Lava Kusa'' for his film ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'', which featured Rama Rao's son, [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2010 |title=Bapu's Lava Kusa with Balakrishna |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bapus-lava-kusa-with-balakrishna-news-telugu-kkgu9riibhdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612150148/http://www.sify.com/movies/bapus-lava-kusa-with-balakrishna-news-telugu-kkgu9riibhdsi.html |archive-date=12 June 2015 |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="TH BFP">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=13 January 2017 |title=Lava Kusa (1963) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/LAVA-KUSA-1963/article17032693.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118065455/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/LAVA-KUSA-1963/article17032693.ece |archive-date=18 January 2017 |access-date=18 January 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="TOI 50">{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=18 April 2013 |title=Celebrating 50 years of Lava Kusa |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/celebrating-50-years-of-LavaKusa/articleshow/19614981.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114065546/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/celebrating-50-years-of-LavaKusa/articleshow/19614981.cms |archive-date=14 January 2017 |access-date=14 January 2017 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="lavakusa felicit rjy">{{Cite news |last=Bhaskar |first=B. V. S. |date=5 April 2016 |title='Lava-Kusa' bemoan fall in values |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lavakusa-bemoan-fall-in-values/article8434573.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114062935/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/lavakusa-bemoan-fall-in-values/article8434573.ece |archive-date=14 January 2017 |access-date=14 January 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="kantarao">{{Cite web |last=Subramanyam |first=M. V. |date=17 March 2005 |title='Kathula' Kantha Rao on the mark |url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2005/03/17/stories/2005031703860200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517072132/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2005/03/17/stories/2005031703860200.htm |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=25 January 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="idle">{{Cite web |title=Celeb of the Week - Sri N T Rama Rao |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/starow/sow-ntr.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414015815/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/starow/sow-ntr.html |archive-date=14 April 2016 |access-date=18 October 2015 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}

[[Category:1963 Indian films]]
[[Category:1963 multilingual films]]
[[Category:1963 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1963 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:Best Telugu Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on the Ramayana]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. Pullayya]]
[[Category:Films directed by C. S. Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Uttar Ramayana]]

Kendriya Vidyalaya, Ottapalam

2026-03-04T18:40:19Z

WilmerLassetter: Created basic stub basic info!

{{More citations needed|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox school
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'''PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya, Kerala'''<ref>{{cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Kendriya Vidyalaya Kerala |url=https://ottapalam.kvs.ac.in/ |accessdate=2024-09-03 |publisher=KV Ottapalam}}</ref> is a school in [[Ottapalam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] which offers education. Founded in 1986 with the support of Sri [[K. R. Narayanan]], then member of parliament from [[Ottapalam]]. The school was started with less than 120 students in a rented premise at [[Kanniampuram]].

In 1992, the School shifted to a {{convert|16|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus in Palappuram - where there was space for separate staff quarters, the school building, and 3 large playgrounds.

The then [[Vice President of India|Vice President]] (and later the [[President of India|President]] of the [[India|Republic of India]]), [[K.R. Narayanan]], had inaugurated the K.V. Ottapalam building in 1992. He and his security team of "Black-cats" arrived in a fleet of helicopters, which landed on the nearby NSS College Ground.

The vidyalaya has been selected as a Model [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]] in the year 2000–2001.

==Campus==
The school is situated in a picturesque campus in close proximity to the [[Bharathapuzha]] river, approximately 5 km from Ottapalam town. It has two main playgrounds. The building is of traditional Kerala style architecture, with a nadumuttam (courtyard) where the morning assembly is held. The school library has been moved to a new and bigger building.

==Courses offered==
The school offers the Science and Commerce streams, for the PlusOne and PlusTwo studies. The Science stream students can choose either Biology or Computer Science, as their core subject.

The alumni of the school are active in various parts of the world in a variety of jobs and functions. They maintain the KV Otp website for alumni.

==List of principals==
* Smt Shanta Devi
* Smt Sowdamini
* Late Sri KP Rabindran
* Sri V Jayabal
* Mr. N M Varadharajulu
* Shri.A P Vinodkumar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kvottapalam.nic.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=38&Itemid=42 |title=List of Members of Staff As On 31/10/201 |publisher=KV Ottapalam |date= |accessdate=2014-03-12 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721172428/http://kvottapalam.nic.in/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=38&Itemid=42 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Smt. Nalayini M
* Shri Rajendran K
* Sri. Santhosh Kumar(current principal)

==Notable alumni==


==See also==
* [[List of Kendriya Vidyalayas]]
*[https://ottapalam.kvs.ac.in/ official kv ottapalam website]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Educational Institutes in Palakkad}}

[[Category:Kendriya Vidyalayas in Kerala]]
[[Category:Ottapalam]]
[[Category:Schools in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1986]]

{{Kerala-school-stub}}

New Delhi (1988 Kannada film)

2026-03-03T22:16:30Z

WilmerLassetter: expand content as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{More citations needed|date=June 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = New Delhi
| image = New Delhi (1988 Kannada film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| story = [[Dennis Joseph]]
| screenplay = Dennis Joseph
| producer = M.Sudhakar Reddy Dr.M.Tirupathi Reddy Rajeev Kumar
| director = [[Joshiy]]
| starring = [[Ambareesh]] [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Sumalatha]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Jayanan Vincent]]
| editing = K.Sanmunni
| based_on = [[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]] (1987)
| studio = Samyuktha Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1988|12|16}}
| runtime = 143 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''New Delhi''''' is a 1988 [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Joshiy]] and starring [[Ambareesh]], [[Suresh Gopi]] and [[Sumalatha]]. It was produced by M.Sudhakar Reddy & M.Tirupathi Reddy of Samyuktha Productions banner and has music composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]. It is a remake of director's own [[Malayalam]] [[New Delhi (1987 film)|movie of same name]] (1987) whose story was loosely based on the novel ''The Almighty'' by [[Irving Wallace]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://chiloka.com/movie/new-delhi-1988 | title=New Delhi (1988) Kannada movie: Cast & Crew }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/06/22/new-delhi-1988/ | title=New Delhi – ನ್ಯೂಡೆಲ್ಲಿ (1988/೧೯೮೮) | date=22 June 2013 }}</ref>

==Plot==
''New Delhi'' is about a Delhi-based journalist who is imprisoned in a mental asylum after exposing two corrupt politicians. The story follows his subsequent attempts at revenge with the help of his love interest. The story is loosely based on the novel ''The Almighty'' by [[Irving Wallace]]. The film is a remake of highly successful [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] film under the same title ''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]'' released in 1987. It was Suresh Gopi's first [[Kannada]] ([[Sandalwood cinema|Sandalwood]]) film.

==Cast==
*[[Ambareesh]]
*[[Suresh Gopi]] as Suresh
*[[Thiagarajan]] as Nataraj Vishnu aka [[Salem Vishnu]]
*[[Sumalatha]] as Vasantha
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Uma
*[[Paresh Rawal]]
*[[C. R. Simha]]
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]]
*Lohitashwa

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0246809|New Delhi}}
{{Joshiy}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1988 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Joshiy]]
[[Category:1988 action films]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Law (film)

2026-03-03T12:14:27Z

WilmerLassetter: Creating Entry

{{EngvarB|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Law
| image = Law film poster.jpg
| caption = Official release poster
| director = Raghu Samarth
| writer = Raghu Samarth
| producer = Ashwini Puneeth Rajkumar M. Govinda
| starring = Ragini Prajwal
| cinematography = Sugnaan
| editing = Srikanth
| music = [[Vasuki Vaibhav]]
| studio = [[PRK Productions]]
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|7|17}}
| runtime = 119 minutes<ref name="scroll" />
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}
'''''Law''''' is a 2020 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[legal drama]] film written and directed by Raghu Samarth. The film stars Ragini Prajwal in her debut as a law graduate who fights her own case due to her circumstances. It had a [[direct-to-streaming]] release on 17 July 2020 on [[Amazon Prime Video]], becoming the second direct-to-streaming Kannada film on any platform after ''Bhinna'' (2019).

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=August 2021}}
Nandini is a law graduate who files a case of gang-rape and uses the power of social media to gain support. After several delays by an ineffective local police, the case is handed over to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]. Parthasarathy Brahma, the officer in-charge, sets about his investigation and finds out that the culprits are Kamalesh Lad, Bhandari and Kanthi Kotwal, all sons of powerful and corrupt politicians. The trial begins with Nandini representing herself, against the formidable prosecutor and all the evidence is in favour of Nandini. After a series of turns and twists, Brahma begins to doubt that the crime even happened.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Ragini Prajwal as Nandini<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=14 July 2020 |title=Law best debut I could have had: Ragini Prajwal |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jul/14/law-best-debut-i-could-have-had-ragini-prajwal-2169291.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715170000/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jul/14/law-best-debut-i-could-have-had-ragini-prajwal-2169291.html |archive-date=15 July 2020}}</ref>
* [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as the judge<ref name="cinemaexpress" />
* Siri Prahlad as Dashmi<ref name="cinemaexpress" />
* [[Achyuth Kumar]] as Jagadish Prakash<ref name="cinemaexpress" />
* [[Sudha Rani]]<ref name="cinemaexpress" />
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Nandini's father<ref name="scroll" />
*Krishna Hebbale as Parthasarathy Brahma<ref name="cinemaexpress" />
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]] as Shyam Prasad<ref name="indiatoday" />
* [[Mandya Ramesh]] as the police inspector<ref name="indiatoday" />
}}

== Production ==
In March 2019, it was announced that Ragini Prajwal would be making her feature film debut in ''Law'', directed by Raghu Samarth and produced by [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]'s [[PRK Productions]]. Regarding the title, Raghu said the protagonist "is a law graduate, and due to her circumstances, she ends up fighting her own case. This is why we thought the title worked."<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2019 |title=Ragini Chandran's debut titled Law |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/18/ragini-chandrans-debut-titled-law-10591.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702172702/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/mar/18/ragini-chandrans-debut-titled-law-10591.html |archive-date=2 July 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Ragini said she accepted the film because of its script, adding, "I didn't see myself doing a romantic film as my debut, so I thought this movie is a great first choice." The film was produced by Puneeth's wife Ashwini and M. Govinda.<ref name=":1" /> Besides directing, Raghu also wrote the script and interacted with a retired crime branch officer D. K. Shivaram and advocate Nagendra as part of his research.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2020 |title='Law' director Raghu Samarth always want to see strong women characters |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jul/11/law-director-raghu-samarth-always-want-to-see-strong-women-characters-2168062.html |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715170213/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/jul/11/law-director-raghu-samarth-always-want-to-see-strong-women-characters-2168062.html |archive-date=15 July 2020}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by Sugnaan, and editing by Srikanth.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Amazon Prime Video |author-link=Amazon Prime Video |date=25 June 2020 |title=The facts will be witnessed on a new date, #LawOnPrime will premiere on July 17, 2020! |url=https://www.facebook.com/PrimeVideoIN/posts/4026500127391802 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200708062324/https://www.facebook.com/PrimeVideoIN/posts/4026500127391802 |archive-date=8 July 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020 |via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music is composed by [[Vasuki Vaibhav]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Vasuki Vaibhav begins dubbing for French Biryani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/vasuki-vaibhav-begins-dubbing-for-french-biryani/articleshow/76686925.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200708061936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/vasuki-vaibhav-begins-dubbing-for-french-biryani/articleshow/76686925.cms |archive-date=8 July 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's only song is "Happy Song", a "new-age party song" written by Jayanth Kaikini and sung by Vasuki Vaibhav and Madhuri Seshadri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Prathibha |date=12 July 2020 |title=Law is not a routine legal drama: Raghu Samarth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/law-is-not-a-routine-legal-drama-raghu-samarth/articleshow/76913606.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200713174559/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/law-is-not-a-routine-legal-drama-raghu-samarth/articleshow/76913606.cms |archive-date=13 July 2020 |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2020 |title='Happy Song' single from Kannada film Law |url=https://telanganatoday.com/happy-song-single-from-kannada-film-law |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713174204/https://telanganatoday.com/happy-song-single-from-kannada-film-law |archive-date=13 July 2020 |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=[[Telangana Today]]}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Law'' had a [[direct-to-streaming]] premiere on 17 July 2020 on [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref name=":2" /> It was originally planned for a theatrical release,<ref name=":1" /> but due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the theatrical release was cancelled.<ref name=":2" /> The film was initially supposed to premiere on Prime Video on 26 June 2020 before being postponed by three weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=Kannada film 'Law' gets new release date on Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-film-law-gets-new-release-date-amazon-prime-video-127396 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629230806/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kannada-film-law-gets-new-release-date-amazon-prime-video-127396 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> This made it the first Kannada film to be released directly on that platform without a theatrical release,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=26 June 2020 |title=Kannada film Law to release on Amazon Prime Video on July 17 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kannada-film-law-to-release-on-amazon-prime-video-on-july-17-1692884-2020-06-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200702161421/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kannada-film-law-to-release-on-amazon-prime-video-on-july-17-1692884-2020-06-26 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and second direct-to-streaming release in Kannada after ''Bhinna'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=16 May 2020 |title=As two Kannada films get direct OTT releases, Sandalwood says yes to new business model |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sandalwood-says-yes-to-direct-ott-release/articleshow/75765938.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016154019/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sandalwood-says-yes-to-direct-ott-release/articleshow/75765938.cms |archive-date=16 October 2020 |access-date=12 August 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Haricharan Pudipeddi, writing for the portal ''Cinestaan'', rated the film one star and termed it "unimaginably bad".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=18 July 2020 |title=Law review: Amazon Prime's Kannada legal drama is unimaginably bad |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/law-43270 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031012655/https://www.cinestaan.com/reviews/law-43270 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=6 November 2020 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[The News Minute]]'' felt the "courtroom drama is let down by bad writing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=17 July 2020 |title='Law' review: Ragini Prajwal's courtroom drama is let down by bad writing |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/law-review-ragini-prajwals-courtroom-drama-let-down-bad-writing-128864 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718112602/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/law-review-ragini-prajwals-courtroom-drama-let-down-bad-writing-128864 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |access-date=6 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Karthik Kumar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' called the film a "gloriously bad legal drama and makes a mockery of the genre".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Karthik |date=17 July 2020 |title=Law movie review: This Kannada legal drama is gloriously bad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/law-movie-review-this-kannada-legal-drama-is-gloriously-bad/story-VdZ5fu0DiVjsrXEOJB9aSI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031031132/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/law-movie-review-this-kannada-legal-drama-is-gloriously-bad/story-VdZ5fu0DiVjsrXEOJB9aSI.html |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=6 November 2020 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Jananki K. of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote, "Raghu Samarth's Law did an exceptional job of telling the story of a rape survivor. There are certain glaring lapses in the story which fails to create the impact the film would have intended to."<ref name="indiatoday" /> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion South|Film Companion]]'' wrote "The film, alas, is terribly written and executed. Even if you ignore the mood-killing song and the cringy comedy... it’s very hard to stay invested in these drab, borderline-nonsensical proceedings. The knowing reaction shots (meant to mislead us) get unbearable after a point...''Law'' is further proof that good intentions can never triumph over bad filmmaking".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=17 July 2020 |title=Law On Amazon Prime Video, With Ragini Prajwal: An Utterly Underwhelming Story About A Gang-Rape Survivor With A Twisty Secret |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/kannada-review/kannada-movies-law-review-amazon-prime-video-with-ragini-prajwal-an-utterly-underwhelming-story-about-a-gang-rape-survivor-with-a-twisty-secret-baradwaj-rangan-raghu-samarth/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122185741/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/kannada-review/kannada-movies-law-review-amazon-prime-video-with-ragini-prajwal-an-utterly-underwhelming-story-about-a-gang-rape-survivor-with-a-twisty-secret-baradwaj-rangan-raghu-samarth/ |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2020 |title=Ragini Chandran: The script of Law is what got me in |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jul/01/ragini-chamdran-laws-script-is-what-got-me-in-19168.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702164121/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jul/01/ragini-chamdran-laws-script-is-what-got-me-in-19168.html |archive-date=2 July 2020 |access-date=3 July 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=26 June 2020 |title=Kannada film Law to release on Amazon Prime Video on July 17 |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kannada-film-law-to-release-on-amazon-prime-video-on-july-17-1692884-2020-06-26 |url-status=live |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200702161421/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kannada-film-law-to-release-on-amazon-prime-video-on-july-17-1692884-2020-06-26 |archive-date=2 July 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="cinemaexpress">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A |title=Law Movie Review: This courtroom drama makes a case for women's rights |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2020/jul/17/law-movie-review-this-courtroom-drama-makes-a-case-for-womens-rights-19400.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809143454/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2020/jul/17/law-movie-review-this-courtroom-drama-makes-a-case-for-womens-rights-19400.html |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=6 November 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=17 July 2020 }}</ref>
<ref name="scroll">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=17 July 2020 |title='Law' review: A lightweight legal drama about a rape survivor |url=https://scroll.in/reel/967729/law-review-a-lightweight-legal-drama-about-a-rape-survivor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015054946/https://scroll.in/reel/967729/law-review-a-lightweight-legal-drama-about-a-rape-survivor |archive-date=15 October 2020 |access-date=6 November 2020 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref>
<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite news |last=K. |first=Janani |date=17 July 2020 |title=Law Movie Review: Ragini Prajwal gets her own Ponmagal Vandhal |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/law-movie-review-ragini-prajwal-gets-her-own-ponmagal-vandhal-1701531-2020-07-17 |url-status=live |access-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718060635/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/law-movie-review-ragini-prajwal-gets-her-own-ponmagal-vandhal-1701531-2020-07-17 |archive-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|12344428}}

{{PRK Productions}}

[[Category:2020 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2020s legal drama films]]
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]

Dear Uma

2026-03-03T09:10:21Z

WilmerLassetter: New.

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Sai Rajesh Mahadev}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}

{{Infobox film
| image = Dear Uma.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sai Rajesh Mahadev
| writer =
| screenplay = Sai Rajesh Mahadev
| story = Sumaya Reddy
| producer = Sumaya Reddy
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Pruthvi Ambaar]]
* Sumaya Reddy
}}
| cinematography = [[Raj Thota]]
| editing = Satya Giduturi
| music = [[Radhan]]
| studio = Suma Chitra Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|4|18|df=y}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Dear Uma''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[medical drama]] film co-written and directed by Sai Rajesh Mahadev.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-18 |title=Dear Uma Movie Review: A Film with a Stirring Message |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movies/dear-uma-movie-review-film-stirring-message-398952 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref> The film features [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] (in his [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut) and Sumaya Reddy in lead roles.

The film was released on 18 April 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-04-05 |title=Dear Uma gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2025/Apr/05/dear-uma-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=April 2025}}

==Cast==
* [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] as Dev
* Sumaya Reddy as Uma
* [[Kamal Kamaraju]] as Surya, Dev’s brother
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Hospital Chairman
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Uma’s father
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Doctor
* Kedar Shankar as Dev’s father
* Pramodini Pammi as Dev’s mother
* Meena Vasu as Uma’s mother
* [[Aamani]]
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Radhan]]
| title1 = Nivevaro
| length1 = 4:42
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Ram Miriyala]], Sarath Santosh
| title2 = Nee Guruthulo
| length2 = 4:11
| lyrics2 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra2 = Sarath Santosh
| title3 = Yevaipuko
| length3 = 5:22
| lyrics3 = Purnachary
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Harini Ivaturi
| title4 = Navvuthuntane
| length4 = 3:17
| lyrics4 = [[Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra4 = Anthony Daasan
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Dear Uma'' was released on 18 April 2025.

Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-04-18 |title='Dear Uma' review: A heartfelt tale that touches the soul and sparks awareness |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/dear-uma-review-a-heartfelt-tale-that-touches-the-soul-and-sparks-awareness-963855 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Giving the same rating, ''[[OTTPlay]]'' stated that, "''Dear Uma'' is a social drama based on the medical mafia. The conflict point is interesting and is presented well".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dear Uma Review: Sumaya Reddy's film sends a strong warning to the medical mafia |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/dear-uma-review-sumaya-reddys-film-sends-a-strong-warning-to-the-medical-mafia/e3713d76b136 |access-date=2025-04-19 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=31324744|title=Dear Uma}}
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Radhan]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2025 drama films]]

Maanaseega Kadhal

2026-03-03T04:44:03Z

WilmerLassetter: basic added intro per standard format also for accuracy

{{No plot|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maanaseega Kadhal
| director = [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|P. S. Raman]]
| writer = P. S. Raman
| producer = P. S. Raman
| starring = [[Hamsavardhan]] Sushva
| cinematography = Suriyan
| editing = M. V. Prem—Harish N. P.
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Saibaba Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1999|11|27|ref1=}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maanaseega Kadhal''''' is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]], written, directed and produced by actor [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], under his real name P. S. Raman. The film stars [[Hamsavardhan]] and Sushva, while Ravichandran himself and [[Vaiyapuri]] portray supporting roles. The music for the film was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] and the film was released on 27 November 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மானசீக காதல் / Manaseeka Kathal (1999) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/manaseeka-kathal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315112722/https://screen4screen.com/movies/manaseeka-kathal |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=15 March 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Hamsavardhan]] as Hamsavardhan and Madhan
*Sushva as Hamsavardhini
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
*Rocky
*[[Madhan Bob]]
*[[Vaiyapuri]]
*[[Mahendran (actor)|Master Mahendran]]
*[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]]
*Kottai Perumal
*Manoj
*[[K. Natraj]]
}}

== Production ==
The film marked the acting debut of Hamsavardhan, son of veteran Tamil actor Ravichandran. Ravichandran also made his directorial debut with this film under his real name P. S. Raman.<ref name="hi">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2005 |title=Ravichandran on how he got into Tamil films |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/22/stories/2005122218050200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701223458/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/12/22/stories/2005122218050200.htm |archive-date=1 July 2008 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ooty / Manaseega Kathal |url=https://avdigital.in/products/ooty-manaseega-kathal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925141741/https://avdigital.in/products/ooty-manaseega-kathal |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=15 March 2024 |website=AVDigital |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maanaseega Kadhal (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://gaana.com/album/maanaseega-kadhal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315103832/https://gaana.com/album/maanaseega-kadhal |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=6 November 2020 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Anandha Katre" || [[P. Unnikrishnan]] || [[Na. Muthukumar]] || 05:02
|-
| "Kadala Kadala" || Krishnaraj || Kalidasan || 05:09
|-
| "Kandha Kadamba" || [[Harish Raghavendra]], Krishnaraj, Master Rohith || Na. Muthukumar || 05:09
|-
| "Kooduvancheriyile" || Krishnaraj, Sushmitha || Chidambaranathan || 05:05
|-
| "Signal Kidaikatha" || [[Unni Menon]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] || Bhavanidasan || 03:54
|}

== Reception ==
A reviewer from ''Chennai Online'' wrote, "Not much was expected of the film, with great publicity surrounding it, but surprisingly it has turned out to be a fairly engaging entertainer". The critic added "the takings are slightly old fashioned, but there are some twists and turns in the script" and "the second half could have been better worked out".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manasiga Kadhal |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov14.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030710150226/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov14.asp |archive-date=10 July 2003 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 romance films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Field hockey in India

2026-02-13T01:54:49Z

WilmerLassetter: refined page per sources

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{sport overview
| image =
| imagesize =
| image_alt = 
| caption =
| union = [[Hockey India]]
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Field hockey]]
| nationalteam = {{ubl
| '''Senior'''
| [[India men's national field hockey team]]
| [[India women's national field hockey team]]
| '''Junior'''
| [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team]]
| [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team]]
}}
| nickname = {{ubl
| Men in Blue
| Women in Blue
}}
| first = 
| registered = 
| clubs = 
| national_list = [[Senior National Hockey Championship]] (1928–present)
| club_list = {{ubl
| [[Hockey India League]] (2013–present)
| [[World Series Hockey]] (2012)
| [[Premier Hockey League]] (2005–2008)
}}
| intl_list =
* '''Senior Teams'''
{{ubl
| '''[[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]''' 
'''M:''' {{OG1}} ([[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928]], [[Field hockey at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932]], [[Field hockey at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936]], [[Field hockey at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948]], [[Field hockey at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952]], [[Field hockey at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]], [[Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964]], [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1980]]) '''W:''' 4th ([[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|1980]], [[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2020]])
| '''[[FIH Hockey World Cup|World Cup]]''' 
'''M:''' [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] ([[1975 Men's Hockey World Cup|1975]]) 
'''W:''' 4th ([[1974 Women's Hockey World Cup|1974]])
| '''[[FIH Pro League|Pro League]]''' 
'''M:''' {{World3}} ([[2021–22 Men's FIH Pro League|2021–22]]) 
'''W:''' {{World3}} ([[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22]])
| '''[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]''' 
'''M:''' {{World2}} ([[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|2014]], [[Hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|2010]], [[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|2022]]) 
'''W:''' {{World1}} ([[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2002]])
| '''[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]''' 
'''M:''' {{Asia1}} ([[Field hockey at the 1966 Asian Games|1966]], [[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|1998]], [[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2014]], [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2022]]) 
'''W:''' {{Asia1}} ([[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]])
| '''[[Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]''' 
'''M:''' [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] ([[2003 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2003]], [[2007 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2007]], [[2017 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]]) 
'''W:''' [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] ([[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004]], [[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]])
| '''[[Hockey Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]''' 
'''M:''' [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] ([[2011 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2011]], [[2016 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2016]], [[2018 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2018]], [[2023 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2023]], [[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2024]] ) 
'''W:''' [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] ([[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016]], [[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023]], [[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024]])
| '''[[Field hockey at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]''' 
'''M:''' {{Asia1}} (1995) 
'''W:''' {{Asia1}} ([[2016 South Asian Games|2016]])
| '''[[FIH Hockey World League|World League]]''' 
'''M:''' {{World3}} ([[2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2014–15]], [[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2016–17]])
| '''[[FIH Hockey Series|Hockey Series]]''' 
'''M:''' {{World1}} ([[2018–19 Men's Hockey Series|2018–19]]) 
'''F:''' {{World1}} ([[2018–19 Women's Hockey Series|2018–19]])
| '''[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]''' '''M:''' {{World2}} ([[2016 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2016]], [[2018 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018]])
| '''[[Hockey Champions Challenge I]]''' 
'''M:''' {{World1}} ([[2001 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge|2001]]) 
'''F:''' {{World3}} ([[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge|2002]])
| '''[[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]''' 
'''M:''' [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] ([[1985 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1985]], [[1991 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1991]], [[1995 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1995]], [[2009 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2009]], [[2010 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2010]])
| '''[[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|Afro-Asian Games]]''' 
'''M:''' {{Asia1}} ([[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]]) 
'''W:''' {{Asia1}} ([[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]])
| '''[[Western Asiatic Games]]''' 
'''M:''' {{Asia1}} ([[Western Asiatic Games|1934]])
| '''[[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|Nations Cup]]''' 
'''F:''' [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] ([[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022]])
}}
* '''Junior Teams'''
{{ubl
| '''[[Field hockey at the Summer Youth Olympics|Youth Olympic Games]]''' 
'''M:''' {{OG2}} ([[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' tournament|2018]]) 
'''W:''' {{OG2}} ([[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' tournament|2018]])
| '''[[Hockey Junior World Cup|World Cup]]''' 
'''M:''' [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] ([[2001 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup|2001]], [[2016 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup|2016]]) 
'''W:''' {{World3}} ([[2013 Women's Hockey Junior World Cup|2013]])
| '''[[Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]''' 
'''M:''' [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] (2004, 2008, [[2015 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2015]], [[2023 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2023]], [[2024 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024]]) 
'''W:''' [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] ([[2023 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2023]], [[2024 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024]] )
| '''[[Sultan of Johor Cup]]''' 
'''M:''' [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|20px]] ([[2013 Sultan of Johor Cup|2013]], [[2014 Sultan of Johor Cup|2014]], [[2022 Sultan of Johor Cup|2022]])
}}
| match = 
| league = 
}}

'''Field hockey in India''' is played by the [[India men's national field hockey team|men's national team]] and the [[India women's national field hockey team|women's national team]] at the international level. Historically, both the teams are amongst the most successful Indian sports teams.

In July 2018, Indian state [[Odisha]] wrote a letter to Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] urging him to declare [[field hockey]] as the national sport of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Notify hockey as national game: Odisha CM Naveen Patnaik requests Narendra Modi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/200618/odisha-cm-naveen-patnaik-narendra-modi-india-national-hockey-team-fih.html |access-date=20 June 2018 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620184533/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/in-other-news/200618/odisha-cm-naveen-patnaik-narendra-modi-india-national-hockey-team-fih.html |archive-date=20 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The state government of [[Government of Odisha|Odisha]] has been supporting India's national field hockey team from February 2018 till next five years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Odisha to sponsor Indian hockey teams for next five years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/odisha-to-sponsor-indian-hockey-teams-for-next-five-years/articleshow/62931034.cms |access-date=15 February 2018 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216090335/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/odisha-to-sponsor-indian-hockey-teams-for-next-five-years/articleshow/62931034.cms |archive-date=16 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[2018 Men's Hockey World Cup]] was held in the Odisha capital [[Bhubaneswar]] between 28 November and 16 December and culminated with [[Belgium men's national field hockey team|Belgium]] as World Champions defeating [[Netherlands men's national field hockey team|Netherlands]] in the finals. [[Field hockey]] was believed to be India's [[national sport]] but this was debunked by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]], which confirmed that it had not declared any sport or game as the national sport.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Hockey-is-not-our-national-game-Ministry/articleshow/15322482.cms|title=Hockey is not our national game: Ministry - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 August 2012 |access-date=2018-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224224838/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Hockey-is-not-our-national-game-Ministry/articleshow/15322482.cms|archive-date=24 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
===Men's Field Hockey===
====Golden years (1928–1959)====
India participated at the Olympics for the first time in [[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928]]. In the group stage, India beat [[Austria men's national field hockey team|Austria]] 6–0, [[Belgium men's national field hockey team|Belgium]] 9–0 and [[Switzerland men's national field hockey team|Switzerland]] 5–0 without conceding a single goal. They defeated [[Netherlands men's national field hockey team|Netherlands]] 3–0 in the finals under the captaincy of [[Jaipal Singh Munda]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/reliving-indian-hockey-s-glory-days-day-1928-india-won-its-first-olympic-gold-62660|title=Reliving Indian hockey's glory days: On this day in 1928, India won its first Olympic gold|date=26 May 2017|website=The News Minute|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419042058/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/reliving-indian-hockey-s-glory-days-day-1928-india-won-its-first-olympic-gold-62660|url-status=live}}</ref> India then went on to successfully defend their title at the [[Field hockey at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932 Olympics]] with a 11–1 win over [[Japan men's national field hockey team|Japan]] and 24–1 win over [[United States men's national field hockey team|United States]], in that match [[Dhyan Chand]] scored 8 goals and [[Roop Singh]] scored 10 goals, This is still the largest margin of victory ever in the Olympic games even after all these years.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/1932-olympics-games-indias-dominance-continues/article3613551.ece|title=1932 Olympics games: India's dominance continues|date=7 July 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229115425/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/1932-olympics-games-indias-dominance-continues/article3613551.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> India went on to win their third straight title at the [[Field hockey at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936 Olympics]], this time captained by legendary player Dhyan Chand himself. India stormed through the group stage by winning against Japan 9–0, [[Hungary men's national field hockey team|Hungary]] 4–0 and United States 7–0. In the semi-finals they defeated [[France men's national field hockey team|France]] 10–0. The team went on to face [[Germany men's national field hockey team|Germany]] in the final. The match was won by India 8–1 and it still remains the biggest winning margin in an Olympic final.<ref name="auto"/> The Indian hockey team that won three successive Olympic titles is often regarded as one of the greatest ever to play the sport.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/indian-hockey-team-players-berlin-1936-olympics-gold-medal-dhyan-chand/|title=Barefoot and without a tooth, Dhyan Chand's magic took centrestage at Berlin 1936|website=Olympic Channel|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225002012/https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/indian-hockey-team-players-berlin-1936-olympics-gold-medal-dhyan-chand/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Indian hockey team Vs Berlin Silberschild Eleven.jpg|180px|left|thumb|India vs Berlin XI in 1936.]]
The [[World War II]] caused the cancellation of 1940 and 1944 Olympics, which ended the era of a team that dominated world hockey.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/news/olympics-postponed-cancelled|title=When World Events Disrupted the Olympics|first=Dave|last=Roos|website=HISTORY|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101004651/https://www.history.com/news/olympics-postponed-cancelled|url-status=live}}</ref>
At the [[Field hockey at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948 Olympics]] India was placed in group A and won all the three games, an 8–0 win over Austria, [[Argentina men's national field hockey team|Argentina]] 9–1 and [[Spain men's national field hockey team|Spain]] 2–0. In the final India went on to face [[Great Britain men's national field hockey team|Great Britain]], it was the first time India faced them. The skilled British team had already won the gold medal in 1908 and 1920, so this match was billed as a "Battle of Champions" and eventually India won the match 4–0.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/indian-hockey-team-1948-olympics-london-won-gold-medal-independent/|title=For independent India, how hockey made a new beginning at 1948 London Olympics|website=Olympic Channel|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=18 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118042217/https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/indian-hockey-team-1948-olympics-london-won-gold-medal-independent/|url-status=live}}</ref> The result was a sweet one for India, which gained [[Indian independence movement|independence from Britain]] just a year before. This win is often regarded as the greatest ever moment of Indian field hockey and also all of Indian sports.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/success-that-day-tasted-the-best-72nd-anniversary-of-independent-indias-first-olympic-gold/articleshow/77499844.cms|title=1948 olympics games: 'Success that day tasted the best': 72nd anniversary of independent India's first Olympic gold | Hockey News–Times of India|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 August 2020 |access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819043228/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/success-that-day-tasted-the-best-72nd-anniversary-of-independent-indias-first-olympic-gold/articleshow/77499844.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

India went on to win two further gold medals in [[Field hockey at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952]] and [[Field hockey at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]], preserving its record as the most successful and dominant team at that time in the Olympics. In 1952 Olympics quarter-finals India won against Austria 4–0, Great Britain 3–1 in semi-final and defeated Netherlands 6–1 in the final.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/helsinki-1952-olympics-indian-hockey-team-gold-medal-balbir-singh-sr-result/|title=When the Helsinki sun shone brightly on Indian hockey team at 1952 Olympics|website=Olympic Channel|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117055636/https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/helsinki-1952-olympics-indian-hockey-team-gold-medal-balbir-singh-sr-result/|url-status=live}}</ref> The match is famous for the five-goal magical performance of [[Balbir Singh Sr.]], which is an Olympic record that still stands today. At the 1956 Olympics India defeated [[Afghanistan men's national field hockey team|Afghanistan]] 14–0, United States 16–0 and [[Singapore men's national field hockey team|Singapore]] 6–0 in group stage. India defeated Germany 1–0 in semi-final. In the final India faced [[Pakistan national field hockey team|Pakistan]] and won the match 1–0, which was the beginning of the [[India–Pakistan field hockey rivalry|biggest rivalry in field hockey]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/melbourne-1956-olympics-indian-hockey-team-gold-medal-balbir-singh-sr-pakistan/|title=Melbourne 1956: Indian hockey's record breakers earn sixth Olympic gold|website=Olympic Channel|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122225225/https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/melbourne-1956-olympics-indian-hockey-team-gold-medal-balbir-singh-sr-pakistan/|url-status=live}}</ref> India and Pakistan again met each other in [[Field hockey at the 1958 Asian Games|1958 Asian Games]] and this time the match ended in a 0–0 draw. India also defeated Japan 8–0, South Korea 2–1 and Malaysia 6–0. But Pakistan claimed gold medal in the Asian Games by better average. It was the first time India finished runners-up in an international competition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/indias-glorious-past-in-asian-games-hockey|title=India's glorious past in Asian Games Hockey (1958–2010)|first=Rajarshi|last=Ghosh|date=19 September 2014|website=sportskeeda.com|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727104751/https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/indias-glorious-past-in-asian-games-hockey|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Last years of dominance (1960–1980)====
At the [[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960 Olympics]] India started its campaign by winning against Denmark 10–0, and Netherlands 4–1, New Zealand 3–0. India defeated Australia and Great Britain in quarter-finals and semi-finals respectively. In the final it was the beginning of a new era, for the first time India lost a match at the Olympics, a 0–1 loss to Pakistan in the final which ended India's streak of six successive gold medals and 30 matches unbeaten run.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/1960-olympics-pakistan-ends-indias-dominance/article3631570.ece|title=1960 Olympics: Pakistan ends India's dominance|date=12 July 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=1 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101140542/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/1960-olympics-pakistan-ends-indias-dominance/article3631570.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Two years later India went on to win another silver medal at the [[Field hockey at the 1962 Asian Games|1962 Asian Games]]. India returned strongly at the [[Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964 Tokyo Olympics]] by registering wins against Hong Kong, Belgium, Netherlands, Malaysia and Canada and drawing with Spain and Germany. In the Semi-finals India defeated Australia 3–1, and they won against Pakistan in the final to take their seventh gold medal at the games and also went on to capture their first gold medal in [[Field hockey at the 1966 Asian Games|1966 Asian Games]] by defeating Pakistan again in the final.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://validate.perfdrive.com/sportskeeda/captcha?ssa=60cc51eb-1987-e3ca-4d70-e61f37925bce&ssc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportskeeda.com%2Fhockey%2Fa-titanic-victory-hockey-gold-medal-1966-asian-games-by-novy-kapadia&ssi=9084b718-a33a-cf5a-2666-9801c72bad29&ssk=contactus@shieldsquare.com&ssm=17679027112555054109237078607955&ssn=382071972dbe3ef2b60fa06e85590fc9728364ae97ad-1ef3-af1d-8a280c&sso=dd8be6da-92c6434dcb5d060fcbf6dc45c981a0f2e77fa895a2820f37&ssp=72938879831609606338160964716722741&ssq=51945271724272074670517242642792869929083&ssr=MjA4LjgwLjE1NC44MQ==&sst=citoid&ssw=|title=ShieldSquare Captcha|website=validate.perfdrive.com|access-date=2 January 2021|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724174450/https://validate.perfdrive.com/sportskeeda/captcha?ssa=60cc51eb-1987-e3ca-4d70-e61f37925bce&ssc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportskeeda.com%2Fhockey%2Fa-titanic-victory-hockey-gold-medal-1966-asian-games-by-novy-kapadia&ssi=9084b718-a33a-cf5a-2666-9801c72bad29&ssk=contactus@shieldsquare.com&ssm=17679027112555054109237078607955&ssn=382071972dbe3ef2b60fa06e85590fc9728364ae97ad-1ef3-af1d-8a280c&sso=dd8be6da-92c6434dcb5d060fcbf6dc45c981a0f2e77fa895a2820f37&ssp=72938879831609606338160964716722741&ssq=51945271724272074670517242642792869929083&ssr=MjA4LjgwLjE1NC44MQ==&sst=citoid&ssw=|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Wereldbeker Hockey halve finale, India tegen Pakistan 1-0 Ambassadeur van India , Bestanddeelnr 926-6502.jpg|180px|left|thumb|Indian team celebrating their 1–0 win over Pakistan in the [[1973 Men's Hockey World Cup|1973 World Cup]] semi-finals.]]
At the [[Field hockey at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Mexico Olympics]], India started with a loss against New Zealand but won all of their remaining 6 matches against West Germany, Japan, Spain, [[Mexico men's national field hockey team|Mexico]], East Germany and Belgium but India went to a new low, for the first time as they were defeated in the semi-final by Australia, but they successfully claimed the bronze medal by beating [[Germany men's national field hockey team|West Germany]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/indian-hockey-team-mexico-1968-olympics-bronze-medal/|title=Mexico 1968 Olympics: Two captains hurt rhythm, Indian hockey team gets bronze|website=Olympic Channel|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201233138/https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/indian-hockey-team-mexico-1968-olympics-bronze-medal/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the [[Field hockey at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972 Olympics]] also the results were same as India started brightly by defeating Great Britain, Australia, [[Kenya men's national field hockey team|Kenya]], New Zealand and Mexico but drew with Netherlands and Poland. They were defeated in the semi-finals by Pakistan. In the third-place match India defeated the Netherlands to claim bronze medal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/indian-hockey-team-munich-1972-olympics-games-bronze-medal/|title=Munich 1972 Olympics: Indian hockey team returns with second straight bronze|website=Olympic Channel|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205150203/https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/indian-hockey-team-munich-1972-olympics-games-bronze-medal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

India won the bronze medal at the [[1971 Men's Hockey World Cup|1971 World Cup]] by virtue of a win over [[Kenya men's national field hockey team|Kenya]] in the third-place playoffs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/13/|title=1971 Mens World Cup|access-date=30 March 2024}}</ref> At the [[1973 Men's Hockey World Cup|1973 World Cup]] India defeated Pakistan in semi-finals, but lost to Netherlands in the final in penalty shoot-out after the match ended in a 2–2 draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/world-cup-2018/history/hockey-history-first-person-account-sportstar-world-cup-special-1973-mp-ganesh-india-vs-netherlands-second-position/article25568917.ece|title=1973: We had the best ever combination|date=23 November 2018 |access-date=30 March 2024}}</ref> But at the [[1975 Men's Hockey World Cup|1975 World Cup]] India defeated Malaysia in the semi-final before beating arch-rivals Pakistan in the final to claim their first title.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/on-this-day-indian-hockey-team-wins-1975-world-cup-ajit-pal-singh-ashok-kumar-aslam-sher-khan/article31075856.ece|title=On This Day: Indian hockey team beats Pakistan to lift 1975 World Cup|website=Sportstar|date=15 March 2020 |access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=3 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203112003/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/on-this-day-indian-hockey-team-wins-1975-world-cup-ajit-pal-singh-ashok-kumar-aslam-sher-khan/article31075856.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Field hockey at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976 Olympics]] astro-turf hockey pitch was introduced, India struggled to maintain their dominance like they did on grass fields and for the first time ever returned home empty handed. The
[[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Olympics]] was held in [[Moscow]], India started their campaign with an 18–0 win over [[Tanzania men's national field hockey team|Tanzania]] followed by a 2–2 draw with both [[Poland men's national field hockey team|Poland]] and Spain respectively. Later followed by resounding wins over [[Cuba men's national field hockey team|Cuba]] with a margin of 13–0 and [[Soviet Union men's national field hockey team|Soviet Union]] by the scoreline of 4–2. India later won the gold medal for a record eighth time by defeating Spain in the final by the score of 4–3.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/last-olympic-gold-medal-won-indian-hockey-team-moscow-1980-soviet-union/|title=When the Indian hockey team regained its lost glory at 1980 Moscow Olympics|website=Olympic Channel|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224182853/https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/last-olympic-gold-medal-won-indian-hockey-team-moscow-1980-soviet-union/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Decline (1981–1997)====
After the 1980 Olympics success India's performance declined and the following decades resulted in a lot of ups and downs for the national team. As the team failed to win any medal in the World Cups or Olympics, but continued to be a top team in Asia and went on to win several medals in continental competitions.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/headon/the-untold-story-of-how-india-lost-hockey-supremacy/|title=The untold story of how India lost hockey supremacy|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222022629/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/headon/entry/the-untold-story-of-how-india-lost-hockey-supremacy|url-status=live |last1=Merchant |first1=Minhaz }}</ref> The [[1982 Men's Hockey World Cup|1982 World Cup]] was hosted by India and they finished at 5th position.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fih.ch/events/world-cup/hockey-world-cup-bombay-1982-m/|title=Bombay Hockey World Cup 1982|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107062533/https://fih.ch/events/world-cup/hockey-world-cup-bombay-1982-m/|url-status=live}}</ref> The team lost to Pakistan in both [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982 Asian Games]] final and the [[1982 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|inaugural Asia Cup]] final held in [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rediff.com/sports/asiacup82.htm|title= 1982 Hockey Asia Cup|access-date= 7 January 2022|archive-date= 7 January 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220107062530/https://www.rediff.com/sports/asiacup82.htm|url-status= live}}</ref> India ended the decade by winning bronze medals at the [[Field hockey at the 1986 Asian Games|1986 Asian Games]] and [[1982 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1982 Champions Trophy]] and silver medals at the [[1985 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|1985 Asia Cup]] and [[1989 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|1989 Asia Cup]]. Their only gold medal success in a big tournament in the decade came at the [[1985 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportshistori.com/2017/04/sultan-azlan-shah-cup-champions-winners.html|title=All-time Sultan Azlan Shah Hockey Cup Past Winners List.|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107064056/https://www.sportshistori.com/2017/04/sultan-azlan-shah-cup-champions-winners.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
India also went on to win [[1991 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]] and reached finals of [[1994 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|1994 Asia Cup]] but lost to [[South Korea men's national field hockey team|South Korea]] in the final. The team then went on to win the [[1995 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/asiacup94.htm|title=1994 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107064059/http://www.rediff.com/sports/asiacup94.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Resurgence (1998–2012)====
India won their first continental title after 32 years at the [[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|1998 Asian Games]] by defeating [[South Korea men's national field hockey team|South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games-2018/features/asian-games-dhanraj-pillay-hockey-gold-india/article24696728.ece|title=32 years after...|date=15 August 2018 |access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107070609/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games-2018/features/asian-games-dhanraj-pillay-hockey-gold-india/article24696728.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/indian-hockey-gold-bangkok-asiad|title=Indian Hockey's dream run at the 1998 Bangkok Asian Games|date=14 September 2014 |access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107070608/https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/indian-hockey-gold-bangkok-asiad|url-status=live}}</ref> The team finished fourth at the [[Hockey at the 1998 Commonwealth Games|1998 Commonwealth Games]]. They ended the decade by collecting bronze medal at the [[1999 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|1999 Asia Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/sports/asiacup99.htm|title=5th Men's Asia Cup|access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref>

India started the new millennium by winning the [[2001 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge|inaugural Hockey Champions Challenge]] by defeating [[South Africa men's national field hockey team|South Africa]] in the final. In [[2003 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2003]] India won their first ever [[2003 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]] title by defeating Pakistan in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/sport/article30219591.ece|title=A historic victory|date=23 October 2003 |access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107064524/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/sport/article30219591.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The same year India also clinched the first and only [[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|Afro-Asian Games title]] by defeating Pakistan again in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/122690/india-outlast-pakistan-to-grab-gold|title=India outlast Pakistan to grab gold|date=November 2003 |access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107065200/https://www.dawn.com/news/122690/india-outlast-pakistan-to-grab-gold|url-status=live}}</ref> For the First time in their history the team did not win a medal at the Asian Games as they finished fifth at the [[Field hockey at the 2006 Asian Games|2006 Asian Games]], but India defended their title successfully in the Asia Cup by winning the [[2007 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2007 Asia Cup]]. In the final the team conveniently beat South Korea 7–2.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/india-beat-korea-7-2-retain-asia-cup-1609608|title=India beat Korea 7–2, retain Asia Cup|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107071232/https://sports.ndtv.com/hockey/india-beat-korea-7-2-retain-asia-cup-1609608|url-status=live}}</ref> India failed to qualify for [[Field hockey at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing Games]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17153246 | title=Is Indian hockey on an upswing? | work=BBC News | date=28 February 2012 | accessdate=30 July 2021 | archive-date=29 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729233542/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-17153246 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The next Asia Cup tournament in [[2009 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2009]] proved to be disastrous as the team finished fifth and failed to get any medal. But the team regained momentum after winning the [[2009 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]] and also became the joint winners in the [[2010 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2010]] edition. In the [[2010 Men's Hockey World Cup|2010 World Cup]], which was hosted in India, and the team finished on 8th position. In the [[Field hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Commonwealth Games]] which was again hosted by India, the national team reached the final where they were defeated 0–8 by [[Australia men's national field hockey team|Australia]], the biggest defeat India ever suffered.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/results/games/3046/event/1821|title=Hockey Hockey – Men Delhi 2010|access-date=7 January 2010|archive-date=4 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204173655/https://thecgf.com/results/games/3046/event/1821|url-status=live}}</ref> India became the first ever champions of the [[Men's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]] after they beat Pakistan in the final of the [[2011 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2011]] edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fih.ch/news/india-men-claim-asian-champions-trophy/|title=India men claim Asian Champions Trophy|access-date=7 January 2021|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107101946/https://fih.ch/news/india-men-claim-asian-champions-trophy/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012 the team finished last at the Olympics as they lost all their matches, it was disappointing given the fact that they are the most successful team ever at the Olympics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/08/london-2012-indian-shame-hockey|title=London 2012: Indian media attack 'national shame' of hockey defeat|newspaper=The Guardian |date=8 August 2012 |access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107072450/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/aug/08/london-2012-indian-shame-hockey|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/indian-hockey-team-finishes-last-at-olympics/story-0BvVC1o41SKmB2zehoP7vI.html|title=Indian hockey team finishes last at Olympics|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=7 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107072452/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/indian-hockey-team-finishes-last-at-olympics/story-0BvVC1o41SKmB2zehoP7vI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> India also finished as runners-up at the [[2012 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2012 Asian Champions Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/728|title=2012 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108203533/https://tms.fih.ch/competitions/728|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== 2013–present (Olympic comeback) ====
After the disappointment in Olympics India played at the [[2013 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2013 Asian Champions Trophy]] but could only finish at 5th place. The [[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Asian Games]] became the turning point as the team defeated Pakistan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/indian-hockey-sv-sunil-greatest-game-asian-games-2014-gold-medal-pakistan|title=SV Sunil's Greatest Game: India's heart-stopping final versus Pakistan at 2014 Asian Games|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203112739/https://olympics.com/en/featured-news/indian-hockey-sv-sunil-greatest-game-asian-games-2014-gold-medal-pakistan|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/2014-incheon-asian-games-india-beat-pakistan-in-final-to-win-mens-hockey-gold-medal/article6468313.ece|title=Indian hockey team win gold at Incheon, qualify for Rio Olympics|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203112738/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/2014-incheon-asian-games-india-beat-pakistan-in-final-to-win-mens-hockey-gold-medal/article6468313.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/hockey/indian-hockey-team-recall-2014-asian-games-gold|title=Indian Hockey Team Recall Gold Medal Win in 2014 Asian Games|date=15 August 2018 |access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203112740/https://www.thequint.com/sports/hockey/indian-hockey-team-recall-2014-asian-games-gold|url-status=live}}</ref> to win their third gold medal.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/asian-games-2014/india-at-incheon/asian-games-india-win-mens-hockey-gold-after-16-yrs-jump-to-ninth-place/articleshow/44114763.cms|title=Asian Games: India win men's hockey gold after 16 yrs.|newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203112738/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/asian-games-2014/india-at-incheon/asian-games-india-win-mens-hockey-gold-after-16-yrs-jump-to-ninth-place/articleshow/44114763.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/sports/asian-games-2014-gold-medal-winning-indian-mens-hockey-team-return-home-166026/|title=Asian Games 2014: Gold medal winning Indian Men's Hockey team return home|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203113315/https://www.india.com/sports/asian-games-2014-gold-medal-winning-indian-mens-hockey-team-return-home-166026/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/asian-games-2014/asian-games-2014-indian-hockey-team-returns-home-to-a-heroes-welcome-1511795|title=Asian Games 2014: Indian Hockey Team Returns Home to Heroes' Welcome|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203113318/https://sports.ndtv.com/asian-games-2014/asian-games-2014-indian-hockey-team-returns-home-to-a-heroes-welcome-1511795|url-status=live}}</ref>
In [[2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2014–15 Hockey World League]] India won the bronze medal by beating Netherlands. The team reached the finals of [[2016 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy]] but lost to Australia in penalty shootout. But bounced back by winning Asian Champions Trophy in [[2016 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2016 Asian Champions Trophy]] by defeating Pakistan and [[2017 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2017 Asia Cup]] by defeating Malaysia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiahockey.org/events/hero-asia-cup-2017-2/|title=Hero Asia Cup 2017|access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416184639/http://www.asiahockey.org/events/hero-asia-cup-2017-2/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/hockey-asia-cup-2017-india-edge-past-gutsy-malaysia-to-clinch-third-title-end-decade-long-wait-4165507.html|title=Hockey Asia Cup 2017: India edge past gutsy Malaysia to clinch third title, end decade-long wait|date=22 October 2017 |access-date=7 January 2022|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108225243/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/hockey-asia-cup-2017-india-edge-past-gutsy-malaysia-to-clinch-third-title-end-decade-long-wait-4165507.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The team also won bronze medal at the [[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2016–17 Hockey World League]] by defeating Germany 2–1.

The [[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games|2018]] Asian Games proved little disappointing as India was the defending champions as well as the favorites to win but was surprised by Malaysia in semi-final. They later won bronze medal by defeating Pakistan 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games/asian-games-2018-india-beat-pakistan-2-1-win-consolation-bronze-in-mens-hockey-5335319/#:~:text=Asian%20Games%202018%3A%20India%20beat,games%20News%20%2D%20The%20Indian%20Express|title=Asian Games 2018: India beat Pakistan 2-1, win consolation bronze in men's hockey|date=September 2018 |access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> The team returned strongly by winning [[2018 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2018 Asian Champions Trophy]] and collecting a gold medal at the [[2018–19 Men's Hockey Series]]. India played as hosts in the [[2018 Men's Hockey World Cup|2018 Hockey World Cup]] and reached the quarter-finals but lost to Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/hockey-world-cup/live-updates-mens-hockey-world-cup-2018-india-vs-netherlands-live-score/liveblog/67077378.cms|title=Men's Hockey World Cup 2018, India vs Netherlands: India lose 1-2 to Netherlands in quarterfinals|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 December 2018 |access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>

Indian team won bronze in [[2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Tokyo Olympics]] after defeating Germany 5–4. This was a historic win as the Indian Hockey team won a medal in Olympics after a gap of 41 years.<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/olympics/olympics-india-win-bronze-medal-in-tokyo-first-olympic-medal-in-hockey-since-1980-101628123640919.html Olympics: India win bronze medal in Tokyo, first Olympic medal in hockey since 1980] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824091501/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/olympics/olympics-india-win-bronze-medal-in-tokyo-first-olympic-medal-in-hockey-since-1980-101628123640919.html |date=24 August 2021 }} ''Hindustan Times''. Retrieved 5 August 2021</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=India vs Germany Hockey, Olympics 2021 Live: India win historic men's hockey bronze, beat Germany 5–4|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/tokyo-olympics-2021-live-updates-india-vs-germany-hockey-olympic-games-tokyo-2020-india-day-14/liveblog/85056855.cms|access-date=5 August 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 August 2021 |language=en|archive-date=5 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805010437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/tokyo-olympics-2021-live-updates-india-vs-germany-hockey-olympic-games-tokyo-2020-india-day-14/liveblog/85056855.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2023 India made a successful run at the [[2023 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]] and the [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|Asian Games]] both of which India won undefeated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023-live-updates-day-13-india-vs-pakistan-kabaddi-cricket-hockey-badminton-hs-prannoy-wrestling-hangzhou-101696529437129.html|title=Asian Games 2023, Highlights Day 13: India reclaim gold in men's hockey, Satwik-Chirag enter final|access-date=26 November 2023}}</ref>

===Women's Field Hockey===
The team's breakthrough performance came at the [[Women's Hockey World Cup]] at [[Mandelieu]] in 1974, where it finished in 4th place. Their best performance in the [[Olympic Games]] was at [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980 Moscow Summer Olympics]] (where they came in 4th), when a [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|women's event]] was held for the first time in Olympic history. The team also won the [[Gold medal]] at the inaugural [[1982 Asian Games]] held in [[New Delhi]], defeating [[Korea women's national field hockey team|Korea]] in the finals. Captain [[Suraj Lata Devi]] led the team to the [[Gold medal|Gold]] for three consecutive years at different events- during the [[India at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Commonwealth Games]],<ref name=2002win>{{cite web
|url=http://m2002.thecgf.com/results/default.asp?ID=MC&Content=IND_md&Type=Medal
|title=2002 Manchester: The XVII Commonwealth Games
|year=2002
|publisher=2002 Manchester: The XVII Commonwealth Games
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190932/http://m2002.thecgf.com/results/default.asp?ID=MC&Content=IND_md&Type=Medal
|archive-date=3 March 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> the 2003 [[Afro-Asian Games]], and the [[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]]. Team members were referred to as the "assi (Jasjeet) jaisi koi nahi" or the "Golden Girls of Hockey," after the 2004 win.<ref name=golden>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Indian-sportswomen-Still-the-second-sex/articleshow/497363.cms?|title=Indian Sportswomen: Still the Second Sex|access-date=12 April 2008|last=Pandey|first=Vineeta|date=15 February 2004|work=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226235826/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Indian-sportswomen-Still-the-second-sex/articleshow/497363.cms|archive-date=26 February 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The team earned a 3rd-place finish at the [[2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]] at [[Kuala Lumpur]] defeating [[China women's national field hockey team|China]] in a shootout.<ref name="13bronze">{{cite news
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/india-clinches-bronze-in-asia-cup-hockey/article5175817.ece
|title=India clinches bronze in Asia Cup hockey
|access-date=29 August 2015
|date=27 September 2013
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213015545/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/india-clinches-bronze-in-asia-cup-hockey/article5175817.ece
|archive-date=13 February 2014
|url-status=live
}}</ref> At the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]], it finished in 5th place but at [[2014 Asian Games]], [[Incheon]] stunned [[Japan women's national field hockey team|Japan]] 2–1 in a tight match to clinch their third [[bronze medal]] at the [[Asian Games]].<ref name="14bronze">{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/asian-games-2014/india-at-incheon/Indian-womens-hockey-team-wins-Asiad-bronze/articleshow/43986308.cms
|title=Indian women's hockey team wins Asiad bronze
|access-date=29 August 2015
|last=PTI
|author-link=Press Trust of India
|date=1 October 2014
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422002525/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/asian-games-2014/india-at-incheon/Indian-womens-hockey-team-wins-Asiad-bronze/articleshow/43986308.cms
|archive-date=22 April 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> During the summer of 2015, the team hosted the [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Round 2|Round 2]] of the [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League]] and finished on top to qualify for the next stage. At the [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals|World League Semi-finals]] held in [[Antwerp]] the team finished in the fifth place beating higher ranked Japan in classification match.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/verge-olympic-qualification-indian-womens-hockey-team-arrive-grand-welcome-2329378.html
|title=On the verge of Olympic qualification, Indian women's hockey team arrive to grand welcome
|access-date=29 August 2015
|last=PTI
|author-link=Press Trust of India
|date=6 July 2015
|work=[[Firstpost]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150822045403/http://www.firstpost.com/sports/verge-olympic-qualification-indian-womens-hockey-team-arrive-grand-welcome-2329378.html
|archive-date=22 August 2015
|url-status=live
}}</ref> The [[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's team squads#India|Indian woman's national field hockey team]] qualified for the [[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics#Women.27s tournament|2016 Summer Olympics]]<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/othersports/chak-de-indian-women-hockey-team--qualifies-for-rio-olympics/article1-1385359.aspx
|title=Chak De: Indian women's hockey team qualifies for Rio Olympics
|access-date=29 August 2015
|last=Bhagvatula
|first=Shrikant
|date=29 August 2015
|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829193147/http://www.hindustantimes.com/othersports/chak-de-indian-women-hockey-team--qualifies-for-rio-olympics/article1-1385359.aspx
|archive-date=29 August 2015
|url-status=live
}}</ref> for the first time since the [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics#Women.27s Tournament|1980 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite magazine
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0f9qKU8l95w
|title=Chak De Moment For India
|access-date=29 August 2015
|date=29 August 2015
|magazine=[[India Today]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218112116/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0f9qKU8l95w
|archive-date=18 February 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/08/29/womens-hockey-team-_n_8057566.html
|title=India Women's Hockey Team Bags Historic 2016 Rio Olympic Berth After 36 Years
|access-date=29 August 2015
|last=Bose
|first=Adrija
|date=29 August 2015
|publisher=[[Huffington Post]] India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830003702/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/08/29/womens-hockey-team-_n_8057566.html
|archive-date=30 August 2015
|url-status=live
}}</ref> They were eliminated in the group stage, however, where [[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament#Group B|they placed 6th]].

====2002 Commonwealth Games and ''Chak De! India'' (2007)====
[[India at the 2002 Commonwealth Games#India women.27s national field hockey team|The 2002 Commonwealth Games Squad]], led by Captain [[Suraj Lata Devi]], competed in the [[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2002 Commonwealth Games]]. The team entered the finals after defeating the New Zealand women's national field hockey team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/hockey/newsid_2166000/2166787.stm|title=Indian women stun Kiwis|access-date=12 April 2008|date=1 August 2002|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127052335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/hockey/newsid_2166000/2166787.stm|archive-date=27 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> and placed first, winning the Gold after they beat [[England women's national field hockey team|the English women's hockey team]].<ref name=2002win/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/hockey/newsid_2170000/2170576.stm|title=India deny England gold|access-date=12 April 2008|date=3 August 2002|publisher=BBC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013170455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/hockey/newsid_2170000/2170576.stm|archive-date=13 October 2007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=2002rediff>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/aug/03hock1.htm|title=Indian eves win Commonwealth hockey gold|access-date=12 April 2008|date=3 August 2002|work=Rediff.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117012251/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/aug/03hock1.htm|archive-date=17 January 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

This event served as the inspiration for the 2007 [[Bollywood]] film about women's field hockey, ''[[Chak De! India]]'' starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] (after screenwriter [[Jaideep Sahni]] read a short article about it).<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/item/43969-womens-hockey-hopes-to-deliver
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130130014858/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/item/43969-womens-hockey-hopes-to-deliver
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=30 January 2013
|title=Women's hockey hopes to deliver
|access-date=7 April 2008
|last=Zanane
|first=Anant
|author2=Das, Suprita
|date=13 March 2008
|work=Sports
|publisher=[[NDTV]]
}}</ref> Sahni began to model the character of Kabir Khan on hockey coach [[Maharaj Krishan Kaushik]].<ref name=ndtvcoach>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/chak-de-the-real-kabir-khan/18842
|title=Chak De: The real Kabir Khan?
|access-date=23 August 2015
|date=31 October 2007
|work=Sports
|publisher=[[NDTV]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235012/http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/chak-de-the-real-kabir-khan/18842
|archive-date=3 March 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> After hearing the storyline, Kaushik suggested that Sahni meet hockey player [[Mir Ranjan Negi]] (who faced accusations of throwing the match against Pakistan during the [[1982 Asian Games]]).<ref name="goal">{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/back-to-the-goal-post/article2273304.ece
|title=Back to the goal post
|access-date=23 April 2008
|date=10 August 2007
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219030648/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/back-to-the-goal-post/article2273304.ece
|archive-date=19 February 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web
|url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/hockey/the-story-of-truth-lies-amp-a-man-called-mir/article1-232857.aspx
|title = More than reel life; the story of truth, lies & a man called Mir
|last = Shrikant
|first = B
|access-date = 23 April 2008
|date = 26 June 2007
|work = [[Hindustan Times]]
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150217143305/http://www.hindustantimes.com/hockey/the-story-of-truth-lies-amp-a-man-called-mir/article1-232857.aspx
|archive-date = 17 February 2015
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name=iemore>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-they-said-i-d-taken-one-lakh-per-goal-.-.-.-people-used-to-introduce-me-as-mr-negi-of-those-seven-goals-/217517/0
|title=They said I'd taken one lakh per goal ... people used to introduce me as Mr Negi of those seven goals
|access-date=23 April 2008
|date=16 September 2007
|work=[[The Indian Express]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219030649/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-they-said-i-d-taken-one-lakh-per-goal-.-.-.-people-used-to-introduce-me-as-mr-negi-of-those-seven-goals-/217517/0
|archive-date=19 February 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Sahni has stated that he was unaware of Negi's tribulations while writing the script and that the resemblance with Negi's life was entirely coincidental.<ref name=company>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-the-company-of-ideas/article2284968.ece
|title=In the company of ideas
|access-date=23 April 2008
|last=Kumar
|first=Anuj
|date=7 September 2007
|work=[[The Hindu]]
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219030648/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-the-company-of-ideas/article2284968.ece
|archive-date=19 February 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Negi affirmed this point stating that he didn't "want to hog the limelight. This movie is not a documentary of Mir Ranjan Negi's life. It is in fact the story of a team that becomes a winning lot from a bunch of hopeless girls".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/archived-stories/chak-de-is-not-a-documentary-of-my-life/article1-243078.aspx
|title=Chak De! is not a documentary of my life
|access-date=21 August 2015
|date=18 August 2007
|last=Roy
|first=Abhishek
|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]/[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]
}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In response to the fact that the media equated Kabir Khan with Negi, Sahni said that "Our script was written a year and a half back. It is very unfortunate that something, which is about women athletes, has just started becoming about Negi."<ref name=ndtvcoach/>

====Tokyo Olympics and resurgence====
India at the [[India at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020 Summer Olympics]] for the first time ever,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tokyo Olympics 2021 Live: India vs Australia women's hockey quarterfinal underway|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/tokyo-olympics-2021-live-updates-kamalpreet-kaur-olympic-games-tokyo-2020-india-day-11/liveblog/84962050.cms|access-date=2 August 2021|website=The Times of India|date=2 August 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802013229/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-olympics/tokyo-olympics-2021-live-updates-kamalpreet-kaur-olympic-games-tokyo-2020-india-day-11/liveblog/84962050.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> reached the semi-final in the Women's Hockey Olympic event but failed to bag any medal after they lost to [[Argentina women's national field hockey team|Argentina]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Livemint|date=4 August 2021|title=Tokyo Olympics: India women lose hockey semi-final 1–2 to Argentina|url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/olympics-news/tokyo-olympics-india-women-lose-hockey-semi-final-1-2-to-argentina-11628073719897.html|access-date=6 August 2021|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806084440/https://www.livemint.com/sports/olympics-news/tokyo-olympics-india-women-lose-hockey-semi-final-1-2-to-argentina-11628073719897.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in the semi-final and then to [[Great Britain women's national field hockey team|Great Britain]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tokyo Olympics 2020: Indian women's hockey team lose 3–4 to Great Britain in Bronze-medal match|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-indian-womens-hockey-team-lose-3-4-to-great-britain-in-bronze-medal-match/videoshow/85090108.cms|access-date=6 August 2021|website=The Economic Times|date=6 August 2021 |archive-date=6 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806084440/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/tokyo-olympics-2020-indian-womens-hockey-team-lose-3-4-to-great-britain-in-bronze-medal-match/videoshow/85090108.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> in the bronze medal match. Following their performance at the Olympics, the team went to win bronze medals at the 2022 [[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]] and the [[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|Commonwealth Games]] and a third-place finish in the [[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22 Pro League]]. In 2022 India won the [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|first ever FIH Women's Nations Cup]]. However, they failed to qualify for the Paris Olympics losing to Japan in the bronze medal match at the Olympic Qualifier in Ranchi on 19 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-19 |title=Hurting, shocking: Legends react after Indian women's hockey team fails to grab Paris berth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/hurting-shocking-legends-react-after-indian-women-team-fail-to-grab-paris-berth/articleshow/106995859.cms |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Olympic heartbreak in Ranchi as India go down to Japan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/hockey/indian-womens-hockey-team-fails-to-qualify-for-paris-olympics-after-1-0-loss-to-japan-101705671885750.html |access-date=2024-01-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==Administration==
===Indian Hockey Federation (1925-2008)===
{{Main|Indian Hockey Federation}}

The '''Indian Hockey Federation''' was the administrative body of field hockey in India. Incorporated in 1925, it was under the global jurisdiction of the [[International Hockey Federation]].

The IHF was formed on 7 November 1925 in [[Gwalior]]. India was the first non-[[Europe]]an team to be a part of the FIH. As a member of the International Hockey Federation, it represented India in all international matches under the former leadership of [[KPS Gill]] & the secretary of the federation, K. Jyothikumaran. The women's team was directed by the Indian Women's Hockey Federation.

[[Prem Nath Sahni]], an [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer with interest in hockey since his college days, took over stewardship of the Indian Hockey Federation in 1973, at a time when conflicts broke out between its Northern and Southern wings.<ref>{{cite book|title=India and The Olympics|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Nalin|last2=Mehta|year=2009|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> The Indian Hockey scene was marked by excellence until 1973 when Ashwani Kumar, the then president, stepped down.<ref>{{cite book|title=Olympism: The Global Vision: From Nationalism to Internationalism|first1=Boria|last1=Majumdar|first2=Sandra|last2=Collins|year=2013|publisher=Routledge}}</ref> India lost its supremacy in the game on the world stage ever since.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/views/Un-sporting-fights/articleshow/21353584.cms | title=Un-sporting fights | first=Nalin | last=Mehta | date=3 July 2012 | newspaper=Bangalore Mirror | accessdate=12 May 2020 }}</ref> P N Sahni remained the President of the Haryana Olympic Association from 1969 to 1978 <ref>http://olympicharyana.in/president-secretary/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>

===New committee (IOA) (2008)===
The Indian Olympic Association appointed a new five-member national selection committee. This panel will work in conjunction with the International Hockey Federation in managing field hockey in India.<ref>[http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5gDzU3VRFYZc_-9Kyof9Mt6XFD2oA canadianpress.google.com]{{Dead link|date=September 2011}}</ref>
The panel was headed by [[Aslam Sher Khan]], a former MP and former hockey captain and includes [[Ashok Kumar (field hockey)|Ashok Kumar]], [[Ajit Pal Singh]], [[Zafar Iqbal (field hockey)|Zafar Iqbal]] and [[Dhanraj Pillay]]. [[Aslam Sher Khan]] has now been replaced by [[Ajit Pal Singh]] as the chairman of the national selection committee. [[Aslam Sher Khan]] was highly displeased by this decision, though he remained as a selector.<ref>{{cite web|title=United we'll stand: Aslam Sher Khan|url=http://sify.com/sports/hockey/fullstory.php?id=14658820|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=20 September 2011|date=2008-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813010630/http://sify.com/sports/hockey/fullstory.php?id=14658820|archive-date=13 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://sports.in.msn.com/stories/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1363565 sports.in.msn.com] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090811101401/http://sports.in.msn.com/stories/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1363565 |date=11 August 2009 }}</ref>

On 30 April 2008, in an interview with ''[[India Today]]'', Khan indicated the impact of the 2007 film about the National Women's Hockey Team, ''[[Chak De! India]]'', on his future strategy by stating that he wants "to create a 'Chak De' effect" within Indian hockey.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/i-want-to-establish-a-club-culture-in-indian-hockey-aslam-sher-khan-24881-2008-04-30
|title=I want to establish a club culture in Indian hockey: Aslam Sher Khan
|access-date=2008-04-30
|date=30 April 2008
|work=India Today
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219030648/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/I-want-to-establish-a-club-culture-in-Indian-hockey:-Aslam-Sher-Khan/1/7649.html
|archive-date=19 February 2016
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

===Hockey India (2009-present)===
{{Main|Hockey India}}

'''Hockey India''' plans, directs and conducts all the activities for both men's and women's [[field hockey]] in [[India]]. It is recognized by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]], [[Government of India]] as the sole body responsible towards promoting the sport.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawinsport.com/blogs/indian-sports-law/item/hockey-india-gets-recognition-indian-boxing-federation-suspended-bidding-opens-for-indian-super-league-and-no-f1-race-in-2015|title=Hockey India Gets Recognition|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707045314/https://www.lawinsport.com/blogs/indian-sports-law/item/hockey-india-gets-recognition-indian-boxing-federation-suspended-bidding-opens-for-indian-super-league-and-no-f1-race-in-2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It was formed after the [[Indian Hockey Federation]] was dismissed in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://playthegame.org/news/news-articles/2008/indian-hockey-federation-suspended-after-bribery-scandal/|title=Indian Hockey Federation suspended after bribery scandal|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007154901/https://playthegame.org/news/news-articles/2008/indian-hockey-federation-suspended-after-bribery-scandal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Hockey India was established on 20 May 2009 and is affiliated to the [[International Hockey Federation]] (FIH), the [[Indian Olympic Association]] (IOA) and the [[Asian Hockey Federation]] (AHF).

Hockey India, with the assistance of the [[Sports Authority of India]] and Department of Sports, trains players at sub-junior, junior and senior level. The governing body is responsible for training the coaches, as well as educating and equipping technical officials and [[umpire (field hockey)|umpires]].

Hockey India launched its own [[logo]] in a [[ceremony]] on 24 July 2008. It resembles [[Ashok Chakra]] of [[Indian flag]]. It is made up of [[field hockey stick|hockey sticks]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.hockeyindia.org/photos/hockey-india-league-logo-launch|title= Hockey India League Logo Launch|date= 28 September 2012|access-date= 7 October 2021|archive-date= 7 October 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211007160409/https://www.hockeyindia.org/photos/hockey-india-league-logo-launch|url-status= live}}</ref>

Hockey India manages four squads that represent India in [[international field hockey]]: the [[India men's national field hockey team]], the [[India women's national field hockey team]], the [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team]], and the [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team]].

==National teams==
{| class="infobox" style="font-size:95%; width:25em; text-align:center"
! colspan="4" style="font-size:115%; align=center" | National teams of India
{{check quotation}}
|-
![[File:Field hockey pictogram.svg|30px]]
![[File:Field hockey pictogram.svg|30px]]
![[File:Field hockey pictogram.svg|30px]]
![[File:Field hockey pictogram.svg|30px]]
|-
! [[India men's national field hockey team|India (Men's)]]
! [[India women's national field hockey team|India (Women's)]]
! [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|U-21 (Men's)]]
! [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|U-21 (Women's)]]
|}

The [[India men's national field hockey team]] is governed by the [[Hockey India]] (HI) and is a member of the [[Asian Hockey Federation]] (AHF). Since 1926, the BCCI has been affiliated with [[International Hockey Federation|FIH]], the international governing body for world field hockey. In 2011, the Hockey India became the members of the both FIH and AHF.

===Performance===
The following list includes the performance of all of India's national teams at major competitions.

====Men's senior team====
{{Main|India men's national field hockey team}}

[[Image:Hockey india.jpg|220px|thumb|Indian Hockey team]]
The ''Indian Hockey Team'' is the national men's hockey team of [[India]]. It was the first non-European team to be a part of the [[International Hockey Federation]]. In 1928, the team won its first Olympic gold medal. From 1928 to 1956, was the golden period for the Indian Hockey team. The Indian men's team remained unbeaten in the Olympics, gaining six gold medals in a row. The Indian team has won a total of eight gold, one silver and three bronze medals in Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Olympics count: India highest among all nations with 8 gold medals in hockey|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/olympics-count-india-highest-among-all-nations-with-8-gold-medals-in-hockey-in-olympics|access-date=2020-07-07|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian hockey men at the Olympics: A gold-laden history|url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/stories/features/detail/how-indian-hockey-team-olympic-games-gold-medals/|access-date=2020-07-07|website=Olympic Channel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=When India ruled world hockey|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/when-india-ruled-world-hockey-92386|access-date=2020-07-07|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>
{{#invoke:SportsRankings|list2|FIH World Rankings|IND}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Tournament
! data-sort-type="number"|Appearance in finals
! Last appearance
! Best performance
|-
| [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympics]] || 9 out of 22 || [[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2024]] ||{{sort|8|'''Champions''' ([[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928]], [[Field hockey at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932]], [[Field hockey at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936]], [[Field hockey at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948]], [[Field hockey at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952]], [[Field hockey at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]], [[Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964]], [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1980]])}}
|-
| [[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]] || 2 out of 15 || [[2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup|2023]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' ([[1975 Men's Hockey World Cup|1975]])}}
|-
| [[Men's FIH Pro League]]|| 0 out of 4 || [[2023–24 Men's FIH Pro League|2023-24]] || {{sort|1|3rd Place ([[2021–22 Men's FIH Pro League|2021-22]])}}
|-
| [[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]|| 13 out of 17 || [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2022]] || {{sort|4|'''Champions''' ([[Field hockey at the 1966 Asian Games|1966]], [[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|1998]], [[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2014]], [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2022]])}}
|-
| [[Men's Hockey Asia Cup]]|| 8 out of 11 || [[2022 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2022]] || {{sort|3|'''Champions''' ([[2003 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2003]], [[2007 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2007]], [[2017 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]])}}
|-
| [[Men's Asian Champions Trophy]]|| 6 out of 8 || [[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2024]] || {{sort|5|'''Champions''' ([[2011 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2011]], [[2016 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2016]], [[2018 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2018]], [[2023 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2023]], [[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2024]] )}}
|-
| [[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]|| 3 out of 6 || [[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|2022]] || {{sort|3|'''Runners-up''' ([[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|2014]], [[Hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|2010]], [[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|2022]])}}
|-
| [[Men's FIH Hockey World League]] || 0 out of 3 || [[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2016-17]] || {{sort|2|3rd Place ([[2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2014-15]], [[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2016–17]])}}
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy]]|| 2 out of 16 || [[2018 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018]] || {{sort|2|'''Runners-up''' ([[2016 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2016]], [[2018 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018]])}}
|-
| [[Men's Hockey Champions Challenge I]]|| 2 out of 4 || [[2011 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge I|2011]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' ([[2001 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge|2001]])}}
|-
| [[Hockey Series]]|| 1 out of 1 || [[2018–19 Men's Hockey Series|2018-19]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' ([[2018–19 Men's Hockey Series|2018-19]])}}
|-
| [[2003 Afro-Asian Games|Afro-Asian Games]]|| 1 out of 1 || [[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' ([[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]])}}
|-
| [[Western Asiatic Games]]|| 1 out of 1 || [[Western Asiatic Games|1934]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' ([[Western Asiatic Games|1934]])}}
|-
| [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]|| 8 out of 22 || [[2019 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2019]] || {{sort|5|'''Champions''' ([[1985 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1985]], [[1991 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1991]], [[1995 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1995]], [[2009 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2009]], [[2010 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2010]])}}
|-
| [[South Asian Games]]|| 4 out of 4 || [[2016 South Asian Games|2016]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' (1995)}}
|}

====Women's senior team====
{{Main|India women's national field hockey team}}

The ''Indian Women's Hockey Team'' (nicknamed the '''Nabhvarna''') is the national women's team representing hockey in India. It is the national women's team that represents [[India]] in international [[field hockey]] competitions.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hockey India|url=http://hockeyindia.org/|access-date=5 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106151830/http://hockeyindia.org/|archive-date=6 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The team is currently coached by [[Netherland]]s' [[Sjoerd Marinje(field hockey)|Sjoerd Marinje]] and led by [[Field hockey#Positions|forward]] [[Rani Rampal]] from [[Haryana]] and is currently ranked 9th in the [[FIH World Rankings]]. Captain [[Suraj Lata Devi]] led the team to the [[Gold medal|Gold]] for three consecutive years: during the [[India at the 2002 Commonwealth Games|2002 Commonwealth Games]] (the event which inspired the 2007 [[Shah Rukh Khan]] film, ''[[Chak De India]]''), the 2003 [[Afro-Asian Games]], and the 2004 [[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Hockey Asia Cup]]. They were referred to as the "Jassi (Jasjeet) jaisi koi nahi" or "Golden girls of hockey," after winning the 2004 Hockey Asia Cup.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pandey|first=Vineeta|title=Indian sportswomen: Still the second sex|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/497363.cms|work=[[The Times of India]] (timesofindia.indiatimes.com)|access-date=22 September 2011|date=15 February 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020044654/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/497363.cms|archive-date=20 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{#invoke:SportsRankings|list2|FIH Women's World Rankings|IND}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Tournament
! data-sort-type="number"|Appearance in finals
! Last appearance
! Best performance
|-
| [[Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|Olympics]] || 0 out of 3 || [[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2020]] ||{{sort|2|4th place ([[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|1980]], [[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament|2020]])}}
|-
| [[Women's FIH Hockey World Cup]] || 0 out of 8 || [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|2022]] || {{sort|1|4th place ([[1974 Women's Hockey World Cup|1974]])}}
|-
| [[Women's FIH Pro League]]|| 0 out of 2 || [[2023–24 Women's FIH Pro League|2023-24]] || {{sort|1|3rd Place ([[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021-22]])}}
|-
| [[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]|| 3 out of 11 || [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|2022]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' ([[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]])}}
|-
| [[Women's Hockey Asia Cup]]|| 4 out of 9 || [[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2022]] || {{sort|2|'''Champions''' ([[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004]], [[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]])}}
|-
| [[Women's Asian Champions Trophy]]|| 5 out of 7 || [[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024]] || {{sort|3|'''Champions''' ([[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016]], [[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023]], [[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024]])}}
|-
| [[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]|| 2 out of 7 || [[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2022]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' ([[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2002]])}}
|-
| [[Women's FIH Hockey World League]]|| 0 out of 3 || [[2016–17 Women's FIH Hockey World League|2016-17]] || {{sort|1|10th place ([[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League|2014-15]])}}
|-
| [[Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I]]|| 0 out of 4 || [[2014 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|2014]] || {{sort|1|3rd place ([[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge|2002]])}}
|-
| [[Hockey Series]]|| 1 out of 1 || [[2018–19 Women's Hockey Series|2018-19]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' ([[2018–19 Women's Hockey Series|2018-19]])}}
|-
| [[2003 Afro-Asian Games|Afro-Asian Games]]|| 1 out of 1 || [[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' ([[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]])}}
|-
| [[South Asian Games]]|| 1 out of 1 || [[2016 South Asian Games|2016]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' ([[2016 South Asian Games|2016]])}}
|-
| [[Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup]]|| 1 out of 1 || [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022]] || {{sort|1|'''Champions''' ([[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022]])}}
|}

====Men's U-21 team====
{{Main|India men's national under-21 field hockey team}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Tournament
! data-sort-type="number"|Appearance in finals
! Last appearance
! Best performance
|-
| [[Field hockey at the Summer Youth Olympics|Youth Olympics]] || 1 out of 1 || [[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' tournament|2018]] ||{{sort|1|'''Runners-up''' ([[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' tournament|2018]])}}
|-
| [[Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup]] || 3 out of 12 || [[2023 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|2023]] ||{{sort|2|'''Champions''' ([[2001 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup|2001]], [[2016 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup|2016]])}}
|-
| [[Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup]] || 7 out of 10 || [[2024 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024]] || {{sort|5|'''Champions''' (2004, 2008, [[2015 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2015]], [[2023 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2023]], [[2024 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024]])}}
|-
| [[Sultan of Johor Cup]] || 7 out of 11 || [[2024 Sultan of Johor Cup|2024]] || {{sort|3|'''Champions''' ([[2013 Sultan of Johor Cup|2013]], [[2014 Sultan of Johor Cup|2014]], [[2022 Sultan of Johor Cup|2022]])}}
|}

====Women's U-21 team====
{{Main|India women's national under-21 field hockey team}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! Tournament
! data-sort-type="number"|Appearance in finals
! Last appearance
! Best performance
|-
| [[Field hockey at the Summer Youth Olympics|Youth Olympics]] || 1 out of 1 || [[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' tournament|2018]] ||{{sort|1|'''Runners-up''' ([[Field hockey at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' tournament|2018]])}}
|-
| [[Women's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup]] || 0 out of 6 || [[2023 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|2023]] ||{{sort|1|3rd place ([[2013 Women's Hockey Junior World Cup|2013]])}}
|-
| [[Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup]] || 3 out of 8 || [[2024 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024]] || {{sort|2|'''Champions''' ([[2023 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2023]], [[2024 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2024]])}}
|}

==Association history==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No. !! Association !! State/UT
!President
|-
| 1 || [[Manipur Hockey]] || [[Manipur]]
|Khoirom loyalakpa
|-
| 2 || [[Hockey Andaman and Nicobar]] || [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
|Alphonse Baa
|-
| 3 || [[Hockey Andhra Pradesh]] || [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|B M Chanakya Raju
|-
| 4 || [[Hockey Arunachal]] || [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
|Gumjum Haider
|-
| 5 || [[Assam Hockey]] || [[Assam]]
|Tapan Kumar Das
|-
| 6 || [[Hockey Bihar]] || [[Bihar]]
|Sharwon Kumar
|-
| 7 || [[Hockey Chandigarh]] || [[Chandigarh]]
|Karan Gilhotra
|-
| 8 || [[Hockey Chhattisgarh]] || [[Chhattisgarh]]
|Firoz Ansari
|-
| 9 || [[Dadra & Nagar and Haveli & Daman & Diu Hockey]] || [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu]]
|Nilpa Bhavesh Manani
|-
| 10 || [[Hockey Association of Odisha]] || [[Odisha]]
|Dr. Dilip Tirkey
|-
| 11 || [[Delhi Hockey]] || [[Delhi]]
|Hitesh Sindwani
|-
| 12 || [[Goans Hockey]] || [[Goa]]
|Costau Xavier Marquis
|-
| 13 || [[Hockey Gujarat]] || [[Gujarat]]
|R.V Shelar
|-
| 14 || [[Hockey Haryana]] || [[Haryana]]
|Jaideep Malik
|-
| 15 || [[Hockey Himachal]] || [[Himachal Pradesh]]
|Sukh Ram Choudhary
|-
| 16 || [[Hockey Bengal]] || [[West Bengal]]
|Swapan Banerjee
|-
| 17 || [[Hockey Jammu and Kashmir]] || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|Gurdeep Singh Sangral
|-
| 18 || [[Hockey Jharkhand]] || [[Jharkhand]]
|Bhola Nath Singh
|-
| 19 || [[Hockey Karnataka]] || [[Karnataka]]
|S.VS Subramanya Gupta
|-
| 20 || [[Hockey Kerala]] || [[Kerala]]
|V. Sunilkumar
|-
| 21 || [[Hockey Madhya Pradesh]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|Nitin Dhimole
|-
| 22|| [[Hockey Mizoram]] || [[Mizoram]]
|K. Lalthlengliana
|-
| 23 || [[Hockey Nagaland]] || [[Nagaland]]
|ADHOC Committee
|-
| 24 || [[Le Puducherry Hockey]] || [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|Dr. E. Kumaressan
|-
| 25 || [[Hockey Punjab]] || [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|Nitin Kohli
|-
| 26 || [[Hockey Rajasthan]] || [[Rajasthan]]
|Arun Kumar Saraswat
|-
| 27 || [[Hockey Unit of Tamil Nadu]] || [[Tamil Nadu]]
|Sekar J Manoharan
|-
| 28 || [[Hockey Telangana]] || [[Telangana]]
|Konda Vijay Kumar
|-
| 29 || [[Tripura Hockey]] || [[Tripura]]
|Sudip Roy Barman
|-
| 30 || [[Uttar Pradesh Hockey]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Rakesh Katyal
|-
| 31 || [[Hockey Uttarakhand]] || [[Uttarakhand]]
|Raghu Bir Singh Rawat
|-
| 32 || [[Hockey Maharashtra]] || [[Maharashtra]]
|Krishna Prakash
|}

== Organisation structure ==

===International Field Hockey===

International field hockey in India generally does not follow a fixed pattern. Field Hockey in India is managed by the [[Hockey India]] (HI).

==== Men's National Team ====
{{Main|India men's national field hockey team}}
The '''India men's national field hockey team''' represents [[India]] in international [[field hockey]] competitions, and is governed by [[Hockey India]]. The team was formerly under the control of [[Indian Hockey Federation]]. India was the first non-European team to be a part of the [[International Hockey Federation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hockey India|url=http://hockeyindia.org/|access-date=7 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106151830/http://hockeyindia.org/|archive-date=6 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> India's hockey team is the most successful team ever in the Olympics, having won a total of eight gold medals – in [[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928]], [[Field hockey at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932]], [[Field hockey at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936]], [[Field hockey at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948]], [[Field hockey at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952]], [[Field hockey at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]], [[Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964]] and [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980]].

In [[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928]], the team won its first [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] gold medal and until [[Field hockey at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1960]], the Indian men's team remained unbeaten in the Olympics, winning six gold medals in a row. The team had a 30–0 winning streak during this time, from their first game in 1928 until the [[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics#Gold medal match|1960]] gold medal final which they lost. India also won the [[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup|World Cup]] in [[1975 Men's Hockey World Cup|1975]]. India also has the best overall performance in Olympic history with 83 victories out of the 134 matches played. They have also scored more goals in the Olympics than any other team. They are also the only team ever to win the Olympics without conceding a single goal, having done so in 1928 and 1956.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/olympic-sports/top-five-records-of-indian-mens-hockey-team|title=Indian field hockey records|access-date=14 August 2021|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814144944/https://khelnow.com/olympic-sports/top-five-records-of-indian-mens-hockey-team|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Women's National Team ====
{{Main|India women's national field hockey team}}
The '''Indian women's national field hockey team''' represents [[India]] in international [[field hockey]], and is governed by [[Hockey India]]. Nabhvarna are currently ranked 9th in the [[FIH World Rankings]], and are ranked as the second best team in Asia. They have won the gold medals at the [[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games - Women's tournament|2002 Commonwealth Games]] and [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982 Asian Games]]. They have also won the [[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Women's Asia Cup]] twice, i.e. in [[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004]] and [[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]]. They also won the [[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]] [[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016]] and [[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023]].

===Domestic Field Hockey===

====National Championships====
These National Championships are divided into two divisions, to ensure that participating teams are competing in a fair, equal environment, and against teams with similar level of skills.

Below is the list of National Championships that Hockey India conducts every season:

* Hockey India Senior Men National Championship
* Hockey India Senior Women National Championship
* Hockey India Junior Men National Championship
* Hockey India Junior Women National Championship
* Hockey India Sub-Junior Men National Championship
* Hockey India Sub-Junior Women National Championship
* Hockey India 5-a-side National Championship (Women)
* Hockey India 5-a-side National Championship (Men)
* Hockey India 5-a-side National Championship (Mixed)

====Leagues====
* [[Hockey India League]]

====Hockey Tournaments====
* [[Beighton Cup]]
* [[Senior Nehru Hockey Tournament]]
* [[Surjit Memorial Hockey Tournament]]
* All India MCC Murugappa Gold Cup Hockey Tournament
* All India Obaidullah Khan Gold Cup Hockey Tournament
* Lal Bahadur Shastri Hockey Tournament
* All India Scindia Gold Cup Hockey Tournament
* All India Swami Shradhanand Hockey Tournament
* All India Guru Teg Bahadur Gold Cup Hockey Tournament
* Mahant Raja Sarwesjwardas Memorial All India Tournament
* All India Guru Gobind Singh Gold Cup Hockey Tournament
* All India Trades Cup Hockey Tournament
* All India Police Hockey Championship
* Aga Khan Hockey Tournament
* All India K.D Singh Babu Memorial Invitation Prize Money Hockey Tournament
* Lychettira Hockey Cup/Kodava Hockey Festival
* [[Bombay Gold Cup]]
* Liberals All India Hockey Tournament

== Stadiums ==
{{Further information|List of field hockey venues in India}}

{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! City !! [[States of India|State]] !! Est. !! Capacity !! Home team !! Notes !! Image
|-
| [[Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium]] || [[Rourkela]] || [[Odisha]] || 2023 || 21,800 || [[Odisha Hockey Team]] ||Largest all seated hockey stadium in the world.<ref name="birsa">{{Cite web |last=Panda |first=Sudeshna |date=2023-01-29 |title=WATCH: Birsa Munda Stadium enters Guinness World Records for largest hockey stadium |url=https://kalingatv.com/state/watch-birsa-munda-stadium-enters-guinness-world-records-for-largest-hockey-stadium/ |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=KalingaTV |language=en-US}}</ref> || [[File:BirsaMundaHockeyStadium RKL1.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Aishbagh Stadium]] || [[Bhopal]] || [[Madhya Pradesh]] || n/a || 10,000 || [[Bhopal Badshahs]] || ||
|-
| [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Hockey Stadium]] || [[Raipur]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || 2015 || 4,000 || ||<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/New-hockey-stadium-inaugurated-in-Raipur/articleshow/41194583.cms New hockey stadium inaugurated in Raipur]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hockeyindia.org/news/new-international-hockey-stadium-inaugurated-in-raipur-chhattisgarh.html |title=New International Hockey Stadium Inaugurated In Raipur, Chhattisgarh |access-date=28 July 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907081911/http://hockeyindia.org/news/new-international-hockey-stadium-inaugurated-in-raipur-chhattisgarh.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/Chhattisgarh-to-host-mens-Hockey-World-League-Final/articleshow/48526435.cms Chhattisgarh to host men's Hockey World League Final]</ref> ||
|-
| [[Anna Stadium]] || [[Tiruchirappalli]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || 1970 || 10,000 || || ||
|-
| [[Annasaheb Magar PCMC Stadium]] || [[Pimpri]] || [[Maharashtra]] || n/a || 5,000 || || ||
|-
| [[Bangalore Hockey Stadium]] || [[Bangalore]] || [[Karnataka]] || n/a || 7,000 || || ||
|-
| [[Birsa Munda Hockey Stadium]] || [[Ranchi]] || [[Jharkhand]] || n/a || 5,000 || [[Ranchi Rays]] || ||
|-
| [[CAFVD Sports Stadium]] || [[Pune]] || [[Maharashtra]] || n/a || 4,000 || || ||
|-
| [[Major Dhyanchand Hockey Stadium, Lucknow|Major Dhyanchand Hockey Stadium]] || [[Lucknow]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || n/a || 10,000 || [[Uttar Pradesh Wizards]] || <ref>[http://league.hockeyindia.org/venue/dhayan-chand-sports-college-lucknow/ Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium]</ref> || [[File:Major Dhyanchand Hockey Stadium, Lucknow.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Master Chandgiram Sports Stadium]] ||[[Saifai]], [[Etawah district]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || n/a ||12,000|| || ||
|-
| [[Dr Sampurnanda Stadium]] ||[[Varanasi]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 1964 ||10,000|| || ||
|-
| [[Major Dhyan Chand Hockey Stadium, Jhansi|Major Dhyan Chand Stadium]]|| [[Jhansi]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || n/a || n/a || || Under construction ||
|-
| [[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium]] || [[New Delhi]] || [[Delhi]] || 1933 || 20,000 || [[Delhi Wave Riders]] || <ref name="venue1">[http://league.hockeyindia.org/venue/major-dhyan-chand-national-stadium-delhi/ Dhyan Chand National Stadium]</ref> || [[File:Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Faizabad Sports Complex]] || [[Faizabad]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || TBA || 30,000 || || Under construction ||
|-
| [[Gachibowli Hockey Stadium]] || [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] || [[Telangana]] || n/a || 8,000 || || ||
|-
| [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium|Khuman Lampak Hockey Stadium]] || [[Imphal]] || [[Manipur]] || 1999 || 8,000 || || ||
|-
| [[International Hockey Stadium]] || [[Mohali]] || [[Punjab]] || 2013 || 16,000 || || <ref>[http://league.hockeyindia.org/venue/mohali/ International Hockey Stadium]</ref> ||
|-
| [[International Hockey Stadium (Rajnandgaon)|International Hockey Stadium]] || [[Rajnandgaon]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || 2013 || 30,000 || || ||
|-
| [[International Hockey Stadium, Kollam|International Hockey Stadium]] || [[Kollam]] || [[Kerala]] || 2014 || 5,000 || || ||
|-
| [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]] || [[Jamshedpur]] || [[Jharkhand]] || 1991 || 40,000 || || || [[File:J.R.D. Tata Stadium.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Jaypee Sports City|Jaypee Sport City Hockey Stadium]] || [[Noida]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || TBA || 10,000 || || Under construction ||
|-
| Kalinga Hockey Stadium || [[Bhubaneswar]] || [[Odisha]] || 2010 || 16,000 || [[Kalinga Lancers]] || <ref name="league1">[http://league.hockeyindia.org/venue/kalinga-stadium-bhubaneswar/ Kalinga Stadium]</ref> || [[File:Kalinga Hockey Stadium.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Biju Patnaik Hockey Stadium]] || [[Rourkela]] || [[Odisha]] || 2010 || 25,000 || || ||
[[File:HOCKEY STADIUM.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[Mahindra Hockey Stadium]] || [[Mumbai]] || [[Maharashtra]] || n/a || 8,500 || || <ref>[http://league.hockeyindia.org/venue/mahindra-hockey-stadium-mumbai/ Mahindra Hockey Stadium]</ref> ||
|-
| [[Maulana Md. Tayabullah Hockey Stadium]] || [[Guwahati]] || [[Assam]] || 2007 || 2,000 || || ||
|-
| [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]] || [[Chennai]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || n/a || 8,670 || [[Chennai Cheetahs]] || ||[[File:Mayor Radhakrishnan hockey stadium.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Patliputra Sports Complex]] || [[Patna]] || [[Bihar]] || 2011 || 20,000 || || ||[[File:Patliputra sports kbgh.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[PCMC Hockey Stadium]] || [[Pimpri]] || [[Maharashtra]] || 1993 || 5,000 || [[Pune Strykers]] || ||
|-
| [[B.R. Yadav International Hockey Stadium]] || [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Bilaspur]] || [[Chhattisgarh]] || 2019 || n/a || || ||
|-
| [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Stadium]] || [[Ferozpur]] || [[Punjab]] || 1926 || 10,000 || || || [[File:Shaheed Bhagat Singh Stadium Firozpur.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Shilaroo Hockey Stadium]] || [[Shilaroo]]|| [[Himachal Pradesh]] || 2010 || n/a || || <ref>[http://www.shimlaonline.in/city-guide/shilaroo-hockey-stadium-in-shimla shimlaonline]</ref> ||
|-
| [[Shivaji Hockey Stadium]] || [[New Delhi]] || [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]] || 1964 || 7,000 || || <ref>[http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/dcwg/?q=node/785/ 2010 Commonwealth Hockey Stadium]{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> ||
|-
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]] || [[Pune]] || [[Maharashtra]] || 1992 || 11,900 || || || [[File:Balewadi Athletics Stadiums Interior.jpg|150px]]
|-
| [[Chandigarh Hockey Stadium]] || [[Chandigarh]] || [[Chandigarh]] || 1988 || 30,000 || [[Chandigarh Comets]] || || [[File:Chandigarh hockey stadium.JPG|150px]]
|-
| [[Surjit Hockey Stadium]] || [[Jalandhar]] || [[Punjab]] || 2009 || 7,000 || [[Punjab Warriors]] || ||
|-
| [[Vidarbha Hockey Association Stadium]] || [[Nagpur]] || [[Maharashtra]] || n/a || 5,000 || || <ref>[http://hockeyindia.org/news/hockey-india-inducts-vidarbha-hockey-association-in-its-fold.html Vidarbha Hockey Association Stadium]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ||
|-
|}

==Hosting history==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center; background:lightblue;"
||'''Competition'''
||'''Edition'''
||'''Winner'''
||'''Final'''
||'''Runners-up'''
||'''India's position'''
||'''Venues'''
||'''Final venue'''
||'''Stadium'''
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:orange;"|'''Men's senior competitions'''
|-
||[[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]]
||[[1982 Men's Hockey World Cup]]
||'''{{fh|PAK}}'''
||{{center|'''3 – 1'''}}
||{{fh|GER}}
||5th Place
||1 (in 1 city)
||[[BHA Stadium]]
|
|-
||[[Asian Games]]
||[[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games]]
||'''{{fh|PAK}}'''
||{{center|'''7 – 1'''}}
||{{fh|IND}}
|style="background:silver;"|'''Runners-up'''
||1 (in 1 city)
||[[Shivaji Hockey Stadium]]
|
|-
||[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup]]
||[[1989 Men's Hockey Asia Cup]]
||'''{{fh|PAK}}'''
||{{center|'''2 – 0'''}}
||{{fh|IND}}
|style="background:silver;" |'''Runners-up'''
||1 (''in 1 city'')
||[[Shivaji Hockey Stadium]]
|
|-
||[[South Asian Games]]
||[[1995 South Asian Games]]
||'''{{fh|IND}}'''
||
||{{fh|PAK}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Champion'''
||1 (''in 1 city'')
|
|
|-
||[[South Asian Games]]
||[[Field hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games]]
||'''{{fh|PAK}}'''
||{{center|'''1 – 0'''}}
||{{fh|IND}}
|style="background:silver;" |'''Runners-up'''
||1 (''in 2 cities'')
|
|
|-
||[[Hockey Champions Trophy]]
||[[1996 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy]]
||'''{{fh|NED}}'''
||{{center|'''3 – 2'''}}
||{{fh|PAK}}
||4th place
||1 (''in 1 city'')
||[[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]]
||[[File:Mayor Radhakrishnan hockey stadium.jpg|120px]]
|-
||[[Afro-Asian Games]]
||[[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games]]
||'''{{fh|IND}}'''
||{{center|'''3 - 1'''}}
||{{fh|PAK}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Champion'''
||1 (''in 1 city'')
||[[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
||[[File:Gachibowli Outdoor 35.JPG|120px]]
|-
||[[Hockey Champions Trophy]]
||[[2005 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy]]
||'''{{fh|AUS}}'''
||{{center|'''3 – 1'''}}
||{{fh|NED}}
||6th place
||1 (''in 1 city'')
||[[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]]
||[[File:Mayor Radhakrishnan hockey stadium.jpg|120px]]
|-
||[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup]]
||[[2007 Men's Hockey Asia Cup]]
||'''{{fh|IND}}'''
||{{center|'''7 – 2'''}}
||{{fh|KOR}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Champion'''
||1 (''in 1 city'')
||[[Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium]]
||[[File:Mayor Radhakrishnan hockey stadium.jpg|120px]]
|-
||[[Commonwealth Games]]
||[[Hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament]]
||'''{{fh|AUS}}'''
||{{center|'''8 – 0'''}}
||{{fh|IND}}
|style="background:silver;" |'''Runners-up'''
||1 (''in 1 city'')
||[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]
||[[File:IndianHockeyGameSnapshot.jpg|120px]]
|-
||[[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]]
||[[2010 Men's Hockey World Cup]]
||'''{{fh|AUS}}'''
||{{center|'''2 – 1'''}}
||{{fh|GER}}
||8th Place
||1 (in 1 city)
||[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]
||[[File:IndianHockeyGameSnapshot.jpg|120px]]
|-
|[[Hockey Champions Trophy]]
|[[2014 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy]]
||'''{{fh|GER}}'''
||{{center|'''2 – 0'''}}
||{{fh|PAK}}
||4th place
||1 (''in 1 city'')
||Kalinga Hockey Stadium
||[[File:Kalinga Stadium1.jpg|120px]]
|-
||[[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]]
||[[2018 Men's Hockey World Cup]]
||'''{{fh|BEL}}'''
||{{center|'''0 – 0'''}}{{center|Penalties '''3 – 2'''}}
||{{fh|NED}}
||6th Place
||1 (in 1 city)
||Kalinga Hockey Stadium
||[[File:Kalinga Stadium1.jpg|120px]]
|-
||[[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]]
||[[2023 Men's Hockey World Cup]]
||'''{{fh|GER}}'''
||{{center|'''3 – 3'''}}{{center|Penalties '''5 – 4'''}}
||{{fh|BEL}}
||9th Place
||1 (in 2 cities)
||Kalinga Hockey Stadium
||[[File:Kalinga Stadium1.jpg|120px]]
|-
||[[Men's Asian Champions Trophy]]
||[[2023 Men's Asian Champions Trophy]]
||'''{{fh|IND}}'''
||{{center|'''4 – 3'''}}
||{{fh|MAS}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Champion'''
||1 (in 1 City)
||[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]
||[[File:IndianHockeyGameSnapshot.jpg|120px]]
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:lightgreen;"|'''Men's youth competitions'''
|-
||[[Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup]]
||[[2013 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup]]
||'''{{fhu|21|GER}}'''
||{{center|'''5 – 2'''}}
||{{fhu|21|FRA}}
||10th Place
||1 (in 1 city)
||[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]
||[[File:IndianHockeyGameSnapshot.jpg|120px]]
|-
||[[Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup]]
||[[2016 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup]]
||'''{{fhu|21|IND}}'''
||{{center|'''2 – 1'''}}
||{{fhu|21|BEL}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Champion'''
||1 (in 1 city)
||[[Major Dhyan Chand Hockey Stadium, Lucknow]]
||[[File:Major Dhyanchand Hockey Stadium, Lucknow.jpg|120px]]
|-
||[[Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup]]
||[[2021 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup]]
||'''{{fhu|21|ARG}}'''
||{{center|'''4 – 2'''}}
||{{fhu|21|GER}}
||4th Place
||1 (in 1 city)
||Kalinga Hockey Stadium
||[[File:Kalinga Stadium1.jpg|120px]]
|-
||[[Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup]]
||[[2008 Men's Hockey Junior Asia Cup]]
||'''{{fhu|21|IND}}'''
||{{center|'''3 – 2'''}}
||{{fhu|21|KOR}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Champion'''
||1 (in 1 City)
||
||
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:yellow;"|'''Women's senior competitions'''
|-
||[[Asian Games]]
||[[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games]]
||'''{{fhw|IND}}'''
||
||{{fhw|KOR}}
|style="background:gold;"|'''Champion'''
||1 (in 1 city)
||[[Shivaji Hockey Stadium]]
|
|-
||[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup]]
||[[1999 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]]
||'''{{fhw|KOR}}'''
||{{center|'''3 – 2'''}}
||{{fhw|IND}}
|style="background:silver;" |'''Runners-up'''
||1 (''in 1 city'')
||[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]
||[[File:IndianHockeyGameSnapshot.jpg|120px]]
|-
||[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy]]
||[[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup]]
||'''{{fhw|IND}}'''
||{{center|'''1 – 0'''}}
||{{fhw|JPN}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Champion'''
||1 (in 1 City)
||[[Jaipal Singh Stadium]]
||
|-
||[[Afro-Asian Games]]
||[[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games]]
||'''{{fhw|IND}}'''
||{{center|'''5 - 4'''}}
||{{fhw|South Africa}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Champion'''
||1 (''in 1 city'')
||[[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]
||[[File:Gachibowli Outdoor 35.JPG|120px]]
|-
||[[South Asian Games]]
||[[Field hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games]]
||'''{{fhw|IND}}'''
||{{center|'''10 – 0'''}}
||{{fhw|SRI}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Champions'''
||1 (''in 2 cities'')
|
|
|-
||[[Commonwealth Games]]
||[[Hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament]]
||'''{{fhw|AUS}}'''
||{{center|'''2 – 2'''}}{{center|Penalties '''4 – 2'''}}
||{{fhw|NZ}}
|5th place
||1 (''in 1 city'')
||[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]
||[[File:IndianHockeyGameSnapshot.jpg|120px]]
|-
||[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy]]
||[[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy]]
||'''{{fhw|IND}}'''
||{{center|'''4 – 0'''}}
||{{fhw|JPN}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Champion'''
||1 (in 1 City)
||[[Jaipal Singh Stadium]]
||
|-
||[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy]]
||[[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy]]
||'''{{fhw|IND}}'''
||{{center|'''1 – 0'''}}
||{{fhw|CHN}}
|style="background:gold;" |'''Champion'''
||1 (in 1 City)
||[[Rajgir Sports Complex Hockey Stadium]]
||
|-
| colspan="10" style="text-align:center; background:pink;"|'''Women's youth competitions'''
|-
||[[Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup]]
||[[2004 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup]]
||'''{{fhwu|21|CHN}}'''
||{{center|'''3 – 2'''}}
||{{fhwu|21|KOR}}
|style="background:#cc9966";" |'''3rd place'''
||1 (in 1 City)
||
||
|-
|}

==International performance==

===Men's team===


====Summer Olympics====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;Field hockey at the Summer Olympics|{{color|#FFFFFF|Summer Olympics}}
|-
!Year !!Host!!Round !!Position !!Pld !!W !!D !!L !!GF !!GA
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands|| '''Final''' || '''Champions''' || '''5''' || '''5''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''29''' || '''0'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], USA|| '''Group stage'''|| '''Champions''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''35''' || '''2'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany|| '''Final'''|| '''Champions''' || '''5''' || '''5''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''38''' || '''1'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], UK|| '''Final'''|| '''Champions''' || '''5''' || '''5''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''25''' || '''2'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Helsinki]], Finland|| '''Final'''|| '''Champions''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''0''' || '''0'''|| '''13''' || '''2'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], Australia|| '''Final'''|| '''Champions''' || '''5''' || '''5''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''38''' || '''0'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], Italy|| '''Final'''|| '''Runners-up''' || '''6''' || '''5''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''19''' || '''2'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan|| '''Final'''||'''Champions''' || '''9''' || '''7''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''22''' || '''5'''
|-
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico City]], Mexico||'''Semi-finals'''|| '''Third place ''' || '''9''' || '''7''' || '''0''' || '''2''' || '''23''' || '''7'''
|-
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|West Germany}} [[Munich]], West Germany||'''Semi-finals'''|| ''' Third place''' || '''9''' || '''6''' || '''2''' || '''1''' || '''27''' || '''11'''
|-
|| [[Field hockey at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976]]||align=left|{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal]], Canada||Group stage||7th place|| 8 || 4 || 1 || 3 || 17 || 13
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1980]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|USSR}} [[Moscow]], USSR|| '''Final'''|| '''Champions''' || '''6''' || '''4''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''43''' || '''9'''
|-
|| [[Field hockey at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1984]]||align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], USA||Group stage||5th place|| 7 || 5 || 1 || 1 || 20 || 11
|-
|| [[Field hockey at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1988]]||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea||Group stage||6th place|| 7 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 16 || 15
|-
|| [[Field hockey at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1992]]||align=left|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Barcelona]], Spain||Group stage||7th place|| 7 || 3 || 0 || 4 || 7 || 12
|-
|| [[Field hockey at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|1996]]||align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Atlanta]], USA||Group stage||8th place|| 7 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 14 || 10
|-
|| [[Field hockey at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2000]]||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney]], Australia||Group stage||7th place|| 7 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 13 || 10
|-
|| [[Field hockey at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2004]]||align=left|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Athens]], Greece||Group stage||7th place|| 7 || 2 || 1 || 4 || 16 || 18
|-
|| [[Field hockey at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2008]]||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China|| colspan=8| ''Did not qualify''
|-
|| [[Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2012]]||align=left|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], UK||Group stage||12th place|| 6 || 0 || 0 || 6 || 8 || 21
|-
|| [[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2016]]||align=left|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil||'''Quarter-finals'''||8th place|| 6 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 10 || 12
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2020]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan||'''Semi-finals'''||'''Third place''' || '''8''' || '''6''' || '''0''' || '''2''' || '''25''' || '''23'''
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 2024 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2024]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France||'''Semi-finals'''||'''Third place''' || '''8''' || '''4''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''15''' || '''12'''
|-
! !!Total !! !! '''8 Titles''' !! 142 !! 87 !! 19 !! 36 !! 473 !! 198
|}

====World Cup====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup|{{color|#FFFFFF|World Cup]]}}
|-
!Year !!Host!!Round !!Position !!Pld !!W !!D !!L !!GF !!GA
|-
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|| '''[[1971 Men's Hockey World Cup|1971]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Barcelona]], Spain||'''Semi-finals'''|| '''Third place''' || '''6'''|| '''5''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''8''' || '''3'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[1973 Men's Hockey World Cup|1973]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Amstelveen]], Netherlands||'''Final'''||''' Runners-up'''|| '''7''' || '''4''' || '''3''' || '''0''' || '''15''' || '''3'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[1975 Men's Hockey World Cup|1975]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia||'''Final'''||'''Champions''' || '''7''' || '''5''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''19''' || '''8'''
|-
|| [[1978 Men's Hockey World Cup|1978]]||align=left|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina||Group stage||6th place || 8 || 4 || 1 || 3 || 11 || 16
|-
|| [[1982 Men's Hockey World Cup|1982]]||style="border: 3px solid red" align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bombay]], India||Group stage||5th place|| 7 || 5 || 0 || 2 || 29 || 15
|-
|| [[1986 Men's Hockey World Cup|1986]]||align=left|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[London]], England||Group stage||12th place|| 7 || 1 || 1 || 5 || 8 || 16
|-
|| [[1990 Men's Hockey World Cup|1990]]||align=left|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Lahore]], Pakistan||Group stage||10th place|| 7 || 1 || 1 || 5 || 12 || 18
|-
|| [[1994 Men's Hockey World Cup|1994]]||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney]], Australia||Group stage||5th place|| 7 || 3 || 2 || 2 || 14 || 12
|-
|| [[1998 Men's Hockey World Cup|1998]]||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Utrecht]], Netherlands||Group stage||9th place|| 7 || 3 || 0 || 4 || 13 || 19
|-
|| [[2002 Men's Hockey World Cup|2002]]||align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia||Group stage||10th place|| 9 || 3 || 1 || 5 || 22 || 17
|-
|| [[2006 Men's Hockey World Cup|2006]]||align=left|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Mönchengladbach]], Germany||Group stage||11th place|| 7 || 1 || 1 || 5 || 10 || 18
|-
|| [[2010 Men's Hockey World Cup|2010]]||style="border: 3px solid red" align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India||Group stage||8th place|| 6 || 1 || 1 || 4 || 15 || 21
|-
|| [[2014 Men's Hockey World Cup|2014]]||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[The Hague]], Netherlands||Group stage||9th place|| 6 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 10 || 12
|-
|| [[2018 Men's Hockey World Cup|2018]]||style="border: 3px solid red" align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhubaneswar]], India||'''Quarter-finals'''||6th place|| 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 13 || 5
|-
|| [[2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup|2023]]||style="border: 3px solid red" align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhubaneswar]] & [[Rourkela]], India|| Cross-overs||9th place|| 6 || 4 || 2 || 0 || 22 || 7
|-
! !! Total !!!! 1 Title !! 101 !! 44 !! 16 !! 41 !! 221 !! 190
|}

====Asian Games====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|{{color|#FFFFFF|Asian Games]]}}
|-
!Year !!Host!!Round !!Position !!Pld !!W !!D !!L !!GF !!GA
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1958 Asian Games|1958]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan|| '''Group stage'''|| '''Runners-up''' ||'''4''' || '''3''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''16''' || '''1'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1962 Asian Games|1962]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia|| '''Final'''||'''Runners-up'''|| '''5''' || '''4''' || '''0''' || '''1''' ||'''19''' || '''2'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1966 Asian Games|1966]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand|| '''Final'''||'''Champions'''||'''5'''||'''5'''||'''0''' || '''0''' || '''13''' ||'''0'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1970 Asian Games|1970]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand|| '''Final'''|| '''Runners-up''' || '''5''' || '''4''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''16''' || '''1'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1974 Asian Games|1974]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|IRN|1964}} [[Tehran]], Iran|| '''Group stage'''||'''Runners-up''' || '''6''' || '''4''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''25'''|| '''3'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1978 Asian Games|1978]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand|| '''Final'''||'''Runners-up''' || '''5''' || '''4''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''18''' || '''5'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]]'''||style="border: 3px solid red"align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India|| '''Final'''|| '''Runners-up''' || '''6''' || '''5''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''45''' || '''10'''
|-
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1986 Asian Games|1986]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea||'''Semi-finals'''|| '''Third place'''|| '''6''' || '''4''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''30''' || '''6'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1990 Asian Games|1990]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China|| '''Final'''|| '''Runners-up''' || '''6''' || '''5''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''22''' || '''3'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1994 Asian Games|1994]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshima]], Japan|| '''Final'''|| '''Runners-up''' || '''5''' || '''4''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''10''' || '''4'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|1998]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand|| '''Final'''||'''Champions''' || '''6''' || '''5''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''24''' || '''4'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2002]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]], South Korea|| '''Final'''||'''Runners-up''' || '''5''' || '''3''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''16''' || '''9'''
|-
|| [[Field hockey at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2006]]||align=left|{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]], Qatar||Group stage||5th place|| 6 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 34 || 5
|-
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2010]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]], China||'''Semi-finals'''|| '''Third place'''|| '''6''' || '''5''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''26''' || '''8'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2014]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Incheon]], South Korea|| '''Final'''||'''Champions''' || '''6''' || '''4''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''20''' || '''3'''
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2018]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia||'''Semi-finals'''||'''Third place''' || '''7''' || '''6''' || '''1''' || '''0''' || '''80''' || '''6'''
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2022]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hangzhou]], China|| '''Final'''||'''Champions'''||'''7'''||'''7'''||'''0'''||'''0'''||'''68'''||'''9'''
|-
! !! Total !!!! 4 Titles !! 96 !! 76 !! 8 !! 12 !! 477 !! 79
|}

====Asia Cup====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|{{color|#FFFFFF|Asia Cup]]}}
|-
!Year !!Host!!Round !!Position !!Pld !!W !!D !!L !!GF !!GA
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[1982 Men'sHockey Asia Cup|1982]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi]], Pakistan|| '''Group stage'''|| '''Runners-up'''||'''6'''||'''5'''||'''0'''||'''1'''||'''40'''||'''4'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[1985 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|1985]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh|| '''Final'''||'''Runners-up'''||'''6'''||'''5'''||'''0'''||'''1'''||'''33'''||'''7'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[1989 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|1989]]'''||style="border: 3px solid red"align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India|| '''Final'''||'''Runners-up'''||'''5'''||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''1'''||'''15'''||'''2'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[1994 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|1994]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshima]], Japan|| '''Final'''||'''Runners-up'''||'''6'''||'''3'''||'''2'''||'''1'''||'''15'''||'''7'''
|-
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|| '''[[1999 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|1999]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia||'''Semi-finals'''||'''Third place'''||'''5'''||'''3'''||'''1'''||'''1'''||'''17'''||'''9'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[2003 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2003]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia|| '''Final'''||'''Champions'''||'''5'''||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''1'''||'''25'''||'''9'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[2007 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2007]]'''||style="border: 3px solid red"align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai]], India|| '''Final'''||'''Champions'''||'''7'''||'''7'''||'''0'''||'''0'''||'''57'''||'''5'''
|-
|| [[2009 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2009]]||align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuantan]], Malaysia||Group stage||5th place|| 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 20 || 7
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[2013 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2013]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ipoh]], Malaysia|| '''Final'''||'''Runners-up'''||'''5'''||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''1'''||'''24'''||'''5'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|| '''[[2017 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh|| '''Final'''|| '''Champions'''|| '''7'''||'''6'''||'''1'''||'''0'''||'''28'''||'''6'''
|-
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|| '''[[2022 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2022]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|INA}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia||'''Second round'''||'''Third place'''||'''7'''||'''3'''||'''3'''||'''1'''||'''29'''||'''14'''
|-
! !! Total !!!! 3 Titles !! 63 !! 46 !! 8 !! 9 !! 303 !! 75
|}

====Asian Champions Trophy====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Men's Asian Champions Trophy|{{color|#FFFFFF|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
|-
!Year !!Host!!Round !!Position !!Pld !!W !!D !!L !!GF !!GA
|-bgcolor=Gold
|'''[[2011 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2011]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ordos (city)|Ordos]], China
|'''Final'''
|'''Champions'''
|'''6'''
|'''2'''
|'''4'''
|'''0'''
|'''15'''
|'''8'''
|-bgcolor=Silver
|'''[[2012 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2012]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]], Qatar
|'''Final'''
|'''Runners-up'''
|'''6'''
|'''4'''
|'''0'''
|'''2'''
|'''27'''
|'''12'''
|-
|'''[[2013 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2013]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kakamigahara]], Japan
|Group stage
|5th place
|6
|3
|0
|3
|18
|13
|-bgcolor=Gold
|'''[[2016 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2016]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuantan]], Malaysia
|'''Final'''
|'''Champions'''
|'''7'''
|'''5'''
|'''2'''
|'''0'''
|'''30'''
|'''10'''
|-bgcolor=Gold
|'''[[2018 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2018]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|OMA}} [[Muscat]], Oman
|'''Final'''
|'''Champions'''
|'''6'''
|'''5'''
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''30'''
|'''4'''
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|'''[[2021 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2021]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
|'''Semi-finals'''
|'''Third place'''
|'''6'''
|'''4'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|'''27'''
|'''11'''
|-bgcolor=Gold
|| '''[[2023 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2023]]'''||style="border: 3px solid red"align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai]], India
|'''Final'''
|'''Champions'''
|'''7'''
|'''6'''
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''29'''
|'''8'''
|-bgcolor=Gold
|'''[[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2024]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hulunbuir]], China
|'''Final'''
|'''Champions'''
|'''7'''
|'''7'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''26'''
|'''5'''
|-
! !! Total !!!! 5 Titles!! 51 !! 36 !! 9 !! 6 !! 202 !! 71
|}

====Commonwealth Games====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|{{color|#FFFFFF|Commonwealth Games]]}}
|-
!Year !!Host!!Round !!Position !!Pld !!W !!D !!L !!GF !!GA
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
||'''[[Hockey at the 1998 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|1998]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia||'''Semi-finals'''|| '''Fourth place''' || '''7''' || '''4''' || '''1''' || '''2''' || '''22''' || '''12'''
|-
|| [[Hockey at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|2006]]||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], Australia||Group stage|| 6th place|| 5 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 15 || 8
|-style="background:Silver;"
|| '''[[Hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|2010]]'''||style="border: 3px solid red"align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], [[India]]||'''Final'''|| '''Runners-up''' || '''6'''|| '''3'''|| '''1''' || '''2'''|| '''19''' || '''22'''
|-style="background:Silver;"
|| '''[[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|2014]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Glasgow]], Scotland||'''Final'''||'''Runners-up'''||'''6'''||'''4'''||'''0'''||'''2'''||'''19'''||'''15'''
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
|| '''[[Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|2018]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Gold Coast, Queensland]], Australia||'''Semi-finals'''||'''Fourth place'''||'''6'''||'''3'''||'''1'''||'''2'''||'''15'''||'''14'''
|--style="background:Silver;"
|| '''[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|2022]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Birmingham]], England|| '''Final'''||'''Runners-up'''||'''6'''||'''4'''||'''1'''||'''1'''||'''30'''||'''14'''
|-
! !! Total !!!!Runners-up!!36!!20!!5!!11!!120!!85
|}

====Pro League====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Men's FIH Pro League|{{color|#FFFFFF|Pro League]]}}
|-
! Year !! Host !! Round !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=#9acdff
| '''[[2020–21 Men's FIH Pro League|2020–21]]''' ||N/A||'''Group stage'''||'''Fourth place'''|| '''8''' || '''3''' || '''3''' || '''2''' || '''22''' || '''17'''
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| '''[[2021–22 Men's FIH Pro League|2021–22]]''' ||N/A||'''Group stage'''||'''Third place'''|| '''16''' || '''8''' || '''4''' || '''4''' || '''62''' || '''40'''
|-bgcolor=#9acdff
| '''[[2022–23 Men's FIH Pro League|2022–23]]'''||N/A||'''Group stage'''||'''Fourth place'''|| '''16'''||'''8'''||'''3'''||'''5'''||'''51'''||'''42'''
|-
| [[2023–24 Men's FIH Pro League|2023–24]]||N/A||Group stage||Seventh place|| 16 ||5||6||5||38||35
|-
! Total !! !! !! Third place !! 56 !! 24 !! 16 !! 16 !! 173 !! 134
|}

====Other tournaments====


=====Sultan Azlan Shah Cup=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
! colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|{{color|#FFFFFF|Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]]}}
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| '''[[1983 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1983]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Third place'''
|-bgcolor=Gold
| '''[[1985 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1985]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Champions'''
|-bgcolor=Gold
| '''[[1991 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1991]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Champions'''
|-bgcolor=Gold
| '''[[1995 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|1995]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Champions'''
|-
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| '''[[2000 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2000]]'''
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Third place'''
|-
| [[2001 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2001]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| 5th place
|-
| [[2004 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2004]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| 7th place
|-
| [[2005 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2005]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| 5th place
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| '''[[2006 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2006]]'''
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Third place'''
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| '''[[2007 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2007]]'''
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Third place'''
|-bgcolor=Silver
| '''[[2008 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2008]]'''
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Runners-up'''
|-bgcolor=Gold
| '''[[2009 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2009]]'''
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Champions'''
|-bgcolor=Gold
| '''[[2010 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2010]]'''
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Champions'''
|-
| [[2011 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2011]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| 6th place
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| '''[[2012 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2012]]'''
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Third place'''
|-
| [[2013 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2013]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| 5th place
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| '''[[2015 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2015]]'''
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Third place'''
|-bgcolor=Silver
| '''[[2016 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2016]]'''
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Runners-up'''
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| '''[[2017 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2017]]'''
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Third place'''
|-
| [[2018 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2018]]
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| 5th place
|-bgcolor=Silver
| '''[[2019 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2019]]'''
|align=left| {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|Malaysia]]
| '''Runners-up'''
|-
! !! Total!!5 Titles
|}

=====South Asian Games=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Field hockey at the South Asian Games|{{color|#FFFFFF|South Asian Games]]}}
|-
! Year !! Host !! Position
|-bgcolor=Gold
| '''[[1995 South Asian Games|1995]]'''
| style="border: 3px solid red"align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Madras]], India
| '''Champions'''
|-bgcolor=Silver
| '''[[2006 South Asian Games|2006]]'''
|align=left| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Colombo]], Sri Lanka
| '''Runners-up'''
|-bgcolor=Silver
| '''[[2010 South Asian Games|2010]]'''
|align=left| {{flagicon|BAN}} [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| '''Runners-up'''
|-bgcolor=Silver
| '''[[Field hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]]'''
| style="border: 3px solid red"align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Guwahati]], India
| '''Runners-up'''
|-
! !! Total !! 1 Title
|}

====Defunct competitions====

=====World League=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=9 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Men's FIH Hockey World League|{{color|#FFFFFF|Hockey World League]]}}
|-
!Year !!Position !!Pld !!W !!D !!L !!GF !!GA
|-
| [[2012–13 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final|2012–13]]||6th place|| 15 || 6 || 4 || 5 || 59 || 37
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|'''[[2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final|2014–15]]'''||''' Third place''' || '''13''' || '''4''' || '''3''' || '''6''' || '''23''' || '''35'''
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|'''[[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final|2016–17]]'''||''' Third place''' || '''13''' || '''5''' || '''2''' || '''6''' || '''33''' || '''23'''
|-
! Total !!Third place !! 41 !! 15 !! 9 !! 17 !! 115 !! 95
|}

=====Champions Trophy=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Hockey Champions Trophy|{{color|#FFFFFF|Champions Trophy]]}}
|-
!Year !!Host!!Round !!Position !!Pld !!W !!D !!L !!GF !!GA
|-
|| [[1980 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1980]]||align=left|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi]], Pakistan||Group stage||5th place || 6 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 17 || 24
|-
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|| '''[[1982 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1982]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Amstelveen]], Netherlands||Group stage|| '''Third place''' || '''5''' || '''3''' || '''0''' || '''2''' || '''16''' || '''20'''
|-bgcolor=#9acdff
|| '''[[1983 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1983]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi]], Pakistan||Group stage||'''Fourth place''' || '''5''' || '''2''' || '''1''' || '''2''' || '''8''' || '''9'''
|-
|| [[1985 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1985]]||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Perth]], Australia||Group stage||6th place||5|| 1 || 1 || 3 || 9 || 15
|-
|| [[1986 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1986]]||align=left|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Karachi]], Pakistan||Group stage||5th place|| 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 6 || 10
|-
|| [[1989 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1989]]||align=left|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Berlin]], West Germany||Group stage||6th place||5 || 1 || 0 || 4 || 7 || 12
|-
|| [[1995 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1995]]||align=left|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Berlin]], Germany||Group stage||5th place|| 6 || 0 || 3 || 3 || 7 || 13
|-bgcolor=#9acdff
|| '''[[1996 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|1996]]'''||style="border: 3px solid red"align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Madras]], India||Group stage||'''Fourth place'''|| '''6''' || '''2''' || '''1''' || '''3''' || '''10''' || '''12'''
|-bgcolor=#9acdff
|| '''[[2002 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2002]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|GER}} [[Cologne]], Germany||Group stage||'''Fourth place'''|| '''6'''|| '''2''' || '''1''' || '''3''' || '''16''' || '''18'''
|-bgcolor=#9acdff
|| '''[[2003 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2003]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Amstelveen]], Netherlands||Group stage||'''Fourth place''' || '''6''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''4''' || '''19''' || '''22'''
|-bgcolor=#9acdff
|| '''[[2004 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2004]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|PAK}} [[Lahore]], Pakistan||Group stage||'''Fourth Place''' || '''6''' || '''1''' || '''1''' || '''4''' || '''11''' || '''16'''
|-
|| [[2005 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2005]]||style="border: 3px solid red"align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chennai]], India||Group stage||6th place|| 6 || 1 || 0 || 5 || 9 || 15
|-bgcolor=#9acdff
|| '''[[2012 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2012]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], Australia||'''Semi-finals'''||'''Fourth place''' || '''6''' || '''3''' || '''0''' || '''3''' || '''12''' || '''12'''
|-bgcolor=#9acdff
|| '''[[2014 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2014]]'''||style="border: 3px solid red"align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhubaneswar]], India||'''Semi-finals'''||'''Fourth place''' || '''6''' || '''2''' || '''0''' || '''4''' || '''13''' || '''15'''
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[2016 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2016]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], UK||'''Final'''|| '''Runners-up'''|| '''6'''|| '''2''' || '''2''' || '''2''' || '''10''' || '''11'''
|-bgcolor=silver
|| '''[[2018 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018]]'''||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Breda]], Netherlands||'''Final'''|| '''Runners-up'''|| '''6'''||'''2''' || '''3'''|| '''1''' || '''11''' || '''7'''
|-
! !! Total !!!!Runners-up !! 91 !! 27 !! 15 !! 49 !! 181 !! 231
|}

=====Champions Challenge=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Men's Hockey Champions Challenge I|{{color|#FFFFFF|Champions Challenge]]}}
|-
!Year !!Host!!Round !!Position !!Pld !!W !!D !!L !!GF !!GA
|-bgcolor=Gold
|'''[[2001 Men's Champions Challenge (field hockey)|2001]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia
|'''Final'''
|'''Champions'''
|'''6'''
|'''4'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|'''11'''
|'''6'''
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|'''[[2007 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge|2007]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|BEL}} [[Boom, Antwerp|Boom]], Belgium
|'''Semi-finals'''
|'''Third place'''
|'''6'''
|'''4'''
|'''0'''
|'''2'''
|'''16'''
|'''13'''
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|'''[[2009 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge|2009]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Salta]], Argentina
|'''Semi-finals'''
|'''Third place'''
|'''5'''
|'''3'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|'''16'''
|'''13'''
|-bgcolor=Silver
|'''[[2011 Men's Hockey Champions Challenge I|2011]]'''
|align=left|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Johannesburg]], South Africa
|'''Final'''
|'''Runners-up'''
|'''6'''
|'''4'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|'''29'''
|'''17'''
|-
! !! Total !!!! 1 Title !! 23 !! 15 !! 3 !! 5 !! 72 !! 49
|}

=====Hockey Series=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;|[[2018–19 Men's FIH Series Finals|{{color|#FFFFFF|Hockey Series]]}}
|-
!Year !!Host!!Round !!Position !!Pld !!W !!D !!L !!GF !!GA
|-bgcolor=Gold
|'''[[2018-19 Men's FIH Series Finals#Bhubaneswar|2018–19]]'''
|style="border: 3px solid red"align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bhubaneshwar]], India
|'''Final'''
|'''Champions'''
|'''5'''
|'''5'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''35'''
|'''4'''
|-
! !! Total !!!! 1 Title !! 5 !! 5 !! 0 !! 0 !! 35 !! 4
|}

=====Afro-Asian Games=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|{{color|#FFFFFF|Afro-Asian Games]]}}
|-
!Year !!Host!!Round !!Position !!Pld !!W !!D !!L !!GF !!GA
|-bgcolor=Gold
|'''[[Field Hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]]'''
|style="border: 3px solid red"align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad]], India
|'''Final'''
|'''Champions'''
|'''5'''
|'''5'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''23'''
|'''11'''
|-
! !! Total !!!! 1 Title !! 5 !! 5 !! 0 !! 0 !! 23 !! 11
|}

=====Western Asiatic Games=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10 style="background: #0077FF;border: 2px solid #ff3300;color: #FFFFFF;|[[Western Asiatic Games|{{color|#FFFFFF|Western Asiatic Games]]}}
|-
!Year !!Host!!Round !!Position !!Pld !!W !!D !!L !!GF !!GA
|-bgcolor=Gold
| '''[[Western Asiatic Games|1934]]'''
| style="border: 3px solid red"align=left|{{flagicon|British India}} [[Delhi]], India
|'''Final'''
|'''Champions'''
|'''1'''
|'''1'''
|'''0'''
|'''0'''
|'''5'''
|'''0'''
|-
! !! Total !!!! 1 Title !! 1 !! 1 !! 0 !! 0 !! 5 !! 0
|}

===Women's tournaments===
====Summer Olympics====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics#Women.27s Tournament|1980]]||align=left|{{flagicon|USSR}} [[Moscow]], USSR || '''4th''' || 5 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 9 || 6
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984]]||align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Los Angeles]], United States || rowspan=4 colspan=7|''Did not participate''
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988]]||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992]]||align=left|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Barcelona]], Spain
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996]]||align=left|{{flagicon|USA}} [[Atlanta]], United States
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000]]||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney]], Australia || rowspan=4 colspan=7|''Did not qualify''
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004]]||align=left|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Athens]], Greece
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008]]||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012]]||align=left|{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London]], Great Britain
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016]]||align=left|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil || 12th || 5 || 0 || 1 || 4 || 3 || 19
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020]]||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Tokyo]], Japan || '''4th''' || 8 || 3 || 0 || 5 || 12 || 20
|-
| [[Field hockey at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024]]||align=left|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France || colspan=7|''Did not qualify''
|-
! !!Total !! '''4th place''' !! 18 !! 5 !! 2 !! 11 !!24 !! 45
|}

====World Cup====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[1974 Women's Hockey World Cup|1974]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mandelieu]], France|| {{center|'''4th'''}} || 6 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 8 || 6
|-
| [[1976 Women's Hockey World Cup|1976]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|GER}} [[West Berlin]], West Germany||colspan=8|''Did not participate''
|-
| [[1978 Women's Hockey World Cup|1978]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain|| {{center|7th}} || 6 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 5 || 10
|-
| [[1981 Women's Hockey World Cup|1981]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina||colspan=8|''Did not participate''
|-
| [[1983 Women's Hockey World Cup|1983]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia|| {{center| 11th}} || 7 || 1 || 1 || 5 || 6 || 10
|-
| [[1986 Women's Hockey World Cup|1986]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Amstelveen]], Netherlands||rowspan=3 colspan=8|''Did not qualify''
|-
| [[1990 Women's Hockey World Cup|1990]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney]], Australia
|-
| [[1994 Women's Hockey World Cup|1994]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|IRE}} [[Dublin]], Ireland
|-
| [[1998 Women's Hockey World Cup|1998]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Utrecht]], Netherlands|| {{center|12th}} || 7 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 9 || 23
|-
| [[2002 Women's Hockey World Cup|2002]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Perth]], Australia||colspan=8|''Did not qualify''
|-
| [[2006 Women's Hockey World Cup|2006]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain|| {{center|11th}} || 7 || 1 || 1 || 5 || 9 || 15
|-
| [[2010 Women's Hockey World Cup|2010]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rosario]], Argentina|| {{center|9th}} || 6 || 2 || 0 || 4 || 11 || 23
|-
| [[2014 Women's Hockey World Cup|2014]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[The Hague]], Netherlands||colspan=8|''Did not qualify''
|-
| [[2018 Women's Hockey World Cup|2018]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[London]], England|| {{center|8th}} || 5 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 5 || 3
|-
| [[2022 Women's FIH Hockey World Cup|2022]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|NED}} [[Amstelveen]], Netherlands {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Valencia]], Spain|| {{center|9th}} || 6 || 1 || 3 || 2 || 9 || 8
|-
! !!Total !! '''4th place''' !! 50 !! 11 !! 9!! 30!! 62!! 98
|}

====Commonwealth Games====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Hockey at the 1998 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|1998]]||align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia|| '''4th''' || 7 || 3 || 1 || 3 || 19 || 13
|-bgcolor=Gold
| [[Hockey at the 2002 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2002]]||align=left|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Manchester]], England|| {{gold1}} || 6 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 12 || 10
|-bgcolor=Silver
| [[Hockey at the 2006 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2006]]||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Melbourne]], Australia|| {{silver2}} || 6 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 19 || 8
|-
| [[Hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2010]]||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India|| 5th || 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 15 || 4
|-
| [[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2014]]||align=left|{{flagicon|SCO}} [[Glasgow]], Scotland|| 5th || 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 22 || 9
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2018]]||align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Gold Coast, Queensland]], Australia|| '''4th''' || 6 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 9 || 12
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's tournament|2022]]||align=left|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Birmingham]], England|| {{bronze3}} || 6 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 14 || 8
|-
! !!Total !! '''1 Title''' !! 41 !! 22!! 6 !! 13 !! 110 !! 64
|}

====Asian Games====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=gold
| [[Field hockey at the 1982 Asian Games|1982]]||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India|| {{gold1}} || 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 37 || 1
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[Field hockey at the 1986 Asian Games|1986]]||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea|| {{bronze3}} || 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 17 || 5
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Field hockey at the 1990 Asian Games|1990]]||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China|| '''4th''' || 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 8 || 10
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Field hockey at the 1994 Asian Games|1994]]||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshima]], Japan|| '''4th''' || 5 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 9 || 6
|-bgcolor=silver
| [[Field hockey at the 1998 Asian Games|1998]]||align=left|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand|| {{silver2}} || 7 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 24 || 11
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Field hockey at the 2002 Asian Games – Women|2002]]||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]], South Korea|| '''4th''' || 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 2 || 12
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[Field hockey at the 2006 Asian Games – Women|2006]]||align=left|{{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]], Qatar|| {{bronze3}} || 7 || 4 || 0 || 3 || 22 || 10
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[Field hockey at the 2010 Asian Games#Women|2010]]||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]], China|| '''4th''' || 7 || 3 || 0 || 4 || 24 || 7
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games – Women|2014]]||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Incheon]], South Korea|| {{bronze3}} || 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 13 || 7
|-bgcolor=silver
| [[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games|2018]]||align=left|{{flagicon|IDN}} [[Jakarta]], Indonesia|| {{silver2}} || 6 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 40 || 3
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games|2022]]||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hangzhou]], China|| {{bronze3}} || 6 || 4 || 1 || 1 || 35 || 6
|-
! !!Total !! '''1 Title''' !! 62 !! 34 !! 5 !! 23 !! 231 !! 78
|}

====Asia Cup====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-
| [[1985 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1985]]||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Seoul]], South Korea||colspan=8|''Did not participate''
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[1989 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1989]]||align=left|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]]|| '''4th''' || 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 4 || 11
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[1993 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1993]]||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshima]], Japan|| {{bronze3}} || 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 8 || 4
|-bgcolor=silver
| [[1999 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|1999]]||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India|| {{silver2}} || 6 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 24 || 7
|-bgcolor=gold
| [[2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2004]]||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[New Delhi]], India|| {{gold1}} || 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 19 || 3
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
| [[2007 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2007]]||align=left|{{flagicon|HKG}} [[Hong Kong]]|| '''4th''' || 6 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 44 || 13
|-bgcolor=silver
| [[2009 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2009]]||align=left|{{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand|| {{silver2}} || 6 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 36 || 9
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2013]]||align=left|{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia|| {{bronze3}} || 5 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 18 || 5
|-bgcolor=gold
| [[2017 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2017]]||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kakamigahara, Gifu]], Japan|| {{gold1}} || 6 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 28 || 5
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
| [[2022 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2022]]||align=left|{{flagicon|OMA}} [[Muscat]], Oman|| {{bronze3}} || 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 22 || 6
|-
! !!Total !! '''2 Titles''' !!47 !! 26 !! 8 !! 13 !! 203 !! 63
|}

====Asian Champions Trophy====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|[[2010 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2010]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]], South Korea || {{bronze3}} || 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 8 || 15
|-style="background:#9acdff;"
|[[2011 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2011]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Ordos, China|Ordos]], China || '''4th''' || 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 3 || 16
|-bgcolor=silver
|[[2013 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2013]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kakamigahara]], Japan || {{silver2}} || 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 10 || 6
|-bgcolor=gold
|[[2016 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2016]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|SIN}} [[Singapore]] || {{gold1}} || 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 10 || 7
|-bgcolor=silver
|[[2018 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2018]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Donghae City]], South Korea || {{silver2}} || 5 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 11 || 6
|-
|[[2021 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2021]] ||align=left|{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Donghae City]], South Korea ||colspan=8|''Withdrew''
|-bgcolor=gold
|[[2023 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2023]] ||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ranchi]], India || {{gold1}} || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 27 || 3
|-bgcolor=Gold
|[[2024 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2024]] ||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajgir]], India || {{gold1}} || 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 29 || 2
|-
! !!Total !! '''3 Titles''' !! 36 !! 23 !!2 !! 11 !! 98 !! 55
|}

====FIH Pro League====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
! Year !! Final Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|[[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021–22]]||{{N/A|N/A}}|| {{bronze3}} || 14 || 6 || 4 || 4 || 33 || 26
|-
|[[2023–24 Women's FIH Pro League|2023–24]]||{{N/A|N/A}}|| 8th || 16 || 2 || 1 || 13 || 16 || 38
|-
! colspan=2|Total !! Third place !! 30 !! 8 !!5 !! 17 !! 49 !! 64
|}

====FIH Hockey Nations Cup====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
! Year !! Final Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=gold
|[[2022 Women's FIH Hockey Nations Cup|2022]]||align=left|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Valencia]], Spain|| {{gold1}} || 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 9 || 3
|-
! !!Total !! '''1 Title''' !! 5 !! 4 !!1 !! 0 !! 9 !! 3
|}

====Other tournaments====
=====South Asian Games=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
! Year !! Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=gold
|[[Field hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016]] ||align=left style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Guwahati]], India|| {{gold1}} || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 46 || 1
|-
! !!Total !! '''1 Title''' !! 3 !! 3 !!0 !! 0 !! 46 !! 1
|}

====Defunct tournaments====
=====World League=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
! No. !!Year!! Final Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-
|1|| [[2012–13 Women's FIH Hockey World League|2012–13]]||{{flagicon|ARG}} [[San Miguel de Tucumán]], Argentina||14th||11||5||2||4||29||30
|-
|2|| [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League|2014–15]]|| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Rosario]], Argentina|| 10th||13||8||1||4||46||20
|-
|3|| [[2016–17 Women's FIH Hockey World League|2016–17]]|| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Auckland]], New Zealand||16th||11||3||3||5||12||18
|-
! !!Total !!!! !! 35 !! 16 !! 6!!13 !! 87 !! 68
|}

=====Champions Challenge=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
! No. !!Year!! Final Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=#CFAA88
|1
|[[2002 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge|2002]]
| {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Johannesburg]], South Africa|| {{bronze3}} || 5 || 2|| 2 || 1 || 10 ||9
|-
|2
|[[2011 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|2011]]
| {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Dublin]], Ireland||7th || 6 ||2 || 1 || 3 || 11 ||8
|-
|3
|[[2012 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|2012]]
| {{flagicon|IRE}} [[Dublin]], Ireland||7th || 6 ||2 ||1 || 3 || 13 ||15
|-
|4
|[[2014 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge I|2014]]
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Glasgow]], Scotland||8th || 6 || 0|| 0 || 6 || 7 ||22
|-
! !!Total !!!! '''Third place''' !! 23 !! 6 !!4 !! 13 !! 41 !! 54
|}

=====Hockey Series=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
! Year !! Final Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=gold
|[[2018–19 Women's FIH Series Finals#Hiroshima|2018–19]]||align=left|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hiroshima]], Japan|| {{gold1}} || 5 || 5|| 0 || 0 || 27 ||4
|-
! !!Total !! '''1 Title''' !! 5 !! 5 !!0 !! 0 !! 27 !! 4
|}

=====Afro-Asian Games=====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;
! Year !! Final Host !! Position !! Pld !! W !! D !! L !! GF !! GA
|-bgcolor=gold
|[[Field hockey at the 2003 Afro-Asian Games|2003]]||align=left|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hyderabad]], India|| {{gold1}} || 5 || 4|| 0 || 1 || 26 ||7
|-
! !!Total !! '''1 Title''' !! 5 !! 4 !!0 !! 1 !! 26 !! 7
|}

===Top goal scorers for India at Olympics by year===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!Position !!Player!!Goals!!Year
|-
|1
|[[Dhyan Chand]]
|'''14'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|1928]]
|-
|2
|[[Roop Singh Bais]]
|'''13'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1932 Summer Olympics|1932]]
|-
|3
|[[Dhyan Chand]]
|'''11'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1936 Summer Olympics|1936]]
|-
|4
|[[Balbir Singh Sr.]] [[Patrick Jansen]]
|'''8'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1948 Summer Olympics|1948]]
|-
|5
|[[Balbir Singh Sr.]]
|'''9'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1952 Summer Olympics|1952]]
|-
|6
|[[Udham Singh (field hockey)|Udham Singh]]
|'''15'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1956 Summer Olympics|1956]]
|-
|7
|[[Raghbir Singh Bhola]]
|'''6'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1960 Summer Olympics|1960]]
|-
|8
|[[Prithipal Singh]]
|'''11'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1964 Summer Olympics|1964]]
|-
|9
|[[Prithipal Singh]]
|'''7'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1968 Summer Olympics|1968]]
|-
|9
|[[Mukhbain Singh]]
|'''9'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1972 Summer Olympics|1972]]
|-
|10
|[[Surjit Singh Randhawa]]
|'''4'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1976 Summer Olympics|1976]]
|-
|11
|[[Surinder Singh Sodhi]]
|'''15'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics|1980]]
|-
|12
|[[Mervyn Fernandis]] |[[Vineet Sharma]]
|'''6'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1984 Summer Olympics|1984]]
|-
|13
|[[Mohinder Pal Singh]]
|'''5'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1988 Summer Olympics|1988]]
|-
|14
|[[Mukesh Kumar (field hockey)|Mukesh Kumar]]
|'''3'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1992 Summer Olympics|1992]]
|-
|15
|[[Ramandeep Singh (field hockey, born 1971)|Ramandeep Singh]] [[Gavin Ferreira]]
|'''3'''
|[[Field hockey at the 1996 Summer Olympics|1996]]
|-
|16
|[[Baljit Singh Dhillon]] [[Dilip Tirkey]]
|'''3'''
|[[Field hockey at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000]]
|-
|17
|[[Gagan Ajit Singh]]
|'''7'''
|[[Field hockey at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004]]
|-
|18
|[[Sandeep Singh]] |[[Dharamvir Singh]]
|'''2'''
|[[Field hockey at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012]]
|-
|19
|[[Rupinder Pal Singh]]
|'''3'''
|[[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016]]
|-
|20
|[[Harmanpreet Singh]]
|'''6'''
|[[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics|2020]]
|-
|21
|[[Harmanpreet Singh]]
|'''10'''
|[[Field hockey at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024]]
|}

==Broadcast history==
=== Domestic competitions ===

==== Domestic franchise Field Hockey ====
List of ''current'' broadcasters:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Event
! rowspan="2" |Period
! colspan="2" |Television Rights
! colspan="2" |Streaming Rights
|-
!Conglomerate
!Network
!Conglomerate
!Platform
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Hockey India League]]
| colspan="5" |TBD
|}

=== International competitions ===
List of ''current'' broadcasters:
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Event
! rowspan="2" |Period
! colspan="2" |Television Rights
! colspan="2" |Streaming Rights
|-
!Conglomerate
!Network
!Conglomerate
!Platform
|-
| colspan="2" |[[International Hockey Federation#FIH tournaments|International Hockey Federation]]
|2023–2027<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportspromedia.com/news/fih-viacom18-broadcast-rights-india-hockey-2023-27-nike/ |title=Viacom18 secures rights in India to FIH hockey events until 2027 |website=SportsPro |date=10 January 2024}}</ref>
| rowspan="1" |[[Viacom18]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Sports18]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Viacom18]]
| rowspan="1" |[[JioCinema]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup]]
|2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-27 |title=Live Streaming Of Asia Cup Men's Hockey 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/asia-cup-men-s-hockey-2022-india-pakistan-renew-rivalry-on-may-23-check-full-schedule-news-193526 |access-date=2022-07-13 |website=outlookindia.com |language=en}}</ref>
||[[Disney Star]]
|[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]]
|[[Disney Star]]
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup]]
| colspan="5" |None
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Men's Asian Champions Trophy]]
|2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2023 |title=Hero Asian Champions Trophy 2023 Live Streaming: Where and How to Watch Hockey Tournament? |url=https://www.mykhel.com/hockey/hero-asian-champions-trophy-2023-live-streaming-where-and-how-to-watch-224625.html |access-date=2 August 2023 |website=mykhel.com}}</ref>
||[[Disney Star]]
|[[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports]]
|[[Disney Star]]
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy]]
|2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Women's Asian Champions Trophy 2023 Live Streaming: When And Where To Watch - Full Schedule, Dates, Time |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/women-s-asian-champions-trophy-2023-live-streaming-where-and-when-to-watch-act-live-news-325735 |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=Outlook India}}</ref>
||[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
||[[Sony Sports Network]]
||[[Culver Max Entertainment]]
||[[SonyLIV]]
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[List of Indian hockey captains in Olympics]]
*[[List of National Sports Award recipients in field hockey]]
*[[Indian Hockey Federation]]
*[[Hockey India]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Jack |title=What is Hockey? – History, Rules and Regulations |url=https://askwel.com/blog/what-is-hockey-history-rules-and-regulations/ |website=Sports Quiz |date=15 February 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal|title=A most remarkable community: Anglo-Indian contributions to sport in India|publisher=[[Routledge]]|last=Mills|first=Megan S.|journal=Contemporary South Asia |doi=10.1080/09584930120083828|volume=10|date=2001|issue=2 |pages=223–236 |s2cid=145742265 |doi-access=free}} (Published online: "Routledge Contemporary South Asia"; 1 July 2010).
*{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/essays/one-west-bengal-was-the-excellency-center-of-hockey-and-petrochemical-in-all-india/cid/1403525|title=আমরা হকিতেও ছিলাম, পেট্রোরসায়ন শিল্পেও ছিলাম — সবই এখন অতীত|trans-title=We were in hockey, we were in the petrochemical industry — all in the past|website=anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|first=Mohit|last=Roy|date=31 January 2023|access-date=1 February 2023|location=Kolkata|language=bn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201045709/https://www.anandabazar.com/amp/editorial/essays/one-west-bengal-was-the-excellency-center-of-hockey-and-petrochemical-in-all-india/cid/1403525|archive-date=1 February 2023}}
*{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|date=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/ Hockey India Official Website]
*[http://indiahockey.net/ Everything About Indian Hockey]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110820113322/http://indianhockey.co.in/ Indian Field Hockey Website]
*[http://www.indianhockey.com/ Indian Hockey Website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080502134123/http://sports.indiatimes.com/FIHs_warning_forced_IOA_to_act_Kumar/articleshow/2996281.cms FIH's warning forced IOA to act: Ashok Kumar]
*[https://www.bharatiyahockey.org/ Bhartiya Hockey Website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120419105703/http://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/hockey/item/186020-indias-road-to-olympics-six-matches-six-wins-and-a-billion-smiles India's road to London Olympics: Six matches, six wins and a billion smiles]

{{Field Hockey in India|state=expanded}}
{{Sport in India}}
{{Portal bar|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Field Hockey in India}}
[[Category:Field hockey in India| ]]
[[Category:Sport in India]]

Kantara: Chapter 1 (soundtrack)

2026-02-07T13:43:03Z

WilmerLassetter: Created the details w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Kantara: Chapter 1
| cover = Kantara- Chapter 1 (soundtrack album cover).jpg
| border = yes
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
| released = 11 October 2025
| recorded = 2023–2025
| genre = {{Hlist|ABBS Studios, [[Bengaluru]]|Prabhath Studios, Bengaluru|Rottenblier Studios, [[Budapest]]}}
| length = 27:23
| language = {{Hlist|[[Kannada]]|[[Tulu language|Tulu]]}}
| label = [[Hombale Films]]
| producer = {{Hlist|B. Ajaneesh Loknath|C. R. Bobby}}
| prev_title = [[Just Married (2025 film)|Just Married]]
| prev_year = 2025
| next_title = [[Devil (2025 film)|Devil]]
| next_year = 2025
}}

'''''Kantara: Chapter 1''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] for the 2025 [[Kannada]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Historical drama|period]] [[Fantasy film|mythological]] [[Action film|action drama]] film [[Kantara: Chapter 1|of the same name]], directed by [[Rishab Shetty]], starring Shetty himself, along with [[Jayaram]], [[Rukmini Vasanth]] and [[Gulshan Devaiah]]. The lyrics were written by Shasiraj Kavoor, Trilok Trivikrama and Pramod Maravanthe. The album featured seven songs and was released on 11 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2025 |title=Kantara Chapter 1: Jr NTR To Grace Mega Pre-Release Event Of Rishab Shetty's Mythological Epic On THIS Date |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kantara-chapter-1-jr-ntr-to-grace-mega-pre-release-event-of-rishab-shettys-mythological-epic-on-this-date-article-152899033 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250929091710/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kantara-chapter-1-jr-ntr-to-grace-mega-pre-release-event-of-rishab-shettys-mythological-epic-on-this-date-article-152899033 |archive-date=2025-09-29 |access-date=2025-09-29 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2025 |title='Kantara: Chapter 1' preview: What to expect from Rishab Shetty's epic saga that goes back in time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantara-chapter-1-review-what-to-expect-from-rishab-shettys-epic-saga-that-goes-back-in-time/articleshow/124258941.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002155137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantara-chapter-1-review-what-to-expect-from-rishab-shettys-epic-saga-that-goes-back-in-time/articleshow/124258941.cms |archive-date=2 October 2025 |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Singh |first=Simran |date=1 October 2025 |title=Kantara Chapter One FIRST review out: 'Master storyteller' Rishab Shetty blends 'epic visuals with divine aura', prequel of Kantara is 'pure goosebumps' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-kantara-chapter-one-first-review-out-master-storyteller-rishab-shetty-adds-epic-visuals-with-divine-aura-prequel-of-kantara-is-pure-goosebumps-3182498 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001175353/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-kantara-chapter-one-first-review-out-master-storyteller-rishab-shetty-adds-epic-visuals-with-divine-aura-prequel-of-kantara-is-pure-goosebumps-3182498 |archive-date=1 October 2025 |access-date=4 October 2025 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Development ==
B. Ajaneesh Loknath who composed music for ''[[Kantara (2022 film)|Kantara]]'' (2022) returned for the prequel. Like all of his films, he also produced the film's music with his wife C. R. Bobby. Loknath stated that when the prequel began production, expectations were high for both the film's story and its music, and the sound entirely aligned with his vision which he translated through music. The album accompanied five songs which did not share a direct reference and born entirely from the visuals and situations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-09-29 |title=Ajaneesh Loknath: Kantara Chapter 1 fuses Carnatic music with tribal rhythms |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/Sep/29/ajaneesh-loknath-kantara-chapter-1-fuses-carnatic-music-with-tribal-rhythms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001005839/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/Sep/29/ajaneesh-loknath-kantara-chapter-1-fuses-carnatic-music-with-tribal-rhythms |archive-date=2025-10-01 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Working on ''Chapter 1'', Loknath extensively researched on the periodic music which he felt fascinating to study how music existed 1000 years ago before Carnatic music being fully organized. Much of the compositions were inspired from [[mantra]]s, with full focus on ancient instruments such as [[veena]], [[mridangam]] and [[nadaswaram]], and the [[alap]] that reflected Carnatic traditions. The music was carefully organized in order to blend Carnatic music with tribal and folk rhythms. Loknath associated with temple musicians and Carnatic classical experts to maintain authenticity for the sounds that passed down generations. On composing the background score, Loknath denoted that the scale and grandeur demanded earthy folk music, with character arcs and geography shaping the compositions.<ref name=":0" />

Bobby also acknowledged that understanding the pulse of the film is essential for a composer, adding Loknath's music is in sync with Rishab's tempo as the heartbeat of the narrative.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-10-03 |title=Ajaneesh Loknath: 'To the audience who embraced the sound of Kantara, your love is the true award' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Oct/03/ajaneesh-loknath-to-the-audience-who-embraced-the-sound-of-kantara-your-love-is-the-true-award |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011114159/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Oct/03/ajaneesh-loknath-to-the-audience-who-embraced-the-sound-of-kantara-your-love-is-the-true-award |archive-date=2025-10-11 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> She added that working on the film "felt almost divine, as if God guided us to create the music" and complemented Rishab's and producer Vijay Kiragandur's efforts to bring the story, noting it that the two of them helped to shape every note and nuance of the soundtrack.<ref name=":0" />

The song "Brahmakalasha", which was presented in the structure of [[viruttam]], illustrated the process of the ''[[Kumbhabhishekham|kumbha abhishekam]]'' with "every community honours Lord Shiva, tonalities and expressions of devotion vary. This is reflected in the lyrics and composition."<ref name=":0" /> The song accompanied Sanskrit, Tulu and Kannada lyrics, becoming more ancient and layered and serves as the significant purpose for this film as well. Its singer [[Abby V]] recorded the song in parts of [[San Francisco]], [[Dubai]] and [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-10-06 |title=Abby V: Kannada is close to my heart |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Oct/06/kannadanews2025oct06abby-v-kannada-is-close-to-my-heart |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011121628/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Oct/06/kannadanews2025oct06abby-v-kannada-is-close-to-my-heart |archive-date=2025-10-11 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Actor [[Diljit Dosanjh]] recorded the Hindi version of "Rebel Song" as he liked the first film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhingra |first=Snehal |date=2025-10-08 |title=Kantara Chapter 1: Rishab Shetty Reveals Signing Diljit Dosanjh For Film's Climax Song Rebel Due To THIS Reason {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kantara-chapter-1-rishab-shetty-reveals-signing-diljit-dosanjh-for-films-climax-song-rebel-due-to-this-reason-exclusive-article-152964557 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011122437/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kantara-chapter-1-rishab-shetty-reveals-signing-diljit-dosanjh-for-films-climax-song-rebel-due-to-this-reason-exclusive-article-152964557 |archive-date=2025-10-11 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref> He also shot for a promo video for the song with Rishab.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Diljit Dosanjh gushes over Hombale Films' Kantara: Chapter 1; shares BTS pics from his song 'Rebel' |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/diljit-dosanjh-gushes-hombale-films-kantara-chapter-1-shares-bts-pics-song-rebel/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007101117/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/diljit-dosanjh-gushes-hombale-films-kantara-chapter-1-shares-bts-pics-song-rebel/ |archive-date=2025-10-07 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-05 |title=Diljit Dosanjh Expresses Excitement On Being Part Of Kantara: Chapter 1, Says, 'Can't Wait To Watch!', Shares BTS Pics |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/diljit-dosanjh-expresses-excitement-on-being-part-of-kantara-chapter-1-says-can-t-wait-to-watch-shares-bts-pics-2967788.html/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005050903/https://zeenews.india.com/people/diljit-dosanjh-expresses-excitement-on-being-part-of-kantara-chapter-1-says-can-t-wait-to-watch-shares-bts-pics-2967788.html/amp |archive-date=2025-10-05 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref> "Varaha Roopam", "Rebel Song" and "Karma Song" which was featured in the first film was also included in the prequel.<ref name=":0" />

== Release ==
The first single "Brahmakalasha" was released on 27 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=2025-09-28 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 single Brahmakalasha out: Fans call it 'slow poison' that introduces to the divine world of Rishab Shetty's mythical actioner |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kantara-chapter-1-single-brahmakalasha-out-fans-call-it-slow-poison-that-introduces-to-the-divine-world-of-rishab-shettys-mythical-actioner/ec22274589230 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011122624/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kantara-chapter-1-single-brahmakalasha-out-fans-call-it-slow-poison-that-introduces-to-the-divine-world-of-rishab-shettys-mythical-actioner/ec22274589230 |archive-date=2025-10-11 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single "Rebel Song" was released on 1 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Anjali |date=2025-10-01 |title=Watch: Kantara: Chapter 1 makers drop Diljit Dosanjh's high-energy 'Rebel' track |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/watch-kantara-chapter-1-makers-drop-diljit-dosanjh-s-rebel-song-ahead-of-release-advance-bookings-soar-11759317447423.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002023443/https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/watch-kantara-chapter-1-makers-drop-diljit-dosanjh-s-rebel-song-ahead-of-release-advance-bookings-soar-11759317447423.html |archive-date=2025-10-02 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-01 |title=Watch: 'Kantara: Chapter 1' makers drop high-energy song by Diljit Dosanjh |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/watch-kantara-chapter-1-makers-drop-high-energy-song-by-diljit-dosanjh-3749325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251011141032/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/watch-kantara-chapter-1-makers-drop-high-energy-song-by-diljit-dosanjh-3749325 |archive-date=2025-10-11 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> The soundtrack album was released on 11 October 2025, nine days after the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-11 |title=Kantara A Legend Chapter 1 - Kannada (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-kannada-original-motion/1845097642 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011142001/https://music.apple.com/in/album/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-kannada-original-motion/1845097642 |archive-date=2025-10-11 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Kannada
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:23
| title1 = Kantara: Chapter 1
| note1 = Trailer Theme
| length1 = 2:56
| lyrics1 = [[Instrumental]]
| extra1 = –
| title2 = Brahmakalasha
| length2 = 5:43
| lyrics2 = Shasiraj Kavoor
| extra2 = [[Abby V]]
| title3 = Rebel Song
| length3 = 3:58
| lyrics3 = Trilok Trivikrama
| extra3 = Mime Ramdas
| title4 = Madana Mana Mohini
| length4 = 3:40
| lyrics4 = Pramod Maravanthe
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Ananya Bhat]]
| title5 = Agriculture Song
| length5 = 2:26
| lyrics5 = Shasiraj Kavoor
| extra5 = Mime Ramdas
| title6 = Karma Song
| length6 = 4:00
| lyrics6 = Trilok Trivikrama
| extra6 = Venkatesh D. C.
| title7 = Varaha Roopam
| length7 = 4:36
| lyrics7 = Shasiraj Kavoor
| extra7 = [[Sai Vignesh]]
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:24
| title1 = Kantara: Chapter 1
| note1 = Trailer Theme
| length1 = 2:56
| lyrics1 = Instrumental
| extra1 = –
| title2 = Brahmakalasha
| length2 = 5:43
| lyrics2 = Juno
| extra2 = Abby V
| title3 = Rebel Song
| length3 = 3:58
| lyrics3 = Juno
| extra3 = [[Diljit Dosanjh]]
| title4 = Mann Mohini
| length4 = 3:40
| lyrics4 = Juno
| extra4 = [[Vijay Prakash]], Harshika Devanath
| title5 = Agriculture Song
| length5 = 2:24
| lyrics5 = Arafat Mohamood
| extra5 = Shatadru Kabir
| title6 = Karma Song
| length6 = 4:03
| lyrics6 = Juno
| extra6 = Venkatesh D. C.
| title7 = Varaha Roopam
| length7 = 4:36
| lyrics7 = Shasiraj Kavoor
| extra7 = Sai Vignesh
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:25
| title1 = Kantara: Chapter 1
| note1 = Trailer Theme
| length1 = 2:56
| lyrics1 = Instrumental
| extra1 = –
| title2 = Brahmakalasha
| length2 = 5:43
| lyrics2 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra2 = Abby V
| title3 = Rebel Song
| length3 = 3:59
| lyrics3 = Krishna Kanth
| extra3 = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| title4 = Raave Ika Priya Bhamini
| length4 = 3:40
| lyrics4 = Krishna Kanth
| extra4 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]], [[Chinmayi]]
| title5 = Agriculture Song
| length5 = 2:24
| lyrics5 = Rambabu Gosala
| extra5 = Arun Kaundinya
| title6 = Karma Song
| length6 = 4:03
| lyrics6 = Rambabu Gosala
| extra6 = Venkatesh D. C.
| title7 = Varaha Roopam
| length7 = 4:36
| lyrics7 = Shasiraj Kavoor
| extra7 = Sai Vignesh
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:25
| title1 = Kantara: Chapter 1
| note1 = Trailer Theme
| length1 = 2:56
| lyrics1 = Instrumental
| extra1 = –
| title2 = Brahmakalasha
| length2 = 5:43
| lyrics2 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra2 = Abby V
| title3 = Rebel Song
| length3 = 3:59
| lyrics3 = [[Palani Bharathi]]
| extra3 = Muthu Sirpi
| title4 = Vaenguzhalil Ezhaindayadi
| length4 = 3:40
| lyrics4 = Madhan Karky
| extra4 = [[K. S. Harisankar]], Chinmayi
| title5 = Agriculture Song
| length5 = 2:24
| lyrics5 = Sankarakumar P. S.
| extra5 = Muthu Sirpi
| title6 = Karma Song
| length6 = 4:03
| lyrics6 = Sankarakumar P. S.
| extra6 = Venkatesh D. C.
| title7 = Varaha Roopam
| length7 = 4:36
| lyrics7 = Shasiraj Kavoor
| extra7 = Sai Vignesh
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Malayalam
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:25
| title1 = Kantara: Chapter 1
| note1 = Trailer Theme
| length1 = 2:56
| lyrics1 = Instrumental
| extra1 = –
| title2 = Brahmakalasha
| length2 = 5:43
| lyrics2 = [[Santhosh Varma]]
| extra2 = K. S. Harisankar
| title3 = Rebel Song
| length3 = 3:59
| lyrics3 = Santhosh Varma
| extra3 = Sannidhanandhan
| title4 = Madana Mana Mohini
| length4 = 3:40
| lyrics4 = Santhosh Varma
| extra4 = K. S. Harisankar, Harshika Devanath
| title5 = Agriculture Song
| length5 = 2:24
| lyrics5 = Santhosh Varma
| extra5 = Sannidhanandhan
| title6 = Karma Song
| length6 = 4:03
| lyrics6 = Santhosh Varma
| extra6 = Venkatesh D. C.
| title7 = Varaha Roopam
| length7 = 4:36
| lyrics7 = Shasiraj Kavoor
| extra7 = [[Sai Vignesh]]
}}

== Reception ==
Sanjay Ponnappa of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "Starting with Ajaneesh Loknath’s music: when ‘Kantara’ released in 2022, the song ‘Varaha Roopam’ went instantly viral, and the melodious ‘Singara Siriye’ captured everyone’s hearts. Such virality may be missing this time, but that doesn’t make the music any less remarkable. It’s truly enchanting, allowing one to lose themselves in the world of Kantara. Viral or not, Ajaneesh’s music is simply brilliant."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ponnappa |first=Sanjay |date=2025-10-11 |title=A love letter to Kantara Chapter 1: An unforgettable theatrical experience |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/kantara-chapter-1-rishab-shetty-performance-devotion-cinematic-brilliance-review-2801274-2025-10-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011171839/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/kantara-chapter-1-rishab-shetty-performance-devotion-cinematic-brilliance-review-2801274-2025-10-11 |archive-date=2025-10-11 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that in the "Brahmakalasha" song, "[the] underlying tension between the tribals and royals hits its zenith" while "Rebel Song" is considered as the "rousing battle theme".<ref>{{Cite news |last=M. V. |first=Vivek |date=2025-10-02 |title='Kantara Chapter 1' movie review: Rishab Shetty delivers a spectacle-heavy prequel high on entertainment value |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kantara-chapter-1-movie-review-kantara-rishab-shetty-rukmini-vasanth-ajaneesh-loknath-hombale-films/article70117072.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251005141710/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kantara-chapter-1-movie-review-kantara-rishab-shetty-rukmini-vasanth-ajaneesh-loknath-hombale-films/article70117072.ece |archive-date=2025-10-05 |access-date=2025-10-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "The songs, background score, and sound design by Ajaneesh Loknath—with tribal signals, chants, and rhythmic percussion—move with the film’s flow."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2025-10-03 |title='Kantara: Chapter 1' Movie Review: Visually stunning and compelling film traces the bloodlines of myth and power |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Oct/03/kantara-chapter-1-movie-review-visually-stunning-and-compelling-film-traces-the-bloodlines-of-myth-and-power |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251007042157/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Oct/03/kantara-chapter-1-movie-review-visually-stunning-and-compelling-film-traces-the-bloodlines-of-myth-and-power |archive-date=2025-10-07 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Kashvi Raj Singh of ''[[News18]]'' wrote "The heart of Kantara: Chapter 1 is its music (B Ajaneesh Loknath) and visual teams. The background score and the use of classical music to drive scenes are brilliant."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raj Singh |first=Kashvi |date=2025-10-02 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 Review: Rishab Shetty Delivers A Killer Climax, Film Hinges On Music And Visuals |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/reviews/kantara-chapter-1-review-rishab-shetty-delivers-a-killer-climax-film-hinges-on-music-and-visuals-ws-l-9610138.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003114445/https://www.news18.com/movies/reviews/kantara-chapter-1-review-rishab-shetty-delivers-a-killer-climax-film-hinges-on-music-and-visuals-ws-l-9610138.html |archive-date=2025-10-03 |access-date=2025-10-11 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote "music director Ajaneesh Loknath's background score hits the high notes all through the nearly three-hour film".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |author-link=Saibal Chatterjee |date=2025-10-02 |title=Kantara A Legend - Chapter 1 Review: The Film Belongs To Rishab Shetty |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-review-the-film-belongs-to-rishab-shetty-3-stars-9383472 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006180644/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-review-the-film-belongs-to-rishab-shetty-3-stars-9383472 |archive-date=2025-10-06 |access-date=2025-10-11 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref> Arjun Menon of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "Ajaneesh Loknath triumphs yet again with a thumping score that uses prayers, chants and concealed anguish to exemplify the action blocks."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Arjun |date=2025-10-02 |title=Kantara: A Legend Chapter-1 Review |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-review/20251002.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011174836/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-review/20251002.htm |archive-date=2025-10-11 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

In a negative review, Pranati A S of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "It looks like Ajaneesh Loknath has only rehashed the background score from the first part. And to play it continuously for close to three hours is unpardonable".<ref>{{Cite web |last=A S |first=Pranati |date=2025-10-02 |title='Kantara: Chapter 1' review: Contentious mythmaking in a grand spectacle |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kantara-chapter-1-review-contentious-mythmaking-in-a-grand-spectacle-375026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251011174922/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kantara-chapter-1-review-contentious-mythmaking-in-a-grand-spectacle-375026 |archive-date=2025-10-11 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "Compared to the previous instalment, B Ajaneesh Loknath’s music misses the mark this time, though there are a few instances, particularly in the high-octane action sequences, where his talents stand out."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=2025-10-02 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 movie review: Rishab Shetty crafts a visual world far beyond expectations, but pays for it with the action drama's soul |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kantara-chapter-1-movie-review-rishab-shetty-crafts-visual-world-beyond-expectations-but-pays-for-it-with-actioners-soul-10282767/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251002092126/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kantara-chapter-1-movie-review-rishab-shetty-crafts-visual-world-beyond-expectations-but-pays-for-it-with-actioners-soul-10282767/ |archive-date=2025-10-02 |access-date=2025-10-11 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Personnel ==
{{div col}}
* Music composer: [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]]
* Music production, recording, mixing and mastering: B. Ajaneesh Loknath, C. R. Bobby
* Music consultant (Carnatic classical): Smt. Lalitha Rukmini
* Nadaswaram: D. Balasubramaniam
* Rhythms: Kalyan Chakravarthy
* Live rhythms: Shruthi Ranjani
* Orchestral arrangements: Sanjay RA, Balasubramanian G.
* Choir: Satvik S Rao, Abhishek M R, Narahari Achar, Bhargav H C, Skandesh, Bharath Mallad
* Choir arrangements and conductor: [[Aniruddha Sastry]]
* Strings and brass: Budapest Scoring Orchestra
* Orchestra conductor: Peter Illenyi
* Orchestra Indian representative: Balasubramanian G
* Session producer: Bálint Sapszon
* Orchestra recording: Viktor Sazbo at Rottenbiller Studios, Budapest
* Librarian: Agnes Sapszon, Kati Reti
* Orchestrators: Balasubramanian G, Sanjay RA, Abishek Vishwanathan
* Protools editor: Abin Ponnachan
* Vocal recording: Ashwin Prabhath, Rangaswamy P at Prabhath Studios, Bangalore
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{B. Ajaneesh Loknath}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Kannada film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Malayalam film soundtracks]]
[[Category:B. Ajaneesh Lokanath soundtracks]]
[[Category:Epic film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]

N. Viswanathan

2026-01-27T13:33:05Z

WilmerLassetter:

{{Short description|Indian actor and academic}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = N.Viswanathan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Narayanswamy Viswanathan
| birth_date = 18 July 1929
| birth_place = [[Vellore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| death_date = 17 November 2010 (aged 81)
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| height =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1951–2010
| spouse = Paramita
| children = [[Ashoke Viswanathan]]
| parents =
| website =
}}
'''Narayanswamy Viswanathan''' (18 July 1929 – 17 November 2010), popularly known as '''Calcutta Viswanathan''' in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]], was an Indian actor and academic. A [[Tamilian]] by birth, he moved to [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) at a young age and taught English at [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta]] for more than 40 years. Viswanathan was also a well-known public speaker.<ref>{{cite news|title=Professor Viswanathan passes away|author=Special Correspondent|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/18/stories/2010111856201200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123113801/http://hindu.com/2010/11/18/stories/2010111856201200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2010|access-date=13 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 November 2010}}</ref> He made his acting debut in [[Mrinal Sen]]'s ''[[Punascha]]'' and continued to act in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali films]].<ref name=times>{{cite news|title=Noted professor, acclaimed actor|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-18/kolkata/28262445_1_professor-actor-debates|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104011804/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-18/kolkata/28262445_1_professor-actor-debates|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 November 2010|access-date=13 May 2013}}</ref> In a career that spanned 40 years, Viswanathan appeared in nearly 100 films in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and English. He was a member several theatre groups and also formed the "Calcutta Players", an acting troupe.<ref name=times/>

==Biography==
===Early life===
Born into a [[Tamil people|Tamil family]] in [[Vellore]], Viswanathan moved to [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] at an early age. He was educated at [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]] and joined the same college as a professor in English.<ref name=express>{{cite news|title=Actor N Viswanathan dies at 81|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/actor-n-viswanathan-dies-at-81/712886/|access-date=13 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 November 2010}}</ref> He had great command over English and Bengali languages, and was particularly well known for his [[British accent]].<ref name=rediff>{{cite web|title=Veteran actor N Viswanathan dead|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/actor-n-viswanathan-dead/20101118.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref> Viswanthan was also a public speaker who participated in numerous debates and won accolades for India.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chaki|first=Rohini|title=In the spell of words|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080103/jsp/opinion/story_8734816.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130630094226/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080103/jsp/opinion/story_8734816.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2013|access-date=17 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|date=3 January 2008}}</ref> He also has a short stint with [[Doordarshan]], Kolkata.<ref name=rediff/>

===Entry into films===
While teaching at the college, he was offered a role in ''[[Punascha]]'' (1961), a Bengali film directed by [[Mrinal Sen]]. The film received a [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|certificate of Merit for Third Best Feature Film in Bengali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=17 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Viswanathan then got a chance to act in another Bengali film titled ''[[Kanchenjungha]]'' (1962), directed by [[Satyajit Ray]]. The film had the distinction of being the first original screenplay and first colour film of Ray.<ref>{{Harvnb|Robinson|2003|p=142}}</ref> Viswanathan received critical acclaim for his role in both the films. He became a favourite of Ray for his "urban [and] sophisticated image".<ref name=rediff/>

After the release of these two films, Viswanathan got numerous offers in Bengali, Tamil and [[Indian English|English]] languages. He entered the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] in the 1970s and acted in films such as ''[[Lalitha (film)|Lalitha]]'', ''[[Mogam Muppadhu Varusham]]'' and ''[[Moondru Mudichu]]'', alongside prominent actors. Other Tamil films released during the period include ''[[Kavari Maan]]'' and [[Balu Mahendra]]'s ''[[Moodu Pani]]'', where he was cast in a prominent role.

Viswanathan was well known for his "pipe-smoking", a style which he adopted in most of the films.<ref name=rediff/>

===Theatre group===
Viswanathan was also a member of [[Utpal Dutt]]'s "People's Little Theatre" (PLT), and later formed his own group named "Calcutta Players".<ref name=rediff/>

===Death===
Viswanathan had prolonged illness for a long time before his death.<ref name=express/> He died at the age of 81 at his "Sarat Bose" residence in [[Kolkata]] on 17 November 2010.<ref name=express/> He is survived by his wife Paramita, a son and a grand daughter. His son [[Ashoke Viswanathan]] is a film maker.<ref name=express/>

==Partial filmography==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Ratna Deepam|Ratnadeep]]'' (1951)
* ''[[Punascha]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Kanchenjungha (film)|Kanchenjungha]]'' (1962) as Mr. Banerjee
* ''[[Barnali (film)|Barnali]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Subhashchandra]]''(1966)
* ''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Je Jekhane Dariye]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Moondru Mudichu]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Lalitha (film)|Lalitha]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Mogam Muppadhu Varusham]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Kavari Maan|Kavarimaan]]'' (1979)
* ''Dour'' (1979)
* ''[[Moodu Pani]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Kann Sivanthaal Mann Sivakkum]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Vellai Roja]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (1984 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Nilavu Suduvathillai]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Padikkadha Pannaiyar]]'' (1985)
* ''[[The Peacock Spring]]'' (1996)
* ''Aparajita'' (1998)
* ''[[Kichhhu Sanlap Kichhu Pralap]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002)
* ''Andhakaer Shabdo'' (2006)
* ''Byaticromi'' (2006)
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
|last1 = Robinson
|given1 = A
|year = 2003
|title = Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye: The Biography of a Master Film-Maker
|publisher = I. B. Tauris
|isbn = 1-86064-965-3
}}
{{Refend}}
Mr. N. Viswanathan was an English news reader also in Calcutta Doordarshan TV channel and used to host Bournvita Quiz contest in radio.

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=0899801|name=N.Viswanathan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanathan.N}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Academic staff of St. Xavier's College, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:People from Vellore]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]

Moosetape

2026-01-23T06:21:32Z

WilmerLassetter: cleaned up details after review and updated info

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Moosetape
| type = Studio
| artist = [[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
| cover = Moosetape.jpg
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2021|5|15}}
| recorded = 2020–2021
| studio =
| genre = * [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]
* [[contemporary R&B|R&B]]
* [[Drill music|drill]]
* [[progressive hip hop]]
* [[gangsta rap]]
* [[hardcore hip hop]]
| length = 97:00
| label = Sidhu Moose Wala
| producer = *The Kidd
*[[Steel Banglez]]
*Snappy
*Wazir Patar
*JB
*M1onthebeat
*Chris Rich
*A.Singh
| prev_title = [[Snitches Get Stitches]]
| prev_year = 2020
| next_title = [[No Name (EP)|No Name]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Moosetape
| type = studio
| single1 = Burberry
| single1date = 20 May 2021
| single2 = US
| single2date = 23 May 2021
| single3 = Brown Shortie
| single3date = 29 May 2021
| single4 = Me and My Girlfriend
| single4date = 7 June 2021
| single5 = Signed To God
| single5date = 16 June 2021
| single6 = Malwa Block
| single6date = 23 June 2021
| single7 = G-Shit
| single7date = 4 July 2021
| single8 = Calaboose
| single8date = 10 July 2021
| single9 = IDGAF
| single9date= 17 July 2021
| single10 = Power
| single10date = 21 July 2021
| single11 = GOAT
| single11date = 25 July 2021
| single12 = Celebrity Killer
| single12date = 9 August 2021
}}
}}

'''''Moosetape''''' is the second and final studio album by Indian singer, rapper and songwriter [[Sidhu Moose Wala]], released independently on 15 May 2021. Moose Wala served as the executive producer. Writing was handled by Sidhu dominantly among other artists, while the tracks were produced by The Kidd, [[Steel Banglez]], Snappy, Wazir Patar, and JB. At 32 tracks, it is Moose Wala's longest album. It features guest vocals from [[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]], [[Tion Wayne]], [[Stefflon Don]], [[Morrisson (rapper)|Morrisson]], [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]], [[Raja Kumari]], Blockboi Twitch and Sikander Kahlon. The music video for the track "GOAT", featuring [[Jumana Abdu Rahman]], surpassed 320 million views on YouTube as of October 2024.

== Background ==
The album was announced by [[Sidhu Moose Wala]] on 10 March 2021, on his official [[Instagram]] account,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sidhu Moosewala (ਮੂਸੇ ਆਲਾ) on Instagram: "YOU WANNA PLAY ROUGH ? ...SAY HELLO TO MY LIL FRIEND "MOOSETAPE" 2021 ☠️💥"|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CMPPj7dA247/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/sidhu_moosewala/2526306355695021627_2526303949280131362 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-access=registration|access-date=11 March 2021|website=Instagram|language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 March 2021|title=Sidhu Moosewala Announces His Album MOOSETAPE|url=https://kiddaan.com/sidhu-moosewala-announces-his-album-moosetape/|access-date=12 March 2021|website=Kiddaan|language=en-US}}</ref> followed by the unveiling of the official cover art, features and credits of every track per day till 23 April 2021.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Moose Wala released the teaser of the album on his YouTube channel on 29 April 2021, announcing the release date.<ref>{{Citation|title=MOOSETAPE 2021 (Official Teaser) Sidhu Moose Wala|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mvq8gh9hnak|language=en|access-date=2021-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Latest 2021 Punjabi Song Teaser 'Moosetape' Sung By Sidhu Moose Wala|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/watch-latest-2021-punjabi-song-teaser-moosetape-sung-by-sidhu-moose-wala/videoshow/82320154.cms|access-date=2021-05-03|website=[[Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> The teaser was viewed over a million times within twelve hours of its release.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guess The Rage Sidhu Moosewala's Album Will Cause When Only A Teaser Post Crosses 5 Million Comments|url=https://www.spotboye.com/pollywood/pollywood-music/sidhu-moosewala-s-album-teaser-crosses-5-million-comments-predicting-over-billion-views-after-launch/608ad04c7ffe97055c2b5028|access-date=2021-05-03|website=www.spotboye.com|language=en}}</ref> On 5 May 2021, Moose Wala released the trailer of the album.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-05|title=Sidhu Moosewala delighted his fans with the trailer of his album 'Moosetape'; in few hours crosses more than 800K views!|url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/sidhu-moosewala-delighted-his-fans-with-the-trailer-of-his-album-moosetape-in-few-hours-crosses-more-than-800k-views|access-date=2021-05-06|website=[[PTC Punjabi]]}}</ref> Tracklist was revealed on 12 May 2021 on his instagram handle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/COw8qxEJvQi/?igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

The tracks were released one by one from 15 May 2021; they were scheduled to release until 21 July.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|date=14 May 2021|title=Sidhu Moosewala's much-awaited Moosetape's poster, inside details, release date out; Punjabi singer says 'tried to deliver my best'|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/pollywood/sidhu-moosewalas-much-awaited-moosetapes-poster-inside-details-release-date-out-punjabi-singer-says-tried-to-deliver-my-best-252815|access-date=15 May 2021|website=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]|language=en}}</ref> On 18 May 2021, he released the bonus track "Unfuckwithable" featuring [[Afsana Khan]], which was produced by The Kidd and the music video was directed by Teji Sandhu.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Posthumously, the track "295" charted at 154 on the [[Billboard 200|Billboard Global 200]], making Moose Wala the first Punjabi singer to do so. The song was heavily played after his death as the song title coincidentally highlights the date of his death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidhu Moose Wala's hit song '295' enters Billboard Global 200 chart |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/sidhu-moose-walas-295-song-enters-billboard-global-200-489031 |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=WION |language=en}}</ref>

As of 6 December 2023, ''Moosetape'' became the first Indian album to reach 1 billion streams on [[Spotify]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gurps |date=2023-12-01 |title=Sidhu Moosewala's "Moosetape" Hits Remarkable Milestone with 1 Billion Spotify Streams |url=https://britasia.tv/sidhu-moosewalas-moosetape-hits-remarkable-milestone-with-1-billion-spotify-streams/ |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=[[Brit Asia TV]] |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| all_writing = [[Sidhu Moose Wala]], except where noted.
| headline = ''Moosetape'' track listing<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 May 2021|title=15/5/2021 📀🌋 MOOSETAPE SEASON|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/COw8qxEJvQi/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/instagram/sidhu_moosewala/2571822208920253474_2571822205522903304 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |url-access=registration|access-date=2021-05-12|via=[[Instagram]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Jaspal|date=10 May 2021|title=Sidhu Moosewala's "MOOSETAPE 2021"|url=https://www.trendpunjabi.com/sidhu-moose-wala-moose-tape-songs/|access-date=12 May 2021|website=Trend Punjabi|language=en-US}}</ref>
| extra_column = Producer(s)
| total_length = 97:00
| title_width =
| writing_width =
| music_width =
| lyrics_width =
| extra_width =
| title1 = Moosetape Intro
| writer1 =
| extra1 = Wazir Patar
| length1 = 1:32
| title2 = Bitch I'm Back
| writer2 =
| extra2 = The Kidd
| length2 = 3:50
| title3 = Burberry
| writer3 =
| extra3 = The Kidd
| length3 = 3:23
| title4 = Racks and Rounds
| note4 = featuring Sikander Kahlon
| writer4 = {{hlist|Moose Wala|Sikander Kahlon}}
| extra4 = The Kidd
| length4 = 3:45
| title5 = US
| note5 = featuring [[Raja Kumari]]
| writer5 = {{hlist|Moose Wala|Raja Kumari}}
| extra5 = The Kidd
| length5 = 3:50
| title6 = Moosedrilla
| note6 = featuring [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]]
| writer6 = {{hlist|Moose Wala|Divine}}
| extra6 = The Kidd
| length6 = 3:52
| title7 = Boo Call
| note7 = skit
| writer7 =
| extra7 = Wazir Patar
| length7 = 0:43
| title8 = Brown Shortie
| note8 = featuring [[Sonam Bajwa]]
| writer8 =
| extra8 = The Kidd
| length8 = 3:28
| title9 = Aroma
| note9 =
| writer9 =
| lyrics9 =
| music9 =
| extra9 = The Kidd
| length9 = 4:16
| title10 = Real One
| note10 = skit
| writer10 =
| lyrics10 =
| music10 =
| extra10 = Wazir Patar
| length10 = 0:44
| title11 = GOAT
| note11 =
| writer11 =
| lyrics11 =
| music11 =
| extra11 = Wazir Patar
| length11 = 3:34
| title12 = Sidhu Son
| note12 =
| writer12 =
| lyrics12 =
| music12 =
| extra12 = The Kidd
| length12 = 3:37
| title13 = Chacha Huu
| note13 = skit
| writer13 =
| lyrics13 =
| music13 =
| extra13 = Wazir Patar
| length13 = 0:46
| title14 = Me and My Girlfriend
| note14 =
| writer14 =
| lyrics14 =
| music14 =
| extra14 = The Kidd
| length14 = 3:23
| title15 = These Days
| note15 = featuring [[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]]
| writer15 = {{hlist|Moose Wala|Bohemia}}
| lyrics15 =
| music15 =
| extra15 = The Kidd
| length15 = 3:29
| title16 = Ultimatum
| note16 = skit
| writer16 =
| lyrics16 =
| music16 =
| extra16 = The Kidd
| length16 = 1:30
| title17 = Signed to God
| note17 =
| writer17 =
| lyrics17 =
| music17 =
| extra17 = {{hlist|[[Steel Banglez]]|The Kidd|JB}}
| length17 = 2:27
| title18 = Regret
| writer18 =
| extra18 = The Kidd
| length18 = 5:11
| title19 = Pind Hood Damn Good
| note19 = RMG Intro
| writer19 = Randiala Wala
| extra19 = Wazir Patar
| length19 = 1:15
| title20 = Malwa Block
| writer20 =
| extra20 = Wazir Patar
| length20 = 3:59
| title21 = B&W
| writer21 =
| extra21 = The Kidd
| length21 = 4:05
| title22 = Celebrity Killer
| note22 = featuring [[Tion Wayne]]
| writer22 = {{hlist|Moose Wala|Tion Wayne}}
| extra22 = {{hlist|Steel Banglez|M1|Chris Rich|A Singh|JB|The Kidd}}
| length22 = 3:23
| title23 = Invincible
| note23 = featuring [[Stefflon Don]]
| writer23 = {{hlist|Moose Wala|Stefflon Don}}
| extra23 = {{hlist|Steel Banglez|The Kidd}}
| length23 = 4:04
| title24 = Amli Talk
| note24 = skit
| extra24 = Wazir Patar
| length24 = 0:44
| title25 = G-Shit
| note25 = featuring Blockboi Twitch
| writer25 = {{hlist|Moose Wala|Blockboi Twitch}}
| extra25 = The Kidd
| length25 = 3:53
| title26 = Built Different
| writer26 =
| extra26 = The Kidd
| length26 = 4:07
| title27 = Trial Day
| note27 = skit
| writer27 =
| extra27 = Wazir Patar
| length27 = 1:59
| title28 = Calaboose
| writer28 =
| extra28 = Snappy
| length28 = 4:05
| title29 = Facts
| note29 = skit
| writer29 =
| extra29 = Wazir Patar
| length29 = 1:11
| title30 = 295
| writer30 =
| extra30 = The Kidd
| length30 = 4:30
| title31 = IDGAF
| note31 = featuring [[Morrisson (rapper)|Morrisson]]
| writer31 = {{hlist|Moose Wala|Morrisson}}
| extra31 = The Kidd
| length31 = 2:56
| title32 = Power
| writer32 =
| extra32 = The Kidd
| length32 = 3:48
}}{{Track listing
| headline = Bonus Track
| extra_column = Producer
| title1 = Unfuckwithable
| note1 = with Afsana Khan
| length1 = 4:43
| writer1 = Sidhu
| extra1 = The Kidd
| total_length = 4:43
}}

'''Notes'''

* There is no deluxe edition of the Album, the bonus Ttack "Unfuckwithable" was released as single between track 3 and 4.
* All tracks were released as one track per day as per schedule from 15 May – 9 August 2021.
* "Moosetape Intro" features vocals from Gurinder Dimpy.
* "Boo Call (skit)" features uncredited vocal by [[Sonam Bajwa]].
* "Brown Shortie" has credited Sonam Bajwa as a vocal feature, although she is featured in the music video only.
* "Pind Hood Damn Good (RMG Intro)" features uncredited vocals by Randiala Wala.
* "Malwa Block" and "Goat" have Wazir Patar in the lead, although he is credited as a producer.

== Personnel ==

* [[Sidhu Moose Wala]] – vocals, writer, executive producer
* [[Jumana Abdu Rahman]] – actor
* [[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]] – featured artist
* [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]] – featured artist
* [[Stefflon Don]] – featured artist
* Sikander Kahlon – featured artist
* [[Raja Kumari]] – featured artist
* [[Morrisson (rapper)|Morrisson]] – featured artist<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 March 2021|title=Sidhu Moose Wala Surprisingly Announces New Album, 'MooseTape' Ft. Divine, & More|url=https://siachenstudios.com/news/sidhu-moose-wala-album-moosetape/|access-date=12 March 2021|website=Siachen Studios|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* Blockboi Twitch – featured artist
* [[Tion Wayne]] – featured artist
* [[Afsana Khan]] - featured artist
* Preet Aujla – actor
* [[Sonam Bajwa]] – actor
* [[Sara Gurpal]] – actor

=== Technical personnel ===

* [[Steel Banglez]] – producer
* Dense – engineer
* The Kidd – producer
* Wazir Patar – producer
* Snappy – producer
* Dense – [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] & [[Mastering (audio)|mastering]] all tracks from ''Moosetape'' except "Calaboose"
*Bauss-P – mixing & mastering for the track "Calaboose"
* FlutePreet Singh - flute programing for tracks 18 & 26

== Music videos and directors ==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
* [[Sukh Sanghera]]
** [[US (Sidhu Moose Wala song)|US]]
** Brown Shortie
** G-Shit
** IDGAF
** Power
** GOAT.
* Tru-Makers
** Calaboose
* Teji Sandhu
** Burberry
** Unfuckwithable
* Raf-Saperra
** Signed To God
** Celebrity Killer
* Jashan Narrah
** Me and My Girlfriend
* Hunny Pk Films
** Malwa Block
* Navkaran Brar (audio visual artist)

==Promotion==

===Tour===
On 4 July 2021, Moose Wala announced the ''Moosetape'' Tour officially on his Instagram Live with the name "Moosetape World Tour", and regions including [[North America]], [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Canada]], Dubai, Australia and Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=MooseTape World Tour Around 7 Countries Announced By Sidhu Moosewala, Including Pakistan 2021-2022 – Celebrity24x7|date=5 July 2021 |url=https://celebrity24x7.com/moosetape-world-tour-around-7-countries-announced-by-sidhu-moosewala-including-pakistan-2021-2022/|access-date=2021-07-29|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-04 |title=Sidhu Moosewala Announced MooseTape World Tour Around 7 Countries, Including Pakistan |url=https://kiddaan.com/sidhu-moosewala-announces-moosetape-world-tour-around-7-countries-including-pakistan/ |access-date=2022-04-17 |website=Kiddaan |language=en-US}}</ref> The tour was scheduled to be in 2021, but due to concerns from the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]], it was postponed. The tour's first leg was announced by BollyBoom Entertainment India, that held concerts in 4 different cities of India, which was produced by themselves only.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=ANI Press |title=Bollyboom announces 'Moosetape India Tour 2021' with Sidhu Moosewala |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/bollyboom-announces-moosetape-india-tour-2021-with-sidhu-moosewala-121102101164_1.html |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=www.business-standard.com|date=21 October 2021 }}</ref>

On 26 December 2021; the tour's promoter Platinum Events Inc. introduced the upcoming world tour of [[Sidhu Moose Wala]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-04 |title=Sidhu Moosewala's USA & Canada Tour For 2022 Finally Announced |url=https://kiddaan.com/sidhu-moosewalas-usa-canada-tour-for-2022-finally-announced/ |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=Kiddaan |language=en-US}}</ref>

After five shows, on 17 April 2022, Moose Wala officially changed the tour's name to '''Back To Business World Tour''' with Sunny Malton as a supporting act. However, the tour was cancelled shortly after Moose Wala's death on 29 May 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=29 May 2022 |title=Punjabi singer and Congress leader Sidhu Moose Wala shot dead in Mansa |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/amritsar/punjabi-singer-congress-leader-sidhu-moose-wala-shot-dead-7942590/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref>

==== Set list ====
This set list is representative of the show on 26 March 2022, in Dubai, UAE. It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidhu Moose Wala Concerts Tour, next Setlist |url=https://concerty.com/ |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Concerty.com |language=en}}</ref>
# "295"
# "These Days"
# "Satisfy"
# "Old-Skool"
# "GOAT"
# "Same-Beef"
# "US"
# "So-High"
# "Celebrity-Killer"
# "G-Shit"
;Encore
# <li value=12>"Moosedrilla"

;Notes
*During the show in Mumbai on 21 November 2021, [[Raja Kumari]] joined Moose Wala onstage to perform their duet song "US".

==== Tour dates ====
This list includes planned dates that were subsequently cancelled.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, opening acts, tickets sold, number of available tickets and amount of gross revenue.
|-
! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Date
! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| City
! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Country
! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Venue
! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Opening acts
|Notes
|-
! colspan="6" | Leg 1 - Asia
|-
|20 November 2021
|[[Gurgaon]]
| rowspan="4" |India
|Imperfecto Patio
|–
|
|-
| 21 November 2021
|[[Mumbai]]
|Opa Bar & Cafe
|[[Raja Kumari]]
|
|-
| 4 December 2021
|[[Noida]]
|Local Noida
|–
|
|-
| 17 December 2021
|[[Hyderabad]]
|Prism, Hyderabad
|–
|
|-
|26 March 2022
|[[Dubai]]
|United Arab Emirates
|[[Coca-Cola Arena]]
|[[Afsana Khan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIDHU MOOSEWALA LIVE IN CONCERT, Coca-Cola Arena, Bur Dubai, 26 March 2022 |url=https://stayhappening.com/e/sidhu-moosewala-live-in-concert-E2ISU99AIXS |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=stayhappening.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|4 June 2022
|[[Gurugram]]
|India
|BackYard Sports Club
|
|The concert was cancelled due to Moosewala's death<ref>{{Cite web |last=City |first=So |date=2022-05-22 |title=Folks Get Ready To Party Hard 'Cause Sidhu Moosewala Is Coming To G-City Next Month! |url=https://so.city/delhi/article/folks-get-ready-to-party-hard-cause-sidhu-moosewala-is-coming-to-g-city-next-month |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=So City |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="6" | Leg 2 - North America
|-
|23 July 2022
|[[Vancouver]]
| rowspan="4" |Canada
|[[Pacific Coliseum|PNE Coliseum]]
| rowspan="8" |Sunny Malton
|rowspan= "8" | The concert was cancelled due to Moosewala's death
|-
|24 July 2022
|[[Winnipeg]]
|[[Shaw Park]]
|-
|30 July 2022
|[[Toronto]]
|[[Paramount Fine Foods Centre]]
|-
|31 July 2022
|[[Calgary]]
| rowspan="4" |—
|-
|5 August 2022
|[[New York City|New York]]
| rowspan="4" |United States
|-
|6 August 2022
|[[Chicago]]
|-
|12 August 2022
|[[Fresno]]
|-
|13 August 2022
|[[Bay Area]]
|[[Oakland Arena]]
|-
! colspan="6" | Leg 3 - Europe
|-
|9 September 2022
|[[Birmingham]]
| rowspan="2" |United Kingdom
| rowspan="2" |TBA
| rowspan="2" |Sunny Malton
|
|-
|11 September 2022
|[[London]]
|
|}

===Virtual experiences===
On 10 June 2021, Moose Wala collaborated with music streaming app [[Spotify]], hosted by Vishnu Kausal. Actress [[Sonam Bajwa]] also joined the live session.

== Charts ==
=== Album ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performance for ''Moosetape''
! scope="col"| Chart (2021–2022)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| [[Canadian Albums Chart|Canadian Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Billboard Canadian Albums: Week of August 13, 2022|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/canadian-albums/2022-08-13/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=9 August 2022}}</ref>
| 33
|-
! scope="row"| New Zealand Albums ([[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2021-07-16|title=NZ Top 40 Albums Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=19 July 2021|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>
| 33
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Chart (2021)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| "Bitch I'm Back"
| rowspan="5"| Top Triller Global (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Sidhu Moosewala|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/sidhu-moosewala/chart-history/tgl/|access-date=2021-05-25|magazine=Billboard}}</ref>
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| "Moosedrilla"
| 1
|-
! scope="row"| "US"
| 3
|-
! scope="row"| "Brown Shortie"
| 7
|-
! scope="row"| "These Days"
|13
|-
! scope="row"| "Bitch I'm Back"
| rowspan="4" | [[Canadian Hot 100]] (''Billboard'')<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Sidhu Moosewala|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/sidhu-moosewala/chart-history/can/|access-date=2021-05-25|magazine=Billboard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Sidhu Moosewala|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/sidhu-moosewala/chart-history/can/|access-date=2021-07-27|magazine=Billboard}}</ref>
| 81
|-
! scope="row"| "Brown Shortie"
| 80
|-
! scope="row"| "[[295 (song)|295]]"
| 62
|-
! scope="row"| "GOAT"
|100
|-
! scope="row"| "Bitch I'm Back"
| rowspan="12" | [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|New Zealand Hot]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Official New Zealand Music Chart|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2021-05-21|access-date=2021-05-24|website=THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Official New Zealand Music Chart|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2021-05-28|access-date=2021-05-31|website=THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Official New Zealand Music Chart|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2021-06-04|access-date=2021-06-06|website=THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Sidhu Moosewala|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/sidhu-moosewala/chart-history/can/|access-date=2021-08-03|magazine=Billboard}}</ref>
| 14
|-
! scope="row"| "Burberry"
| 15
|-
! scope="row"| "Racks and Rounds"
| 16
|-
! scope="row"| "US"
| 23
|-
! scope="row"| "Moosedrilla"
| 25
|-
! scope="row" | "INVINCIBLE"
|35
|-
! scope="row" | "G-Shit"
|20
|-
! scope="row"| "Brown Shortie"
| 15
|-
! scope="row" | "These Days"
|33
|-
! scope="row" | "Built Different"
|33
|-
! scope="row" | "Calaboose"
|24
|-
! scope="row" | "[[295 (song)|295]]"
|27
|-
! scope="row" | "295"
|[[Billboard Global 200|''Billboard'' Global 200]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cabral |first=R. J. |date=2020-09-15 |title=Billboard Global 200 |url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/ |access-date=2022-06-15 |magazine=Billboard |language=en-US}}</ref>
|154
|}

==Certifications==
{{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications for "Moosetape"}}
{{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|artist=Sidhu Moose Wala|title=Moosetape|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2021|certyear=2025|access-date=August 3, 2025|source=radioscope}}
{{Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true|noshipments=true|streaming=true}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Sidhu Moose Wala}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2021 albums]]
[[Category:Sidhu Moose Wala albums]]
[[Category:Desi hip-hop albums]]

Operation Eraze

2026-01-19T03:27:20Z

WilmerLassetter: basic fixed details per sources also and updated info for clarity

{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = ''Operation Eraze''
| place = [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| partof = the [[Kashmir conflict]] and [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]
| image = {{Location map|India Jammu and Kashmir
|width = 280
|float = right
|label = Gurais
|position = none
|mark = Red pog.svg 
|lat_deg = 34.638175306635056 
|lon_deg = 74.77561331333281 
}}
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = 15 April 1948 - 29 July 1948
| combatant1 = {{army|India}} 
[[Bihar Regiment|2nd Battalion, Bihar Regiment]] 
[[The Grenadiers|1st Battalion, The Grenadiers]] 
[[4th Gorkha Rifles|2/4 Gorkha Rifles]] 
[[23 Field Regiment (India)|Patiala Mountain Battery]] 
{{air force|India}}
| combatant2 = [[Gilgit Scouts]] 
Pakistani tribal militias
| result = Indian victory
| commander1 = [[Kodandera Subayya Thimayya|Gen. K.S. Thimayya]]
| commander2 = Unknown
| territory = India pushes back Pakistani forces and recaptures Tragbal, Kanzalwan, Gurais
| campaignbox =
}}

'''Operation Eraze''' is the codename of the assault and '''capture of [[Gurais]]''' in northern [[Kashmir]] by the [[Indian Army]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]].

==History==
[[Gurais]] is an important communication centre where the route from [[Srinagar]] comes north to the [[Kishanganga/Neelum River|Kishenganga river]], crosses it in the vicinity of Gurais and Dawar and then proceeds to [[Gilgit]] via the [[Burzil pass]] and the [[Astore Valley|Astor valley]]. Gurais is also connected to [[Muzaffarabad]] by a track along the river valley and by cross-country tracks south to [[Sonamarg]] and east to [[Dras]].<ref name="Offl_Hist_1947">{{cite book |title=History of Operations In Jammu and Kashmir 1947–1948 |last1=Prasad|first1=S.N.|last2=Dharm Pal |year=1987 |publisher=History Department, Ministry of Defence, Government of India. (Printed at Thomson Press (India) Limited) |location=New Delhi |pages=418 }}</ref>{{rp|308}}

[[Battle of Muzaffarabad|The fall of Muzaffarabad]] led to the advancing of tribal lashkars to Gurais along the Kishenganga valley. Tribal lashkars pushed back by the operations of 161 Infantry Brigade in the winter of 1947 retreated to Gurais over the Rajdhani pass when the snows sealed the pass for the winter. Pakistani forces comprising regular army troops from the [[Gilgit Scouts]] and deserters from the princely State Forces reinforced the lashkars. The Pakistanis were poised to attack Tragbal just north of [[Bandipore]] and enter the Kashmir valley as soon as the snows melted.<ref name="Offl_Hist_1947"/>{{rp|309–310}}

The Indian Army responded by sending 2nd Battalion, [[Bihar Regiment]] to advance on 15 April 1948 to contact the enemy along the pilgrim route, i.e. the Bandipore - Kanzalwan - Gurais axis. The battalion captured Tragbal and pushed the raiders back to the Rajdhani pass. In May 1948, the battalion was rotated and replaced by the 1st Battalion, [[The Grenadiers|Indian Grenadiers]] under Lt. Col. Singh.<ref name="Offl_Hist_1947"/>{{rp|309–310}}

Maj Gen [[Kodendera Subayya Thimayya|K. S. Thimayya]], the 'General Officer Commanding' of the Srinagar Division, prepared for a spring offensive to counter the Pakistanis. The 1st Grenadiers won the race to capture the still snow-bound Rajdhani Pass, on the night of 26/27 May, occupying it hours before the Pakistanis. Thimayya now planned for the capture of Gurais codenamed Operation Eraze. Since a single battalion was inadequate, the 2nd Battalion, [[4 Gorkha Rifles]] was inducted to Tragbal and the 1st Grenadiers moved forward for offensive operations, supported by Patiala Mountain Battery.<ref name="Offl_Hist_1947"/>{{rp|310–315}}
Thimayya planned to advance two companies of 2/4 GR on 24 June along the pilgrim route to hold the enemy and deceive him of the direction of the attack proper to be launched on 25 June by the 1st Grenadiers over the snow-capped ridges along a foot track through Viju Gali. The 1st Grenadiers advanced by tactical leaps and bounds but were caught in the open on the night of 26/27 June by a blizzard without shelter. By superhuman privations, they managed to bring up the guns, outflank the enemy and push him off the ridge towards Gurais. The enemy broke and ran and 1st Grenadiers captured Gurais on at dawn on 28 June.<ref name="Offl_Hist_1947"/>{{rp|316–320}}

In the meantime, 2/4 Gorkha Rifles had successfully advanced along the pilgrim route and pushed back the Pakistanis from Kanzalwan which they captured with two companies. The Pakistanis stabilised their positions downriver of Kanzalwan and proceeded to isolate the Gorkha picquets. This left the road to Rajdhani pass, occupied by the Battalion Tactical Headquarters and one company of the 2/4 Gorkha Rifles, vulnerable to attack by large forces. A quick attack from Gurais on 26 July failed to relieve Kanzalwan. The 1st Grenadiers then launched a two-pronged night attack supported by artillery on 29 July. The Gorkhas by rigorous patrolling forced the Pakistanis and captured one of the dominating heights over Kanzalwan. The concerted attack broke the siege and the raiders fled westwards towards [[Taobat]], harried by air strikes of the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref name="Offl_Hist_1947"/>{{rp|320–324}}

For the remainder of the war, the raiders were content to secure the Burzil pass on the route to [[Skardu]] so as to secure the communications of their columns besieging Ladakh. The Indian Army devoid of infantry was unable to apre forces for progressing operations in this sector. Lt. Col. Singh, according to official war diaries, Gorkhas failed to clear Burzil Pass due to strong enemy counterattacks and he walked to Thimmaya requesting not to deploy the Regiment under his command to Ladakh. This strategic deployment allowed complete command control communications for the entire Kashmir valley.

==See also==
* [[Battle of Pandu]]
* [[Battle of Chunj]]
* [[Operation Bison (Jammu & Kashmir 1948)|Operation Bison and Duck]]
* [[Battle of Thorgo]]
* [[Military operations in Poonch (1948)]]
* [[Military operations in Ladakh (1948)]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kashmir conflict}}

[[Category:History of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military operations involving India|Eraze]]

Dhak Bahiri

2026-01-15T03:10:44Z

WilmerLassetter: enhance citations and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2019}}
{{short description|Indian cave in Sahyadri hill range}}
'''Dhak Bahiri''' is a [[cave]] in the [[Sahyadri]] hill range, situated near the village Jambhivli off village-Malavali in the [[Pune district]] of India. It was used by pilgrims and sages for the pilgrimage to the god Bahiri.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

==Location==
The nearest col to the cave sits at the end of a 1-hour hike along a trail leading out of Jambhivli. From there, the terrain rises into the Dhak and Kalakrai peak. Reaching the cave requires ascending the col and walking along the scarp, followed by a 30' vertical ascent.

==Inside the cave==
Water from the rock face drains into a cistern in the cave. There is room inside for 15 - 20 people to camp overnight. The local village maintains a supply of utensils and cookware on hand for use by campers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kokansearch.com/forts/english/forts_in_raigad/dhak_bahiri/|title=Dhak-Bahiri fort wadhap | forts in raigad | kokan | trekking|website=www.kokansearch.com}}</ref>
[[File:Dhakbahiri7.jpg|thumb|The final climb]]

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
File:Dhakbahiri2.jpg|Dhak fort
File:Dhakbahiri 1.jpg|The cole between Dhak and kalakrai pinnacle
File:Dhakbahiri5.jpg|The vertical climb
File:Dhakbahiri4.jpg|The Bahiri cave
File:Dhakbahiri3.jpg|Water cistern in the cave
File:Dhakbahiri8.jpg|The utensils dipped in water
File:Dhakbahiri6.jpg|Dhak fort and the pinnacle
File:जय शिवराई.jpg| JAI SHIVRAI
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/ShowUserReviews-g3175988-d3170795-r193633348-Bhairi_Caves-Kamshet_Maharashtra.html TripAdvisor]

{{Coord|18|52|29.6|N|73|25|42|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Forts in Raigad district]]
[[Category:Caves of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Forts in Pune district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pune district]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Hiking trails in India]]

{{Pune-geo-stub}}

Rohit Padaki

2026-01-07T23:57:37Z

WilmerLassetter: Starting New Article Basic Info - done

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rohit Padaki
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Film director, writer, lyricist, actor
| alma_mater = [[PES University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/rohit-padaki-5b752a28/?originalSubdomain=in|title=Rohit Padaki - Writer, Lyricist and Filmmaker|work=LinkedIn.com}}</ref>
| yearsactive = 2015–present
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
}}

'''Rohit Padaki''' is an Indian film director, writer, lyricist and actor who works primarily in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]]. He made his directorial début with an independent romantic comedy film, ''Ashtralle Just Missoo'' in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ashtralle Just Missoo Movie - ETimes|work=Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/ashtralle-just-missoo/movieshow/61269123.cms|access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref> Following this, he wrote lyrics and acted in few other films such as ''[[Aatagara]]'' (2015) and ''[[Aake (film)|Aake]]'' (2017), before his first mainstream directorial film, ''[[Dayavittu Gamanisi]]'' in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/rohit-padaki-debuts-with-a-multi-starrer-231567.html|title=Rohit Padaki Debuts With A Multi-Starrer|date=27 June 2016|work=Filmibeat.com}}</ref> His other popular films as a director include, ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]'' (2021), ''[[Ekka (film)|Ekka]]'' (2025) and ''[[Uttarakaanda (film)|Uttarakaanda]]'' (2025).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-write-my-films-to-find-answers-to-questions-that-i-have-inside-me-director-rohit-padaki/articleshow/114908952.cms|title=I write my films to find answers to questions that I have inside me: Director Rohit Padaki|work=The Times of India|date=4 November 2024}}</ref>

Besides films, Rohit has been an active writer and creative director for many Kannada TV Shows. He has also worked in reality shows such as [[Bigg Boss Kannada]] and [[Weekend with Ramesh]]. The film ''Dayavittu Gamanisi'' was nominated in the most number of categories for [[65th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]] and was screened in the Nitte Film Festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/nitte-university-to-organize-second-international-film-festival-from-april-16|title=Nitte University to organize second International film festival from April 16|work=Udayavani.com|date=14 April 2018}}</ref> Rohit has been nominated individually at the international award ceremonies such as [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]] and [[1st IIFA Utsavam|IIFA]].

==Career==
Rohit's earlier projects have been associated with director [[K. M. Chaitanya]]. The duo has worked together in ''[[Aatagara]]'' (2015), ''[[Aake (film)|Aake]]'' (2017) and ''[[Aadyaa]]'' (2020). In ''Aatagara'', Rohit wrote dialogues and lyrics apart from acting in a supporting role. The lyrics for the song "Tarammayya" earned a nomination at the [[1st IIFA Utsavam]]. His independent film ''Ashtralle Just Missoo'' released in 2015 and could not bring him success. His breakthrough came with the mainstream cinema ''[[Dayavittu Gamanisi]]'' in 2017. Having an ensemble cast, the film was critically acclaimed and was nominated for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada]] at the [[65th Filmfare Awards South]]. Rohit earned a nomination for his direction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html|title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards South 2018|work=filmfare|date=8 June 2015|access-date=14 June 2020|archive-date=4 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604163156/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html | title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 | date=16 June 2018 | work=Filmfare | access-date=9 December 2018 | archive-date=17 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015312/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, Rohit teamed up with [[KRG Studios]] for his next directorial, ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]'', a dark comedy film. The film was streamed on [[Amazon Prime Video]] during the [[COVID-19 lockdown]]. The film, starring [[Dhananjay (actor)|Dhananjay]] and [[Reba Monica John]], received positive reviews from critics and audiences and was considered a "streaming blockbuster". Rohit was nominated under Best director and Best Lyricist at the [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]].<ref name="SIIMA tweet 1">[https://twitter.com/siima/status/1568681176084418560 @KRG_Studios has bagged the SIIMA Award for Best Debutant Producer for the movie Rathnan Prapancha! #SIIMA2022]</ref><ref name="SIIMA tweet 2">[https://twitter.com/siima/status/1568674101908348928 There it is! @pramodactor1 has won the Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Kannada) Award for his memorable role in Rathnan Prapancha! Congratulations! #SIIMA]</ref> In 2023, he contributed to the Kannada version of [[12th Fail (soundtrack)]] by writing lyrics for the song "Restart".

Rohit's next project titled ''[[Ekka (film)|Ekka]]'' was backed by three production houses: [[PRK Productions]], [[KRG Studios]] and [[Jayanna Films]]. The film announced in October 2024, released in July 2025 and starred [[Yuva Rajkumar]] and [[Sanjana Anand]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Oct/14/rohit-padaki-to-helm-yuva-rajkumars-second-film|title=Rohit Padaki to helm Yuva Rajkumar's second film|work=CinemaExpress.com|date=14 October 2024}}</ref> Rohit again teamed up with KRG Studios for yet another multi-starrer action drama film ''[[Uttarakaanda (film)|Uttarakaanda]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Jun/18/rohit-padaki-collaborates-with-krg-studios-for-a-gangster-drama-2466811.html|title= Rohit Padaki collaborates with KRG Studios for a gangster drama|work=The New Indian Express|date=18 June 2022}}</ref> The film was announced in June 2022 and went on floors in January 2023, still remains unreleased.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Director !! Writer !! Lyricist !! Notes !! {{tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Aatagara]]'' ||{{no}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} ||{{yes}} || Nominated - [[1st IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Lyricist]] for "Tarammayya" Played the role of [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Rohit ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/Aug/29/in-aatagara-the-director-wins-806580.html|title=In Aatagara, The Director Wins|work=The New Indian Express|date=29 August 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''Ashtralle Just Missoo'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/ashtralle-just-missoo/movieshow/61269123.cms|title=Ashtralle Just Missoo Movie - ETimes|work=The Times of India|date=25 September 2015}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Aake (film)|Aake]]'' || {{no}} || {{partial|Dialogues}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Dayavittu Gamanisi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Nominated - [[65th Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Award for Best Director]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/writer-rohit-padaki-turns-director/articleshow/52923455.cms|title=Rohit Padaki turns director with a multi-starrer|work=The Times of India|date=24 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Aadyaa]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Wrote lyrics for "Neene Kaarana" ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannadafilmlyrics.com/songs/Aadya_2020/Neene--Kaarana|title=Neene Kaarana Lyrics|work=KannadaFilmLyrics.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Rathnan Prapancha]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Nominated - [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Director Award (SIIMA)]] Nominated - [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Lyricist]] for "Alemaariye" || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/trailer-talk-rohit-padakis-ratnan-prapancha-promises-to-be-a-refreshing-and-vibrant-comedy-drama/articleshow/85481444.cms|title=Trailer Talk: Rohit Padaki's 'Ratnan Prapancha' promises to be a refreshing and vibrant comedy-drama|work=The Times of India|date=20 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[12th Fail]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Kannada version ||
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Ekka (film)|Ekka]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Singer for "Rowdy Rhymes" and "Ekka Maar" || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/ekka-connects-to-all-director-rohit-padaki/articleshow/121982439.cms|title=Ekka connects to all: Director Rohit Padaki|work=Bangalore Mirror|date=21 June 2025}}</ref>
|-
| TBA
|{{pending film|[[Uttarakaanda (film)|Uttarakaanda]]}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/Jun/18/rohit-padaki-collaborates-with-krg-studios-for-a-gangster-drama-2466811.html|title=Rohit Padaki collaborates with KRG Studios for a gangster drama|work=The New Indian Express|date=18 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm7560976}}
*[https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/rohit-padaki/41031/filmography Rohit Padaki - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padaki, Rohit}}
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Kannada-language writers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

H. H. Wilson

2025-12-25T19:22:00Z

WilmerLassetter: Created first pg w/ refs!

{{Short description|British Indologist (1786–1860)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Horace Hayman Wilson
| native_name =
| other_names = H. H. Wilson
| image = HoraceHaymanWilson.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1786|09|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[London]], Great Britain (present-day [[London]], UK)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1860|05|08|1786|09|26|df=y}}
| death_place = [[London]], Great Britain
| resting_place = [[Kensal Green Cemetery]]
| spouse = [[Frances Sarah Parr Siddons]] (m. 1829)
| children = 7
| occupation = {{hlist|Translator |Writer |Professor |Lexicographer |Numismatist}}
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = 𝄪Translations of: ·''Meghduta'' (1813) ·''Vishnu Purana'' (1840) 
𝄪Books: ·''Sanskrit English Dictionary'' (1819) ·''Theatre of the Hindus'' (1820) ·''Lectures on the Religious and Philosophical'' (1840) ·''Systems of the Hindus'' (1840) ·''Ariana Antiqua'' (1841) ·''A Historical Account of the Burmese War'' (1852)
}}
[[File:HoraceWilson.jpg|thumb|Watercolour by [[James Atkinson (Persian scholar)|James Atkinson]], 1821]]
'''Horace Hayman Wilson''' (26 September 1786 – 8 May 1860) was an English [[orientalism|orientalist]] who was elected the first [[Boden Professor of Sanskrit]] at [[Oxford University]].<ref name=WilsonDNB>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Wilson, Horace Hayman|volume=62}}</ref>

==Life==
He studied medicine at [[St Thomas's Hospital]], and went out to [[India]] in 1808 as assistant-surgeon on the [[Bengal]] establishment of the [[British East India Company]]. His knowledge of [[metallurgy]] caused him to be attached to the [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|mint]] at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], where he was for a time associated with [[John Leyden]].<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Wilson, Horace Hayman|volume=28|pages=692–693}}</ref>

He acted for many years as secretary to the committee of public instruction, and superintended the studies of the [[Sanskrit College]] in Calcutta. He was one of the staunchest opponents of the proposal that English should be made the sole medium of instruction in native schools, and became for a time the object of bitter attacks.<ref name="EB1911"/>

In 1832 [[Oxford University]] selected Wilson to be the first occupant of the newly founded [[Boden Professor of Sanskrit|Boden chair of Sanskrit]]:<ref name="EB1911"/> he had placed a column length advertisement in ''[[The Times]]'' on 6 March 1832 p. 3, giving a list of his achievements and intended activities, along with testimonials, including one from a rival candidate, as to his suitability for the post. In 1836 he was appointed librarian to the East India Company. He also taught<ref>''Men and Events of My Time in India'' by [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Temple]], John Murray, London, 1882 p. 18, [https://archive.org/details/menandeventsmyt00tempgoog/page/n44  accessed 9 Oct 2007]</ref> at the [[East India Company College]]. On 10 April 1834 he was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London.<ref name="RecordRSL4">{{Cite book |title=The Record of the Royal Society of London for the promotion of Natural Knowledge |date=1940 |publisher=Printed for the Royal Society |edition=Fourth |location=London}}</ref>

On the recommendation of [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]], Wilson was in 1811 appointed secretary to the [[Asiatic Society of Bengal]]. He was a member of the [[Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta]] and was an original member of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]], of which he was director from 1837 up to the time of his death.<ref name="EB1911"/>

He married Frances Siddons, a grand-daughter of the famous actress [[Sarah Siddons]]<ref name="IMSRoll">{{Cite book |last=Crawford |first=D. G. |title=Roll of the India Medical Service |date=1930 |publisher=W. Thacker & Co. |location=London |page=58}}</ref> through her son George.

Wilson died on 8 May 1860<ref name="RecordRSL4" /> and is buried in [[Kensal Green Cemetery]].

==Works==
Wilson became deeply interested in the ancient language and literature of India, and was the first person to translate the [[Rigveda]] into English. In 1813 he published the [[Sanskrit]] text with a free translation in English rhymed verse of [[Kalidasa]]'s lyrical poem, the ''[[Meghadūta]]'', or Cloud-Messenger.<ref name="EB1911"/><ref>Truebner & Co. (1872) [https://books.google.com/books?id=M2gCAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA26 publisher's catalogue entry for Megha-Duta (The)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016151408/https://books.google.com/books?id=M2gCAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA26 |date=16 October 2023 }}, accessed 9 Oct 2007</ref>

He prepared the first ''Sanskrit–English Dictionary'' (1819) from materials compiled by native scholars, supplemented by his own researches. This work was only superseded by the ''Sanskritwörterbuch'' (1853–1876) of [[Rudolf Roth]] and [[Otto von Böhtlingk]], who expressed their obligations to Wilson in the preface to their great work.<ref name="EB1911"/>

He was interested in [[Ayurveda]] and traditional Indian medical and surgical practices. He compiled the local practices observed for [[cholera]] and [[leprosy]] in his publications in the [[Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta]].<ref>Wilson, H. H. (1825), "Kushta, or leprosy, as known to the Hindus", ''Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta'', 1, 1–44</ref><ref>Wilson, H. H. (1826), "On the native practice in cholera, with remarks", ''Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta'', 2, 282–292</ref>

In 1827 Wilson published ''Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus'', which contained a very full survey of the Indian drama, translations of six complete plays and short accounts of twenty-three others.
His ''Mackenzie Collection'' (1828) is a descriptive catalogue of the extensive collection of Oriental, especially South Indian, manuscripts and antiquities made by Colonel [[Colin Mackenzie]], then deposited partly in the India Office, London (now part of the [[Oriental and India Office Collections]] of the [[British Library]]) and partly at Madras ([[Chennai]]).
He also wrote a ''Historical Sketch of the First Burmese War, with Documents, Political and Geographical'' (1827),
a ''Review of the External Commerce of Bengal from 1813 to 1828'' (1830),
a translation of ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' (1840), and
a ''History of British India from 1805 to 1835'', (1844–1848) in continuation of [[James Mill]]'s 1818 ''[[The History of British India]]''.<ref name="EB1911"/>

{{clear|left}}

===Publications===
* 1813 {{Internet Archive|dli.granth.37528|at=no|''The Mēgha Dūta; or, Cloud messenger''}} by [[Kālidāsa]] ({{Internet Archive|at=no|b28747860|Revised Second Edition, 1843}})
* 1819 {{Internet Archive|at=no|dli.granth.17218|''A Dictionary, Sanscrit and English''}} ({{Internet Archive|at=no|bub_gb_ki9a-T0OuTQC|Revised Second Edition, 1832}})
* 1827 ''Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus'' {{Internet Archive|selectspecimenso01wils|at=no|Volume 1}}, {{Internet Archive|selectspecimenso02wils|at=no|Volume 2}} (Revised Second Edition, 1835 {{Internet Archive|selectspecimenso01wils_0|at=no|Volume 1}}, {{Internet Archive|selectspecimenso02wils_0|at=no|Volume 2}})
* 1827 {{Internet Archive|at=no|documentsillustr00wils|''Documents Illustrative of the Burmese War''}}
* 1828 {{Internet Archive|at=no|mackenziecollec02wilsgoog|''Mackenzie Collection: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Oriental Manuscripts''}}, co-authored with [[Colin Mackenzie]]
* 1828 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEhOAQAAMAAJ ''Sketch of the Religious Sects of the Hindus''], in ''Asiatic Researches'', Volume XVI, Calcutta. ({{Internet Archive|at=no|sketchofreligiou00wils|Expanded edition, 1846}})
* 1840 {{Internet Archive|in.ernet.dli.2015.220642|at=no|''The Vishnu Purána: a system of Hindu mythology and tradition''}}
* 1841 ''Travels in the Himalyayan Provinces of Hindustan and the Panjab...'' {{Internet Archive|at=no|travelsinhimala00benggoog|Volume 1}}, {{Internet Archive|at=no|travelsinhimala00trebgoog|Volume 2}}
* 1841 {{Internet Archive|at=no|bub_gb_w3kWAAAAYAAJ|''Ariana Antiqua: A descriptive account of the antiquities and coins of Afghanistan''}}
* 1841 {{Internet Archive|at=no|introductiontogr00wilsrich|''An Introduction to the Grammar of Sanskrit Language for the Use of Early Students''}}
* 1845–48 ''The history of British India from 1805–1835'' {{Internet Archive|at=no|historyofbritish07milliala|Volume 1}}, {{Internet Archive|at=no|historyofbritish08milliala|Volume 2}}, {{Internet Archive|at=no|historyofbritish09mill|Volume 3}}
* 1850–88 ''Rig-veda Sanhitá : a collection of ancient Hindu hymns'' {{Internet Archive|at=no|rigvedasanhitc01wils|Volume 1}}, {{Internet Archive|at=no|rigvedasanhitc02wils|Volume 2}}, {{Internet Archive|at=no|rigvedasanhitc03wils|Volume 3}}, {{Internet Archive|at=no|rigvedasanhitc04wils|Volume 4}}, {{Internet Archive|at=no|rigvedasanhitc05wils|Volume 5}}, {{Internet Archive|at=no|rigvedasanhitc06wils|Volume 6}}
* 1852 {{Internet Archive|at=no|narrativeburmes02wilsgoog|''Narrative of the Burmese war, in 1824–25''}}
* 1855 {{Internet Archive|at=no|glossaryofjudici00wilsuoft|''A glossary of judicial and revenue terms and of useful words occurring in official documents relating to the administration of the government of British India''}}
* 1860 {{Internet Archive|at=no|HinduHistoryOfKashmirHHWilson|''The Hindu History of Kashmir''}}
* 1862–71 Posthumous Collected Edition: ''Works by the Late Horace Hayman Wilson'' {{Internet Archive|worksbylatehorac01wils|at=no|Volume 1: ''Religion of the Hindus'' Vol 1}}, {{Internet Archive|worksbylatehorac02wils|at=no|Volume 2: ''Religion of the Hindus'' Vol 2}}, {{Internet Archive|worksbylatehorac03wils|at=no|Volume 3: ''Essays on Sanskrit Literature'' Vol 1}}, {{Internet Archive|worksbylatehorace04wils|at=no|Volume 4: ''Essays on Sanskrit Literature'' Vol 2}}, {{Internet Archive|worksbylatehorac05wils|at=no|Volume 5: ''Essays on Sanskrit Literature'' Vol 3}}, {{Internet Archive|worksbylatehorace06wils|at=no|Volume 6: ''The Vishnu Purana'' Vol 1}}, {{Internet Archive|worksbylatehorac07wils|at=no|Volume 7: ''The Vishnu Purana'' Vol 2}}, {{Internet Archive|worksbylatehorac08wils|at=no|Volume 8: ''The Vishnu Purana'' Vol 3}}, {{Internet Archive|worksbylatehorace09wils|at=no|Volume 9: ''The Vishnu Purana'' Vol 4}}, {{Internet Archive|worksbylatehorace10wils|at=no|Volume 10: ''The Vishnu Purana'' Vol 5}}, {{Internet Archive|worksbylatehorac11wils|at=no|Volume 11: ''Theatre of the Hindus'' Vol 1}}, {{Internet Archive|worksbylatehorace12wils|at=no|Volume 12: ''Theatre of the Hindus'' Vol 2}}
* ''Principles of Hindu and Mohammedan Law''
* ''Metaphysics of Puranas''

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{wikisource|works=or}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Horace Hayman Wilson}}

{{Wikiquote}}

{{Boden Professors}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson, Horace Hayman}}
[[Category:1786 births]]
[[Category:1860 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:Sanskrit grammarians]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–English translators]]
[[Category:Boden Professors of Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Royal Numismatic Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery]]
[[Category:19th-century British translators]]
[[Category:Translators of Kalidasa]]
[[Category:Sanskrit College people]]

Bakshi Ka Talab Assembly constituency

2025-12-09T13:56:10Z

WilmerLassetter: Data - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bakshi Ka Talab
| map_image = 169-Bakshi Ka Talab.svg
| mla = [[Yogesh Shukla]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| preceded_by = [[Avinash Trivedi]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| reservation = None
| loksabha_cons = [[Mohanlalganj Lok Sabha constituency|Mohanlalganj]]
| constituency_no = 169
| type = SLA
| electors = 4,56,965
}}
'''Bakshi Ka Talab''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of [[Bakshi Ka Talab]] in the [[Lucknow district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Bakshi Ka Talab is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Mohanlalganj Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 169 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Bakshi Kaa Talab Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/Bakshi-Kaa-Talab.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|Gomti Yadav
| style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Avinash Trivedi]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Yogesh Shukla]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bakshi Ka Talab<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Yogesh Shukla]]
|votes = {{formatnum:147922}}
|percentage = 46.36
|change = {{increase}}9.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gomti Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:120134}}
|percentage = 37.65
|change = {{increase}}9.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Salauddin 'Mussan'
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:35167}}
|percentage = 11.02
|change = {{decrease}}18.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lalan Kumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:9056}}
|percentage = 2.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2204}}
|percentage = 0.69
|change = {{decrease}}0.18
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:27788}}
|percentage = 8.71
|change = {{increase}}2.07
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:319052}}
|percentage = 69.82
|change = {{increase}}2.94
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Avinash Trivedi]] won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate [[Nakul Dubey]] by a margin of 17,584 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: [[Bakshi Ka Talab]]<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Avinash Trivedi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:96482}}
|percentage = 36.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Nakul Dubey]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:78898}}
|percentage = 29.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gomti Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:74995}}
|percentage = 28.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rajendra Prasad Yadav
|party = Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:4283}}
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2271}}
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:17584}}
|percentage = 6.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:264762}}
|percentage = 66.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Bakshi Ka Talab]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Gomti Yadav
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 79,629
|percentage = 36.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Nakul Dubey]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 77,730
|percentage = 35.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sunita Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 26,537
|percentage = 12.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 9,906
|percentage = 4.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kayam Raza
|party = Peace Party of India
|votes = 7,004
|percentage = 3.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,899
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 2,16,632
|percentage = 67.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:2017 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Lucknow district]]

Bharali Namghar

2025-12-03T16:50:32Z

WilmerLassetter: adjusted section also and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{multiple issues|{{tone|date=February 2018}}
{{advert|date=February 2018}}}}
[[File:NaamgharGate.jpg|thumb|330x330px|Bharali Namghar]]
'''Bharali Namghar''' ({{langx|as|ভঁৰালী নামঘৰ}}) is a temple situated in Bharali village, India. Bharali is approximately 2 km away from [[Hatbor]], a place of historical importance under the [[Kaliabor]] subdivision in the [[Nagaon district]], [[Assam]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiaplacesmap.com/Assam/Places/Bharali-Namghar-1555587|title=Bharali Namghar, Assam|website=indiaplacesmap.com|access-date=2018-03-08}}</ref> People from the Nagaon district are mostly agriculture oriented and are guided by rich Sattria ([[Ekasarana Dharma|Eksarana religion]]) culture.

==History==
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2024}}
For about 150 to 200 years Bharali Namghar was situated in the then 'Bamgaon', currently known as 'Daulpukhuri'. Bapuram Deo of Balisatra took the initiative in establishing the Namghar. The Namghar was burnt down by the Burmese Army (during the [[Burmese invasions of Assam|Burmese invasion of Assam]] between 1817 and 1826). Having no other option, the villagers left the place and re-established themselves in Bharali Gaon. Accordingly, the Namghar (popularly known as Bharali Namghar) came into being.

One of the interesting aspects of the Bharali Namghar is its 'Laikhuta' (main pillar), known as the Tulsi Khuta. Although not made from the holy basil plant (tulsi), the pillar is symbolically dedicated to it, highlighting the sacred role of Tulsi in the Vaishnavite tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=অসমৰ হৰিনামৰ অনন্য স্থলী ভৰালী নামঘৰ {{!}}{{!}} Bharali Namghar {{!}}{{!}}Satra Namghar of Assam {{!}}{{!}} |url=https://www.asomiyavaunasanskriti.com/2020/09/bharali-namghar-satra-namghar-of-assam.html |access-date=2023-05-30 |language=bn}}</ref> There are faiths and beliefs about the Laikhuta and preserved well near 'Simhasana' or 'Guruasana'. It is believed that the Bharali Namghar is the holy place to visit for fulfilling wishes. The local seniors used to say that the Namghar is the rest house of 'Burha Dangoria' (a holy sprit).

==Infrastructure==
The infrastructure of Bharali Namghar has totally changed with time. With the help of local people and devotees from different places bamboo poles, thatched roof, mud floor are replaced with cement pillar, tin and ceiling, modern floor style respectively. Keeping in view the increasing number of devotees, now the facilities of the washroom, rest house, guest house, banquet hall, auditorium, etc. are provided by the Namghar managing committee. The finance is properly and strictly managed by the committee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharali Namghar, Assam |url=https://indiapl-com.translate.goog/assam/bharali-namghar-452861?_x_tr_sl=bn&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc |access-date=2023-05-30 |website=indiapl-com.translate.goog}}</ref>

== Cultural Festival ==
Maghi Purnima or Makar Sankranti is an auspicious day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ullah |first=Imtiaz |date=2021-05-22 |title=The Story of Namghar - Bharali Namghar, Nagaon, Assam - Nomad Lawyer |url=https://nomadlawyer.org/the-story-of-namghar-bharali-namghar-nagaon-assam/ |access-date=2023-05-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> On this day thousands of devotees visit Bharali Namghar to fulfill their wishes . A lot of devotees come to the Namghar especially in the sacred month of Bhado (August -September) and Maagh (January–February). Spirituality lies in the sound of Doba and Borkaah(instruments to play during prayer) that removes negative power and welcomes the positive. To perform 'Naam-Prasanga'(communal prayer) and '[[Bhaona]]' (theatrical performance) in [[Sankardev|Srimanta Sankardeva]](Vaishnava guru) Tithi (observatory day) and Shree [[Madhavdev|Shree Madavdeva]] (Vaishnava guru and disciple of Srimanta Sankardev)Tithi is a tradition in Bharali Namghar. It is said that if a child is unable to walk in time people offer bamboo stick to the Namghar, if someone lost his cow people offer Diya (oil lamp), as a remedy of late marriage devotees visit with Diya and Sarai (raw fruits, Maah -Prasad as offering). Individuals can feel the existence of divine power in the Namghar.

==Image Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed-hover">
File:NaamgharGate.jpg|Entrance Gate of Bharali Namghar
File:Bharali Naamghar Monikut.jpg|Namghar Monikut
File:Makeup artist working.jpg|Artist applying makeup for Bhaona
File:Bhaona Fight.jpg|Fighting Scene @ Bhaona
File:BhaonaActing.jpg|Actors Performing Bhaona
</gallery>

{{coord missing|Assam}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links ==
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India}}
{{Commons category}}

[[Category:Ekasarana Dharma]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Assam]]

Ghantaghar

2025-11-25T05:56:57Z

WilmerLassetter: New.

{{Short description|Place in Delhi India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Other uses|Ghanta Ghar (disambiguation){{!}}Ghanta Ghar}}
'''Ghantaghar''' (literally clock-tower) is a location in the center of [[Chandni Chowk]], Old Delhi, where an iconic clock tower, termed Northbrook Clocktower during early 20th century, stood. The clock tower was built in 1870 and stood there until its partial collapse and subsequent demolition in 1950s.<ref name="columbia">{{cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/shahjahanabad/clocktower/clocktower.html |title=Clock Tower, Chandni Chowk, Delhi |first=Frances | last=Pritchett|publisher=columbia.edu|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref> The term "Chandni Chowk" ([[translation]]: ''silvery or moonlit square'') originally referred to this location which later came to designate the entire street. The Ghantaghar location has been regarded as the center of Delhi, and even now serves as a center for major civic events.<ref name="bhaskar">{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/article/MAT-UT-DEL-NEW-c-99-215577-NOR.html |title=मोदी के शपथ लेते ही जश्न का माहौल Bhaskar News Network|date=27 May 2014 |publisher=bhaskar.com|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref> Today, it is an open and congested area. The [[Delhi Town Hall]] is located just to the north of this site.

It was perhaps the oldest clock tower in India, constructed before [[Rajabai Clock Tower]], Mumbai, 1878, [[Husainabad Clock Tower]], Lucknow, 1881, [[Secunderabad Clock Tower]], Secunderabad, 1897 and [[Allahabad Clock Tower]], Allahabad, 1913.<ref>{{cite book |title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|first=Ashutosh | last=Joshi|publisher=New India Publishing|date= 1 Jan 2008|isbn=978-8189422820 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=bamrauli+airport&pg=PA41 }}</ref> While the clock tower is long gone, the location is still called Ghantaghar within [[Old Delhi]].

Ghantaghar was the location of some of the events relating to the Indian's freedom movement. On 30 March 1919, many protesters were killed by the British soldiers.<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Revolutionary movement: Famous Episode|last=Kapoor | first=M.R.|date=1999|publisher=Iṃsṭīcyūṭa āpha Sośala Sāiṃsisa ke lie Kansepṭa Pabliśinga Kampanī|isbn=9788170227519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz43BGinltEC|page=180|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref> It is still a very popular spot for organizing protests.
[[File:TheChowkMetcalfAlbum.jpg|thumb|[[Jahanara Begum]]'s caravanserai that formed the original [[Chandni Chowk]], from [[Sir Thomas Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalf]]'s 1843 [[Delhi Book|album]] ]]

==The Caravanserai and Town Hall==

The old city of Delhi was laid out by princess [[Jahanara Begum]], who constructed an elegant [[caravanserai]] on the East side of the street with gardens in the back.
Herbert Charles Fanshawe, in 1902, mentions about the serai:

"Proceeding up the Chandni Chowk and passing many shops of the principal dealers in jewels, embroideries, and other products of Delhi handicrafts, the Northbrook Clock Tower and the principal entrance to the Queen's Gardens are reached. The former is situated at the site of the Karavan Sarai of the Princess Jahanara Begum (p. 239), known by the title of Shah Begum. The Sarai, the square in front of which projected across the street, was considered by [[François Bernier|Bernier]] one of the finest buildings in Delhi and was compared by him with the Palais Royal, because of its arcades below and rooms with a gallery in front above. Bernier was of opinion that the population of Delhi in 1665 was much the same as that of Paris, a striking instance of how the population follows the court in the East. The gardens must at one time have been extremely beautiful specimens of eastern pleasure retreats, and even now are very pretty."<ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Delhi Past and Present|author=Fanshawe, H.C.|date=1902|publisher=J. Murray|url=https://archive.org/details/delhipastandpre00fansgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/delhipastandpre00fansgoog/page/n101 52]|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref>

The serai was demolished perhaps even before the ghadar of 1857. The serai was replaced by the Victorian-Edwardian architecture <ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/landmark-building-with-uncertain-fate/article1-970384.aspx|title=Landmark building with uncertain fate, Nivedita Khandekar, Hindustan Times New Delhi, December 08, 2012|publisher=hindustantimes.com|access-date=2015-03-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212153323/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Landmark-building-with-uncertain-fate/Article1-970384.aspx|archive-date=12 December 2012}}</ref> building now known as the Town Hall, and the pool in the middle of the square was replaced by a grand clock tower. The Town Hall was actually planned before the Revolt, and was built in 1860-5, as a center for the Europeans and was initially called the Lawrence Institute. The Institute contained a Darbar Hall with a public library and reading rooms. According to MCD, the Town Hall had been planned to serve as an office for the municipality, chamber of commerce, a literary society and a museum to ‘improve the local minds and to forward intercourse between Europeans and natives.’ <ref name="deccanherald">{{cite web|url=http://m.deccanherald.com/content/274816/archives.php/#sthash.EZvTpAnl.dpuf|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150103042638/http://m.deccanherald.com/content/274816/archives.php/#sthash.EZvTpAnl.dpuf|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2015|title=From civic centre to museum, Kusum Kanojia, Aug 29, 2012|publisher=m.deccanherald.com|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref>
[[File:Kissen1910.jpg|thumb| "A street scene in the Imperial City," photo by Jadu Kissen, acquired by a visitor in 1910, as viewed from [[Nai Sarak]] ]]

==The Northbrook Clock tower==

In front of Lawrence Institute, in the center of the Chandni Chauk, a 128 feet tall lofty Gothic clock-tower with four faces were constructed.<ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=Punjab gazetteers, 1883, bound in 10 vols., without title-leaves|author=Punjab|date=1883|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YacIAAAAQAAJ|page=314|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref>

Built by Delhi Municipality at a cost of Rs. 28,000, it was formally termed the Northbrook Clocktower.<ref name="google4">{{cite book|title=A Handbook for Travellers in India, Burma and Ceylon: Including the Provinces of Bengal, Bombay, Madras, the United Provinces of Agra and Lucknow, the Panjab, the North-west Frontier Province, Baluchistan, Assam, and the Central Provinces, and the Native States of Rajputana, Central India, Kashmir, Hyderabad, Mysore, Etc. ...|author1=John Murray (Firm)|author2=Fanshawe, H.C.|date=1907|publisher=J. Murray|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOcrAQAAMAAJ|page=201|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref> after [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Thomas Northbrook]], the [[Viceroy of India]] from 1872 to 1876. Northbrook hotel, a famous hotel near the Moree gate was also named after him.
The tower is said to have been 80 years old when it collapsed, implying its construction occurred in 1870.

It was actually standing in 1870 already according to Alfred Harcourt who wrote in 1870:<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=gJpeAAAAcAAJ&q=clock&pg=PA19 The New Guide to Delhi, Alfred Frederick Pollock Harcourt, Edition 2, Published 1870, p.21]</ref>

:Facing the Delhi Institute on the Chandni Chowk side, is a handsome and well-finished Clock Tower with four faces, and a chime of five bells. The City is indebted for this useful as well as ornamental structure also to the Municipal Committee at a cost of Rupees 25,500. It is 128 feet above the ground.

It is said that the pigeons sat on their hands so that it never showed the correct time. When Lord Northbrook visited Delhi, he did not quite like the architecture.<ref>''The Delhi Omnibus'', [[Thomas George Percival Spear]], Narayani Gupta, Robert Eric Frykenberg, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 86]</ref>

==Statue of Queen Victoria==

Inside the railings of the street a Statue of Queen Victoria, the late Queen Empress of India was placed by Mr. James Skinner, a grandson of [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|Colonel Skinner, C.B.]] in front of the Municipal building.

<ref name="google2"/>

[[File:Chandni Chowk on 15 August 1947.jpg|thumb|Indian National Flag hoisted at [[Chandni Chowk]], [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]] ]]
[[File:Delhi Town Hall.jpg|thumb|Delhi Town Hall at Chandni Chowk, with the statue of [[Swami Shraddhanand]] in front]]

The bronze statue of Queen Victoria stood between the tower and the municipal building in 1902.
<ref name="google5">{{cite book|title=Ek Delhi Aur|publisher=Atmaram & Sons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Gs8seghQFQC|page=49|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref> also image on cover
<ref name="parlantibronzefoundries">{{cite web |url=http://www.parlantibronzefoundries.co.uk/page7.php |title=Parlanti Bronze Foundries - Castings  |publisher=[[Parlanti Foundry]] |access-date=2015-03-06 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402111155/http://www.parlantibronzefoundries.co.uk/page7.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The statue of Queen Victoria was later moved to Delhi College of Art <ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/the-crowned-in-a-corner/article6114957.ece |title=The crowned in a corner, Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty, The Hindu, June 15, 2014 |publisher=thehindu.com|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref>



==Partial collapse and dismantling==

When India became independent on 15 August 1947, GhantaGhar, was lit up for the occasion and the [[Union Jack]] on the top was replaced by the [[tiranga]].<ref name="outlookindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?235342 |title=There Were A Million Revellers That Night, August 1947, and a 20-year-old with a camera. A never-before-seen album. Munir Kadri, Outlook, Aug 20, 2007 |publisher=outlookindia.com |access-date=2015-03-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402145617/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?235342 |archive-date=2015-04-02 }}</ref>

The upper part of the tower collapsed in 1950, killing some local citizens. That resulted in a court case
Municipal Corporation of Delhi v. Subhagwanti, AlR 1966 SC 1750 <ref name="google6">{{cite book|title=Law Students Companion QA|author=Arora, M.|year=2010|publisher=Universal Law Publishing|isbn=9788175344938|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rwo8_-Y40gkC|page=197|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref> Mr. Chakravarty, the Municipal Engineer, mentioned that the building was 80 years old and the expected life of the structure of the top story, considering the type of mortar used, could be only 40 to 45 years, and the surviving middle story could be saved for another 10 years. The High Court also took into consideration the statement of a Mr. Puri that when he inspected the building after the collapse and examined the mortar, he found that the mortar was reduced to powder without any cementing properties.<ref name="indiankanoon">{{cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/706862/ |title=Municipal Corporation Of Delhi vs Subhagwanti & Others(With ... on 24 February, 1966 |publisher=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref>

The Municipal Corporation later allocated 2  lakh in 1957 for rebuilding, however, the structure had come to be known as an English relic, and thus it was never rebuilt.

== Legacy==
The clock tower in Sabzi Mandi, Ramrup Tower, 1941, was inspired by the Ghantaghar tower, and it survives to this day.<ref name="google7">{{cite book|title=Bhangi, Scavenger in Indian Society: Marginality, Identity, and Politicization of the Community|author=Sharma, R.|date=1995|publisher=MD Publications|isbn=9788185880709|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v_aZm_MQjygC|page=38|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref><ref name="thehindu2">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/left-behind-by-the-times/article6047123.ece |title=Left behind by the times, Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty, The Hindu, May 26, 2014 |publisher=thehindu.com|access-date=2015-03-06}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

An old song recalls the clocktower (ghantaghar) that once stood in the center, and India's freedom struggle ([https://www.google.com/search?rlz=1C1GGRV_enUS743US745&biw=1233&bih=734&tbm=vid&q=Ghantaghar+chandni+chowk+se+ghaziabad+&oq=Ghantaghar+chandni+chowk+se+ghaziabad] video search):

घंटाघर की चार घड़ी,
चारों में ज़ंजीर पड़ी, 
जब भी घंटा बजता था,
खड़ा मुसाफिर हंसता था। 
हँसता था वो बेधड़क
आगे देखो नयी सड़क | 
नयी सड़क पर बुआ बाजरा
आगे देखो शहर शाहदरा | 
शहर शाहदरा में लग गयी आग
आगे देखो गजियाबाद | 
गजियाबाद में फूटा अंडा
उसमे से निकला [[Flag of India|तिरंगा]] झंडा | 
झन्डे से आई आवाज़
[[Inquilab Zindabad|इंक़लाब ज़िन्दाबाद]] ||

It recalls the satyagrah by [[Swami Shraddhanand]] in the 1930s near the Ghantaghar. Close the site, now his statue marks the event.
The events are recalled in Ek Delhi Aur by Rajendra Sharma in the voice of a [[kan-mailya]] (ear cleaners of old Delhi)<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Gs8seghQFQC&q=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87&pg=PA24 | title=Ek Delhi Aur | first=Rajendra | last=Sharma | year=1987 | publisher=Atmaranm and Sons | pages=25–27}}</ref>

When film producer [[B.R. Chopra]] made his comedy [[Hindi film]] ''[[Chandni Chowk (1954)|Chandni Chowk]]'' (1954), he made sure that a replica of Ghantaghar is included.<ref>Chandni Chowk 1954, B.R. Chopra producer, [https://www.google.com/search?q=Chandni+Chowk+1954&oq=Chandni+Chowk+1954&aqs=chrome..69i57&sourceid=chrome&es_sm=122&ie=UTF-8#q=Chandni+Chowk+1954&tbm=vid scene at 1:57]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ghantewala]]
* [[Nai Sarak]]
* [[Allahabad Clock Tower]] 1913
* [[St. James' Church, Delhi]]
* [[Secunderabad Clock Tower]] 1897
* [[Rajabai Clock Tower]] 1878
* [[List of clock towers]]
* [[Ghanta Ghar (Multan)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coords|28.6564|77.2275|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Delhi]]
[[Category:Towers completed in 1870]]
[[Category:Clock towers in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1950]]
[[Category:1950 disestablishments in India]]

Language Movement Day

2025-10-31T07:49:51Z

WilmerLassetter: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|National holiday of Bangladesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox holiday
|holiday_name = Language Movement Day {{lang|bn|ভাষা আন্দোলন দিবস}}
|type = National
|longtype =
|image = Shaheed Minar.JPG
|caption = The [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] monument commemorates those who lost their lives during the protests on 21 February 1952.
|official_name =Language Martyrs' Day ({{lang|bn|শহীদ দিবস}})
|nickname = Language Movement Day ({{lang|bn|ভাষা আন্দোলন দিবস}}) 21st of February ({{lang|bn|একুশে ফেব্রুয়ারি}})
|duration = 1 day
|frequency = Annual
|observedby = [[Bangladesh]] and Bengali speakers in India and elsewhere
|date = 21 February
|firsttime = 1955<ref name="Islam1994" />
|celebrations = Flag hoisting, [[parade]]s, singing patriotic songs, the "[[Amar Bhaier Rokte Rangano]]", speeches by the [[President of Bangladesh|President]] and [[Prime Minister of Bangladesh|Prime Minister]], entertainment and cultural programs.
|observances =
|relatedto = [[International Mother Language Day]]
}}
The '''Language Movement Day''' ({{langx|bn|ভাষা আন্দোলন দিবস|Bhāṣā Āndōlôn Dibôs}}), officially called '''Language Martyrs' Day''' ({{langx|bn|শহীদ দিবস|Śôhīd Dibôs|link=no}}), is a national holiday of [[Bangladesh]] taking place on 21 February each year and commemorating the [[Bengali language movement]] and its martyrs. On this day, people visit [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] to pay homage to the movement's martyrs and arrange seminars discussing and promoting [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as the [[state language]] of Bangladesh.

==Background==
{{main|Bengali language movement}}
[[File:Partition of India.PNG|thumb|Britain's holdings on the [[Indian subcontinent]] were granted independence in 1947 and 1948, so becoming four new independent states: [[Dominion of India|India]], [[Post-independence Burma, 1948–1962|Burma]], [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]], and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] (including [[East Bengal]], from 1971 [[Bangladesh]]).]]

After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Bengali-speaking people in [[East Bengal]], the non-contiguous eastern part of the [[Dominion of Pakistan]], made up 44 million of the newly formed Dominion of Pakistan's 69 million people.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Al Helal |first=Bashir |year=2012 |chapter=Language Movement |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033428/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> The Dominion of Pakistan's government, civil services, and military, however, were dominated by personnel from the western wing of the Dominion of Pakistan.<ref name=JSToldenburg>{{cite journal |last=Oldenburg |first=Philip |date=August 1985 |title='A Place Insufficiently Imagined': Language, Belief, and the Pakistan Crisis of 1971 |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=711–733 |issn=0021-9118 |doi=10.2307/2056443 |jstor=2056443 |s2cid=145152852 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1947, a key resolution at a national education summit in [[Karachi]] advocated [[Urdu]] as the sole state language and its exclusive use in the media and in schools.<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=Morning News |date=7 December 1947}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=[[The Azad]] (a daily newspaper) |language=bn |publisher=Abul Kalam Shamsuddin, Dhaka |date=11 December 1948}}</ref> Opposition and protests immediately arose. Students from [[Dhaka]] rallied under the leadership of [[Principal Abul Kashem|Abul Kashem]], the secretary of [[Tamaddun Majlish]], a Bengali Islamic cultural organisation. The meeting stipulated Bengali as an official language of the Dominion of Pakistan and as a medium of education in East Bengal.<ref name="umarharv1">{{Cite book |last=Umar |first=Badruddin |year=1979 |script-title=bn:পূর্ব বাংলার ভাষা আন্দোলন ও তাতকালীন রজনীতি |title=Purbo-Banglar Bhasha Andolon O Totkalin Rajniti |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265835/page/n53/mode/1up |location=Dhaka |publisher=Agamee Prakashani |language=bn |page=35}}</ref> However, the [[Pakistan Public Service Commission]] removed Bengali from the list of approved subjects, as well as from currency notes and stamps. The central education minister [[Fazlur Rahman (politician)|Fazlur Rahman]] made extensive preparations to make Urdu the only state language of the Dominion of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite book |last=Al Helal |first=Bashir |author-link=Bashir Al Helal |date=2003 |title=Bhasa Andolaner Itihas |trans-title=History of the Language Movement |language=bn |location=Dhaka |publisher=[[Agamee Prakashani]] |pages=227–228 |isbn=984-401-523-5}}</ref> Public outrage spread and a large number of Bengali students met on the [[University of Dhaka]] campus on 8 December 1947 to formally demand that Bengali be made an official language. To promote their cause, Bengali students organised processions and rallies in Dhaka. The language movement prompted the people of East Bengal (later East Pakistan) to establish a separate national identity, distinct from that of the remainder of Pakistan (later [[West Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/293072/University-of-Dhaka-Language-Movement-and-Birth-of-a-Nation- |title=University of Dhaka, Language Movement and Birth of a Nation |work=Daily Sun |language=en |access-date=20 January 2020 |archive-date=21 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221195049/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/293072/University-of-Dhaka-Language-Movement-and-Birth-of-a-Nation- |url-status=live}}</ref>)

==Protest==
[[Image:1952_Bengali_Language_movement.jpg|thumb|250px|Procession march held on 21 February 1952 in [[Dhaka]]]]
At nine o'clock on the morning of 21 February 1952, students began gathering on the premises of the University of Dhaka in defiance of [[Unlawful Assembly|Section 144]] of the [[Pakistan Penal Code|penal code]]. The university vice-chancellor and other officials were present as armed police surrounded the campus. By a quarter past eleven, students gathered at the university gate and attempted to break the police line. Police fired [[tear gas]] shells towards the gate to warn the students.<ref name="Banglapedia"/> A section of students ran into the [[Dhaka Medical College and Hospital|Dhaka Medical College]] while others rallied towards the university premises cordoned by the police. The vice-chancellor asked police to stop firing and ordered the students to leave the area. However, the police arrested several students for violating Section 144 as they attempted to leave. Enraged by the arrests, the students met around the [[East Bengal Legislative Assembly]] and blocked the legislators' way, asking them to present their insistence at the assembly. When a group of students sought to storm into the building, police opened fire and killed a number of students, including [[Abdus Salam (language martyr)|Abdus Salam]], [[Rafiq Uddin Ahmed]], [[Abul Barkat]] and [[Abdul Jabbar (activist)|Abdul Jabbar]].<ref name="Banglapedia"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Dhaka Medical College Hostel Prangone Chatro Shomabesher Upor Policer Guliborshon. Bishwabidyalayer Tinjon Chatroshoho Char Bekti Nihoto O Shotero Bekti Ahoto |language=bn |work=The Azad |date=21 February 1952}}</ref> As the news of the killings spread, disorder erupted across the city. Shops, offices and public transport were shut down and a general strike began.<ref name=UStudies>{{cite book |editor=James Heitzman |editor2=Robert Worden |url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/ |title=Bangladesh: A Country Study |access-date=16 June 2007 |chapter=Pakistan Period (1947–71) |chapter-url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/14.htm |publisher=Government Printing Office, Country Studies US |year=1989 |isbn=0-16-017720-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622211513/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/21.htm |archive-date=22 June 2011}}</ref> At the assembly, six legislators including [[Manoranjan Dhar]], Boshontokumar Das, Shamsuddin Ahmed and Dhirendranath Datta requested that chief minister [[Nurul Amin]] visit wounded students in hospital and that the assembly be adjourned as a sign of mourning.<ref name=bashir377393>{{cite book |last=Al Helal |first=Bashir |author-link=Bashir Al Helal |date=2003 |title=Bhasa Andolaner Itihas |trans-title=History of the Language Movement |language=bn |location=Dhaka |publisher=[[Agamee Prakashani]] |pages=377–393 |isbn=984-401-523-5}}</ref> This motion was supported by some of the treasury bench members including [[Maulana Abdur Rashid Tarkabagish]], Shorfuddin Ahmed, Shamsuddin Ahmed Khondokar and Mosihuddin Ahmed.<ref name=bashir377393/> However Nurul Amin refused the requests.<ref name="Banglapedia"/><ref name=bashir377393/>

==Effects==

===Constitutional reform===
On 7 May 1954, the constituent assembly resolved, with the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]]'s support, to grant official status to Bengali. Bengali was recognised as the second official language of Pakistan on 29 February 1956, and article 214(1) of the [[Constitution of Pakistan]] was amended to provide that "The state language of Pakistan shall be Urdu and Bengali."

However, the military government formed by [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] made attempts to re-establish Urdu as the sole national language. On 6 January 1959, the military regime issued an official statement and reinstated the official stance of supporting the 1956 constitution's policy of two state languages.<ref name="lambert">{{cite journal |last=Lambert |first=Richard D. |title=Factors in Bengali Regionalism in Pakistan |journal=Far Eastern Survey |volume=28 |issue=4 |date=April 1959 |issn=0362-8949 |pages=49–58 |doi=10.2307/3024111 |jstor=3024111}}</ref>

===Independence of Bangladesh===
{{Main|Bangladesh Liberation War}}
Although the question of official languages was settled by 1956, the military regime of Ayub Khan promoted the interests of West Pakistan at the expense of East Pakistan. Despite being the majority of the national population, East Pakistanis remained underrepresented in civil and military services and received only a small share of state funding and government support. This was mainly due to lack of [[democracy|representative government]] in the fledgling state. Mainly due to regional economic imbalances sectional divisions grew, and support for the Bengali ethnic nationalist Awami League, which invoked the [[Six point movement|6-point movement]] for greater provincial autonomy. One demand was that East Pakistan be called ''Bangladesh'' (Land/Country of Bengal), which subsequently led to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name=JSToldenburg/>

==Commemoration==
{{See also|Shaheed Minar, Dhaka}}
To commemorate this movement, [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]], a solemn and symbolic sculpture, was erected in the place of the massacre.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

Following the formation of the provincial government by the [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] in April 1954, the anniversary of 21 February was declared a holiday.<ref name="Islam1994">{{cite book |last=Mamud |first=Hayat |editor-last=Islam |editor-first=Syed Manzoorul |editor-link=Syed Manzoorul Islam |chapter=This History of the Observance of Ekushey |title=Essays on Ekushey: The Language Movement 1952 |year=1994 |location=Dhaka |publisher=[[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] |pages=78–79 |isbn=984-07-2968-3}}</ref> The day is revered in Bangladesh where it is a [[public holidays in Bangladesh|public holiday]] and, to a somewhat lesser extent, in [[West Bengal]] as the ''Martyrs' Day''.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

[[UNESCO]] decided to observe 21 February as [[International Mother Language Day]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newsgram.com/commemorating-the-international-mother-language-day-february-21/ |title=Commemorating the International Mother Language Day- February 21 |date=21 February 2016 |website=NewsGram |language=en-US |access-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508093840/http://www.newsgram.com/commemorating-the-international-mother-language-day-february-21/ |archive-date=8 May 2016}}</ref> The UNESCO General Conference took the decision that took effect on 17 November 1999,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |title=Language Movement |website=Banglapedia |access-date=6 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033428/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> when it unanimously adopted a draft resolution submitted by Bangladesh and co-sponsored and supported by 28 other countries.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==See also==
* [[Bengal]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928040051/http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/ekushe.html A timeline of events]
* [http://www.toronto.ca/proclamations/2006/proclamation_internationalmotherlanguageday2006.htm International Mother Language Day at Toronto]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141218044121/http://motherlanguageday.org/ International Mother Language Day (21 February) Photo Contest 2012]

{{Bangladesh Holidays}}
{{Language Movement}}

[[Category:1952 protests]]
[[Category:February observances]]
[[Category:Language observances]]
[[Category:Public holidays in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Bengali language movement]]
[[Category:Spring (season) in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:National days in Bangladesh]]

India Mobile Congress 2018

2025-10-28T16:32:25Z

WilmerLassetter: Created new article w/ refs!

{{Short description|International technology conference in India}}
{{Infobox Convention|name=India Mobile Congress 2018|image=|caption=|genre=[[Information technology|Digital technologies]] and [[Telecommunication]]|venue=[[Aerocity]]|location=[[Aerocity]], [[New Delhi]]|country=[[India]]|organizer=[[Cellular Operators Association of India|COAI]] and [[Department of Telecommunications|DoT]]|filing=|attendance=65,000|website={{URL|https://www.indiamobilecongress.com/|www.indiamobilecongress.com}}}}

'''India Mobile Congress 2018 (IMC)''' was a technology event and international conference jointly organised by the [[Cellular Operators Association of India|Cellular Operators Association of India (COAI)]] and the [[Department of Telecommunications]], [[Government of India]]. IMC 2018 was the second edition of the iconic [[India Mobile Congress]] event that is held annually in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. It was held at [[Aerocity]], New Delhi from 25 October 2018 to 27 October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/india-mobile-congress-2018-dates-october-25-27-1837475|title=India Mobile Congress 2018 Scheduled for October 25-27|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=14 April 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref>

The main thrust area at IMC 2018 was the potential of [[5G]] technology and its use cases.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digit.in/telecom/imc-2018-paints-an-optimistic-5g-ready-future-but-is-india-really-ready-for-it-44343.html|title=IMC 2018 paints an optimistic 5G-ready future, but is India really ready for it? {{!}} Digit.in|website=Digit|date=26 October 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-07}}</ref> A number of companies presented their roadmaps for their readiness for deployment of 5G technology in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/money/gadgets/india-mobile-congress-2018-kicks-off-october-25-5g-to-be-the-next-big-thing-for-india/ar-BBOQoHw|title=India Mobile Congress 2018 kicks off October 25: 5G to be the next big thing for India|website=msn.com|access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref> The India Mobile Congress 2018 was awarded as "The Knowledge Hub" at Exhibition Excellence Awards 2019 held in Expo Center, Greater Noida in March 2019.

== Inauguration ==
The inauguration of IMC2018 took place on 25 October 2019, around 10am. The three-day international event was inaugurated by [[Manoj Sinha]], Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Communications and Minister of State for Railways. A number of important industry stakeholders, ministers and experts attended the inaugural session, such as:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/qZpUvS6p0F73U84UCYV7jI/India-Mobile-Congress-opens-today-spotlight-on-5G-apps.html|title=India Mobile Congress opens today, spotlight on 5G apps|last=Pandey|first=Navadha|date=2018-10-25|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.communicationstoday.co.in/day-one-indian-mobile-congress-2018/|title=Day One-Indian Mobile Congress 2018, IMC 2018 Began On A Grand-Scale At Aero City, New Delhi. A Report|website=Communications Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-08|archive-date=2020-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911014328/https://www.communicationstoday.co.in/day-one-indian-mobile-congress-2018/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:India Mobile Congess 2018 Inaugural Ceremony.jpg|alt=Telecom giants of India|thumb|The who's who of the Indian Digital Communications Industry stand up for the National Anthem during the inaugural session.]]

=== Indian government officials ===
*[[Ravi Shankar Prasad]], Minister of Electronics and Information Technology and Law & Justice
*[[Suresh Prabhu]], Minister of Commerce & Industry and Civil Aviation
*[[Hardeep Singh Puri]], Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Housing & Urban Affairs
*[[Aruna Sundararajan]], Secretary (T) & Chairperson, [[Telecom Commission of India|Telecom Commission]]

=== International policy makers ===
*[[Tram Iv Tek]], Minister of Posts & Telecommunications, Cambodia
* U Thant Sin Maung, Union Minister for Transportation & Communications, Myanmar;
* Bounsaleumsay Khennavong, Lao PDR; and
* H.E. [[Gokul Prasad Baskota]], Minister for Communications and Information Technology, Nepal

[[File:The Minister of State for Communications (IC) and Railways, Shri Manoj Sinha inaugurating the India Mobile Congress - 2018, in New Delhi.JPG|alt=IMC 2018 inauguration|thumb|'''The Minister of State (Independent Charge) for Communications and the Minister of State for Railways, Manoj Sinha cutting the ribbon to inaugurate IMC 2018''']]

=== Industry stakeholders ===
* Dr [[Youngky Kim]], President and Head of [[Samsung Networks]]
* Vivek Badrinath, Regional CEO, Africa Middle East Asia Pacific, [[Vodafone Group]]
*[[Sunil Mittal|Sunil Bharti Mittal]], Founder and chairman, [[Bharti Enterprises]]
*[[Mukesh Ambani]], chairman, [[Reliance Industries|Reliance Industries Limited]]
*[[Kumar Mangalam Birla]], chairman, [[Aditya Birla Group]]

The crowd of over 5000 visitors for the inaugural ceremony included policy makers, ambassadors, opinion makers, change agents, bureaucrats and investors from over 20 countries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.smartgovernance.in/india-mobile-congress-2018-concludes/|title=India Mobile Congress 2018 Concludes|date=2018-10-27|work=Smart Governance|access-date=2019-03-08}}</ref>

== International conference ==
The high caliber three-day international conference is one of the main things that sets [https://www.indiamobilecongress.com India Mobile Congress] apart from other technology and telecom exhibitions in the region. IMC attracts the biggest and the most famous international speakers in the telecom and technology space and that makes it a popular choice for Indian and foreign delegates, including tech enthusiasts, young professionals, businessmen, industry leaders, analysts, media persons and students.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.communicationstoday.co.in/day-one-indian-mobile-congress-2018/|title=Day One-Indian Mobile Congress 2018, IMC 2018 Began On A Grand-Scale At Aero City, New Delhi. A Report|website=Communications Today|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-08|archive-date=2020-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911014328/https://www.communicationstoday.co.in/day-one-indian-mobile-congress-2018/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

IMC 2019 also saw the presence of high-level ministerial delegations from several [[BIMSTEC]] and [[ASEAN]] countries. Ministers from the European Commission, Cambodia, Myanmar, Nepal, and Lao PDR led their respective delegations, and participated in plenary sessions that were focused on the specific needs, challenges, and opportunities applicable to member countries of these regional forums.<ref name=":1" />

=== Theme ===
The theme for the 2018 edition of India Mobile Congress was "New Digital Horizons – Connect. Create. Innovate."

=== Sessions ===
{| class="wikitable"
!'''Sessions'''
!Sessions
|-
|The India Story (Stack 3.0) - Connect, Create, Innovate
|Global CEO Conclave - Power of Content
|-
|The Evolving Regulatory Landscape in the New Digital Ecosystem-Regulatory Brief
|Global CEO Conclave - Open Source Tech
|-
|Enabling Futuristic Networks - Reducing complexity to Redefine connectivity
|Pro-Innovation Regulation and Privacy- Encouraging New Digital Business Models
|-
|Digital Identity - A revolution or a threat
|The Emerging World of Analytics: Creating Business Solutions
|-
|Building Next-Gen Digital Infrastructure for the Masses
|HealthTech - Age of Cyborgs
|-
|Gadgets of Tomorrow-Connected Intelligence
|Value Creation through Digital Marketing
|-
|ASEAN & BIMSTEC Conclave
|Artificial Intelligence: Innovation, Investments, Ethics and Responsibilities
|-
|Smart Cities: - Automating the way we live
|Industry 4.0 : Building Factories of the Future
|-
|Enabling the IoT ecosystem - Shaping an Automated Society
|Future of Enterprise - Serving the Millennials
|-
|Augmented & Virtual Reality - What does the future hold?
|Special Plenary Session on 5G - Government Perspective
|-
|Make From India
|Special Plenary Session on 5G - OEM Perspective
|-
|The Digital Natives - Transforming Technology and Content
|Spectrum for Next Gen Technologies
|-
|Evolving network Models - Intelligent Transport
|Driving Infinite Possibilities through Open Source Technology
|-
|RupeeTech ₹TECH - Is Cash still the King ?
|Metrics for futuristic Networks
|-
|GuruGyan - Mentoring Session for Startups
|Blockchaining Our Lives
|-
|Global CEO Conclave - Networks of Tomorrow
|Cybersecurity as a Collective Responsibility - Defining the road ahead
|-
|Global CEO Conclave - Emerging Technologies
|AgriTech : TechFARMERS
|}

=== Top speakers ===

* [[Ajit Pai]]
* [[Andrus Ansip|Andrus Ancip]]
* Johannes Gungl
* [[Kumar Mangalam Birla]]
* [[Mukesh Ambani]]
* [[Ram Sewak Sharma|R.S.Sharma]]
* [[Sunil Mittal|Sunil Bharti Mittal]]
* [[Youngky Kim]]

== Exhibition ==

=== Event partners ===
There were a number of high-profile brands that partnered with IMC for the 2018 edition including Samsung, Huawei, Qualcomm, Tech Mahindra, Facebook, Google, and several others.<ref name=":0" />

=== Top exhibitors ===
{| class="wikitable"
|[[Accenture]]
|[[Mavenir]]
|[[Sterlite Technologies Limited]]
|-
|[[Anritsu]] India Pvt Ltd
|[[Mediatek]]
|[[TCIL]] (TEPC Pavilion)
|-
|[[BSNL]]
|Mobiloitte Technologies India Pvt. Ltd.
|[[TANLA]]
|-
|Canada Pavilion
|[[NEC Technologies]] India Private Limited
|[[Tata Communications]] + [[Semtech]]
|-
|[[C-DOT]]
|Netcomm Labs Pvt. Ltd.
|UK Pavilion
|-
|[[Commscope]]
|[[Nokia]]
|[[UNISOC]]
|-
|[[ECI Telecom]]
|[[Qualcomm]]
|[[UT Starcom]]
|-
|[[Ericsson]]
|[[RED HAT]] India Pvt. Ltd.
|[[Vodafone Idea Limited]]
|-
|[[Facebook]]
|[[Reliance Jio]]
|[[Western Digital]]
|-
|{{ill|Huber+Suhner|de}}
|[[Rosenberger]] Electronic Co.(India) Pvt. Ltd.
|Z-com
|-
|[[Huawei Technologies]]
|[[Samsung]]
|[[Zoho Corporation]] Pvt. Ltd.
|-
|[[Intel]]
|Savitri Telecom Private Limited
|[[ZTE]]
|}

=== List of start-ups ===
{| class="wikitable"
|3Embed Software Technologies Pvt Ltd
|Kratikal
|-
|Aarav Unmanned Systems
|Linearized amplifier technologies and services Pvt.ltd.
|-
|Alef Mobitech Solutions Pvt. Ltd
|Linearixed (IIT Roorkee)
|-
|Bigfix Gadget Care Llp
|Lucideus
|-
|BYTEXFUSION (OPC) PRIVATE LIMITED
|Market Entry and Retail Consulting
|-
|Cradlewise (Chigroo Labs Pvt. Ltd. )
|MAYAKRISHNA SALES PVT LTD.
|-
|DEAZZLE SERVICES PRIVATE LIMITED
|Nearex Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
|-
|DCIRRUS CLOUD COMPUTING SERVICES PVT LTD
|o-hire
|-
|Gaia Smart Cities Solutions Pvt Ltd
|RAIDLAYER WEBHOST PRIVATE LIMITED
|-
|Genietalk.ai
|GenieTalk Private Limited
|-
|Goldbin
|Sensworx Systems India Private Limited
|-
|Healthol
|Shellios India
|-
|Heuro
|TestRight Nanosystems Pvt. Ltd
|-
|Indovators
|V-Cloakroom
|-
|Knowmadin India
|
|}

== Key highlights and announcements ==
 A number of key announcements were made at the India Mobile Congress.
{| class="wikitable"
! S. No.
! Organization / Company
! Announcement
! Relevance for India
|-
|'''1.a.'''
|Samsung & R Jio
|5G Live Demo of the Skyship Drone
|Applications in public safety & surveillance, agriculture monitoring and disaster response.
|-
|'''1.b..'''
|Ericsson & R Jio
|Demo of connected car on a 5G network
|Environmental quality, reduce traffic collisions and fatality rates. Driver safety and data processing and management.
|-
|'''2.'''
|Ericsson & Airtel
|Drone flying on 5G. Surveillance and logistics 
|Autonomous drone applications in mission-critical applications, disaster management, emergency deliveries, medicine and remote surveillance.
|-
|'''3'''
|Nokia
|Manufacturing of Nokia 5G NR (New Radio)
|Nokia's state-of-the-art manufacturing unit in Chennai will start large scale manufacturing of 5G New Radio enabling made in India for the World.
|-
|'''4.'''
|Ericsson
|Export of 5G ready equipment from India
|Ericsson started exporting 5G ready telecom equipment from its manufacturing facility in Pune, to global markets. Its state-of-the-art facility will cater enabling made in India for the World
|-
|'''5.'''
|BSNL, Airtel, JIo, Vodafone idea
|One Million WiFi Hotspots across India
|The telecom industry will install 1 million Wi-Fi hotspots in the next 12 months. Interoperability across different WiFi networks thereby enabling smooth experience for subscribers, as he or she will be able to use the data plan taken from any TSP for all the WiFi Hotspots deployed across India. Besides offering consumer delight, this industry initiative will create additional 3 lakh jobs.
|}

== Awards and recognition ==
India Mobile Congress won the award for "The Knowledge Hub" at the Exhibition Excellence Awards 2019 held at Expo Center, [[Greater Noida]] on 23 March 2019.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://www.indiamobilecongress.com/ Official website]
* [https://www.coai.com/ Cellular Operators Association of India]

[[Category:Telecommunication conferences]]

Pallikaranai

2025-10-24T16:14:34Z

WilmerLassetter: Starting A Post From Scratch - done

{{Use dmy dates|date = October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date = October 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date = October 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pallikaranai
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline = Power tower & ominous clouds.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Pallikaranai wet land.
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Pallikaranai (Tamil Nadu)
| coordinates = {{coord|12.934900|N|80.213700|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Urban area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chennai]]
| subdivision_type4 = Zone
| subdivision_name4 = [[Perungudi]]
| subdivision_type5 = Ward
| subdivision_name5 = 189 & 190
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Chennai Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 28
| population_total = 43493
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600100
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-44
| registration_plate = '''TN-14'''
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Chennai South
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Legislative Assembly]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sholinganallur]]
| website = http://www.tn.gov.in/ (Governmental)
| footnotes =
}}
'''Pallikaranai''' is a neighborhood and a residential area in south [[Chennai, Tamil Nadu]], India. Located in proximity to the IT industry in [[Old Mahabalipuram Road]], Chennai's central business districts and the automobile hub in GST road has attracted more population to Pallikaranai in the 2000s. Pallikaranai became a part of the [[Chennai Corporation]] in July 2011.

Pallikaranai place surrounded by various natural lands, water resources, ponds, lakes and different varieties of birds.

According to a 2012 report by global property consultant Knight Frank, the neighborhood has emerged as India's 11th largest destination for investment in the residential real estate, in the list of 13-top residential destinations in the country from an investment point of view, where housing prices are expected to increase by 93 percent over the period 2012–2017.<ref>{{cite news
| author = PTI
| title = Ulwe in Mumbai emerges as top destination for realty investment
| newspaper = The Economic Times
| location = New Delhi
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 20 November 2012
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-20/news/35226359_1_cent-knight-frank-top-destination
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130929003756/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-11-20/news/35226359_1_cent-knight-frank-top-destination
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 29 September 2013
| access-date = 21 Nov 2012}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Pallikaranai had a population of 22,503. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Pallikaranai has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 67%. In Pallikaranai, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age. Pallikaranai area contains several water bodies and many lakes and is also the home for the reputed National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT), which is the real technical arm under Govt of India. This institute has developed In-house Desalination Plant at Kavaratti under Mr Robert Singh and Dr Kathiroli. There are also many temples, parks and schools. In July 2011, Pallikaranai was joined with the Corporation of Chennai. A central grant for sewage system construction in Pallikaranai is awarded to State Government of Tamil Nadu under JnNURM scheme for which the tender and construction is expected to complete by February 2013. The effectiveness of the new sewage scheme is still in question due to the substandard contract approvals and usage of low quality construction materials. Most of the streets report damages to the underground laid sewage clay pipes and soil sinking. Way back from the start of project in 2009, most of the street roads in Pallikaranai are damaged for laying sewage pipes and then left untarred causing inconvenience for transportation.

==Location==
Pallikaranai is surrounded by [[Madipakkam, Chennai|Madipakkam]] in the northwest, [[Velachery]] in the north, [[Perungudi]] in the northeast, Kovilambakkam in the west, [[Thuraipakkam]] in the east, Nanmangalam in southwest, [[Medavakkam]] in the south and [[Karapakkam]] in the southeast on ECR. It is part of Chennai from year 2012 which has 3 wards, 189,190 and 191 under zone 14.

Ward 189 has Sree Balaji Dental college and Jerusalem Engineering College.
ward 191 has Asan memorial college, St. Johns Memorial college, Bethotal School, Holley Bells in Saiganesh Nagar.

==Location in context==
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Areas of Chennai'''
|Northwest = [[Madipakkam, Chennai|Madipakkam]]
|North = [[Velachery]]
|Northeast = [[Perungudi]]
|West = [[Kovilambakkam]]
|Centre = Pallikaranai Government high school
|East = [[Thuraipakkam]]
|Southwest = Nanmangalam
|South = [[Medavakkam]]
|Southeast = [[Karapakkam]]
}}

==Chennai monorail-Pallikaranai==
The Chennai monorail, which is in planning stage is likely to have a station in Pallikaranai in the Velachery-Vandalur route

==Pallikaranai Marsh==
{{Main|Pallikaranai wetland}}
[[File:Pallikaranai marsh.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Pallikaranai Marsh]]
[[Pallikaranai wetland]] is a fresh water swamp adjacent to the [[Bay of Bengal]] situated in south [[Chennai]] with a geographical area of 80 km2. In 2007, a major portion of the Pallikaranai marshland was declared a [[reserve forest]] area and brought under the Tambaram range of the Forest department. The swamp is helpful in charging the aquifers of the region. It is one of the last few remaining natural ecosystems in the city of Chennai. Pallikaranai is a vast, marshy area bounded by

-[[Velachery]] in north

-[[Medavakkam]] in south

-Kovilambakkam in west and

-Okkiyampettai [[Thuraipakkam]] in east

The swamp is helpful in charging the aquifers of the region. This blessing in fact has become a curse to the local residents. There are many unauthorized, private water supply companies like VVK, JK, RKS, Balaji water packaging etc., backed by politicians, counselor and government officials who pumps out gallons of water from wells and bores from the swamp surrounding like Ambal Nagar for commercial distribution within the city limits branding it as drinking water. The untreated water is being pumped out from abandoned wells filled with filth and then filled in tankers or cans for distribution. Many representations have been made by residents to officials like Chennai Mayor, CM, Kancheepuram Collector and even to local police for which no action has been taken so far. This unattended issue is causing many water borne diseases in the locality and deaths in Pallikaranai. See: http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3859667.ece

==Transportation==

===Air===

The nearest airport of Pallikaranai is [[Chennai International Airport]] near [[Meenambakkam]] which is at a distance of ~13.5 km.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.distance.co.in/distance-from-chennai-international-airport-to-meenambakkam/by-road/ |title=Distance from Chennai International Airport to Meenambakkam, Distances Between Chennai International Airport to Meenambakkam, Calculate Meenambakkam Distance from Chennai International Airport by Road, Travel Time Driving Direction Calculator from Chennai International Airport to Meenambakkam |access-date=27 June 2016 |archive-date=3 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803080429/http://www.distance.co.in/distance-from-chennai-international-airport-to-meenambakkam/by-road/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The shortest way to reach Pallikaranai is by using the Velachery Main Road. The other two ways are to go via Pallavaram-Thoraipakkam Radial Road. MTC buses also ply on this route, but you have to break the journey and change buses.

===Road===

Roads on both the sides are largely encroached and sight of seeing cattle on roads is very common and there has been a lot of accidents happened and no action taken by corporation or police yet. Pallikaranai has connectivity to various parts of the city.
There are two arterial roads: Velachery Main Road, connects Tambaram, Solinganallur and Pallavaram-Thoraipakkam Radial Road.

The Rs. 38.5 crore ROB in Tambaram completed in March 2009 and the Rs. 13.2 crore grade separator at Pallikaranai

The grade separator in Pallikaranai at the intersection of Velachery Main Road and Pallavaram - Thoraipakkam Radial Road has been completed and has helped in reducing traffic. The Minister would be taking part in a function in Tambaram on that day and he would lay the foundation for a road overbridge at Tambaram and for the Pallikaranai grade separator. While the bridge at Tambaram is estimated to cost Rs. 34 crore, Rs. 14 crore is to be spent on the Pallikaranai grade separator as on 2010. The State Highways Minister, Mr. Saminathan announced the construction of this project in February after an inspection of Pallikaranai, where work on minor bridges was in progress.

As per the design, vehicles towards Pallikaranai and Velachery would ply on the bridge, while motorists proceeding to Pallavaram and Thoraipakkam would be using the road beneath, according to senior engineers of the Highways Department.

===CMDA master plan===
There is CMDA master plan for to develop outer ring road 200 feet, medavakkam to karapakkam (OMR) via jalladianpet and pallikaranai. some of the area in pallikaranai, Sri Ganapathy Nagar (Syndicate) Colony, sai ganesh nagar, jaya anjaneyanagar and jalladianpet's area will be connected in this road to OMR.

https://web.archive.org/web/20120208092938/http://www.cmdamaps.tn.nic.in/ in this website, get map, of masterplan land use for pallikaranai, jalladianpettai,(st thomas mount taluka) karapakkam, medavakkam.

==Flora and fauna==
The topography of the swamp is such that it always retains some storage, thus forming an [[aquatic ecosystem]]. It has been a home for naturally occurring plants (61 species), fish (50 species), birds (106 species), butterflies (7 species), reptiles (21 species) and some exotic floating vegetation such as [[water hyacinth]] and [[water lettuce]], which are less extensive now and highly localized.
Recent reports of the appearance of the [[white-spotted supple skink]], for the first time in [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Daboia|Russell's viper]], the largest and the most widespread among Asian vipers, confirm its invaluable ecological status. Fish such as [[Dwarf gourami]] and [[Orange chromide|Chromides]] that are widely bred and traded worldwide for aquaria, occur naturally in Pallikaranai. Besides, the [[Anomiidae|Windowpane oyster]], [[Scylla tranquebarica|Mud crab]], [[Mullet (fish)|Mullet]], [[Halfbeak]] and [[Green chromide]] are some of the estuarine fauna present in the marsh.

==Environment==
Dumping of [[solid waste]], discharge of [[sewage]], construction of buildings, construction of a railway station and a new road to connect old Mahabhalipuram road and Pallavaram are causing the Pallikaranai [[marsh]] to shrink.<ref name="CPREEC">{{cite web|url=http://cpreec.org/pubbook-conservation.htm|title=Pallikaranai swamp|year=2007|work=Conservation of Wetlands, Wetlands of Chennai|publisher=C.P. Ramaswami Environmental Education Centre|access-date=2009-03-24}}</ref>
[[Cognizant]] Chennai is located here now.

[[File:Cognizant at Pallikaranai.jpg|thumb|Cognizant at Pallikaranai]]

A major portion of the Pallikaranai marshland in south Chennai has been declared a [[reserve forest]] area and brought under the Tambaram range of the Forest department, according to a draft notification issued on 9 April 2007.

The notification says: "The proposal of the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests sent in his letter for publication of the notification under Section 4 of the Tamil Nadu Forest Act, 1882 is approved".

Senior department officials said a special [[tahsildar]] had been appointed to specify the boundaries and the extent of the marshland to be brought under their control. From now on, it would be known as ''`Pallikaranai Swamp Forest Block.'''

They said {{convert|3.17|km2|acres}} of the marshland had been classified as reserve forest area.

Earlier, it was classified under the Revenue records of the Kancheepuram district administration. For several years, nature lovers, environmentalists and civic groups had been pressing for protecting the area, as it was a natural habitat with rich flora and fauna.

With the department taking over the marshland, it would be possible to take stringent action against trespassers and those dumping and burning garbage there, the officials said. Provisions of the Tamil Nadu Forest Act and Wildlife Protection Act could be invoked against them. Pallikaranai is the 17th reserve forest area in the Tambaram Range, whose reserve forest area goes up to {{convert|56.27|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070427152418/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/21/stories/2007042117590100.htm the Hindu]</ref>

The Union Environment Ministry is considering the approval of an [[adaptive management]] plan for the Pallikaranai marshland.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112129/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article472451.ece Finally, a plan to save Pallikaranai marsh]</ref>

==Famous temples==
There are many famous temples in Pallikaranai, with visitors from all parts of the city. Arulmigu Annai Adhiparasakthi Temple / Mandira Paavai Temple https://web.archive.org/web/20101007085846/http://omgaarasakthi.org/, Senghazlini amman temple, Sri Nagathamman Kovil, Lakshmi Narayana Perumal temple, Muthumari amman Koil, veerathaman Koil and Sivan Koil are some of the oldest temples found here.

==Economy==
Pallikaranai is home to many BPO and IT/ITES companies. Many mid-size IT companies and MNCs are located here, including Future Works, Hexawave, Jasmine Tech, Paragon,Shell India and Kaladi.PSU's like BHEL ( Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd) and HLL Lifecare are also located here.

==Hospitals==
Dr. Kamakshi Memorial Hospital is one of the Tertiary Care Hospital in Pallikaranai and V-Cure Hospital is located opposite to Pallikaranai police station (high school), Avs Hospital near to Pallikaranai police station (high school) and Global Hospitals 6.3 km on to Perumbakkam sholinganallur Road.

==Colleges and research centres==

=== Jerusalem Engineering College ===

Jerusalem Educational Trust was formed in 1993 as a charitable trust, with an objective of promoting higher education in India in the fields of engineering and technology, medicine, dentistry and paramedical works as well as arts, science, commerce and physical education.

=== Sree Balaji Dental College ===

Sree Balaji Dental College (approved by Dental Council of India and Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, New Delhi and affiliated to Bharath University, Chennai) with its hospital complex is situated at Pallikaranai, a beautiful suburban landscape on the Velechery Main road, Chennai, easily accessible by road either from Saidapet or Tambaram. A very prominent center of Dental care in the city of Chennai, it has all the amenities and facilities to give first-rate treatment to its patients. It has since emerged as a center of Dental care attracting multitudes of patients every day. It offers both undergraduate and post-graduate courses of all specialities.

=== Asan Memorial College of Arts & Science ===
The Asan Memorial College of Arts & Science was established in 1994. It is a co-educational institution of repute which offers courses in Arts, Science, Commerce, Business Administration and Hotel Management. The college was formally inaugurated by His Excellency K.R. Narayanan, the Honourable Vice President of India in December 1994.

It is a co-educational institution of repute which offers courses in arts, science, commerce, business administration and hotel management. The college was formally inaugurated by His Excellency K.R. Narayanan, the Honourable Vice President of India in December 1994.

http://www.asaneducation.com/

=== National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT)===
{{Main|National Institute of Ocean Technology}}
The National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT) was established in November 1993 as an autonomous society under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. NIOT is managed by a Governing Council and the director is the head of the institute.

The major aim of starting NIOT under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, is to develop reliable indigenous technology to solve the various engineering problems associated with harvesting of non-living and living resources in the Indian Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), which is about two-thirds of the land area of India.

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Pallikaranai}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Chennai}}
{{Areas of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]

National Highway 20 (India, old numbering)

2025-10-24T07:31:42Z

WilmerLassetter: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[National Highway 154 (India)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R with history}}
}}

Department of Home Affairs and Disaster Management (Andhra Pradesh)

2025-10-16T07:08:40Z

WilmerLassetter: New

{{Short description|Head of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Minister of Home Affairs
| body =
| native_name = {{transliteration|te|Paura Rakṣaṇa Vyavahārāla mariyu Vipatthu Nirvahāṇa Śākha Mantrī}}
| insignia =
| insigniasize = 200
| insigniacaption =
| insigniaalt =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Emblem of Andhra Pradesh]]
| image = Vangalapudi Anitha, Minister of Home Affairs & Disaster Management.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent = [[Vangalapudi Anitha]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 12 June 2024
| department = Department of Home Affairs and Disaster Management
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation = HM
| member_of = [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Andhra Pradesh Cabinet]]
| reports_to = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]] [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =
| appointer = [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| appointer_qualified = on the advice of the [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]]
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural = [[Nimmakayala Chinarajappa]]
| formation = 8 June 2014
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}


The '''Minister of Home Affairs''' or '''Home Minister''' ('''HM''') is the head of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. The minister's chief responsibility is the maintenance of Andhra Pradesh's [[internal security]]; the state's police force comes under the ministry's jurisdiction. Occasionally, the minister is assisted by the '''Minister of State of Home Affairs'''. The Minister of Home Affairs is one of the senior-most officers in the [[Andhra Pradesh Council of Ministers|Cabinet of Andhra Pradesh]]. Several Home Ministers have held the additional portfolio of [[Deputy Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]].

From June 2014 to May 2019, the Home Minister of Andhra Pradesh was [[Nimmakayala Chinarajappa]] of the [[Telugu Desam Party]], taking over the reins from [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]], who was also Home Minister as well as the last [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] before the bifurcation of [[United Andhra Pradesh]] into the present-day residual [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]]. Following the cabinet re-shuffling on 11 April 2022, [[Taneti Vanitha]] assumed the office under the [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry]], serving until 11 June 2024. On 14 June 2024, [[Vangalapudi Anitha]] assumed the office under the [[fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry]].

==Functions==
The Home Department oversees various personnel and administrative functions across several departments, including the police, prisons, fire services, and printing & stationery departments, with the exception of cadre officer matters. Its responsibilities include management of the Special Protection Force (SPF), administration of the Sainik Welfare Department, and regulation under the Arms Act and related state judicial matters. Additionally, the department is authorized to sanction or withdraw prosecution, delegate magisterial powers to district collectors and district election officers during election periods, and confer magisterial powers to IAS probationers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Department |language=en|website=Andhra Pradesh State Portal|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/#/department/organizations-details/24}}</ref>

==List of Home Ministers==
===United Andhra Pradesh===
{{Incomplete list|date=November 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
! rowspan="2" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" | Name
! rowspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" | Term of office
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Party
! rowspan="2" | Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! From
! To
! Days in office
|-
!colspan=11 |[[United Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
|
|[[File:No-Photo-Available-240x300.jpg|156x156px]]
|'''[[Chegondi Harirama Jogaiah]]'''
|[[Narasapuram Assembly constituency|Narasapuram]]
|
|
|
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|
|[[N. T. Rama Rao]]
|<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4FDAAAAYAAJ&q=Harirama+Jogaiah+%C2%A0home+minister |title=Data India |date=1990 |publisher=Press Institute of India |pages=441 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[File:No-Photo-Available-240x300.jpg|125px]]
| '''[[M. V. Mysura Reddy]]'''
|
|
|
|
| rowspan=2 |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan=2 width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-05-25 |title=Former TDP MP Mysura Reddy suspended for breach of discipline |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/former-tdp-mp-mysura-reddy-suspended-for-breach-of-discipline/article3455103.ece |access-date=2022-12-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[File:No-Photo-Available-240x300.jpg|125px]]
| '''[[Alapati Dharma Rao]]'''
|
|
|
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naxalite violence pushes security in Andhra Pradesh to new levels |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19931115-naxalite-violence-pushes-security-in-andhra-pradesh-to-new-levels-811812-1993-11-14 |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[File:No-Photo-Available-240x300.jpg|125px]]
| '''[[P. Indra Reddy]]'''
|
| 1995
| 1996
| 1 year
| rowspan=3 |[[Telugu Desam Party]]
| rowspan="3" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}" |
| [[N. T. Rama Rao]]
|
|-
|
| [[File:No-Photo-Available-240x300.jpg|125px]]
| '''[[Alimineti Madhava Reddy]]'''
|
| 1996
| 1999
| 4 years
| rowspan=2 |[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-07 |title=మరపురాని నేత మాధవరెడ్డి |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/opinion/former-home-minister-madhava-reddy-15th-death-anniversary-219273 |access-date=2022-11-04 |website=Sakshi |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|
| [[File:T Devender Goud.jpg|125px]]
| '''[[Tulla Devender Goud]]'''
|
| 1999
| 2004
| 5 years
|
|-
|
| [[File:Janareddyk.jpg|125px]]
| '''[[Kunduru Jana Reddy]]'''
|
| 2004
| 2009
| 5 years
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]]
|
|-
|
| [[File:The Minister for Home and Jails, Andhra Pradesh, Smt. Sabitha Indra Reddy addressing the gathering during Bharat Nirman Public Information Campaign, at Maheswaram, Rangareddy district, Andhra Pradesh on August 03, 2010.jpg|125px]]
| '''[[Sabitha Indra Reddy]]'''
|
| 2009
| 2013
| 4 years
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]]
|
|}

=== Andhra Pradesh ===
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
! rowspan=2 |#
! rowspan=2 colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan=2 style="width:16em" | Minister {{small|(Lifespan) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan=2 style="width:5em" |Election {{small|(Term)}}
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Party
! rowspan=2 style="width:8em" |Ministry
! rowspan=2 style="width:10em" |Chief Minister
!rowspan=2 |Ref.
|-
!Term start
!Term end
!Duration
|-
!1
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[File:The Deputy Chief Minister & Home Minister, Shri N. Chinarajappa addressing at the Public Information Campaign, at Yemmiganur, Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh on October 09, 2015 (cropped).jpg|97px97]]
|'''[[Nimmakayala Chinarajappa]]''' {{small|(born 1953) MLA for [[Peddapuram Assembly constituency|Peddapuram]]}}
|8 June 2014
|29 May 2019
|'''{{ayd|8 June 2014|29 May 2019}}'''
|[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]] {{small|[[14th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(14th)]]}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Third N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu III]]'''
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Have a look on educational qualifications of CBN cabinet ministers |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Politics/ViewArticle/59313/Have-a-look-on-educational-qualifications-of-CBN-cabinet-ministers/ |access-date=2022-05-17 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
!2
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|YSR Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Mekathoti Sucharitha.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Mekathoti Sucharitha]]''' {{small|(born 1972) MLA for [[Prathipadu, Guntur Assembly constituency|Prathipadu]]}}
|8 June 2019
|7 April 2022
|'''{{ayd|8 June 2019|7 April 2022}}'''
|rowspan=2 |[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]] {{small|[[15th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(15th)]]}}
| rowspan="2" |[[YSR Congress Party]]
| rowspan=2 bgcolor="#94A2F7"| '''[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy ministry|Jagan]]'''
| rowspan="2" |[[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Mekathoti Sucharita, the Dalit(christian) woman Home Minister of Andhra Pradesh|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mekathoti-sucharita-the-dalit-woman-home-minister-of-andhra-pradesh-5771929/|work=The New Indian Express|date=9 June 2019|location=Hyderabad}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mekatoti Sucharita set to create history|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/mekatoti-sucharita-set-to-create-history/article27691485.ece|work=The Hindu|date=8 June 2019|location=Guntur |url-status=}}{{dead link|date=September 2023}}</ref>
|-
!3
|
|'''[[Taneti Vanitha]]''' {{small|(born 1973 MLA for [[Gopalapuram Assembly constituency|Gopalapuram]]}}
|11 April 2022
|11 June 2024
|'''{{ayd|11 April 2022|8 June 2024}}'''
|<ref name="Vanitha gets home, Buggana retains finance, Botcha & Suresh swap ministries in new team">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Vanitha gets home, Buggana retains finance, Botcha & Suresh swap ministries in new team |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/12/vanitha-gets-home-buggana-retains-finance-botcha-suresh-swap-ministries-in-new-team-2440934.html |access-date=14 April 2022 |date=12 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414035057/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/apr/12/vanitha-gets-home-buggana-retains-finance-botcha-suresh-swap-ministries-in-new-team-2440934.html |archive-date=14 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Buggana retains finance, Vanitha gets Home">{{cite news |title=Buggana retains finance, Vanitha gets Home |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/buggana-retains-finance-vanithagets-home/article65311357.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=14 April 2022 |date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414035219/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/buggana-retains-finance-vanithagets-home/article65311357.ece |archive-date=14 April 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
!4
|bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
|[[File:Vangalapudi Anitha.jpg|97x97px]]
|'''[[Vangalapudi Anitha]]''' {{small|(born 1979) MLA for [[Payakaraopet Assembly constituency|Payakaraopet]]}}
|12 June 2024
|''Incumbent''
|'''{{ayd|12 June 2024|}}'''
|[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]] {{small|[[16th Andhra Pradesh Assembly|(16th)]]}}
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]
|bgcolor="#F5EC7D"| '''[[Fourth N. Chandrababu Naidu ministry|Naidu IV]]'''
|[[N. Chandrababu Naidu]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-12 |title=Chandrababu Naidu sworn-in as new Andhra CM: Here is full list of AP ministers |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chandrababu-naidu-sworn-in-as-new-andhra-cm-here-is-full-list-of-ap-ministers/articleshow/110937106.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-04 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=AP Cabinet Ministers List: Who Gets What? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/chandrababu-allocates-portfolios-to-ap-cabinetminister-898927 |access-date=2024-08-04 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.AndhraPradeshtoday.in/Andhra Pradesh/story/amit-shah-home-minister-rajnath-finance-minister-new-list-of-cabinet-ministers-in-modi-govt-1539264-2019-05-31 Amit Shah take charge of Home Ministry of Andhra Pradesh 2019]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Home Affairs (Andhra Pradesh) Minister}}
[[Category:Lists of government ministers of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Andhra Pradesh| ]]