https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=WillyFdt599330Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-11T09:23:16ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kallatra_Mahin&diff=507734Kallatra Mahin2026-05-08T14:41:33Z<p>WillyFdt599330: put up some info needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1964)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}<br />
<br />
'''Kallatra Mahin''' (born 1964) is an Indian politician from Kerala. He is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kasaragod Assembly constituency]] in [[Kasaragod district|Kasargod district]] representing the Indian Union Muslim League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kasaragod Election Result 2026 Live: IUML retains Kasaragod seat, Kallatra Mahin wins with 76396 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kasaragod-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-kerala-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-kaelb-2905311-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kasaragod Assembly Election Results 2026 Live Updates: IUML's Kallatra Mahin wins by 22,698 votes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/kerala/kasaragod-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-iumls-kallatra-mahin-lefts-m-v-balakrishnan-and-bjps-ashwini-m-l-are-contesting-for-this-seat-among-others/liveblog/130692681.cms |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Mahin is from [[Melparamb]], Kasargod, Kerala. He is the son of late Kallatra Abdul Khader Haji. He passed Class 12, the pre-degree Degree course in 1981. He is a landlord and runs his own business. He declared assets worth Rs.61 crores in his affidavit to the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kallatra Mahin(Indian Union Muslim League):Constituency- KASARAGOD(KASARGOD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Kerala2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=638 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Mahin won the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] from Kasargod Assembly constituency representing IUML.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kasaragod Election Result 2026 LIVE Updates: Kerala (Kasaragod) Assembly Election Results 2026 Winner, Vote Counting, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/kasaragod-election-result-live-updates-kerala-assembly-election-results-winner-10669144/ |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He polled 76,396 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ashwini M L of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 22,698 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kasaragod Election Result 2026 Highlights: IUML retains Kasaragod seat, Kallatra Mahin wins with 76396 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/kasaragod-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-kerala-vote-counting-seat-constituency-candidates-leading-trailing-kaelb-2905311-2026-05-04 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kasaragod Election Results 2026: IUML’s Kallatra Mahin wins by 22,698 votes against BJP’s Ashwini M L |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kasaragod-election-results-2026-iumls-kallatra-mahin-wins-by-22698-votes-against-bjps-ashwini-m-l/articleshow/130627469.cms |access-date=2026-05-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Raghawendra |date=2026-05-04 |title=Kallatra Mahin of IUML wins Kasaragod Assembly constituency with 22,698 vote margin |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/kasaragod-assembly-constituency-kallatra-mahin-of-iuml-wins-with-22-698-vote-margin-2026-05-04-1039897 |access-date=2026-05-07 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahin, Kallatra}}<br />
[[Category:1964 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Union Muslim League politicians]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kasaragod district]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 2026–2031]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_Indian_farmers%27_Republic_Day_protest&diff=4828082021 Indian farmers' Republic Day protest2026-05-07T10:18:40Z<p>WillyFdt599330: adding first post added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Part of Indian farmers Protest}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox civil conflict<br />
| title = 2021 Farmers' Republic Day Protest<br />
| partof = the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]<br />
| image = Protesting farmer hoisting the Nishan Sahib at the Red Fort on 26 January 2021.jpg<br />
| caption = Protesting farmer hoisting the [[Nishan Sahib]] flag from the ramparts of the [[Red Fort]]<br />
| date = 26 January 2021<br />
| place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| causes = <br />
| goals = Abolition of [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|three farm acts]]<br />
| methods = <br />
| status = <br />
| result = <br />
| fatalities = 1 protestor dead<br />
| side1 = [[Delhi Police]]<br />
| side2 = [[File:Nishan Sahib.svg|24px]] [[Khalsa]]<br/>[[Samyukta Kisan Morcha]] (SKM)<br />
| injuries = 100+<br>89 policemen injured<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chand|first=Sakshi|date=Jan 28, 2021|title=Outnumbered, but not outdone: Injured cops recall Republic Day horror|location=Delhi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/outnumbered-but-not-outdone-injured-cops-recall-r-day-horror/articleshow/80488689.cms|access-date=2021-03-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
| arrests = 200 arrested<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/farmers-protests-delhi-police-detain-200-in-connection-with-republic-day-violence/article33675552.ece?homepage=true|title=Farmers' protests - Delhi Police detain 200 in connection with Republic Day violence|date=27 January 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
| damage = <br />
| buildings = <br />
| detentions = <br />
| charged = <br />
| fined = <br />
| effect_label = <br />
| casualties_label = <br />
| notes = <br />
| sidebox = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2021 Farmers' Republic Day protest''' was a protest on 26 January 2021 at [[Delhi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=3 January 2021|title=Will Celebrate Lohri by 'Burning' Copies of Farm Laws, Say Farmers; next Round of Talks Tomorrow|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/farmers-protest-jan-4-talks-lohri-singhu-border-7131344/|access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref> Part of the [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]. The protestors deviated from the parade to take the parade towards [[Red Fort]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mohan|first=Vishwa|date=2 January 2021|title=Farmers' Unions Plan to Hold Their Own Parades in Delhi on Republic Day, Say It's Time for Decisive Action|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/farmers-unions-plan-to-hold-their-own-parades-in-delhi-on-republic-day-say-its-time-for-decisive-action/articleshow/80075432.cms|access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref> The protest took place on the 72nd [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] against the decision by [[Narendra Modi]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) to implement [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|three farm acts]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=7 January 2021|title=Farmers Plan Tractor Rally from Five Points Surrounding Delhi from 11&nbsp;am. Today|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/farmers-plan-tractor-rally-from-five-points-surrounding-delhi-from-11-am-today/article33517066.ece|access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
The decision to hold the parade with tractors and marching contingents in Delhi was announced on 2 January 2021 by the leadership of the [[Samyukt Kisan Morcha]] (SKM).<ref name=":13">{{cite web|last=Sengar|first=Mukesh Singh|date=2 January 2021|title=75-Year-Old Protesting Farmer Found Dead at Delhi-Ghaziabad Border|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/75-year-old-protesting-farmer-found-dead-at-delhi-ghaziabad-border-2346809|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102072912/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/75-year-old-protesting-farmer-found-dead-at-delhi-ghaziabad-border-2346809 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021|publisher=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Sinha|first=Jignasa|date=17 December 2020|title=Delhi Chalo' March: Farmers Say Will Prepare List of Deaths during Protest|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/farmers-say-will-prepare-list-of-deaths-during-protest-7108015/|access-date=8 January 2021}}</ref> The date of 26 January 2021 was chosen, according to the SKM leaders, because it coincided with the two-month anniversary of the farmers' protest and because "the Republic Day represents the supremacy of the people".<ref name="Tribune Advisory" /><ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=2 January 2021|title=Will Hold Tractor Parade towards Delhi on 26 January If Demands Not Met, Say Farmer Unions|url=https://theprint.in/india/will-hold-tractor-parade-towards-delhi-on-26-january-if-demands-not-met-say-farmer-unions/578221/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102102034/https://theprint.in/india/will-hold-tractor-parade-towards-delhi-on-26-january-if-demands-not-met-say-farmer-unions/578221/ |archive-date=2 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021|website=ThePrint}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 26 January, tens of thousands of the farmers protesting agricultural reforms drove a convoy of tractors, earlier than the allotted time, to start the tractor rally into [[New Delhi]]. The farmers drove on prohibited routes in long lines of tractors, riding horses or marching on foot. However, a section of the tractor rally turned violent as the protesting farmers clashed with the police. Some of the protesters deviated from their pre-sanctioned routes permitted by [[Delhi Police]] and breached the barricades.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2 January 2021|title=Protesting Farmers to Hold Tractor Parade on Jan 26 in Delhi If Demands Not Met|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/protesting-farmers-to-hold-tractor-parade-on-jan-26-in-delhi-if-demands-not-met/story-4YqXsNX59nEMmcWfTi6Q1K.html|access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=28 January 2021|title=Tractor rally: Why protesting farmers deviated from original routes|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/newsindia/tractor-rally-why-protesting-farmers-deviated-from-original-routes/ar-BB1d6064?li=AAggbRN|publisher=MSN}}</ref> Some protesters reached central Delhi and resorted to vandalism and damage to public property.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Ananya|last1=Bhardwaj|access-date=28 January 2021|title=3 reasons why Delhi Police failed to stop farmers from storming the heart of the capital|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/3-reasons-why-delhi-police-failed-to-stop-farmers-from-storming-the-heart-of-the-capital/592734/|date=27 January 2021}}</ref> Other protestors reached the Red Fort and hoisted the [[Nishan Sahib]] (a Sikh religious flag) and farmer union flags on the mast on the rampart of the Red Fort.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=28 January 2021|title=Chaos in the republic: The rampage of protesting farmers – A full-proof plan gone wrong|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chaos-in-the-republic-the-rampage-of-protesting-farmers/red-fort-desecrated/slideshow/80475758.cms|website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anti-farm laws protestors wave flags from ramparts of Red Fort in Delhi |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/anti-farm-laws-protestors-wave-flags-from-ramparts-of-red-fort-in-delhi/ |website=The Daily Guardian |access-date=28 January 2021 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203000431/https://thedailyguardian.com/anti-farm-laws-protestors-wave-flags-from-ramparts-of-red-fort-in-delhi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Republic Day Violence: Delhi Police Register 4 FIRs for Rioting, Damage to Public Property |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/republic-day-violence-delhi-police-register-four-cases-against-farmers-3343367.html |website=News18 |date=26 January 2021 |access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Tractor parade Guardian">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/26/violent-clashes-as-indian-farmers-storm-delhis-red-fort|title=Violent clashes as Indian farmers storm Delhi's Red Fort|work=The Guardian|author=Hannah Ellis-Petersen, Aakash Hassan|date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Tractor parade BBC">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/uk-55793731|title=India protest: Farmers breach Delhi's Red Fort in huge tractor rally|work=BBC News|date=26 January 2021|location=India|access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 28 January, the Delhi Police stated that it has filed various criminal cases over the incidents of violence and had arrested several people.<ref name="Tribune 28 Booked">{{cite news|title=Deep Sidhu, Lakha Sidhana booked for Red Fort violence|language=en|work=Tribuneindia News Service|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/deep-sidhu-lakha-sidhana-booked-for-red-fort-violence-204493|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref> More than 300 police personnel were injured in the violence by protesters, who used batons and sharp weapons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/republic-day-violence-amit-shah-to-visit-injured-police-officers-today-101611809672519.html|title='Proud of their courage': Amit Shah visits cops injured in R-day violence|date=28 January 2021|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> The violence and hoisting of a religious flag on the ramparts of the Red Fort led to the [[Bharatiya Kisan Union]] (Bhanu) and the Rashtriya Kisan Mazdoor Sangathan withdrawing from the farmers' protest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Farmers' protest: BKU (Bhanu), Rashtriya Kisan Mazdoor Sangathan withdraw from agitation|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/aikscc-bharatiya-kisan-union-withdraw-from-farmers-protest-11611747110174.html|url-status=live|access-date=|work=LiveMint|editor-first=Meghna|editor-last=Sen|date=27 Jan 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127125507/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/aikscc-bharatiya-kisan-union-withdraw-from-farmers-protest-11611747110174.html |archive-date=27 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|location=Delhi|date=January 27, 2021|title=BKU (Bhanu), Rashtriya Kisan Mazdoor Sangathan withdraw from farmers' protest over Jan 26 violence|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/aikscc-withdraws-from-farmers-protest-1763249-2021-01-27|access-date=2021-07-10|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Dress rehearsal ==<br />
On 7 January 2021, [[Samyukt Kisan Morcha]] organized the dress rehearsal of Kisan-parade for 26 January 2021 on the 270 kilometres long [[Eastern Peripheral Expressway|Eastern]] and [[Western Peripheral Expressway]] that rings Delhi. 5000 tractors participated in the tractor-trolley parade held between 11:00&nbsp;a.m. and 4:00&nbsp;p.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. The 'parade' had four columns, each with its own start point, which were: [[Singhu]], [[Tikri Kalan|Tikri]], [[Ghazipur, Delhi|Ghazipur]], and Rewasan. A fifth farmers' column, with start point [[Dhansa (New Delhi)|Dhansa]], was added on the morning on 7 January. Each column is under a leader, with volunteers to ensure good order, after traversing the designated route and distance returned to the start point by evening. The tractor-trolley-parade was the cause of much enthusiasm and was deemed a success by the organizers. The farmers' tractor columns from [[Ghazipur]] and [[Palwal]] were mainly from [[Uttar Pradesh]] (UP), [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] (MP), and farmers in the columns from Singhu, Tikri, and Dhansa, were mostly from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and [[Haryana]].<ref name=":9"/> The rehearsal-parade passed without major incident. There were, however minor skirmishes between farmers and policemen in [[Bulandshahr]] and [[Gautam Buddh Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]]. Iraj Raja, [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (Rural), [[Ghaziabad Police Commissionerate|Ghaziabad]] said no permission was sought for the rally but "the administration was in no mood of confrontation as long as there is no law-and-order problem."<ref name=":9" /> The farmers' column from Rewasan, [[Nuh district]], was prevented from participating by the police. Its leader Ramzan Chaudhary, president of All-India Mewati Samaj, was detained on 7 January by Narendra Bijarniya, Superintendent of Police of Nuh district.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=7 January 2021|title=Farmers' Protest {{!}} Tractor Rallies Taken out on Expressways Surrounding Delhi|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/farmers-protest-tractor-rallies-taken-out-on-expressways-surrounding-delhi/article33522528.ece|access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Simultaneous Kisan parades were also held in many districts of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], as well as [[Rajasthan]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":6" /><br />
==Government response==<br />
The [[Government of India|Indian government]] had expressed apprehensions before the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] over what it says is a continued "[[Khalistan movement|Khalistani infiltration]]" in the farmers' protests, pointing out the role of outlawed secessionist groups like [[Sikhs for Justice]]. The government alleged that such groups had been using the protests as a cover for collecting money for their causes.<ref name=":142">{{Cite news|last=Tiwary|first=Deeptiman|date=13 January 2021|title=In SC, Govt Echoes What Some in BJP Said: 'Khalistani' Presence|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/in-sc-govt-echoes-what-some-in-bjp-said-khalistani-presence-7144106/|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref> The farmers, and their unions, have been accused by government and sections of the media of links with hostile foreign powers such as [[Pakistan]] and [[China]] of harbouring [[Naxalite|Naxalites]], terrorists, Khalistanis and [[Anti-national (India)|anti-nationals]]. It also alleged that the farmers were unable to comprehend the many virtues of the farm bills and the protests to be a front for opposition political parties such as the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":112">{{cite web|date=13 December 2020|title=Ugrahan Wears His Politics on His Sleeve: 'Called Us Pak, Now Naxals|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/joginder-singh-ugrahan-bku-farmers-protest-pakistan-naxals-7102561/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213001713/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/joginder-singh-ugrahan-bku-farmers-protest-pakistan-naxals-7102561/ |archive-date=13 December 2020 |access-date=22 January 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":122">{{cite web|date=12 January 2021|title=Khalistanis' Have Infiltrated Ongoing Farmers' Protests at Delhi Border: Centre Tells SC|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/khalistanis-have-infiltrated-ongoing-farmers-protests-at-delhi-border-centre-tells-sc|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112103816/https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/khalistanis-have-infiltrated-ongoing-farmers-protests-at-delhi-border-centre-tells-sc |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021|website=Free Press journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Farmers protest: At Singhu, 'Godi media' is enemy|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/farmers-protest-at-singhu-godi-media-is-enemy/cid/1802051|access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite news|date=15 January 2021|title=Farmer Leaders Divided over Tractor March on Republic Day|work=Tribuneindia News Service|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/are-there-difference-in-opinion-among-leaders-over-tractor-march-on-republic-day-198831|access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref> [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]], then the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], and Union Minister [[Piyush Goyal]], who was a member of the Government delegation engaged in talks with the farmers, were among the ruling party members who made such allegations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nair|first=Remya|date=12 December 2020|title=Maoists, Leftists Have Infiltrated 'so Called' Farmer Protests to Scuttle Reforms, Says Goyal|url=https://theprint.in/india/maoists-leftists-have-infiltrated-so-called-farmer-protests-to-scuttle-reforms-says-goyal/565542/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212103714/https://theprint.in/india/maoists-leftists-have-infiltrated-so-called-farmer-protests-to-scuttle-reforms-says-goyal/565542/ |archive-date=12 December 2020 |access-date=|website=ThePrint}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Government had opposed the farmers' plan for Kisan Gantantra Diwas Parade ({{Translation|Farmers' Republic Day Parade}}) on the grounds of security, law and order, threats to the nation's prestige and "global image". On 11 January, [[K. K. Venugopal|KK Venugopal]], the [[Attorney General of India|Attorney General for India]], informed the Supreme Court of India that the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB) had found evidence that the farmers were harbouring Khalistanis.<ref name=":72">{{Cite news|date=12 January 2021|title=Tractor Rally on R-Day Will Be Embarrassment to Nation, Centre Tells SC in Injunction Plea|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/india/tractor-rally-on-r-day-will-be-embarrassment-to-nation-centre-tells-sc-in-injunction-plea/583787/|access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref> The government ordered the [[Delhi Police]], which comes under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], to submit an application to the Supreme Court to prevent the tractor parade. The Delhi Police application claimed that the tractor parade would cause "a massive law and order situation and will cause an embarrassment to the nation" and that the right to protest can never include "maligning the nation globally".<ref name=":82">{{cite web|last=Roy|first=Radhika|date=11 January 2021|title=Farmers Happy With Laws; Wrong Perception Created By Non-Farmer Elements' : Centre's Affidavit in SC On Farmers Protests|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/farm-laws-supreme-court-farmers-protest-central-government-affidavit-168272|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111164349/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/farm-laws-supreme-court-farmers-protest-central-government-affidavit-168272 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021|website=livelaw.in}}</ref><ref name=":142" /><ref name=":122" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Karat|first=Brinda|date=15 January 2021|title=How Supreme Court's Committee Will Be Used Against Farmers|url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/how-supreme-courts-committee-will-be-used-against-farmers-2351704|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113075742/https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/how-supreme-courts-committee-will-be-used-against-farmers-2351704 |archive-date=13 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021|publisher=NDTV}}</ref><br />
<br />
The SKM leadership, disappointed with the accusations by the Government, dismissed the allegations as baseless, stating that it intended to malign and demonise the farmers' movement.<ref name=":22" /> [[Balbir Singh Rajewal]], the senior SKM leader has warned farmers to beware of Government attempts to malign the increasing popular movement through ‘dushprachar’ ([[Propaganda|bad propaganda]]). He accused the "anti-farmer forces and government agencies" of trying to scuttle the peaceful agitation of farmers and common people.<ref name=":22" /><br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
===2 January 2021 ===<br />
[[Samyukt Kisan Morcha]] (SKM) leaders announced that if their core demands of the repeal of the farm laws and legal guarantee to implement [[Minimum support price (India)|Minimum Support Price]] (MSP) were not met by 26 January 2021, they would hold a 'Kisan Gantantra Diwas Parade' ({{Translation|Farmers' Republic Day Parade}}) on that day to coincide with the annual [[Republic Day Parade]], in which the country showcases it tanks, missiles, and military might. [[Yogendra Yadav]] of Jai Kisan Andolan issued an appeal to all "farmers from adjoining areas of national capital to be prepared" for the 'Kisan Gantantra Diwas Parade'. Before the main tractor-parade on 26 January, SKM leadership announced a rehearsal of the same on 6 January 2021.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
=== 8 January 2021 ===<br />
The eighth round of talks between the SKM at the Government at [[Vigyan Bhawan]], New Delhi, ended without progress. After the talks, union leader [[Joginder Singh Ugrahan]] said, "We do not want anything less than the repeal of laws" and that "we will not bow down". [[Hannan Mollah]], another Kisan leader, stated that the tractor parade would be held as planned on 26 January.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=8 January 2021|title=Ghar Wapsi'Only after 'Law Wapsi': Protesting Farmers Dig in Heels after Talks with Centre Fail to Make Headway|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/farmers-protests-highlights-8th-talks-centre-tractor-rally-delhi-border-haryana-punjab-narendra-s|access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref> Balbir Singh Rajewal, reiterated that the government had no constitutional right to legislate on agricultural marketing since it was a state subject. The consensus amongst the farmer coalition was "''Bill wapsi toh ghar wapsi'' ({{Translation|Repeal the laws and we return home}})", a slogan coined by Rakesh Takait, the leader of Bharatiya Kisan Union (Tikait).<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Joshua|first=Anita|date=9 January 2021|title=Farmers Protest: Centre Rules out Repealing Laws, Asks Protestors to Go to Court|work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/govt-rules-out-repeal-asks-farmers-to-go-to-court/cid/1803147|access-date=21 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 11 January 2021 ===<br />
The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA) through Delhi police applied to the Supreme Court to bar the Kisan parade on grounds of security from entering into the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] of Delhi.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":92">{{cite web|last=Roy|first=Radhika|date=12 January 2021|title=Supreme Court Issues Notice On Delhi Police Plea To Stop Farmers' Tractor Rally On Republic Day|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-delhi-police-farmers-protest-tractor-rally-republic-day-168303|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112095243/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-delhi-police-farmers-protest-tractor-rally-republic-day-168303 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |access-date=21 January 2021|website=livelaw}}</ref> Attorney-General [[K. K. Venugopal|KK Venugopal]] told the Supreme Court that with the impending Republic Day ceremony, "any disruption or obstruction in the said functions would not only be against the law and order, public order, public interest but would also be a huge embarrassment for the nation".<ref name=":82" /> The SC, not convinced by the Attorney general's appeals, noted that it was within the powers of the police to control the Kisan march, including finding out if the protestors were armed.<ref name=":92" /><br />
<br />
=== 17 January 2021 ===<br />
<br />
Farmers write to Delhi Police to seek permission to hold rally at the [[Ramlila Maidan|Ramlila Ground]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 January 2021|title=Farm Laws: Farmers' Union Seeks Permission to Hold Protest at Ramlila Maidan, Writes to Delhi Police|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/farmers-union-seeks-permission-to-hold-protest-at-ramlila-maidan-writes-to-delhi-police/articleshow/80317291.cms|access-date=23 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite news|last=Sethi, Chitleen K.|date=22 January 2021|title=How NIA Case on Sikhs for Justice Only Lends Credibility to Outfit 'No One Takes Seriously|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/india/how-nia-case-on-sikhs-for-justice-only-lends-credibility-to-outfit-no-one-takes-seriously/589673/.|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 20 January 2021 ===<br />
[[National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) during the tenth round of talks with SKM proposed suspending the three new farm laws for one or one-and-a-half years. SKM leader said they will consult with all the 500 farm organizations on 21 January, before taking a final decision on the government proposal. The farmers ask the government to withdraw all the cases registered against the farmers. The SKM after discussion with the union members turned down the proposal, saying that whatever the outcome of 22 January talks the farmer unions would continue with their peaceful protest and would go ahead with the tractor rally on Republic Day. They added that it would cause no disruption to the planned military parade on [[Rajpath]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Gupta|first=Moushumi Das|date=20 January 2021|title=Modi Govt Offers to 'suspend' Farm Laws until Standoff Is Resolved, Awaits Farmers' Response|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/modi-govt-offers-to-suspend-farm-laws-until-standoff-is-resolved-awaits-farmers-response/589212/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120153045/https://theprint.in/india/governance/modi-govt-offers-to-suspend-farm-laws-until-standoff-is-resolved-awaits-farmers-response/589212/ |archive-date=20 January 2021 |access-date=|website=ThePrint}}</ref> "Several women will also drive tractors on January 26," Harinder Kaur Bindu, BKU (Ekta Ugrahan) vice president, said.<ref name=":16" /><br />
<br />
The government withdrew its plea to SC seeking a ban on the Kisan Tractor Rally after the Supreme Court said "it is a police matter" and that "We are not going to tell you what to do."<ref name=":16">{{cite web|last=The wire|date=20 January 2021|title=Police Matter': SC Allows Centre to Withdraw Plea Against Farmers' Tractor Rally|url=https://thewire.in/agriculture/police-matter-sc-allows-centre-to-withdraw-plea-against-farmers-tractor-rally|access-date=24 January 2021|website=The Wire}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 23 January 2021 ===<br />
Delhi Police accorded permission, with several conditions, to the farmers to hold their Republic Day parade in Delhi. Farmer leader Darshan Pal stated the barricades and barriers that Delhi Police had placed between the farmers and Delhi, will be removed by the police before 26 January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|last=Press Trust of India|date=23 January 2021|title=Delhi Police Has given Nod to tractor Parade on 26 January, Claim Farmers' Unions|url=https://theprint.in/india/delhi-police-has-given-nod-to-tractor-parade-on-26-january-claim-farmers-unions/591001/.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123153605/https://theprint.in/india/delhi-police-has-given-nod-to-tractor-parade-on-26-january-claim-farmers-unions/591001/ |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=24 January 2021|website=ThePrint}}</ref> Similar parades were scheduled to be held across the country<ref>{{cite web|last=NewsClickin|date=23 January 2021|title=26 तारीख़ को ट्रैक्टर परेड देश के हर गाँव में होगी '- अमराराम, 2021|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=og-xvjmnMbU|access-date=23 January 2021|website=NewsClickin}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 24 January 2021 ===<br />
Dependra Pathak, Special Commissioner and Head of Delhi Police Intelligence, following the sanction by the Delhi Police on Kisan Gantantra Diwas Parade 2021, briefed the media. In his briefing, he said that Delhi Police has intelligence that Pakistan has plans to disrupt the parade. To support the assessment on Pakistan plans he said 'Intelligence' from 'various other agencies' was that '300 [[Twitter]] handles created in Pakistan from 13 to 18 January to disturb farmers’ tractor rally'. SN Shrivastava, the [[Commissioner of Police, Delhi|Commissioner of Delhi Police]] issued an order that Delhi Police, [[Central Armed Police Forces]] (CAPFs) and 'other force deployed for Republic Day Parade security, should remain in a ready position to move at short notice for law and order arrangement in connection with Kisan Tractor Rally'.<ref name=":17">{{cite web|date=24 January 2021|title=Delhi Police Clear 3 Routes for Farmers' Republic Day Tractor Rally|url=https://theprint.in/india/delhi-police-clear-3-routes-for-farmers-republic-day-tractor-rally/591335/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124163338/https://theprint.in/india/delhi-police-clear-3-routes-for-farmers-republic-day-tractor-rally/591335/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021|website=ThePrint}}</ref><br />
<br />
According to Police briefing, 12,000{{En dash}}13,000 tractors were estimated to participate in the Kisan Tractor Parade. The Kisan Parade will start after the end of the parade on the Rajpath. The schedule, the route, have been decided by the police. The route has been limited to routes "away from the arterial points around Tikri, Singhu and Ghazipur borders".<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{cite web|date=24 January 2021|title=308 Twitter Handles Made in Pakistan to Cause Panic in Farmers' R-Day Rally, Say Delhi Police|url=https://theprint.in/india/308-twitter-handles-made-in-pakistan-to-cause-panic-in-farmers-r-day-rally-say-delhi-police/591314/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124160818/https://theprint.in/india/308-twitter-handles-made-in-pakistan-to-cause-panic-in-farmers-r-day-rally-say-delhi-police/591314/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=25 January 2021|website=ThePrint}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 25 January 2021 ===<br />
Samyukta Kisan Morcha, to ensure orderly, nonviolent Farmers' Republic Day Parade, issued detailed instructions for preparation and conduct of the tractor rally.<ref name="Tribune Advisory">{{Cite news|date=25 January 2021|title=Samyukta Kisan Morcha Issues Advisory for Farmers' Republic Day Parade|work=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sanyukt-kisan-morcha-issues-advisory-for-farmers-republic-day-parade-203399|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126132921/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sanyukt-kisan-morcha-issues-advisory-for-farmers-republic-day-parade-203399|archive-date=26 January 2021|url-status=live|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref> The government deployed 15 companies of [[Paramilitary forces of India|paramilitary forces]] to strengthen the security of the capital city during the protests.<ref name="BBC Red">{{cite news |title=Red Fort violence: Delhi police detain 200 after farmer protests |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55817628 |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=BBC News |date=27 January 2021}}</ref> Delhi Police issued a traffic advisory for the farmer's tractor rally.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Delhi Police|date=25 January 2021|title="Tractor Rally of Farmers Traffic Advisory|url=https://www.delhipolice.nic.in/press-release.html|url-status=live|access-date=1 February 2021|website=DELHI POLICE Shanti Sewa Nyaya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305110144/http://www.delhipolice.nic.in:80/press-release.html |archive-date=5 March 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===26 January 2021===<br />
On 26 January, tens of thousands of the farmers protesting agricultural reforms drove a convoy of tractors into New Delhi. The farmers drove in long lines of tractors, riding horses or marching on foot.<ref name="DW Parade">{{cite news |last1=Welle |first1=Deutsche |title=India farmer protesters clash with police on Republic Day {{!}} DW {{!}} 26 January 2021 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-farmer-protesters-clash-with-police-on-republic-day/a-56342818 |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref> The parade started from Singhu Border, Tikri Border and Ghazipur in Delhi on the routes approved by the Police. The farmers were barred from entering the central part of the city where the official [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day Parade]] was taking place.<ref name="Reuters Tractors">{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Gurman |title=Tractors to Delhi |url=https://graphics.reuters.com/INDIA-FARMERS/PROTESTS/nmopaozzqpa/ |access-date=30 January 2021 |work=Reuters |date=29 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> At the Singhu Border starting point, according to the police estimates, around 7000 tractors had gathered. ''Reuters'' reported citing farmers' unions that close to 200,000 tractors had participated.<ref name="Reuters Tractors" /><br />
<br />
Later, the tractor rally turned into a violent protest as the protesting farmers drove through the barricades and clashed with the police.<ref name="Tractor parade Guardian"/><ref name="Tractor parade BBC"/> At around 8&nbsp;am, a few hours early from the permitted time, farmers started to gather separately at [[Ghazipur, Delhi|Ghazipur]], Singhu and Tikri borders. The tractor rally commenced from the Singhu border and was designated to follow a decided route. However, as the rally progressed, it deviated and marched towards other routes and the protesting farmers clashed with the police forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/breaking-barriers-to-red-fort-march-timeline-of-how-farmer-protest-turned-ugly-within-hours/592514/|title=Breaking barriers to Red Fort march – timeline of how farmer protest turned ugly within hours|work=The Print|author=Revathi Krishnan|date=26 January 2021}}</ref> The protestors instead of rallying on the pre-decided route, chose to march towards [[ITO metro station]] and the city center meanwhile breaking through the barricades. This prompted the Delhi Police to resort to use of tear gas and [[Baton charge|baton charging]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/farmers-protest-delhi-police-cops-injured-admitted-hospital-1762952-2021-01-26|title=86 cops injured in farmers protest, several admitted: Police|work=India Today|author=Arvind Ojha|date=26 January 2021}}</ref> The agitating protestors vandalised a [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] (DTC) bus and police vehicles. According to the police, the protestors used sticks, iron rods, pelted stones, while some [[Nihang]] protestors rode on horses fully equipped with deadly weapons like swords, [[Kirpan|kirpans]] and fursas and some protesters even used their tractors to run over the police.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=29 January 2021|title=Over 300 Cops Injured, 200 Detained Over Tractor Rally Violence: Police|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/86-cops-injured-4-cases-filed-over-tractor-rally-violence-say-police-2358510|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=28 January 2021|title=Violence at farmers tractor rally: What went wrong in the police plan?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/violence-at-farmers-tractor-rally-what-went-wrong-in-the-police-plan-101611703308541.html|date=27 January 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nihang protester flashes sword as police block road to New Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/farmers-attack-police-with-swords-near-delhi-akshardham-cops-fire-tear-gas-shells-lathi-charged-1762811-2021-01-26 |website=India Today |date=26 January 2021 |access-date=27 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/farmers-protest-41-security-personnel-sustain-injuries-at-red-fort/article61736586.ece/|title=Farmers' protest – 41 security personnel sustain injuries at Red Fort|work=The Hindu|date=26 January 2021}}</ref> Some protesters driving their speeding tractors rammed barricades and attempted to mow down the policeman on duty.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=29 January 2021|title=Protesters attacked cops with swords, looted anti-riot gear: Red Fort FIR|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/protesters-attacked-cops-with-swords-looted-anti-riot-gear-red-fort-fir-7165906/|date=29 January 2021}}</ref> One person reportedly died after he lost control and his tractor overturned on him. Likewise, the postmortem also ascertained the cause of death as "shock and hemorrhage due to antemortem injuries".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shekhar |first1=Raj|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/farmers-rally-tractor-parade-turns-capital-raid/articleshow/80471152.cms |work=The Times of India|access-date=27 January 2021|title=Farmers' rally: Tractor parade turns Capital raid|date=27 January 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/not-shot-but-crushed-by-tractor-post-mortem-on-farmer-who-died-in-delhi-protests-reveals/593499/|title=Not shot but crushed by tractor- post mortem on farmer who died in Delhi protests reveals|work=The Print|date=28 January 2021|first=Ananya|last=Bhardwaj|access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
A section of the farmers reached and entered the historic [[Red Fort]] of [[Old Delhi]] and hoisted religious flags from the ramparts and climbed up the domes of the fort.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=28 January 2021|title=India protest: Farmers breach Delhi's Red Fort in huge tractor rally|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55793731|newspaper=BBC News|date=26 January 2021|publisher=BBC}}</ref> One of the farmers was seen climbing a flagpole in front of the fort and hoisting the Sikh religious flag [[Nishan Sahib]] on the flagpole.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dawn.com|access-date=29 January 2021|title=In pictures: Indian farmers enter Delhi's Red Fort as protests break out across the country|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1603750|date=26 January 2021|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan}}</ref> The clash between police and farmers also caused damage to facilities inside the fort.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=28 January 2021|title=ASI shuts Red Fort till January 31 for visitors after vandalism by tractor rally protesters|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/red-fort-news-asi-shuts-iconic-monument-till-january-31-for-visitors-after-vandalism-flag-hoisting-by-tractor-rally-protesters/2180319/|date=28 January 2021}}</ref> The fort was vacated following police announcements.<br />
<br />
According to the Delhi Police, 394 policemen and thousands of farmers were reported injured, 30 police vehicles were damaged.<ref>{{cite web|first=Aishwarya|last=Paliwal|date=27 January 2021|access-date=28 January 2021|title=Farmer leaders betrayed Delhi Police, 394 cops injured, 19 arrests made: Commissioner|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/farmer-leaders-betrayed-delhi-police-394-cops-injured-19-arrests-made-commissioner-1763329-2021-01-27|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/internet-services-snapped-in-some-parts-of-delhi-ncr-due-to-farm-stir-violence-101611655900259-amp.html|title=Tractor rally violence: Internet services snapped in parts of Delhi-NCR|work=Hindustan Times|first=Harshit|last=Sabarwal|location=New Delhi|date=26 January 2021}}</ref> A high-level meeting was taken by [[Amit Shah]] in which decision was taken to deploy additional paramilitary forces in Delhi and to take action against those found violating protest rules.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amit-shah-holds-meeting-to-discuss-and-review-security-after-farmer-protests-today-2358321|title=Additional Forces in Delhi After Amit Shah's Security Meet Over Clashes|work=NDTV.com|date=26 January 2021}}</ref> The [[President of India|President]] [[Ram Nath Kovind]] condemned the incidents of violence and the religious flag hoisting and called it an "insult to the national flag and Republic day".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/national-flag-r-day-insulted-president-kovind-on-january-26-violence-101611904591718.html|title='National flag, R-Day insulted': President Kovind on January 26 violence|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 January 2021}}</ref> Internet services were suspended for hours in several parts of Delhi and the [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR region]].<br />
<br />
The farmer unions blamed actor turned activist [[Deep Sidhu]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Farmers had rejected actor Deep Sidhu |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/protesting-farmers-had-rejected-actor-turned-activist-deep-sidhu/cid/1804927 |access-date=29 January 2021 |work=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota}}</ref> and gangster-turned-activist Lakha Sidhana<ref>{{cite web|access-date=29 January 2021|title=Farmer leaders to be charged for sedition; UAPA invoked by police|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/farmer-leaders-to-be-charged-for-sedition-uapa-invoked-by-police-101611856547513.html|date=28 January 2021|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> for instigating the violence and hoisting a [[Nishan Sahib]] flag on the Red Fort.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/deep-sidhu-lakha-sidhana-farmers-unions/amp|title=Who Are Deep Sidhu and Lakha Sidhana, and Why Are Farmers' Unions Angry With Them?|work=The Wire|first=Kusum|last=Arora|date=28 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
<br />
=== Police action ===<br />
On 27 January 2021, the names of Darshan Pal, [[Yogendra Yadav]] and 35 other farmer leaders were mentioned in the [[First information report|First Information Report]] (FIR) registered at the [[Samaypur Badli metro station|Samaypur Badli]] Police Station against the protestors. The FIR registered at the [[Ghazipur]] Police Station in [[East Delhi]] named [[Rakesh Tikait]] and other farmer leaders for instigating protesters.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 January 2021|title=Republic Day violence {{!}} Delhi Police name farmer leaders in FIRs|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/republic-day-violence-delhi-police-name-farmer-leaders-in-firs/article33678650.ece|access-date=29 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=27 January 2021|title=R-day Violence: 37 Farmer Leaders Named in Delhi Police's FIR; Unions Call Off Feb 1 March to Parliament|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/republic-day-violence-live-updates-red-fort-farmers-protest-singhu-pm-narendra-modi-tikri-delhi-police-metro-shut-3343898.html|access-date=28 January 2021|website=News18}}</ref> After the violence, the farmers called off the march to the parliament on 1 February during the budget session.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian farmers call off parliament march after deadly violence|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/1/28/indian-farmers-call-off-parliament-march-after-deadly-violence|access-date=29 January 2021|publisher=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> A day after the protest, [[Twitter]] suspended over 500 accounts, a majority of those belonging to pro-Khalistan supporters, for spam and platform manipulation.<ref>{{cite web|date=27 January 2021|title=Farmers' protest: Twitter suspends over 550 handles after Republic Day violence|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/farmers-protest-twitter-suspends-over-550-handles-after-republic-day-violence-944093.html|access-date=28 January 2021|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 28 January, the Commissioner stated that the [[Delhi Police]] had filed 25 criminal cases on the incidents of violence and arrested 19 people. Punjabi actor [[Deep Sidhu]] was charged by the police for allegedly insulting the [[Indian flag]] and inciting violence.<ref name="Tribune 28 Booked" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Delhi Police arrests Red Fort raider Deep Sidhu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/delhi-police-arrest-red-fort-raider-deep-sidhu/articleshow/80759496.cms|access-date=9 February 2021|website=The Times of India|date=9 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In a preliminary investigation, the police stated that "there was a pre-conceived and well-coordinated plan to break the agreement between the Delhi Police and the leaders of protesting organizations." Delhi Police filed an FIR under [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]] and [[sedition]] against the persons and farm leaders involved in the rioting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tractor parade violence: Case registered under UAPA to probe conspiracy angle|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/tractor-parade-violence-case-registered-under-uapa-to-probe-conspiracy-angle-204619|access-date=28 January 2021|website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Republic Day violence: Perpetrators will be charged under UAPA, other sections of IPC|date=28 January 2021|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/uapa-against-perpetrators-of-republic-day-violence-latest-news-681120|access-date=28 January 2021|publisher=India TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tension at Delhi border as farmers told to vacate protest site|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/16-opposition-parties-to-boycott-presidential-address-in-protest-against-farm-laws-highlights/articleshow/80497502.cms|access-date=28 January 2021|website=The Times of India|date=28 January 2021 }}</ref> Over 200 protesters were detained by the police.<ref>{{cite news|author=Prawesh Lama|date=27 January 2021|title=Tractor rally chaos: FIRs filed under attempt to murder, criminal conspiracy|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/tractor-rally-chaos-firs-filed-for-attempt-to-murder-destroying-evidence-101611739955413.html|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 7 February, the Delhi police stated that it had traced the instigators of some of the violence caused to the circulation of an online "toolkit (document of propaganda)" through [[Google]].<ref>{{cite web|date=7 February 2021|title=Police wait for Google to help them trace creators of 'toolkit'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/police-wait-for-google-to-help-them-trace-creators-of-toolkit-101612640104797-amp.html|access-date=7 February 2021|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The makers of the toolkit were stated to have direct ties with "pro-Khalistani elements". The toolkit was first tweeted by [[Sweden|Swedish]] climate activist [[Greta Thunberg]].<ref name="Scroll-Jacob-21">{{cite web|date=15 February 2021|title=Delhi Police issue arrest warrant against Nikita Jacob, Shantanu in farm protest document case|url=https://scroll.in/latest/986936/delhi-police-issue-arrest-warrant-against-nikita-jacob-shantanu-in-farm-protest-document-case|access-date=15 February 2021|publisher=Scroll}}</ref> The Delhi Police had also written to [[Zoom Video Communications|Zoom]] seeking details of the participants of a Zoom meeting in which the toolkit was created.<ref>{{cite web|first=Shemin|last=Joy|date=16 February 2021|title=Delhi Police writes to Zoom, seeks details of toolkit meeting participants ahead of Republic Day|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/delhi-police-writes-to-zoom-seeks-details-of-toolkit-meeting-participants-ahead-of-republic-day-951773.html|access-date=16 February 2021|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Google is stated to have provided information to the Delhi Police, which led to the arrest of an environmental activist, [[Disha Ravi]], among others.<ref>{{cite web|first=Akshit|last=Sangomla|date=16 February 2021|title=Disha Ravi arrest: Role of Google, tech companies under cloud|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/governance/disha-ravi-arrest-role-of-google-tech-companies-under-cloud-75563|access-date=19 February 2021|publisher=Down to Earth}}</ref> Ravi's arrest and trial became widely publicised. People across the country protested against her arrest.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Sayeed|first=Vikhar Ahmed|date=March 12, 2021|title=Disha Ravi's arrest sparks off protests in Bengaluru|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/disha-ravi-arrest-by-delhi-police-sparks-off-protests-in-bengaluru/article33910932.ece|access-date=2021-07-09|magazine=Frontline|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 February 2021|title=Protests after 22-year-old Indian climate activist Disha Ravi arrested in "unprecedented attack on democracy"|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/disha-ravi-india-climate-activist-arrested-protests/|access-date=2021-07-09|website=CBS News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 February 2021|title=Arrest of young Indian activist triggers outrage|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/15/indian-climate-activists-arrest-causes-outrage|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Ravi was released on bail on 24 February 2021 after a court in Delhi held that there was "scanty" and "sketchy" evidence to back charges of sedition against her and that citizens could not be jailed simply because they disagreed with government policies.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-24|title=Disha Ravi gets bail in toolkit case: What the court said|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/disha-ravi-gets-bail-in-toolkit-case-what-the-court-said-101614139070425.html|access-date=2021-02-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Response ===<br />
[[Sharad Pawar]], the leader of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) said that he does not support the violence that took place during the farmers' protest in Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2021|title=Farmers were agitating with restraint but Centre didn't solve their problems: NCP chief Sharad Pawar|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-farmers-were-agitating-with-restraint-but-centre-didn-t-solve-their-problems-ncp-chief-sharad-pawar-2870907|access-date=31 January 2021|publisher=DNA India}}</ref> The [[List of chief ministers of Punjab, India|Chief Minister of Punjab]], Captain [[Amarinder Singh]] also condemned the violence.<ref>{{cite web|date=26 January 2021|title=Capt Amarinder on Delhi clashes: 'Shocking, violence by some elements unacceptable'|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/capt-amarinder-on-delhi-clashes-shocking-violence-by-some-elements-unacceptable-7162623/|access-date=31 January 2021|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Felicitation of protestors ===<br />
At an event held at the [[Golden Temple]] in March 2021, the father of the man who was wanted by the police for hoisting the Nishan Sahib at the Red Fort was felicitated. The gathering also supported other fugitives listed by the Delhi Police over the Republic Day violence. Among those in attendance were the [[Dal Khalsa (organization)|Dal Khalsa]] president, [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] [[Sukhpal Singh Khaira|Sukh Singh Khaira]], and the [[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)]] general secretary.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-25|title=Family of youth who hoisted Nishan Sahib at Red Fort honoured at Golden Temple event|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/family-of-youth-who-hoisted-nishan-sahib-at-red-fort-honoured-at-golden-temple-event-7244088/|access-date=2021-06-01|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Delhi Republic Day parade]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
*{{cite news |last1=Bhatia |first1=Gurman |title=Tractors to Delhi |url=https://graphics.reuters.com/INDIA-FARMERS/PROTESTS/nmopaozzqpa/ |work=Reuters}}<br />
*[https://ruralindiaonline.org/en/articles/delhis-republic-day-theatre-of-the-optics/ Delhi's Republic Day theatre of the optics], Coverage by People's Archive of Rural India (PARI)<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Farmers' Republic Day violence, 2021}}<br />
[[Category:2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]]<br />
[[Category:2021 controversies]]<br />
[[Category:2021 in Indian politics]]<br />
[[Category:2021 protests]]<br />
[[Category:2021 riots]]<br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
[[Category:Attacks on police stations in 2021]]<br />
[[Category:Attacks on police stations in India]]<br />
[[Category:Attacks in India in 2021]]<br />
[[Category:Crimes committed against law enforcement]]<br />
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]<br />
[[Category:Far-left politics in India]]<br />
[[Category:January 2021 crimes in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:January 2021 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Occupations (protest)]]<br />
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi Police]]<br />
[[Category:2020s political riots]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Political riots in India]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitin_Baid&diff=522287Nitin Baid2026-05-06T18:54:40Z<p>WillyFdt599330: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film editor}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Nitin Baid<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India<br />
| education = [[Christ University|Christ College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br/><br />
[[Whistling Woods International]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Film editor|film director|screenwriter}}<br />
| years_active = 2010–present<br />
| awards = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nitin Baid''' is an Indian film editor and director known for his work in [[Hindi cinema]]. He has edited films such as ''[[Masaan]]'' (2015), ''[[Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|Trapped]]'' (2016), ''[[Raazi]]'' (2018), ''[[Bhavesh Joshi Superhero]]'' (2018), ''[[Lust Stories]]'' (2018), ''[[Gully Boy]]'' (2019), ''[[Chhapaak]]'' (2020), [[83 (film)|''83'']] (2021), ''[[Sam Bahadur (film)|Sam Bahadur]]'' (2023), ''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]'' (2023) and ''[[Homebound (2025 film)|Homebound]]'' (2025) and streaming series including ''[[Ghoul (miniseries)|Ghoul]]'' (2018), ''[[Bard of Blood]]'' (2019), [[Made in Heaven (TV series)|''Made in Heaven'']] (2019), ''[[Dahaad]]'' (2023) and ''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]'' (2025). Baid made his directorial debut with the short film ''[[Chashma (short film)|Chashma]]'' (also known as ''Blind Spot''), which premiered at the [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image#MAMI Mumbai Film Festival|MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAMI Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://mami.mumbaifilmfestival.com/media/nitin-baid-draws-from-childhood-for-chashma/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=mami.mumbaifilmfestival.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Baid was born and raised in [[Kolkata]], India. He initially expected to join his family's business before developing an interest in cinema.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Nitin Baid – The Sol Mag|url=https://thesolmag.com/2047-2/|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en-US|last=Namboodiri|first=Ashwathi}}</ref> He graduated from [[Christ University|Christ College]], [[Bengaluru]], where he first developed an interest in film editing. His passion for the craft began when a friend invited him to assist on a corporate film project during his college years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kharude|first=Dipti|date=2019-02-08|title=Nitin Baid exclusive with 'The Quint'|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/interview-editor-of-gully-boy-nitin-baid|access-date=2025-11-18|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> This early experience and his exposure to world cinema during these undergraduate studies played a significant role in shaping his interest in storytelling and films.<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
He applied to several film schools across India with the intention of studying direction, but opted for the editing programme at [[Whistling Woods International]].<ref name=":8" /> He later moved to [[Mumbai]] and completed a two-year course at Whistling Woods International, a premier film institute, formalizing his training in film editing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni News |url=https://www.whistlingwoods.net/do-what-you-love/alumni-news/ |access-date=2025-11-18 |website=WWI |language=en-US}}</ref> Baid has noted that film school provided a strong technical foundation, though professional opportunities still required independent effort.<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
<br />
=== Early work ===<br />
Baid began his film career as an assistant editor on [[Anurag Kashyap]]’s ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' (2012).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title=Gully Boy, Archies, Rocky Aur Rani's Editor Nitin Baid on Industy Insights |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-star-driver-is-paid-more-than-assistant-editor-gully-boy-archies-rocky-aur-rani-nitin-baid-9441716/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The opportunity came after he spent months cold-emailing his [[showreel]] and making calls to editors, directors, and production houses in search of work. He was eventually contacted by editor Shweta Venkat, whom he had met on the set of ''[[That Girl in Yellow Boots]]'', leading to his selection for the project.<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
The edit on ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' lasted over a year, giving Baid extensive exposure to the demands of large-scale, multi-character storytelling. During this period, he also edited several short films, which helped build his confidence to take on independent projects.<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
He transitioned to independent editing work, gaining recognition for his editing in films such as ''[[Masaan]]'' and ''[[Bhavesh Joshi Superhero]]''.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Editing career ===<br />
Baid began his professional editing journey after assisting on ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]].'' He moved into independent editing with ''[[Masaan]]'' (2015), a project that brought him wider recognition and led to collaborations with filmmakers such as [[Neeraj Ghaywan]] and [[Vikramaditya Motwane]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Baid has described ''Masaan'' as a formative experience made by a young team "carried on the shoulders of fresh talent," recalling the sense of innocence and pressure as they worked under their mentors. After returning from the [[Banaras]] shoot, the team briefly felt they had "made the worst film on the planet," a fear that he says ultimately pushed them to work harder and trust the process.<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
Following ''[[Masaan]]'', Baid edited films including ''[[Bhavesh Joshi Superhero]]'' (2018) and the espionage drama ''[[Raazi]]'' (2018), where his work contributed to the film's tightly paced structure.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hendriques |first=Princia |date=2024-07-09 |title=Raazi Editor Nitin Baid Exposes Unfair Practices In Industry; 'Driver Of Star Paid Much More Than Assistant' |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/78601/raazi-editor-nitin-baid-exposes-unfair-practices-in-industry-driver-of-star-paid-much-more-than-assi |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref> ''Raazi'' marked his first major commercial venture in terms of scale and budget. Baid received weekly raw footage during the shoot and assembled sequences—including the film's climax—within days of filming. He has noted that the shoot was often chaotic due to the use of multiple cameras, and praised director [[Meghna Gulzar]] for her meticulous and decisive approach to editing decisions.<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
He gained further prominence with ''[[Gully Boy]]'' (2019), shaping the musical and emotional rhythm of the film as it moved between performance sequences and character-driven scenes.<ref name=":0" /> Baid came onboard the film after a scheduling conflict with [[Zoya Akhtar]]’s initial editor. The edit involved extensive restructuring, including reordering narrative beats and removing small portions from numerous scenes. He and Akhtar spent three months working abroad solely on the edit. At poet-lyricist [[Javed Akhtar]]’s suggestion, certain sequences—such as the protagonist's breakdown during a rap battle—were repositioned to strengthen the dramatic arc. Baid has also noted that the climax was reworked to avoid repetitive "high points," with "[[Gully Boy (soundtrack)#Track listing|The Train Song]]" ultimately moved to the film's ending.<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
Throughout the late 2010s and early 2020s, Baid established ongoing associations with several major directors, working on projects such as ''[[The Archies (film)|The Archies]]'', ''[[83 (film)|<nowiki/>'83]]'', and [[Karan Johar]]’s ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-07-09 |title='It's an editor's job to make poor acting look good on screen': Nitin Baid says cutting Ranveer Singh, Alia Bhatt's scenes is especially enjoyable |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/editors-job-to-make-bad-acting-look-good-nitin-baid-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-9441827/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=T |first=Sachin |date=9 July 2024 |title=Editor Nitin Baid Calls Cutting Alia Bhatt & Ranveer Singh's Scenes 'Enjoyable', Opens Up About Making 'Poor Acting Look Good' |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/editor-nitin-baid-calls-cutting-alia-bhatt-ranveer-singhs-scenes-enjoyable-opens-up-about-making-poor-acting-look-good |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> He edited ''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]'' (2020), a film noted for its emphasis on a father–daughter relationship within a military setting, and was involved in shaping its combination of emotional and large-scale aviation sequences.<ref name=":8" /> His editing during this period ranged from large-scale commercial storytelling to more grounded social dramas.<br />
<br />
Baid also edited [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]’s ''[[83 (film)|83]]'' (2021). He initially declined the project due to scheduling conflicts but later joined after timelines shifted. The majority of the film's edit was completed before the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]], and Baid has described the project as a significant historical sports narrative in contemporary Hindi cinema.<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
In addition to feature films, Baid has been active in the streaming space, editing series including ''[[Dahaad]]'', ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]].''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-09 |title=Nitin Baid criticizes pay disparity: Celebrity drivers are paid more than assistant editors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nitin-baid-criticizes-pay-disparity-celebrity-drivers-are-paid-more-than-assistant-editors/articleshow/111600174.cms |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He has noted that the rise of [[OTT platform]]s has introduced faster [[post-production]] timelines and data-driven expectations for audience engagement.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-10 |title='Engagement points at 2 mins, 7 mins': Film editor on how algorithms decide shows, accepts there's some 'merit' to it |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/engagement-points-at-2-mins-7-mins-film-editor-on-how-algorithms-decide-shows-accepts-theres-some-merit-to-it-9444726/ |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Baid's work is often associated with performance shaping, narrative clarity, and adapting to varied directorial styles, making him a frequently sought-after editor in contemporary Hindi cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-11 |title=Film editors Nitin Baid and Antara Lahiri : “When you're doing a Karan Johar or Rohit Shetty film, there's a different kind of acting you're aiming for” |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/film-editors-nitin-baid-and-antara-lahiri-when-youre-doing-a-karan-johar-or-rohit-shetty-film-theres-a-different-kind-of-acting-youre-aiming-for/articleshow/111654007.cms |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
=== Directorial debut ===<br />
In 2024, Baid made his directorial debut with ''[[Chashma (short film)|Chashma]]'' (''Blind Spot''), a short film starring [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], Ayan Khan, and [[Shishir Sharma]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-08-24 |title=Konkona Sen Sharma attends screening of 'Chashma', calls it a 'sensitive film' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/konkona-sen-sharma-attends-screening-of-chashma-calls-it-a-sensitive-film/articleshow/112748304.cms |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Basu |first=Mohar |date=20 October 2024 |title=Nitin Baid draws from childhood for Chashma: 'Didn't tell anyone I couldn't see the blackboard' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/nitin-baid-draws-from-childhood-for-chashma-konkona-sen-sharma-mami-mumbai-film-festival-23414223 |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=[[Mid-day]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=25 October 2024 |title=Konkona Sensharma-starrer Blind Spot (Chashma) makes waves at MAMI Mumbai Film Festival '24 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/konkona-sensharma-starrer-blind-spot-chashma-makes-waves-at-mami-mumbai-film-festival-24/cid/2058276 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812053724/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/konkona-sensharma-starrer-blind-spot-chashma-makes-waves-at-mami-mumbai-film-festival-24/cid/2058276 |archive-date=12 August 2025 |access-date=2025-11-16 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The film premiered at the [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image#MAMI Mumbai Film Festival|MAMI Mumbai Film Festival]] on 22 October 2024 under the Focus South Asia section.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
''[[Chashma (short film)|Chashma]]'' follows the story of an 11-year-old boy with impaired vision who undergoes a journey of self-acceptance. Baid has stated that the story draws from his own childhood, when he himself struggled with poor eyesight and hesitated to reveal it due to fear of ridicule.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
The film is written by [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] and Nitin Baid, it is produced by Gubbara Entertainment. It was widely appreciated at its premiere, with critics and attendees praising its sensitivity and intimate portrayal of childhood experiences.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
Baid had expressed an interest in directing for several years and had been developing a short-form project prior to ''[[Chashma (short film)|Chashma]]''. His transition into direction has been described as a natural extension of his editorial practice, though he has indicated that he intends to continue working as an editor alongside directing.<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
===Film===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"<br />
! Year <br />
! Title <br />
! Director<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2012<br />
|''[[The World Before Her]]''<br />
|[[Nisha Pahuja]]<br />
|Additional editor<br />
|<ref name=":6" /><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]''<br />
|[[Anurag Kashyap]]<br />
|First assistant editor<br />
|<ref name=":6" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2013<br />
|[[Shorts (2013 film)|''Shorts'']]<br />
|[[Neeraj Ghaywan]], [[Shlok Sharma]], Siddharth Gupta, Anirban Roy, Rohit Pandey<br />
|Trailer/Promo editor<br />
|<ref name=":6" /><br />
|-<br />
|''Beyond Bollywood''<br />
|Adam Dow, Ruchika Muchhala<br />
|Trailer/Promo editor<br />
|<ref name=":6" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2014<br />
|''[[Court (2014 film)|Court]]''<br />
|[[Chaitanya Tamhane]]<br />
|Trailer/Promo editor<br />
|<ref name=":6" /><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Hasee Toh Phasee|Hasee to Phasee]]''<br />
|[[Vinil Mathew]]<br />
|Associate editor<br />
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Nitin Baid – Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/nitin-baid/IEIN018537 |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|''[[Masaan]]''<br />
|[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]<br />
| Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2015-07-24 |title=Masaan Cast List {{!}} Masaan Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/masaan/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2016<br />
|''[[Waiting (2015 film)|Waiting]]''<br />
|[[Anu Menon]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Waiting {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/waiting_2016/cast-and-crew |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Trapped (2016 Hindi film)|Trapped]]''<br />
|[[Vikramaditya Motwane]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2017-03-17 |title=Trapped Cast List {{!}} Trapped Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/trapped-2/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2017<br />
|''[[Half Widow]]''<br />
|[[Danish Renzu]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Half Widow {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/half_widow/cast-and-crew |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bareilly Ki Barfi]]''<br />
|[[Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari]]<br />
|Additional editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2017-08-18 |title=Bareilly Ki Barfi Cast List {{!}} Bareilly Ki Barfi Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bareilly-ki-barfi/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Ittefaq (2017 film)|''Ittefaq'']]<br />
|Abhay Chopra<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2017-11-03 |title=Ittefaq Cast List {{!}} Ittefaq Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ittefaq-3/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2018<br />
|''[[Raazi]]''<br />
|[[Meghna Gulzar]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2018-05-11 |title=Raazi Cast List {{!}} Raazi Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raazi/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Bhavesh Joshi Superhero]]''<br />
|[[Vikramaditya Motwane]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhavesh Joshi Superhero |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt6129302/credits/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Lust Stories]]''<br />
|[[Zoya Akhtar]], [[Dibakar Banerjee]], [[Karan Johar]], [[Anurag Kashyap]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmaffinity.com%2Fen%2Ffullcredits.php%3Fmovie_id%3D877291 |title=Full credits of "Lust Stories " |language=en |access-date=2025-11-24 |via=www.filmaffinity.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|''[[Gully Boy]]''<br />
|[[Zoya Akhtar]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2019-02-14 |title=Gully Boy Cast List {{!}} Gully Boy Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gully-boy/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2020<br />
|''[[Ghost Stories (2020 film)|Ghost Stories]]''<br />
|[[Zoya Akhtar]], [[Dibakar Banerjee]], [[Karan Johar]], [[Anurag Kashyap]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmaffinity.com%2Fen%2Ffullcredits.php%3Fmovie_id%3D473061 |title=Full credits of "Ghost Stories " |language=en |access-date=2025-11-24 |via=www.filmaffinity.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Class of '83]]''<br />
|Atul Sabharwal<br />
|Supervising editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmaffinity.com%2Fen%2Ffullcredits.php%3Fmovie_id%3D574830 |title=Full credits of "Class of '83 " |language=en |access-date=2025-11-24 |via=www.filmaffinity.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chhapaak]]''<br />
|[[Meghna Gulzar]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2020-01-10 |title=Chhapaak Cast List {{!}} Chhapaak Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chhapaak/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl|Gunjan Saxena – The Kargil Girl]]''<br />
|Sharan Sharma<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2020-08-12 |title=Gunjan Saxena – The Kargil Girl Cast List {{!}} Gunjan Saxena – The Kargil Girl Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gunjan-saxena-the-kargil-girl/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2021<br />
|''[[83 (film)|83]]''<br />
|[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2021-12-24 |title=83 Cast List {{!}} 83 Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/83/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ajeeb Daastaans]]''<br />
|[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajeeb Daastaans {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ajeeb_daastaans/cast-and-crew |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2022<br />
|''[[Love Hostel]]''<br />
|Shanker Raman<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-02-25 |title=Love Hostel Cast List {{!}} Love Hostel Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/love-hostel/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]''<br />
|Jasmeet K. Reen<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-08-05 |title=Darlings Cast List {{!}} Darlings Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/darlings/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2023<br />
|''[[Mission Majnu]]''<br />
|Shantanu Baagchi<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-01-20 |title=Mission Majnu Cast List {{!}} Mission Majnu Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mission-majnu/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''<br />
|[[Karan Johar]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-07-28 |title=Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani Cast List {{!}} Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/rocky-aur-rani-ki-prem-kahani/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sam Bahadur (film)|Sam Bahadur]]''<br />
|[[Meghna Gulzar]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-12-01 |title=Sam Bahadur Cast List {{!}} Sam Bahadur Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sam-bahadur/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[The Archies (film)|The Archies]]''<br />
|[[Zoya Akhtar]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-12-07 |title=The Archies Cast List {{!}} The Archies Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-archies/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan]]''<br />
|Arjun Varain Singh<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-12-26 |title=Kho Gaye Hum Kahan Cast List {{!}} Kho Gaye Hum Kahan Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kho-gaye-hum-kahan/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2024<br />
|''Saba''<br />
|[[Maksud Hossain]]<br />
|Supervising editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |date=2024-07-26 |title=Silver lining for B'desh in film's Toronto feat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bangladeshi-film-saba-to-premiere-at-toronto-international-film-festival-2024/articleshow/112027515.cms |access-date=2025-11-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mr. & Mrs. Mahi]]''<br />
|Sharan Sharma<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-05-31 |title=Mr. & Mrs. Mahi Cast List {{!}} Mr. & Mrs. Mahi Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mr-mrs-mahi/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chandu Champion]]''<br />
|[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-06-14 |title=Chandu Champion Cast List {{!}} Chandu Champion Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chandu-champion/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ulajh]]''<br />
|[[Sudhanshu Saria]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-08-02 |title=Ulajh Cast List {{!}} Ulajh Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ulajh/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2025<br />
|''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''<br />
|[[Karan Singh Tyagi]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-04-18 |title=Kesari Chapter 2 Cast List {{!}} Kesari Chapter 2 Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kesari-chapter2/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sarzameen]]''<br />
|[[Kayoze Irani]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-07-25 |title=Sarzameen Cast List {{!}} Sarzameen Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sarzameen/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Homebound (2025 film)|Homebound]]''<br />
|[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homebound {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/homebound_2025/cast-and-crew |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Gustaakh Ishq]]''<br />
|Vibhu Virender Puri<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2025-11-28 |title=Gustaakh Ishq Cast List {{!}} Gustaakh Ishq Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gustaakh-ishq/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"<br />
! Year <br />
! Title <br />
! Director<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes <br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|''[[Ghoul (miniseries)|Ghoul]]''<br />
|Patrick Graham<br />
| Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmaffinity.com%2Fen%2Ffullcredits.php%3Fmovie_id%3D628961 |title=Full credits of "Ghoul (TV Miniseries)" |language=en |access-date=2025-11-26 |via=www.filmaffinity.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2019<br />
|''[[Bard of Blood]]''<br />
|[[Ribhu Dasgupta]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmaffinity.com%2Fen%2Ffullcredits.php%3Fmovie_id%3D715262 |title=Full credits of "Bard of Blood (TV Series)" |language=en |access-date=2025-11-26 |via=www.filmaffinity.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|''Made in Heaven'']]<br />
|[[Zoya Akhtar]], [[Reema Kagti]], [[Nitya Mehra]], [[Prashant Nair]], [[Neeraj Ghaywan]], [[Alankrita Shrivastava]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|2 Episodes<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nitin Baid criticizes pay disparity: Celebrity drivers are paid more than assistant editors|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nitin-baid-criticizes-pay-disparity-celebrity-drivers-are-paid-more-than-assistant-editors/articleshow/111600174.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2024-07-09|access-date=2025-11-27|issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|''[[Ray (TV series)|Ray]]''<br />
|[[Srijit Mukherji]], [[Abhishek Chaubey]], Vasan Bala <br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmaffinity.com%2Fen%2Ffullcredits.php%3Fmovie_id%3D468652 |title=Full credits of "Ray (TV Miniseries)" |language=en |access-date=2025-11-26 |via=www.filmaffinity.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2023<br />
|''[[Dahaad]]''<br />
|[[Zoya Akhtar]], [[Reema Kagti]], Ruchika Oberoi<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmaffinity.com%2Fen%2Ffullcredits.php%3Fmovie_id%3D914411 |title=Full credits of "Dahaad (TV Series)" |language=en |access-date=2025-11-26 |via=www.filmaffinity.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Star Wars: Visions|''Star Wars: Visions – The Bandits of Golak'']]<br />
|Ishan Shukla<br />
|Editor<br />
|Volume 2 Episode 7<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmaffinity.com%2Fen%2Ffullcredits.php%3Fmovie_id%3D470544 |title=Full credits of "Star Wars Visions: The Bandits of Golak (TV) (S)" |language=en |access-date=2025-11-26 |via=www.filmaffinity.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''<br />
|[[Aryan Khan]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/the-bads-of-bollywood-2025/crew/ |title=The Ba***ds of Bollywood (2025) |language=en |access-date=2025-11-26 |via=letterboxd.com}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Short films===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"<br />
! Year <br />
! Title <br />
! Director<br />
! Role<br />
! Notes <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2010<br />
|''Drip''<br />
|Pooja Hegde<br />
|Editor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Pop!''<br />
|Pooja Hegde<br />
|Editor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|''Shor''<br />
|[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/noise-2011/crew/ |title=Noise (2011) |language=en |access-date=2025-11-26 |via=letterboxd.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2013<br />
|''The Epiphany''<br />
|[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/the-epiphany/crew/ |title=The Epiphany (2013) |language=en |access-date=2025-11-26 |via=letterboxd.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Moi Marjaani''<br />
|Anubhuti Kashyap<br />
|Editor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Safe<br />
|Rohit Pandey<br />
|Editor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|''Bicycle''<br />
|Mailesan Rangaswamy<br />
|Editor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2017<br />
|''[[Juice (2017 film)|Juice]]''<br />
|[[Neeraj Ghaywan]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://shorted.in/short-films/juice-shefali-shah/ |title=Juice {{!}} Short Film of the Day {{!}} Shorted |date=2024-02-02 |language=en |access-date=2025-11-26 |via=shorted.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Shut Up''<br />
|Ashutosh Pathak<br />
|Editor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Kiss (2022 film)|Kiss]]''<br />
|[[Varun Grover (writer)|Varn Grover]]<br />
|Editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Newton |url=https://www.newtoncinema.com/projects/kiss |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=www.newtoncinema.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Chashma (short film)|Chashma]]''<br />
|Nitin Baid<br />
|Writer, director, editor<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chashma |url=https://gubbaraentertainment.com/chashma/ |access-date=2025-11-26 |website=Gubbara Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"<br />
! Year <br />
! Award <br />
! Category<br />
! Result<br />
! Work<br />
! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2016<br />
|[[Filmfare Awards]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|''[[Masaan]]''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|''[[Masaan]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=2016 Zee Cine Awards Winners|url=https://zeecineawards.com/zca-2016/|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2018<br />
|Filmfare Awards<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|''[[Trapped (2017 film)|Trapped]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare Award 2018 Winners – List of Filmfare Award Winners|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2018/winners|website=filmfare.com|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|''[[Ittefaq (2017 film)|Ittefaq]]''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |FOI Online Awards<br />
|Best Film Editing<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|''[[Trapped (2017 film)|Trapped]]''<br />
|<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=FOI Online Awards Database|url=https://www.foionlineawards.com/search-by-year|website=foionlineawards|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Film Editing<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|''[[Ittefaq (2017 film)|Ittefaq]]''<br />
|<ref name=":7" /><br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|Filmfare Awards<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|''[[Raazi]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare Awards 2019 Nomination for Best Editing|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2019/nominations/best-editing/nitin-baid|website=filmfare.com|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2020<br />
|FOI Online Awards<br />
|Best Film Editing<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|''[[Gully Boy]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominations for 5thFOIOA Announced; Gully Boy & Sonchiriya lead the tally!|url=https://www.foionlineawards.com/post/nominations-for-5thfoioa-announced-gully-boy-sonchiriya-lead-the-tally|website=foionlineawards|date=2020-01-26|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en|first=FOIOA|last=Announcements}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Filmfare Awards<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|''[[Gully Boy]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare Award Nominations 2020 for Best Editing|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/nominations/best-editing/nitin-baid|website=filmfare.com|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|IIFA Awards<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|''[[Gully Boy]]''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Zee Cine Awards<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|''[[Gully Boy]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Zee Cine Awards Winners|url=https://zeecineawards.com/zca-2020/|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]<br />
|Best Editor<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|''[[Bard of Blood]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2020 – Nominations for Best Editing|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2020/nominations#30|website=filmfare.com|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
| rowspan="2" |FOI Online Awards<br />
|Best Film Editing<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|''[[Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=6thFOIOA 2021 Nominations Announced!|url=https://www.foionlineawards.com/post/6thfoioa-2021-nominations-announced|website=foionlineawards|date=2021-01-22|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en|first=FOIOA|last=Announcements}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2022<br />
|Best Film Editing<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|''[[83 (film)|83]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=7thFOIOA 2022 Nominations Announced!|url=https://www.foionlineawards.com/post/7thfoioa-2022-nominations-announced|website=foionlineawards|date=2022-01-15|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en|first=FOIOA|last=Announcements}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Filmfare Awards<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|''[[83 (film)|83]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare 2022 Nominations for Best Editing|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2022/nominations/best-editing/nitin-baid|website=filmfare.com|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Filmfare OTT Awards<br />
|Best Editing<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|''[[Darlings (film)|Darlings]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners of Filmfare OTT Awards 2023|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/winners|website=filmfare.com|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|FOI Online Awards<br />
|Best Film Editing<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|''[[Love Hostel]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=8thFOIOA 2023 Nominations Announced!|url=https://www.foionlineawards.com/post/8thfoioa-2023-nominations-announced|website=foionlineawards|date=2023-01-13|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en|first=FOIOA|last=Announcements}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2024<br />
|Filmfare OTT Awards<br />
|Best Editing<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan|Kho Gye Hum Kahan]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2024 Nominations: Best Editing (Web Original Film)|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2024/nominations#189|website=filmfare.com|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|FOI Online Awards<br />
|Best Film Editing<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|''[[Kho Gaye Hum Kahan|Kho Gye Hum Kahan]]''<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=nm4731330}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baid, Nitin}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian artists]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Indian editors]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi film editors]]<br />
[[Category:Film editors from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Christ University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Okha%E2%80%93Varanasi_Superfast_Express&diff=522829Okha–Varanasi Superfast Express2026-05-02T13:20:22Z<p>WillyFdt599330: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian train}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Okha–Varanasi Superfast Express<br />
| image = <br />
| image_width = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]<br />
| locale = <br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|03|29}}<br />
| last =<br />
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]]<br />
| ridership =<br />
| start = {{stnlnk|Okha}} (OKHA)<br />
| stops = 21<br />
| end = {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}} (BSB)<br />
| distance = {{convert|2042|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 34 hours 30 mins<br />
| frequency = Weekly <br />
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack =<br />
| catering = On-board catering <br> E-catering<br />
| observation = Rake sharing with 20952/20951[[Okha–Jaipur Weekly Express]] <br />
| entertainment = <br />
| baggage = No<br />
| otherfacilities= Below the seats<br />
| stock = [[LHB coach]]<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br />
| electrification = <br />
| trainnumber = 22969 / 22970<br />
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts<br />
| map =<br />
| map_state =<br />
}}<br />
The 22969 / 22970 '''Okha–Varanasi Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast]] train belonging to [[Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Okha}} and {{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 22969/22970 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3388&did=1475152994283E0C7CDC3DACDB047F0D18D59D40C5C89.web107 Various Important Features in the new West Zone]</ref><ref>[http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/into-effect-after-midnight-railway-timetable Railway timetable implemented after midnight]</ref><ref>[https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi-city-14788611.html Mahamana will be 20 minutes late and Varuna will go five minutes earlier.]</ref><br />
<br />
==Coach composition==<br />
<br />
The train has standard [[ICF coach|ICF rakes]] with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 23 coaches:<br />
<br />
* 1 AC II Tier<br />
* 5 AC III Tier<br />
* 10 Sleeper coaches<br />
* 1 Pantry Car<br />
* 4 General Unreserved<br />
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake<br />
<br />
==Service==<br />
<br />
22969/Okha–Varanasi Superfast Express has an average speed of 55&nbsp;km/h and covers 2042&nbsp;km in 35 hrs 55 mins.<br />
<br />
22970/Varanasi–Okha Superfast Express has an average speed of 58&nbsp;km/h and covers 2042&nbsp;km in 33 hrs 50 mins.<br />
<br />
== Route and halts ==<br />
<br />
The important halts of the train are :<br />
<br />
* '''{{stnlnk|Okha}}'''<br />
* {{stnlnk|Dwarka}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Jamnagar}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Rajkot Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Ahmedabad Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Ratlam Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Nagda Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Sawai Madhopur Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Gangapur City}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Agra Fort}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Tundla Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Junction}}<br />
* '''{{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}}'''<br />
<br />
==Schedule==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Departure day !! Arrival station !! Arrival time !! Arrival day <br />
|-<br />
| 22969 || OKHA || Okha || 14:05 PM || Thursday || Varanasi Junction || 02:00 AM || Saturday<br />
|-<br />
| 22970 || BSB || Varanasi Junction || 21:55 PM || Saturday || Okha || 07:45 AM || Monday<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Rake sharing==<br />
<br />
The train shares its rake with 20951/20952 [[Okha–Jaipur Weekly Express]].<br />
<br />
==Direction reversal==<br />
<br />
Train reverses its direction 1 times at:<br />
<br />
* {{stnlnk|Vadodara Junction}}<br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
<br />
Both trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara]]-based [[WAP-5]] [[WAP-7]] locomotive.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Okha railway station]]<br />
* [[Varanasi Junction railway station]]<br />
* [[Sabarmati Express]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1727 22969/Okha–Varanasi Superfast Express] India Rail Info<br />
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/1214 22970/Varanasi–Okha Superfast Express] India Rail Info<br />
<br />
{{Railways in Eastern India}}<br />
{{Railways in Western India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Okha-Varanasi Superfast Express}}<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Okha]]<br />
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Varanasi]]<br />
[[Category:Superfast Express trains]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2012]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-express-train-stub}}</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hingorja_(tribe)&diff=502859Hingorja (tribe)2026-04-25T02:59:45Z<p>WillyFdt599330: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Sindhi Rajput tribe}}<br />
<br />
The '''Hingorja,''' '''Hingorjo''' also '''Hingorza''' ({{Langx|sd|هنگورجو}}) is a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] [[Muslim Rajputs|Muslim Rajput]] tribe, found in the province of [[Sindh]] in Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadiem |first=Ihsan H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TluAAAAMAAJ&q=hingorja+tribe |title=Thar: The Great Pakistani Desert, Land, History, People |date=2001 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |isbn=978-969-35-1244-1 |pages=99 |language=en}}</ref> They are also found in the [[Bhuj]], [[Gandhidham]] and [[Banni Grasslands Reserve|Banni]] towns of [[Kutch]] district in the state of [[Gujarat]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Cy_-FXW9BQC&dq=raysipotra+tribe&pg=PA487 |title=Gujarat |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-104-4 |pages=509 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hingorja have a few clans, including Malwani, Jeshwani, Parian, Rebani, Kheera, etc.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
{{Sindhi tribes}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Hingora]]<br />
*[[Samma (tribe)|Samma]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
[[Category:Tribes of Kutch]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Pakistan-ethno-stub}}<br />
[[Category:Sindhi tribes in India]]<br />
[[Category:Rajput clans of Sindh]]<br />
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kandhar_Assembly_constituency&diff=508142Kandhar Assembly constituency2026-04-24T02:55:43Z<p>WillyFdt599330: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Kandhar<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| state = Maharashtra<br />
| established = 1962<br />
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><br />
| electors = 213,421<br />
| mla = Chikhlikar Prataprao Govindrao<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Independent politician}}<br />
| constituency_no =<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br />
| district =<br />
| loksabha_cons =<br />
| reservation =<br />
}}<br />
<b>Kandhar Assembly constituency </b>was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Govind Rao Narsing Rao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| Madhaw Rao Sawai<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="3" | Keshavrao Shankarrao Dhondge || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Gurunathrao Manikrao Kurude<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Eshwarrao Narayanrao Bhosikar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | Keshavrao Shankarrao Dhondge || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan="2" | Rohidas Khobraji Chavan|| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Prataprao Patil Chikhalikar]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandhar }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate =[[ Prataprao Patil Chikhalikar]]|party = Independent politician |votes = 49,191 |percentage = 30.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Anna Dhondge |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 43,218 |percentage = 27.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Rohidas Khobraji |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 42,511 |percentage = 26.67% |change = {{decrease}}6.45 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhosikar Hariharrao Vishvanathrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,666 |percentage = 7.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vikram Vithalrao Sorge |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,484 |percentage = 1.56% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lute Prabhu Sambhaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,190 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Borole Venkatrao Kishanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,793 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kendre Santukrao Babarao |party = Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 1,393 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,973 |percentage = 3.75% |change = {{decrease}}2.76 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 159,430 |percentage = 74.70% |change = {{increase}}3.41 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,423}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 213,421 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.48 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}2.26 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandhar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Rohidas Khobraji |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 39,662 |percentage = 33.12% |change = {{decrease}}3.84 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eshwarrao Narayanrao Bhosikar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,865 |percentage = 26.61% |change = {{increase}}11.87 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Anna Dhondge |party = Swatantra Bharat Paksha |votes = 25,507 |percentage = 21.30% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavrao Shankarrao Dhondge |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 17,894 |percentage = 14.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rathod Devidas Chander |party = National Minorities Party |votes = 1,554 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamble Roopkumar Narayanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 858 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,797 |percentage = 6.51% |change = {{decrease}}6.43 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,416 |percentage = 71.29% |change = {{decrease}}5.01 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,764}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,140 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.03 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}3.84 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1995 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandhar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Rohidas Khobraji |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 48,702 |percentage = 36.96% |change = {{increase}}16.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Anna Dhondge |party = Independent politician |votes = 31,648 |percentage = 24.02% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandagale Madhavrao Govindrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,420 |percentage = 14.74% |change = {{decrease}}3.91 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavrao Shankarrao Dhondge |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 16,994 |percentage = 12.90% |change = {{decrease}}15.76 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kendre Babu Bhagawan |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 7,208 |percentage = 5.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Kendre Ramrao Tukaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,404 |percentage = 3.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yannawar Ramdas Digambarrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 912 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,054 |percentage = 12.94% |change = {{increase}}4.98 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 134,707 |percentage = 76.30% |change = {{increase}}14.41 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 131,765}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,550 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.82 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}8.30 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1990 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandhar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavrao Shankarrao Dhondge |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 30,195 |percentage = 28.66% |change = {{decrease}}32.60 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chavan Rohidas Khobraji |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 21,815 |percentage = 20.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukadam Venkatrao Devrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,650 |percentage = 18.65% |change = {{decrease}}18.66 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gita Nagnath Shankarrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,989 |percentage = 17.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wadje Shivraj Thoraji |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,360 |percentage = 6.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhakar Mariba Kable |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,658 |percentage = 3.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Galapwad Pandurang Mahadu |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,271 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Vilas Ambaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 912 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,380 |percentage = 7.96% |change = {{decrease}}15.99 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,306 |percentage = 61.89% |change = {{increase}}0.57 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,338}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,390 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.70 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}32.60 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandhar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavrao Shankarrao Dhondge |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 50,461 |percentage = 61.26% |change = {{increase}}16.32 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Eshwarrao Narayanrao Bhosikar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,732 |percentage = 37.31% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaji Madhavrao Nalge |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,184 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,729 |percentage = 23.95% |change = {{increase}}23.87 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 83,925 |percentage = 61.32% |change = {{increase}}8.45 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,377}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,855 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.07 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}16.24 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1980 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandhar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Eshwarrao Narayanrao Bhosikar |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 29,426 |percentage = 45.02% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kurude Gurunathrao Manikrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 29,371 |percentage = 44.94% |change = {{increase}}1.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pulkundwar Baburao Hiraman |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,602 |percentage = 5.51% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Ramrao Namdeorao |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 2,480 |percentage = 3.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mamde Anant Kishan |party = Independent politician |votes = 479 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 55 |percentage = 0.08% |change = {{decrease}}15.12 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,953 |percentage = 52.87% |change = {{decrease}}6.99 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,358}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,636 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.18 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}1.44 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandhar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kurude Gurunathrao Manikrao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 29,825 |percentage = 43.58% |change = {{decrease}}14.72 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhoshikar Ishwar Rao Narayanrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,422 |percentage = 28.38% |change = {{decrease}}8.65 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = More Ganpatrao Bhaurao |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,799 |percentage = 12.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pulkundwar Baburao Hiraman |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,255 |percentage = 9.14% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonkamble Motiram Vithoba |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,532 |percentage = 3.70% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhujbal Rangnath Ramrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,610 |percentage = 2.35% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,403 |percentage = 15.20% |change = {{decrease}}6.06 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,726 |percentage = 59.86% |change = {{increase}}6.38 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,443}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,155 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.28 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}14.72 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandhar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavrao Shankarrao Dhondge |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 34,421 |percentage = 58.30% |change = {{increase}}5.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhavrao V. Jadhav |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,866 |percentage = 37.03% |change = {{increase}}6.11 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pundge. M. G |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,758 |percentage = 4.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,555 |percentage = 21.26% |change = {{decrease}}0.75 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 61,182 |percentage = 53.48% |change = {{increase}}5.04 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 59,045}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,401 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.83 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}5.37 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandhar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavrao Shankarrao Dhondge |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 23,871 |percentage = 52.93% |change = {{decrease}}4.32 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. S. Deshmukh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,944 |percentage = 30.92% |change = {{decrease}}3.19 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Kamle |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,665 |percentage = 8.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. P. Chaware |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,575 |percentage = 5.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. R. Venkatrao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,047 |percentage = 2.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,927 |percentage = 22.01% |change = {{decrease}}1.13 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,689 |percentage = 48.44% |change = {{increase}}2.06 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,102}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,506 |ref = |change = {{increase}}40.02 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}4.32 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandhar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Keshavrao Shankarrao Dhondge |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 17,611 |percentage = 57.25% |change = {{increase}}40.65 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sahebrao Sakoji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,493 |percentage = 34.11% |change = {{decrease}}26.29 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mangya Purbhaya |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,659 |percentage = 8.64% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,118 |percentage = 23.14% |change = {{increase}}9.33 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,293 |percentage = 46.38% |change = {{decrease}}4.95 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,763}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,782 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}20.88 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}26.85 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Kandhar <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Govind Rao Narsing Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,159 |percentage = 30.40% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Madhaw Rao Sawai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,973 |percentage = 30.00% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sham Rao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 7,729 |percentage = 16.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohan Rao |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 6,683 |percentage = 14.35% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhanudas Rao Sakharam Panth |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 4,029 |percentage = 8.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,430 |percentage = 13.81% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 46,573 |percentage = 25.67% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,573}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,725 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br />
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ananda_Gopal_Bandopadhyay&diff=486286Ananda Gopal Bandopadhyay2026-04-21T11:55:07Z<p>WillyFdt599330: adding some entry needs work</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian tabla player (1942–2021)}}<br />
{{multiple issues|{{notability|Biographies|date=October 2013}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=October 2013}}}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ananda Gopal Bandopadhyay<br />
| image = Ananda Gopal Bandopadhyay 01.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1942|04|28}} <br />
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2021|05|07|1942|04|28}}<br />
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| known_for = [[Tabla]] player<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ananda Gopal Bandopadhyay''' (April 28, 1942 – May 7, 2021)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/covid-strikes-hard-indian-classical-music-suffers-its-worst/articleshow/83137534.cms|title = COVID strikes hard, Indian classical music suffers its worst - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=June 2021 }}</ref> was an Indian [[tabla]] player. He was trained in the style of the [[Benaras Gharana]] by his teacher Mahadev Prasad Mishra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itcsra.org/celebrated_masters.asp?id%3D1 |title=The Celebrated Masters of Indian Classical Music |accessdate=2013-10-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818053509/http://www.itcsra.org/celebrated_masters.asp?id=1 |archivedate=2014-08-18 }}</ref> His father, Radha Gopal Bandopadhyay, was an amateur vocalist. Bandopadhyay has accompanied several notable vocal musicians, as well as producing solo recordings, and giving solo performances.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061208/asp/atleisure/story_7110354.asp#top#cite_ref−4 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : At Leisure |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610215405/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061208/asp/atleisure/story_7110354.asp |archive-date=2015-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060512/asp/atleisure/story_6211501.asp#top#cite_ref−1 |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : At Leisure |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007034707/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060512/asp/atleisure/story_6211501.asp |archive-date=2013-10-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Musical career ==<br />
Over his career, he has accompanied several notable Hindusthani classical singers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hindu.com/2001/08/10/stories/0910070a.htm |title=The Hindu : Feast of Hindustani music |website=hindu.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016085901/http://hindu.com/2001/08/10/stories/0910070a.htm |archive-date=16 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_sammelan/artist_18th_kol_nov2010.html |title=ITC Sangeet Sammelan - Kolkata |accessdate=2013-10-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127092534/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_sammelan/artist_18th_kol_nov2010.html |archivedate=2011-11-27 }}</ref> He has also performed in several cities outside India, including [[Boston]], [[New York City|New York]], [[San Francisco]], and [[Los Angeles]], as well as the [[World Youth Festival]] in [[Berlin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imsom.org/events/20041023.html|title = 20041023.HTML}}</ref> Bandopadhyay was a past faculty member of [[ITC Sangeet Research Academy]] in [[Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_sammelan/saturday_july2010.html |title=Saturday Recitals - February 2010 |accessdate=2013-10-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113859/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_sammelan/saturday_july2010.html |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}</ref> as well as a top rated artist of [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}<br />
<br />
In 1965, he won the first prize in The [[All India Radio]] music competition, and was awarded the President's gold medal.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} In 1970, the [[Emperor of Ethiopia]] presented him with a gold medal, which is an honor not frequently extended to foreign musicians.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} In 2012, he was awarded the Sangeet Ratna Award by The Salt Lake Music Association.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
<br />
Ananda Gopal Bandopadhyay was married to Rekha Bandopadhyay. He is the father of Pran Gopal Bandopadhyay, a tabla player whom he trained, and Kasturi Bandopadhyay, a Hindusthani classical and semi-classical vocalist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_sammelan/saturday_june2010.html |title=Saturday Recitals |accessdate=2013-10-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113757/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_sammelan/saturday_june2010.html |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040827/asp/atleisure/story_3683577.asp#top |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Bengal |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041228143314/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040827/asp/atleisure/story_3683577.asp |archive-date=2004-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_sammelan/wednesday_aug2010.html |title=Wednesday Recitals |accessdate=2013-10-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113937/http://www.itcsra.org/sra_sammelan/wednesday_aug2010.html |archivedate=2016-03-04 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=sra_story_scholars_past |url=http://www.itcsra.org/sra_story/sra_story_scholars/sra_story_scholars_past.html |website=www.itcsra.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]<br />
* [[Anindo Chatterjee]]<br />
* [[Kumar Bose]]<br />
* [[Shankar Ghosh (musician)|Shankar Ghosh]]<br />
* [[Suresh Talwalkar]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category|Ananda Gopal Bandopadhyay}}<br />
* [http://www.vibotunes.com/artists/ananda-gopal-bandopadhyay/tabla-60.html Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801194246/http://www.vibotunes.com/artists/ananda-gopal-bandopadhyay/tabla-60.html |date=2017-08-01 }}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandopadhyay, Ananda Gopal}}<br />
[[Category:1942 births]]<br />
[[Category:2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Tabla players]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drummers]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Uttar Pradesh]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Equitable_Tourism_Options&diff=498598Equitable Tourism Options2026-04-18T15:49:22Z<p>WillyFdt599330: created</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|NGO in Bangalore, India}}<br />
{{Promotional|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| name =Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS)<br />
| image =[[File:Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) Organization Logo.png|alt=Logo of the non-profit organization Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS)|Logo of Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS)]]<br />
| type =Research, campaign and advocacy non-profit<br />
| founded =1985<br />
| vat_id = <br />
| registration_id =<br />
| founder = <br />
| location =Bangalore, India<br />
| coordinates ={{coord|13|0|27.7|N|77|39|11.10|E}}<br />
| origins = <br />
| key_people = <br />
| region_served =India<br />
| product = <br />
| focus =Impacts of tourism on local communities in India<br />
| method = <br />
| revenue = <br />
| endowment = <br />
| num_volunteers = <br />
| num_employees = <br />
| num_members = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| owner = <br />
| former_name =<br />
| website =http://www.equitabletourism.org<br />
| dissolved = <br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
'''Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS)''' was a research, campaign and advocacy [[NGO]] working on social, cultural, economic and environmental [[impacts of tourism]] on local communities in India. Their work was directed towards enabling non-exploitative, equitable and [[sustainable tourism]] in India. They functioned out of [[Bangalore]], [[India]] and were founded in 1985.<ref>{{cite web |title=About EQUATIONS |url=http://equitabletourism.org/stage/about.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928061211/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/about.php |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 September 2009 |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==About EQUATIONS==<br />
This NGO works towards awareness and mitigation of the negative impacts of tourism in India. They primarily provide analysis, initiate campaigns, advocate for law and policy changes, and network with other groups working on the issues of tourism. They rely on their network of grassroots organisations, local communities, activists, researchers, unions and experts to build perspectives from the ground.<ref>{{cite web |title=Myriad Faces of Tourism |author=Kunal N Talgeri |url=http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?266829 |publisher=Outlook Business |location=India |date=4 September 2009 |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717160956/http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?266829 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The work of EQUATIONS can be categorised into six broad themes across regions of India. <br />
<br />
=== Child and tourism ===<br />
EQUATIONS is a formal member of End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes - [https://web.archive.org/web/20130322221502/http://ecpat.net/EI/index.asp (ECPAT) International].<ref>{{cite web |title=ECPAT International South Asia Directory |url=http://www.ecpat.net/EI/Ecpat_directory.asp?id=67&groupID=6 |accessdate=1 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232456/http://www.ecpat.net/EI/Ecpat_directory.asp?groupID=6&ID=67 |archive-date=2 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They work closely with [[ECPAT]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Male prostitution, it's common! |author=Joeanna Rebello Fernandes |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-13/man-woman/29765161_1_male-prostitution-boys-easy-money |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104071719/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-13/man-woman/29765161_1_male-prostitution-boys-easy-money |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2012 |location=India |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 July 2010}}</ref> on the mission to rid tourism of child exploitation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Child exploitation advocacy campaign goes international |author=Alma B. Sinumlag |url=http://www.nordis.net/?p=7542 |newspaper=Northern Dispatch (nordis) Weekly |location=North Philippines |date=22 August 2010}}; {{cite news |title=Abuse of India's boys 'is rising' |author=Jyotsna Singh |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7738259.stm |newspaper=BBC News |location=Delhi, India |date=19 November 2008}}</ref> Their main objectives are to advocate for social accountability and responsibility on the protection of children in tourism,<ref>{{cite news |title=Clamping down on paedophilia |author=S.Anil Radhakrishnan |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/26/stories/2008122650750200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202125150/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/26/stories/2008122650750200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 February 2009 |location=Kerala, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 December 2008}}</ref> encourage collaborative and concerted action to combat the exploitation of children in tourism<ref>{{cite news |title=Predators on the Prowl |author=M.G.Radhakrishnan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/living/story/20100719-predators-on-the-prowl-743434-2010-07-08 |newspaper=India Today |location=India |date=9 July 2010}}</ref> and influence governments to incorporate child-friendly and gender-sensitive guidelines.<ref>{{cite news |title=Centre's code push to wipe off child sex tourism stain |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/50484/centres-code-push-wipe-off.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |location=New Delhi, India |date=2 February 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Economic impacts and tourism ===<br />
They evaluate the implications of international trade and economic policy on tourism development and consequent impact on local communities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Peoples' Forum against ADB calls for mobilization against the Asian Development Bank at the institution's annual meetings in May |url=http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.2710.aspx |publisher=Bank Information Center |date=3 April 2006 |access-date=11 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717064244/http://www.bicusa.org/en/Article.2710.aspx |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}; {{cite news |title=Tourism And Its Impact |author=Imtiaz Muqbil |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/tourism/10905/tourism-and-its-impact |newspaper=Bangkok Post |location=Bangkok, Thailand |date=2 February 2009 }}</ref> Since the early nineties, they have engaged with the issues of impact of globalisation,<ref>{{cite news |title=Slew of programmes on Tourism Day |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/27/stories/2009092753840400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002000426/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/27/stories/2009092753840400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2009 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=27 September 2009}}</ref> trade and investment policies on tourism development.<ref>{{cite news |title=Long-term tourism strategy vital for sustainable development |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/09/09/stories/2006090903351900.htm |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |date=9 September 2006 }}; {{cite news |title=Focus on 'Responsible Tourism' in N-E region |author=Karma Samten Yangzom |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/08/25/stories/2010082552401700.htm |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |location=Gangtok, Sikkim, India |date=25 August 2010 }}; {{cite news |title=??? |author=Sankar Radhakrishnan |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/05/13/stories/2008051350120900.htm |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |location=India |date=13 May 2008 |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724234005/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2008/05/13/stories/2008051350120900.htm |archive-date=24 July 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Ecosystems, communities and tourism ===<br />
They examine tourism development from an environmental angle<ref>{{cite news |title=Call for steps to mitigate climate change impact |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/24/stories/2007052401550200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081008021340/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/24/stories/2007052401550200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 October 2008 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 May 2007}}</ref> and also linking it to the livelihoods, culture, way of living of communities dependent on natural resources.<ref>{{cite news |title=A voice for the voiceless Adivasis |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/06/stories/2007110650870200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109054022/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/06/stories/2007110650870200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 November 2007 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 November 2007}}; {{cite news |title=Forest dwellers for more rights |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1071105/asp/jharkhand/story_8511278.asp |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=Ranchi, Jharkhand, India |date=5 November 2007}}</ref> They believe that tourism development must be environmentally just, respectful of the rights of local communities and sustainable.<ref>{{cite web |title=Building permits for resort at Kumbalangi cancelled |url=http://www.keralatourismwatch.org/node/106 |publisher=Kerala Tourism Watch |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |date=4 August 2008 |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726215732/http://www.keralatourismwatch.org/node/106 |archive-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> EQUATIONS uses research grounded in [[grassroots]] realities and advocates<ref>{{cite news |title=India's tourism industry lacks accountability |url=http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/india2019s-tourism-industry-lacks-accountability |newspaper=OneWorld South Asia |date=29 September 2008}}</ref> through networking with the government, the tourism industry, media, other [[civil society]] organisations and with communities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tourism plans for Andamans go on, tsunami notwithstanding |author=Syed Liyakhat |url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/node/5708 |publisher=Down to Earth |location=India |date=31 March 2007 }}; {{cite news |title=Biosphere in peril |author=Pankaj Sekhsaria |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2004/06/13/stories/2004061300440700.htm |newspaper=The Hindu |location=India |date=24 June 2004 |access-date=12 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310200554/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2004/06/13/stories/2004061300440700.htm |archive-date=10 March 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Governance, law and tourism ===<br />
They monitor laws and policies and advocates concerns on the unregulated expansion of tourism in violation of rights of local communities and self governance at the grassroots level with various ministries and departments.<ref>{{cite news |title=NGO expresses concern over tourism Bill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article512520.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |date=12 July 2010}}; {{cite web |title=Union Ministry of Tourism to evolve a Code of Conduct for all tourism service providers |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=54406 |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India |location=India |date=23 November 2009}}</ref> They also work with communities and individuals to build awareness and capacity towards exercising their rights in relation to tourism planning and implementation in their local region.<ref>{{cite news |title=Responsibility in tourism should go beyond 3Rs |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/04/stories/2008050450080200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506174033/http://www.hindu.com/2008/05/04/stories/2008050450080200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 May 2008 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 May 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Women and tourism ===<br />
Their work examines ways in which women can have greater access, control and ownership over livelihoods and [[natural resources]] as well as access to the benefits in the context of tourism.<ref>{{cite news |title=Systematic ways needed to empower women |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/26/stories/2007092660910300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014055628/http://hindu.com/2007/09/26/stories/2007092660910300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 September 2007}}; {{cite news |title=No Visuals that 'Commodify' Women |author=R.Ayyapan |newspaper=The New Indian Express |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |date=19 October 2007}}; {{cite news |title=Call for Databank on Women Working in Tourism |newspaper=The New Indian Express |location=Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |date=26 September 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Tourism education ===<br />
They engage with students, academics and tourism institutions to build awareness on tourism impacts, encouraging research and welcoming interns. Their attempt is to integrate critical perspectives on the impacts of tourism within tourism curriculum to further understanding of how tourism can be more equitable.<ref>{{cite web |title=Essay Writing and Innovation Presentation Competition for Students |url=http://equitabletourism.org/stage/event.php?AID=440 |date=27 September 2009}}; {{cite web |title=Tourism Education |url=http://equitabletourism.org/stage/tourism_details.php?AID=85}}</ref><br />
<br />
==EQUATIONS vision==<br />
EQUATIONS envisions a just and equitable world, where all people have the freedom and the right to determine their lives and future. They envision forms of tourism which are non-exploitative, where decision making is [[Democratization|democratised]], and access to and benefits of tourism are equitably distributed. They believe in the capacity of individuals and communities to actualise their potential for the well-being of society.<ref>{{cite web |title=About EQUATIONS |url=http://equitabletourism.org/stage/about.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090928061211/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/about.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=28 September 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Campaigns and advocacy==<br />
EQUATIONS initiates campaigns and supports people's struggles, against unjust, undemocratic and unsustainable forms of tourism. They advocate people's concerns with the local, regional and national government. Their advocacy aims for [[decentralised]] democracy and that communities should have a decisive voice in the access, control and ownership over their livelihood, natural resources and common resources. They try to ensure people's experiences influences changes in tourism policies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Campaigns and Advocacy |url=http://equitabletourism.org/stage/campaigns.php?year=&TA=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929120704/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/campaigns.php?year=&TA=|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 September 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Some of EQUATIONS campaigns and advocacy literature ===<br />
* Tourism Leave Our Coasts Alone! (27 September 2010). On World Tourism Day 2010 they called for a re-examination of the claim that tourism and biodiversity are mutually dependent. Documenting instances of tourism's irresponsible development on the coast, they reiterated the need for stringent regulation to protect coasts and the rights and livelihoods of coastal communities in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Tourism Day 2010 statement from EQUATIONS |url=http://www.tourismconcern.org.uk/uploads/file/Equations-response%20to%20WTD10.pdf |publisher=TourismConcern |location=UK |date=27 September 2010 |access-date=19 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720090821/http://www.tourismconcern.org.uk/uploads/file/Equations-response%20to%20WTD10.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* Concerns Intensify as Government Proposes to Amend Kerala Tourism (Conservation & Preservation of Areas) Act 2005 (7 July 2010). They expressed concern over the Kerala Government's move to amend the Kerala Tourism (Conservation & Preservation of Areas) Act 2005 through an Ordinance and later by a Bill in the Assembly in June 2010 on the grounds that it will usurp the powers and mandate of local [[self-governing]] institutions.<ref>{{cite news |title=NGO expresses concern over tourism Bill |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article512520.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |date=12 July 2010}}</ref><br />
* Scrap the Islands Protection Zone Notification (3 June 2010). This was a campaign expressing their concerns related to the proposed [[Islands Protection Zone]] (IPZ) Notification and highlighting the need to make the [[Coastal Regulation Zone]] (CRZ) notification even stronger and ensure tourism is regulated in the fragile island ecosystems in India.<br />
* Zones of Contestation - Call for a Moratorium on Mega Resorts (24 February 2009). They demanded an end to the global [[mega-resort]] boom to preserve and use wisely land and natural resources to benefit local communities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zones of Contestation: Call For a Moratorium on Mega-Resorts |url=http://www.keralatourismwatch.org/node/135 |publisher=Kerala Tourism Watch |location=Kerala, India |accessdate=19 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130104734/http://www.keralatourismwatch.org/node/135 |archive-date=30 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* The issue of illegal [[Land reclamation|reclamation]] of [[backwater (river)|backwater]]s and Pokkali fields at Kumbalangi village in Kerala taken up by EQUATIONS played its part in getting building permits for resorts at Kumbalangi, [[Kerala]] cancelled.<ref>{{cite news |title=Building permits for resort at Kumbalangi cancelled |author=S. Anil Radhakrishnan |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/04/stories/2008080455800400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920074916/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/04/stories/2008080455800400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 September 2008 |location=Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=4 August 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Recent publications==<br />
EQUATIONS provides access to all their [[publications]].<br />
<br />
'''2010'''<br />
* Humanity-Equality-Destiny? - Implicating Tourism in the [[Commonwealth Games 2010]] (July 2010) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=959 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; Humanity-Equality-Destiny? - Implicating Tourism in the Comm |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012 |archive-date=23 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323224440/http://equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=959 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Commonwealth Games will not boost tourism, says report |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/28/stories/2010072861140400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801022452/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/28/stories/2010072861140400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2010 |location=New Delhi, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=28 July 2010 }}; {{cite news |title=Games rush claim exaggerated, says NGO report |author=Ambika Pandit |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/commonwealth-games/top-stories/Games-rush-claim-exaggerated-says-NGO-report/articleshow/6225374.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |location=New Delhi, India |date=28 July 2010 }}; {{cite news |title=No tourists in sight – Commonwealth Games and Tourism |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/hindi/sport/2010/08/100827_cwg_tourism_ar.shtml |newspaper=BBC News (Hindi) |location=New Delhi, India |date=28 August 2010 |language=Hindi }}; {{cite news |title=1 lakh tourists for Games. Really? |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/1-lakh-tourists-for-Games-Really/Article1-578676.aspx |newspaper=The Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi, India |date=27 July 2010 |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020075244/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/1-lakh-tourists-for-Games-Really/Article1-578676.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* Envisioning Tourism in India (June 2010) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=932 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710054442/http://equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=932 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 July 2012 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; Envisioning Tourism in India |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Envisioning tourism in India |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/envisioning-tourism-india |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120802014752/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/envisioning-tourism-india |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 August 2012 |publisher=India Environmental Portal |accessdate=1 February 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''2009'''<br />
* The Challenge and Prospects of Tourism in [[Goa]] Today (November 2009) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=534 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730092434/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=534 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=30 July 2012 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; The Challenge and Prospects of Tourism in Goa Today |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> and Claiming the Right to Say No (November 2009) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=535 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; Claiming the Right to Say No |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074804/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=535 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tourism can promote good human relations |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-06/goa/28098002_1_spiritual-dimension-ferrao-centre-for-responsible-tourism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065150/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-06/goa/28098002_1_spiritual-dimension-ferrao-centre-for-responsible-tourism |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2012 |location=Panaji, Goa, India |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 December 2009 }}; {{cite news |title=Tourism is a powerful tool |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/06/stories/2009120654040500.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=6 December 2009 |archive-date=18 July 2010 |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718073507/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/06/stories/2009120654040500.htm |url-status=dead }}; {{cite web |title=In tourism, Goa church sees great new tool |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/in-tourism-goa-church-sees-great-new-tool_100289411.html |publisher=Thaindian News |location=Panaji, Goa, India |date=15 December 2009 |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=24 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100224045710/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/in-tourism-goa-church-sees-great-new-tool_100289411.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* Nature, Markets, Tourism - Exploring Tourism's claims to [[Conservation biology|Conservation]] in India (July 2009) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=439 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929120736/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=439 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 September 2009 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; Nature, Markets, Tourism |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nature, Markets, Tourism - Exploring Tourism's claims to Conservation in India |url=http://www.globalfocus.org.nz/ |publisher=Global Focus Aotearoa |accessdate=1 February 2011 }}; {{cite web |title=Ecotourism in India |url=http://www.globalforestcoalition.org/paginas/view/137 |publisher=Global Forest Coalition |accessdate=1 February 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
* Making a Difference - Dossier on Community Engagement on Nature Based Tourism in India (May 2009) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=437 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; Making a Difference - Dossier on Community Engagement on Nat |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074909/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=437 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Making a Difference - Dossier on Community Engagement on Nature Based Tourism in India |url=http://www.asl-foundation.org/research.php |publisher=The African Safari Lodge Foundation |accessdate=1 February 2011}}</ref><br />
* Coastal Regulation in India - Why do we need a new Notification? (April 2009) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=451 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929120915/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=451 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=29 September 2009 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; Coastal Regulation in India - Why do we need a new Notificat |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''2008'''<br />
* Redefining Tourism - Experiences and Insights from [[Rural tourism|Rural Tourism]] Projects in India (November 2008) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=405 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; Redefining Tourism - Experiences and Insights from Rural Tou |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074917/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=405 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> and Sustainability in Tourism - A Rural Tourism Model - A Review Report (September 2008) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=402 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074924/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=402 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=17 March 2012 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; Sustainability in Tourism - A Rural Tourism Model - A Review |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Myriad Faces of Tourism |author=Kunal N Talgeri |url=http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?266829 |publisher=Outlook Business |location=India |date=4 September 2010 |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717160956/http://business.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?266829 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* Rethink Tourism in the [[Andamans]] - Research Report (June 2008) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=647 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074929/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=647 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=17 March 2012 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; Rethink Tourism in the Andamans-Research Report |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rethink Tourism in the Andamans |url=http://www.expresstravelworld.com/20080731/management04.shtml |publisher=Express Travel World |location=India |date=31 July 2008 |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126055050/http://expresstravelworld.com/20080731/management04.shtml |archive-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}; {{cite news |title=Rethink Tourism in Andamans: report |author=Surabhi Agarwal |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/rethink-tourism-in-andamans-report/347257/ |newspaper=The Financial Express |location=India |date=11 August 2008 }}</ref><br />
* Unholy Nexus: Male Child Sexual Exploitation in [[Pilgrim Tourism]] Sites in India (June 2008) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=424 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074937/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=424 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=17 March 2012 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; Unholy Nexus: Male Child Sexual Exploitation in Pilgrim Tour |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sin in sacred places |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-debate/sin-sacred-places-419 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |location=Secunderabad, India |date=29 November 2009 }}; {{cite web |title=ECPAT International-South Asia Publications-Unholy Nexus |url=http://www.ecpat.net/ei/SA_Publications.asp |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602201204/http://www.ecpat.net/EI/SA_Publications.asp |archive-date=2 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}; {{cite news |title=Pilgrim sites turn sex tourism hubs |author=Chetan Chauhan |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Pilgrim-sites-turn-sex-tourism-hubs/Article1-388862.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |location=New Delhi, India |date=13 March 2009 |access-date=24 December 2010 |archive-date=26 January 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126085338/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Pilgrim-sites-turn-sex-tourism-hubs/Article1-388862.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* [[International financial institutions|IFIs]] and Tourism: Perspectives and Debates (March 2008) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=407 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010002728/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=407 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=10 October 2010 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; IFIs and Tourism: Perspectives and Debates |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Change Tourism, Not Climate! |author=Anita Pleumarom |url=http://www.twnside.org.sg/title2/climate/series/cc03.pdf |isbn=978-967-5-41210-3 |publisher=Third World Network |year=2009}}</ref><br />
* Public Purpose: How the Tourist Destination of Tomorrow continues to Dispossess the Adivasis of [[Narmada]] today (March 2008) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=412 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074947/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=412 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=17 March 2012 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; Public Purpose: How the Tourist Destination of Tomorrow con |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref><br />
* [[Right to Information Act|Right To Information]] And Tourism (March 2008) <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=422 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; Right To Information And Tourism |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012 |archive-date=17 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074952/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=422 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><br />
* Rights of the Child in the Context of Tourism (March 2008) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=423 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317074956/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=423 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=17 March 2012 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; Rights of the Child in the Context of Tourism |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref><br />
* Impacts Of The Proposed Himalayan [[Ski Village]] Project In [[Kullu]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] (March 2008) <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=399 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726193005/http://www.equitabletourism.org/stage/readfull.php?AID=399 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 July 2010 |title=Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS) &#124; Impacts Of The Proposed Himalayan Ski Village Project In Kullu, Himachal Pradesh |publisher=Equitabletourism.org |date= |accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Greenwash and bluewash and all at the same time, note the use of "eco" and "responsible" tourism |url=http://www.fairtourism.org/blog/2010/04/24/greenwash-and-bluewash-and-all-same-time-note-use-eco-and-responsible-tourism |publisher=FairTourism? |access-date=22 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926093851/http://www.fairtourism.org/blog/2010/04/24/greenwash-and-bluewash-and-all-same-time-note-use-eco-and-responsible-tourism |archive-date=26 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20001204175900/http://www.equitabletourism.org/ Official website of Equitable Tourism Options (EQUATIONS)]}}<br />
* [https://www.scribd.com/EQUATIONS_Tourism EQUATIONS] on [[Scribd]]<br />
* [http://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=p&q=+inauthor:%22Equitable+Tourism+Options+%28EQUATIONS%29%22#hl=en&tbs=bks:1&q=inauthor%3A%22Equitable+Tourism+Options+%28EQUATIONS%29%22&sa=X&ei=YSQ0Tei4CsPhrAeAsIXoCA&ved=0CCQQ9Ag&fp=211449ec20a1000f EQUATIONS] on [[Google Books]]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tourism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Travel-related organizations]]<br />
[[Category:1985 establishments in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Organisations based in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations established in 1985]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khatauli_Assembly_constituency&diff=509652Khatauli Assembly constituency2026-04-15T23:47:16Z<p>WillyFdt599330: put up initial info initial version...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Khatauli<br />
| map_image = 15-Khatauli.svg<br />
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| district = [[Muzaffarnagar]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| constituency_no=15<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| incumbent_image = Potrait of Madan Bhaiya.jpg<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency|Muzaffarnagar]]<br />
| mla = [[Madan Bhaiya]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Khatauli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. It is a part of the [[Muzaffarnagar district]] and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ceomap">{{cite web | title=District/Assembly Map of Uttar Pradesh | url=https://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/images/u2.pdf | year=2012 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh |access-date=24 June 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725185743/https://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/images/u2.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2013}}</ref> The first election in this assembly constituency was held in 1967 after the "Delimitation Order" (Delimitation Commission - 1967) was passed in 1967. In 2008, after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed, this constituency was assigned identification number 15.<ref name="Delimitation Orders (1967)">{{cite news|title=Delimitation Orders (1967)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=27 July 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/Delimitation%20Orders-67.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 27 July 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=27 July 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Wards and areas==<br />
<br />
Extent of Khatauli Assembly constituency is Khatauli, Mansoorpur, PCs Jansath, Talada, Tisang, Mehalaki, Khedachogawan, Basayach, Nangalachadhav of Jansath KC, Khatauli NPP, Khatauli (CT) & Jansath NP of Jansath Tehsil.<ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008"/><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|[[Chaudhary Sardar Singh]]<ref name="election1967">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3246-uttar-pradesh-1967/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|[[Virendra Verma]]<ref name="election1969">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3247-uttar-pradesh-1969/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1969 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=27 October 2024}}</ref><br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]<ref name="election1974">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3249-uttar-pradesh-1974/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1974 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |Laxman Singh<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3253-uttar-pradesh-1977/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|Dharamveer Singh<ref name="election1980">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3254-uttar-pradesh-1980/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|[[Harendra Singh Malik|Harendra Malik]]<ref name="election1985">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3255-uttar-pradesh-1985/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|Dharamveer Singh<ref name="election1989">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3256-uttar-pradesh-1989/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<ref name="election1991">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3257-uttar-pradesh-1991/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Sudhir Kumar Baliyan|Sudhir Baliyan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<ref name="election1996">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3259-uttar-pradesh-1996/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=18 March 2024}}</ref><br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajpal Singh Baliyan|Rajpal Baliyan]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kisan Kamgar Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<ref name="election2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3260-uttar-pradesh-2002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br />
|[[Yograj Singh (politician)|Yograj Singh]]<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br />
|[[Kartar Singh Bhadana]]<ref name="2012 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=27 July 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017"/><br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Vikram Singh Saini|Vikram Saini]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2022 elections in India#Uttar Pradesh|2022^]]<br />
|[[Madan Bhaiya]]<ref name="election2022"/><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}<br />
|}<br />
^By poll<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
===2022 bypoll===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Khatauli<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Lok Dal|candidate=[[Madan Bhaiya]] |votes=97,139|percentage=54.04|change=+16.06}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Raj Kumari Saini|votes=74,996|percentage=41.72|change=-3.62}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Ramesh Prajapati|votes=1849|percentage=1.03|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate |party=Independent|candidate=Pramod Arya|votes=1803|percentage=1.00|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=22,143|percentage=12.32|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,79,758|percentage=57.38|change=}} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner= Rashtriya Lok Dal<br />
|loser= Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing=<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2022 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Khatauli<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Vikram Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:100651}}<br />
|percentage = 45.34<br />
|change = +0.87<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br />
|candidate = Rajpal Singh Saini<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:84306}}<br />
|percentage = 37.98<br />
|change = +31.95<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Kartar Singh Bhadana<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:31412}}<br />
|percentage = 14.15<br />
|change = -3.39<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:824}}<br />
|percentage = 0.37<br />
|change = +0.04<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:16345}}<br />
|percentage = 7.36<br />
|change = -7.36<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:221969}}<br />
|percentage = 69.79<br />
|change = -1.54<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2017 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Khatauli<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Vikram Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:94771}}<br />
|percentage = 44.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Chandan Singh Chauhan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:63397}}<br />
|percentage = 29.75<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Shivan Singh Saini<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:37380}}<br />
|percentage = 17.54<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br />
|candidate = Shahnawaz Rana<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:12846}}<br />
|percentage = 6.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:694}}<br />
|percentage = 0.33<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:31374}}<br />
|percentage = 14.72<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:213096}}<br />
|percentage = 71.33<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|loser = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===2012===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Khatauli<ref name="ceomap"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br />
|candidate = [[Kartar Singh Bhadana]]<br />
|votes = 46,722<br />
|percentage = 27.45<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Tara Chand Shastri<br />
|votes = 40,847<br />
|percentage = 24<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Shyam Lal<br />
|votes = 39,358<br />
|percentage = 23.12<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Sudhir Saini<br />
|votes = 19,029<br />
|percentage = 11.18<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 5,875<br />
|percentage = 3.45<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 170,229<br />
|percentage = 62.53<br />
|change = -<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| <br />
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Muzaffarnagar Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
*[[Muzaffarnagar district]]<br />
*[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Muzaffarnagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br />
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doddaballapur_Assembly_constituency&diff=497490Doddaballapur Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:22:19Z<p>WillyFdt599330: created</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Doddaballapur<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 180<br />
| map_image = 180-Doddaballapur constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = Map of Assembly constituency<br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| district = [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore Rural]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chikkaballapur]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:214240}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}<br />
| mla = Dheeraj Muniraju<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| preceded_by = T. Venkataramanaiah<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Doddaballapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Chikballapur Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref> and was formerly in Mysore State.<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="2" | Totappa Siddalingiah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="4" | G. Rame Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="4" | [[R. L. Jalappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1996 elections in India#Karnataka|1996 By-election]] || R. G. Venkatachalaiah<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || V. Krishnappa || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | [[J. Narasimha Swamy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="2" | [[T. Venkataramanaiah]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Dheeraj Muniraj]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref name="Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election 2023 - Doddaballapur">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election 2023 - Doddaballapur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10180.htm?ac=180 |access-date=4 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404132640/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10180.htm?ac=180 |archive-date=4 April 2025}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dheeraj Muniraj]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 85,144 |percentage = 46.69% |change = {{increase}}30.33 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. Venkataramanaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 53,391 |percentage = 29.28% |change = {{decrease}}14.11 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Munegowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 39,280 |percentage = 21.54% |change = {{decrease}}15.96 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Purushothama |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,356 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,010 |percentage = 0.55% |change = {{decrease}}0.05 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,753 |percentage = 17.41% |change = {{increase}}11.52 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 182,701 |percentage = 85.28% |change = {{increase}}2.01 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 182,365}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,240 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.42 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.30 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. Venkataramanaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 73,225 |percentage = 43.39% |change = {{increase}}15.55 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Munegowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 63,280 |percentage = 37.50% |change = {{increase}}12.71 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. Narasimha Swamy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,612 |percentage = 16.36% |change = {{decrease}}7.09 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. K. N. Venkatesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,018 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,016 |percentage = 0.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,945 |percentage = 5.89% |change = {{increase}}4.85 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 169,224 |percentage = 83.27% |change = {{increase}}2.27 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,757}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 203,231 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.98 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}15.55 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2013 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[T. Venkataramanaiah]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,877 |percentage = 27.84% |change = {{decrease}}13.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Munegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 37,430 |percentage = 26.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Channigappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 34,628 |percentage = 24.79% |change = {{decrease}}13.54 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. Narasimha Swamy]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 32,753 |percentage = 23.45% |change = {{increase}}8.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Nagendra Prasad |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,517 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Purushothama |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,439 |percentage = 1.03% |change = {{decrease}}0.52 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Chandra Thejaswi |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 984 |percentage = 0.70% |change = {{decrease}}0.61 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,447 |percentage = 1.04% |change = {{decrease}}1.96 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,338 |percentage = 81.00% |change = {{increase}}5.20 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 139,664}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,126 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.87 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}13.48 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2008 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. Narasimha Swamy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,724 |percentage = 41.32% |change = {{decrease}}4.42 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Channigappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 47,970 |percentage = 38.33% |change = {{increase}}2.55 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Narayangowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 18,882 |percentage = 15.09% |change = {{increase}}2.05 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Purushothama |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,946 |percentage = 1.55% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Chandra Thejaswi |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,644 |percentage = 1.31% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Lakshminarayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,463 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,754 |percentage = 3.00% |change = {{decrease}}6.96 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 125,205 |percentage = 75.80% |change = {{increase}}6.55 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 125,166}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,178 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}12.72 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.42 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[J. Narasimha Swamy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,954 |percentage = 45.74% |change = {{increase}}3.06 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Krishnappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 46,898 |percentage = 35.78% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayana Gowda. M |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,086 |percentage = 13.04% |change = {{decrease}}42.21 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatesh. K. N |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,738 |percentage = 2.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muniraju. M |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 2,006 |percentage = 1.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakshminarayana. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,207 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraju. K. C |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,173 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,056 |percentage = 9.96% |change = {{decrease}}2.61 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 131,063 |percentage = 69.25% |change = {{decrease}}2.40 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 131,062}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,257 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.71 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.51 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = V. Krishnappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,096 |percentage = 55.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. G. Venkatachalaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 47,966 |percentage = 42.68% |change = {{increase}}34.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Chandra Thejaswi |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,324 |percentage = 2.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,130 |percentage = 12.57% |change = {{increase}}10.84 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,256 |percentage = 71.65% |change = {{decrease}}4.09 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,386}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,807 |percentage = 5.71% |change = {{increase}}4.49 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 166,435 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.80 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}8.57 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly By-election 1996 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1996 elections in India#Karnataka|1996 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov1996/index.htm |title=Bye Elections - 1996 - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = R. G. Venkatachalaiah |party = Janata Dal |votes = 52,450 |percentage = 46.68% |change = {{decrease}}7.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Narasimhaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 50,501 |percentage = 44.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. D. Sathya Narayana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,218 |percentage = 8.20% |change = {{decrease}}25.38 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,949 |percentage = 1.73% |change = {{decrease}}18.74 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 113,760 |percentage = 75.74% |change = {{decrease}}0.96 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,366}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,389 |percentage = 1.22% |change = {{decrease}}0.53 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,207 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.37 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}7.37 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1994 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[R. L. Jalappa]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 59,764 |percentage = 54.05% |change = {{increase}}4.25 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Krishnappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,130 |percentage = 33.58% |change = {{decrease}}12.57 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Hanumantharayappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,637 |percentage = 7.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. N. Prabhudeva |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 3,945 |percentage = 3.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,634 |percentage = 20.47% |change = {{increase}}16.83 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 112,541 |percentage = 76.70% |change = {{increase}}0.97 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 110,568}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,973 |percentage = 1.75% |change = {{decrease}}2.22 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,730 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.49 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}4.25 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[R. L. Jalappa]] |party = Janata Dal |votes = 48,096 |percentage = 49.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Krishnappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,577 |percentage = 46.15% |change = {{increase}}15.70 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. K. Srinivasamurthy |party = Janata Party |votes = 3,037 |percentage = 3.14% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,519 |percentage = 3.64% |change = {{decrease}}26.49 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,577 |percentage = 75.73% |change = {{decrease}}1.45 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,584}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,993 |percentage = 3.97% |change = {{increase}}2.73 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,805 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.13 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}10.78 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[R. L. Jalappa]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 48,238 |percentage = 60.58% |change = {{increase}}4.55 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satchidananda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,246 |percentage = 30.45% |change = {{decrease}}6.51 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Hanumantha Rayappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,967 |percentage = 7.49% |change = {{increase}}1.91 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rahim Baba |party = Independent politician |votes = 593 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,992 |percentage = 30.13% |change = {{increase}}11.06 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 80,627 |percentage = 77.18% |change = {{increase}}1.97 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,628}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 999 |percentage = 1.24% |change = {{increase}}0.14 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,463 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.13 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.55 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[R. L. Jalappa]] |party = Janata Party |votes = 39,896 |percentage = 56.03% |change = {{increase}}15.19 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurujappa. K. C |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,316 |percentage = 36.96% |change = {{increase}}35.60 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Hanumantha Rayappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,970 |percentage = 5.58% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayanaswamy. B |party = Independent politician |votes = 653 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,580 |percentage = 19.07% |change = {{increase}}3.02 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,989 |percentage = 75.21% |change = {{decrease}}6.69 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,200}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 789 |percentage = 1.10% |change = {{decrease}}0.46 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,721 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.22 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}0.86 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Rame Gowda |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 39,476 |percentage = 56.89% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Neelakantaiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 28,338 |percentage = 40.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Hanumanthaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 946 |percentage = 1.36% |change = {{decrease}}73.98 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,138 |percentage = 16.05% |change = {{decrease}}38.29 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,487 |percentage = 81.90% |change = {{increase}}17.96 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,389}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,098 |percentage = 1.56% |change = {{increase}}1.56 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,062 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.78 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}18.45 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Rame Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,196 |percentage = 75.34% |change = {{increase}}29.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Pillegowda |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 10,086 |percentage = 20.99% |change = {{increase}}16.61 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. G. R. Naidu |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 1,763 |percentage = 3.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,110 |percentage = 54.34% |change = {{increase}}51.05 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,227 |percentage = 63.94% |change = {{decrease}}12.87 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 48,045}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,993 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.61 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}25.88 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Rame Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,376 |percentage = 49.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Neelakantaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,822 |percentage = 46.17% |change = {{increase}}22.49 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. Gowda |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,069 |percentage = 4.38% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,554 |percentage = 3.29% |change = {{decrease}}36.39 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,031 |percentage = 76.81% |change = {{increase}}3.53 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,267}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,838 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.05 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}13.90 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Rame Gowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 25,288 |percentage = 63.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Neelakantaiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,450 |percentage = 23.68% |change = {{decrease}}40.87 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Muguvalappa |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,804 |percentage = 9.53% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Papanna |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,154 |percentage = 2.89% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,838 |percentage = 39.68% |change = {{decrease}}2.46 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,751 |percentage = 73.28% |change = {{increase}}20.28 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,913}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,972 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.20 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.19 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Totappa Siddalingiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,527 |percentage = 64.55% |change = {{decrease}}5.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. C. Gangadharappa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 6,084 |percentage = 22.41% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Ramakrishnaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,541 |percentage = 13.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,443 |percentage = 42.14% |change = {{decrease}}3.43 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,152 |percentage = 53.00% |change = {{decrease}}17.59 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,152}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,232 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.40 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.81 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Doddaballapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Totappa Siddalingiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,130 |percentage = 70.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. C. Subbanna |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 7,092 |percentage = 24.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Ramakrishnaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,390 |percentage = 4.86% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,038 |percentage = 45.57% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 28,612 |percentage = 70.59% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,612}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 40,531 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Bangalore rural district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|13.29|77.53|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Bengaluru Rural district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhilwara_Assembly_constituency&diff=491153Bhilwara Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:18:42Z<p>WillyFdt599330: adding a data w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Bhilwara<br />
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-180-Bhilwara.svg<br />
| mla = [[Ashok Kumar Kothari]]<br />
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| state = [[Rajasthan]]<br />
| district = [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhilwara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhilwara]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:279899}}<ref name="election2023">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 180<br />
}}<br />
'''Bhilwara Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order – 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]] district and [[Bhilwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhilwara Lok Sabha Constituency]].<br />
<br />
==Member of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
|| [[1951 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<ref name="election1951">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> || Tej Mal<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br />
|-<br />
|| [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name="election1957">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1957 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> || Kamla Bai<br />
|-<br />
|| [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name="election1962">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> || Nirmala Devi<br />
|-<br />
|| [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> || R.P. Lacha<br />
|-<br />
|| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="election1972">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> || Bhauwat Lal Bhadada<br />
|-<br />
|| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> || Kaushal Kishore Jain<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="election1980">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1980 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> || Bansilal Patwa<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="election1985">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> || Pranvir<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name="election1990">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1990 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> || Bansilal Patwa<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1993 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> || Jagdish Chandra Darak<br />
|-<br />
|| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election1998">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1998 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> || Ramrichpal Nuwal<br />
|-<br />
|| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election2003">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2003 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> || Devendra Singh<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2005">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2005 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
|| [[Subhash Chandra Baheria]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2008 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> || rowspan=3|[[Vitthal Shankar Avasthi]]<br />
|-<br />
|| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|[[Ashok Kumar Kothari]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Bhilwara<ref name="election2023"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Ashok Kumar Kothari]]<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:70095}}<br />
|percentage = 36.68<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Om Prakash Naraniwal<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:59317}}<br />
|percentage = 31.04<br />
|change = +20.22<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Vitthal Shankar Awasthi<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:55625}}<br />
|percentage = 29.11<br />
|change = -24.12<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Social Democratic Party of India<br />
|candidate = Abdul Rajjak Ansari<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2309}}<br />
|percentage = 1.21<br />
|change = -3.63<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1257}}<br />
|percentage = 0.66<br />
|change = -0.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:10778}}<br />
|percentage = 5.64<br />
|change = -22.68<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:191087}}<br />
|percentage = 68.27<br />
|change = -0.04<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Independent<br />
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Bhilwara<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Vitthal Shankar Avasthi<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:93198}}<br />
|percentage = 53.23<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Om Prakash Naraniwal<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:43620}}<br />
|percentage = 24.91<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Anil Dangi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:18941}}<br />
|percentage = 10.82<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Social Democratic Party of India<br />
|candidate = Abdul Salam Ansari<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:8468}}<br />
|percentage = 4.84<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Jaspal Singh Bhati<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3762}}<br />
|percentage = 2.15<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1198}}<br />
|percentage = 0.68<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:49578}}<br />
|percentage = 28.32<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:175079}}<br />
|percentage = 68.31<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]<br />
*[[Bhilwara district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|25.35|74.63|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bhilwara district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivana_(actress)&diff=504860Ivana (actress)2026-04-09T09:47:35Z<p>WillyFdt599330: put up first post v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Ivana<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|2|25}}<br />
| birth_name = Aleena Shaji<br />
| othername = Ivana<br />
| birth_place = <!-- must cite published reliable source(s) to verify birth place --> [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| yearsactive = 2012–present<br />
| parents = <br />
| education = <br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Aleena Shaji''' (born 25 February 2000) known by her stage name '''Ivana''', is an Indian actress who works mainly in [[Tamil cinema]] and in addition to a few [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Telugu Cinema|Telugu]] films. Starred as a child artist in Malayalam films, and debuted as lead in ''[[Naachiyaar]]'' (2018). She later did many commercially successful films like ''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]'' (2022) and ''[[Single (film)|Single]]'' (2025).<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Aleena began her career as a child actress in the Malayalam film industry through supporting role in ''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]'' (2012), before working on ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]'' (2015), three years later. Aleena then portrayed a pivotal role in ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' (2016) as the daughter of the lead character.<ref name="reelisticviews.2016.11.18">{{Cite news |url=http://reelisticviews.com/?p=19500 |title=Anuraga Karikkin Vellam review |date=18 November 2016 |work=Reelistic Views |access-date=22 February 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=23 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223051155/http://reelisticviews.com/?p=19500 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Director [[Bala (director)|Bala]] had spotted a news article about ''Anuraga Karikkun Vellam'' online and subsequently chose to cast Aleena in his Tamil film, ''[[Naachiyaar]]'' (2018), which also had [[Jyothika]] and [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] in pivotal roles. Bala requested that she should use a stage name which would be easier to pronounce for Tamil audiences, and with the assistance of her cousin, she finalised the name Ivana.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title='Jyothika helped me to cry' : 'Nachiyaar' Ivana Interview |author=Tamil The Hindu |publisher=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |date=21 February 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKaokZqYhgc |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215211546/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKaokZqYhgc |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref> In order to prepare for her role, she undertook Tamil classes, while her co-actors assisted and gave her tips when filming certain scenes.<ref name="nie.2018.02.22">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/22/naachiyaar-a-debut-to-remember-for-ivana-1776942.html |title=Naachiyaar: A debut to remember for Ivana |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=23 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223051105/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/feb/22/naachiyaar-a-debut-to-remember-for-ivana-1776942.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Portraying Arasi, a young, innocent girl, Ivana received praise for her performance. ''Sify.com'' noted "with and a pretty fresh face and large expressive eyes, Ivana makes a wholly believable Arasi".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/naachiyaar-review-a-perfectly-satisfying-watch-that-deserves-your-time-review-tamil-scqoRGcajafei.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216134543/http://www.sify.com/movies/naachiyaar-review-a-perfectly-satisfying-watch-that-deserves-your-time-review-tamil-scqoRGcajafei.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2018 |title=Review : Naachiyaar review: A perfectly satisfying watch that (2018) |website=[[Sify]] |language=en |access-date=22 February 2018}}</ref> Likewise, critics from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' noted that Ivana makes "an impressive debut", while ''India Today''{{'}}s reviewer stated that Ivana gives a "splendid performance" and her "expressions are pleasing and pretty convincing".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/naachiyaar-film-review-bala-jyothika-gv-prakash-ivana-1170963-2018-02-16 |title=Naachiyaar Movie Review: Finally, a Bala film with a happy ending |date=16 February 2018 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en-US |access-date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=22 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222080441/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/naachiyaar-film-review-bala-jyothika-gv-prakash-ivana-1170963-2018-02-16 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/naachiyaar-movie-review-jyothika-star-rating-5066341/ |title=Naachiyaar movie review: Jyothika, GV Prakash Kumar shine in a surprisingly 'soft' Bala movie |date=16 February 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=22 February 2018 |url-access=subscription |language=en-US |archive-date=23 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223051153/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/naachiyaar-movie-review-jyothika-star-rating-5066341/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ List of Ivana film credits<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role(s)<br />
! scope="col" | Language (s)<br />
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes<br />
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || ''[[Masters (film)|Masters]]'' || Young Daksha ||rowspan="3"|[[Malayalam]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''[[Rani Padmini (film)|Rani Padmini]]'' || Young Rani ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || ''[[Anuraga Karikkin Vellam]]'' || Anu Raghu ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''[[Naachiyaar]]'' || Kottaiarasi "Arasi"|<br />
|rowspan="7"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] <br />
|Debut [[Tamil film]] <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]'' || Mathi ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2022 || ''[[Love Today (2022 film)|Love Today]]'' || Nikitha ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2023<br />
|''[[Let's Get Married (2023 film)|LGM: Let's Get Married]]'' || Meera ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mathimaran]]'' || Mathi ||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Kalvan (film)|Kalvan]]'' || Balamani||<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2025<br />
|''[[Dragon (2025 film)|Dragon]]'' || Harini || Cameo appearance<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Single (film)|Single]]'' <br />
||Harini||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]|| Debut Telugu film<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=Sree Vishnu’s 18th film is titled ‘Single’ |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/sree-vishnus-18th-film-is-titled-single |access-date=2025-11-09 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2026<br />
|''Jolliya Iruntha Oruthan'' ||TBA||Tamil||<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2025|title=New Film in Kollywood🔥 Working Title — #Jio {{!}} #Jiiva47 Stars : Jiiva - Aleena Shaji (Ivana) Music : Yuvan Shankar Raja (GOAT) Direction : Rajesh M (SMS - Boss) Currently Shoot in Progress!!|url=https://x.com/saloon_kada/status/1982740273160761719|website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ List of Ivana awards and nominations<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Award<br />
! scope="col" | Category<br />
! scope="col" | Work<br />
! scope="col" | Result<br />
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{ref heading}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|8th SIIMA Awards]] || [[8th South Indian International Movie Awards#Debut awards|Best Debut Actress]] || rowspan="2" |''[[Naachiyaar]]'' || {{nom}} || style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="siima2018">{{Cite web |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2018/ |title=Awards 2018 – SIIMA |website=SIIMA |access-date=6 January 2023 |archive-date=23 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223151337/https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2018/ |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Awards South]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress - Tamil|Best Supporting Actress]] || {{nom}} || style="text-align:center;"| <ref name="siima2018"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|10752244}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ivana}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:2000 births]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharampur,_Solan&diff=496692Dharampur, Solan2026-04-01T05:22:57Z<p>WillyFdt599330: done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{One source|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Dharampur<br />
| native_name = Bathol Dharampur<br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = Dharampur, Solan drone view.jpg<br />
| image_alt = Dharampur, Himachal Pradesh<br />
| image_caption = Skyline of Dharampur<br />
| nickname = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = Location within Himachal Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|30.900|77.018|display=title,inline}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = District<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Solan district|Solan]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_note = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Regional<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Mahasui]] ([[Baghati dialect|Baghati]])<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 173209<br />
| area_code_type = S T D<br />
| area_code = 01792<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#HP.E2.80.94Himachal Pradesh|HP]]-<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dharampur''' is a town located in [[Solan district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref name="Geology2007">{{cite book|author=Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology|title=Himalayan geology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWfzAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 June 2012|date=1 January 2007|publisher=[[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]]|page=15}}</ref> It is located in [[Kasauli tehsil]], about 65&nbsp;km from [[Shimla]] and 15&nbsp;km from [[Kasauli]] on the National Highway 22. It is also connected by the [[Kalka–Shimla Railway|Kalka-Shimla Railway]] line, it also serves as the [[Dharampur Himachal railway station|railway station]]. It houses the first tuberculosis sanatorium in North India. C R.P.F. (Central Reserve Police Force) camp on N.H. 22 on Shimla Road.<br />
<br />
Dharampur is situated on the [[National Highway 5 (India)|Chandigarh – Shimla Highway.(NH5)]]<br />
It is also connected to [[Kalka]] through [[Kalka–Shimla Railway|toy train]]. The toy train is one of the narrow gauge trains and so is a tourist attraction also as Dharampur is located near to Kasauli and bus connectivity to Kasauli is majorly through Dharampur.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Solan district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_high_commissioners_of_India_to_the_United_Kingdom&diff=512992List of high commissioners of India to the United Kingdom2026-03-30T15:54:19Z<p>WillyFdt599330: started initial article more to come.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox Political post<br />
|post = High Commissioner<br />
|body = India to the United Kingdom<br />
|native_name =<br />
|insignia = Emblem of India.svg<br />
|insigniasize = 100px<br />
|insigniacaption = <br />
|department =<br />
|image = <br />
|imagesize =<br />
|alt = <br />
|incumbent = [[Periasamy Kumaran]], [[Indian Foreign Service|IFS]]<br />
|incumbentsince = 26 March 2026<br />
|style = <br />
|residence = [[India House, London|India House]], [[London]]<br />
|nominator = [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br />
|appointer = <br />
|termlength = <br />
|inaugural = [[V. K. Krishna Menon]]<br />
|formation = 1947<br />
|last =<br />
|abolished =<br />
|succession = <br />
|deputy = <br />
|salary = <br />
|website = [https://www.hcilondon.gov.in/ High Commission of India, London., UK]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom''' is the head of the [[High Commission]] of '''[[India]]''' to the '''[[United Kingdom]]'''. The High Commission is located at [[India House, London|India House]] in [[London]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{See also|List of Deputy High Commissioners of India to the United Kingdom}}<br />
In 1919, a committee chaired by the [[Marquess of Crewe]] determined there existed the need to separate the agency work of the [[India Office]] from its other political and administrative roles, and recommended the transfer of all such work to "a High Commissioner for India or some similar Indian Governmental Representative in London." It was also felt popular opinion in India would view this as a step towards full Dominion status for India.<ref name="chapterxv"/> The [[Government of India Act, 1919|Government of India Act]] that same year upheld the recommendations of the committee, making provision for "the appointment of a High Commissioner by His Majesty by Order in Council, which might delegate to the official any of the contractual powers of the Secretary of State [for India] in Council, and prescribe the conditions under which he should act on behalf of the Government of India or any Provincial Government."<br />
<br />
On 13 August 1920, King-Emperor [[George V]] issued the required Order in Council. Until India became independent in 1947, the post was styled '''High Commission for India'''. The first High Commissioner for India was [[Indian Civil Service]] officer Sir [[William Stevenson Meyer]]; the first of Indian origin was Sir [[Dadiba Merwanji Dalal]]. The High Commissioner enjoyed the same status as his counterparts from the British Dominions.<ref name="chapterxv"/> Upon Indian independence, the post was given the present designation.<br />
<br />
==High Commissioners for India (1920–1947)==<br />
<br />
List of High Commissioner for [[British Raj|India]]<ref>Also represented [[British Burma]] until 1937, when it became a Crown Colony separate from India</ref><br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" | Name<br />
! scope="col" | Portrait<br />
! scope="col" | Assumed office<br />
! scope="col" | Left office<br />
! scope="col" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sir]] [[William Stevenson Meyer]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]], [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]<ref name="chapterxv">[http://www.houseofdavid.ca/seton15.pdf "Chapter XV- The High Commissioner for India"]</ref><br />
| <br />
| September 1920<br />
| October 1922<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[J. W. Bhore]]'' [[Order of the British Empire|CBE]]<ref name="chapterxv"/><br />
| [[File:Bhore_JW.jpg|100px]]<br />
| October 1922<br />
| April 1923<br />
| ''(acting)''<br />
|-<br />
| Sir [[Dadiba Merwanji Dalal]] [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]<ref name="chapterxv"/><br />
| <br />
| April 1923<br />
| December 1924<br />
| ''First High Commissioner of Indian origin''<br />
|-<br />
| Sir [[Atul Chandra Chatterjee]] KCSI, [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]<ref>"The British Empire - India and Dependencies: Government and Constitution," pg. 113, ''The Statesman's Year Book, 1926,'' Epstein. Macmillan. London 1926</ref><br />
| [[File:Atul Chandra Chaterjee.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 1925<br />
| 1931<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| Sir [[Bhupendra Nath Mitra]] KCSI, KCIE, CBE <ref>''The Statesman's Year-Book,'' 71st Edition, pg 118, Macmillan & Co, 1934</ref><br />
| <br />
| 1931<br />
| 1936<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Malik]] Sir [[Feroz Khan Noon]] KCSI, KCIE, Kt.<ref>"The British Commonwealth - India and Dependencies: Government and Constitution," pg. 110, ''The Statesman's Year Book, 1938,'' Epstein. Macmillan. London 1938</ref> <br />
|[[File:Feroz_Khan_Noon.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 1936<br />
| December 1941<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Khan Bahadur]] [[Maulvi]] Sir [[Azizul Haque (educator)|Muhammad Aziz-ul-Haq]] CIE <ref>"The British Commonwealth - India and Dependencies: Government and Constitution," pg. 111, ''The Statesman's Year Book, 1942,'' Epstein. Macmillan. London 1942</ref> <br />
| <br />
| December 1941<br />
| May 1943<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| [[Dewan Bahadur]] Sir [[Samuel Ebenezer Runganadhan]]<ref>"The British Commonwealth - India and Dependencies: Government and Constitution," pg. 112, ''The Statesman's Year Book, 1946,'' Epstein. Macmillan. London 1946</ref> <br />
| [[File:S. E. Runganadhan in 1940.jpg|100px]]<br />
| May 1943<br />
| April 1947<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[M. K. Vellodi]]'' CIE <ref>"The British Commonwealth - India and Dependencies: Government and Constitution," pg. 107, ''The Statesman's Year Book, 1947,'' Epstein. Macmillan. London 1946</ref><br />
| <br />
| April 1947<br />
| August 1947<br />
| ''(acting)''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==High Commissioners of India to the United Kingdom (1947–present)==<br />
<br />
List of former High Commissioners <ref name="Former HCI">{{cite web| url=https://www.hcilondon.gov.in/pages?id=eyJpdiI6ImpQQVJDbXlseGl4cG50bGQ1NFFEUXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiOCt0SGRYdnhkZERCTGtOcWh2ZlpKZz09IiwibWFjIjoiZjJkMDc4MTQ0NjQ4MWFhZWMwOGE3YjQzYjg0MjM1M2EzYjFjNTE1MjMyNTFkZTkzZDczZTZiNGY0OWM0YjEzYiJ9&subid=eyJpdiI6Im9XMFJRbU5GWW14eENPYjlGSTFRckE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMWs0bjVTbHFpOG14TnVHdEZkeDloQT09IiwibWFjIjoiYmZjODQ0YWQzNTUzNzUyYzAyMDBhNzdjMjIxNzU0ZTU0OWZlZjE0NjBhODVlOTIwZjE2MmQ2MWQwM2Y4M2IyMSJ9| title=Former High Commissioners of India to the United Kingdom| work=High Commissioner of India, London|accessdate=2019-03-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Dominion of India (1947-1950)===<br />
<br />
List of former High Commissioners <ref name="Former HCI"/><br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" | Name<br />
! scope="col" | Portrait<br />
! scope="col" | Assumed office<br />
! scope="col" | Left office<br />
! scope="col" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[V. K. Krishna Menon]]<br />
| [[File:Krishna Menon.jpg|100px]]<br />
| August 1947<br />
| 26 January 1950<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Republic of India (1950-present)===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" | Name<br />
! scope="col" | Portrait<br />
! scope="col" | Assumed office<br />
! scope="col" | Left office<br />
! scope="col" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] || [[File:Krishna Menon.jpg|100px]] || 26 January 1950 || 1952 || First High Commissioner of the Republic of India (from 26 January 1950)<br />
|-<br />
| [[B. G. Kher]] ||[[File:BG Kher 1989 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|100px]] || 1952 || 1954 || Second [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Prime Minister of Bombay]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]] || [[File:Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit 1965b.jpg|100px]] || 1954 || 1961 || First woman [[President of the United Nations General Assembly]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[M. C. Chagla]] ||[[File:President John F. Kennedy with Ambassador of India, Mohamed Ali Currim Chagla in the Oval Office.jpg|100px]] || 1962 || 1963 || Earlier [[Chief Justice of Bombay High Court]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jivraj Narayan Mehta]] || [[File:Jivraj Mehta.jpg|100px]] || 1963 || 1966 || First [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]].<br />
|-<br />
| S. S. Dhawan || || 1968 || 1969 || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Apa Pant|Appa B. Pant]] |||| 15 September 1969 || 12 October 1972 || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Braj Kumar Nehru]] ||[[File:Braj Kumar Nehru.gif|100px]] || 1973 || 1977 || Earlier [[Ambassador of India to the United States]]. Served as Governor of seven Indian states over two decades.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Narayan Ganesh Gore|N. G. Gore]] ||[[File:Narayan Ganesh Gore 1998 stamp of India.jpg|100px]] || 1977 || 1979 || <br />
|-<br />
| V.A. Seyid Muhammad || || 1980 || 1984 || <br />
|-<br />
| P. Mehrotra || || July 1984 || December 1984 || <br />
|-<br />
| [[P. C. Alexander]] || || 1985 || 1987 || Later [[Governor of Tamil Nadu]] and [[Governor of Maharashtra]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Maharaja Krishna Rasgotra]] || [[File:Rasgotra.jpg|100px]] || 1988 || 1990 || Later [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kuldip Nayar]] || [[File:Kuldip Nayar-2.jpg|100px]] || March 1990 || November 1990 || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Laxmi Mall Singhvi]] ||[[File:Laxmi Mall Singhvi 2008 stamp of India.jpg|100px]] || 1991 || 1997 || Second longest tenure after K. V. Krishna Menon.<br />
|-<br />
| [[Salman Haidar]] || || January 1998 || July 1998 || Later [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lalit Mansingh]] || [[File:Lalit Mansingh.jpg|100px]] || 1998 || 1999 || Later [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]].<br />
|-<br />
| Nareshwar Dayal || || 2000 || 2002 || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ronen Sen]] ||[[File:Defense.gov News Photo 070716-D-9880W-084 (cropped).jpg|100px]] || May 2002 || April 2004 || Later [[Ambassador of India to the United States]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kamalesh Sharma]] || [[File:Commonwealth Secretary-General (cropped).jpg|100px]] || July 2004 || January 2008 || Later [[Commonwealth Secretary-General]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shiv Shankar Mukherjee]]<ref>[https://archive.today/20140207145622/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-14/india/27759996_1_new-envoy-shiv-shankar-mukherjee-himalayan-country Times of India - "Shiv Shankar Mukherjee is India's new envoy to UK"]</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20140207145628/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/438250.aspx Hindustan Times - "Warm farewell for Shiv Mukherjee"]</ref> || || January 2008 || August 2009 || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Nalin Surie]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hcilondon.in/pressview.php?category_id=72 |title=High Commission press release on appointment |access-date=2014-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222134546/https://www.hcilondon.in/pressview.php?category_id=72 |archive-date=2014-02-22 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
| [[File:Nalin Surie, Indian High Commissioner (4662715377) (cropped).jpg|100px]] || September 2009 || August 2011 || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Jaimini Bhagwati]] ||[[File:HE Dr Jaimini Bhagwati, High Commissioner of India to the UK (8250197914) (cropped).jpg|100px]]<br />
| February 2012 || December 2013 || <br />
|-<br />
| [[Ranjan Mathai]] || [[File:Ranjan Mathai.jpg|100px]] || December 2013 || December 2015 || Later [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary of India]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Navtej Sarna]] ||[[File:Navtej Sarna at US DOE 2017 (cropped).jpg|100px]] || January 2016 || December 2016 || Later [[Ambassador of India to the United States]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Yashvardhan Kumar Sinha]] ||[[File:YashvardhanKumarSinha.jpg|100px]] || December 2016 || October 2018 || Current [[Chief Information Commissioner of India]].<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ruchi Ghanashyam]] || [[File:Ruchi Ghanashyam India's High Commissioner to the UK (sq cropped).jpg |100px]] || November 2018 || 2 June 2020 || She is the only second Woman High Commissioner to UK since 1947 after [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]]<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ruchi-ghanshyam-india-s-second-woman-envoy-to-uk-since-1947/story-gl9Falb8aenUCKkOIbXoWM.html| title= Ruchi-Ghanshyam-India's-second-woman-envoy-to-uk-since-1947|work=Hindustan Times| date= September 2018}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Gaitri Issar Kumar]]<ref name= auto1>{{cite web |url=https://www.hcilondon.gov.in/page/amb-profile/|title= Indian High Commissioner to the UK|publisher=High Commissioner Of India to London}}</ref><ref name=auto2>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gaitri-kumar-appointed-indias-next-high-commissioner-to-uk-2239552?amp=1&akamai-rum=off|publisher= NDTV|title=Gaitri Issar Kumar Appointed as new High Commissioner to the UK}}</ref><br />
| [[File:Gaitri Issar Kumar (2010).jpg|100px]]<br />
| 3 June 2020 <br />
| 30 June 2022<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Vikram Doraiswami]]<br />
|[[File:Vikram Doraiswami 2022.jpg|100px]]<br />
|22 September 2022<br />
|18 March 2026<br />
| Later [[List of ambassadors of India to China|Ambassador of India to China]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Periasamy Kumaran]]<br />
| [[File:Periasamy Kumaran IFS.jpg|100px]]<br />
| 26 March 2026<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Ambassadors of India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:High commissioners of India to the United Kingdom| ]]<br />
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]<br />
[[Category:United Kingdom and the Commonwealth of Nations]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of India|United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors to the United Kingdom|India]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahid_Afridi&diff=471472Shahid Afridi2026-03-26T13:06:37Z<p>WillyFdt599330: general enhance page to improve readability and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Pakistani cricketer (born 1977)}}<br />
{{Good article}}<br />
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Pakistani English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox cricketer<br />
| name = Shahid Afridi<br>{{post-nominals|list=[[Pride of Performance|PP]] [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz|SI]]|size=80%}}<br />
| image = Shahid Afridi in 2017 (3x4 cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Afridi in 2017<br />
| fullname = Sahibzada Mohammad Shahid Khan Afridi<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1977|03|01|df=y}}<ref name="Dawn">{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1480141|title='Afridi was born in 1977'|work=Dawn News|date=4 May 2019 |access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="Record">{{cite web|url=https://wisden.com/stories/does-afridis-birthday-tweet-confirm-a-new-odi-world-record-holder|title=Does Afridi's birthday tweet confirm a new ODI world record holder?|work=Wisden|date=March 2021 |access-date=26 February 2022 |last1=Gardner |first1=Ben }}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Tirah]], [[Khyber Agency]], Pakistan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahid Afridi distributes relief goods in Tirah Valley |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/689235-shahid-afridi-distributes-relief-goods-in-tirah-valley |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><br />
| nickname = Boom Boom,<ref>[https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/shahid-afridi-reveals-name-of-indian-cricketer-behind-his-nickname-boom-boom/story-0TPWXzrvS1SDkV7fYgRWeM.html "Shahid Afridi reveals name of Indian cricketer behind his nickname ‘Boom Boom’"]. Retrieved 10 September 2018</ref> Lala<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/goodbye-shahid-afridi-lala-and-the-unconditional-love-of-fans-7778940/lite/ |title=Goodbye Shahid Afridi: Lala and the unconditional love of fans |work=The Indian Express |date=18 February 2022 |access-date=6 November 2022}}</ref><br />
| height = 5 ft 11 in<ref name="Wisden2001-447254">{{cite news<br />
|title=Wisden Cricket News (2 July 2001)<br />
|url=https://downloads.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2001/JUL/447254_WISDEN_02JUL2001.html<br />
|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]<br />
|date=2 July 2001<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250922160444/https://downloads.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/CRICKET_NEWS/2001/JUL/447254_WISDEN_02JUL2001.html<br />
|archive-date=22 September 2025<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|access-date=22 September 2025<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/142/shahid-afridi|title=Shahid Afridi Profile – ICC Ranking, Age, Career Info & Stats|website=Cricbuzz}}</ref><br />
| batting = Right-handed<br />
| bowling = Right-arm [[leg spin]]<br />
| role = [[All-rounder]]<br />
| family = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Ashfaq Afridi]] (brother)<br />
* [[Tariq Afridi]] (brother)<br />
* [[Irfan Afridi]] (nephew)<br />
* [[Shaheen Shah Afridi]] (son-in-law)<br />
}}<br />
| international = true<br />
| internationalspan = 1996–2016<br />
| internationalspan2 = 2018<br />
| country = Pakistan<br />
| country2 = World XI<br />
| testcap = 153<br />
| testdebutfor = Pakistan<br />
| testdebutagainst = Australia<br />
| testdebutdate = 22 October<br />
| testdebutyear = 1998<br />
| lasttestfor = Pakistan<br />
| lasttestagainst = Australia<br />
| lasttestdate = 13 July<br />
| lasttestyear = 2010<br />
<br />
| odicap = 109<br />
| odidebutfor = Pakistan<br />
| odidebutagainst = Kenya<br />
| odidebutdate = 2 October<br />
| odidebutyear = 1996<br />
| lastodifor = Pakistan<br />
| lastodiagainst = Australia<br />
| lastodidate = 20 March<br />
| lastodiyear = 2015<br />
| odishirt = 10<br />
<br />
| T20Icap = 8<br />
| T20Idebutfor = Pakistan<br />
| T20Idebutagainst = England<br />
| T20Idebutdate = 28 August<br />
| T20Idebutyear = 2006<br />
| lastT20Ifor = World XI<br />
| lastT20Iagainst = West Indies<br />
| lastT20Idate = 31 May<br />
| lastT20Iyear = 2018<br />
| T20Ishirt = 10<br />
<br />
| club1 = [[List of Karachi first-class cricket teams|Karachi]]{{efn-ua|Not every team that Shahid has played for are listed here. Those that he played for in only one season have been omitted.}}<br />
| year1 = {{nowrap|1995/96–2015/16}}<br />
| club2 = [[Habib Bank Limited cricket team|Habib Bank Limited]]<br />
| year2 = 1997/98–2016/17<br />
| club3 = [[Sindh cricket team|Sindh]]<br />
| year3 = {{nowrap|2007/08–2008/09,}} 2014<br />
| club4 = [[Deccan Chargers]]<br />
| year4 = 2008<br />
| club5 = [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]]<br />
| year5 = 2011–2012, 2016–2017<br />
| club6 = [[Dhaka Capitals|Dhaka Platoon]]<br />
| year6 = 2012, 2017, 2019/20<br />
| club7 = [[Peshawar Zalmi]]<br />
| year7 = 2016–2017<br />
| club8 = [[Karachi Kings]]<br />
| year8 = 2018<br />
| club9 = [[Multan Sultans]]<br />
| year9 = 2019–2021<br />
| columns = 4<br />
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]<br />
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]<br />
| column3 = [[Twenty20 International|T20I]]<br />
| column4 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]<br />
| matches1 = 27<br />
| matches2 = 398<br />
| matches3 = 99<br />
| matches4 = 113<br />
| runs1 = 1,716<br />
| runs2 = 8,064<br />
| runs3 = 1,416<br />
| runs4 = 5,695<br />
| bat avg1 = 36.51<br />
| bat avg2 = 23.57<br />
| bat avg3 = 17.92<br />
| bat avg4 = 31.46<br />
| 100s/50s1 = 5/8<br />
| 100s/50s2 = 6/39<br />
| 100s/50s3 = 0/4<br />
| 100s/50s4 = 12/31<br />
| top score1 = 156<br />
| top score2 = 124<br />
| top score3 = 54[[not out|*]]<br />
| top score4 = 164<br />
| deliveries1 = 3,194<br />
| deliveries2 = 17,670<br />
| deliveries3 = 2,168<br />
| deliveries4 = 13,657<br />
| wickets1 = 48<br />
| wickets2 = 395<br />
| wickets3 = 98<br />
| wickets4 = 266<br />
| bowl avg1 = 35.60<br />
| bowl avg2 = 34.51<br />
| bowl avg3 = 24.44<br />
| bowl avg4 = 26.68<br />
| fivefor1 = 1<br />
| fivefor2 = 9<br />
| fivefor3 = 0<br />
| fivefor4 = 8<br />
| tenfor1 = 0<br />
| tenfor2 = 0<br />
| tenfor3 = 0<br />
| tenfor4 = 0<br />
| best bowling1 = 5/52<br />
| best bowling2 = 7/12<br />
| best bowling3 = 4/11<br />
| best bowling4 = 6/101<br />
| catches/stumpings1 = 10/–<br />
| catches/stumpings2 = 127/–<br />
| catches/stumpings3 = 30/–<br />
| catches/stumpings4 = 78/–<br />
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/42639.html ESPNcricinfo<br />
| medaltemplates = <!--MENTION HOST NATIONS FOR TEAM SPORTS-->{{MedalSport|Men's [[cricket]]}}<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|PAK}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}}<br />
{{Medal|RU|[[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999 England]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's T20 World Cup|ICC T20 World Cup]]}}<br />
{{Medal|W|[[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009 England]]|}}<br />
{{Medal|RU|[[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007 South Africa]]|}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}} <br />
{{Medal|W|[[2000 Asia Cup|2000 Bangladesh]]|}}<br />
{{Medal|W|[[2012 Asia Cup|2012 Bangladesh]]|}}<br />
{{Medal|RU|[[2014 Asia Cup|2014 Bangladesh]]|}}<br />
| date = 15 October<br />
| year = 2025<br />
| module = {{Infobox person<br />
| embed = yes<br />
| signature = Shahid Afridi signature.svg<br />
}}<br />
|club10=[[Quetta Gladiators]]|year10=2022}}<br />
<br />
'''Sahibzada Mohammad Shahid Khan Afridi''' ({{langx|ur|شاہد افریدی&lrm;}}, {{langx|ps|شاهد افریدی}}; born 1 March 1977) is a Pakistani former [[cricketer]] and captain of the [[Pakistan national cricket team]]. An [[all-rounder]], Afridi was a right-handed [[leg spin]]ner and a right-handed batsman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2015 |title=Shahid Afridi: Aggression is his weapon; to hell with thoughtfulness |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/shahid-afridi-he-thrives-because-he-doesnt-thinks-499737 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=Cricket Country |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahid Afridi {{!}} Pride of Pakistan {{!}} Cricketer {{!}} PrideOfPakistan.com |url=https://prideofpakistan.com/famedetail.php?name=ShahidAfridi&id=297 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=prideofpakistan.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Afridi made his ODI debut in 1996 against [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]]. In his second ODI match against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], he played his first international innings and broke the record for fastest century in ODI cricket (doing so in 37 deliveries). He made his Test debut against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in 1998. Afridi made his T20I debut against [[England national cricket team|England]] in 2006. Afridi was named [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup#Tournament|player of the tournament]] of the [[2007 T20 World Cup]]. Afridi was player of the match in the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20 Final|final]] of the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009 T20 World Cup]] scoring an unbeaten 54 and getting figures of 1/20 off of 4 overs as Pakistan went on to win the final. Shortly after Pakistan's win at the 2009 World Cup, Pakistan's captain, [[Younis Khan]], announced his retirement from T20Is and Afridi was appointed as his successor. In 2010, Afridi was appointed Pakistan's ODI captain after the sacking of [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer)|Mohammad Yousuf]]. Afridi was also appointed Pakistan's Test captain but retired from the format after one match as captain. He led the Pakistan team in the [[2011 Cricket World Cup]] where they reached the semi-finals before losing to rival India. In 2011, Afridi was removed as ODI captain. In 2015, Afridi retired from ODI cricket. After Pakistan's group stage elimination from the [[2016 T20 World Cup]], Afridi stepped down from captaincy. He was not selected afterwards and on 19 February 2017, Afridi announced his retirement from international cricket. He made a brief return to international cricket after being selected to represent and captain the World XI against the West Indies in the [[Hurricane Relief T20 Challenge|2018 Hurricane Relief T20 Challenge]] charity match. Following the conclusion of the match, Afridi announced his retirement from international cricket again on 31 May 2018. He served as the interim chief selector of the Pakistan cricket team for [[New Zealand cricket team in Pakistan in 2022–23 (December 2022)|Pakistan's series against New Zealand]].<br />
<br />
Afridi runs his own charity, the Shahid Afridi Foundation which aims to provide education and healthcare facilities. He also teamed up with [[UNICEF]] to promote the anti-polio campaign in the country. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic|2019 Coronavirus pandemic]], he was involved in helping people across [[Balochistan]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan|lockdown]] in the country. This led to him contracting [[COVID-19]] on 13 June 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shahid Afridi tests positive for Covid-19|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shahid-afridi-tests-positive-for-covid-19-1225015|access-date=26 July 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Afridi was also nominated among the top 20 most charitable athletes of 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/939134/shahid-afridi-among-worlds-top-20-charitable-athletes|title=Shahid Afridi among world's top 20 charitable athletes|date=16 August 2015|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early and personal life ==<br />
Afridi was born in [[Tirah]], [[Khyber Agency]], [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas]] (now [[Khyber District]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]), Pakistan<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] for further guidance --> to an [[Afridi (Pashtun)|Afridi]] tribe of [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]].<ref name=interview>{{citation |url=http://www.spincricket.com/2010/10/12/shahid-afridi-speaks/ |title=Shahid Afridi: the story of my life |first=Duncan |last=Steer |publisher=Spin: The Cricket Magazine |access-date=27 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430005741/http://www.spincricket.com/2010/10/12/shahid-afridi-speaks/ |archive-date=30 April 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Peshawar Zalmi">{{cite web |title=PSL: 'Peshawar is close to my heart,' says team owner Javed Afridi |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1225464 |website=Dawn |access-date=22 December 2015 |location=Kolkata, India |date=21 December 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
He belongs to a family of [[Sufi pir]]s (teachers or spiritual masters) and his grandfather [[Maulana]] Muhammad Ilyas was a well-known spiritual figure in Bhutan Sharif, a locality in the [[Tirah Valley]].<ref>[[Peter Oborne]], ''Wounded Tiger: A History of Cricket in Pakistan'', Simon and Schuster, 2015, p. 515</ref> His other grandfather, Sahibzada Abdul Baqi, was given the title ''[[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]-e-Kashmir'' (conqueror of Kashmir) for his efforts during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]].<ref>Web Desk (30 August 2019), [https://www.dialoguepakistan.com/my-grandfather-was-ghazi-e-kashmir-therefore-kashmir-belongs-to-me-shahid-afridi/ "My grandfather was ‘Ghazi-e-Kashmir’, therefore Kashmir belongs to me: Shahid Afridi"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928095236/https://www.dialoguepakistan.com/my-grandfather-was-ghazi-e-kashmir-therefore-kashmir-belongs-to-me-shahid-afridi/ |date=28 September 2022 }}, ''Dialogue Pakistan''. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</ref><ref>Web Desk (30 August 2019), [https://dunyanews.tv/en/Cricket/507295-Modi-will-be-remembered-as-Hitler-after-death-Shahid-Afridi "Modi will be remembered as 'Hitler' after death: Shahid Afridi"], ''Dunya News''. Retrieved 18 May 2020.</ref> In 2003, one of Shahid's first cousins, identified as Shaquib, was killed in an encounter with the Indian [[Border Security Force|BSF]] on 7 September 2003, in [[Anantnag]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. The BSF had described Shaquib as a [[Battalion|battalion commander]] of the [[Islamist]] [[militant]] group [[Harkat-ul-Ansar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shahid Afridi rants about Kashmir: Terrorist cousin was killed in Anantnag, his tribe had invaded Valley in 1947 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/shahid-afridi-rants-about-kashmir-terrorist-cousin-was-killed-in-anantnag-his-tribe-had-invaded-valley-in-1947-1205211-2018-04-05 |access-date=5 April 2018 |publisher=India Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
Afridi has six brothers, including fellow cricketers [[Tariq Afridi]] and [[Ashfaq Afridi]], and five sisters. He is the fifth oldest of his siblings. He credits his uncle, a [[Colonel (Pakistan)|colonel]] in the [[Pakistan Army]], for introducing him to sports in general and to cricket in particular.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kitaba |first=Mubashir Iqbal |date=16 January 2020 |title=Shahid Afridi expresses concern on the plight of Kashmiris in Game Changer |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/540115/shahid-afridi-expresses-concern-on-the-plight-of-kashmiris-in-game-changer/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240121190350/https://dailytimes.com.pk/540115/shahid-afridi-expresses-concern-on-the-plight-of-kashmiris-in-game-changer/ |archive-date=21 January 2024 |website=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]] |quote=Shahid Khan Afridi has six brothers and five sisters and he himself is at number five (...) Afridi credited his uncle who was a colonel in Pakistan army for introducing sports in the family especially cricket.}}</ref> Afridi has said that he was inspired by the stories about [[Imran Khan]]'s captaincy throughout the [[1992 Cricket World Cup]] and that the 1992 World Cup defined his cricket and taught him to never be afraid of failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahid Afridi: 'The 1992 World Cup defined my cricket' |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shahid-afridi-the-1992-world-cup-defined-my-cricket-818203 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
He is married to his maternal cousin Nadia Afridi and has five daughters.<ref>{{cite web |title=7 Pakistani celebrities who married their relatives & kept it to the family |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/7-pakistani-celebrities-who-married-their-relatives-kept-it-to-the-family/7-Pakistani-celebrities-who-married-their-cousins/articleshow/62539283.cms |access-date=8 August 2018 |date=8 August 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, Afridi announced his daughter Ansha's engagement to cricketer [[Shaheen Afridi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/351301-inshallah-shaheen-afridi-will-be-the-son-in-law-shahid-afridi|title =Shahid Afridi confirms Shaheen Afridi will be his son-in-law}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-21 |title=Shaheen Afridi set to tie the knot with Shahid Afridi's daughter |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/1042016/shaheen-afridi-set-to-tie-the-knot-with-shahid-afridis-daughter-on-feb-3/ |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Daily Times |language=en-US}}</ref> On 3 February 2023, his daughter, Ansha, married Shaheen Afridi in a [[Marriage in Islam|nikah]] ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shaheen Afridi's Nikah with Shahid Afridi's daughter solemnised in Karachi |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/468883-shaheen-afridis-nikah-with-shahid-afridis-daughter-solemnised-in-karachi |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Domestic career ==<br />
Afridi was drafted to the Pakistan senior national team after fine performances at the under-19 championship circuit starting the 1994–95 season. Playing for the Karachi Whites, he helped his team win the title the following season picking 42 wickets in five matches at an [[Bowling average|average]] of 9.59. Later that season, Afridi had played against the visiting [[England Lions cricket team|England A]] and West Indies Youth teams and a few [[First-class cricket|first-class games]] for Karachi Whites in the senior National Championship.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bhatti |first1=Gul Hameed |author-link1=Gul Hameed Bhatti |title=Afridi's century surprises many including himself |url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961006/28050612.html |website=The Indian Express |access-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970424094340/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19961006/28050612.html |archive-date=24 April 1997 |date=6 October 1996}}</ref> In 2001, Afridi signed a contract to represent [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]]. In five first-class matches he scored 295&nbsp;runs at an average of 42.14, including a highest score of 164,<ref name="fc batting by team">{{citation |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/4/4163/f_Batting_by_Team.html |title=First-class batting and fielding for each team by Shahid Afridi |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 March 2011}}</ref> and took 11&nbsp;wickets at an average of 46.45;<ref name="fc bowling by team">{{citation |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/4/4163/f_Bowling_by_Team.html |title=First-class bowling for each team by Shahid Afridi |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 March 2011}}</ref> Afridi also played 11&nbsp;one day matches for the club, scoring 481&nbsp;runs at an average of 40.08<ref name="la batting by team">{{citation |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/4/4163/a_Batting_by_Team.html |title=ListA batting and fielding for each team by Shahid Afridi |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 March 2011}}</ref> and taking 18&nbsp;wickets at 24.04.<ref name="la bowling by team">{{citation |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/4/4163/a_Bowling_by_Team.html |title=ListA bowling for each team by Shahid Afridi |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 March 2011}}</ref> His highest score of 95 came from 58&nbsp;balls in a semi-final of the [[C&G Trophy]] to help Leicestershire beat [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] by seven wickets.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/3010685/CandG-Trophy-semi-finals-Afridi-big-hit-as-Leicestershire-march-to-Lords.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/3010685/CandG-Trophy-semi-finals-Afridi-big-hit-as-Leicestershire-march-to-Lords.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=C&G Trophy semi-finals: Afridi big hit as Leicestershire march to Lord's |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Simon |last=Briggs |date=13 August 2001 |access-date=8 March 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club]] signed Afridi to play for them in the first two months of the [[2003 English cricket season]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/derbyshire/2661317.stm |title=Derbyshire clinch Afridi |publisher=BBC Sport |date=15 January 2003 |access-date=31 March 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Franchise career==<br />
=== IPL career ===<br />
Afridi was signed by [[Deccan Chargers]], and played in the [[2008 Indian Premier League|inaugural season]] of the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Deccan Chargers Squad – Chargers Squad – Indian Premier League, 2008 Squad|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2007-08-313494/deccan-chargers-squad-338087/match-squads|access-date=23 August 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He could only score 81 runs in 10 matches and picked up 9 wickets in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yahoo Cricket|url=https://cricket.yahoo.net/news/ipl-history-deccan-chargers-2008-121821543|access-date=23 August 2021|website=cricket.yahoo.net}}</ref> He did not play in the [[2009 Indian Premier League|2nd edition]] of [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] due to the tense atmosphere after the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan stars denied IPL payday – CNN|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SPORT/02/02/cricket.pakistan/index.html|access-date=23 August 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=No Pakistan players in IPL 2009|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/10130/no-pakistan-players-in-ipl-2009|access-date=23 August 2021|website=Cricbuzz|date=2 February 2009 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Pakistan Super League ===<br />
In the [[2016 Pakistan Super League|2016 PSL]], Afridi was a part of the franchise [[Peshawar Zalmi]] as [[Captain (cricket)|captain]] and as their [[icon player]]. After the end of the 1st season, Afridi was made the president of [[Peshawar Zalmi]]. Afridi stepped down as Peshawar Zalmi captain before the start of the [[Pakistan Super League 2017|2017 PSL]] and gave the captaincy to [[Daren Sammy]]. Peshawar went on to win the title.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1318595|title=Peshawar Zalmi win Pakistan Super League 2017|work=Dawn|date=5 March 2017}}</ref> After the end of the second season, Afridi left Peshawar Zalmi.<ref name=espnafridi>{{Cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shahid-afridi-announces-exit-from-peshawar-zalmi-1088411|title=Afridi announces exit from Peshawar Zalmi|date=25 March 2017|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Afridi joined [[Karachi Kings]] for the [[2018 Pakistan Super League|2018 PSL]] and was also made the President of Karachi Kings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1361480|title=Afridi also moves to Karachi Kings ahead of PSL drafts|first=Abdul|last=Ghaffar|date=3 October 2017}}</ref> He also transferred to Karachi as a player ahead of PSL drafts.<ref name=espnafridi /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sport360.com/article/cricket/pakistan_super_league/250824/mohammad-rizwan-to-play-alongside-karachi-kings-shahid-afridi-in-pakistan-super-league|title=Mohammad Rizwan to play alongside Karachi Kings' Shahid Afridi in Pakistan Super League|date=5 October 2017|website=Sport360}}</ref> Afridi left Karachi after they didn't retain him for the [[2019 Pakistan Super League|2019 PSL]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1445398|title=Afridi released by Karachi Kings as PSL teams announce retentions|date=14 November 2018|work=Dawn}}</ref> In the [[2019 Pakistan Super League players draft|2019 PSL draft]], Afridi was picked by the [[Multan Sultans]] in the platinum category.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1445398|title=Afridi released by Karachi Kings ahead of PSL drafts|work=Dawn|date=14 November 2018}}</ref><br />
During the [[2020 Pakistan Super League players draft|2020 PSL]] draft, Multan Sultans retained Afridi as a mentor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1519896|title=Afridi retained by Multan Sultans ahead of PSL drafts|work=Dawn|date=2 January 2020}}</ref> He was retained by [[Multan Sultans]] again prior to the [[2021 Pakistan Super League|2021 PSL]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cricketworld.com/franchises-complete-retention-release-and-trade-process-ahead-of-hbl-psl-2021-player-draft/68086.htm|title=Franchises complete retention, release and trade process ahead of HBL PSL 2021 Player Draft|date=9 January 2021|work=Cricketworld}}</ref> Afridi played the initial part of the 2021 PSL but missed the remainder of the rescheduled tournament due to a back injury.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shahid Afridi ruled out of Pakistan Super League due to back injury {{!}} The Cricketer|url=https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/psl/shahid_afridi_ruled_out_pakistan_super_league_back_injury.html|access-date=1 June 2021|website=www.thecricketer.com}}</ref> For the [[2022 Pakistan Super League|2022 PSL]], Afridi played for [[Quetta Gladiators]] in what he announced would be his last PSL season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/929965-psl-7-shahid-afridi-tests-negative-for-covid-19-joins-quetta-gladiators|title=PSL 2022: Shahid Afridi joins Quetta Gladiators' squad|date=1 February 2022|work=The News International}}</ref> He later withdrew mid-season due to back problems.<ref>{{cite web|last=Farooq|first=Umar|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shahid-afridi-ends-seven-year-psl-career-because-of-chronic-back-pain-1300955|title=Shahid Afridi ends seven-year PSL career because of chronic back pain|date=13 February 2022|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Other leagues ===<br />
In June 2004, Afridi signed with English county team [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] to play for them in three [[Twenty20]] matches and one [[Totesport League]] match.<ref>{{citation |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/3853353.stm |title=Kent sign Afridi |publisher=BBC Sport |date=30 June 2004 |access-date=31 March 2011}}</ref> Afridi played for [[South Australia cricket team|Southern Redbacks]] in the [[2009–10 KFC Twenty20 Big Bash]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Afridi joins South Australia for Twenty20|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afridi-joins-south-australia-for-twenty20-431262|access-date=23 August 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Afridi signs up with South Australia|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/21055/afridi-signs-up-with-south-australia|access-date=23 August 2021|website=Cricbuzz|date=27 October 2009 |language=en}}</ref> He was part of [[Ruhuna Royals]] in [[2012 Sri Lanka Premier League]] but he returned to Pakistan midway through the tournament to attend his ailing wife.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 August 2012|title=Afridi withdraws from SLPL|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/424812/afridi-withdraws-from-slpl|access-date=23 August 2021|website=The Express Tribune|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2015, Afridi was signed by [[Northamptonshire Steelbacks]] for the [[2015 T20 Blast]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Northants sign short-term Afridi deal|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/northamptonshire-sign-short-term-shahid-afridi-deal-824129|access-date=23 August 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Pakistan star Afridi joins Northants|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/30983675|access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref> where he reached to the final.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lancashire capture first T20 title|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/34054745|access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref> In 2016, his services were acquired by [[Rangpur Rangers|Rangpur Riders]] for the [[2016–17 Bangladesh Premier League|fourth edition]] of [[Bangladesh Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rangpur Riders Squad – Riders Squad – BPL 2016, 2016 Squad|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/bpl-2016-2016-17-1063043/rangpur-riders-squad-1063400/match-squads|access-date=23 August 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Eighty-five players picked in BPL 2016–17 draft|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/eighty-five-players-picked-in-bangladesh-premier-league-2016-17-draft-1059887|access-date=23 August 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shahid Afridi was part of the [[St Kitts & Nevis Patriots|St Kitts and Nevis Patriots]] in the [[2015 Caribbean Premier League|third season]] of the [[Caribbean Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=St Kitts and Nevis Patriots Squad – Patriots Squad – Caribbean Premier League, 2015 Squad|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/caribbean-premier-league-2015-846823/st-kitts-and-nevis-patriots-squad-881685/match-squads|access-date=23 August 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> He was included in the squad of [[Jamaica Tallawahs]] for the [[2018 Caribbean Premier League|sixth edition]] of [[Caribbean Premier League]] but pulled out before the start of the tournament due to knee injury.<ref>{{cite web|date=8 August 2018|title=Shahid Afridi pulls out of Caribbean Premier League following knee injury|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/shahid-afridi-pulls-out-of-caribbean-premier-league-following-knee-injury/story-lyCTY2VBE65Jq01YmspWFP.html|access-date=23 August 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Afridi withdraws from CPL 2018 to tend to knee problem|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shahid-afridi-withdraws-from-caribbean-premier-league-to-tend-to-knee-problem-1154741|access-date=23 August 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, Afridi was chosen as an icon player and captain by the Paktia Panthers in the first season of [[Afghanistan Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/367516-gayle-afridi-to-feature-in-apl|title=Gayle, Afridi to feature in APL}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.khaleejtimes.com/sport/local/afridi-for-paktia-rashid-khan-to-represent-kabul-in-apl-t20|title=Afridi for Paktia; Rashid Khan to represent Kabul in APL T20|first=KT|last=Report}}</ref> In June 2019, he was selected to play for the Brampton Wolves franchise team in the [[2019 Global T20 Canada]] tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadacricket.com/?p=12755 |title=Global T20 draft streamed live |work=Canada Cricket Online |date=20 June 2019 |access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> In July 2019, he was selected to play for the Belfast Titans in the [[2019 Euro T20 Slam|inaugural edition]] of the [[Euro T20 Slam]] cricket tournament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eoin Morgan to represent Dublin franchise in inaugural Euro T20 Slam |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/eoin-morgan-to-represent-dublin-franchise-in-inaugural-euro-t20-slam-1195215 |access-date=19 July 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2019/articles/000010/001060.shtml |title=Euro T20 Slam Player Draft completed |work=Cricket Europe |access-date=19 July 2019 |archive-date=19 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719163945/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2019/articles/000010/001060.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, the following month the tournament was cancelled.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inaugural Euro T20 Slam cancelled at two weeks' notice |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/inaugural-euro-t20-slam-cancelled-at-two-weeks-notice-1197472 |access-date=14 August 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> For the [[2018–19 Bangladesh Premier League|sixth edition]] of [[Bangladesh Premier League]], he was included in the A+ category and was signed by [[Comilla Victorians]].<ref>{{cite web|date=28 October 2018|title=BPL 2019: Comilla Victorians acquire Shahid Afridi in the players draft|url=https://www.crictracker.com/bpl-2019-comilla-victorians-acquire-shahid-afridi-in-the-players-draft/|access-date=23 August 2021|website=CricTracker|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh league signs Shahid Afridi for 2019 season|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/386736-bangladesh-league-signs-shahid-afridi-for-2019-season|access-date=23 August 2021|website=The News International|language=en}}</ref> In November 2019, he was selected to play for the [[Dhaka Platoon]] in the [[2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=BPL draft: Tamim Iqbal to team up with coach Mohammad Salahuddin for Dhaka |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bpl-draft-tamim-iqbal-to-team-up-with-coach-mohammad-salahuddin-for-dhaka-1206858 |access-date=18 November 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In October 2020, he was drafted by the [[Galle Gladiators]] for the [[2020 Lanka Premier League|inaugural edition]] of the [[Lanka Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Chris Gayle, Andre Russell and Shahid Afridi among big names taken at LPL draft |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lanka-premier-league-2020-chris-gayle-andre-russell-and-shahid-afridi-among-big-names-taken-in-lpl-draft-1236545 |access-date=22 October 2020 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
In July 2021, he was picked by [[Rawalakot Hawks]] for the [[2021 Kashmir Premier League (Pakistan)|first edition]] of the [[Kashmir Premier League (Pakistan)|Kashmir Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|last=ADVERTISEMENT|date=7 July 2021|title=Kashmir Premier League all set to kick off from August 6|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1633700|access-date=12 July 2021|website=Dawn|location=Pakistan|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Aizbah|date=4 July 2021|title=Kashmir Premier League Finalizes Teams, Afridi To Lead Rawalpindi Hawks|url=https://www.bolnews.com/sports/2021/07/kashmir-premier-league-finalizes-teams-afridi-to-lead-rawalpindi-hawks/|access-date=12 July 2021|website=BOL News|language=en-US}}</ref> He was also announced as the Brand Ambassador of the KPL.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kashmir Premier League launched in Islamabad|url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Cricket/577845-Kashmir-Premier-League-launched-Islamabad|access-date=23 August 2021|website=Dunya News|date=14 February 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=29 December 2020|title=Shahid Afridi wants to set up cricket academy in Kashmir|url=https://nation.com.pk/30-Dec-2020/shahid-afridi-wants-to-set-up-cricket-academy-in-kashmir|access-date=23 August 2021|website=The Nation|language=en}}</ref> Initially he was picked by [[Muzaffarabad Tigers]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Khan|first=Shah Khalid|date=13 January 2021|title=Shahid Afridi to captain Muzaffarabad Tigers in KPL|url=https://arysports.tv/shahid-afridi-to-captain-muzaffarabad-tigers-in-kpl/|access-date=12 July 2021|website=ARYSports.tv|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712165944/https://arysports.tv/shahid-afridi-to-captain-muzaffarabad-tigers-in-kpl/|url-status=dead}}</ref> but later he parted ways with [[Muzaffarabad Tigers]] to join [[Rawalakot Hawks]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Afridi leaves Muzaffarabad|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/848678-afridi-leaves-muzaffarabad|access-date=12 July 2021|website=The News International|language=en}}</ref> and led the team to the title.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rawalakot Hawks crowned KPL champions|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/880350-rawalakot-hawks-crowned-kpl-champions|access-date=23 August 2021|website=The News International|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Afridi-led Rawalakot Hawks crowned champions of KPL 2021 {{!}} SAMAA|work=Samaa TV |url=https://www.samaa.tv/sports/cricket/2021/08/afridi-led-rawalakot-hawks-crowned-champions-of-kpl-2021/|access-date=23 August 2021|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=KPL 2021 Final: Rawalakot Hawks defeat Muzaffarabad Tigers by 7 runs|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/365755-kpl-2021-final-rawalakot-hawks-defeat-muzaffarabad-tigers-by-4-wickets|access-date=23 August 2021|website=geo.tv|language=en}}</ref> On 26 July 2021, Afridi was signed by [[Kathmandu Kings XI]] to play in Nepal's [[Everest Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Shahid Afridi To Play For Kathmandu Kings XI In Nepal's Everest Premier League (EPL)|date=26 July 2021 |url=https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket-news/shahid-afridi-to-play-for-kathmandu-kings-xi-in-nepals-everest-premier-league-epl/|access-date=26 July 2021|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=26 July 2021|title=Shahid Afridi all set to play in EPL|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/796858/shahid-afridi-all-set-to-play-in-epl/|access-date=26 July 2021|website=Daily Times|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
For the [[2022 Kashmir Premier League (Pakistan)|2022 KPL]], Afridi joined [[Jammu Janbaz]] as a [[Mentorship|mentor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Zahid |date=5 July 2022 |title=Shahid Afridi joins Kashmir Premier League franchise Jammu Janbaz |url=https://a-sports.tv/shahid-afridi-joins-kpl-franchise-jammu-janbaz/ |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=ASports.tv |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Samaa Web Desk |date=6 July 2022 |title=Shahid Afridi joins KPL franchise Jammu Janbaz |url=https://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/40012063 |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=Samaa |language=en}}</ref> Jammu Janbaz finished 5th and were eliminated in the group stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmir Premier League 2022 Table, Matches, win, loss, points for Kashmir Premier League |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/kashmir-premier-league-2022-1329655/points-table-standings |access-date=21 October 2022 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In June 2022, he joined Mardan Warriors as a mentor for the [[2022 Pakistan Junior League|inaugural season]] of [[Pakistan Junior League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PJL Season 1 - the teams, the players, the mentors, and everything else you need to know |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-junior-league-mentors-viv-richards-shoaib-malik-shahid-afridi-daren-sammy-imran-tahir-javed-miandad-1338029 |access-date=13 October 2022 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='World will follow Pakistan Junior League' PJL's mentor Shahid Khan Afridi |url=https://www.geosuper.tv/latest/19001-world-will-follow-pakistan-junior-league-pjls-mentor-shahid-khan-afridi |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=geosuper.tv |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== T10 franchise career ===<br />
In 2017, Afridi was announced as the brand ambassador of newly inaugurated [[T10 League]] in UAE.<ref>{{cite web|title=World's First T10 League Featuring Pakistani Stars Set to Start Soon|date=4 October 2017 |url=https://propakistani.pk/2017/10/04/worlds-first-t10-league-featuring-pakistani-stars-set-start-soon/}}</ref> He was also signed by Team Pakhtoons and was given the captaincy.<ref>{{cite web|title=UAE To Host T10 Cricket League – Abb Takk News|date=24 August 2017 |url=https://abbtakk.tv/en/289801-2uae-to-host-t10-cricket-league240817/|access-date=12 August 2021|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=23 August 2017|title=Chris Gayle, Shahid Afridi, Virender Sehwag sign up for brand new T10 Cricket League in UAE|url=https://www.crictracker.com/chris-gayle-shahid-afridi-virender-sehwag-sign-up-for-brand-new-t10-cricket-league-in-uae/|access-date=12 August 2021|website=CricTracker|language=en}}</ref> He was signed by Qalandars in 2020 as the icon player for the franchise.<ref>{{cite web|date=20 December 2020|title=Shahid Afridi signs up as Qalandars' icon player for Abu Dhabi T10 League|url=https://www.crictracker.com/shahid-afridi-signs-up-as-qalandars-icon-player-for-abu-dhabi-t10-league/|access-date=12 August 2021|website=CricTracker|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=21 December 2020|title=Chris Gayle, Shahid Afridi, Dwayne Bravo to feature in Abu Dhabi T10 League|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/chris-gayle-shahid-afridi-dwayne-bravo-to-feature-in-abu-dhabi-t10-league-7113507/|access-date=12 August 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> He had previously signed a similar deal in 2019 but the [[Pakistan Cricket Board|Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB)]] decided against issuing NOCs to Pakistan players for the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shahid Afridi renews ties with Qalandars franchise in Abu Dhabi T10 league|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/abu-dhabi-t10-league-2021-shahid-afridi-renews-ties-with-qalandars-franchise-1244741|access-date=12 August 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Afridi was chosen as the brand ambassador for the [[Qatar T10 League|Qatar Premier T10 Cricket League (QPL)]] which was launched in 2019 by [[Qatar Cricket Association]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Shahid Afridi chosen as brand ambassador for Qatar T10 league|url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Cricket/502627-Shahid-Afridi-chosen-brand-ambassador-Qatar-T10-league|access-date=12 August 2021|website=Dunya News|date=14 February 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Qatar announces new T10 cricket league, Shahid Afridi joins as brand ambassador|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/504952-qatar-announces-new-t10-cricket-league-shahid-afrdi-joins-as-brand-ambassador|access-date=12 August 2021|website=The News International|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was signed by Bangla Tigers for the 2021–22 T10 League.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangla Tigers Squad – Bangla Tiger Squad – Abu Dhabi T10, 2021 Squad|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/abu-dhabi-t10-2021-22-1288990/bangla-tigers-squad-1290097/series-squads|access-date=21 November 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2022 Afridi launched his own T10 league called the Mega Stars League.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shahid Afridi Foundation launches Mega Star League |date=25 April 2022 |url=https://a-sports.tv/shahid-afridi-foundation-launches-mega-star-league/ |publisher=A Sports |access-date=26 April 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
== International career ==<br />
=== Early years ===<br />
In October 1996, Afridi was drafted into the ODI team during the four-nation [[Sameer Cup 1996–97]] as a replacement for the injured [[Mushtaq Ahmed (cricketer)|Mushtaq Ahmed]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151336.html |title=Sameer Four Nations Cup, 1996–97 |first=Luke |last=Alfred |publisher=Wisden Cricketers' Almanac |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/india-in-australia/top-stories/17-years-on-Afridis-fastest-ODI-ton-record-remains-intact/articleshow/23524561.cms |title=17 years on, Afridi's fastest ODI ton record remains intact|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> He made his debut on 2 October against [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]]; however, he didn't bat and went wicketless.<ref>{{citation |url=http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/62/62836.html |title=10061 o1123 Kenya v Pakistan: Kenya Cricket Association Centenary Tournament (Sameer Cup) 1996/97 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> In the next match against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], Afridi batted at [[Batting order (cricket)|number three]] in the role of a [[Pinch hitter (cricket)|pinch-hitter]]. In his first international innings, Afridi broke the record for fastest century in ODI cricket, reaching his hundred from 37&nbsp;balls. The eleven sixes he struck also equaled the record for most in an ODI innings.<ref name="fastest ODI 100">{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151342.html |title=Sameer Four Nations Cup, sixth qualifying match: Pakistan v Sri Lanka |publisher=Wisden Cricketers' Almanac |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|[[Xavier Marshall]] of the West Indies broke the record for most sixes in an ODI innings in a match against Canada in August 2008.<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283127.html |title=Records / One-Day Internationals / Batting records / Most sixes in an innings |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref>|group="nb"}} Pakistan posted a total of 371, at the time the second-highest in ODIs, and won by 82&nbsp;runs; Afridi was named man of the match.<ref name="fastest ODI 100" /> The record for fastest century in ODI was broken by [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] cricketer [[Corey Anderson (cricketer)|Corey Anderson]] on 1 January 2014 who scored his century from 36 balls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2014 |title=Shahid Afridi hails Corey Anderson for breaking his record of scoring fastest ODI century |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/shahid-afridi-hails-corey-anderson-for-breaking-his-record-of-scoring-fastest-odi-century-81529 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=Cricket Country |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anderson hits fastest ODI century in mismatch |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-tour-of-new-zealand-2013-14-661629/new-zealand-vs-west-indies-3rd-odi-661689/match-report |access-date=5 July 2022 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Shahid Afridi Mohammad Aamer Fawad Alam Kamran Akmal Shazaib Hasan Huddle.jpg|thumb|left|Afridi with his teammates during the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009 World Twenty20]] in June 2009]]<br />
<br />
Two years after his international debut, Afridi made his Test debut in the third game of a three-match [[Australian cricket team in Pakistan in 1998–99|series against Australia]] on 22 October 1998.<ref name="Test debut">{{citation |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/66/66559.html |title=Pakistan v Australia Scorecard |date=October 1998 |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 March 2011}}</ref> By this point he had already played 66&nbsp;ODIs, at the time a record before playing Tests.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153406.html |title=Pakistan v Australia 1998–99, Third Test |publisher=Wisden Cricketers' Almanac |access-date=8 March 2011}}</ref> He opened the batting, making scores of 10 and 6, and took five wickets in the first innings.<ref name="Test debut" /> He played his second Test the following January during Pakistan's [[Pakistani cricket team in India in 1998–99|tour of India]]; it was the first Test between the two countries since 1990.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151936.html |title=India v Pakistan 1998–1999, First Test |publisher=Wisden Cricketers' Almanac |access-date=8 March 2011}}</ref> Again opening the batting, Afridi scored his maiden Test century, scoring 141&nbsp;runs from 191&nbsp;balls. In the same match he also claimed three wickets for 54&nbsp;runs.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/67/67100.html |title=f44134 t1442 India v Pakistan: Pakistan in India 1998/99 (1st Test) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 March 2011}}</ref> After winning the first match by 12&nbsp;runs, Pakistan lost the second to draw the series.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153417.html |title=The Pakistanis in India, 1998–99 |publisher=Wisden Cricketers' Almanac |access-date=8 March 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Rise in significance ===<br />
[[File:Shahid Afridi graph.png|left|thumb|300px|An innings-by-innings breakdown of Afridi's Test match batting career up to 30 December 2007, showing runs scored (red bars) and the average of the last ten innings (blue line)]]<br />
<br />
Afridi made his presence felt in the third Test against [[India national cricket team|India]] in March 2005, scoring a quick-fire second-innings half-century and taking five wickets in the match (including Tendulkar twice) to help [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] to win the game and register a series draw.<ref name="Pakistan vs India, 28 March 2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2004-05/PAK_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/PAK_IND_T3_24-28MAR2005.html |title=Pakistan vs India |date=28 March 2005 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 February 2010}}</ref> In April, Afridi struck what at the time was the equal second-fastest century in ODIs; he reached 100 off 45&nbsp;deliveries against India, sharing the record with West Indian [[Brian Lara]].<ref>{{citation |last=Vaidyanathan |first=Siddhartha |title=Pakistan ride on Afridi blitz |date=15 April 2005 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-ride-on-afridi-blitz-144127 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref> Afridi was more consistent with his batting and bowling throughout 2005.<ref name="Biography">{{Cite web|url=https://sportslibro.com/cricket/news/shahid-afridi-biography/7436|title=Shahid Afridi Biography|date=20 August 2019|work=Sports Libro}}</ref> Pakistan's coach, [[Bob Woolmer]], helped Afridi to reach a fuller potential by improving his shot selection and giving him free rein over his batting attitude.<ref name="Biography" /><br />
<br />
On 21 November 2005, Shahid Afridi was banned for a Test match and two ODIs for deliberately damaging the pitch in the second match of the three-[[Test cricket|Test]] series against England. Television cameras pictured him scraping his boots on the [[pitch (cricket)|pitch]] scuffing the surface when play was held up after a gas canister exploded. Afridi later pleaded guilty to a level three breach of the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]] code of conduct relating to the spirit of the game. Match referee [[Roshan Mahanama]] said: "This ban should serve as a message to players that this type of behaviour is not allowed."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/england/4457910.stm |title=Afridi banned for damaging pitch |date=21 November 2005 |publisher=BBC |access-date=26 February 2010 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2005/11/22/1513162.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120718022809/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2005/11/22/1513162.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2012 |title=Afridi banned for scuffing pitch |date=22 November 2005 |publisher=ABC News |access-date=26 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=29 November 2005 |title=Giles to fly home for hip surgery |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/giles-to-fly-home-for-hip-surgery-226727 |access-date=26 February 2010 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 12 April 2006, Afridi announced a temporary retirement from Test cricket so that he could concentrate on ODIs, with a particular focus on the [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007 World Cup]], and to spend more time with his family. He said he would consider reversing his decision after the World Cup. Afridi had played ten Tests since being recalled to the team in January 2005, averaging 47.44 with the bat including four centuries.<ref>{{citation |last=Samiuddin |first=Osman |title=Afridi announces 'retirement' from Tests |date=12 April 2006 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afridi-announces-retirement-from-tests-244180 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> However, on 27 April he reversed his decision, saying that "[Woolmer] told me that I am one of the main players in the team and squad and that Pakistan really needed me".<ref name="reversed retirement 06">{{citation |last=Samiuddin |first=Osman |title=Afridi reverses retirement decision |date=27 April 2006 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afridi-reverses-retirement-decision-245492 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> Before Pakistan [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2006|toured England]] in July to September, Afridi played for [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] as an overseas player in the [[C&G Trophy]].<ref name="reversed retirement 06" /> In six matches, he scored 128&nbsp;runs<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/4/4163/a_Batting_by_Team.html |title=ListA batting and fielding for each team by Shahid Afridi |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> and took seven wickets.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/4/4163/a_Bowling_by_Team.html |title=ListA bowling for each team by Shahid Afridi |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> England won the four-match Test series 3–0;<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/224903.html |title=Pakistan in England Test Series 2006 / Results |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> Afridi played two matches, scoring 49&nbsp;runs<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=2641;type=series |title=Records / Pakistan in England Test Series, 2006 / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> and took three wickets.<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=2641;type=series |title=Records / Pakistan in England Test Series, 2006 / Most wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> It was the last Test cricket Afridi played until 2010.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/4/4163/Test_Matches.html |title=Test matches played by Shahid Afridi (27) |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
Afridi was charged on 8 February 2007 of bringing the game into disrepute after he was seen on camera thrusting his bat at a spectator who swore at him on his way up the steps after being dismissed. Afridi was given a four-game ODI suspension, the minimum possible ban for such an offence, meaning that he would miss Pakistan's first two 2007 World Cup matches. The PCB and Afridi chose not to appeal the ban, despite feeling that the punishment was excessively harsh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportinglife.com/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=international_feed/07/02/12/CRICKET_Pak-Pakistan_Afridi.html |title=Afridi calls for discipline rethink |work=Sporting Life |access-date=26 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930055608/http://www.sportinglife.com/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=international_feed%2F07%2F02%2F12%2FCRICKET_Pak-Pakistan_Afridi.html |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007 World Twenty20]], he didn't perform well in terms of batting but ended the tournament as the joint-second highest wicket taker, earning the Man of the Series award. In the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20 Final|final]] he failed to take a wicket in the final and was out for a golden duck.<ref name="Biography" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-twenty20-2007-08-286109/india-vs-pakistan-final-287879/ball-by-ball-commentary|title=2007 T20 World Cup Final|date=24 September 2007|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He also became the first person to receive the Player of the Tournament award in T20 World Cup history.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://crictoday.com/cricket/feature-cricket/icc-t20-world-cup-player-of-the-tournament-winners-from-2007-2021/|title=ICC T20 World Cup Player of the Tournament Winners from 2007 to 2021|date=15 November 2021|work=Crictoday}}</ref> But in the [[2009 World Twenty20|next T20 World Cup]], Afridi performed well, scoring 50 runs in the semi-final and 54 in the final which lead to Pakistan winning the World Cup.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jun/18/pakistan-beat-south-africa-semifinal|title=Shahid Afridi sweeps Pakistan into World Twenty20 final|date=18 June 2009|work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/on-this-day-in-2009-shahid-afridi-inspires-pakistan-to-world-t20-title-3871586.html|title=On This Day in 2009: Shahid Afridi Inspires Pakistan to World T20 Title|date=21 June 2021|work=News18}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Captaincy (2009–2011) ===<br />
Shortly after Pakistan won the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20]], the captain: [[Younis Khan]], announced his retirement from Twenty20 cricket. The [[Pakistan Cricket Board]] (PCB) subsequently announced that Shahid Afridi had taken over as captain in T20Is; the appointment was initially for one match, with a decision on the permanent replacement to be made later.<ref>{{citation |title=Afridi named Pakistan's Twenty20 captain |date=29 July 2009 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afridi-named-pakistan-s-twenty20-captain-416724 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref> His spell of 6–38 against Australia in 2010 was voted as the Best ODI Bowling Performance of 2009 by ESPNcricinfo.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 February 2010 |title=A leggie returns |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/espncricinfo-awards-2009-odi-bowling-winner-shahid-afridi-6-for-38-vs-australia-448541 |access-date=17 December 2019 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> On 31 January 2010, Afridi was caught on camera biting into the ball towards the end of the 5th [[Commonwealth Bank]] ODI [[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 2009–10|series in Australia]].<ref name="bbc sport">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/8489950.stm |title=Australia complete one-day series sweep over Pakistan |access-date=31 January 2010 |publisher=BBC |date=31 January 2010 |location=London}}</ref> Later Afridi pleaded guilty to [[ball tampering]] and he was banned from two [[Twenty20]] internationals.<ref>{{cite web |date=31 January 2010 |title=Afridi banned for two T20s for ball-tampering |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shahid-afridi-banned-for-two-t20s-for-ball-tampering-446437 |access-date=31 January 2010 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2010 the board announced that Shahid Afridi had been appointed ODI captain in place of the sacked [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer, born 1974)|Mohammad Yousuf]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 May 2011 |title=Backed and sacked |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |url=https://www.espn.in/cricket/story/_/id/22438650/ijaz-butt-tumultuous-tenure}}</ref> He led Pakistan in the [[2010 Asia Cup]] and during his first three matches as ODI captain he scored two centuries against Sri Lanka and Bangladesh he finished as the tournaments highest runscorer with 265 runs from 3 matches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=5477;type=tournament|title=2010 Asia Cup Most Runs|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 25 May 2010, Afridi was appointed captain of the national team in all three formats, after he announced his return to Test cricket.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shahid Afridi to lead in Asia Cup and England tour |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shahid-afridi-to-lead-in-asia-cup-and-england-tour-460859 |access-date=29 May 2010 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In July 2010, Afridi captained Pakistan in the first Test of the series at [[Lord's]] against Australia. He scored 31 off 15 deliveries in the first innings and 2 in the second but was dismissed succumbing to rash strokes in both the innings. After the match, he announced retirement from Test cricket again citing lack of temperament for Test cricket as the reason.<ref>{{cite news |title=Afridi's honesty refreshing |url=http://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/afridis-honesty-refreshing-20100717-10f3d.html |access-date=19 July 2010 |author=Jesse Hogan |date=18 July 2010 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> Afridi was officially removed from the Test squad on the England tour, but after the [[2010 Pakistan cricket spot-fixing controversy|spot-fixing scandal]] saw [[Mohammad Asif (cricketer)|Mohammad Asif]], [[Mohammad Amir]] and Test captain [[Salman Butt]] temporarily suspended by the [[International Cricket Council]], he stated that he might return to Test cricket if "the team needs it".<ref>{{cite web |title=Afridi hints at Test return after scandal-hit England tour |url=http://geo.tv/9-24-2010/71830.htm |publisher=Geo.tv |access-date=16 April 2011 |date=24 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927184700/http://geo.tv/9-24-2010/71830.htm |archive-date=27 September 2010 }}</ref> According to a representative of Afridi, he had voiced his concerns about Mazhar Majeed&nbsp;– who had approached Pakistan's players&nbsp;– in June.<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7971839/Pakistans-captain-Shahid-Afridi-raised-concerns-about-Mazhar-Majeed-two-months-ago.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/7971839/Pakistans-captain-Shahid-Afridi-raised-concerns-about-Mazhar-Majeed-two-months-ago.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Pakistan's captain Shahid Afridi 'raised concerns about Mazhar Majeed two months ago' |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=UK |date=31 August 2010 |access-date=27 February 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Majeed also confirmed that he approached Afridi, [[Abdul Razzaq (cricketer)|Abdul Razzaq]], [[Younis Khan]] and [[Saeed Ajmal]] but all off them refused to be affiliated with him of his fixing menace. No disciplinary action was taken against them by the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Shahid |first=Afridi |title=Umar Akmal, Kamran Akmal, Wahab Riaz and Imran Farhat also fix&nbsp;– Majeed |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/latest-news/5926.htm |access-date=30 November 2010}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"<br />
|+ Afridi's results in international matches<ref name="Cricinfo">{{cite web |title=Statistics / Statsguru / S Afridi /One-Day Internationals |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/42639.html?class=2;template=results;type=batting |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| &nbsp; || Matches || Won || Lost || Drawn || Tied || No result<br />
|-<br />
| Test<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Test victories |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> || 27 || 9 || 9 || 9 || 0 || –<br />
|-<br />
| ODI<ref>{{cite web |title=List of ODI victories |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> || 398 || 218 || 170 || – || 1 || 9<br />
|-<br />
| T20I<ref>{{cite web |title=List of T20I victories |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;orderby=matches;result=1;template=results;type=batting |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> || 80 || 48 || 31 || – || 1 || –<br />
|}<br />
In October, Afridi stated in an interview with ''Express News'' that the squad for the [[South African cricket team against Pakistan in the UAE in 2010–11|series against South Africa]] had been selected without his consultation; the PCB gave him an official warning for the interview.<ref>{{citation |last=Samiuddin |first=Osman |title=PCB cautions Afridi for criticising selection |date=12 October 2010 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pcb-cautions-afridi-for-criticising-selection-of-limited-overs-team-against-south-africa-481234 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 February 2011}}</ref> Coach [[Waqar Younis]] also expressed his unhappiness at having no input in the selection; however, [[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]], the chief selector, defended the decision, stating, "it is not written down in the PCB constitution that the coach and captain(s) must have a say in the selection of any squad".<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohsin defends picking team without coach's input |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-v-south-africa-mohsin-defends-picking-team-without-coach-s-input-481999 |access-date=24 February 2011 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Pakistan lost the series 3–2.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-v-south-africa-graeme-smith-jacques-kallis-keen-to-build-on-victory-486168|title=Smith, Kallis keen to build on victory|date=9 November 2010|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Shahid Afridi at the County Ground, Taunton, during Pakistan's 2010 tour of England - 20100902.jpg|left|thumb|Afridi in the field during a 50-over warm-up match against Somerset at the County Ground, Taunton, during Pakistan's 2010 tour of England]]<br />
The team [[Pakistani cricket team in New Zealand in 2010–11|toured New Zealand]] between December 2010 and February 2011 for two Tests, six ODIs, and three T20Is. Pakistan lost the first two T20Is but won the third; in final match Afridi became the first cricketer to reach 50&nbsp;international wickets in the format.<ref>{{citation |title=Taylor denies New Zealand were complacent |date=30 December 2010 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/new-zealand-v-pakistan-ross-taylor-denies-new-zealand-were-complacent-494840 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> In the same match, he also became the first cricketer to have completed the double of 500 runs and 50 wickets in the T20 Internationals.<ref name="Cricket.Org.PK">{{cite web |url=http://cricket.org.pk/Blogs/index.php/awesome-afridi-levels-the-t20-series/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221124202/http://cricket.org.pk/Blogs/index.php/awesome-afridi-levels-the-t20-series/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 December 2012 |title=Awesome Afridi levels the T20 series |publisher=Cricket.Org.PK |access-date=12 June 2012 }}</ref><br />
When Pakistan's squad for the 2011 World Cup was announced no captain was named; Afridi, the incumbent ODI captain and [[Misbah-ul-Haq]], the Test captain, were the front runners for the position.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/content/story/498707.html |title=Misbah, Afridi in ODI captaincy race |first=Osman |last=Samiuddin |date=29 January 2011 |access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref> Pakistan lost the first match against New Zealand by 8-wickets, the second match got rained out and in the third Mohammad Hafeez scored a century and Afridi scored a blistering 65 from just 25 balls. The following match was a tight game but Pakistan prevailed by two-wickets thanks to three boundaries from Sohail Tanvir, the match was set up by a 93 not out from Misbah-ul-Haq. The fifth ODI was won for Pakistan by 43 runs courtesy of a maiden ODI-century from Ahmed Shehzad. Afridi helped in the lower order by scoring 24 and taking two crucial top order wickets to help guide Pakistan to a 43-run victory and their first ODI series win in two years.<ref>{{cite web |last=Talya |first=Siddhartha |date=3 February 2011 |title=Blazing Shehzad seals series triumph |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-tour-of-new-zealand-2010-11-473905/new-zealand-vs-pakistan-5th-odi-473927/match-report |access-date=16 April 2011 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
After gaining victory as a captain against New Zealand, the PCB declared Shahid Afridi as Pakistan's captain for the 2011 World Cup. In Pakistan's opening match of the tournament, Afridi took 5&nbsp;wickets for 16&nbsp;runs against [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]], giving him the best bowling figures by a Pakistan bowler in a World Cup.<ref>{{citation |last=Brickhill |first=Liam |title=Kenya sink without trace in massive chase |date=23 February 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2010-11-381449/kenya-vs-pakistan-6th-match-group-a-433563/match-report |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 March 2011}}</ref> In the following match against Sri Lanka, which Pakistan won, Afridi claimed four more wickets to help his team to victory and became the second player to have scored 4,000&nbsp;runs and taken 300&nbsp;wickets in ODIs.<ref name="4000Ĭ">{{citation |last=Samiuddin |first=Osman |title=Afridi demands improvement despite victory |date=26 February 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sri-lanka-v-pakistan-world-cup-2011-group-a-colombo-afridi-demands-improvement-despite-victory-503253 |access-date=30 March 2011 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The first was Sri Lankan [[Sanath Jayasuria]].<ref name=4000Ĭ />|group="nb"}} He claimed 17&nbsp;wickets from 6&nbsp;matches in the first round of the Cup, including a five-wicket haul against Canada,<ref>{{citation |last=Dutta |first=Sahil |title=Afridi five-for seals victory |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2010-11-381449/canada-vs-pakistan-17th-match-group-a-433574/match-report |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 April 2011}}</ref> as Pakistan finished top of their group and progressed to the next stage.<ref>{{citation |last=Miller |first=Andrew |title=Form book no guide in crunch contest |date=22 March 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2010-11-381449/pakistan-vs-west-indies-1st-quarter-final-433600/match-preview |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 March 2011}}</ref> After beating the West Indies in the quarter-final, with Afridi taking four wickets,<ref>{{citation |last=McGlashan |first=Andrew |title=Clinical Pakistan storm into semi-final |date=23 March 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2010-11-381449/pakistan-vs-west-indies-1st-quarter-final-433600/match-report |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 March 2011}}</ref> Pakistan were knocked out of the semi-finals in a 29-run defeat to India.<ref>{{citation |title=Shahid Afridi proud of Pakistan's performance |date=30 March 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-v-pakistan-shahid-afridi-proud-of-pakistan-s-performance-508795 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref> Afridi was the tournament's joint-leading wicket-taker with 21&nbsp;wickets, level with India's [[Zaheer Khan]], even though Afridi had played one match less than him.<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=4857;type=tournament |title=ICC Cricket World Cup, 2010/11 / Records / Most wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 April 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
Soon after the World Cup Pakistan [[Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2011|toured the West Indies]] for a T20I, five ODIs, and two Tests. Pakistan lost the only T20I<ref>{{citation |last=Dutta |first=Sahil |title=Simmons and Bishoo give West Indies victory |date=21 April 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-tour-of-west-indies-2011-489196/west-indies-vs-pakistan-only-t20i-489212/match-report |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 May 2001}}</ref> but won the ODI series that followed 3–2.<ref>{{citation |title=Cracks appear in Afridi-Waqar relationship |date=8 May 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-news-cracks-appear-in-afridi-waqar-relationship-514250 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 May 2011}}</ref> Afridi took two wickets and scored 28&nbsp;runs in the series.<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=6342;type=series |title=Records / Pakistan in West Indies ODI Series, 2011 / Most wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=6342;type=series |title=Records / Pakistan in West Indies ODI Series, 2011 / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 May 2011}}</ref> The coach, Waqar Younis, fell out with Afridi and in his report on the tour criticised Afridi, saying "as a captain he is very immature, has poor discipline, lacks a gameplan and is unwilling to listen to others' opinions or advice".<ref>{{citation |title='Afridi immature, has poor discipline'&nbsp;– Waqar |date=7 June 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-news-waqar-younis-slams-shahid-afridi-in-tour-report-518060 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 August 2011}}</ref> After the series, on 19 May, the PCB replaced Afridi as ODI captain with Misbah-ul-Haq for the two-match ODI series against Ireland later that month. In 34&nbsp;ODIs as captain, Afridi led his team to 18&nbsp;wins and 15&nbsp;defeats.<ref>{{citation |last=Samiuddin |first=Osman |title=Misbah replaces Afridi as ODI captain |date=19 May 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-in-ireland-2011-misbah-ul-haq-replaces-shahid-afridi-as-odi-captain-515781 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 May 2011}}</ref> Afridi subsequently withdrew from the touring squad, citing the illness of his father.<ref>{{citation |title=Afridi pulls out of Ireland ODIs |date=25 May 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-in-ireland-2011-afridi-pulls-out-of-ireland-odis-516576 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 May 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Conditional retirement and return (2011–2015) ===<br />
On 30 May, Afridi announced his conditional retirement from international cricket in protest against his treatment by the [[Pakistan Cricket Board|PCB]]. The condition on his return was that the board be replaced.<ref>{{citation |title=Shahid Afridi 'quits' international cricket |date=30 May 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-news-shahid-afridi-quits-international-cricket-517271 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 May 2011}}</ref> The PCB suspended Afridi's central contract, fined him 4.5&nbsp;million rupees ($52,300), and revoked his no-objection certificate (NOC) which allowed Afridi to play for Hampshire.<ref>{{cite web|title=Afridi unable to play for Hampshire|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-news-shahid-afridi-unable-to-play-for-hampshire-517448|access-date=18 July 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Afridi filed a petition with the [[Sindh High Court]] to overturn the sanctions. On 15 June, Afridi withdrew his petition after an out of court settlement and the PCB reinstated his NOC.<ref>{{citation |title=PCB restores Afridi's NOC |date=16 June 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-news-pcb-restores-shahid-afridi-s-noc-519263 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref> When the PCB's central contracts were renewed in August, Afridi's was allowed to lapse.<ref>{{citation |title=No central contracts for Afridi, Kamran Akmal |date=8 August 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-news-no-central-contracts-for-shahid-afridi-kamran-akmal-526510 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 August 2011}}</ref> In October he withdrew his retirement as Ijaz Butt had been replaced as chairman of the PCB.<br />
<ref>{{citation |last=Farooq |first=Umar |title=Afridi withdraws retirement |date=18 October 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan/content/story/536918.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 October 2011}}</ref> Two weeks after his announcement, Afridi was included in Pakistan's squad to face Sri Lanka in [[Pakistani cricket team vs Sri Lanka in the UAE in 2011–12|three ODIs and a T20I]].<ref>{{citation |title=Afridi returns to Pakistan ODI squad |date=2 November 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-v-sri-lanka-2011-12-shahid-afridi-returns-to-pakistan-odi-squad-538982 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 November 2011}}</ref> In November 2011, Afridi became the only cricketer to score a half-century and take five wickets on two separate occasions in ODIs.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/pakistan-v-sri-lanka-2011/content/current/story/541293.html |title=Afridi single-handedly delivers unassailable lead |first=Nitin |last=Sundar |date=20 November 2011 |access-date=21 November 2011}}</ref> Afridi achieved this feat in the fourth ODI against Sri Lanka which helped Pakistan to secure the one-day series.<ref>{{citation |last=Farooq |first=Umar |title=Shahid Afridi had 'point to prove' |date=21 November 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-v-sri-lanka-4th-odi-sharjah-shahid-afridi-had-point-to-prove-541405 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 November 2011}}</ref> He also became the first person to play 50 T20Is.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://awamiweb.com/shahid-afridi-becomes-first-player-to-play-50-t20-internationals-44192.htm|title=Shahid Afridi Becomes First Player To Play 50 T20 Internationals|date=4 June 2012|work=Awami Web}}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013 during the [[Pakistani cricket team in the West Indies in 2013#1st ODI|first ODI game against the West Indies]] in Guyana, Afridi scored 76(55) before taking figures of 7/12, the [[List of One Day International cricket records#Best innings figures|second best ODI bowling figures]] ever.<ref name="WI2013">{{cite web |title=Awesome Afridi flattens West Indies |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/pakistan-tour-of-west-indies-2013-645625/west-indies-vs-pakistan-1st-odi-645635/match-report |access-date=15 July 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="BestODI">{{cite web |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283204.html |title=Best figures in an innings |access-date=15 July 2013 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> In July 2014, he played for the Rest of the World team in the [[Bicentenary Celebration match]] at [[Lord's]].<ref>{{cite web |title=MCC v Rest of the World – 5 July |url=http://www.lords.org/fixtures/fixtures-and-tickets/mcc-v-rest-of-the-world-5-july/ |work=Lord's |date=5 July 2014 |access-date=5 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707031308/http://www.lords.org/fixtures/fixtures-and-tickets/mcc-v-rest-of-the-world-5-july/ |archive-date=7 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Afridi announced his retirement from ODI cricket after [[2015 Cricket World Cup]]. Pakistan lost to [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] in the [[2015 Cricket World Cup knockout stage|quarter-final]] and got eliminated from the tournament.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Afridi to quit ODIs after World Cup|language=en-GB|publisher=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/30569768|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 2016 ICC World Twenty20 ===<br />
In March 2016, Pakistan was unable to make it to the semi-finals in the [[2016 ICC World Twenty20]] after losing to New Zealand, India and Australia. Before Australia's match, the PCB hinted at Afridi's retirement. However, he went against their decision after the match and announced that he would make the decision himself after consulting family and other iconic players beforehand and also announce it in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-t20/shahid-afridi-to-be-sacked-as-pakistan-captain-post-world-t20-pcb-chief/story-xSUlpok2cPc8O5RgHKsqsM.html |title=Shahid Afridi won't stay on as captain after World T20: PCB chief |website=Hindustan Times |date=21 March 2016 |access-date=1 April 2016}}</ref> He also stated that 'as a player, I am fit. As a captain, I am not fit'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supersport.com/cricket/icc-world-t20/news/160325/Im_not_fit_to_captain_Pakistan_Afridi |title=I'm not fit to captain Pakistan – Afridi |website=SuperSport official website |access-date=1 April 2016}}</ref> Former Australian player [[Ian Chappell]] praised his honesty in this confession.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1248065|title='Not fit as captain': Ian Chappell praises Afridi's honest appraisal|date=26 March 2016|work=Dawn}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Waqar Younis]], the head coach, was initially blamed and he accepted responsibility and offered to retire. However, a six-page report by Younis was later leaked by the PCB to the media where he was shown to be pointing much of the blame onto Afridi. First Younis claimed that Afridi was 'unfair' to new cricketer Mohammad Nawaz by calling him up to bowl in the Asia Cup 2016 because it 'destroyed the youngster's confidence' after he gave 38-runs in 3 overs. Younis went on to accuse Afridi of being 'non-serious' in the game along with saying that he missed training sessions and meetings. He also said that Afridi showed poor performance with the bat, ball and as a captain and was clearly not listened to by other players.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/35928883 |title=Waqar Younis blames Shahid Afridi for World Twenty20 exit |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=1 April 2016}}</ref> Younis expressed great anger on the report being leaked as it led to fans criticising him for shifting the blame onto Afridi instead of accepting equal responsibility.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/sports/cant-understand-how-my-report-get-leaked-waqar-younis/ |title=Can't understand how my report get leaked: Waqar Younis |website=Daily Pakistan Global |date=30 March 2016 |language=en-US |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=4 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404062126/http://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/sports/cant-understand-how-my-report-get-leaked-waqar-younis/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Manager [[Intikhab Alam]] also called Afridi 'clueless' in the 3 matches but said Younis was unable to ensure that the players were physically fit.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/apr/01/intikhab-alam-pakistan-world-t20-shahid-afridi |title=Intikhab Alam lays into Pakistan's World T20 captain Shahid Afridi |agency=Associated Press |date=1 April 2016 |newspaper=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |access-date=1 April 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
Afridi was asked to appear to the enquiry committee, made up of Misbah-ul-Haq and other iconic players, who would hear his view on the situation. However, it was said he refused to until it was revealed that his daughter was in hospital undergoing surgery at the time. He opted to be interviewed by phone.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/sports/shahid-afridi-doesnt-attend-pcb-inquiry-committee-meeting-as-daughter-hospitalised-314001 |title=Shahid Afridi doesn't attend PCB inquiry committee meeting as daughter hospitalised |website=ABP Live |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=3 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403031326/http://www.abplive.in/sports/shahid-afridi-doesnt-attend-pcb-inquiry-committee-meeting-as-daughter-hospitalised-314001 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
Days after the match, Afridi posted a video on Twitter, in which he apologised to all his fans for the team's disappointing performance. He said he didn't care about what others were saying about him and only wanted to answer to his fans and wanted to apologise for letting them and Pakistan down. Despite earlier criticism, many fans supported him. Even during his arrival from Dubai back to Pakistan, a few days after the rest of the team, fans chanted 'Boom Boom Afridi' at the airport amidst high security.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/79011/world-t20-2016-pakistan-cricket-team-captain-shahid-afridi-offers-video-apology |title=Shahid Afridi offers video apology after World T20 debacle |website=Cricbuzz |date=30 March 2016 |access-date=1 April 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2016, he finally announced he was stepping down as T20I captain, but was not retiring. He said he wanted to "continue to play the game for my country".<ref>{{cite web |date=3 April 2016 |title=Afridi says he's not retiring from T20Is, but steps down as captain |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shahid-afridi-not-retiring-from-t20is-but-steps-down-as-pakistan-captain-994471 |access-date=3 April 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> [[Sarfraz Ahmed]] was appointed as Pakistan's T20I captain following Afridi's resignation.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 April 2016 |title=Sarfraz Ahmed named Pakistan's T20I captain |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/sarfraz-ahmed-named-pakistan-s-t20i-captain-995263 |access-date=5 April 2016 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Retirement ===<br />
In September 2016, the PCB announced that they wanted Afridi to retire. Afridi said it was unfair for them to announce their plans in the media, but then said that he wanted a farewell match, which didn't happen as a result of him cancelling a meeting regarding the issue with the PCB.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/sports/30-Sep-16/all-rounder-afridi-insists-farewell-match-is-his-right |title=Dailytimes {{!}} All-rounder Afridi insists farewell match is his right|website=Daily Times|location=Pakistan|date=30 September 2016 |access-date=30 September 2016}}</ref> In February 2017, he announced his retirement from T20Is and international cricket.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Zeeshan |title=Bye-bye 'Boom Boom' as Afridi ends international career |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1315905/bye-bye-boom-boom-as-afridi-ends-international-career |access-date=20 February 2017 |work=Dawn |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=20 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/39024209|title=Shahid Afridi: Pakistan all-rounder quits international cricket|date=19 February 2017|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=15 June 2017|language=en-GB}}</ref> In April 2018, Afridi briefly returned to international cricket after he was named in the [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|Rest of the World XI]] squad for the [[Hurricane Relief T20 Challenge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/news/2018/april/afridi-malik-and-perera-added-to-icc-world-xi-squad|title=Afridi, Malik & Perera added to ICC World XI squad|website=lords.org|language=en|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419184024/https://www.lords.org/news/2018/april/afridi-malik-and-perera-added-to-icc-world-xi-squad|url-status=dead}}</ref> He went on to captain the team, after [[Eoin Morgan]] had to withdraw due to injury.<ref name="Morganout">{{cite web |title=Eoin Morgan cracks finger, out of World XI T20 against West Indies |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/eoin-morgan-cracks-finger-out-of-world-xi-t20-against-west-indies-1148140 |access-date=29 May 2018 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> After the match, Afridi stated that he would not be making a comeback to international cricket for Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No more coming out of retirement, Shahid Afridi says no to international comeback |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/cricket-news/article/shahid-afridi-not-coming-out-of-international-retirement/234646 |access-date=6 July 2022 |website=timesnownews.com |date=June 2018 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Post-retirement ==<br />
<br />
=== Cricket administration ===<br />
On 24 December 2022, Afridi was named the interim chief selector of the Pakistani cricket team by the newly appointed PCB Chairman, [[Najam Sethi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahid Afridi named interim chief selector of Pakistan men's team |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-news-pcb-overhaul-shahid-afridi-named-interim-chief-selector-of-pakistan-mens-team-1351020 |access-date=2022-12-24 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahid Afridi appointed chief selector for New Zealand series |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/460607-shahid-afridi-appointed-chief-selector-for-new-zealand-series |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawn.com |date=2022-12-24 |title=PCB appoints Shahid Afridi as interim head of selection committee for NZ tour |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1728033 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}</ref> His term lasted until the end of the [[New Zealand cricket team in Pakistan in 2022–23 (December 2022)|New Zealand series]] with Pakistan drawing the Test series 0–0 and losing the ODI series 2–1.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Southee: New Zealand were 'one ball away from series victory' |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/tim-southee-new-zealand-were-one-ball-away-from-test-series-victory-against-pakistan-1352555 |access-date=2023-01-16 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=6 January 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Whirlwind Phillips knock seals thrilling series win for NZ against Pakistan |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-in-pakistan-2022-23-1339576/pakistan-vs-new-zealand-3rd-odi-1339613/match-report |access-date=2023-01-16 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What's next for Shahid Afridi? |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/465067-will-shahid-afridi-continue-as-chief-selector |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=www.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref> Sethi had offered him a longer term but Afridi refused due to his commitments to charity work and his foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haroon Rasheed named Pakistan's chief selector |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/haroon-rasheed-named-pakistans-new-chief-selector-1355345 |access-date=2023-01-23 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Business ===<br />
In February 2022, Afridi opened a restaurant, Lala Darbar, in Dubai, which he described as an "authentic [[desi]] restaurant chain".<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first=|date=2022-02-09 |title=Lala Darbar: Shahid Afridi set to open an eatery in Dubai |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2342748/lala-darbar-shahid-afridi-set-to-open-an-eatery-in-dubai |access-date=2024-12-08 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2023, Afridi launched the Shahid Afridi Store, a menswear [[fashion]] brand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quraishi |first=Faisal |date=1 October 2023 |title=Style: Legends of the Fall |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1778479/style-legends-of-the-fall |website=[[Dawn News]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Playing style ==<br />
[[File:Afridi 2009.jpg|thumb|Afridi bowling his stock [[leg-spin]] delivery]]<br />
<br />
=== Batting ===<br />
His general style of batting was very aggressive and attack oriented. Due to this reason, Indian cricketer [[Ravi Shastri]] gave him the nickname "Boom Boom" [[Pakistani cricket team in India in 2004–05|in March 2005]], after he scored fifty runs in just 26 balls against India in the second innings and played a key role in Pakistan's victory by taking 3 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/revealed-ravi-shastri-gave-shahid-afridi-the-nickname-boom-boom-739510|title=Revealed: Ravi Shastri gave Shahid Afridi the nickname 'Boom Boom'|first=CricketCountry|last=Staff|date=27 August 2018}}</ref> He scored six ODI centuries, including ones made from 37 and 45 balls, two of the fastest in history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/211608.html |title=Records / One-Day Internationals / Batting records / Fastest hundreds |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 February 2010}}</ref> Throughout his career, he had an [[ODI strike rate]] of 117 runs per 100 balls, one of the highest in the game's history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282919.html|title=Highest strike rate in One Day International cricket|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622170219/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/282919.html|archive-date=22 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> This attitude was transferred to Test cricket as well, with Afridi scoring at a relatively high strike rate of 86.97.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/shahid-afridi-42639/bowling-batting-stats|title=Shahid Afridi Stats|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was known for hitting long sixes. He holds the record for having hit the most sixes in the history of ODI cricket.<ref>{{cite web|title=Records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Batting records {{!}} Most sixes in career {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283123.html|access-date=12 July 2021|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1 July 2021|title=Top 5 Players With Most Sixes in ODI Cricket History|url=https://www.crictracker.com/most-sixes-in-odi-cricket/|access-date=12 July 2021|website=CricTracker|language=en}}</ref> However, his aggressive style increased his risk of getting out and he was regarded as an inconsistent batsmen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2013 |title=Shahid Afridi: The inscrutable magician whose ally is inconsistency |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/shahid-afridi-the-inscrutable-magician-whose-ally-is-inconsistency-29096 |access-date=5 July 2022 |website=Cricket Country |language=en-US}}</ref> This is reflected by the fact that he is the only player to score more than 8,000 ODI runs at an average under 30 (23.57 to be exact).<ref name="CRC">{{cite web |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/content/records/83548.html |title=Records / One-Day Internationals / Batting records / Most runs in career |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 February 2010}}</ref> Afridi has moved about the batting order, and this lack of consistency has made it difficult for him to settle. In the [[Indian subcontinent]], where the ball quickly loses its shine, he preferred to open the batting; however, elsewhere he would come to bat at number six or seven.<ref name="bowler first">{{citation |last=Afridi |first=Shahid |title=I consider myself a bowler first |date=10 June 2009 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wt20page2/content/story/408147.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 February 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2005, ''[[The Wisden Cricketer]]'' magazine polled 20 leading international bowlers, including [[Brett Lee]] and [[Muttiah Muralitharan]], to name the most feared batsmen in ODIs. Afridi ranked third, after [[Adam Gilchrist]], who topped the list, and [[Brian Lara]], but ahead of the likes of [[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Virender Sehwag]] and [[Ricky Ponting]], reflecting his reputation as one of the most explosive strikers in ODIs.<ref name="GilchristMostFeared2005">{{cite news |last= |date=16 June 2005 |title=Gilchrist most feared batsman: Poll |url=https://www.rediff.com/cricket/2005/jun/16poll.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226052952/https://www.rediff.com/cricket/2005/jun/16poll.htm |archive-date=2024-12-26 |access-date= |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 22 August 2017, in his 256th Twenty20 match,<ref name="256match">{{cite web |url=http://www.cricket.com.au/news/shahid-afridi-statistics-highlights-video-pakistan-hampshire-t20-blast-twenty20/2017-08-23 |title=By the numbers: Boom Boom goes bang bang |access-date=23 August 2017 |work=Cricket Australia}}</ref> Afridi hit his first century in the format, scoring 101 for [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] in the [[2017 NatWest t20 Blast]] against [[Derbyshire County Cricket Club|Derbyshire]] and setting the highest T20 score by a batsman at the County Ground, Derby in the process.<ref name="first">{{cite web |title=Afridi's maiden T20 hundred leads Hampshire rout of Derbyshire |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/natwest-t20-blast-2017-1068050/derbyshire-vs-hampshire-1st-quarter-final-1068424/match-report |access-date=23 August 2017 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=15 May 2021|title=Derby T20 Blast Statistics and Records|url=https://t20-head-to-head.com/t20-blast-stadium-statistics-records/derby/|access-date=1 June 2021|website=T20 Head to Head|language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Bowling ===<br />
Having started as a fast bowler, Afridi decided to start bowling spin after he was told he was throwing. He modelled himself on Pakistan leg-spinner [[Abdul Qadir (cricketer)|Abdul Qadir]].<ref name=interview /> Afridi began his career as primarily a bowler, but after scoring the fastest century in his maiden ODI innings more was expected of him with the bat. Previewing the 2007 World Cup, ''[[ESPNcricinfo]]''<nowiki/>'s Andrew Miller highlighted Afridi as a rare dual threat: an explosive lower-order hitter, fresh off an unbeaten 77 off 35 balls at Durban, and an underrated wrist-spinner whose brisk, accurate leg-breaks and fizz from a good length made him a consistent wicket-taking option and a major asset in tournament conditions, writing that "it is his under-rated wrist-spin that is arguably his most consistent weapon."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Andrew |date=10 March 2007 |title=Dazzling all round |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/dazzling-all-round-284626 |access-date=1 October 2025 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2011, he said, "I consider myself a bowler first".<ref name="bowler first" /> He took 541 International [[wicket]]s in his career, most of which were from the ODI format. While his stock ball is the [[leg break]], his armoury also includes [[Googly|the googly]] and a "quicker one" which he can deliver in the style of a medium-pacer, reaching speeds of around {{convert|134|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{citation |last=Binoy |first=George |title=New Zealand brace for in-form Pakistan |date=7 March 2011 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/content/story/504695.html |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 March 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 23 August 2018, after a match winning all-round performance in the [[Caribbean Premier League]] for [[Barbados Tridents]], Australian cricketer [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] said that he tried to model the bowling action of Afridi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/steve-smith-modelling-his-bowling-action-on-shahid-afridi-1321480-2018-08-23|title=Steve Smith modelling his bowling action on Shahid Afridi|website=India Today|date=23 August 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/caribbean-premier-league-steve-smith-models-bowling-on-shahid-afridi/news-story/2c43af0318e0991a457c4d0e8274ecc1?nk=d113fdaff50308f9448d5904b61d9370-1537387398|title=Steve Smith, CPL cricket: Shahid Afridi action helps former Australia captain |work=Fox Sports|date=24 August 2018}}</ref> He praised Afridi, calling him "a terrific leg-spinner".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/steve-smith-mimics-shahid-afridi-bowling-action-leg-spin-cpl-barbados-highlights/2018-08-23|title=Smith mimics legend in bowling revamp}}</ref> Afghani cricketer [[Rashid Khan]] has said that he grew up idolising Afridi and modelled Afridi's bowling action.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan's Afridi comes of age |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rashid-khan-afghanistan-s-shahid-afridi-comes-of-age-1059388 |access-date=2023-04-15 |work=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Fielding ===<br />
Afridi has been described as an impact fielder: less a fixed-position run-stopper than a game-changer who produced difficult takes, chasing to the rope or snatching sharp chances in the ring, at key moments. His over-the-shoulder catch against New Zealand in a pivotal group match at the 2009 T20 World Cup became part of Pakistan's title narrative, and in his younger years he dived more readily than most Pakistan fielders. Even as late as 2018, he was still turning up with "play-of-the-day" grabs in the PSL.<ref>{{Cite news |author=ESPNcricinfo staff |date=3 March 2020 |title=Who's the best Asian outfielder ever? |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/poll-who-s-the-best-asian-outfielder-ever-1218201 |access-date=1 October 2025 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Philanthropy ==<br />
In March 2014, Shahid Afridi established the [[Shahid Afridi Foundation]] which aims to provide healthcare and education facilities in Pakistan. He was named among the world's most charitable athletes by [[Do Something]] in August 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shahid Afridi among world's top 20 charitable athletes |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/939134/shahid-afridi-among-worlds-top-20-charitable-athletes/ |website=The Express Tribune |access-date=27 October 2015 |date=16 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Afridi named among world's most charitable athletes |url=http://www.thenewstribe.com/2015/08/17/afridi-named-himself-in-worlds-most-charitable-athletes/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818145147/http://www.thenewstribe.com/2015/08/17/afridi-named-himself-in-worlds-most-charitable-athletes/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=18 August 2015 |website=The News Tribe |access-date=27 October 2015 |date=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/16-Aug-2015/shahid-afridi-ranks-alongside-ronaldo-in-most-charitable-athletes-list|title=Shahid Afridi ranks alongside Ronaldo in 'most charitable athletes' list|date=16 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[UNICEF]] and many Pakistani authorities have taken Shahid Afridi on board for the anti-polio campaign in the tribal belt of Waziristan region.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/off-the-field/Shahid-Afridi-to-now-bat-against-polio/articleshow/14735890.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126040704/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-07/off-the-field/32576977_1_polio-vaccination-campaign-polio-cases-polio-eradication-initiative |url-status=live |archive-date=26 January 2013 |work=The Times of India |title=Shahid Afridi to now bat against polio |date=7 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribune.com.pk/story/402629/big-hitting-required-afridi-called-in-to-shoulder-anti-polio-drive/?amp=1|title=Afridi called in to shoulder anti-polio drive – The Express Tribune|website=The Express Tribune|date=2 July 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and recognition ==<br />
On 23 March 2010, Afridi was awarded the [[Pride of Performance]] by President of Pakistan [[Asif Ali Zardari]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Younis Khan receives presidential award |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/836318 |work=Dawn |date=23 March 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 23 March 2018, he was awarded the [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]] by President of Pakistan [[Mamnoon Hussain]].<ref>{{cite news |title=President Mamnoon confers civil awards on Yaum-i-Pakistan |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1397075 |work=Dawn |date=23 March 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Afridi has also won the [[Lux Style Awards|Lux Style Award for Most Stylish Sportsperson]] in [[6th Lux Style Awards|2007]] and [[10th Lux Style Awards|2011]].<br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
Afridi has faced much criticism for his early dismissals. Shortly before the [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007 World Cup]], Afridi hit a South African man on the head after being dismissed in a match against South Africa, which led to him being banned for two matches in the World Cup.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2010-01-31 |title=آفریدی کو گیند چبانے کی سزا |trans-title=Afridi punished for ball chewing |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/sport/2010/01/100131_afridi_ball |access-date=2026-02-21 |website=[[BBC Urdu|BBC News Urdu]] |language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 31 January 2010, Shahid Afridi was caught tampering with the ball during a five-match ODI series against Australia. He was caught on camera chewing the ball. He admitted his mistake and was banned from two Twenty20 matches by the match referee. He was captaining the team in that match. Shahid Afridi's action was widely criticised by cricket fans and all quarters. Although several former Pakistani cricketers, including [[Imran Khan]] and [[Ramiz Raja]], defended Afridi, the attitude towards such prohibited actions in sports was also harsh.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In July 2016, Afridi said in an interview with [[BBC Urdu]] that there is no talent in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1141763/no-talent-pakistan-still-better-shahid-afridi/|title=No talent in Pakistan, I am still better than most: Shahid Afridi – The Express Tribune|date=14 July 2016}}</ref> This resulted in huge opposition against Afridi, while PCB issued a notice against him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Cricket/344884-Sorry-no-talent-in-Pakistan-Shahid-Afridi|title=Sorry, no talent in Pakistan: Shahid Afridi – Cricket – Dunya News|date=14 February 2008 }}</ref> Later, Afridi tried to clarify his statement by explaining that there is no competition among players in the present.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1560996/7-shahid-afridi-clarifies-lack-talent-statement/|title=Shahid Afridi clarifies 'lack of talent' statement – The Express Tribune|date=17 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 6 September 2018, in a [[Defence Day]] event at [[Rawalpindi]], Afridi was reportedly caught on the camera [[chewing tobacco]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Video: Shahid Afridi caught chewing tobacco on live TV, gets trolled online |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/article/video-shahid-afridi-caught-chewing-tobacco-on-live-tv-gets-trolled-online |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref> He was highly criticised by the media for this.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/shahid-afridi-trolled-for-chewing-tobacco-on-live-tv-on-defence-day-1.2275550|title=Shahid Afridi trolled for chewing tobacco on live TV on Defence Day|date=7 September 2018 }}</ref> However, Afridi denied these claims and clarified that he had been eating fennel seeds and clove.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-shahid-afridi-denies-chewing-tobacco-during-pakistan-national-event-after-video-goes-viral-2660777|title=Shahid Afridi denies chewing 'tobacco' during Pakistan national event after video goes viral|date=8 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Afridi denies reports of taking 'naswar' during Defence Day ceremony |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/366076-afridi-denies-reports-of-taking-naswar-during-defence-day-ceremony |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 30 April 2019, Shahid Afridi was sued by Master Beverages for violating agreement. As per Master Beverages and Foods Limited, Shahid Afridi had signed a contract with Master Beverages as their brand ambassador, but also secretly signed an agreement to become a brand ambassador of another rival company. According to the agreement, Afridi couldn't sign for any other company. Master Beverages instituted a lawsuit against Afridi in [[Sindh High Court]] for damages amounting to {{PKR}}60,000,000 and recovery of a car which Afridi received as part of the agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/465757-shc-directs-shahid-afridi-to-respond-to-rs60m-damages-lawsuit/|title=SHC directs Shahid Afridi to respond to Rs 60&nbsp;m damages lawsuit|date=30 April 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2019, Afridi stated that being a "conservative" and religious father, he had banned his daughters from playing outdoor sports. He said "feminists can say what they want... I've made my decision," in response to the criticism.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/shahid-afridi-cricket-daughters-sport-pakistan-a8909361.html|title=Former Pakistan cricket captain says his daughters are forbidden from playing outdoor sport|date=11 May 2019|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=4 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Confusion about age ===<br />
Shahid Afridi, who made his debut at 16 as per the records, had claimed that he was born in 1975 in his autobiography 'Game Changer'.<ref name="espncricinfo.com">{{cite web |date=2 May 2019 |title=Shahid Afridi reveals his real age in autobiography |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/shahid-afridi-reveals-his-real-age-in-autobiography-1182991 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> "Also, for the record, I was just nineteen, and not sixteen like they claim. I was born in 1975. So, yes, the authorities stated my age incorrectly", he wrote in his book.<ref>{{cite web|date=10 May 2019|title=Shahid Afridi was not aware of his age when he appeared in U-14 trials|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/shahid-afridi-was-not-aware-of-his-age-when-he-appeared-in-u-14-trials/story-kuxJcKC3ykpawDxEliE2yI.html|access-date=27 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727192353/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/shahid-afridi-was-not-aware-of-his-age-when-he-appeared-in-u-14-trials/story-kuxJcKC3ykpawDxEliE2yI.html|archive-date=27 July 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although that created confusion as if he was born in 1975, it would have meant that he was 21 at the time of debut and not 19 as he wrote.<ref>{{cite web|last=PTI|title=Shahid Afridi finally reveals his real age|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/shahid-afridi-real-age-born-in-1975-not-1980-21-years-old-record-breaking-37-ball-hundred/article27014862.ece|access-date=27 July 2021|website=Sportstar|date=2 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref> Afridi later clarified that his autobiography's first edition carried the wrong year and it was confirmed that his year of birth was 1977.<ref name="Dawn" /><ref name="timesnownews1">{{Cite news|title=Shahid Afridi clears the air on age confusion in his autobiography, says he is yet to read his book|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/shahid-afridi-clears-the-air-on-age-confusion-in-his-autobiography-says-he-is-yet-to-read-his-book/414390|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727192918/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/shahid-afridi-clears-the-air-on-age-confusion-in-his-autobiography-says-he-is-yet-to-read-his-book/414390|archive-date=27 July 2021|date=7 May 2019|access-date=25 February 2022|work=Times Now|language=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> Afridi's claims created further controversy as this would have meant that Afghani batsman, [[Usman Ghani]], would hold the record for the youngest centurion in ODI cricket which Afridi currently holds.<ref name="Record" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-02 |title=Pakistan icon Shahid Afridi casts further mystery over his real age |url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/pakistan-icon-shahid-afridi-casts-further-mystery-over-his-real-age/news-story/e2eb0cdc040f83a0d49d46c873b9cf7e |access-date=2023-01-30 |website=Fox Sports |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shahid Afridi: Pakistan cricketer Shahid Afridi finally reveals his real age |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/pakistan-cricketer-shahid-afridi-finally-reveals-his-real-age/articleshow/69155693.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-01-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Feud with Gautam Gambhir ===<br />
Afridi has been infamously involved in several on and off the field feuds with Indian cricketer [[Gautam Gambhir]]. On 14 November 2007, during an ODI between India and Pakistan, Afridi and Gambhir were involved in an altercation, followed by a heated argument, where on-field umpire Ian Gould intervened in between. Both Afridi and Gambhir were fined for the event, for conduct unbecoming and physical contact.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afridi and Gambhir fined |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/afridi-and-gambhir-fined-320282 |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Afridi again came to feud with Gambhir on Twitter, when the former tweeted about the unrest in Kashmir in April 2018, where he also tagged the United Nations. In response to the tweet, Gambhir replied by mocking Afridi and stated that he has no understanding about Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-04-04 |title=India, Pakistan cricketers spar over Kashmir |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43624846 |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> In response to criticism of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] by Afridi in May 2020, Gambhir stated by tweeting that "Jokers like Afridi, Imran and Bajwa can spew venom against India & PM @narendramodi ji to fool Pak ppl but won't get [[Kashmir]] till judgment day! Remember [[East Pakistan|Bangladesh]]?".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-17 |title=Gambhir slams Afridi over controversial Kashmir remarks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/gautam-gambhir-slams-shahid-afridi-over-controversial-kashmir-remarks/story-pPmylJllc9F3Vtdyu33nBK.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130203359/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/gautam-gambhir-slams-shahid-afridi-over-controversial-kashmir-remarks/story-pPmylJllc9F3Vtdyu33nBK.html |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=2025-01-29 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== In popular culture ==<br />
{{Main|Main Hoon Shahid Afridi}}<br />
{{Excerpt|Main Hoon Shahid Afridi|hat=no}}<br />
Irish pop group [[The Duckworth Lewis Method]] included a song called "Boom Boom Afridi" in their second album [[The Duckworth Lewis Method#Sticky Wickets|''Sticky Wickets'']].<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite book |author1=Afridi |first=Shahid |author2=Khan |first2=Wajahat S. |author-link2=Wajahat Saeed Khan |title=Game Changer |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-5302-671-4 |publisher=[[HarperCollins India]]}}<ref>{{cite news |date=17 May 2019 |title=Book Review: Game Changer |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/237586-book-review-the-game-changer |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=[[Geo News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2019 |title=Shahid Afridi's book 'Game Changer': 5 things to know |url=https://gulfnews.com/sport/cricket/shahid-afridis-book-game-changer-5-things-to-know-1.1557068319171 |access-date=11 April 2021 |work=[[Gulf News]] (newspaper) |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of Pakistan Test cricketers]]<br />
*[[List of Pakistan cricketers who have taken five-wicket hauls on Test debut]]<br />
*[[List of Derbyshire County Cricket Club players]]<br />
*[[List of Hampshire County Cricket Club Twenty20 players]]<br />
*[[List of Hampshire County Cricket Club List A players]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|group="nb"}}<br />
{{notelist-ua}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{sister project links|c=Category:Shahid Afridi|d=yes|q=yes|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}}<br />
<br />
* [http://www.shahidafridifoundation.org/ Shahid Afridi Foundation]<br />
* {{Sports links}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| before = [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer, born 1974)|Mohammad Yousuf]]<br />
| title = [[Pakistani national cricket captains|Pakistani national cricket captain]] (Test)<br />
| years = 2010<br />
| after = [[Salman Butt]]<br />
}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| before = [[Mohammad Yousuf (cricketer, born 1974)|Mohammad Yousuf]]<br />
| title = [[Pakistani national cricket captains|Pakistani national cricket captain]] (ODI)<br />
| years = 2010–2011<br />
| after = [[Misbah-ul-Haq]]<br />
}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| before = [[Younus Khan]]<br />
| title = [[Pakistani national cricket captains|Pakistani national cricket captain]] (T20I)<br />
| years = 2009–2011<br />
| after = [[Misbah-ul-Haq]]<br />
}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| before = [[Mohammad Hafeez]]<br />
| title = [[Pakistani national cricket captains|Pakistani national cricket captain]] (T20I)<br />
| years = 2014–2016<br />
| after = [[Sarfaraz Ahmed]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| before = [[Mohammad Sami]]<br />
| title = [[Karachi Dolphins]] captain<br />
| years = 2008–2017<br />
| after = [[Sarfaraz Ahmed]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
| title= Captaincy<br />
| bg= #03530f<br />
| fg= white<br />
| bordercolor=#9ACD32<br />
| list1=<br />
{{Pakistan Test Cricket Captains}}<br />
{{Pakistan ODI Cricket Captains}}<br />
{{Pakistan T20I Cricket Captains}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
| title= Pakistan squads<br />
| bg= #03530f<br />
| fg= white<br />
| bordercolor=#9ACD32<br />
| list1=<br />
{{Pakistan Squad 1999 Cricket World Cup}}<br />
{{Pakistan Squad 2000 Asia Cup}}<br />
{{Pakistan Squad 2003 Cricket World Cup}}<br />
{{Pakistan Squad 2007 Cricket World Cup}}<br />
{{Pakistan Squad 2007 World Twenty20}}<br />
{{Pakistan Squad 2009 World Twenty20}}<br />
{{Pakistan Squad 2010 World Twenty20}}<br />
{{Pakistan Squad 2011 Cricket World Cup}}<br />
{{Pakistan Squad 2012 Asia Cup}}<br />
{{Pakistan Squad 2012 World Twenty20}}<br />
{{Pakistan Squad 2014 World Twenty20}}<br />
{{Pakistan Squad 2015 Cricket World Cup}}<br />
{{Pakistan Squad 2016 World Twenty20}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
| title= Awards and Achievements<br />
| bg= #03530f<br />
| fg= white<br />
| bordercolor=#9ACD32<br />
| list1=<br />
{{Bowlers who have taken 300 wickets in ODI}}<br />
{{Pride of Performance for Sports}}<br />
{{Man of the Match in ICC World T20 Final}}<br />
{{Player of the Series in ICC World Twenty20}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Afridi, Shahid}}<br />
[[Category:1977 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Afridi people|Shahid]]<br />
[[Category:Pashtun cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani philanthropists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Khyber District]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers from Karachi]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Test cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan One Day International cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Twenty20 International cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Pakistani sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani cricket captains]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan Test cricket captains]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers who have taken five wickets on Test debut]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2011 Cricket World Cup]]<br />
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2015 Cricket World Cup]]<br />
[[Category:ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:ICC World XI One Day International cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:World XI Twenty20 International cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Karachi Whites cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Karachi Blues cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Habib Bank Limited cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Karachi cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Leicestershire cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Derbyshire cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Griqualand West cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Kent cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Ireland cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Karachi Dolphins cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Sindh cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Deccan Chargers cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani expatriate cricketers in India]]<br />
[[Category:South Australia cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Hampshire cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Melbourne Renegades cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani expatriate cricketers in Australia]]<br />
[[Category:Dhaka Dominators cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Ruhuna Royals cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani expatriate cricketers in Sri Lanka]]<br />
[[Category:Northamptonshire cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:St Kitts and Nevis Patriots cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Sylhet Strikers cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Peshawar Zalmi cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Islamabad cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Rangpur Riders cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Karachi Kings cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Paktia Panthers cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Comilla Victorians cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Multan Sultans cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Galle Gladiators cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Quetta Gladiators cricketers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Pride of Performance]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistan cricket team selectors]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani expatriate cricketers in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani expatriate cricketers in England]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakshmi_Barrage&diff=511648Lakshmi Barrage2026-03-25T12:23:07Z<p>WillyFdt599330: started first details w/ refs.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox dam<br />
| name = Medigadda Barrage<br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = Lakshmi Barrage in the background<br />
| dam_crosses = [[Godavari River]]<br />
| res_name = Medigadda Barrage<br />
| location = Medigadda (village), [[Mahadevpur]] [[Telangana]]<br />
| dam_length = 1632 m<br />
| dam_height = <br />
| dam_type = B<br />
| dam_width_base = <br />
| construction_began = 2 May 2016<br />
| opening = 21 June 2019<br />
| spillway_count = 85<br />
| purpose = Multi-purpose<br />
| status = O<br />
| cost = ₹1849 crores<br />
| owner = [[Government of Telangana]]<br />
| res_capacity_total = 16 [[tmcft]]<br />
| res_capacity_active = <br />
| res_catchment = <br />
| res_surface = <br />
| location_map = India Telangana#India<br />
| location_map_size = 200px<br />
| location_map_caption = Medigadda Barrage at [[Mahadevpur]] Mandal<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18|42|13.8|N|80|05|21|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
| res_tidal_range = <br />
| plant_operator = [[Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited]]<br />
| plant_commission = Planned<br />
| plant_decommission = <br />
| plant_type = T<br />
| plant_turbines = <br />
| plant_capacity = <br />
| plant_annual_gen = <br />
| website = <br />
| extra = <br />
| name_official = <br />
| builder = [[Larsen & Toubro]]<br />
| operator = Irrigation & CAD Department, [[Government of Telangana]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Medigadda Barrage''' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/telangana-cm-kcr-renames-barrages-pump-houses-of-kaleswaram-project20190812164535/|title=Telangana CM KCR renames barrages, pump houses of Kaleswaram project|website=www.aninews.in|language=en|access-date=2020-03-05}}</ref> is the starting point of the proposed Kaleshwaram Project which envisages construction of three barrages between Yellampally & Medigadda. Its objective is to utilize Godavari water for drinking and irrigation. The Barrage/Project site is located at Medigadda Village, [[Mahadevpur]] Mandal, [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district]] in [[Telangana State]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/telangana-cm-lays-foundation-for-kaleshwaram-irrigation-project/article8547044.ece|title=Telangana CM lays foundation for Kaleshwaram irrigation project|work=The Hindu BusinessLine|accessdate=4 September 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Proposed Barrage Details:'''<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Barrage<br />
!Bed Level (meters)<br />
!Pond Level (meters)<br />
!Gross Storage (in TMC)<br />
!Number of Gates<br />
|-<br />
|Medigadda Barrage<br />
|89.0<br />
|100.0<br />
|16.17<br />
|85<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Project info==<br />
A memorandum of understanding was signed by states of [[Maharashtra]] and Telangana,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Telangana-Maharashtra-sign-MoUs-on-3-irrigation-projects/articleshow/53835938.cms|title=Telangana, Maharashtra sign MoUs on 3 irrigation projects |date=August 24, 2016|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> as part of which, [[Chanaka-Korata Barrage]] on [[Painganga River]], Tummidihatti Barrage on [[Pranhita River]] and Lakshmi Barrage on [[Godavari River]] will be constructed.<br />
<br />
Medigadda Barrage foundation was laid by First Chief Minister of Telangana, K.Chandrashekar Rao on 2 May 2016.{{Citation needed|date=December 2017}}<br />
<br />
The project started by [[Telangana]] govt as part of the Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Schema to irrigate the {{convert|1850000|acres|ha}} of new land and stabilize the {{convert|1180000|acres|ha}} of existing irrigated land.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-05-02/Kaleshwaram-project-KCR-lays-foundation-stone/225617|title=Kaleshwaram project: KCR lays foundation stone|work=The Hans India|accessdate=4 September 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Incidents ==<br />
'''Medigadda Barrage''' <ref name=":0" /> part of Kaleshwaram Lift Irrigation Schema, sank due to reported heavy inflow on the night of Saturday October 21, 2023. Engineering staff reported that pillar number 19 of 1.6&nbsp;km barrage suffered damage causing a portion of bridge to sag. Apart from pillar 19, pillar 20 and 21 also developed cracks.<br />
<br />
One year later, the damaged barrage was still stuck in limbo. A six-member committee of the National Dam Safety Authority (NDSA) visited the barrage on October 24, 2024, and submitted a report to the government stating that the barrage had suffered damages due to defects in planning, design, quality, control and management.<ref>Srinivasa Rao Apparasu: [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/a-year-on-damaged-medigadda-barrage-stuck-in-limbo-101729539020292.html#google_vignette ''A year on, damaged Medigadda barrage stuck in limbo.''] ''Hindustan Times News,'' October 22, 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2025.</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Sriram Sagar Project]]<br />
* [[Annaram Barrage]]<br />
* [[Sundilla Barrage]]<br />
* [[Lower Manair Dam]]<br />
* [[Mid Manair Dam]]<br />
* [[Kaddam Project]]<br />
* [[Upper Manair Dam]]<br />
* [[SRSP Flood Flow Canal]]<br />
* [[Nizam Sagar]]<br />
* [[Pranahita Chevella]]<br />
* [[Alisagar lift irrigation scheme]]<br />
* [[Sri Komaram Bheem Project]]<br />
* [[Devadula lift irrigation scheme]]<br />
* [[Icchampally Project]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Godavari basin}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dams on the Godavari River]]<br />
[[Category:Dams in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Irrigation in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Adilabad district]]<br />
[[Category:Karimnagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Godavari basin]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._Williams_(cinematographer)&diff=472603J. Williams (cinematographer)2026-03-21T08:46:55Z<p>WillyFdt599330: expanded references as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film director and cinematographer (1948–2005)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = J. Williams<br />
| image = File:Jwilliamssir.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1948|08|26}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2005|02|20|1948|08|26}}<br />
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| occupation = Producer<br />Director<br />Cinematographer<br />
| years_active = 1974 – 2005<br />
| parents = <br />
| spouse = [[Shanthi Williams]] <br />
| children = 4<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''J. Williams''' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=camera&artist=J%20Williams|title = Profile of Malayalam Cinematographer J%20Williams}}</ref> was a producer, director and cinematographer of [[Cinema of Kerala|Malayalam]] language films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/J%20Williams-2709 |title=J Williams:Profile and Biography, Malayalam Movie Cinematography J Williams latest Photo Gallery &#124; Video Gallery, Malayalam Movie Cinematography J Williams, J Williams Filimography, J Williams Films and Cinemas, J Williams Awards and Nominations |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907100257/http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/J%20Williams-2709 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Primarily known as a cameraman, he has also directed 8 films <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=1982|title = J Williams}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nthwall.com/ml/J-Williams/celebrities/4564101234 |title=J Williams's Movies, Latest News, Video Songs, wallpapers, New Images, Photos, Biography, Upcoming Movies.- NTH Wall |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014165144/http://www.nthwall.com/ml/J-Williams/celebrities/4564101234 |archive-date=14 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and has worked in [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil]], [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] and [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]] language films as well.<br />
<br />
Making his debut with the 1974 [[Kamal Haasan]] starrer ''[[Vishnu Vijayam]]'', Williams was always known as an adventurous cinematographer and has worked over 50 films as a cameraman.He was well known for taking risky shots.<ref>{{Cite news|title=സ്ഫടികവും ബട്ടർഫ്ലൈസും ബൽറാമും; വില്യംസിന്റെ റിസ്കി ഷോട്ടുകൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2022/09/14/kaloor-dennis-about-cameraman-j-williams.html|author=Kaloor Dennis| publisher=Manorama Online|date=14 September 2022}} </ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
<br />
He married actress [[Shanthi Williams]] in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.malayalamcinemahistory.com/fi/JWilliams.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907100141/http://www.malayalamcinemahistory.com/fi/JWilliams.htm |archive-date=7 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They had four children. He died at age 56 due to terminal cancer.<br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
===Cinematography===<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
* [[Vishnu Vijayam]] (1974)<br />
* [[Njan Ninne Premikkunnu]] (1975)<br />
* [[Thulavarsham]] (1976)<br />
* [[Anubhavam]] (1976)<br />
* [[Siva Thandavum]] (1977)<br />
* [[Sreedevi (film)|Sreedevi]] (1977)<br />
* [[Vishukkani]] (1977)<br />
* [[Rathimanmadhan]] (1977)<br />
* [[Poojakkedukkatha Pookkal]] (1977)<br />
* [[Kaavilamma]] (1977)<br />
* [[Adimakkachavadam]] (1978)<br />
* [[Madanolsavam]] (1978)<br />
* [[Madaalasa]] (1978)<br />
* [[Thamburatti]] (1978)<br />
* [[Chuvanna Chirakukal]] (1979)<br />
* Aval Niraparaadhi (1979)<br />
* Devadaasi (1979)<br />
* [[Mr. Michael]] (1980)<br />
* [[Benz Vasu]] (1980)<br />
* [[Kaaliya Mardhanam]] (1982)<br />
* [[Anuraagakkodathi]] (1982)<br />
* [[Pooviriyum Pulari]] (1982)<br />
* [[Ivan Oru Simham]] (1982)<br />
*[[Padayottam (1982 film)|''Padayottam'']]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Padayottam| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xnFcbodp21k<br />
|date=17 September 2025}} </ref> (1982 - additional photography<br />
* [[Bheeman]] (1982)<br />
* [[Kodungattu]] (1983)<br />
* [[Hello Madras Girl]] (1983)<br />
* [[Jeevante Jeevan]] (1985)<br />
* [[Ezhu Muthal Onpathu Vare]] (1985)<br />
* [[Pathamudayam]] (1985)<br />
* [[Kannaram Pothi Pothi]] (1985)<br />
* Sunil Vayassu 20 (1986)<br />
*[[Panchagni]] (1986) - Responsible for shooting one scene where aggressive dogs are set on a young tribal woman by a landlord<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shaji N Karun, cinema|url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/articles-periodicals/shaji-n-karun-cinema-13450 |publisher=Deshabhimani|date=12 May 2025}}</ref><br />
* Viswasichaalum Illenkilum (1986)<br />
* [[Aattakatha (1987 film)|Aattakatha]] (1987)<br />
* [[Agni Muhurtham]] (1987)<br />
* [[Janmandharam]] (1988)<br />
* [[Douthyam]] (1989)<br />
* [[Puthiya Karukkal]] (1989)<br />
*[[Carnivel|''Carnivel'']](1989)<br />
* [[Bhoomika (film)|Bhoomika]] (1991)<br />
* [[Koodikazhcha]] (1991)<br />
* [[Inspector Balram]] (1991)<br />
* [[Naangal]] (1992) (Tamil film)<br />
* [[Uppukandam Brothers]] (1993)<br />
* [[Butterflies (1993 film)|Butterflies]] (1993)<br />
* [[Rajadhani (1994 film)|Rajadhani]] (1994)<br />
* [[Spadikam]] (1995)<br />
* [[Neela Kuyil]] (1995) (Tamil film)<br />
* Kalaapam (1998)<br />
* [[James Bond (1999 film)|James Bond]] (1999)<br />
* [[The Gang (film)|The Gang]] (2000)<br />
* [[Bamboo Boys]] (2002)<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
===Direction===<br />
* ''[[Madaalasa]]'' (1978) <br />
* ''[[Mr. Michael]]'' (1980)<br />
* ''[[Kaaliya Mardhanam]]'' (1982)<br />
* ''[[Ponnethooval]]'' (1983)<br />
* ''[[Hello Madras Girl]]'' (1983)<br />
* ''[[Jeevante Jeevan]]'' (1985)<br />
* ''[[Aattakatha (1987 film)|Aattakatha]]'' (1987)<br />
* ''Rishi'' (1992)<br />
* ''Gentleman Security'' (1994)<br />
* ''[[The Gang (film)|The Gang]]'' (2000)<br />
<br />
===Story===<br />
* [[Madaalasa]] (1978)<br />
* [[Jeevante Jeevan]] (1985)<br />
* Rishi (1992)<br />
<br />
===Screenplay===<br />
* [[Madaalasa]] (1978)<br />
* [[Jeevante Jeevan]] (1985)<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|0930798}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, J.}}<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film cinematographers]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
[[Category:1948 births]]<br />
[[Category:2005 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]<br />
[[Category:Cinematographers from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kannada&diff=460925Kannada2026-03-20T07:45:40Z<p>WillyFdt599330: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Dravidian language}}<br />
{{Other uses|Kannada (disambiguation)|Kanada (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Canada|Kanata (disambiguation){{!}}Kanata}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox language<br />
| name = Kannada<br />
| nativename = {{lang|kn|ಕನ್ನಡ}}<br />
| pronunciation = {{IPA|kn|ˈkənːəɖa|}}<br />
| states = [[Languages of India|India]]<br />
| region = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| ethnicity = [[Kannada people|Kannadigas]]<br />
| speakers = [[First language|L1]]: {{sigfig|43.697430|2}} million<br />
| date = 2011<br />
| ref = e27<br />
| speakers2 = [[Second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|15.009260|2}} million (2011)<br />
| speakers_label = Speakers<br />
| familycolor = Dravidian<br />
| fam2 = [[South Dravidian languages|Southern]]<br />
| fam3 = Southern I<br />
| fam4 = Tamil-Kannada<br />
| fam5 = [[Kannada dialects|Kannadoid]]<br />
| ancestor = [[Proto-Dravidian language|Proto-Dravidan]]<br />
* [[Old Kannada]]<br />
| script = *[[Kannada script]]<br />
*[[Kannada Braille]]<br />
| nation = [[Languages with legal status in India|India]]<br />
* Karnataka<br />
| minority = <br />
| agency = [[Government of Karnataka]]<ref>{{cite book |title=The Karnataka official language act, 1963&nbsp;– Karnataka Gazette (Extraordinary) Part IV-2A |publisher=[[Government of Karnataka]] |year=1963 |pages=33}}</ref><br />
| iso1 = kn<br />
| iso2 = kan<br />
| iso3 = kan<br />
| lingua = 49-EBA-a<br />
| image = Shukla Kannada.svg<br />
| imagescale = <br />
| imagecaption = The word "Kannada" in [[Kannada script]]<br />
| map = Kannada language distribution.svg<br />
| mapcaption = Distribution of Kannada native speakers, majority regions in dark blue and minority regions in light blue.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schwartzberg |first=Joseph E. |author-link=Joseph E. Schwartzberg |title=A Historical Atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-19-506869-6 |page=102 |chapter=Currency of Selected Languages and Scripts |chapter-url=https://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00maplinks/overview/languages/himal1992max.jpg}}</ref><br />
| glotto = nucl1305<br />
| glottorefname = Kannada<br />
| notice = IPA<br />
| dia1 = [[Mangalore Kannada]]<br />
| dia2 = [[Havigannada dialect|Havyaka]]<br />
| dia3 = [[Kundagannada dialect|Kundagannada]]<br />
| dia4 = [[Arebhashe dialect|Arebhashe]]<br />
| altname = Canarese<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox ethnonym<br />
|person=Kannaḍiga<br />
|people=Kannaḍigaru<br />
|language=Kannaḍa<br />
}}<br />
'''Kannada''' ({{IPA|kn|ˈkənːəɖa|lang|Kannada-pronounciation.ogg}})<ref name="WesleyanMissionPress1858">{{cite book |last1=Reeve |first1=William |url=https://archive.org/details/adictionarycana00sandgoog |title=A Dictionary, Canarese and English |publisher=Wesleyan Mission Press |year=1858 |editor1-last=Sanderson |editor1-first=Daniel |location=Bangalore |access-date=18 January 2017}}</ref> is a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] spoken predominantly in the state of [[Karnataka]] in southwestern [[India]], and spoken by a minority of the population in all neighbouring states. It has 44&nbsp;million native speakers, and is additionally a second or third language for 15&nbsp;million speakers in Karnataka.<ref name=e27/> It is the official and administrative language of Karnataka.<ref name="official">{{cite web |title=The Karnataka Official Language Act |url=http://dpal.kar.nic.in/26%20of%201963%20(E).pdf |access-date=29 June 2007 |work=Official website of Department of Parliamentary Affairs and Legislation |publisher=Government of Karnataka}}</ref> It also has [[Languages with legal status in India|scheduled status]] in India and has been included among the country's [[Classical languages of India|designated classical languages]].{{sfnp|Kuiper|2011|p=74}}<ref name="oldest">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=none |encyclopedia=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics |publisher=Princeton University Press |last=Zydenbos |first=R |editor-last=Cushman |editor-first=S |edition=4 |page=767 |isbn=978-0-691-15491-6 |editor-last2=Cavanagh |editor-first2=C |editor-last3=Ramazani |editor-first3=J |editor-last4=Rouzer |editor-first4=P}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kannada was the court language of a number of dynasties and empires of [[South India]], [[Central India]] and the [[Deccan Plateau]], namely the [[Kadamba dynasty]], [[Western Ganga dynasty]], [[Nolamba dynasty]], [[Chalukya dynasty]], [[Rashtrakutas]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Seshan |first1=Radhika |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyZhDwAAQBAJ&dq=rashtrakuta+court+language+kannada&pg=PT43 |title=Re-searching Transitions in Indian History |last2=Kumbhojkar |first2=Shraddha |date=27 June 2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-429-94630-1 |language=en}}</ref> [[Western Chalukya Empire]], [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna dynasty]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Harish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UM3LjKo8Uo8C&pg=PA334 |title=Karnataka Government and Politics |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-397-7 |pages=334 |language=en}}</ref> [[Nayakas of Keladi]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Itp2twGR6tsC&dq=yadavas+kannada&pg=RA1-PA45 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=9 September 1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2}}</ref> [[Hoysala kingdom|Hoysala dynasty]] and the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<br />
<br />
The Kannada language is written using the [[Kannada script]], which evolved from the 5th-century [[Kadamba script]]. Kannada is attested [[Epigraphy|epigraphically]] for about one and a half millennia and literary [[Rashtrakuta literature|Old Kannada]] flourished during the 9th-century [[Rashtrakuta Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rastrakutas |url=http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20LAND%20HISTORY%20AND%20PEOPLE%20HTML/RASHTRAKUTA%20DYNASTY.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110232151/http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20LAND%20HISTORY%20AND%20PEOPLE%20HTML/RASHTRAKUTA%20DYNASTY.htm |archive-date=10 January 2011 |access-date=12 May 2008 |publisher=[[Central Institute of Indian Languages]]}}</ref>{{sfnp|Zvelebil|1973|p=7}} Kannada has an [[Kannada literature|unbroken literary history]] of around 1200 years.{{sfnp|Garg|1992|p=67}} Kannada literature has been presented with eight [[Jnanpith Award]]s, the most for any Dravidian language and the second highest for any Indian language,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jnanpeeth Awardees from Karnataka &#124; Jnanapeeta Awardees &#124; Jnanpith Award |url=http://www.karnatakavision.com/jnanpeeth-awardees.php |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211020638/http://www.karnatakavision.com/jnanpeeth-awardees.php |archive-date=11 February 2021 |access-date=5 July 2018 |website=www.karnatakavision.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=5 September 2017 |title=Jnanpith Award: Eight Kannada authors who have won 'Jnanpith Award' |url=https://www.newsgram.com/eight-kannada-authors-who-have-won-prestigious-jnanpith-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222120049/https://www.newsgram.com/eight-kannada-authors-who-have-won-prestigious-jnanpith-award/ |archive-date=22 December 2020 |access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 July 2016 |title=Jnanpith Awards Winners Full List |url=https://www.bestcurrentaffairs.com/jnanpith-awards-winners-full-list/}}</ref> and one [[International Booker Prize]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mollan |first=Cherylann |date=21 May 2025 |title=Heart Lamp: Banu Mushtaq makes history with International Booker Prize win |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c308qjpz9y2o |access-date=21 May 2025 |work=BBC}}</ref> In July 2011, a center for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]] in [[Mysore]] to facilitate research related to the language.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 July 2011 |title=CIIL to head Centre for classical Kannada study |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ciil-to-head-centre-for-classical-kannada-study/169646-60-119.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111170247/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ciil-to-head-centre-for-classical-kannada-study/169646-60-119.html |archive-date=11 January 2012 |access-date=12 February 2013 |website=IBNlive}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geographic distribution ==<br />
<br />
Kannada had 43.7<ref name=":0" />&nbsp;million native speakers in [[India]] at the time of the 2011 census. It is the main language of the state of [[Karnataka]], where it is spoken natively by {{sigfig|40.622836|3}} million people, or about two-thirds of the state's population.<br />
<br />
There are native Kannada speakers in the neighbouring states of [[Tamil Nadu]] ({{sigfig|1141976|3}} speakers), [[Maharashtra]] ({{sigfig|993133|3}}), [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] ({{sigfig|532937|3}}), [[Kerala]] ({{sigfig|78067|3}}), and [[Goa]] ({{sigfig|67837|3}}).<ref>{{cite web |title=C-16: Population by mother tongue, India – 2011 |author=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10191 |access-date=16 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is also spoken as a second and third language by over 12.9&nbsp;million non-native speakers in Karnataka.<ref name="2001census">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indiaspeak-English-is-our-2nd-language/articleshow/5680962.cms |title=Indiaspeak: English is our 2nd language |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 March 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kannadigas form Tamil Nadu's third-largest linguistic group; their population is roughly 1.23&nbsp;million, which is 2.2% of Tamil Nadu's total population.<ref name="TimesofIndia">{{cite news<br />
|first=Rema<br />
|last=Nagarajan<br />
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Kannadigas-TNs-3rd-biggest-group/articleshow/2954903.cms<br />
|title=Kannadigas TN's 3rd biggest group<br />
|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]<br />
|date=16 April 2008<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2uPAgAAQBAJ&q=Kannada&pg=PA84 |title=The Territories and States of India |last1=Boland-Crewe |first1=Tara |last2=Lea |first2=David |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-135-35625-5 |pages=224–226}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Malayalam]] spoken by people of [[Lakshadweep]] has many Kannada words.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zbKesmg97PAC&q=amindivi+kannada+island&pg=PA5 |title=Dynamics of New Panchayati Raj System in India: Select states |last=Palanithurai |first=Ganapathy |year=2002 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-129-4}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the United States, there were 35,900 speakers in 2006–2008,<ref>{{cite web |title=Table 1. Detailed Languages Spoken at Home |url=https://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604062111/http://www.census.gov/hhes/socdemo/language/data/other/detailed-lang-tables.xls |archive-date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> a number that had risen to 48,600 by 2015.<br />
<br />
There are {{sigfig|3970|2}} speakers in Canada (2016 census), 9,700 in Australia (2016 census), 22,000 in Singapore (2018 estimate),<ref name="Ethnologue_kan">{{e25|kan}}</ref> and 59,000 in Malaysia (2021 estimate).<ref name="Ethnologue_kan"/>{{Better source needed|date=November 2022}}<br />
<br />
== Development ==<br />
<br />
Kannada, like [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]], is a [[South Dravidian language]] and a descendant of [[Tamil-Kannada]], from which it derives its grammar and core vocabulary. Its history can be divided into three stages: Old Kannada, or ''Haḷegannaḍa'' from 450 to 1200&nbsp;AD, Middle Kannada (''Naḍugannaḍa'') from 1200 to 1700 and Modern Kannada (''Hosagannaḍa'') from 1700 to the present.{{sfn|Steever|1998|p=129}}<ref name="R. Narasimhacharya 1934 1">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/buddhadhammaorli0000nara/page/n10/mode/1up?q=+tamil |title=History of the Kannada Language (Readership Lectures) |author=R. Narasimhacharya |page=1 |publisher=[[University of Mysore]]|year=1934 |oclc=4615979}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kannada has been considerably influenced by [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]]—in morphology, phonetics, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. The three principal sources of influence on literary Kannada grammar appear to be [[Pāṇini]]'s grammar, non-Pāṇinian schools of Sanskrit grammar, particularly ''Katantra'' and ''Sakatayana'' schools, and [[Prakrit]] grammar.<ref name=prak>{{cite book|last=Mythic Society (Bangalore, India)|title=The quarterly journal of the Mythic society (Bangalore)., Volume 76|year=1985|publisher=Mythic Society (Bangalore, India)|pages=Pages_197–210}}</ref> Literary Prakrit seems to have prevailed in [[Karnataka]] since ancient times. Speakers of vernacular Prakrit may have come into contact with Kannada speakers, thus influencing their language, even before Kannada was used for administrative or liturgical purposes.<ref name=prak/><ref name="Studies">{{cite book|author1=B. K. Khadabadi |author2=Prākr̥ta Bhāratī Akādamī |title=Studies in Jainology, Prakrit literature, and languages: a collection of select 51 papers Volume 116 of Prakrit Bharti pushpa|year=1997|publisher=Prakrit Bharati Academy|pages=444 pages}}</ref><ref name="R. Narasimhacharya 1934 1"/> The scholar K. V. Narayana claims that many tribal languages now designated as Kannada dialects could be nearer to the earlier form of the language, with lesser influence from other languages.<ref name="civil" /><br />
<br />
The work of the scholar [[Iravatham Mahadevan]] indicates that Kannada was already a language of rich spoken tradition by the 3rd century BC. Based on native Kannada words in Prakrit inscriptions of that period, Kannada must have been spoken by a broad and stable population.<ref name="civil">{{cite web|title=Classical Kannada, Antiquity of Kannada |url=http://www.classicalkannada.org/LanguageEng.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425022336/http://www.classicalkannada.org/LanguageEng.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 April 2010 |publisher=Central Institute for Indian Languages |work=Centre for classical Kannada |access-date=28 August 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Tamil_epigraphy1">{{Cite book |title=Early Tamil Epigraphy from the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century AD |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZBkAAAAMAAJ |editor-first=Iravatham |editor-last=Mahadevan |location=Chennai/Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=Cre-A/Harvard University Press |access-date=12 April 2007|isbn=978-0-674-01227-1|year=2003| volume=62 |series=Harvard Oriental Series}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHaVqNy-V6UC&pg=PA11|title=Origin of Saivism and Its History in the Tamil Land|last=K R|first=Subramanian|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2002|isbn=978-81-206-0144-4|pages=11}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kannada includes many loan words from Sanskrit. Some unaltered loan words ({{langx|sa|तत्सम|[[tatsama]]|same as that'}}) include {{langx|sa|label=none|dina||day}}, {{langx|sa|label=none|kōpa||anger}}, {{langx|sa|label=none|sūrya||sun}}, {{langx|sa|label=none|mukha||face}}, and {{langx|sa|label=none|nimiṣa||minute}}.<ref name="tatsama">{{cite book|last=Kulli|first=Jayavant S|title=History of grammatical theories in Kannada|year=1991|publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics|pages=330 pages}}</ref> Some examples of naturalised Sanskrit words ({{langx|sa|तद्भव|tadbhava|arising from that}}) in Kannada are {{langx|kn|label=none|varṇa||colour}}, {{langx|kn|label=none|pūrṇime}}, and {{lang|kn|rāya}} from {{langx|sa|label=none|rāja||king}}.<ref name=banna>{{cite book|last=Jha|first=Ganganatha|title=Journal of the Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Volume 32|year=1976|publisher=Ganganatha Jha Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha|pages=see page 319}}</ref> Some naturalised words of Prakrit origin in Kannada are {{langx|kn|label=none|baṇṇa||colour}} derived from {{lang|pra|vaṇṇa}}, {{langx|kn|huṇṇime|label=none||full moon}} from {{lang|pra|puṇṇivā}}.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Early traces===<br />
{{Main|Halmidi inscription|Kappe Arabhatta|Shravanabelagola inscription of Nandisena|Tyagada Brahmadeva Pillar|Atakur inscription|Doddahundi nishidhi inscription|List of people associated with the study of Kannada inscriptions}}<br />
[[File:Halmidi OldKannada inscription.JPG|left|upright|thumb|The [[Halmidi inscription]] at [[Halmidi]] village, in old-Kannada, is usually dated to 450&nbsp;AD ([[Kadamba Dynasty]]).]]<br />
[[File:6th century Kannada inscription in cave temple number 3 at Badami.jpg|thumb|right|Old-Kannada inscription dated 578&nbsp;AD (Badami Chalukya dynasty), outside Badami cave no.3]]<br />
[[File:TalakadInscription.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Old-Kannada inscription of c. 726&nbsp;AD, discovered in [[Talakad]], from the rule of King Shivamara I or Sripurusha ([[Western Ganga Dynasty]])]]<br />
[[File:Old Kannada inscription from the Rashtrakuta period (9th century) at the Durga Devi temple in Virupaksha temple complex at Hampi.jpg|thumb|upright|Old-Kannada inscription of the 9th century ([[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]]) at Durga Devi temple in [[Hampi]], Karnataka]]<br />
[[File:Atakur memorial stone with inscription in old Kannada (949 C.E.).jpg|thumb|upright|The famous [[Atakur inscription]] (AD 949) from [[Mandya district]], a classical Kannada composition in two parts; a fight between a hound and a wild boar, and the victory of the [[Rashtrakutas]] over the Chola dynasty in the famous [[battle of Takkolam]]]]<br />
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (c.1057) in Kalleshvara temple at Hire Hadagali.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Old Kannada inscription dated 1057&nbsp;AD of Western Chalukya King Someshvara I at [[Kalleshwara Temple, Hire Hadagali]] in [[Bellary district]]]]<br />
[[File:Old Kannada inscription (1112 CE) of King Vikramaditya VI in the Mahadeva temple at Itagi.jpg|thumb|upright|Old-Kannada inscription ascribed to King [[Vikramaditya VI]] ([[Western Chalukya Empire]]), dated AD 1112, at the Mahadeva Temple in Itagi, Koppal district of Karnataka state]]<br />
[[File:Old-Kannada inscription at Arasikere Ishwara temple.jpg|left|thumb|Old-Kannada inscription of 1220&nbsp;AD ([[Hoysala Empire]]) at Ishwara temple of Arasikere town in the [[Hassan district]]]]<br />
[[File:Kannada inscription (1509 AD) of Krishnadeva Raya at entrance to mantapa of Virupaksha temple in Hampi.JPG|thumb|upright|Kannada inscription dated 1509, of King [[Krishnadevaraya]] ([[Vijayanagara Empire]]), at the Virupaksha temple in [[Hampi]] describes his coronation]]<br />
[[File:Kannada inscription (17th century) at Gaurishvara temple at Yelandur 1.jpg|thumb|upright|Kannada inscription dated 1654, at [[Gaurishvara Temple, Yelandur|Yelandur]] with exquisite relief]]<br />
<br />
The earliest Kannada inscriptions are from the middle of the 5th century AD, but there are a number of earlier texts that may have been influenced by the ancestor language of Old Kannada.{{sfn|Bhat|1993|p=102,103}}<br />
<br />
Iravatam Mahadevan, author of a work on early Tamil epigraphy, argued that oral traditions in Kannada and Telugu existed much before written documents were produced. Although the rock inscriptions of Ashoka were written in Prakrit, the spoken language in those regions was Kannada as the case may be. He can be quoted as follows:<ref name="civil2">{{cite web |title=Classical Kannada, Antiquity of Kannada |url=http://www.classicalkannada.org/LanguageEng.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425022336/http://www.classicalkannada.org/LanguageEng.html |archive-date=25 April 2010 |access-date=28 August 2011 |work=Centre for classical Kannada |publisher=Central Institute for Indian Languages}}</ref><br />
{{blockquote|If proof were needed to show that Kannada was the spoken language of the region during the early period, one needs only to study the large number of Kannada personal names and place names in the early Prakrit inscriptions on stone and copper in Upper South India [...] Kannada was spoken by relatively large and well-settled populations, living in well-organised states ruled by able dynasties like the Satavahanas, with a high degree of civilisation [...] There is, therefore, no reason to believe that these languages had less rich or less expressive oral traditions than Tamil had towards the end of its pre-literate period.}}<br />
<br />
Kannada linguist, historian and researcher B. A. Viveka Rai and Kannada writer, lyricist, and linguist Doddarangegowda assert that due to the extensive trade relations that existed between the ancient Kannada lands ([[Kuntala country|Kuntalas]], [[Mahisha kingdom|Mahishakas]], Punnatas, [[Bana kingdom|Mahabanas]], [[Asmaka]]s, etc.) and Greece, Egypt, the [[Hellenistic period|Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Republic|Roman]] empires and others, there was exchange of people, ideas, literature, etc. and a Kannada book existed in the form of a palm-leaf manuscript in the old Alexandria library which was subsequently lost in the fire. They state that this also proves that the Kannada language and literature must have flourished much before the library was established in between c. 285-48&nbsp;BC. This document played a vital role in getting the classical status to Kannada from the Indian Central Government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Angadi |first=Jagadish |date=30 October 2020 |title=Kannada in Alexandria |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/kannada-in-alexandria-909294.html |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The [[Ashoka rock edict]] found at [[Brahmagiri archaeological site|Brahmagiri]] (dated to 250&nbsp;BC) has been suggested to contain words (''Isila'', meaning to throw, viz. an arrow, etc.) in identifiable Kannada.<ref name="isila">The word ''Isila'' found in the Ashokan inscription (called the Brahmagiri edict from Karnataka) meaning to shoot an arrow, is a Kannada word, indicating that Kannada was a spoken language in the 3rd century BC (D.L. Narasimhachar in Kamath 2001, p5)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=B. |first=Dr. Suresha |date=October 2018 |title=A study on Ashoka's Inscriptions with special reference to Karnataka |url=https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1810731.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR1810731.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live |website=JETIR |page=3}}</ref><ref name="deccanherald">{{Cite news |last=Angadi |first=Jagadish |date=30 October 2020 |title=Kannada in Alexandria |work=Deccan Herald |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/kannada-in-alexandria-909294.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
In some 3rd–1st century BC Tamil inscriptions, words of Kannada influence such as ''Naliyura'', ''kavuDi'' and ''posil'' were found. In a 3rd-century AD Tamil inscription there is usage of ''oppanappa vIran''. Here the honorific ''appa'' to a person's name is an influence from Kannada. Another word of Kannada origin is ''taayviru'' and is found in a 4th-century AD Tamil inscription. S. Settar studied the ''sittanavAsal'' inscription of first century AD as also the inscriptions at ''tirupparamkunram'', ''adakala'' and ''neDanUpatti''. The later inscriptions were studied in detail by Iravatham Mahadevan also. Mahadevan argues that the words ''erumi'', ''kavuDi'', {{lang|oty|poshil}} and ''tAyiyar'' have their origin in Kannada because Tamil cognates are not available. Settar adds the words ''nADu'' and ''iLayar'' to this list. Mahadevan feels that some grammatical categories found in these inscriptions are also unique to Kannada rather than Tamil. Both these scholars attribute these influences to the movements and spread of Jainas in these regions. These inscriptions belong to the period between the first century BC and fourth century AD. These are some examples that are proof of the early usage of a few Kannada origin words in early [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscriptions before the common era and in the early centuries of the common era.<ref name="Tamil_epigraphy1" /><br />
<br />
[[Pliny the Elder]], a Roman historian, wrote about pirates between [[Muziris]] and Nitrias ([[Netravati River]]), called Nitran by Ptolemy. He also mentions Barace (Barcelore), referring to the modern port city of [[Mangaluru]], upon its mouth. Many of these are Kannada origin names of places and rivers of the Karnataka coast of the 1st century AD.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78I5lDHU2jQC&q=ptolemy+nitran&pg=PA74|title=Some Early Dynasties of South India|last=Chattopadhyaya|first=Sudhakar|date=1 January 1974|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-2941-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muzirisheritage.org/history.php|title=Discover the history of Muziris &#124; Muziris Heritage Conservation Project of Kerala|website=www.muzirisheritage.org|accessdate=20 May 2025|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224100114/https://www.muzirisheritage.org/history.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India|last=Warmington|first=E. H.|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2014 |orig-year=1928|isbn=978-1-107-43214-7|pages=112–113}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Greek geographer [[Ptolemy]] (150&nbsp;AD) mentions places such as Badiamaioi (Badami), Inde (Indi), Kalligeris (Kalkeri), Modogoulla (Mudagal), Petrigala (Pattadakal), Hippokoura (Huvina Hipparagi), Nagarouris (Nagur), Tabaso (Tavasi), Tiripangalida (Gadahinglai), Soubouttou or Sabatha (Savadi), Banaouase (Banavasi), Thogorum (Tagara), Biathana (Paithan), Sirimalaga (Malkhed), Aloe (Ellapur) and Pasage (Palasige).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bP7DzXQBoM4C&q=Siro+Polemaios&pg=PA193|title=History of India, in Nine Volumes: Vol. II – From the Sixth Century B.C. to the Mohammedan Conquest, Including the Invasion of Alexander the Great|last1=A. Smith|first1=Vincent|last2=Williams Jackson|first2=A. V.|publisher=Cosimo, Inc., 2008|date=1 January 2008|isbn=978-1-60520-492-5|pages=193–196}}</ref> He mentions a Satavahana king Sire Polemaios, who is identified with Sri Pulumayi (or Pulumavi), whose name is derived from the Kannada word for ''Puli'', meaning tiger. Some scholars indicate that the name Pulumayi is actually Kannada's ''Puli Maiyi'' or ''One with the body of a tiger'' indicating native Kannada origin for the Satavahanas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dltXAAAAMAAJ&q=pulumayi+tiger |title=Mysore State, 1956–1966 |publisher=Director of Publicity & Information, Government of Mysore |year=1966 |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref> Pai identifies all the 10 cities mentioned by Ptolemy (100–170&nbsp;AD) as lying between the river Benda (or Binda) or [[Bhima River|Bhima river]] in the north and Banaouasei ([[Banavasi]]) in the south, viz. Nagarouris (Nagur), Tabaso (Tavasi), Inde ([[Indi, Karnataka|Indi]]), Tiripangalida ([[Gadhinglaj]]), Hippokoura ([[Huvina Hipparagi]]), Soubouttou ([[Savadi, Gadag|Savadi]]), Sirimalaga ([[Malkheda|Malkhed]]), Kalligeris ([[Kalkeri]]), Modogoulla ([[Mudgal]]), and Petirgala ([[Pattadakal]])—as being located in Northern Karnataka, which explain the existence of Kannada place names (and the language and culture) in the southern Kuntala region during the reign of [[Vasishthiputra Pulumavi|Vasishtiputra Pulumayi]] ({{Circa|85}}–125&nbsp;AD, i.e., late 1st century – early 2nd century AD) who was ruling from Paithan in the north and his son, prince Vilivaya-kura or Pulumayi Kumara was ruling from Huvina Hipparagi in present Karnataka in the south.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pai |first=M. Govinda |year=1942 |title=THE VIḶIVĀYAKURAS AND SIVALAKURA OF THE KOLHAPUR COINS |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44002572 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=23 |issue=1/4 |pages=319–329 |jstor=44002572 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref><br />
<br />
An early ancestor of Kannada (or a related language) may have been spoken by Indian traders in [[Roman Egypt|Roman-era Egypt]] and it may account for the Indian-language passages in the ancient Greek play known as the [[Charition mime]].<ref name="Salomon1991">{{Cite journal |last=Salomon |first=Richard |date=1991 |title=Epigraphic Remains of Indian Traders in Egypt |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=111 |issue=4 |pages=731–736 |doi=10.2307/603404| jstor = 603404}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Epigraphy===<br />
The earliest examples of a full-length Kannada language stone inscription (''śilāśāsana'') containing [[Brahmi]] characters with characteristics attributed to those of [[Halegannada|proto-Kannada]] in ''Haḷe Kannaḍa'' (''lit'' Old Kannada) script can be found in the [[Halmidi inscription]], usually dated {{Circa|450&nbsp;AD}}, indicating that Kannada had become an administrative language at that time. The Halmidi inscription provides invaluable information about the history and culture of Karnataka.<ref name="admin">K. V. Ramesh (1984), p. 10, 55</ref><ref name="hal">Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2, Sahitya Akademi (1988), pp. 1717, 1474</ref><ref name="Oldest inscription">A report on Halmidi inscription, {{cite news |title=Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304550500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031124063238/http://www.hindu.com/2003/11/03/stories/2003110304550500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 November 2003 |author=Muralidhara Khajane |access-date=25 November 2006 |location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 November 2003}}</ref><ref name="ind">Kamath (2001), p. 10</ref> A set of five copper plate inscriptions discovered in Mudiyanur, though in the [[Sanskrit]] language, is in the [[Kadamba script|Pre-Old Kannada script]] older than the Halmidi edict date of 450&nbsp;AD, as per palaeographers.<br />
<br />
Followed by [[B. Lewis Rice|B. L. Rice]], leading epigrapher and historian, K. R. Narasimhan following a detailed study and comparison, declared that the plates belong to the 4th century, i.e., 338&nbsp;AD.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2021 |title=When ancient copper plates came to Kannada's rescue |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-statescan/when-ancient-copper-plates-came-to-kannadas-rescue-1045565.html |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rice |first=Lewis Benjamin |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.213548 |title=Epigraphia Carnatica Inscription In Kolar District Vol.10 |year=1912 |pages=111–114}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rice |first=B. Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8kIwswEACAAJ |title=Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol. 10: Inscriptions in the Kolar District (Classic Reprint) |date=10 February 2018 |publisher=1kg Limited |isbn=978-0-656-23957-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rice |first=Benjamin Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gKUDwQEACAAJ |title=Epigraphia Carnatica: [pt. 2]. Inscriptions in the Kolar district [Kannada text |year=1886 |publisher=Mysore Government Central Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Vagarnal |first=Avinasha |date=28 December 2021 |title=Ancient copper plates of Kannada older than Halmidi inscription are in Kolar – ಕೋಲಾರದಲ್ಲಿದೆ ಹಲ್ಮಿಡಿ ಶಾಸನಕ್ಕಿಂತಲೂ ಪ್ರಾಚೀನವಾದ ಕನ್ನಡ ಭಾಷೆಯ ತಾಮ್ರದ ಪತ್ರ! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/news/kolar/ancient-copper-plates-of-kannada-older-than-halmidi-inscription-are-in-kolar/videoshow/88542760.cms |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=Vijay Karnataka |language=kn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rice |first=Benjamin Lewis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sscUAAAAYAAJ |title=Epigraphia Carnatica: Inscriptions in the Kolar District |publisher=Mysore Government Central Press |year=1905 |pages=111–113 |language=en}}</ref> The Kannada Lion balustrade inscription excavated at the Pranaveshwara temple complex at Talagunda near Shiralakoppa of Shivamogga district, dated to 370&nbsp;AD is now considered the earliest Kannada inscriptions replacing the Halmidi inscription of 450&nbsp;AD.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/591046/kannada-inscription-talagunda-may-replace.html|title=Kannada inscription at Talagunda of 370 CE may replace Halmidi inscription as the oldest|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> The 5th century poetic Tamatekallu inscription of [[Chitradurga]] and the Siragunda inscription from [[Chikkamagaluru]] Taluk of 500&nbsp;AD are further examples.<ref name="chikka">R. Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 6</ref><ref name="rice">Rice E. P. (1921), p. 13</ref><ref name="tamate">[[Govinda Pai]] in Bhat (1993), p. 102</ref> Recent reports indicate that the [[Halegannada|Old Kannada]] ''Gunabhushitana'' ''Nishadi'' inscription discovered on the Chandragiri hill, [[Shravanabelagola]], is older than Halmidi inscription by about fifty to hundred years and may belong to the period AD 350–400.<ref>{{cite news<br />
|url=http://hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092054690500.htm<br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922145102/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/20/stories/2008092054690500.htm<br />
|url-status=dead<br />
|archive-date=22 September 2008<br />
|title= Mysore scholar deciphers Chandragiri inscription |access-date=20 September 2008<br />
|location=Chennai, India<br />
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]<br />
|date=20 September 2008<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
The noted archaeologist and art historian S. Shettar is of the opinion that an inscription of the [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Western Ganga]] King Kongunivarma Madhava ({{Circa|350}}–370) found at Tagarthi (Tyagarthi) in Shikaripura taluk of Shimoga district is of 350&nbsp;AD and is also older than the Halmidi inscription.<ref name="konga">{{cite web|title=HALMIDI INSCRIPTION|url=http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20INSCRIPTIONS%20HTML/HALMIDI%20INSCRIPTION%20HTML.htm|publisher=Central Institute for Indian Languages|work=Centre for classical Kannada|access-date=25 March 2012|archive-date=6 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506055912/http://www.classicalkannada.org/DataBase/KannwordHTMLS/CLASSICAL%20KANNADA%20INSCRIPTIONS%20HTML/HALMIDI%20INSCRIPTION%20HTML.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/bangalore/cover-story/Historians-study-pushes-earliest-record-of-Kannada-writing-back-by-a-century/articleshow/21220551.cms|title=HISTORIAN'S STUDY PUSHES EARLIEST RECORD OF KANNADA WRITING BACK BY A CENTURY|date=10 March 2013|work=The antiquity of Kannada}}</ref><br />
<br />
Current estimates of the total number of existing [[Epigraphy|epigraph]]s written in Kannada range from 30,000 by the scholar [[Sheldon Pollock]] to over 35,000 by Amaresh Datta of the [[Sahitya Akademi]].<ref name="current">Datta, Amaresh; ''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol. 2'', p. 1717, 1988, Sahitya Akademi, {{ISBN|81-260-1194-7}}</ref><ref name="dense">Sheldon Pollock in Dehejia, Vidya; ''The Body Adorned: Sacred and Profane in Indian Art'', p.5, chapter:''The body as Leitmotif'', 2013, Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-231-14028-7}}</ref> Prior to the Halmidi inscription, there is an abundance of inscriptions containing Kannada words, phrases and sentences, proving its antiquity. The 543&nbsp;AD Badami cliff inscription of [[Pulakesi I]] is an example of a Sanskrit inscription in old Kannada script.<ref name="cliff">Kamath (2001), p58</ref><ref name="cliff1">{{cite web |title=Badami: Chalukyans' magical transformation |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp |author=Azmathulla Shariff |work=Deccan Herald |access-date=25 November 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061007040120/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 7 October 2006|date=14 February 2018 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Kannada inscriptions are discovered in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]] in addition to [[Karnataka]]. This indicates the spread of the influence of the language over the ages, especially during the rule of large Kannada empires.<ref name="jura">Kamath (2001), p83</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sircar 1965|pages=202–4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Luce 1985|pages=62, n.16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1991/JSS_085_0g_Guy_WarriorRulerSteleFromSriKsetra.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1991/JSS_085_0g_Guy_WarriorRulerSteleFromSriKsetra.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=A WARRIOR-RULER STELE FROM SRI KSETRA, PYU, BURMA|last=Guy|first=John|year=1996|website=Journal of The Siam Society – Siamese Heritage|publisher=Journal of The Siam Society}}</ref><br />
<br />
The earliest copper plates inscribed in Old Kannada script and language, dated to the early 8th century AD, are associated with [[Alupas|Alupa]] King Aluvarasa II from Belmannu (the Dakshina Kannada district), and display the double crested fish, his royal emblem.<ref name="Kannada copperplate">Gururaj Bhat in Kamath (2001), p97</ref> The oldest well-preserved palm leaf manuscript in ''Old Kannada'' is that of ''Dhavala''. It dates to around the 9th century and is preserved in the Jain Bhandar, Mudbidri, [[Dakshina Kannada]] district.<ref name="Palm leaf manuscript">{{cite web |title=Preserving voices from the past |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug212005/sundayherald101012005820.asp |last=Mukerjee |first=Shruba|work=Sunday Herald |date=21 August 2005|access-date=11 April 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061022233151/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/aug212005/sundayherald101012005820.asp <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = 22 October 2006}}</ref> The manuscript contains 1478 leaves written using ink.<ref name="Palm leaf manuscript" /><br />
<br />
=== Coins ===<br />
Some early [[Kadamba Dynasty]] coins bearing the Kannada inscription ''Vira'' and ''Skandha'' were found in Satara collectorate.<ref name="sat">The coins are preserved at the Archaeological Section, Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai – Kundangar and Moraes in [[George M. Moraes|Moraes]] (1931), p382</ref> A gold coin bearing three inscriptions of ''Sri'' and an abbreviated inscription of king Bhagiratha's name called ''bhagi'' (c. 390–420&nbsp;AD) in old Kannada exists.<ref name="bhagi">The coin is preserved at the Indian Historical Research Institute, St. Xavier's College, Mumbai – Kundangar and Moraes in [[George M. Moraes|Moraes]] (1938), p&nbsp;382</ref> A Kadamba copper coin dated to the 5th century AD with the inscription ''Srimanaragi'' in Kannada script was discovered in Banavasi, [[Uttara Kannada district]].<ref name="Kadamba coin">{{cite news |title=5th century copper coin discovered at Banavasi |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/06/stories/2006020609090400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526191104/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/06/stories/2006020609090400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2007 |date=6 February 2006|work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Coins with Kannada legends have been discovered spanning the rule of the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]], the Badami [[Chalukyas]], the [[Alupas]], the [[Western Chalukyas]], the [[Rashtrakutas]], the [[Hoysalas]], the [[Vijayanagar Empire]], the [[Kadamba Dynasty]] of Banavasi, the [[Keladi Nayaka]]s and the [[Mysore kingdom]], the Badami Chalukya coins being a recent discovery.<ref name="coins">Kamath (2001), p12, p57</ref><ref name="coins1">{{cite web |title=Indian coins-Dynasties of South |url=http://prabhu.50g.com/ |last=Govindaraya Prabhu |first=S |publisher=Prabhu's Web Page on Indian Coinage, 1 November 2001 |access-date=27 November 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901102258/http://prabhu.50g.com/ |archive-date=1 September 2006 }}</ref><ref name="coins2">{{cite web |title=Vijayanagar Coins-Catalogue |url=http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/history.htm |author1=Harihariah Oruganti-Vice-President |author2=Madras Coin Society |access-date=27 November 2006 |archive-date=25 October 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025110358/http://www.vijayanagaracoins.com/htm/history.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The coins of the Kadambas of Goa are unique in that they have alternate inscription of the king's name in Kannada and Devanagari in triplicate,<ref name="triple">This shows that the native vernacular of the Goa Kadambas was Kannada – [[George M. Moraes|Moraes]] (1931), p384</ref> a few coins of the Kadambas of [[Hangal]] are also available.<ref name="han">Two coins of the Hangal Kadambas are preserved at the Royal Asiatic Society, Mumbai, one with the Kannada inscription ''Saarvadhari'' and other with ''Nakara''. [[George M. Moraes|Moraes]] (1931), p385</ref><br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
{{Main|Kannada literature|List of important milestones in Kannada literature | List of notable epics in the Kannada language}}<br />
<br />
===Old Kannada===<br />
{{Main|Rashtrakuta literature|Western Ganga literature| Kannada literature in the Western Chalukya Empire|Hoysala literature | Medieval Kannada literature}}<br />
[[File:11th century Someshwara temple, Lakshmeswar, Karnataka India - 89.jpg|thumb|[[Lakshmeshwara Jain temples|Shankha Jain Basadi]] temple at Lakshmeshwar where the notable [[Adikavi Pampa]] wrote the [[Adipurana]] in Kannada language]]<br />
The oldest known existing record of [[Kannada poetry]] in ''Tripadi'' metre is the [[Kappe Arabhatta]] record of the 7th century AD.<ref name="hal" /><ref name="poetry">Kamath (2001), p. 67</ref> ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' by King Nripatunga [[Amoghavarsha]] I (850&nbsp;AD) is the earliest existing literary work in Kannada. It is a writing on literary criticism and poetics meant to standardise various written Kannada dialects used in literature in previous centuries. The book makes reference to Kannada works by early writers such as King [[Durvinita]] of the 6th century and [[Ravikirti]], the author of the Aihole record of 636&nbsp;AD.<ref name="extinct_works6">Sastri (1955), p355</ref><ref>Kamath (2001), p90</ref> Since the earliest available Kannada work is one on grammar and a guide of sorts to unify existing variants of [[Kannada grammar]] and literary styles, it can be safely assumed that literature in Kannada must have started several centuries earlier.<ref name="extinct_works6"/><ref name="extinct_works5">{{cite web |title=History of the Kannada Literature-I |url=https://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm |author=Jyotsna Kamat |publisher=Kamat's Potpourri |work=Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006 |access-date=25 November 2006}}</ref> An early [[Extant literature|extant]] prose work, the ''Vaḍḍārādhane'' (ವಡ್ಡಾರಾಧನೆ) by [[Shivakotiacharya]] of 900&nbsp;AD provides an elaborate description of the life of Bhadrabahu of [[Shravanabelagola]].<ref name="kavirajamarga">Sastri (1955), p356</ref><br />
<br />
Some early writers of prose and verse mentioned in the ''Kavirajamarga,'' numbering 8–10, stating these are but a few of many, but whose works are lost, are Vimala or Vimalachandra (c. 777), Udaya, Nagarjuna, Jayabodhi, [[Durvinita]] (6th century), and poets including Kavisvara, [[Srivijaya]], Pandita Chandra, [[Ravikirti]] (c. 634) and Lokapala.<ref name="jstor"/><ref>Rao in Datta (1994), pp. 2278–2283</ref><ref name=":5">R. Narasimhacharya (1934), pp. 2, 4–5, 12–18, 29</ref><ref name=":6">Warder (1988), pp. 240–241</ref><ref name="dandin" /> For fragmentary information on these writers, we can refer the work ''Karnataka Kavi Charite''. Ancient indigenous Kannada literary compositions of (folk) poetry like the ''Chattana'' and ''Bedande'', which preferred to use the ''Desi'' metre, are said to have survived at least until the date of the Kavirajamarga in 850&nbsp;AD and had their roots in the early Kannada folk literature. These Kannada verse-compositions might have been representative of folk songs containing influence of Sanskrit and Prakrit metrical patterns to some extent. "Kavirajamarga" also discusses earlier composition forms peculiar to Kannada, the "gadyakatha", a mixture of prose and poetry, the "''chattana''" and the "''bedande''", poems of several stanzas that were meant to be sung with the optional use of a musical instrument.<ref name=":5" /><ref>Garg (1987), vol. 4</ref><ref>Nagaraj in Sheldon (2003), p. 333</ref> [[Amoghavarsha Nripathunga|Amoghavarsha Nripatunga]] compares the ''puratana-kavigal'' (old Kannada poets) who wrote the great ''Chattana'' poems in Kannada to the likes of the great Sanskrit poets like Gunasuri, Narayana, Bharavi, Kalidasa, Magha, etc. This Old Kannada work, ''Kavirajamarga'', itself in turn refers to a ''Palagannada'' (Old Kannada) of much ancient times, which is nothing but the Pre-Old Kannada and also warns aspiring Kannada writers to avoid its archaisms, as per R. S. Hukkerikar. Regarding earlier poems in Kannada, the author of "''Kavirajamarga''" states that old Kannada is appropriate in ancient poems but insipid in contemporaneous works as per R. Narasimhacharya.<ref name="jstor"/><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hukkerikar |first=Ramarao. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VsYBAAAAMAAJ |title=Karnataka Darshana |publisher=R. S. Hukkerikar; sole distributor: Popular Book Depot |year=1955 |pages=85, 87, 178, 205 |language=en}}</ref> Gunanandi (900&nbsp;AD), quoted by the grammarian Bhattakalanka and always addressed as ''Bhagawan'' (the adorable), was the author of a logic, grammar and ''sahitya''. Durvinita (529–579&nbsp;AD), the Ganga king, was the pupil of the author of Sabdavatara, i.e., Devanandi Pujyapada. Durvinita is said to have written a commentary on the difficult 15th ''sarga'' of Bharavi's ''Kiratarjuniya'' in Kannada. Early Kannada writers regularly mention three poets as of especial eminence among their predecessors – Samanta-bhadra, Kavi Parameshthi and Pujyapada. Since later Kannada poets so uniformly name these three as eminent poets, it is probable that they wrote in Kannada also. Samantabhadra is placed in the 2nd century AD by Jain tradition. Old Kannada commentaries on some of his works exist. He was said to have been born in Utkalikagrama and while performing penance in Manuvakahalli, he was attacked by a disease called ''Bhasmaka''.<ref name="jstor">{{Cite journal |last=Rice |first=Benjamin Lewis |date=April 1890 |title=Early History of Kannaḍa Literature |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25208973 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |language=en |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=254–256, 245–262 |jstor=25208973}}</ref> Pujyapada also called Devanandi, was the preceptor of Ganga king Durvinita and belonged to the late 5th to early 6th century AD. Kaviparameshthi probably lived in the 4th century AD. He may possibly be the same as the ''Kaviswara'' referred to in the Kavirajamarga, and the ''Kaviparameswara'' praised by Chavunda Raya (978&nbsp;AD) and his spiritual teacher, Nemichandra (10th century AD), all the names possibly being only epithets.<ref name="archive">{{Cite book |last=Rice |first=Edward Peter |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofkanares00rice_0/page/22/mode/1up?view=theater |title=A History of Kanarese Literature |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1915 |pages=22–26 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kannada works from earlier centuries mentioned in the [[Kavirajamarga]] are not yet traced. Some ancient Kannada texts now considered extinct but referenced in later centuries are ''Prabhrita'' (650&nbsp;AD) by Syamakundacharya, ''Chudamani'' (Crest Jewel—650&nbsp;AD or earlier) by Srivaradhadeva, also known as Tumbuluracharya, which is a work of 96,000 verse-measures and a commentary on logic (''Tatwartha-mahashastra'').<ref name="extint_works">The seventeenth-century Kannada grammarian Bhattakalanka wrote about the ''Chudamani'' as a milestone in the literature of the Kannada language (Sastri (1955), p355)</ref><ref name="extinct_works1">{{cite web |title=History of the Kannada Literature – I |url=https://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm |author=Jyotsna Kamat |publisher=Kamat's Potpourri |work=Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006 |access-date=25 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="extinct_works2">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp 4–5</ref> Other sources date ''Chudamani'' to the 6th century or earlier.<ref name="dandin">6th century Sanskrit poet Dandin praised Srivaradhadeva's writing as "having produced [[Saraswati]] from the tip of his tongue, just as [[Shiva]] produced the [[Ganges]] from the tip of his top knot" (Rice E.P., 1921, pp.25–28)</ref><ref name="god2">Rice, B.L. (1897), pp.&nbsp;496–497</ref> An inscription of 1128&nbsp;AD quotes a couplet by the famous Sanskrit poet Dandin (active 680–720&nbsp;AD), highly praising Srivaradhadeva, for his Kannada work Chudamani, as having "produced Saraswati (i.e., learning and eloquence) from the tip of his tongue, as Siva produced the Ganges from the tip of his top-knot." Bhattakalanka (1604&nbsp;CE), the great Kannada grammarian, refers to Srivaradhadeva's Chudamani as the greatest work in Kannada, and as incontestable proof of the scholarly character and value of Kannada literature. This makes Srivaradhadeva's time earlier than the 6th–7th century AD.<ref name="archive"/> Other writers, whose works are not extant now but titles of which are known from independent references such as Indranandi's "Srutavatara", Devachandra's "Rajavalikathe",<ref name=":5" /> Bhattakalanka's "Sabdanusasana" of 1604,<ref name="extinct_works6" /> writings of Jayakirthi<ref name=":7">Chidananda Murthy in Kamath (1980), p. 50, 67</ref> are Syamakundacharya (650), who authored the "Prabhrita", and Srivaradhadeva (also called Tumubuluracharya, 650 or earlier), who wrote the "Chudamani" ("Crest Jewel"), a 96,000-verse commentary on logic.<ref name="extinct_works6" /><ref name="dandin" /><ref name="god2" /><ref>Mugali (1975), p. 13</ref> The ''Karnateshwara Katha'', a eulogy for King [[Pulakesi II]], is said to have belonged to the 7th century;<ref name=":7" /> the ''Gajastaka'', a lost "ashtaka" (eight line verse) composition and a work on elephant management by King [[Shivamara II]], belonged to the 8th century,<ref name="early_works3">Kamath (2001), p50, p67</ref> this served as the basis for 2 popular folk songs ''Ovanige'' and ''Onakevadu,'' which were sung either while pounding corn or to entice wild elephants into a pit ("''Ovam''").<ref name=":7" /><ref name="google"/><ref>Sahitya Akademi (1987), p. 248</ref> The ''Chandraprabha-purana'' by Sri Vijaya, a court poet of emperor [[Amoghavarsha I]], is ascribed to the early 9th century.<ref name=":5" /> His writing has been mentioned by Vijayanagara poets Mangarasa III and Doddiah (also spelt Doddayya, c. 1550&nbsp;AD) and praised by Durgasimha (c. 1025&nbsp;AD).<ref name="extinct_works4">The author and his work were praised by the latter-day poet Durgasimha of AD 1025 (R. Narasimhacharya 1988, p18.)</ref> During the 9th century period, the Digambara Jain poet Asaga (or Asoka) authored, among other writings, "Karnata Kumarasambhava Kavya" and "Varadamana Charitra". His works have been praised by later poets, although none of his works are available today.<ref name=":6" /> "Gunagankiyam", the earliest known prosody in Kannada, was referenced in a Tamil work dated to the 10th century or earlier ("Yapparungalakkarigai" by Amritasagara). Gunanandi, an expert in logic, Kannada grammar and prose, flourished in the 9th century AD.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="dandin" /> Around 900&nbsp;AD, Gunavarma I wrote "Sudraka" and "Harivamsa" (also known as "Neminatha Purana"). In "Sudraka" he compared his patron, Ganga king Ereganga Neetimarga II (c. 907–921&nbsp;AD), to a noted king called Sudraka.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="early_works3" /> Jinachandra, who is referred to by Sri Ponna (c. 950&nbsp;AD) as the author of "Pujyapada Charita", had earned the honorific "modern Samantha Bhadra".<ref>Benjamin Lewis Rice (1985), p xv</ref> Tamil Buddhist commentators of the 10th century AD (in the commentary on ''Neminatham'', a Tamil grammatical work) make references that show that Kannada literature must have flourished as early as the BC 4th century.<ref name="greek_roman">{{cite web |title=The place of Kannada and Tamil in India's national culture |url=http://www.intamm.com/journalism/ta-jour3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070415154722/http://www.intamm.com/journalism/ta-jour3.htm |archive-date=15 April 2007 |author=K. Appadurai |publisher=INTAMM|access-date=25 November 2006}}</ref><br />
<br />
Around the beginning of the 9th century, Old Kannada was spoken from [[Kaveri]] to [[Godavari]]. The Kannada spoken between the rivers [[Varada]] and [[Malaprabha]] was the pure well of Kannada undefiled.<ref name="{{ISBN|978-81-206-0559-6}}">{{Cite book|last1=Narasimhacharya|first1=R.|title=History of Kannada Language|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yhXRDSgBuL0C&q=tulu&pg=PA49|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1942|isbn=978-81-206-0559-6|year=1999}}</ref><br />
<br />
The late classical period gave birth to several genres of Kannada literature, with new forms of composition coming into use, including ''Ragale'' (a form of blank verse) and meters like ''Sangatya'' and ''Shatpadi''. The works of this period are based on [[Jainism|Jain]] and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] principles. Two of the early writers of this period are [[Harihara (poet)|Harihara]] and Raghavanka, trailblazers in their own right. Harihara established the ''Ragale'' form of composition while [[Raghavanka]] popularised the ''Shatpadi'' (six-lined stanza) meter.<ref name="hari">Sastri (1955), pp&nbsp;361–2</ref> A famous [[Jainism|Jaina]] writer of the same period is [[Janna]], who expressed Jain religious teachings through his works.<ref name="jan">Narasimhacharya (1988), p20</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Vachana|Vachana Sahitya]] tradition of the 12th century is purely native and unique in world literature, and the sum of contributions by all sections of society. Vachanas were pithy poems on that period's social, religious and economic conditions. More importantly, they held a mirror to the seed of social revolution, which caused a radical re-examination of the ideas of caste, creed and religion. Some of the important writers of Vachana literature include [[Basavanna]], [[Allama Prabhu]] and [[Akka Mahadevi]].<ref name="akka">Sastri (1955), p361</ref><br />
<br />
Emperor Nripatunga Amoghavarsha I of 850&nbsp;AD recognised that the Sanskrit style of Kannada literature was ''Margi'' (formal or written form of language) and ''Desi'' (folk or spoken form of language) style was popular and made his people aware of the strength and beauty of their native language Kannada. In 1112&nbsp;AD, Jain poet Nayasena of Mulugunda, Dharwad district, in his Champu work ''Dharmamrita'' (ಧರ್ಮಾಮೃತ), a book on morals, warns writers from mixing Kannada with Sanskrit by comparing it with mixing of clarified butter and oil. He has written it using very limited Sanskrit words that fit with idiomatic Kannada. In 1235&nbsp;AD, Jain poet Andayya, wrote ''Kabbigara Kava''- ಕಬ್ಬಿಗರ ಕಾವ (Poet's Defender), also called ''Sobagina Suggi'' (Harvest of Beauty) or ''Madana-Vijaya and'' ''Kavana-Gella'' (Cupid's Conquest)'','' a ''Champu'' work in pure Kannada using only indigenous (''desya'') Kannada words and the derived form of Sanskrit words – ''tadbhavas'', without the admixture of Sanskrit words. He succeeded in his challenge and proved wrong those who had advocated that it was impossible to write a work in Kannada without using Sanskrit words. Andayya may be considered as a protector of Kannada poets who were ridiculed by Sanskrit advocates. Thus Kannada is the only Dravidian language that is not only capable of using only native Kannada words and grammar in its literature (like Tamil), but also use Sanskrit grammar and vocabulary (like Telugu, Malayalam, Tulu, etc.) The Champu style of literature of mixing poetry with prose owes its origins to the Kannada language and was later incorporated by poets into Sanskrit and other Indian languages.<ref name="google">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=andayya|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1987|isbn=978-81-260-1803-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dqGojPpe8DIC|title=Indian Literature|last=Nagendra|first=Dr.|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan, 1988|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|quote=andayya pure kannada.|title=History of Kannada Literature: Readership Lectures|last=Narasimhacharya|first=Ramanujapuram|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1988|isbn=978-81-206-0303-5|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y2noBgAAQBAJ|title=Gods, Heroes and their Story Tellers: Intangible cultural heritage of South India|last=Hari Saravanan|first=V.|publisher=Notion Press, 2014|isbn=978-93-84391-49-2|year=2014}}</ref><ref name="kannada literature">Rice, Edward. P (1921), "A History of Kannada Literature", Oxford University Press, 1921: 14–15</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fhCH-NRatUC&pg=PA101|title=A History of Kannada Literature|last=Rice|first=Edward P.|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=1982|isbn=978-81-206-0063-8|pages=15, 44}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Middle Kannada===<br />
{{Main|Kannada literature in Vijayanagara empire|Literature of the kingdom of Mysore}}<br />
During the period between the 15th and 18th centuries, [[Hinduism]] had a great influence on Middle Kannada (''Naḍugannaḍa''- ನಡುಗನ್ನಡ) language and literature. [[Kumara Vyasa]], who wrote the ''Karṇāṭa Bhārata Kathāman̄jari'' (ಕರ್ಣಾಟ ಭಾರತ ಕಥಾಮಂಜರಿ), was arguably the most influential Kannada writer of this period. His work, entirely composed in the native ''Bhamini Shatpadi'' (hexa-meter), is a sublime adaptation of the first ten books of the [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="kumar">Sastri (1955), p364</ref><br />
During this period, the Sanskritic influence is present in most abstract, religious, scientific and rhetorical terms.<ref name="influence">"Literature in all Dravidian languages owes a great deal to Sanskrit, the magic wand whose touch raised each of the languages from a level of patois to that of a literary idiom". (Sastri 1955, p309)</ref><ref name="inf">Takahashi, Takanobu. 1995. Tamil love poetry and poetics. Brill's Indological library, v. 9. Leiden: E.J. Brill, p16,18</ref><ref name="sang">"The author endeavours to demonstrate that the entire Sangam poetic corpus follows the "Kavya" form of Sanskrit poetry"-Tieken, Herman Joseph Hugo. 2001. Kāvya in South India: old Tamil Caṅkam poetry. Groningen: Egbert Forsten</ref> During this period, several [[Hindi]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] words came into Kannada, chiefly relating to feudalism and militia.<ref>{{Cite book | year=1899 | title = A Kannaḍa-English school-dictionary: chiefly based on the labours of the Rev. Dr. F. Kittel | first1=J. |last1=Bucher | first2=Ferdinand |last2=Kittel | publisher=Basel Mission Book & Tract Depository | url=https://archive.org/details/kannadaenglishsc00buchrich}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hindu saints of the [[Vaishnava]] sect such as [[Kanakadasa]], [[Purandaradasa]], [[Naraharitirtha]], [[Vyasatirtha]], [[Sripadaraya]], [[Vadirajatirtha]], [[Vijaya Dasa]], [[Gopala Dasa]], [[Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]], Prasanna Venkatadasa produced devotional poems in this period.<ref name="bhakti">Sastri (1955), pp&nbsp;364–365</ref> Kanakadasa's ''Rāmadhānya Charite'' (ರಾಮಧಾನ್ಯ ಚರಿತೆ) is a rare work, concerning with the issue of class struggle.<ref name="ragi">The writing exalts the grain Ragi above all other grains that form the staple foods of much of modern Karnataka (Sastri 1955, p365)</ref> This period saw the advent of ''[[Haridasa]] Sahitya'' (''lit'' Dasa literature), which made rich contributions to ''[[Bhakti]]'' literature and sowed the seeds of Carnatic music. Purandara Dasa is widely considered the ''Father of Carnatic music''.<ref name="pura">{{cite book<br />
|last=Moorthy<br />
|first=Vijaya<br />
|title=Romance of the Raga<br />
|publisher=Abinav publications<br />
|year=2001<br />
|page=67<br />
|isbn=978-81-7017-382-3<br />
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2s2xJetsy0wC&q=Romance+of+the+Raga&pg=PP1}}</ref><ref name="tattu">Iyer (2006), p93</ref><ref name="kana">Sastri (1955), p365</ref><br />
<br />
===Modern Kannada===<br />
{{Main|Modern Kannada literature|Kannada poetry}}<br />
The Kannada works produced from the 19th century make a gradual transition and are classified as ''Hosagannaḍa'' or Modern Kannada. Most notable among the modernists was the poet [[Muddana|Nandalike Muddana]] whose writing may be described as the "Dawn of Modern Kannada", though generally, linguists treat ''Indira Bai'' or ''Saddharma Vijayavu'' by Gulvadi Venkata Raya as the first literary works in Modern Kannada. The first modern [[movable type]] printing of "Canarese" appears to be the ''Canarese Grammar'' of [[William Carey (missionary)|Carey]] printed at [[Serampore]] in 1817, and the "[[Bible translations into Kannada|Bible in Canarese]]" of [[John Hands]] in 1820.{{efn|The British called the language Canarese in their official records.}}<ref>Report on the administration of Mysore – Page 90 Mysore – 1864 "There is no authentic record of the casting of the first Early Canarese printing. Canarese type, but a Canarese Grammar by Carey printed at Serampore in 1817 is extant. About the same time a translation of the Scriptures was printed</ref> The first novel printed was [[John Bunyan]]'s ''[[Pilgrim's Progress]]'', along with other texts including ''Canarese Proverbs'', ''The History of Little Henry and his Bearer'' by [[Mary Martha Sherwood]], [[Christian Gottlob Barth]]'s ''Bible Stories'' and "a Canarese hymn book."<ref>Missions in south India – Page 56 [[Joseph Mullens]] – 1854 "Among those of the former are tracts on Caste, on the Hindu gods; Canarese Proverbs; Henry and his Bearer; the Pilgrim's Progress; Barth's Bible Stories; a Canarese hymn book"</ref><br />
<br />
Modern Kannada in the 20th century has been influenced by many movements, notably ''Navodaya'', ''Navya'', ''Navyottara'', ''Dalita'' and ''Bandaya''. Contemporary Kannada literature has been highly successful in reaching people of all classes in society. Further, Kannada has produced a number of prolific and renowned poets and writers such as [[Kuvempu]], [[Bendre]], and [[V K Gokak]]. Works of Kannada literature have received eight [[Jnanpith|Jnanpith awards]],<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=20 September 2011 |title=Jnanpith for Kambar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2468374.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> the highest number awarded to any Indian language.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jnanpith.net/laureates/index.html |title=Welcome to: Bhartiya Jnanpith |publisher=jnanpith.net |access-date=7 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013122739/http://jnanpith.net/laureates/index.html |archive-date=13 October 2007 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Dictionaries ===<br />
The oldest known Kannada-Kannada, dictionary, ''Ranna Kanda'' was composed by the poet [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]] in 996&nbsp;AD. Other pre-modern Kannada dictionaries include ''Abhidanavastukosa'', a dictionary of Sanskrit words for Kannada users, composed in 1054 by [[Nagavarma II|Nagavarma]] and 'Abhinavaabhidaana', by Abhinava Mangaraja (1398).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Učida |first1=Norihiko |url=http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/data/kandic/kannada-english_dictionary.pdf |title=Kannada-English etymological dictionary |last2=Rajapurohit |first2=B. B |publisher=Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, [[Tokyo University of Foreign Studies]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-4-86337-128-6 |location=[[Tokyo]] |oclc=906810377 |access-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021024502/http://www.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~tjun/data/kandic/kannada-english_dictionary.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Missionary [[Ferdinand Kittel]] published a Kannada–English dictionary of more than 70,000 words.<ref name="kittel">{{cite web |author=Manjulakshi & Bhat |title=Kannada Dialect Dictionaries and Dictionaries in Subregional Languages of Karnataka |url=https://www.languageinindia.com/sep2005/kannadadictionary1.html |access-date=11 April 2007 |work=Language in India, Volume 5: 9 September 2005 |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages, University of Mysore}}</ref> and ''A Grammar of the Kannada language in English'' (1903).<br />
<br />
[[G. Venkatasubbiah]] edited the first modern Kannada–Kannada dictionary, the 9,000-page, 8-volume ''Kannaḍa nighaṇṭu'', published by [[Kannada Sahitya Parishat|Sahitya Parishat]]. He also wrote a Kannada–English dictionary and a dictionary of difficult words.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Muralidhara Khajane |date=22 August 2012 |title=Today's Paper / NATIONAL: 100 years on, words never fail him |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article3805517.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Johnson Language |date=20 August 2012 |title=Language in India: Kannada, threatened at home |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/johnson/2012/08/language-india |access-date=12 February 2013 |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Dialects==<br />
{{Main|Kannada dialects}}<br />
[[File:Kannada Dialects.png|thumb|Map of Kannada dialects in the state of Karnataka.]]<br />
<br />
There is considerable difference between the spoken and written forms of the language. Modern standard Kannada and its written form, primarily based on the Mysore–Bangalore variety,<ref>Upadhyaya, U.P. “The Structure of Modern Kannada.” University of Madras, 1971.</ref> is more or less consistent throughout Karnataka.<ref>Government of India. Census of India: Language Handbook – Karnataka, 2011.</ref> Spoken Kannada tends to vary from region to region, though most dialects remain mutually intelligible. Linguists broadly group Kannada dialects into Southern, Northern, Central, and Coastal varieties,<ref>Michail Andronov, 2003. ''A comparative grammar of the Dravidian languages''</ref> though the boundaries between them often overlap.<ref>Schiffman, Harold F. A Reference Grammar of Kannada. Cambridge University Press, 2011.</ref>. Northern Kannada dialects preserve older phonological features not found in southern dialects.<ref>Sastri, R.N. A History of Kannada Language. University of Mysore, 1966.</ref> Coastal dialects show lexical influence from Tulu and Konkani due to prolonged language contact.<ref>Bhat, D.N. Shankara. “Languages of the Coastal Karnataka.” International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Vol. 12, 1983.</ref><br />
<br />
Dialects of Kannada language fall into include:<br />
;Coastal<br />
* [[Mangalore Kannada]]<br />
* Halakki Kannada ([[Halakki Vokkaliga]]s of [[Uttara Kannada]] and [[Shimoga]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kamat.com/kalranga/people/halakki.htm|title=Halakki Farmers of Uttara Kannada|last=Kamat|first=K. L.|website=Kamat's Potpourri}}</ref><br />
*[[Havigannada dialect|Havigannada]] (used mainly by [[Havyaka Brahmin]]s)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Manjulakshi |first1=L |last2=Shripad |first2=Bhat |title=Language in India |url=https://www.languageinindia.com/sep2005/kannadadictionary1.html |website=www.languageinindia.com |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref><br />
*[[Kundagannada dialect|Kundagannada]] ([[Kundapura]], [[Brahmavara]], [[Byndoor|Bynduru]] and [[Hebri]])<ref>Upadhyaya, U.P. “Regional Variations in Kannada.” Indian Linguistics, Vol. 28, 1967.</ref><br />
* Nador-Kannada (used by [[Nadavaru]])<br />
* Halegannada (spoken by [[Komarpant]] in [[Goa]], [[Uttara Kannada]] and [[Khanapur]], Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/32126/6/06_chapter%201.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/32126/6/06_chapter%201.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live|title=GOA ON THE THRESHOLD OF THE 20TH CENTURY|year=1995|website=ShodhGanga}}</ref> <br />
* Hatkar - a conservative dialect that preserves many Old Kannada terms, spoken by [[Hatkar]]s in the [[Nasik district]], Maharashtra.<ref>{{cite web|last1=S.|first1=Kiran Kumar|title=The Kannada History of Maharashtra|url=https://kiranasis.blogspot.in/2015/07/the-kannada-history-of-maharashtra.html|date=17 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Region between Godavari, Cauvery was once Karnataka|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/439873/039region-godavari-cauvery-once-karnataka039.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=5 November 2014}}</ref> Kannada speakers formed 0.12% of Nasik district's population as per 1961 census.<ref>{{cite web|title=The People – Population|url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Nasik/006%20ThePeople/001%20Population.htm|website=Nasik District Gazetteers|publisher=Government of Maharashtra}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Northern<br />
* Dharwad ([[Dharwad]], [[Belagavi]], [[Haveri]], and [[Gadag]]) - preserves some older phonological features not found in southern dialects.<ref>Sastri, R.N. A History of Kannada Language. University of Mysore, 1966.</ref><br />
<br />
;South-Western<br />
* [[Arebhashe dialect|Arebhashe]] (Spoken in the Gowda community, mainly in [[Madikeri]] and [[Sullia]])<ref>Nambiar, K.P. “Arebhashe: A Dialect of Kannada.” Central Institute of Indian Languages, 1976.</ref><br />
<br />
;Southern<br />
* [[Bangalore Kannada|Bengaluru Kannada]]<br />
* [[Banakal#Language|Banakal Kannada]]<br />
<br />
==Writing system==<br />
{{Main|Kannada script|Kannada braille}}<br />
<br />
The language uses forty-nine [[phonemic]] letters, divided into three groups: ''swaragalu'' (vowels – thirteen letters); ''vyanjanagalu'' (consonants – thirty-four letters); and ''yogavaahakagalu'' (neither vowel nor consonant – two letters: ''[[anusvara]]'' {{lang|kn|ಂ}} and ''[[visarga]]'' {{lang|kn|ಃ}})<!--Swaragalu+Yogavaahakagalu=vowels?-->. The character set is almost identical to that of other [[Languages of India|Indian languages]]. The Kannada script is almost entirely phonetic, but for the sound of a "half n" (which becomes a half m). The number of written symbols, however, is far more than the forty-nine characters in the alphabet, because different characters can be combined to form ''compound'' characters ''(ottakshara)''. Each written symbol in the Kannada script corresponds with one [[syllable]], as opposed to one [[phoneme]] in languages like English—the Kannada script is syllabic.<br />
<br />
== Phonology ==<br />
[[File:Deepadadi 25.ogg|thumb|Spoken Kannada]]<br />
<br />
=== Consonants ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center <br />
! colspan="2" |<br />
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br />
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|alveolar]]<br />
![[Retroflex]]<br />
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|palatal]]<br />
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br />
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br />
|{{IPA link|m}} (ಮ)<br />
|{{IPA link|n}} (ನ)<br />
|{{IPA link|ɳ}} (ಣ)<br />
|({{IPA link|ɲ}}) (ಞ)<br />
|({{IPA link|ŋ}}) (ಙ)<br />
|<br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="4" |[[Plosive]]/<br />[[Affricate]]<br />
!<small>voiceless</small><br />
|{{IPA link|p}} (ಪ)<br />
|{{IPA link|t̪}} (ತ)<br />
|{{IPA link|ʈ}} (ಟ)<br />
|{{IPA link|tʃ}} (ಚ)<br />
|{{IPA link|k}} (ಕ)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Aspirated consonant|<small>aspirated</small>]]<br />
|{{IPA link|pʰ}} (ಫ)<br />
|{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}} (ಥ)<br />
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}} (ಠ)<br />
|{{IPA link|tʃʰ}} (ಛ)<br />
|{{IPA link|kʰ}} (ಖ)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]<br />
|{{IPA link|b}} (ಬ)<br />
|{{IPA link|d̪}} (ದ)<br />
|{{IPA link|ɖ}} (ಡ)<br />
|{{IPA link|dʒ}} (ಜ)<br />
|{{IPA link|ɡ}} (ಗ)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
!<small>[[Breathy voice|breathy]]</small><br />
|{{IPA link|bʱ}} (ಭ)<br />
|{{IPA link|d̪ʱ}} (ಧ)<br />
|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}} (ಢ)<br />
|{{IPA link|dʒʱ}} (ಝ)<br />
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}} (ಘ)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative]]<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|s}} (ಸ)<br />
|{{IPA link|ʂ}} (ಷ)<br />
|{{IPA link|ʃ}} (ಶ)<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|h}} (ಹ)<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]<br />
|{{IPA link|ʋ}} (ವ)<br />
|{{IPA link|l}} (ಲ)<br />
|{{IPA link|ɭ}} (ಳ)<br />
|{{IPA link|j}} (ಯ)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]<br />
|<br />
|{{IPA link|r}} (ರ)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* Most consonants can be [[geminate]]d.<br />
* [ŋ, ɲ] are allophones before other palatal and velar consonants respectively.<br />
* [[Aspirated consonant]]s very rarely occur in native vocabulary only in a few numerals like the number 9 and 80, which can be written with a /bʱ/, as in ''ombhattu, embhattu''. However, it is usually written with a /b/, as in ''ombattu, embattu''; they formed from the Proto Dravidian laryngeal *H, like in Telugu. Most of the aspirated words are loanwords and the aspiration of consonants depends entirely on the speaker and many do not do it in non-formal situations.<br />
* The alveolar trill /r/ may be pronounced as an alveolar tap [ɾ].<br />
* The voiceless retroflex sibilant /ʂ/ is commonly pronounced as a /ʃ/ except in consonant clusters with retroflex consonants.<br />
* There are also the consonants /f, z/ which occur in recent English and Perso-Arabic loans but they may be replaced by the consonants /pʰ, dʒ/ respectively by speakers.<ref name="bhk"/><br />
* Some northern Kannada dialects have developed a /ts, dz, tʃ, dʒ/ distinction like in Marathi, Telugu and Southern Odia.<ref name="bhk"/><br />
<br />
Additionally, Kannada included the following phonemes, which dropped out of common usage in the 12th and 18th century respectively:<br />
* /{{IPA link|r}}/ ಱ (ṟ), the alveolar trill.<br />
* /{{IPA link|ɻ}}/ ೞ (ḻ), the retroflex central approximant.<br />
<br />
Old Kannada had an archaic phoneme /ɻ/ under retroflexes in early inscriptions that merged with /ɭ/ intervocalically or /r/ in clusters and it maintained the contrast between /r/ (< PD ∗ṯ) and /ɾ/ from (< PD ∗r). Both merged in Medieval Kannada.<ref name="bhk">{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year=2003 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}}</ref><br />
<br />
In old Kannada at around 10th-14th century, most of the initial /p/ [[debuccalise]]d into a /h/ e.g. OKn. paḍagu, balupu, keḍapu, Kn. haḍahu, baluhu, {keḍavu, keḍahu} "ship, strength, to pull down".{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=120}}<br />
<br />
Historically, the Tamil-Malayalam languages and, independently, Telugu, phonemically palatalised /k/ before a front vowel; Kannada never developed such phonemic palatalisation (cf. Kn. {{IPA|/kiʋi/}}, Ta. {{IPA|/seʋi/}}, Te. {{IPA|/tʃeʋi/}} "ear");{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=128}} however, ''phonetically'', Kannada speakers frequently palatalise velar consonants before front vowels, for example, realising {{IPA|/kiʋi/}} "ear" as {{IPA|[ciʋi]}} and {{IPA|/ɡiɭi/}} "parrot" as {{IPA|[ɟiɭi]}}.<br />
<br />
=== Vowels ===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center<br />
! rowspan="2" |<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]<br />
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]<br />
! colspan="2" | [[Back vowel|Back]]<br />
|-<br />
! <small>short</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
!<small>short</small><br />
!<small>long</small><br />
! <small>short</small><br />
! <small>long</small><br />
|- style="text-align: center;"<br />
! [[Close vowel|Close]]<br />
| {{IPA link|i}} (ಇ)<br />
| {{IPA link|iː}} (ಈ)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|u}} (ಉ)<br />
| {{IPA link|uː}} (ಊ)<br />
|- style="text-align: center;"<br />
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br />
| {{IPA link|e}} (ಎ)<br />
| {{IPA link|eː}} (ಏ)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| {{IPA link|o}} (ಒ)<br />
| {{IPA link|oː}} (ಓ)<br />
|- style="text-align: center;"<br />
! [[Open vowel|Open]]<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
|{{IPA link|a}} (ಅ)<br />
|{{IPA link|aː}} (ಆ)<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* {{IPA|/ɐ/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}} are phonetically central {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ɐ}}, {{IPAplink|äː}}]}}. {{IPA|/ɐ/}} may be as open as {{IPA|/aː/}} ({{IPAblink|ä}}) or higher {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.<br />
* The vowels /i iː e eː/ may be preceded by /j/ and the vowels /u uː o oː/ may be preceded by /ʋ/ when they are in an initial position.<br />
* The short vowels /a i u e o/, when in an initial or a medial position tend to be pronounced as [ɐ ɪ ʊ ɛ ɔ]. In a final position, this phenomenon occurs less frequently.<br />
* /æː/ occurs in English loans but can be switched with /aː/ or /ja:/.<ref name="bhk"/><br />
<br />
At around the 8th century, Kannada raised the vowels e, o to i, u when before a short consonant and a high vowel, before written literature emerged in the language, e.g. Kn. kivi, Ta. cevi, Te. cevi "ear".{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=106}}<br />
<br />
===Colloquial speech===<br />
Sources:<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/598435 | jstor=598435 | last1=Bright | first1=William | title=Phonological Rules in Literary and Colloquial Kannada | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | date=1970 | volume=90 | issue=1 | pages=140–144 | doi=10.2307/598435 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Schiffman |first=Harold |url=https://theswissbay.ch/pdf/Books/Linguistics/ |title=A Reference Grammar of Spoken Kannada |publisher=University of Washington Press |year=1979 |isbn=978-0-295-96031-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/411694 | jstor=411694 | title=Dravidian Metaphony | last1=Bright | first1=William | journal=Language | date=1966 | volume=42 | issue=2 | pages=311–322 | doi=10.2307/411694 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
<br />
* Initial i/e have a y- onset and w- for u/o.<br />
* In many dialects, e/o gets lowered to [æ, ɔ] when followed by non high vowels. Some dialects have /a/ as [ə] when a high vowel comes after it and [a] elsewhere.<br />
* Final -e's become i's, in the south its mostly with verbs but in the north it happens everywhere, eg. bere > bære > bæri. This along with the previous change can create some surface minimal pairs, eg. [bæ:ɖə] "don't" vs [be:ɖə] "ask!" (conj of /be:ɖu/).<br />
<br />
==Grammar==<br />
{{Main|Kannada grammar}}<br />
<br />
The canonical word order of Kannada is [[subject–object–verb|SOV]] (subject–object–verb), typical of Indian languages.<br />
Kannada is a highly [[inflection|inflected]] language with three [[Grammatical gender|gender]]s (masculine, feminine, and neuter or common) and two numbers (singular and plural). It is inflected for gender, number and tense, among other things. The first available Kannada book, a treatise on poetics, rhetoric and basic grammar is the ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' from 850&nbsp;AD.<br />
<br />
The most influential account of Kannada grammar is [[Keshiraja]]'s ''[[Shabdamanidarpana]]'' (c. 1260&nbsp;AD).<ref name="GS Gai">''Studies in Indian History, Epigraphy, and Culture'' – By Govind Swamirao Gai, pp. 315</ref><ref name="F. Kittel, 'A Grammar of the Kannada Language'">''A Grammar of the Kannada Language''. F. Kittel (1993), p. 3.</ref> The earlier grammatical works include portions of ''[[Kavirajamarga]]'' (a treatise on ''alańkāra'') of the 9th century, and ''Kavyavalokana'' and ''Karnatakabhashabhushana'' (both authored by [[Nagavarma II]] in the first half of the 12th century).<ref name="F. Kittel, 'A Grammar of the Kannada Language'" /><br />
<br />
===Compound bases===<br />
Compound bases, called ''samāsa'' in Kannada, are a set of two or more words compounded together.<ref>Ferdinand Kittel, pp. 30</ref> There are several types of compound bases, based on the rules followed for compounding. The types of compound bases or samāsas: tatpurusha, karmadhāraya, dvigu, bahuvreehi, anshi, dvandva, kriya and gamaka samāsa.{{Clarify|date=January 2010}} Examples: ''taṅgāḷi'', ''hemmara'', ''kannusanne''.<br />
<br />
===Pronouns===<br />
In many ways the third-person pronouns are more like demonstratives than like the other pronouns. They are pluralised like nouns and the first- and second-person pronouns have different ways to distinguish number.<ref>Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. ''Pronouns''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.&nbsp;13–14</ref><br />
<br />
== Significance to modern linguistics ==<br />
While an early account of Kannada's grammar is available in ''[[Shabdamanidarpana]],'' it has played a central role in the modern linguistics thanks to its unique semantic and syntactic properties that have been significant to studies of language [[Language acquisition|acquisition]] and [[Innateness hypothesis|innateness]]. [[Jeffrey Lidz|Jeff Lidz]] is a significant Western linguist to have studied Kannada. His investigations found at least two properties of Kannada to be very impactful in developing contemporary understandings of language acquisition. The first observation was that Kannada has a [[causative]] [[morpheme]] (like -''ify'' for English, in ''personify'' or ''deify''), which appears whenever a verb with causative meaning is expressed.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Gleitman |first1=Lila R. |last2=Liberman |first2=Mark Y. |last3=McLemore |first3=Cynthia A. |last4=Partee |first4=Barbara H. |date=14 January 2019 |title=The Impossibility of Language Acquisition (and How They Do It) |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011640 |journal=Annual Review of Linguistics |language=en |volume=5 |issue= |pages=1–24 |doi=10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-011640 |issn=2333-9683|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This was significant, because it allowed him to test whether an observation of English-learning infants, that they worked out novel verb meanings based on the number of overt [[Noun phrase|NPs]] they took, applied cross-linguistically. Given that the presence of the aforementioned causative morpheme would be a more obvious and reliable indicator for differentiating meanings, Kannada was a perfect language to test this observation; Lidz et al. (2003) found that Kannada-learning infants relied ''more heavily'' on the number of overt NPs than the presence of the causative morpheme.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lidz |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Gleitman |first2=Henry |last3=Gleitman |first3=Lila |date=1 April 2003 |title=Understanding how input matters: verb learning and the footprint of universal grammar |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010027702002305 |journal=Cognition |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=151–178 |doi=10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00230-5 |pmid=12684198 |issn=0010-0277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This has been used by [[Generative grammar|generativists]] and [[Universal grammar|UG]] [[Psychological nativism|nativists]] to argue that verb meaning acquisition based on [[syntactic bootstrapping]] is [[Linguistic universal|language universal]] and innate.<ref name=":1" /> <br />
<br />
The second property of major significance to develop in modern linguistic understandings lies in the fact that in Kannada, negation comes at the end of the sentence and the quantified object linearly precedes it. This means there is no capacity for confounding linear order and hierarchical relations, as there is in English. This can be used to test whether the observation for English-speaking infants of considering [[hierarchical organisation]] more than [[Linear order (linguistics)|linear order]] when deciding [[Scope (formal semantics)|scope ambiguity]] is cross-linguistic, or just a product of English's confounded linear order. Specifically, analysing the sentence "I didn't read two books" (in Kannada), if what matters is linear order, Kannada speaking children's preferred interpretation would be one where 'two books' has wider scope than negation (i.e., there are two books I did not read), and if what matters is hierarchical organisation, their preferred interpretation would be the opposite (i.e., that it is not the case that I read two books). [[Jeffrey Lidz|Lidz]] and Musolino (2002) found that they prefer the second, hierarchical interpretation, just like English-speaking children.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lidz |first1=Jeffrey |last2=Musolino |first2=Julien |date=1 June 2002 |title=Children's command of quantification |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010027702000136 |journal=Cognition |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=113–154 |doi=10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00013-6 |pmid=12175570 |issn=0010-0277|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This has been used to argue that infants universally represent sentences not as mere strings of adjacent words, but as hierarchical objects, a regular talking point among [[Generative grammar|Chomskyans]] and nativists.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Sample text ==<br />
The given sample text is Article 1 from the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html |website=www.un.org |access-date=29 March 2020 |language=en |date=6 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
===English===<br />
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<br />
<br />
===Kannada===<br />
{{lang|kn|ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಮಾನವರು ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರರಾಗಿ ಹುಟ್ಟಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಹಾಗೂ ಘನತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಅಧಿಕಾರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮಾನರಾಗಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ತಿಳಿವು ಮತ್ತು ಅಂತಃಸಾಕ್ಷಿಯನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದವರಾದ್ದರಿಂದ, ಅವರು ಒಬ್ಬರಿಗೊಬ್ಬರು ಸಹೋದರ ಭಾವದಿಂದ ನಡೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳಬೇಕು.}}<br />
<br />
===Romanisation (ISO 15919)===<br />
Ellā mānavaru svatantrarāgiyē huṭṭiddāre hāgu ghanate mattu adhikāragaḷalli samānarāgiddāre. Tiḷivu mattu antaḥsākṣīyannu paḍedavarāddarinda avaru obbarigobbaru sahōdara bhāvadinda naḍedukoḷḷabēku.<br />
<br />
===IPA===<br />
{{IPA|/ellaː maːn̪ɐʋɐɾu sʋɐt̪ɐn̪t̪ɾɐɾaːɡijeː huʈʈid̪d̪aːɾe haːɡu gʱɐn̪ɐt̪e mɐt̪t̪u ɐd̪ʱikaːɾɐɡɐɭɐlli sɐmaːn̪ɐɾaːɡid̪d̪aːɾe ǁ t̪iɭiʋu mɐt̪t̪u ɐn̪t̪ɐkkɐɾɐɳɐɡɐɭɐn̪n̪u pɐɖed̪ɐʋɐraːd̪d̪ɐɾin̪d̪ɐ ɐʋɐɾu obbɐɾiɡobbɐɾu sɐhoːd̪ɐɾɐ bʱaːʋɐd̪in̪d̪ɐ n̪ɐɖed̪ukoɭɭɐbeːku ǁ/}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India|Languages}}<br />
* [[Bangalore Kannada]]<br />
* [[Gokak agitation]]<br />
* [[Hermann Mögling]]<br />
* [[Kannada cinema]]<br />
* [[Kannada dialects]]<br />
* [[Kannada flag]]<br />
* [[Kannada in computing]]<br />
* [[Kuvempu]]<br />
* [[List of Kannada-language radio stations]]<br />
* [[List of Karnataka literature]]<br />
* [[List of languages by number of native speakers in India]]<br />
* [[Siribhoovalaya]]<br />
* [[Timeline of Karnataka]]<br />
* [[Yakshagana]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Noteslist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{Refbegin|40em}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Bhat |first=Thirumaleshwara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgvHhDqmJw8C |title=Govinda Pai |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-7201-540-4}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature-vol 2 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0}}<br />
* {{cite encyclopedia |year=1992 |title=Kannada literature |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |location=New Delhi |last=Garg |first=Ganga Ram |isbn=978-81-7022-374-0}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title=A concise history of Karnata.k.a. from pre-historic times to the present |publisher=Jupiter books |year=2002 |location=Bangalore |lccn=80905179 |oclc=7796041 |orig-date=2001 |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Kittel |first=F |title=A Grammar of the Kannada Language Comprising the Three Dialects of the Language (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-206-0056-0 |location=New Delhi, Madras |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Kloss |first=Heinz |title=The Written languages of the world: a survey of the degree and modes of use |volume=2 part 1 |last2=McConnell |first2=Grant D. |publisher=Université Laval |year=1978 |isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1 |ref=none}}<br />
* {{Cite book |title=Understanding India-The Culture of India |publisher=Britannica educational Printing |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-61530-203-1 |editor-last=Kuiper |editor-first=Kathleen |place=New York |contribution=Dravidian Studies: Kannada}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Narasimhacharya |first=R. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059 |title=History of Kannada Literature |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1988 |isbn=978-81-206-0303-5 |location=New Delhi, Madras |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Narasimhacharya |first=R. |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryKannadaLanguage |title=History of Kannada Language |publisher=University of Mysore |year=1934 |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Ramesh |first=K. V. |title=Chalukyas of Vatapi |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |year=1984 |location=New Delhi |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Rice |first=E. P. |title=Kannada Literature |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1982 |isbn=978-81-206-0063-8 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=1921 |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Rice |first=B. L. |title=Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2001 |isbn=978-81-206-0977-8 |location=New Delhi, Madras |orig-date=1897 |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Sastri |first=Nilakanta K.A. |title=A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar |publisher=Indian Branch, Oxford University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-19-560686-7 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=1955 |ref=none}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Shapiro |first=Michael C. |title=Language And Society in South Asia |last2=Schiffman |first2=Harold F. |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |year=1981 |isbn=978-81-208-2607-6 |location=New Delhi |ref=none}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Steever |first=S. B. |title=The Dravidian Languages |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-415-10023-6 |editor-last=Steever |editor-first=S. B. |series=Routledge Language Family Descriptions |place=London |pages=129–157 |contribution=Kannada}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title=Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India |publisher=Brill |year=1973 |isbn=978-90-04-03591-1 |location=Leiden, Netherlands}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book |last=Masica |first=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |location=Cambridge}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Moraes |first=George M. |author-link=George M. Moraes |title=The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1990 |isbn=81-206-0595-0 |orig-year=1931}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Varadpande |first=Manohar Laxman |title=History of Indian Theatre |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1987 |isbn=978-81-7017-221-5}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Thapar |first=Romila |title=The Penguin History of Early India |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-14-302989-2 |location=New Delhi}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Zydenbos |first=Robert |url=https://hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/catalog/book/736?lang=en |title=A Manual of Modern Kannada |publisher=XAsia Books |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-946742-82-1 |location=Heidelberg |doi=10.20345/digitue.12651}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{cite web |url=http://inscriptions.whatisindia.com/ |title=Indian inscriptions-South Indian inscriptions, Vol 20, 18, 17, 15, 11 and 9, Archaeological survey of India, What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd |access-date=18 November 2006 |archive-date=15 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415023748/http://inscriptions.whatisindia.com/ |url-status=dead }}<br />
* [https://pdfrat.com/english-kannada-kannada-english-dictionary/ English to Kannada Dictionary, Kannada to English Dictionary PDF]<br />
<br />
{{Dravidian languages}}<br />
{{Languages of India}}<br />
{{Languages of Karnataka}}<br />
{{Languages spoken in Andhrapradesh}}<br />
{{Languages spoken in Telangana}}<br />
{{Languages spoken in Tamilnadu}}<br />
{{Languages spoken in Kerala}}<br />
{{Karnataka topics}}<br />
{{Sister bar|Kannada|auto=1|voy=Kannada_phrasebook|wikt=Category:Kannada language|iw=kn}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Languages attested from the 5th century]]<br />
[[Category:Classical Language in India]]<br />
[[Category:Dravidian languages]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada language| ]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Languages of Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Languages written in Brahmic scripts]]<br />
[[Category:Official languages of India]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pokhriabong_Lepcha_Monastery&diff=525776Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery2026-03-18T22:12:07Z<p>WillyFdt599330: stub.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Buddhist facility}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Tibetan Buddhist monastery<br />
|name=Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery<br />
|image=Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery Terda Pema Lingpa Lepcha Community Gumpa.jpg<br />
|caption=Boudha Terda Pema Lingpa Lepcha Community Gompa<br />
|coordinates={{coord|26|56|59.856|N|88|10|52.788|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
|location=[[Pokhriabong]], [[Darjeeling]], [[India]]<br />
|map_type=India West Bengal<br />
|map_caption=Location within Darjeeling region<br />
|sect=Nyingma<br />
|map_size=250<br />
|country=India<br />
|founded_by=Nāni-rańgéy Lama circa 17th century CE<br />
|established={{start date and age|1974}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pokhriabong [[Lepcha people|Lepcha]] Monastery,''' also popularly known as the "Boudha Terda [[Pema Lingpa]] Lepcha Community [[Gompa]]", is located in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], approximately 30&nbsp;km from the town of Darjeeling at a place called [[Pokhriabong]]. The monastery follows the teachings and practices of the [[Nyingma]] school, which is the oldest of the four major schools of [[Tibetan Buddhism]], founded by the [[Vajrayana]] revealer Guru [[Padmasambhāva|Padmasambhava]]. This was the first Buddhist monastery ever built in Pokhriabong.<br />
<br />
Historically, the Lepcha people were deep rooted in the cult of ''"Mun'' or ''Munism"'' also called 'Bongthingism'<ref>{{Cite news|title=India's Lepcha tribe may lose Kanchenjunga ritual|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15626993|access-date=2021-08-31}}</ref> which is highly devoted towards nature worshiping.<ref>{{Citation|title=Mun (religion)|date=2020-11-10|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mun_(religion)&oldid=987927881|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2021-08-29}}</ref>{{circular reference|date=January 2023}} The Lepcha people assimilation with the Buddhist religion can be traced back to late sixteen century CE to the first half of the seventeenth century CE when a monk named ''Lhatsun Namka Jigme''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lhatsün Namkha Jikmé - Rigpa Wiki|url=https://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Lhats%C3%BCn_Namkha_Jikm%C3%A9|access-date=2021-08-29|website=www.rigpawiki.org}}</ref> of Nyingma Buddhist order traveled from the north (Tibet) to the Sikkim and played important role in spreading the Buddhist religion among the native people of Sikkim and the Darjeeling region.<ref>Bentley, Jenny (Bulletin of Tibetology) ''<nowiki/>'Vanishing Lepcha' Change and Cultural revival in a mountain community of Sikkim'' http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/bot/pdf/bot_2007_01-02_04.pdf accessed on 29/August/2021</ref><ref>"What Makes the Lepcha People Unique?". ''Africa and Asia venture''. 8/31/2021. Retrieved 2021-08-31.</ref> Henceforth, the Buddhist religion became the main beliefs for the many Lepcha people of the Eastern-Himalayan region<ref>Campbell A., ''On the Lepchas,'' https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3014448.pdf accessed on 28/August/2021 at 2:40 PM pp. 146-47</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Himalayan Institute of Cultural & Heritage Studies Presents The Unlocked Series Lecture 14: Part 2 | date=19 August 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BgRhAJcDX_I |language=en |access-date=2022-05-27}}</ref> until the arrival of the western missionaries who were successful in converting many Lepcha people into Christianity.<ref>Aachuley, Lepcha Magazine (29/September/2011). "THE KALIMPONG GUMPA LEPCHA BUDDHIST MONASTERY". ''aachuley''. Retrieved 2021-09-01.</ref><ref>Campbell A., ''On the Lepchas,'' https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3014448.pdf accessed on 28/August/2021 at 2:40 PM p. 151</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The genesis of this monastery is mostly dominated by the oral narratives passed down over the generations by the Lepcha people. It is said that the place where the monastery is established remained an important place of gathering during ancient times for the Lepcha people of the surrounding areas. Here they came together and greeted each other with garland particularly made of ''pago rip''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lepcha |first=Martha |title=Learn Lepcha Words with Pictures |publisher=West Bengal Mayel Lyang Lepcha Development Board |year=2016 |location=Kalimpong |pages=28}}</ref> (''rip'' meaning flower in [[Lepcha language]] and ''pago'' which is Lepcha name of the flower having its scientific name called [[Oroxylum indicum]]), which is also a very important traditional flower used by the Lepcha people over centuries in every good occasion like marriage ceremony and also during Munism rituals<ref>Britannica, ''Article on Lepcha people'', https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lepcha accessed on 2021/Sept/03 at 8:40 PM</ref> etc., this particular place became important rendezvous point for the aboriginal Lepcha people and popularly came to known as "Taor-zóóm" ('Taor' meaning 'garland' and 'zóóm' meaning 'gathering' in Lepcha language) and at present the place is known as Turzum'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tamsang |first=K.P. |title=The Lepcha-English Encyclopaedic Dictionary |publisher=Printed in Mani Printing Press |date=October 2009 |edition=2nd |location=Kalimpong |pages=384}}</ref><br />
[[File:Buddha Jayanti Celebration at Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery 2016.jpg|thumb|Buddha Jayanti celebration at Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery in the year 2016. |271x271px]]<br />
Such gatherings of the Lepcha people in this land where the monastery is built, continued for many centuries, until on one occasion the learned Lepcha [[Lama]] named "Nāni-rańgéy" was born in a Lepcha family. The discourse about his birthplace remains an important topic of discussion among the Lepcha scholars. He was the one who decided to build a ''Tshötëń'' (Lepcha Buddhist Stupa) in that place and started the construction of the [[stupa]]''.'' Over the centuries, due to natural calamities, the structure of the stupa which was built by the Nāni-rańgéy lama was destroyed and lost its importance among the new generations of Lepcha people. Nevertheless, in the late 1960s, that some people in the surrounding area where the stupa was built began to notice a mound that was in the exact shape of a Buddhist stupa. During that time, some Lepcha people who were aware of the religious importance of that place came forward to understand more about the place where the mound was located. The mound was excavated by a team of Lepcha individuals, who discovered several valuable items inside it. The reconstruction of the stupa began and was completed shortly thereafter. Hence, the place became an important religious center for the Lepcha Buddhist people of Pokhriabong. An annual gathering like in the ancient times among the Lepcha people on the same land where their ancestors gathered in the past was continued every year by the new generation Lepcha people on the auspicious day of Buddha Jayanti.<br />
<br />
[[File: Lepcha monastery planning.jpg|thumb|Planning for the external structure of the Pokhriabong Lepcha monastery in 1987.|234x234px]]<br />
<br />
== Concise history of Stupa ==<br />
[[File:Stupa at Pokhriabong Lepcha Gumba (Monastery).jpg|thumb|Lepcha Buddhist Stupa at Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery]]<br />
[[File:Namtar.jpg|thumb|Lepcha [[Namtar (biography)|Namtar]] on Nāni-rańgéy [[Lama]] ]]<br />
[[File:Namtar Nāni-rańgéy Lama (Monk) Namtar.jpg|thumb|Lepcha [[Namtar (biography)|Namtar]] on Nāni-rańgéy [[Lama]]]]<br />
According to legend while constructing the stupa Nāni-rańgéy lama needed some valuable objects to place within the stupa, so he traveled far down the hill every day. His disciples who were helping him in the construction of the stupa did not know where he goes to bring these objects whenever Nāni-rańgéy lama returned from his journey he had something with him which was used to place within the stupa. One day, one of his disciples followed the lama secretly and reached a place called 'Zear-Dom' ('Zear' meaning jewellery, 'Dom' meaning box in [[Lepcha language|Lepcha Language]]) which at present is located in the Dajai Khasmahal and Rangvang Valley region near [[Balason River]], which is almost 12&nbsp;km from the Pokhriabong bazaar. This particular place has important significance in the history of Lepcha people and in the history of the Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery. It was from this place Nāni-rańgéy lama used to collect the valuable objects for the stupa. Historically, it was the stupa that was built before the monastery in ''circa'' seventeenth to eighteenth century CE by the Nāni-rańgéy lama (during this period the Tibetan Buddhism was spreading its shadow of wisdom among the aboriginal people of the Sikkim-Darjeeling Himalayan region)<ref>DU Journal of undergraduate Research and Innovation Vol.1 Issue 2, page 291-302, title - ''Buddhism in Sikkim: A study in Cultural Syncretism,'' http://journals.du.ac.in/ugresearch/pdf/Richa%20Raj%2018.pdf accessed on 03/Sept/2021 at 11:09PM p.292</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=bS6_1knaDk-63yPB&v=oTZ6OAKauws&feature=youtu.be |title=Himalayan Myth – JHER DEHM -' the mythical Golden Box of Mayal Lyang' |date=2024-06-20 |last=HIMALAYAN SAGA |access-date=2024-10-27 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The stupa existed for a long period of time before it was destroyed due to natural calamities such as earthquakes. It lost its importance for many centuries until it was rediscovered and came into notice in the 1960s.<br />
<br />
== Festivals ==<br />
The annual festival held in the monastery is the celebration of the [[Buddha's Birthday|Buddha Jayanti]]<ref>News, 18 (26/May/2021). "Buddha Purnima 2021: History, Significance and All You Need to Know About Buddha Jayanti". ''News18''. Retrieved 2021-08-31.</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Buddha-purnima at holy Monastery "Boudha Terda Pema Lingpa Lepcha Gompa" {{!}} buddha jayanti | date=20 May 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M92Thj7KY2c |language=en |access-date=2022-05-20}}</ref> where all the people from the Lepcha community of the surrounding areas and people from all ethnic communities in the region come to attend this event in large numbers.<ref>Merala, Dilip (9/May/2017). "Buddha Purnima 2017 in West Bengal: Gautama Buddha's birth anniversary celebration in Darjeeling and Kalimpong". ''India.com''. Retrieved 2021-08-31.</ref> The Lepcha monks recite prayers from the ancient verses by reading Buddhist manuscripts on this occasion. Such practices are continued since the establishment of the monastery. On this auspicious day, people visit Lepcha monastery and offer Khada (traditional scarf) and takes blessings from the head lamas. Sweet rice porridge is commonly served to recall the story of [[Sujata (milkmaid)|Sujata milkmaid]], a maiden who, in [[The Buddha|Gautama Buddha]]'s life, offered the Buddha a bowl of milk porridge. A procession is taken out around the Pokhriabong bazaar by the managing committee of the monastery on this day and people participate by carrying the holy books of [[Buddhism]], the statue of Buddha is also carried by the people in a beautifully decorated palanquin. The external structure of the monastery was completed during the 1980s.<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Lepcha Lama's reciting prayers at Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery on the occasion of Buddha Jayanti.jpg|Lepcha Lama's reciting prayers at Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery on the occasion of Buddha Jayanti.<br />
File:People praying at Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery.jpg|People praying at Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery.<br />
File:Buddha Jayanti celebration at Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery.jpg|Buddha Jayanti celebration at Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery.<br />
File:Frontside of the Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery.jpg|Frontside of the Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery.<br />
File:Stupa at Pokhriabong Lepcha Gumba (Monastery).jpg|Stupa at Pokhriabong Lepcha Gumba<br />
File:Inside the Lepcha Monastery.jpg|Inside the Lepcha Monastery<br />
File:Buddha Jayanti Celebration at Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery 2016.jpg|Buddha Jayanti Celebration at Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery 2016.<br />
File:Pokhriabong lepcha monastery Darjeeling West Bengal.jpg|pokhriabong lepcha monastery darjeeling<br />
File:Pokhriabong lepcha monastery Darjeeling.jpg|pokhriabong lepcha monastery<br />
File:Pokhriabong lepcha monastery.jpg|pokhriabong lepcha monastery India<br />
File:Pokhriabong lepcha monastery India.jpg|pokhriabong lepcha monastery West Bengal<br />
File:Pokhriabong lepcha monastery West Bengal.jpg|pokhriabong lepcha monastery Darjeeling India<br />
File:Buddhist Lepcha Stupa.jpg|Historic Stupa at Pokhriabong Lepcha Monastery <br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Buddhist monasteries in Darjeeling district]]<br />
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Darjeeling]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Darjeeling]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1967_Assam_Legislative_Assembly_election&diff=4738241967 Assam Legislative Assembly election2026-03-15T15:32:06Z<p>WillyFdt599330: further adjust article for accuracy and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian state election}}<br />
{{Infobox election<br />
| election_name = 1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election<br />
| country = India<br />
| type = parliamentary<br />
| ongoing = no<br />
| previous_election = 1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election<br />
| previous_year = 1962<br />
| election_date = 1967<br />
| next_election = 1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election<br />
| next_year = 1972<br />
| seats_for_election = All 126 seats to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| majority_seats = 52<br />
| opinion_polls = <br />
| turnout = <!-- Opposition --><br />
| image2 = {{eppt|All Party Hill Leaders Conference|height=100|width=80}}<br />
| leader2 = [[Williamson Sangma]]<br />
| party2 = All Party Hill Leaders Conference<br />
| leader_since2 = <br />
| leaders_seat2 = <br />
| last_election2 = <br />
| seats_before2 = 11<br />
| seats2 = 9<br />
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}2<br />
| popular_vote2 = <br />
| percentage2 = <br />
| swing2 = <!-- Congress --><br />
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Bimala Prasad Chaliha.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}<br />
| leader1 = [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]<br />
| party1 = Indian National Congress<br />
| leader_since1 = <br />
| leaders_seat1 = [[Assam Legislative Council|MLC]]<br />
| last_election1 = <br />
| seats_before1 = 79<br />
| seats1 = 73<br />
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 9<br />
| popular_vote1 = <br />
| percentage1 = <br />
| swing1 = <!-- bottom --><br />
| title = Chief Minister<br />
| posttitle = [[Chief Minister of Assam|Chief Minister]]<br />
| before_election = [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]<br />
| before_party = Indian National Congress<br />
| after_election = <br /> [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]]<br />
| after_party = Indian National Congress<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:India Administrative Divisions 1951.svg|thumb|Indian administrative divisions, as of 1951]]<br />
<br />
The 4th Assam Legislative Assembly election was held in two phases in 1967 to elect members from 126 constituencies in Assam, India.<br />
<br />
==Constituencies==<br />
<br />
Assam Legislative Assembly, 126 consisted of 93 Genrael constituencies, 24 [[Scheduled Tribes]] and 9 [[Scheduled Castes]] constituencies. A total of 492 nominations were filed out of which 486 were men's and 6 were women withdrew their nominations. 4 women were elected to Assam Legislative Assembly.<br />
<br />
==Political parties==<br />
<br />
9 National parties along with 10 registered unrecognized parties took part in the assembly election. [[Indian National Congress]] contested 92 seats and won 76 of them. [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] candidates won 14 seats while no other party cross double-digit.<ref name="AssamECI1951"/><br />
<br />
==Results==<br />
{{election table|title=Summary of results of the 1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election<ref name="AssamECI1951">{{cite web | url=https://www.elections.in/assam/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 : To the Legislative Assembly of Assam | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> |sortable=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=10|[[File:India Assam Legislative Assembly 1967.svg]]<br />
|- style="background-color:#E9E9E9; text-align:center;"<br />
! class="unsortable" |<!--color--><br />
! Political Party !! Flag !! Seats <br /> Contested !! Won !! % of <br /> Seats !! Votes !! Vote %<br />
|- style="background: #90EE90;"<br />
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| <br />
| 120 || 73 || 44.66% || 1354748 || 43.60%<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]]<br />
|<br />
| 12 || 9 || 57.86% || 108447 || 3.49%<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]<br />
| <br />
| 22 || 7 || 30.19% || 108447 || 5.15%<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Praja Socialist Party]]<br />
| <br />
| 35 || 5 || 23.20% || 213094 || 6.86%<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Samyukta Socialist Party}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Samyukta Socialist Party]]<br />
| <br />
| 17 || 4 || 26.37% || 101802 || 3.28%<br />
|-<br />
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Party}}<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Swatantra Party]]<br />
| <br />
| 13 || 2 || 14.07% || 46187 || 1.49%<br />
|-<br />
| {{Party name with colour|Independent politician}}<br />
|<br />
| 124 || 26 || 36.12% || 1004695 || 32.33%<br />
|- class="unsortable" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"<br />
! colspan = 3| Total Seats<br />
! 105 !! style="text-align:center;" |Voters !! 5449305 !! style="text-align:center;" |Turnout !! 3369230 (61.83%)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Constituency-wise results ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Constituency !! Constituency No. !! Leading Candidate !! Leading Party !! Margin !! Remarks<br />
|-<br />
| [[Aizawl East I Assembly constituency|Aijal East]] || 1 || [[A. Thanglura]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || Uncontested ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Aizawl West I Assembly constituency|Aijal West]] || 2 || [[A. Thanglura]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || Uncontested ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ratabari Assembly constituency|Ratabari]] || 3 || [[Biswanath Upadhyay]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 11,959 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Patharkandi Assembly constituency|Patharkandi]] || 4 || [[Motilal Kanoo]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 2,372 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karimganj North Assembly constituency|Karimganj North]] || 5 || [[Rathindra Nath Sen]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 2,298 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]] || 6 || [[Praffulla Choudhury]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 3,567 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Badarpur (Assam Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badarpur]] || 7 || [[Moulana Abdul Jalil Choudhury]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 2,777 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hailakandi Assembly constituency|Hailakandi]] || 8 || [[Abdul Matlib Mazumdar]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 16,970 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Katlicherra]] || 9 || [[Tajamul Ali Laskar]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 5,819 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Silchar Assembly constituency|Silchar]] || 10 || [[Santosh Mohan Dev]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 3,173 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sonai Assembly constituency|Sonai]] || 11 || [[Moinul Hoque Choudhury]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 11,268 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dholai Assembly constituency|Dholai]] || 12 || [[Jatindra Mohan Barbhuyan]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 1,029 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lakhipur Assembly constituency|Lakhipur]] || 13 || [[Mera Chouba Singha]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 6,062 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]] || 14 || [[Jagannath Singha]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 16,750 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Barkhola Assembly constituency|Barkhola]] || 15 || [[Altaf Hussain Mazumdar]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 7,310 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Katigora Assembly constituency|Katigora]] || 16 || [[AK Nurul Haque]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 7,916 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong]] || 17 || [[Joy Bhadra Hagjer]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 4,627 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bokajan Assembly constituency|Bokajan]] || 18 || [[Sai Sai Terang]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 6,240 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Howraghat Assembly constituency|Howraghat]] || 19 || [[Chatrasing Teron]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 7,605 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Baithalangso Assembly constituency|Baithalangso]] || 20 || [[Dhaniram Rongpi]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 7,639 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jowai Assembly constituency|Jowai]] || 21 || [[Edwingson Barch]] || bgcolor={{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}|[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] || 8,134 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shillong Assembly constituency|Shillong]] || 22 || [[Hoover Hynniewta]] || bgcolor={{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}|[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] || 5,528 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nongpoh Assembly constituency|Nongpoh]] || 23 || [[B. B. Lyngdoh]] || bgcolor={{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}|[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] || Uncontested ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nongstoin Assembly constituency|Nongstoin]] || 24 || [[Hopingstone Lyngdoh]] || bgcolor={{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}|[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] || 17,687 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cherrapunji Assembly constituency|Cherrapunji]] || 25 || [[Stanley D.D. Nichols Roy]] || bgcolor={{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}|[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] || Uncontested ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Baghmara, India|Baghmara]] || 26 || Capt. [[Williamson A. Sangma]] || bgcolor={{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}|[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] || 4,449 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dainadubi Assembly constituency|Dainadubi]] || 27 || [[Mody Marak]] || bgcolor={{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}|[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] || 5,952 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tura Assembly constituency|Tura]] || 28 || [[Grohonsing Marak]] || bgcolor={{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}|[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] || 7,440 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Phulbari Assembly constituency|Phulbari]] || 29 || [[Bronson Momin]] || bgcolor={{party color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}|[[All Party Hill Leaders Conference]] || 3,694 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mankachar Assembly constituency|Mankachar]] || 30 || [[Zahirul Islam (politician)|Zahirul Islam]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 3,694 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[South Salmara Assembly constituency|South Salmara]] || 31 || [[Bazlul Basit]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 1,496 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dhubri Assembly constituency|Dhubri]] || 32 || [[Syed Ahmed Ali]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 243 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gauripur Assembly constituency|Gauripur]] || 33 || [[Mohammad Azad Ali]] || bgcolor={{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|[[Praja Socialist Party]] || 2,269 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Golakganj Assembly constituency|Golakganj]] || 34 || [[Kabir Chandra Roy Pradhani]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 11,433 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bilasipara Assembly constituency|Bilasipara]] || 35 || [[Giasuddin Ahmed]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 9,097 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gossaigaon Assembly constituency|Gossaigaon]] || 36 || [[Mithius Tudu]]|| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress]] || 11,152 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kokrajhar West Assembly constituency|Kokrajhar West]] || 37 || [[Ranendra Basumatari]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 5,840 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kokrajhar East Assembly constituency|Kokrajhar East]] || 38 || [[Rani Manjula Devi]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 6,686 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sidli Assembly constituency|Sidli]] || 39 || [[Uttan Chandra Brahma]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 2,272 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bijni Assembly constituency|Bijni]] || 40 || [[Golak Chandra Patgiri]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 5,103 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Abhayapuri Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri]] || 41 || [[Kandarpa Narayan Banikya]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 10,808 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bongaigaon Assembly constituency|Bongaigaon]] || 42 || [[Mothura Mohan Sinha]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 3,455 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Goalpara West Assembly constituency|Goalpara West]] || 43 || [[Benoy Krishna Ghose]] || bgcolor={{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|[[Praja Socialist Party]] || 17,725 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Goalpara East Assembly constituency|Goalpara East]] || 44 || [[Shahadat Ali Jotdar]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 3,497 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dudhnai Assembly constituency|Dudhnai]] || 45 || [[Sarat Chandra Rabha]] || bgcolor={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India]] || 4,003 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sorbhog Assembly constituency|Sorbhog]] || 46 || [[Pranita Talukdar]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 8,834 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]] || 47 || [[Dharanidhar Choudhury]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 4,287 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Patacharkuchi Assembly constituency|Patacharkuchi]] || 48 || [[Bhubaneswar Barman]] || bgcolor={{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|[[Praja Socialist Party]] || 4,561 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Barpeta Assembly constituency|Barpeta]] || 49 || Dr. [[Surendra Nath Das]] || bgcolor={{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|[[Praja Socialist Party]] || 2,307 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jania Assembly constituency|Jania]] || 50 || [[Ataur Rahman]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 25,678 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Baghbar Assembly constituency|Baghbar]] || 51 || [[Jalauddin Ahmed]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 1,766 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sarukhetri Assembly constituency|Sarukhetri]] || 52 || [[Matilal Nayak]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 9,356 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chenga Assembly constituency|Chenga]] || 53 || [[Ataur Rahman]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 10,537 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Boko Assembly constituency|Boko]] || 54 || [[Prabin Kumar Chaudhuri|Prabin Kumar Choudhury]]|| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress]] || 8,243 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chaygaon Assembly constituency|Chaygaon]] || 55 || [[Hareswar Goswami]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 6,385 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Palasbari Assembly constituency|Palasbari]] || 56 || [[Abala Kanta Goswami]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 5,878 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gauhati East Assembly constituency|Gauhati East]] || 57 || [[Mohendra Mohan Choudhury]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 7,721 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gauhati West Assembly constituency|Gauhati West]] || 58 || [[Govinda Kalita]] || bgcolor={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India]] || 1,084 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jalukbari Assembly constituency|Jalukbari]] || 59 || [[Sailen Medhi]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 5,417 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hajo Assembly constituency|Hajo]] || 60 || [[Bishnuram Medhi]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || Uncontested ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nalbari West Assembly constituency|Nalbari West]] || 61 || Dr. [[Bhumidhar Barman]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 1,028 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nalbari East Assembly constituency|Nalbari East]] || 62 || [[Prabhat Narayan Choudhury]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 6,641 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Borbhag Assembly constituency|Borbhag]] || 63 || [[Gourisankar Bhattacharyya]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 4,346 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Barama Assembly constituency|Barama]] || 64 || [[Surendra Nath Das]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 1,046 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamulpur Assembly constituency|Tamulpur]] || 65 || [[Maneswar Boro]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 1,314 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rangiya Assembly constituency|Rangiya]] || 66 || [[Kamini Mohon Sarma]] || bgcolor={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India]] || 82 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kamalpur, Assam Assembly constituency|Kamalpur]] || 67 || [[Lakshyadhar Chaudhury]] || bgcolor={{party color|Praja Socialist Party}}|[[Praja Socialist Party]] || 274 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Panery Assembly constituency|Panery]] || 68 || [[Hiralal Patwary]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 8,310 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kalaigaon Assembly constituency|Kalaigaon]] || 69 || [[Dandi Ram Dutta]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 172 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rangamati Assembly constituency|Rangamati]] || 70 || [[Nakul Chandra Das]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 7,648 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mangaldoi Assembly constituency|Mangaldoi]] || 71 || [[Mohammad Matlibuddin]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 6,140 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dalgaon Assembly constituency|Dalgaon]] || 72 || [[Surendra Chandra Baruah]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 1,697 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Udalguri Assembly constituency|Udalguri]] || 73 || [[Bahadur Basumatary]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 7,460 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency|Dhekiajuli]] || 74 || [[Pushpalata Das]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 8,868 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Missamari Assembly constituency|Missamari]] || 75 || [[Mohi Kanta Das]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 6,880 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tezpur Assembly constituency|Tezpur]] || 76 || [[Bishnu Prasad Rava]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 373 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Balipara Assembly constituency|Balipara]] || 77 || [[Biswadev Sarma]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 11,519 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sootea Assembly constituency|Sootea]] || 78 || [[Narayan Chandra Bhuyan]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 4,909 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Biswanath Assembly constituency|Biswanath]] || 79 || [[Kamakhya Prasad Tripathi]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 7,253 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gohpur Assembly constituency|Gohpur]] || 80 || [[Bishnulal Upadhyaya]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 744 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Marigaon Assembly constituency|Marigaon]] || 81 || [[Pitsing Konwar]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 7,240 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bokani Assembly constituency|Bokani]] || 82 || [[Mohendra Nath Hazarika]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 9,487 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Laharighat Assembly constituency|Laharighat]] || 83 || [[Mohammad Abul Kasem]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 13,170 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Raha Assembly constituency|Raha]] || 84 || Sarat Chandra Goswami || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 2,138 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dhing Assembly constituency|Dhing]] || 85 || [[Mohammad Samsul Huda]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 1,005 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Rupohihat Assembly constituency|Rupohihat]] || 86 || [[Musawir Chowdhury]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 2,173 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nowgong Assembly constituency|Nowgong]] || 87 || [[Phani Bora]] || bgcolor={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India]] || 5,153 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Barhampurr Assembly constituency|Barhampur]] || 88 || [[Kehoram Hazarika]] || bgcolor={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India]] || 3,292 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kaliabor Assembly constituency|Kaliabor]] || 89 || [[Atul Chandra Goswami]] || bgcolor={{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]] || 3078 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Samaguri Assembly constituency|Samaguri]] || 90 || [[Dev Kant Baruah]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 2971 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jamunamukh Assembly constituency|Jamunamukh]] || 91 || [[Lakshmi Prasad Goswami]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 6,846 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hojai Assembly constituency|Hojai]] || 92 || [[Jonab Rahimuddin Ahmed]] || bgcolor={{party color|Swatantra Party}}|[[Swatantra Party]] || 419 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lumding Assembly constituency|Lumding]] || 93 || [[Sadhan Ranjan Sarkar]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 3734 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bokakhat Assembly constituency|Bokakhat]] || 94 || [[Lakheswar Das]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 4506 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sarupathar Assembly constituency|Sarupathar]] || 95 || [[C. G. Karmakar]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 6096 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Golaghat Assembly constituency|Golaghat]] || 96 || [[Soneswar Bora]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 6379 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dergaon Assembly constituency|Dergaon]] || 97 || [[Narendra Nath Sarma]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 3149 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Majuli Assembly constituency|Majuli]] || 98 || [[Mohidhar Pegu]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 1964 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jorhat Assembly constituency|Jorhat]] || 99 || [[Jogen Saikia]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 672 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Charaibahi Assembly constituency|Charaibahit]] || 100 || [[Dulal Baruah]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 7340 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Titabar Assembly constituency|Titabar]] || 101 || [[Dulal Baruah]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 4776 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mariani Assembly constituency|Mariani]] || 101 || [[Gojen Tanti]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 5457 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Teok Assembly constituency|Teok]] || 102 || [[Tilok Gogoi]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 3374 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Amguri Assembly constituency|Amguri]] || 103 || [[Pushpadhar Chaliha]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 913 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sibsagar Assembly constituency|Sibsagar]] || 104 || [[Promode Gogoi]] || bgcolor={{party color|Communist Party of India}}|[[Communist Party of India]] || 3530 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thowra Assembly constituency|Thowra]] || 105 || [[Durgeswar Saikia]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 2758 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nazira Assembly constituency|Nazira]] || 106 || [[Karuna Kanta Gogoi]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 7380 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mahmara Assembly constituency|Mahmara]] || 107 || [[Ratneswar Konger]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 817 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sonari Assembly constituency|Sonari]] || 108 || [[Bimala Prasad Chaliha]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 9786 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bihpuria Assembly constituency|Bihpuria]] || 109 || [[Premadhar Bora]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 87 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Naoboicha Assembly constituency|Naoboicha]] || 110 || Dr. [[Bhupen Hazarika]] || bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}|[[Independent politician|Independent]] || 5717 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[North Lakhimpur Assembly constituency|North Lakhimpur]] || 111 || [[Govinda Chandra Bora]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 3140 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dhakuakhana Assembly constituency|Dhakuakhana]] || 112 || [[Nameswar Pegu]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 6858 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dhemaji Assembly constituency|Dhemaji]] || 113 || [[Ramesh Mohan Kouli]] || bgcolor={{party color|Swatantra Party}}|[[Swatantra Party]] || 274 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Moran Assembly constituency|Moran]] || 114 || [[Padma Kumari Gohain]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 5855 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]] || 115 || [[Ramesh Chandra Brooah]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 2532 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lahowal Assembly constituency|Lahowal]] || 116 || [[Lily Sen Gupta]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 3110 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tengakhat Assembly constituency|Tengakhat]] || 117 || [[Manik Chandra Das]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 789 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tengakhat Assembly constituency|Tengakhat]] || 118 || [[Manik Chandra Das]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 789 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tingkhong Assembly constituency|Tingkhong]] || 119 || [[Bhadreswar Gogoi]] || bgcolor={{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]] || 1992 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Joypur Assembly constituency|Joypur]] || 120 || [[Manik Chandra Das]] || bgcolor={{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}|[[Samyukta Socialist Party]] || 3140 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bogdung Assembly constituency|Bogdung]] || 121 || [[Manik Chandra Das]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 2225 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tinsukia Assembly constituency|Tinsukia]] || 122 || [[Manik Chandra Das]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 6568 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Digboi Assembly constituency|Digboi]] || 123 || [[Manik Chandra Das]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 2029 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Doom Dooma Assembly constituency|Doom Dooma]] || 124 || [[Manik Chandra Das]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 12106 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Saikhowa Assembly constituency|Saikhowa]] || 125 || [[Manik Chandra Das]] || bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress]] || 7259 ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[1967 elections in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Assam elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1967 State Assembly elections in India|Assam]]<br />
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:1960s in Assam]]<br />
[[Category:March 1967 in Asia]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharmadhwaja_Janaka&diff=496730Dharmadhwaja Janaka2026-03-13T23:02:23Z<p>WillyFdt599330: created</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Related|[[Janaka]]|[[King Mithi]]|[[Panchashikha]]|[[Shanti Parva]] of [[Mahabharata]]}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Dharmadhwaja Janaka<br />
| title = [[Janaka]]<br />
| successor = Kritadhvaja Janaka<br />
| birth_name = Dharmadhwaja<br />
| birth_place = [[Mithila region]]<br />
| full name = King Dharmadhwaja Janaka<br />
| religion = Sanatana Hinduism<br />
| successor1 = [[Keshidhwaja Janaka]]<br />
| dynasty = [[Janaka]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Dharmadhwaja Janaka''' ( [[Sanskrit]]: धर्मध्वज जनक ) was the king of the ancient [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]] or [[Videha]] Kingdom in the [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Jha |first=Bhavanath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qOIEAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95 |title=धर्मायण, 2079 वि.सं. भाग-1, अंक 117-120 |publisher=Mahavir Mandir, Patna |language=hi}}</ref> Dharmadhwaja Janaka, also known as King Janaka, was a significant figure in ancient Indian history and mythology. He was a ruler and is often remembered as a [[Philosophy|philosopher]]-king who was deeply engaged in spiritual and philosophical discourse. He is mentioned in the [[Shanti Parva]] of the [[Mahabharata]]. He was the student of the sage [[Panchashikha]] and learnt [[Samkhya|Shamkhya]] philosophy from him.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Modī |first=Mīrā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kkEqAQAAMAAJ |title=Mahābhārata meṃ Sāṅkhya darśana |date=2007 |publisher=Satyam Pabliśiṅga Hāusa |isbn=978-81-88134-86-1 |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
''Dharmadhwaja'' is a Sanskrit compound word consisting of the terms [[Dharma]] and [[Dhvaja]]. The term "''Dharmadhwaja''" signifies a flag-bearer of ''Dharma'', reflecting his commitment to righteousness and duty.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-08-01 |title=Dharmadhvaja, Dharma-dhvaja: 12 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/dharmadhvaja |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> In the lineage of the [[Janaka]] kings of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], ''Dharmadhwaja'' stands out for his association with various sages and scholars of the time. His court was a hub for philosophical debates and discussions, attracting learned individuals from across the land.<ref>{{Cite book |last=राघव |first=रांगेय |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rzmNDwUbZwC&q=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95 |title=प्राचीन ब्राह्मण कहानियाँ |date=1992 |publisher=Kitabghar Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7016-093-9 |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
In [[Naradiya Purana|Narada Purana]], celestial sage [[Four Kumaras|Sanandan]] had narrated the story of Dharmadhwaja Janaka having two children Amitadhwaja and Kritadhwaja.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8j5KEAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95 |title=Sankshipta Narada Purana Part 2: संक्षिप्त नारद पुराण: केवल हिन्दी |date=2021-10-24 |publisher=Kausiki Books |language=hi}}</ref> In [[Shanti Parva]] of [[Mahabharata]], there is a famous philosophical debate between the King Dharmadhwaja Janaka with the female ascetic ''[[Vedas|Vedic]]'' scholar ''[[Sulabha|Shulabha]]'', the debate is known as ''Janaka Shulabha Samvada''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Alka |last2=Arora |first2=Bhavya |date=2022-12-14 |title=Sulabha-Janaka Samvada in Vyasa's Mahabharata: Debating Meaning and Language Structures |url=https://jurnal.stkippgribl.ac.id/index.php/ijlhe/article/view/1027 |journal=International Journal of Language, Humanities, and Education |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=95–104 |doi=10.52217/ijlhe.v5i2.1027 |issn=2963-4520|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is said that when King Dharmadhwaja Janaka used anti-feminist arguments to criticise Sulabha's unconventional behaviour, then ''[[Brahmavadini]]'' [[Sulabha]] successfully established that there is no fundamental difference between a man and a woman based on the [[Vedas|Vedic]] philosophical principles. She also demonstrated that a woman can attain liberation on the same level as a man by her example.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vanita |first=Ruth |date=2003-07-01 |title=The Self Is Not Gendered: Sulabha's Debate with King Janaka |url=https://scholarworks.umt.edu/libstudies_pubs/1 |journal=NWSA Journal |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=76–93}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mythological kings of Videha]]<br />
[[Category:Mithila (region)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Mahabharata]]<br />
[[Category:Ramayana]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shagird_(1967_film)&diff=534214Shagird (1967 film)2026-03-04T04:01:34Z<p>WillyFdt599330: added basic data more to come!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About||the 2011 film|Shagird (2011 film)}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Shagird<br />
| image = Shagird 1967 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = Samir Ganguly<br />
| producer = [[Subodh Mukherjee]]<br />
| writer = [[Gulzar]]<br />[[Subodh Mukherjee]]<br />Nirmal Dey<br/>Vishwamitter Adil<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = [[Joy Mukherjee]]<br />[[Saira Banu]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
| cinematography = N. V. Srinivas<br />
| editing = V. K. Naik<br />
| studio = Subodh Mukherji Productions<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1967}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross =<!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Shagird''''' ({{Translation|Disciple}}) is a 1967 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy film|comedy]] [[Drama Film]] directed by Samir Ganguly. The film stars [[Joy Mukherjee]] and [[Saira Banu]] in lead roles. The 1993 movie [[Shreemaan Aashique]] was inspired from it.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-03-09|title=Sixties star Joy Mukherjee passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/Addictions/sixties-star-joy-mukherjee-passes-away/|access-date=2020-10-09|website=Times of India Blog}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The movie begins with Ramesh ([[Joy Mukherjee]]) attending a party on a ship. There, a wealthy girl named Shefali (Urvashi Dutta) professes her love for him, and upon his rejection, she encounters a man named Mr. Madan Chicago wala ([[Madan Puri]]) who is a man of dirty character. But she rejects his advances. Professor Brij Mohan Agnihotri ([[I. S. Johar]]) is a confirmed bachelor, and he firmly refuses to get married. Ramesh is his student, who considers him his mentor. On a visit to his friend out of town, Brij meets his friend's beautiful daughter, Poonam ([[Saira Banu]]), and falls in love with her. Throwing all caution to the winds, he changes his appearance, and attempts to conquer Poonam, but he later finds that Poonam is attracted to his student, Ramesh, who met her on an important workplace. The professor decides to reverse his and his students' roles and made him his temporary mentor. He gets lessons from Ramesh and learns to impress Poonam, but she only considers the professor as her uncle. Meanwhile, Poonam and Ramesh fall in love with each other and Ramesh introduces her to his mother ([[Achala Sachdev]]) and his business prone father ([[Nazir Hussain]]) and both of them accept her. Later, Madan makes a jealous Shefali pregnant and frames Ramesh for this deed. In order to save a woman in distress and to protect his father's honour, Ramesh cancels his marriage with Poonam, much to the shock of his parents. On her wedding day with Ramesh, Shefali gets a call from Madan, threatening to tell Ramesh the truth if she refused to come to his house on last time. Shefali, determined to kill Madan, sets out for his house, with Poonam on her trail. Poonam finds out Madan's secret when he shoots Shefali. Madan follows Poonam till the terrace and is about to push her down, when Ramesh comes to save her. After a bloody fight, Madan gets killed and Ramesh gets his beloved Poonam and his whole family back.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Joy Mukherjee|Joy Mukerjee]] as Ramesh<br />
* [[Saira Banu]] as Poonam<br />
* [[I. S. Johar]] as Prof. Brij Mohan Agnihotri/Birju<br />
* [[Nazir Hussain]] as Ramesh's Father<br />
* [[Achala Sachdev]] as Ramesh's Mother<br />
* [[Madan Puri]] as Madan Chicagowala<br />
* [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Narayan<br />
* [[A. K. Hangal]] as Kedarnath Badri Narayan<br />
* [[M. B. Shetty|Shetty]] as Ruffian<br />
* [[Mac Mohan]] as Ramesh's Friend at an Engagement party<br />
* [[Shivraj]] as Annoyed Husband<br />
* Bhola as Waiter<br />
* Urvashi Dutta as Shefali<br />
* O.P. Goyle as Goyle<br />
<br />
==Award==<br />
*Nominated, [[Filmfare Best Actress Award]] - Saira Banu<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmfare Nominees and {{sic|nolink=1|Winner}}|url=https://archive.org/details/FilmfareAwards|access-date=19 October 2020|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Shagird<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| released = {{Start date|1967}}<br />
| recorded =<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length =<br />
| label = [[Saregama]]<br />
| producer = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year =<br />
| next_title =<br />
| next_year =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack of the film contains 6 songs. The music is composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]], with lyrics authored by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=|date=|title=Shagrid (1967)|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/hindi/moviedetail.asp?mid=H000631|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201153910/http://www.raaga.com/channels/hindi/moviedetail.asp?mid=H000631|archive-date=1 Feb 2013|access-date=2020-10-09|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> <br />
*Song "Dil Wil Pyar Wyar" topped the [[Binaca Geetmala]] 1968 annual list.<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| all_lyrics = [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]<br />
| all_music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Bade Miya Diwane | extra1 = [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Manna Dey]]<br />
| title2 = Dil Wil Pyar Wyar | extra2 = Mohammed Rafi, [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br />
| title3 = Kanha Kanha Aan Padi | extra3 = Lata Mangeshkar<br />
| title4 = Woh Hain Zara Khafa Khafa | extra4 = Mohammed Rafi, Lata Mangeshkar<br />
| title5 = Ruk Jaa Aye Hawa, Tham Jaa Aye Bahaar | extra5 = Lata Mangeshkar<br />
| title6 = Duniya Paagal Hai, Ya Phir Main Deewana | extra6 = Mohammad Rafi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0306065}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1967 films]]<br />
[[Category:1967 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Samir Ganguly]]<br />
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalchini_railway_station&diff=507631Kalchini railway station2026-02-21T13:07:00Z<p>WillyFdt599330: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = Kalchini<br />
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|25px]] [[Indian Railways]] Station<br />
| style = Indian Railways<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| address = NH 31C/SH12A, Hamiltonganj, Alipurduar 735217<br />
State: West Bengal<br />
| country = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.692778|89.471667|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}<br />
| elevation = {{convert|115|m|ft}} <br />
| line = [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]] <br />
| other = <br />
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]<br />
| platform = 2<br />
| tracks = 3 (broad gauge)<br />
| parking = Available<br />
| bicycle = <br />
| opened = <br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| code = {{Indian railway code<br />
| code = KCF<br />
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]<br />
| division = [[Alipurduar railway division|Alipurduar]]<br />
}}<br />
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] <br />
| status = Functioning<br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| map_dot_label = '''Kalchini Railway Station'''<br />
| map_size = 300<br />
| map_type = India West Bengal#India<br />
| map_caption = Location in [[West Bengal]]##Location in India<br />
}}<br />
'''Kalchini railway station'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Departures from KCF/Kalchini (2 PFs)|url=http://amp.indiarailinfo.com/departures/kalchini-kcf/7172|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> serves the town of [[Kalchini]], lying on [[Doars]] region in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].The station lies on [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar–Samuktala Road line]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway]] zone, [[Alipurduar railway division]]. Major Trains like [[New Jalpaiguri–Alipurduar Tourist Express]], [[Siliguri–Alipurduar Intercity Express]]<ref name="indiarailinfo7">{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-siliguri-alipur-duar-intercity-express-15767/18647/445/449|title=15767/Siliguri - Alipur Duar Intercity Express (UnReserved) - Siliguri to Alipur Duar NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref> [[Siliguri–Dhubri Intercity Express]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Siliguri-Dhubri Intercity Express|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-dhubri-intercity-express-15765xx/13867/445/449|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> etc. are available from this station.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Alipurduar railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Alipurduar district]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poaching&diff=453743Poaching2026-02-19T04:55:46Z<p>WillyFdt599330: improve intro per sources and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Illegal hunting of wildlife}}<br />
{{Other uses}}<br />
{{Redirect|Illegal hunting|making hunting illegal|Hunting ban}}<br />
{{Redirect|Poacher|other uses|Poacher (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
[[File:Le braconnier par Frédéric Rouge.jpg|thumb|''The Poacher'' by Frédéric Rouge (1867–1950)]]<br />
{{Environmental law}}<br />
'''Poaching''' is the illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals, usually associated with [[land use rights]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Poaching |year=2002 |encyclopedia=Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary |edition=2nd |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=978-0-375-42599-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2005 |encyclopedia=World book Encyclopedia |volume=15 |title=Poaching |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc. |location=Springfield}}</ref><br />
Poaching was once performed by impoverished peasants for subsistence purposes and to supplement meager diets.<ref name=Britannica>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia =Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2010 |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/465611/poaching |title=Poaching |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |edition=15th |access-date=18 August 2013}}</ref> It was set against the hunting privileges of nobility and territorial rulers.<ref name=Krauss1997>{{Cite book |last=Krauss |first=M. |date=1997 |title=Herrschaftspraxis in Bayern und Preussen im 19. Jahrhundert: ein historischer Vergleich |publisher=Campus Verlag |chapter=Die Konfrontation mit dem traditionalen Rechtsverständnis: Raub, Holzdiebstahl, Lebensmitteltumult |pages=321–352 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xnX80Q8NiSQC&pg=PA322 |isbn=978-3-593-35849-9 |location=Frankfurt, New York |language=de}}</ref><br />
<br />
Since the 1980s, the term "poaching" has also been used to refer to the illegal harvesting of wild plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Power Bratton |first1=S. |year=1985 |title=Effects of disturbance by visitors on two woodland orchid species in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=211–227 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(85)90068-0 |bibcode=1985BCons..31..211P }}</ref><ref name="Muth1998">{{cite journal |last1=Muth |first1=R. M. |last2=Bowe |first2=Jr. |year=1998 |title=Illegal harvest of renewable natural resources in North America: Toward a typology of the motivations for poaching |journal=Society & Natural Resources |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=9–24 |doi=10.1080/08941929809381058 |bibcode=1998SNatR..11....9M }}</ref> In agricultural terms, the term 'poaching' is also applied to the loss of soils or grass by the damaging action of feet of livestock, which can affect availability of productive land, water pollution through increased runoff and welfare issues for cattle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cuttle |first1=S. P. |editor1-last=McDowell |editor1-first=R. W. |title=Environmental Impacts of Pasture-based Farming |date=2008 |publisher=Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International |isbn=978-1-84593-411-8 |pages=36–38 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoPW4zoFhGMC |access-date=19 February 2016 |chapter=Impacts of Pastoral Grazing on Soil Quality}}</ref> Stealing livestock, as in [[cattle raiding]], classifies as theft rather than poaching.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=August |first1=R. |year=1993 |title=Cowboys v. Rancheros: The Origins of Western American Livestock Law |journal=Southwestern Historical Quarterly |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=457–490}}</ref><br />
<br />
The United Nations' [[Sustainable Development Goal 15]] enshrines the sustainable use of all wildlife. It targets the taking of action on dealing with poaching and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna to ensure their availability for present and future generations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goal 15 targets|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html|access-date=24 September 2020|archive-date=4 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legal aspects ==<br />
[[File:Tom Thomson Poacher.jpg|thumb|''The Poacher'', 1916 sketch by [[Tom Thomson]], Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto]]<br />
In 1998, [[Environmental science|environmental scientists]] from the [[University of Massachusetts Amherst]] proposed the concept of poaching as an [[environmental crime]] and defined as any illegal activity that contravenes the laws and regulations established to protect renewable [[natural resource]]s, including the illegal harvest of wildlife with the intention of [[possession (law)|possessing]], transporting, consuming or selling it and using its body parts. They considered poaching as one of the most serious threats to the survival of plant and animal populations.<ref name="Muth1998" /> [[Wildlife biologist]]s and [[conservation biology|conservationists]] consider poaching to have a detrimental effect on [[biodiversity]] both within and outside [[protected area]]s as wildlife populations decline, [[species]] are depleted locally, and the functionality of [[ecosystem]]s is disturbed.<ref name="Lindsey2012">{{cite book |author1=Lindsey, P. |author2=Balme, G. |author3=Becker, M. |author4=Begg, C. |author5=Bento, C. |author6=Bocchino, C. |author7=Dickman, A. |author8=Diggle, R. |author9=Eves, H. |author10=Henschel, P. |author11=Lewis, D. |author12=Marnewick, K. |author13=Mattheus, J. |author14=McNutt, J. W. |author15=McRobb, R. |author16=Midlane, N., Milanzi, J., Morley, R., Murphree, M., Nyoni, P., Opyene, V., Phadima, J., Purchase, N., Rentsch, D., Roche, C., Shaw, J., van der Westhuizen, H., Van Vliet, N., Zisadza, P. |year=2012 |title=Illegal hunting and the bush-meat trade in savanna Africa: drivers, impacts and solutions to address the problem |location=New York |publisher=Panthera, [[Zoological Society of London]], [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Continental Europe ===<br />
[[File: Das Ende des Wildschuetzen.jpg|thumb|End of the poacher, illustration based on a painting by August Dieffenbacher, 1894]]<br />
[[File: Schliersee JennerweinGrab.jpg|thumb|Grave of a poacher in Schliersee, quoting the first stanza of the Jennerwein song. Now and then, poached game is being placed on the grave to commemorate 'Girgl'.]]<br />
[[File:Marterl Riederstein.jpg|thumb|[[Wayside shrine|Marterl]] at the Riederstein, near [[Baumgartenschneid]], Tegernsee. The remains of a poacher, who had never returned from a hunting expedition in 1861, were found at the site in 1897.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bergundtotschlag.wordpress.com/tag/leonhard-pottinger/ |title=Leonhard Pöttinger {{!}} Berg und Totschlag (Poettinger – mountain and murder) |last=Bauer |first=D. |date=2013 |website=bergundtotschlag.wordpress.com|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>]]<br />
Austria and Germany refer to poaching not as theft but as intrusion into third-party hunting rights.<ref name=Girtler1998>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlZPi7LkeH4C |title=Wilderer: Rebellen in den Bergen |last=Girtler |first=R. |date=1998 |publisher=Böhlau Verlag |location=Wien |isbn=978-3-205-98823-6 |language=de}}</ref> While [[ancient Germanic law]] allowed any free man, including peasants, to hunt, especially on [[common land]], [[Roman law]] restricted hunting to the rulers. In [[medieval Europe]] rulers of feudal territories from the king downward tried to enforce exclusive rights of the nobility to hunt and fish on the lands that they ruled. Poaching was deemed a serious crime punishable by imprisonment, but enforcement was comparably weak until the 16th century. Peasants were still allowed to continue small game hunting, but the right of the nobility to hunt was restricted in the 16th century and transferred to land ownership. The low quality of guns made it necessary to approach the game as close as {{cvt|30|m|ft}}. Poachers in the [[Salzburg_(state)|Salzburg]] region were typically unmarried men around 30 years of age and usually alone on their illegal trade.<ref name=BSZ2014>{{Cite news |url=http://www.bayerische-staatszeitung.de/staatszeitung/unser-bayern/detailansicht-unser-bayern/artikel/rebellen-der-berge.html |title=Rebellen der Berge |trans-title=Rebels of the mountains |date=2014 |newspaper=Bayerische Staatszeitung |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The development of modern hunting rights is closely connected to the comparatively modern idea of exclusive private ownership of land. In the 17th and the 18th centuries, the restrictions on hunting and shooting rights on private property were enforced by gamekeepers and foresters. They denied shared usage of forests, such as [[resin worker|resin collection]] and [[wood pasture]] and the peasants right to hunt and fish. However, by end of the 18th century, comparably-easy access to rifles increasingly allowed peasants and servants to poach.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IT16_DDq4gC |title=Allmende und Allmendaufhebung: vergleichende Studien zum Spätmittelalter bis Zu den Agrarreformen des 18./19. Jahrhunderts |last=Zückert |first=H. |date=2003 |publisher=Lucius & Lucius |isbn=978-3-8282-0226-9 |language=de}}</ref> Hunting was used in the 18th century as a theatrical{{clarify|date=December 2021}} demonstration of the aristocratic rule of the land and also had a strong impact on land use patterns.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sehepunkte.de/2004/02/3754.html |title=Sehepunkte – Rezension von: Ebersberg oder das Ende der Wildnis – Ausgabe 4 (2004), Nr. 2, review of Rainer Beck: Ebersberg oder das Ende der Wildnis (Ebersberg and the end of wilderness), 2003 |website=www.sehepunkte.de |access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref> Poaching not only interfered with property rights but also clashed symbolically with the power of the nobility. Between 1830 and 1848, poaching and poaching-related deaths increased in [[Bavaria]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/index.php5?title=Wilderei&pdf=true#d.29_Zunahme_der_Wilderei_ab_1830 |title=Wilderei – Historisches Lexikon Bayerns, poaching entry in the Bavarian historical encyclopedia |last=Freitag |first=W. |date=2013 |website=www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914153235/https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/index.php5?title=Wilderei&pdf=true#d.29_Zunahme_der_Wilderei_ab_1830 |archive-date=14 September 2016 }}</ref> The [[German revolutions of 1848–49]] were interpreted as a general permission for poaching in Bavaria. The reform of the hunting law in 1849 restricted legal hunting to rich landowners and middle classes who could pay hunting fees, which led to disappointment among the general public, who continued to view poachers favourably.{{dubious|date=December 2021}}<ref name=":1" /> Some of the frontier regions, where smuggling was important, showed especially strong resistance to that development. In 1849, the Bavarian military forces were asked to occupy a number of municipalities on the frontier with Austria. Both in Wallgau (now part of [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]]) and in Lackenhäuser, in the Bavarian forest, each household had to feed and accommodate one soldier for a month as part of a military mission to quell the disturbance. The people of Lackenhäuser had several skirmishes with Austrian foresters and military that started due to poached deer. The well-armed people set against the representatives of the state were known as ''bold poachers'' (''kecke Wilderer'').<ref name=Krauss1997/><br />
Some poachers and their violent deaths, like [[Matthias Klostermayr]] (1736–1771), {{Ill|Georg Jennerwein|de}} (1848–1877) and [[Pius Walder]]&nbsp;(1952–1982) gained notoriety and have had a strong cultural impact, which has persisted until today.<ref name=BSZ2014 /> Poaching was used as a dare. It had a certain erotic connotation, as in [[Franz Schubert]]'s Hunter's love song, (1828, [[Schubert Thematic Catalogue]]&nbsp;909).{{cn|date=January 2026}} The lyrics of [[Franz von Schober]] connected unlimited hunting with the pursuit of love.{{cn|date=January 2026}} Further poaching related legends and stories ranged from the 1821 opera [[Freischütz]]{{cn|date=January 2026}} to [[Wolfgang Franz von Kobell]]'s 1871 story about the Brandner Kasper, a [[Tegernsee]] locksmith and poacher who struck a special deal with the [[Personifications of death|Grim Reaper]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Wilhelm, K. |title=Der Brandner Kaspar und das ewig' Leben |date=2009 |place=Rosenheim |publisher=Rosenheimer Verlagshaus |isbn=9783475534935 |language=de}}</ref><br />
While poachers had strong local support until the early 20th century, Walder's case showed a significant change in attitudes. Urban citizens still had some sympathy for the [[hillbilly]] rebel, but the local community was much supportive.<ref name=Girtler1998/><br />
<br />
=== United Kingdom ===<br />
[[File:Tremedda Warning.jpg|thumb|Brass plaque on door at [[Tremedda]] farm dating to 1868, warning that poachers shall be shot on first sight]]<br />
<br />
Poaching, like [[wildlife trade#Illegal wildlife trade|smuggling]], has a long history in the United Kingdom. The [[verb]] ''poach'' is [[etymology|derived]] from the [[Middle English]] word ''pocchen'' literally meaning ''[[bag]]ged'', ''enclosed in a bag'', which is [[cognate]] with "pouch".<ref name="Oxford05">{{cite book |chapter-url=http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/poach--2 |title=The new Oxford American dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |location=New York |chapter=Poaching |editor=McKean, Erin |access-date=18 August 2013 |archive-date=28 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928003722/http://oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/poach--2 }}</ref><ref name="Merriam2003">{{cite book |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poaching?show=0&t=1376128897 |title=The Merriam-Webster Unabridged Dictionary |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc. |year=2003 |location=Springfield |author=Merriam-Webster, Inc. |contribution=Poaching |access-date=18 August 2013}}</ref><br />
Poaching was dispassionately reported for England in "Pleas of the Forest", transgressions of the rigid Anglo-Norman [[royal forest#Forest law|forest law]].<ref>{{cite journal |year=1884 |title=Staffordshire Forest Pleas: Introduction |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=52372 |journal=Staffordshire Historical Collections |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=123–135 |last1=Wrottesley |first1=G. |author-link=George Wrottesley}}</ref> [[William the Conqueror]], who was a great lover of hunting, established and enforced a system of forest law. This system operated outside the [[common law]] and served to protect game animals and their forest habitat from hunting by the common people of England, while reserving hunting rights for the new French-speaking Anglo-Norman aristocracy. Henceforth, hunting of game in royal forests by commoners was punishable by hanging. In 1087, the poem "[[The Rime of King William]]", contained in the [[Peterborough Chronicle]], expressed English indignation at the severe new laws. Poaching was romanticised in literature from the time of the [[ballad]]s of [[Robin Hood]], as an aspect of the "greenwood" of [[Merry England]]. In one tale, Robin Hood is depicted as offering King [[Richard the Lion Heart]] venison from deer that was illegally hunted in the Sherwood Forest, the King overlooking the fact that this hunting was a capital offence. The widespread acceptance of the common criminal activity is encapsulated in the observation ''Non est inquirendum, unde venit venison'' ("It is not to be inquired, whence comes the venison") that was made by [[Guillaume Budé]] in his ''Traitte de la vénerie''.<ref>Budé, G. (1861). [https://archive.org/stream/traittedelavner00chevgoog#page/n10/mode/2up ''Traitte de la vénerie'']. Auguste Aubry, Paris. Reported by Sir Walter Scott, ''[[The Fortunes of Nigel]]'', Ch. 31: "The knave deer-stealers have an apt phrase, Non est inquirendum unde venit venison"; [[Henry Thoreau]], and [[Simon Schama]], ''Landscape and Memory'', 1995:137, reporting [[William Gilpin (priest)|William Gilpin]], ''Remarks on Forest Scenery''.</ref> However, the English nobility and land owners were in the long term extremely successful in enforcing the modern concept of property, such as expressed in the [[enclosures]] of common land and later in the [[Highland Clearances]], both of which were [[forced displacement]] of people from traditional land tenancies and erstwhile-common land. The 19th century saw the rise of acts of legislation, such as the [[Night Poaching Act 1828]] and the [[Game Act 1831]] ([[1 & 2 Will. 4]]. c. 32) in the United Kingdom, and various laws elsewhere.{{cn|date=October 2025}}<br />
<br />
=== United States ===<br />
[[File:Lady Baltimore, in her habitat.jpg|thumb|[[Lady Baltimore (bald eagle)|Lady Baltimore]], a [[bald eagle]] in [[Alaska]] survived a poaching attempt in the [[Juneau Raptor Center]] [[Mews (falconry)|mews]] on 15 August 2015]]<br />
[[File:FMIB 34651 Ducks Illegally Netted in Lake Ontario.jpeg|thumb|Poached ducks in [[Lake Ontario]], 1915.]]<br />
In North America, the blatant defiance of the laws by poachers escalated to armed conflicts with law authorities, including the [[Oyster Wars]] of the [[Chesapeake Bay]] and the joint US-British [[Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations]] of 1891 over the hunting of seals. In the [[Chesapeake Bay]] in the 1930s one of the biggest threats to [[Anseriformes|waterfowl]] was local poachers using [[Flat-bottomed boat|flat boats]] with [[swivel gun|swivel]] [[cannon]]s that killed entire [[Flock (birds)|flocks]] with one [[gunshot|shot]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dacy |first=George H. |date=1933 |title=Poaching Made Big Business by Ruthless Gangs of Killers |journal=Popular Science |volume=123 |issue=4 |pages=30–31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodall |first=Jamie L. H. |title=Pirates of the Chesapeake Bay: from the colonial era to the Oyster Wars |date=2020 |publisher=History Press |isbn=978-1-4671-4116-1 |location=Charleston, SC |oclc=on1121083054}}{{Page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=Harry M. |title=The outlaw gunner: a journey from hunting for survival to a call for waterfowl conservation |publisher=Schiffer Publishing |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-7643-6061-9 |edition=Second |location=Atglen, PA}}{{Page needed|date=September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
Violations of [[hunting laws]] and regulations concerning [[wildlife management]], local or international [[wildlife conservation]] schemes constitute wildlife crimes that are typically punishable.<ref name=Musgrave1993>{{cite journal |author1=Musgrave, R. S. |author2=Parker, S. |author3=Wolok, M. |year=1993 |title=Status of Poaching in the United States – Are We Protecting Our Wildlife? |journal=Natural Resources Journal |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=977–1014}}</ref><ref name=Oldfield2002>{{cite book |editor=Oldfield, S. |year=2002 |title=The Trade in Wildlife: Regulation for Conservation |publisher=Earthscan Publications Ltd. |place=London}}</ref> The following violations and offenses are considered acts of poaching in the US:<br />
* Hunting, killing or collecting wildlife that is listed as [[endangered species|endangered]] by the [[IUCN]] and protected by law such as the [[Endangered Species Act]], the [[Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918]] and international treaties such as [[CITES]].<ref name=Musgrave1993/><br />
* Fishing and hunting without a [[hunting license|license]].<ref name=Oldfield2002/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Eliason |first1=S |year=2003 |title=Illegal hunting and angling: The neutralization of wildlife law violations |journal=Society & Animals |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=225–244 |doi=10.1163/156853003322773032 |s2cid=143410598}}</ref><br />
* Capturing wildlife outside legal hours and outside the [[hunting season]];<ref name=Musgrave1993 /><ref name=Oldfield2002/> usually the [[breeding season]] is declared as the [[closed season]] during which wildlife is protected by law;<br />
* [[Canned hunt]]ing;<br />
* Prohibited use of machine guns, [[poison]], [[explosive]]s, [[snare trap]]s, [[Net (device)|nets]] and [[pitfall trap]]s.<ref name=Musgrave1993/><br />
* Other offenses of incorrect weaponry, such as the use of cartridge rifles in muzzleloader or archery season or in shotgun-only areas, or the killing of big game animals with insufficient firepower such as [[.22 Long Rifle]] rounds.<br />
* Prohibited use of [[bait (luring substance)|baiting]] with food, decoys or recorded calls to increase chances for shooting wildlife.<ref name=Musgrave1993 /><br />
* Hunting from a moving vehicle or aircraft.<ref name=Musgrave1993/><br />
* Scouting game animals from an aircraft.<br />
* [[Spotlighting]], or shining animals with a [[searchlight|spotlight]] at night to impair their natural defences and thus facilitate an easy kill, is considered [[animal abuse]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Green |first1=G. S. |year=2002 |title=The other criminalities of animal freeze-killers: Support for a generality of deviance |journal=Society & Animals |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=5–30 |doi=10.1163/156853002760030851}}</ref> This hunting method is illegal in California, [[Virginia]], [[Connecticut]], Florida, [[Michigan]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Maine]], [[Texas]], and [[Tennessee]].<ref name=Musgrave1993/><br />
* Night Hunting;<br />
* [[Trespassing]];<br />
* Taking wildlife on land that is restricted, owned by, or licensed to somebody else.<br />
* The animal or plant has been tagged by a researcher.<br />
* Taking females and juveniles. <br />
* Hunting or fishing over [[Bag limits|limit]]. <br />
<br />
=== Africa ===<br />
In 2008, efforts to combat rhino poaching in [[Kruger National Park]] were bolstered by a new aerial surveillance solution in cooperation with the Ichikowitz Family Foundation and [[South African National Parks]] (SANParks). A specialist reconnaissance aircraft, The Seeker Seabird, incorporating sophisticated surveillance technology, was introduced to accomplish this goal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2008|title=Media Release: SANParks and private sector take rhino poaching war to the skies|url=https://www.sanparks.org/news/media-release-sanparks-and-private-sector-take-rhino-poaching-war-to-the-skies|website=South African National Parks}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015, [[Stephen Corry]], director of the human rights group [[Survival International]], argued that the term "poaching" has been used to criminalize the traditional subsistence techniques of [[indigenous peoples]] and to bar them from hunting on their ancestral lands when they are declared as wildlife-only zones.<ref name="Diplomat">Harvey, Gemima (1 October 2015). [https://thediplomat.com/2015/10/indigenous-communities-and-biodiversity/ "Indigenous Communities and Biodiversity".] ''The Diplomat''.</ref> Corry argues that parks such as the [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]] are managed for the benefit of foreign tourists and safari groups at the expense of the livelihoods of tribal peoples such as the Kalahari [[bushmen]].<ref>Smith, Oliver (1 October 2010). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/8036214/Tourists-urged-to-boycott-Botswana.html "Tourists urged to boycott Botswana".] ''The Telegraph'' (London).</ref><br />
<br />
== Motives ==<br />
[[Sociology|Sociological]] and [[Criminology|criminological]] research on poaching indicates that in North America people poach for commercial gain, home consumption, [[Trophy hunting|trophies]], pleasure, and thrill in killing wildlife or because they disagree with certain hunting regulations, claim a traditional right to hunt, or have negative dispositions toward legal authority.<ref name=Muth1998 /> In rural areas of the United States, the key motives for poaching are poverty.<ref name="Rural Policing 1994">{{cite book |last1=Weisheit |first1=R. A. |last2=Falcone |first2=D. N. |last3=Wells |first3=L. E. |year=1994 |title=Rural Crime and Policing |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice: Office of Justice Programs:National Institute of Justice |url=https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/rcrp.pdf |access-date=9 August 2013}}</ref> Interviews conducted with 41 poachers in the [[Atchafalaya River]] basin in [[Louisiana]] revealed that 37 of them hunt to provide food for themselves and their families; 11 stated that poaching is part of their personal or cultural history; nine earn money from the sale of poached game to support their families; and eight feel exhilarated and thrilled by outsmarting [[game warden]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Forsyth |first1=C. J. |last2=Gramling |first2=R. |last3=Wooddell |first3=G. |year=1998 |title=The game of poaching: Folk crimes in southwest Louisiana |journal=Society & Natural Resources |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–38 |doi=10.1080/08941929809381059|bibcode=1998SNatR..11...25F }}</ref><br />
<br />
In rural areas in Africa, the key motives for poaching are the lack of employment opportunities and a limited potential for agriculture and [[Livestock husbandry|livestock production]]. Poor people rely on [[natural resource]]s for their survival and generate cash income through the sale of [[bushmeat]], which attracts high prices in urban centres. Body parts of wildlife are also in demand for [[traditional medicine]] and ceremonies.<ref name=Lindsey2012 /><br />
The existence of an [[wildlife trade#illegal wildlife trade|international market]] for poached wildlife implies that well-organised [[gang]]s of professional poachers enter vulnerable areas to hunt, and [[crime syndicates]] organise the trafficking of wildlife body parts through a complex interlinking network to markets outside the respective countries of origin.<ref name=Banks2006>{{cite report |author1=Banks, D. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Lawson, S. |author3=Wright, B. |year=2006 |title=Skinning the Cat: Crime and Politics of the Big Cat Skin Trade |location=London, New Delhi |publisher=Environmental Investigation Agency, Wildlife Protection Society of India |url=http://www.wpsi-india.org/images/EIA-WPSI_Skinning_The_Cat.pdf}}</ref><ref name=Miliken2012>{{cite report |author1=Milliken, T. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Shaw, J. |year=2012 |url=http://www.traffic.org/species-reports/traffic_species_mammals66.pdf |title=The South Africa – Viet Nam Rhino Horn Trade Nexus: A deadly combination of institutional lapses, corrupt wildlife industry professionals and Asian crime syndicates |publisher=TRAFFIC |location=Johannesburg, South Africa}}</ref> Armed conflict in Africa has been linked to intensified poaching and wildlife declines within protected areas,<ref name=DaskinPringle>{{cite journal |last1=Daskin|first1=J. H.|last2=Pringle |first2=R. M. |name-list-style=amp |title=Warfare and wildlife declines in Africa's protected areas |journal=Nature |volume=553 |issue=7688 |pages=328–332 |year=2018 |pmid=29320475 |doi=10.1038/nature25194|bibcode=2018Natur.553..328D|s2cid=4464877}}</ref> likely reflecting the disruption of traditional livelihoods, which causes people to seek alternative food sources.<br />
<br />
Results of an interview survey conducted in several villages in [[Tanzania]] indicate that one of the major reasons of poaching is for consumption and sale of [[bushmeat]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilfred |first=P. |last2=Maccoll |first2=A. |date=2015 |title=Local perspectives on factors influencing the extent of wildlife poaching for bushmeat in a game reserve, western Tanzania |journal=International Journal of Conservation Science |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=99–110 |name-list-style=amp |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279198404}}</ref> Usually, bushmeat is considered a subset of poaching because of the hunting of animals regardless of the laws that conserve certain species of animals. Many families consume more bushmeat if there are no alternative sources of protein available such as fish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brashares |first=J. S. |last2=Arcese |first2=P. |last3=Sam |first3=M. K. |last4=Coppolillo |first4=P. B. |last5=Sinclair |first5=A. R. E. |last6=Balmford |first6=A. |date=2004 |title=Bushmeat Hunting, Wildlife Declines, and Fish Supply in West Africa |journal=Science |volume=306 |issue=5699 |pages=1180–1183 |doi=10.1126/science.1102425 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> The further the families were from the reserve, the less likely they were to illegally hunt wildlife for bushmeat. They were more likely to hunt for bushmeat right before the harvest season and during heavy rains, as before the harvest season, there is not much agricultural work, and heavy rainfall obscures human tracks and makes it easier for poachers to get away with their crimes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=MacColl |first1=A. |last2=Wilfred |first2=P. |name-list-style=amp |date=2015 |title=Local Perspectives on Factors Influencing the Extent of Wildlife Poaching for Bushmeat in a Game Reserve, Western Tanzania |journal=International Journal of Conservation Science |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=99–110}}</ref><br />
<br />
Poverty seems to be a large impetus to cause people to poach, something that affects both residents in Africa and Asia. For example, in [[Thailand]], there are anecdotal accounts of the desire for a better life for children, which drive rural poachers to take the risk of poaching even though they dislike exploiting the wildlife.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=Tigers of the World |edition=Second |last=Nyhus |first=P. J. |publisher=Academic Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-8155-1570-8 |page=118}}</ref><br />
<br />
Another major cause of poaching is the cultural high demand of wildlife products, such as ivory, which are seen as symbols of status and wealth in China. According to Joseph Vandegrift, China saw an unusual spike in demand for ivory in the 21st century because the economic boom allowed more middle-class Chinese to have a higher purchasing power, which incentivized them to show off their newfound wealth by using ivory, which has been a rare commodity since the [[Han dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author1=Vandergrift, J. |year=2013 |title=Elephant Poaching: CITES Failure to Combat the Growth in Chinese Demand for Ivory |journal=Virginia Environmental Law Journal |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=102–135 |jstor=44679553}}</ref><br />
<br />
In China, there are problems with wildlife conservation, specifically relating to tigers. Several authors collaborated on the piece "Public attitude toward tiger farming and tiger conservation in Beijing, China", and explored the option of whether it would be a better policy to raise tigers on a farm or put them in a wildlife conservation habitat to preserve the species. Conducting a survey on 1,058 residents of Beijing, China, with 381 being university students and the other 677 being regular citizens, they tried to gauge public opinion about tigers and conservation efforts for them. They were asked questions regarding the value of tigers in relations to ecology, science, education, aestheticism, and culture. However, one reason emerged as to why tigers are still highly demanded in illegal trading: culturally, they are still status symbols of wealth for the upper class, and they are still thought to have mysterious medicinal and healthcare effects.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |title=Public attitude toward tiger farming and tiger conservation in Beijing, China |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=18 |issue=4 |doi=10.1111/acv.12181 |year=2015 |pages=367–376 |author1=Liu, Z. |author2=Jiang, Z. |author3=Li, C. |author4=Fang, H. |author5=Ping, X. |author6=Luo, Z. |author7=Tang, S. |author8=Li, L. |author9=Meng, Z. |author10=Zeng, Y. |bibcode=2015AnCon..18..367L |s2cid=54699266 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Effects ==<br />
[[File:Rhino Killings.jpg|thumb|Memorial to rhinos killed by poachers near [[St Lucia Estuary]], South Africa]]<br />
{{Further|Species affected by poaching}}<br />
The detrimental effects of poaching can include:<br />
* [[Defaunation]] of forests: [[predator]]s, [[herbivore]]s and fruit-eating [[vertebrate]]s cannot recover as fast as they are removed from a forest; as their populations decline, the pattern of [[seed predation]] and [[seed dispersal|dispersal]] is altered; tree species with large seeds progressively dominate a forest, while small-seeded plant species become [[Local extinction|locally extinct]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Redford |first=K. |title=The Empty Forest |journal=BioScience |date=1992 |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=412–422 |jstor=1311860 |url=http://www.biology.ufl.edu/courses/pcb5356/2011fall/kitajima/Redford1992Biosci.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111203443/http://www.biology.ufl.edu/courses/pcb5356/2011fall/kitajima/Redford1992Biosci.pdf |archive-date=11 November 2013 |doi=10.2307/1311860 }}</ref><br />
* Reduction of animal populations in the wild and possible extinction.<ref>Harrison, R., Sreekar, R., Brodie, J. F., Brook, S. et al. "[https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12785 Impacts of hunting on tropical forests in Southeast Asia]" ''Conservation Biology'', Vol. 30. No. 5 (2016). pp. 972–981.</ref><br />
* The effective size of protected areas is reduced as poachers use the edges of these areas as [[open-access resource]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dobson, A. |author2=Lynes, L. |year=2008 |title=How does poaching affect the size of national parks? |journal=Trends in Ecology and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=177–180|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2007.08.019 |pmid=18313793 |bibcode=2008TEcoE..23..177D }}</ref><br />
* [[Wildlife tourism]] destinations face a negative publicity; those holding a permit for wildlife-based land uses, tourism-based tour and [[lodging]] operators lose income; employment opportunities are reduced.<ref name=Lindsey2012 /><br />
* Emergence of [[zoonotic disease]]s caused by transmission of highly variable [[retrovirus]] chains:<br />
** Outbreaks of the [[Ebola virus]] in the [[Congo Basin]] and in [[Gabon]] in the 1990s have been associated with the butchering of [[Pan (genus)|apes]] and consumption of their meat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Georges-Courbot |first1=M. C. |last2=Sanchez |first2=A. |last3=Lu |first3=C. Y. |last4=Baize |first4=S. |last5=Leroy |first5=E. |last6=Lansout-Soukate |first6=J. |last7=Tévi-Bénissan |first7=C. |last8=Georges |first8=A. J. |last9=Trappier |first9=S. G. | last10 = Zaki | first10 = S. R. |last11=Swanepoel |first11=R. |last12=Leman |first12=P. A. |last13=Rollin |first13=P. E. |last14=Peters |first14=C. J. |last15=Nichol |first15=S. T. |last16=Ksiazek |first16=T. G. |year=1997 |title=Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of Ebola viruses causing different outbreaks in Gabon |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=59–62 |doi=10.3201/eid0301.970107 |pmid=9126445 |pmc=2627600}}</ref><br />
** The outbreak of [[SARS]] in Hong Kong is attributed to contact with and consumption of meat from [[masked palm civet]]s, [[raccoon dog]]s, [[Chinese ferret-badger]]s and other small carnivores that are available in [[southern China|southern Chinese]] wildlife markets.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=D. |last2=Roberton |first2=S. |last3=Hunter |first3=P. R. |year=2004 |title=Animal origins of SARS coronavirus: possible links with the international trade in small carnivores |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences |volume=359 |issue=1447 |pages=1107–1114 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2004.1492|pmc=1693393 |pmid=15306396}}</ref><br />
** Bushmeat hunters in Central Africa infected with the [[human T-lymphotropic virus]] were closely exposed to wild [[primate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Wolfe, N. D. |author2=Heneine, W. |author3=Carr, J. K. |author4=Garcia, A. D. |author5=Shanmugam, V. |author6=Tamoufe, U. |author7=Torimiro, J. N. |author8=Prosser, A. T. |author9=Lebreton, M. |author10=Mpoudi-Ngole, E. |author11=McCutchan, F. E. |author12=Birx, D. L. |author13=Folks, T. M. |author14=Burke, D. S. |author15=Switzer, W. M. |year=2005 |title=Emergence of unique primate T-lymphotropic viruses among central African bushmeat hunters |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=102 |issue=22 |pages=7994–7999 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.0501734102|pmid=15911757 |pmc=1142377 |bibcode=2005PNAS..102.7994W |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
** Results of research on wild [[central chimpanzee]]s in [[Cameroon]] indicate that they are naturally infected with the [[simian foamy virus]] and constitute a reservoir of [[HIV-1]], a precursor of the [[acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]] in humans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keele |first1=B. F. |last2=Van Heuverswyn |first2=F. |last3=Li |first3=Y. |last4=Bailes |first4=E. |last5=Takehisa |first5=J. |last6=Santiago |first6=M. L. |last7=Bibollet-Ruche |first7=F. |last8=Chen |first8=Y. |last9=Wain |first9=L. V. | last10 = Liegeois | first10 = F. |last11=Loul |first11=S. |last12=Ngole |first12=E. M. |last13=Bienvenue |first13=Y. |last14=Delaporte |first14=E. |last15=Brookfield |first15=J. F. |last16=Sharp |first16=P. M. |last17=Shaw |first17=G. M. |last18=Peeters |first18=M. |last19=Hahn |first19=B. H. |year=2006 |title=Chimpanzee reservoirs of pandemic and nonpandemic HIV-1 |journal=Science |volume=313 |issue= 5786|pages=523–526 |doi=10.1126/science.1126531 |pmid=16728595 |pmc=2442710|bibcode=2006Sci...313..523K }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Products ==<br />
[[File:Seashell vendor.jpeg|thumb|A [[seashell]] vendor in [[Tanzania]] sells seashells to tourists, seashells which have been taken from the sea alive, killing the animal inside.]]<br />
The body parts of many animals, such as tigers and [[rhinoceros]]es, are [[Traditional medicine|traditionally believed]] in some cultures to have certain positive effects on the human body, including increasing virility and curing cancer. These parts are sold in areas where these beliefs are practiced – mostly Asian countries, particularly [[Vietnam]] and China – on the black market.<ref name="Pederson">{{cite web |last=Pederson |first=Stephanie |title=Continued Poaching Will Result in the Degradation of Fragile Ecosystems |url=http://www.theinternational.org/articles/188-continued-poaching-will-result-in-the-deg |publisher=The International |access-date=31 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128093002/http://www.theinternational.org/articles/188-continued-poaching-will-result-in-the-deg |archive-date=28 January 2013 }}</ref> Such [[Alternative medicine|alternative medical]] beliefs are [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] and are not supported by [[evidence-based medicine]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jacobs|first=Ryan|title=AK-47s, Quack Medicine, and Heaps of Cash: The Gruesome Rhino Horn Trade, Explained|url=https://www.motherjones.com/environment/2012/08/rhino-horn-trade-explained/|access-date=24 July 2020|website=Mother Jones|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Le Roux|first=Mariëtte|date=25 March 2018|title=Quackery and superstition: species pay the cost|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-03-quackery-superstition-species.html|access-date=24 July 2020|website=Agence France-Presse|language=en|via=phys.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Chinese illegal medicinal products.jpg|thumb|200px|A vendor selling illegal items at a Chinese market for use in [[traditional Chinese medicine]]. Some of the pieces pictured include parts of animals such as a tiger's paw.]]<br />
[[Traditional Chinese medicine#Animal products|Traditional Chinese medicine]] often incorporates ingredients from all parts of plants, the leaf, stem, flower, root, and also ingredients from animals and minerals. The use of parts of [[endangered species]] (such as [[seahorse (fish)|seahorses]], [[rhinoceros]] horns, [[binturong]], [[pangolin]] scales and tiger bones and claws) has created controversy and resulted in a [[black market]] of poachers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Uhm |first1=D.P. |title=The social construction of the value of wildlife: A green cultural criminological perspective |journal=Theoretical Criminology |date=2018 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=384–401 |doi=10.1177/1362480618787170|pmid=30245576 |pmc=6120127 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Weirum, B. K. |url=http://www.sfgate.com/travel/article/Will-traditional-Chinese-medicine-mean-the-end-of-3236621.php |title=Will traditional Chinese medicine mean the end of the wild tiger? |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=11 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scientist.com/channel/life/endangered-species/dn3376 |title=Rhino rescue plan decimates Asian antelopes |publisher=Newscientist.com |access-date=18 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517061549/http://www.scientist.com/channel/life/endangered-species/dn3376 |archive-date=17 May 2013 }}</ref> Deep-seated cultural beliefs in the potency of tiger parts are so prevalent across China and other east Asian countries that laws protecting even critically endangered species such as the [[Sumatran tiger]] fail to stop the display and sale of these items in open markets, according to a 2008 report from TRAFFIC.<ref>{{cite web |author=|url=http://www.traffic.org/home/2008/2/13/tiger-tiger-future-not-so-bright.html |title=Traffic.org |publisher=Traffic.org |date=13 February 2008 |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=15 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115002942/http://www.traffic.org/home/2008/2/13/tiger-tiger-future-not-so-bright.html }}</ref> Popular "medicinal" tiger parts from poached animals include tiger genitals, believed to improve virility, and tiger eyes.<br />
<br />
Rhino populations face extinction because of demand in Asia (for traditional medicine and as a luxury item) and in the Middle East (where horns are used for decoration).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/15/world/africa/rhino-horn-trade/index.html |title=Rhino horn trade triggers extinction threat | website = CNN | date = 15 November 2011 |access-date=8 August 2014 | last = Norgaard | first = Kim}}</ref> A sharp surge in demand for rhino horn in Vietnam was attributed to rumors that the horn cured cancer, though this has no basis in science.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jonathan Watts in Hong Kong |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/nov/25/cure-cancer-rhino-horn-vietnam |title=article, November 2011 |newspaper=Guardian |date=25 November 2011 |access-date=8 August 2014 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Wildlife |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/9525512/Rhinos-under-24-hour-armed-guard.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909082347/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/wildlife/9525512/Rhinos-under-24-hour-armed-guard.html |archive-date=9 September 2012 |title=Telegraph article, "Rhinos under 24 hour armed guard, Sept. 2012 |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=8 September 2012 |access-date=8 August 2014 |location=London}}</ref> In 2012, one kilogram of crushed rhino horn has sold for as much as $60,000, more expensive than a kilogram of gold.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/slaughter-of-rhinos-at-record-high-7687511.html |title=Slaughter of rhinos at record high |publisher=Independent.co.uk |date=29 April 2012 |access-date=8 August 2014 |location=London |first1=David |last1=Randall |first2=Jonathan |last2=Owen}}</ref> Vietnam is the only nation which mass-produces bowls made for grinding rhino horn.<ref>{{cite news |author=David Smith in Johannesburg |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/sep/04/rhino-horn-wildlife-trade-vietnam |title=Rhino horn: Vietnam's new status symbol heralds conservation nightmare, Guardian September 2012 |newspaper=Guardian |date=4 September 2012 |access-date=8 August 2014 |location=London}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Ivory]], which is a natural material of several animals, plays a large part in the trade of illegal animal materials and poaching. Ivory is a material used in creating art objects and jewelry where the [[ivory carving|ivory is carved]] with designs. China is a consumer of the ivory trade and accounts for a significant amount of ivory sales. In 2012, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported on a large upsurge in ivory poaching, with about 70% of all illegal ivory flowing to China.<ref name=nyt120903>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/04/world/africa/africas-elephants-are-being-slaughtered-in-poaching-frenzy.html?pagewanted=all |title=Elephants Dying in Epic Frenzy as Ivory Fuels Wars and Profits |first=Jeffrey |last=Gettleman |work=The New York Times |date=3 September 2012}}</ref><ref name=nyt121226>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/27/world/africa/in-gabon-lure-of-ivory-proves-hard-to-resist.html?pagewanted=all |title=In Gabon, Lure of Ivory Is Hard for Many to Resist |first=Jeffrey |last=Gettleman |work=The New York Times |date=26 December 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Fur]] is also a natural material which is sought after by poachers. A [[Gamsbart]], literally ''chamois beard'', a tuft of hair traditionally worn as a decoration on [[tracht]]en-hats in the [[Alps|alpine]] regions of Austria and [[Bavaria]] formerly was worn as a hunting (and poaching) trophy. In the past, it was made exclusively from hair from the [[chamois]]' lower neck.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFw6Pa02_PkC |title=Randkulturen: Theorie der Unanständigkeit |last=Girtler |first=R. |date=1996 |publisher=Böhlau Verlag |location=Wien |isbn=978-3-205-98559-4 |language=de}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Anti-poaching efforts ==<br />
There are different [[anti-poaching]] efforts around the world. Some research suggests that such work may be more effective at improving populations affected by poaching than protected area expansion<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuempel |first1=C. D. |last2=Adams |first2=V. M. |last3=Possingham |first3=H. P. |last4=Bode |first4=M. |date=2018 |title=Bigger or better: The relative benefits of protected area network expansion and enforcement for the conservation of an exploited species |journal=Conservation Letters |volume=11 |issue=3 |doi=10.1111/conl.12433 |bibcode=2018ConL...11E2433K |issn=1755-263X |hdl=10072/417009 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Timms |first1=L. |last2=Holden |first2=M. H. |date=2024 |title=Optimizing protected area expansion and enforcement to conserve exploited species |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=290 |article-number=110463 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110463 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024BCons.29010463T}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Africa ===<br />
The [[Traffic (conservation programme)|Traffic conservation programme]] brings to light many of the poaching areas and trafficking routes and helps to clamp down on the smuggling routes the poachers use to get the ivory to areas of high demand, predominantly Asia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.traffic.org/|title=TRAFFIC {{!}} Wildlife trade specialists|website=www.traffic.org|language=en|access-date=10 January 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
As many as 35,000 [[African elephant]]s<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Elephants|url=https://www.awf.org/wildlife-conservation/elephant|website=African Wildlife Foundation}}</ref> are slaughtered yearly to feed the demand for their ivory tusks. This ivory then goes on to be used in jewelry, musical instruments, and other trinkets.<br />
<br />
Members of the Rhino Rescue Project have implemented a technique to combat rhino poaching in South Africa by injecting a mixture of indelible [[dye]] and a parasiticide into the animals' horns, which enables tracking of the horns and deters consumption of the horn by purchasers. Since rhino horn is made of [[keratin]], advocates say the procedure is painless for the animal.{{cn|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
Another strategy being used to counter rhino poachers in Africa is called RhODIS, which is a database that compiles rhino DNA from confiscated horns and other goods that were being illegally traded, as well as DNA recovered from poaching sites. RhODIS cross-references the DNA as it searches for matches; if a match is found, it is used to track down the poachers.<br />
<br />
Africa's Wildlife Trust seeks to protect [[African elephant]] populations from poaching activities in Tanzania. Hunting for [[Ivory#Availability|ivory]] was banned in 1989, but poaching of elephants continues in many parts of Africa stricken by economic decline. The [[International Anti-Poaching Foundation]] has a structured military-like approach to conservation, employing tactics and technology generally reserved for the battlefield. Founder [[Damien Mander]] is an advocate of the use of military equipment and tactics, including [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicles]], for military-style anti-poaching operations.<ref>{{cite news |author=Dunn, M. |year=2012 |title=Ex-soldier takes on poachers with hi-tech help for wildlife |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/ex-soldier-takes-on-poachers-with-hi-tech-help-for-wildlife/story-e6frf7kx-1226541411880 |newspaper=Herald Sun}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mander, D. |year=2013 |title=Rise of the drones |journal=Africa Geographic |issue=February |pages=52–55 |url=http://www.iapf.org/images/documents/riseofthedronesjan2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402124230/http://www.iapf.org/images/documents/riseofthedronesjan2013.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>Jacobs, H. (2013). [http://www.australiaunlimited.com/environment/eco-warrior ''The Eco-Warrior''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317005631/http://www.australiaunlimited.com/environment/eco-warrior |date=17 March 2014 }}. Australia Unlimited, 19 April 2013</ref> Such military-style approaches have been criticised for failing to resolve the underlying reasons for poaching, but to neither tackle "the role of global trading networks" nor the continued demand for animal products. Instead, they "result in coercive, unjust and counterproductive approaches to wildlife conservation".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duffy |first1=R. |year=2014 |title=Waging a war to save biodiversity: the rise of militarized conservation |journal=International Affairs |volume=90 |issue=4 |pages=819–834 |doi=10.1111/1468-2346.12142 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/109071/1/Duffy-Int%20Affairs%20pre%20publication%20version.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
Chengeta Wildlife is an organization that works to equip and train wildlife protection teams and lobbies African governments to adopt anti-poaching campaigns.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=HuffPost |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/07/30/ivory-trade-elephants-extinct_n_5631782.html |title=African Elephants May Be Extinct By 2020 Because People Keep Eating With Ivory Chopsticks |date=30 July 2014}}</ref><br />
[[Jim Nyamu]]'s elephant walks are part of attempts in Kenya to reduce ivory poaching.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 November 2015|title=Strategies for success in the ivory war|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/africa-wild/2015/nov/16/strategies-for-success-in-the-ivory-war|website=The Guardian|publisher=Paula Kahumbu}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013, the Tanzanian Minister of Natural Resources and Tourism urged that poachers be shot on sight in an effort to stop the mass killing of elephants.<ref>{{cite news |first=D. |last=Smith |date=2013 |title=Execute elephant poachers on the spot, Tanzanian minister urges |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=29 December 2016 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/oct/08/shoot-elephant-poachers-tanzania-ivory}}</ref><br />
Since December 2016, anti-poaching police units in Namibia are permitted to return fire on poachers if fired upon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.namibiansun.com/news/no-mercy-for-poachers/ |title=No mercy for poachers |first=J.-M. |last=Smith |date=2016 |newspaper=[[Namibian Sun]] |access-date=30 December 2016}}</ref><br />
The government of Botswana adopted a shoot-to-kill policy against poachers in 2013 as a "legitimate conservation strategy" and "a necessary evil", which has reduced poaching to the point it is thought to be "virtually non-existent" in the country, and that neighbouring countries like South Africa should also adopt similar measures to save wildlife from extinction.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mogomotsi |first1=G. |last2=Kefilwe Madigele |first2=P. |date=2017 |title=Live by the gun, die by the gun: An Analysis of Botswana's 'shoot-to-kill' policy as an anti-poaching strategy |journal=South African Crime Quarterly |issue=60 |doi=10.17159/2413-3108/2017/v0n60a1787 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Carnie |first=T. |date=2017 |title=Should rangers be allowed to kill poachers on sight? Yes' researchers say |url=http://www.heraldlive.co.za/news/2017/07/18/rangers-allowed-kill-poachers-sight-yes-researchers-say/ |newspaper=The Herald (South Africa) |access-date=20 July 2017}}</ref><br />
In May 2018, the Kenyan government announced that poachers will face the death penalty, as fines and life imprisonment have "not been deterrence enough to curb poaching, hence the proposed stiffer sentence".<ref>{{cite news |last=Dalton |first=J. |date=2018 |title=Wildlife poachers in Kenya 'to face death penalty' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/poachers-kenya-wildlife-death-penalty-capital-punishment-najib-balala-a8349966.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> Human rights organizations oppose the move, but wildlife advocates support it. [[Save the Rhino]], a UK-based wildlife advocacy organization notes that in Kenya, 23 rhinos and 156 elephants were killed by poachers between 2016 and 2017. As of March 2019, the measure is being put on the fast track to implementation by Kenyan lawmakers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Chavez |first=H. |date=2019 |title=Kenya's Poachers To Face Execution For Killing Treasured Species |url=https://www.inquisitr.com/5321372/kenyas-poachers-to-face-execution-for-killing-treasured-species/ |newspaper=[[Inquisitr]] |access-date=3 April 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Asia ===<br />
Large quantities of ivory are sometimes destroyed as a statement against poaching, a.k.a. "[[Destruction of ivory|ivory crush]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/international/pdf/factsheet-ivory-crush-qa.pdf |title=U.S. Ivory Crush |publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |date=2013 |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> In 2013 the [[Philippines]] were the first country to destroy their national seized ivory stock.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/06/130618-philippines-ivory-crush-elephants-poaching-world-asia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620173305/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/06/130618-philippines-ivory-crush-elephants-poaching-world-asia/ |archive-date=20 June 2013 |title=In Global First, Philippines to Destroy Its Ivory Stock |magazine=National Geographic |date=18 June 2013 |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref> In 2014, China followed suit and crushed six tons of ivory as a symbolic statement against poaching.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/01/140106-china-ivory-crush-elephant-conservation/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110074442/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/01/140106-china-ivory-crush-elephant-conservation |archive-date=10 January 2014 |title=China Crushes Six Tons of Confiscated Elephant Ivory |magazine=National Geographic |date=2014 |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=China crushes six tons of ivory |work=The Guardian |date=2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/jan/06/china-crush-ivory-elephant-poaching |access-date=1 February 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are two main solutions according to Frederick Chen that would attack the supply side of this poaching problem to reduce its effects: enforcing and enacting more policies and laws for conservation and by encouraging local communities to protect the wildlife around them by giving them more land rights.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
Nonetheless, Frederick Chen wrote about two types of effects stemming from [[demand-side economics]]: the bandwagon and snob effect. The former deals with people desiring a product due to many other people buying it, while the latter is similar but with one distinct difference: people will clamour to buy something if it denotes wealth that only a few elites could possibly afford. Therefore, the snob effect would offset some of the gains made by anti-poaching laws, regulations, or practices: if a portion of the supply is cut off, the rarity and price of the object would increase, and only a select few would have the desire and purchasing power for it. While approaches to dilute mitigate poaching from a supply-side may not be the best option as people can become more willing to purchase rarer items, especially in countries gaining more wealth and therefore higher demand for illicit goods—Frederick Chen still advocates that we should also focus on exploring ways to reduce the demand for these goods to better stop the problem of poaching.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=F. |date=2016 |title=Poachers and Snobs: Demand for Rarity and the Effects of Antipoaching Policies |journal=Conservation Letters |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=65–69 |doi=10.1111/conl.12181 |issn=1755-263X|doi-access=free|bibcode=2016ConL....9...65C}}</ref> Indeed, there is some evidence that interventions to reduce consumer demand may be more effective for combatting poaching than continually increased policing to catch poachers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Holden|first1=M. H. |last2=Biggs |first2=D. |last3=Brink |first3=H. |last4=Bal |first4=P. |last5=Rhodes|first5=J. |last6=McDonald-Madden |first6=E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2018 |title=Increase anti-poaching law-enforcement or reduce demand for wildlife products? A framework to guide strategic conservation investments |journal=Conservation Letters |volume=12 |issue=3 |article-number=e12618 |doi=10.1111/conl.12618|doi-access=free|hdl=10072/385839 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> However, almost no groups deploying interventions that attempt to reduce consumer demand evaluate the impact of their actions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Veríssimo|first1=D. |last2=Wan|first2=A. K. Y. |name-list-style=amp |title=Characterizing efforts to reduce consumer demand for wildlife products |journal=Conservation Biology |volume= 33|issue= 3|pages=623–633 |doi=10.1111/cobi.13227 |year=2019 |pmid=30259569 |bibcode=2019ConBi..33..623V |s2cid=52842222 |url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fa31e9f9-ee2e-4aa1-a28e-7a3eaa5ed984 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Another solution to alleviate poaching proposed in ''Tigers of the World'' was about how to implement a multi-lateral strategy that targets different parties to conserve wild tiger populations in general. This multi-lateral approach include working with different agencies to fight and prevent poaching since organized crime syndicates benefit from tiger poaching and trafficking; therefore, there is a need to raise social awareness and implement more protection and investigative techniques. For example, conservation groups raised more awareness amongst park rangers and the local communities to understand the impact of tiger poaching—they achieved this through targeted advertising that would impact the main audience. Targeting advertising using more violent imagery to show the disparity between tigers in nature and as a commodity made a great impact on the general population to combat poaching and indifference towards this problem. The use of spokespeople such as Jackie Chan and other famous Asian actors and models who advocated against poaching also helped the conservation movement for tigers too.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
In July 2019, rhino horns encased in plaster were seized in [[Vietnam]] that were being trafficked from the [[United Arab Emirates]]. Despite the ban on trade since the 1970s, poaching level of rhino horns has risen over the last decade, leading the rhino population into crisis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vietnam seizes 125kg of rhino horn worth £6m concealed in plaster shipment |access-date=29 July 2019 |newspaper=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/29/vietnam-seizes-125-kg-rhino-horn-worth-6m-concealed-plaster/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/29/vietnam-seizes-125-kg-rhino-horn-worth-6m-concealed-plaster/ |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
Poaching has many causes in both Africa and China. The issue of poaching is not a simple one to solve as traditional methods to counter poaching have not taken into the account the poverty levels that drive some poachers and the lucrative profits made by organized crime syndicates who deal in illegal wildlife trafficking. Conservationists hope the new emerging multi-lateral approach, which would include the public, conservation groups, and the police, will be successful for the future of these animals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rti.org/impact/usaid-protect-and-usaid-wildlife-asia-combating-illegal-wildlife-trafficking |title=USAID PROTECT and USAID Wildlife Asia: Combating Illegal Wildlife Trafficking |date=2018 |website=RTI International |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/66553.html |title=Partnership against Poaching and Illegal Wildlife Trade in Africa and Asia |website=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== United States ===<br />
Some [[game warden]]s have made use of robotic decoy animals placed in high visibility areas to draw out poachers for arrest after the decoys are shot.<ref>{{cite news |author=Jones, M. |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1683&dat=20010402&id=vr0aAAAAIBAJ&pg=3886,2120467 |title=Animal robots help enforce hunting laws |newspaper=Milwaukee Journal Sentinel |year=2001 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Decoys with robotics to mimic natural movements are also in use by law enforcement.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Neal |first1=M. |title=Poachers are still getting duped into shooting robot Deer |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/poachers-are-still-getting-duped-into-shooting-robot-deer/ |website=Motherboard |publisher=Vice |access-date=12 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602101402/http://motherboard.vice.com/blog/poachers-are-still-getting-duped-into-shooting-robot-deer |archive-date=2 June 2016 }}</ref> The [[ProtectedSeas|Marine Monitor]] radar system watches sensitive marine areas for illicit vessel movement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://globalconservation.org/news/mpa-protection-mission-isla-de-la-plata-machalilla-national-park/|title=MPA Protection Mission – Isla de la Plata, Machalilla National Park, Ecuador|date=8 February 2019|website=Global Conservation|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-date=17 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317210958/https://globalconservation.org/news/mpa-protection-mission-isla-de-la-plata-machalilla-national-park/}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|Animals|Ecology}}<br />
* [[African vulture trade]]<br />
* [[Anti-poaching]]<br />
* [[Cruelty to animals]]<br />
* [[Environmental crime]]<br />
* [[Federal and state environmental relations]]<br />
* [[Game law]]<br />
* [[Game preservation]]<br />
* [[Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing]]<br />
* [[Ivory trade]]<br />
* [[Rhino poaching in Southern Africa]]<br />
* [[Species affected by poaching]]<br />
* [[Tiger poaching in India]]<br />
* [[Wildlife trade]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book |author=Jacoby, K. |year=2001 |title=Crimes against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden History of American Conservation |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-28229-2}}<br />
*{{cite journal |author=Archer, J. E. |title=Poaching gangs and violence: the urban-rural divide in nineteenth-century Lancashire |journal=British Journal of Criminology |volume=39 |issue=1 |year=1999 |pages=25–38 |doi=10.1093/bjc/39.1.25}}<br />
*{{cite journal |author=Fisher, J. |title=Property rights in pheasants: landlords, farmers and the game laws, 1860–80 |journal=Rural History |volume=11 |issue=2 |year=2000 |pages=165–180 |doi=10.1017/s0956793300002089|s2cid=161116889 }}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Gray, D. D. |title=Crime, Policing and Punishment in England, 1660-1914 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2016}}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Haenlein, C. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Smith, M. L. R. |title=Poaching, wildlife trafficking and security in Africa: Myths and realities |publisher=Routledge |year=2017}}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Hopkins, H. |title=The long affray: the poaching wars, 1760–1914 |location=London |publisher=Secker & Warburg |year=1985}}<br />
*{{cite journal |author=Lemieux, A. M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Clarke, R. V. |title=The international ban on ivory sales and its effects on elephant poaching in Africa |journal=British Journal of Criminology |volume=49 |issue=4 |year=2009 |pages=451–471 |doi=10.1093/bjc/azp030|doi-access=free }}<br />
*{{cite journal |author=Liberg, O. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Chapron, G. |author3=Wabakken, P. |author4=Pedersen, H.C. |author5=Hobbs, N.T. |author6=Sand, H. |title=Shoot, shovel and shut up: cryptic poaching slows restoration of a large carnivore in Europe |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=279 |issue=1730 |year=2011 |pages=910–915 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.1275|pmid=21849323 |pmc=3259920 |doi-access=free }}<br />
*{{cite journal |author=Martin, J. |title=The Transformation of Lowland Game Shooting in England and Wales in the Twentieth Century: The Neglected Metamorphosis |journal=International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=29 |issue=8 |year=2012 |pages=1141–1158 |doi=10.1080/09523367.2012.690226|s2cid=143591142 }}<br />
*{{cite journal |author=Osborne, H. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Winstanley, M. |title=Rural and urban poaching in Victorian England |journal=Rural History |volume=17 |issue=2 |year=2006 |pages=187–212 |url=https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/4191/1/win1.pdf |doi=10.1017/s0956793306001877 |s2cid=162704842 |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-date=23 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923073751/https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/4191/1/win1.pdf }}<br />
*{{cite journal |author1=Smith, K. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Byrne, R. |year=2018 |title=Reimagining rural crime in England: a historical perspective |journal=International Journal of Rural Criminology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=66–85 |doi=10.18061/1811/86152|doi-access=free |hdl=1811/86152 |hdl-access=free }}[https://hau.collections.crest.ac.uk/17327/1/Kreseda%20Smith%20reimagining%20upload.pdf Online]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<br />
*{{cite book |author=Somerville, K. |year=2017 |title=Ivory: power and poaching in Africa |publisher=Oxford University Press }}<br />
*{{cite journal |author1=Taylor, A. |year=2004 |title=Pig-Sticking Princes: Royal Hunting, Moral Outrage, and the Republican Opposition to Animal Abuse in Nineteenth-and Early Twentieth-Century Britain |journal=History |volume=89 |issue=293 |pages=30–48 |doi= 10.1111/j.0018-2648.2004.00286.x}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Commons category-inline|Poaching (criminal activity)}}<br />
{{World topic|prefix=Poaching in|title=Poaching|noredlinks=yes}}<br />
{{Property navbox}}<br />
{{Angling topics}}<br />
{{Hunting topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Poaching| ]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riding_Solo_to_the_Top_of_the_World&diff=467802Riding Solo to the Top of the World2026-02-19T03:24:32Z<p>WillyFdt599330: reworked details after review</p>
<hr />
<div>{{italic title}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=February 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Riding Solo to the Top of the World<br />
| image = Riding Solo to the Top of the World.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| director = Gaurav Jani<br />
| producer = Dirt Track Productions<br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|writer of the original work}} --><br />
| starring = <br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = Ved Nair<br />
| cinematography = Gaurav Jani<br />
| editing = Sankalp Meshram<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|11|01|}}<br />
| runtime = 94 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = English<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Riding Solo to the Top of the World''''' is a 2006 documentary film in English language directed by Gaurav Jani on the [[Chang pa]]s of [[Ladakh]], in India, about a [[journey of self-discovery]].<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
[[File:Riding Solo.jpg|thumb|At Tso Kar during the filming of Riding Solo]]<br />
''Riding Solo'' is a film about filmmaker Gaurav Jani's solo [[motorcycle]] journey from Mumbai to one of the remotest places in the world, the [[Changthang]] Plateau in [[Ladakh]], bordering China. Jani was a one-man camera crew unit who loaded his Royal Enfield Bullet 350CC Motorcycle (Loner) with {{convert|300|kg|lb}} of equipment/supplies and set off on a journey to one of the world's most difficult terrains.<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0903013}}<br />
* {{Official website|http://www.dirttrackproductions.com/ridingsolo.html}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2006 film awards]]<br />
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]<br />
[[Category:2006 documentary films]]<br />
[[Category:2006 films]]<br />
[[Category:Autobiographical documentary films]]<br />
[[Category:2006 English-language films]]<br />
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Ladakh]]<br />
[[Category:Documentary films about transport]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Ladakh]]<br />
[[Category:English-language documentary films]]<br />
<br />
{{2000s-bio-documentary-film-stub}}</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=L._J._Institute_of_Management_Studies&diff=511416L. J. Institute of Management Studies2026-02-18T20:54:57Z<p>WillyFdt599330: put up a details basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Management institute in Gujarat, India}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Notability|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{infobox university<br />
| name = L. J. Institute of Management Studies<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image = LJ MBA.jpg<br />
| image_size = <!--200px--><br />
| motto = <br />
| mottoeng = <br />
| established = {{Start date and age |2001}}<br />
| type = Self-Finance College<br />
| parent = [[LJ University]]<br />
| director = Siddarth Singh Bist<!-- "Dr." SHOULD NOT BE USED PER WP:CREDENTIAL --><br />
| dean = Anitha Sunil<br />
| students = <br />
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]<br />
| city = [[Ahmedabad]]<br />
| coor = <br />
| state = [[Gujarat]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| website = {{official website}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''L. J. Institute of Management Studies''' ('''LJMS''') is a private [[business school]] under LJ University (LJKU) located in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. The institute is approved by the [[All India Council for Technical Education]]{{cn|date=February 2026}} and is the part of L.J. Group of Institutes managed by Lok Jagruti Kendra (LJK) Trust. The institute is affiliated with [[Gujarat Technological University]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://vocal.media/education/approvals-and-recognitions-at-lj-institute-of-management-studies-ljims-ahmedabad |title=Approvals and Recognitions at LJ Institute of Management Studies (LJIMS) |date=February 1, 2025 |publisher=Vocal Media }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mycollegeroute.com/college-details/l-j-institute-of-management-studies |title=About L J Institute Of Management Studies (LJ University) |access-date=January 9, 2026 |publisher=My College Route }}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[L. J. Institute of Engineering and Technology]]<br />
* [[L.J. Institute of Pharmacy]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official website}}<br />
* [http://www.ljinstitutes.org/ L.J. Group of Institute's Official website]<br />
* [http://ljknowledgefoundation.org/ L.J. Knowledge Foundation]<br />
* [http://gtu.ac.in/ Gujarat Technological University]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081201152747/http://www.aicte.ernet.in/ All India Council For Technical Education]<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Gujarat}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:L.J. Institute of Engineering and Technology}}<br />
[[Category:Business schools in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Ahmedabad]]<br />
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]<br />
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2001]]<br />
[[Category:2001 establishments in Gujarat]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pohela_Falgun&diff=525757Pohela Falgun2026-02-18T17:28:17Z<p>WillyFdt599330: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Spring festival of Bangladesh}}<br />
{{For|the festival of West Bengal|Basanta Utsab}}<br />
[[File:Celebrating pahela falgun in Bangladesh 33.jpg|thumb|Woman in red and yellow [[sari]] dancing in the Pahela Falgun festival]]<br />
{{Culture of Bangladesh}}<br />
'''Pohela Falgun''' ({{langx|bn|পহেলা ফাল্গুন}}), or '''Poyla Falgun''' ({{lang|bn|পয়লা ফাল্গুন}}), is a festival observed on the first day of [[Spring (season)|Spring]] of the [[Bengali calendars|Bengali month]] of [[Falgun]] in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="history">{{cite news|title=Pohela Falgun celebrated |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=174151/ |newspaper=The Daily Star |date=14 February 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
The celebration was started in 1991 by students of [[University of Dhaka|Dhaka University]]'s [[Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka|Faculty of Fine Arts]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/falgun-celebration-how-it-all-began-1360324|title=Falgun Fest at DU: How it all began|date=13 February 2017|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2017-04-19|language=en}}</ref> Before 2019, the first day of Falgun fell on 13 February in the [[Gregorian calendar]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nepcal.com/date_conv.php |title=Nepali Date Converter |publisher=banned-books.info |access-date=2013-06-21}}</ref> however, from 2020 onward, due to revisions to the [[Bangladeshi calendar]], Pohela Falgun has been celebrated on 14 February, coinciding with [[Valentine's Day in Bangladesh|Valentine's Day in the country]].<ref>[https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/02/10/pohela-falgun-to-be-celebrated-on-valentine-s-day Pohela Falgun to be celebrated on Valentine's Day, Dhaka Tribune, 10 February 2020]</ref><br />
<br />
The National Spring Celebration Council is responsible for organizing the event. The celebration starts with chorus of traditional [[Bangladeshi music]] in the morning. On this day, people are seen to wear colourful traditional clothes such as [[sari]] and [[Kurta|punjabi]]. Some young women also prefer to wear [[Bangle|bangles]], [[Bindi#Teep|teeps]] and floral ornaments.<ref>{{cite web|title=কাল পহেলা ফাল্গুন, বসন্তের সঙ্গে ভালোবাসার দিন|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/lifestyle/2026/02/13/1647415|website=[[Kaler Kantho]]|date=13 February 2026|language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
In [[Bengali language|Bengali]], Pohela stands for 'first' and '[[Falgun]]' is the eleventh month of the [[Bengali calendar]].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Pohela Boishakh]]<br />
* [[Culture of Bangladesh]]<br />
* [[Festivals of Bangladesh]]<br />
* [[Festivals of West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{commons category|Basanta Utsav}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Culture of Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Festivals of Bangladeshi culture]]<br />
[[Category:Organised events in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Folk festivals in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural festivals in Bangladesh]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Bangladesh]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Bangladesh-stub}}<br />
{{Hindu-festival-stub}}</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gadhinglaj_taluka&diff=499583Gadhinglaj taluka2026-02-17T13:10:49Z<p>WillyFdt599330: post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|the Taluka|its eponymous headquarters|Gadhinglaj}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Gadhinglaj Taluka<br />
| settlement_type = [[taluka]]<br />
| total_type = Total<br />
| image_map = Kolhapur in Maharashtra (India).svg<br />
| map_caption = Location of Gadhinglaj Taluka, Kolhapur district in Maharashtra<br />
| coordinates = <br />
| coor_pinpoint = Gadhinglaj<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pune Division]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolhapur District]]<br />
| established_title = Established<br />
| established_date = <br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = [[Gadhinglaj]]<br />
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]<br />
| parts_style = para<br />
| p1 = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 874,015<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_urban = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| demographics_type1 = Demographics<br />
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]<br />
| demographics1_info1 = 85.1%<br />
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio<br />
| demographics1_info2 = 979<br />
| leader_title = <br />
| leader_name = <br />
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]<br />
| leader_name1 = 1. [[Kolhapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolhapur]] Based on ([http://164.100.9.199/ecimaps/ecipdf/state_pc_Map/Maharashtra.pdf Election Commission website])<br />
| leader_title2 = <br />
| leader_name2 = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|NH-4]]<br />
| blank_name_sec2 = <br />
| blank_info_sec2 = <br />
}}<br />
'''Gadhinglaj''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Maharashtra]]. The city of Gadhinglaj is the taluka headquarters and Gadhinglaj subdivision headquarters as well. As of 2011, the taluka had a population of 874,015, of which 35% were urban. Languages spoken in this area are Marathi, Kannada, Hindi and English also. But the most-spoken language is Marathi, as Marathi is a state language.<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre = [[Gadhinglaj]] Taluka<br />
|North = [[Karad]] Taluka<br />
|Northeast = [[Chikodi]] Taluka<br />
|East = [[Hukeri]] Taluka<br />
|Southeast = [[Chandgad]] Taluka<br />
|South = [[Chandgad]] Taluka<br />
|Southwest = [[Ajra]] Taluka, [[Chandgad]] Taluka<br />
|West = [[Ajra]] Taluka<br />
|Northwest = [[Bhudargad]] Taluka<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Gadhinglaj==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Gadhinglaj}}<br />
Gadhinglaj is a city and [[Corporations, Municipalities and Taluks of Maharashtra|municipality]] in the Gadhinglaj Taluka, a subdivision of the [[Kolhapur district]], [[States and territories of India|state]] of Maharashtra, [[India]]. It is the headquarters of the taluka.<br />
<br />
It shares with most of the cities in Maharashtra that the main language spoken is [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. Gadhinglaj is situated on the banks of the river Hiranyakeshi. In 2011 its population was 79,997; it is the third largest city in [[Kolhapur District]].<br />
<br />
Gadhinglaj is at {{Coord|16.23|N|74.35|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 623&nbsp;metres (2043&nbsp;feet).<br />
<br />
It is at the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka. It is a growing city in terms of population and economy. The majority of people are Hindu, very few Muslims and a small number of other religions.<br />
<br />
==Kadgaon==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Kadgaon}}<br />
Kadgaon is a Town situated Gadhinglaj Taluka of [[Kolhapur district]] situated in the southwest corner of state Maharashtra, India. Kadgaon is about 4&nbsp;km from Gadhinglaj, 79&nbsp;km from [[Kolhapur]] and about 15&nbsp;km from [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] (NH48). It is managed by [[Town Council]]. It is in the phase of transforming from a small town to a bustling city. It is the second largest city after Gadhinglaj in [[Gadhinglaj]] Taluka also second largest city in Gadhinglaj sub division which include talukas of Gadhinglaj, [[Ajra]], [[Bhudargad]], [[Chandgad]].<br />
<br />
As of 2012 it has a population of about 20,851. Kadgaon has an amenities that are of the Level of [[Municipal Council]] in India. Kadgaon has developed as an industrial hub in recent years. It has a strong agricultural sector and is known for its [[sugarcane]], jaggery and red chili production. Kadgaon is at {{Coord|16.235854|N|74.304142|E|}}.<br />
<br />
It has an average elevation of 627&nbsp;metres (2043&nbsp;feet).<br />
<br />
It has an average weather of clear sky and temperature of around 15&nbsp;°C in winter and 24&nbsp;°C in summer and has more rainfall than average in Kolhapur [[District]]. It is a town near at the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka. It is well connected to all of Kolhapur and Maharashtra. It has a very excellent civic amenities. As is usual in Maharashtra the primary language spoken is Marathi with 20,851 speaking as their primary language.<br />
<br />
==Nesari==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Nesari}}<br />
Nesari is a town in Gadhinglaj Taluka of [[Kolhapur]] district in Maharashtra, India. In 2001 it had a population of 15,299, but as of 2011 it has population of 20,249. It is a major market place and third largest settlement in Gadhinglaj taluka. Nesari is about 22&nbsp;km from Gadhinglaj, 24 kmm from the second largest settlement [[Kadgaon]] and 19&nbsp;km from [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] (NH48). Nesari is a city in India, near the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka, co-ordinates {{Coord|16.066743|N|74.332702|E|}}. It has an average elevation of 1,599 metres. It has an average temperature of 19&nbsp;°C in winter and 26&nbsp;°C in summer.<br />
<br />
==Mahagaon, Gadhinglaj==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Mahagaon, Gadhinglaj}}<br />
Mahagaon is a Town in Gadhinglaj Taluka [[Kolhapur district]] situated in the southwest corner of the state Maharashtra, [[India]]. Mahagaon is situated on banks of Hiranyakeshi river originated from the Great Amboli Ghats is about 10&nbsp;km from Gadhinglaj towards south and 14&nbsp;km from the second-largest city [[Kadgaon]] in Gadhinglaj Taluka. Mahagaon is at {{Coord|16.14184|N|74.336683|E}}.<br />
<br />
It has an average elevation of 624&nbsp;metres (2043&nbsp;feet).<br />
<br />
It is situated on banks of Hiranyakeshi river originated from the Great Amboli Ghats. Mahagaon has an average Weather of clear sky and temperature of around 18&nbsp;°C in winter and 25&nbsp;°C in summer and has more rainfall than average in Kolhapur [[District]]. <br />
It is a town near at the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka. It is managed by [[Town Council]]. In 2011 it has a population of about 20,108. Mahagaon is fourth-largest city in Gadhinglaj Taluka. It is a major town and educational center in South Maharashtra.<br />
<br />
==Harali==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Harali}}<br />
Harali is a Town in Gadhinglaj Taluka [[Kolhapur district]] situated in the southwest corner of state Maharashtra, India. Harali is situated on banks of Hiranyakeshi river originated from the Great Amboli Ghats is about 7&nbsp;km from Gadhinglaj towards south and 12&nbsp;km from the second-largest city [[Kadgaon]] in Gadhinglaj Taluka and just 2&nbsp;km from [[Mahagaon, Gadhinglaj]]. It is managed by [[Town Council]]. In 2011 it has a population of about 15,856. Harali is eight largest city and town in Gadhinglaj Taluka. Shri Appasaheb Nalawade Gadhinglaj Taluka Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana (sugar mills) is situated in the Town. Harali is at {{Coord|16.164613|N|74.338614|E}}.<br />
<br />
It has an average elevation of 624&nbsp;metres (2043&nbsp;feet).<br />
<br />
It is situated on banks of Hiranyakeshi river originated from the Great Amboli Ghats. Mahagaon has an average weather of clear sky and temperature of around 19&nbsp;°C in winter and 27&nbsp;°C in summer and has more rainfall than average in Kolhapur [[District]].<br />
<br />
==Basarge BK==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Basarge BK}}<br />
According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Basarge Bk village is 416506. Basarge Bk village is located in Gadhinglaj tehsil of Kolhapur district in Maharashtra, India. It is situated 22&nbsp;km away from sub-district headquarter Gadhinglaj (tehsildar office) and 80&nbsp;km away from district headquarter Kolhapur. As per 2009 stats, Basarge Budruk is the gram panchayat of Basarge Bk village.<br />
<br />
The total geographical area of village is 749 hectares. Basarge Bk has a total population of 4,136 peoples, out of which male population is 2,001 while female population is 2,135. Literacy rate of basarge bk village is 67.43% out of which 75.31% males and 60.05% females are literate. There are about 959 houses in basarge bk village. Pincode of basarge bk village locality is 416506.<br />
<br />
When it comes to administration, Basarge Bk village is administrated by a sarpanch who is elected representative of the village by the local elections. As per 2019 stats, Basarge Bk village comes under Chandgad assembly constituency & Kolhapur parliamentary constituency. Sankeshwar(karnataka) is nearest town to basarge bk for all major economic activities, which is approximately 10&nbsp;km away.<br />
<br />
==Mungurwadi==<br />
<br />
{{Main|Mungurwadi}}<br />
Mungurwadi is a town in Gadhinglaj Taluka of the [[Kolhapur district]], state of Maharashtra, India. In 2001 it had a population of 3,271, but as of 2011, it has population of 12,199. It is a major market place and tenth largest settlement in Gadhinglaj taluka. Mungurwadi is about 24&nbsp;km from Gadhinglaj, 29&nbsp;km from second largest settlement [[Kadgaon]] and 12&nbsp;km from [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]] (NH48).Mungurwadi is at {{Coord|16.113977|N| 74.402375|E|}}.<br />
<br />
It has an average elevation of 1,979 &nbsp;metres. It is a town near the border of Maharashtra and [[Karnataka]]. As the town lies on a hill, its climate is always cold with temperatures ranging from 27&nbsp;°C to 19&nbsp;°C in summer and 24&nbsp;°C to 15&nbsp;°C in winter. It is one of the most densely forested areas in [[Kolhapur]].<br />
<br />
==List of largest settlement in Gadhinglaj Taluka==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! width=5%| Rank<br />
! style="width:15%;"| City<br />
! style="width:25%;"| Population (2011)<br />
|-<br />
|1 || '''[[Gadhinglaj]]''' || 79,997<br />
|-<br />
|2 || '''[[Kadgaon]]''' || 20,851<br />
|-<br />
|3 || '''[[Nesari]]''' || 20,249<br />
|-<br />
|4 || '''[[Mahagaon, Gadhinglaj]]''' ||20,108<br />
|-<br />
|5 || '''[[Harali]]''' ||15,856<br />
|-<br />
|6 || '''[[Mugruwadi]]''' ||12,199<br />
|-<br />
|7 || '''[[Halkarni]]''' || 9,000<br />
|-<br />
|8|| '''[[kaulage]]''' || 5,199<br />
|-<br />
|9|| '''[[Karambali]]''' || 7,199<br />
|-<br />
|10|| '''[[Gijawane]]''' ||7,236<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kolhapur district topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kolhapur district]]<br />
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipanwita_Roy&diff=497338Dipanwita Roy2026-02-17T10:31:27Z<p>WillyFdt599330: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian writer}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Dipanwita Roy<br />
| image = Dipanwita Roy - Kolkata 2015-10-10 5316.JPG<br />
| alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --><br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --><br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Writer and Journalist<br />
| language = {{hlist|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]}}<br />
| citizenship = India<br />
| education = <br />
| years_active = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = ''Mahidadur Antidote''<br />
| awards = {{awards|[[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]]|2024}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Dipanwita Roy''' is a Bengali writer and journalist. <br />
<br />
She completed her studies in Comparative Literature at [[Jadavpur University]]. She has always been especially interested in [[children's literature]].<br />
<br />
In 2024, Dipanwita Roy was honored with the ''Bal Sahitya Puraskar'' by the Sahitya Akademi for her novel ''Mahidadur Antidote''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bal Sahitya Puraskar (2010-2024) |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/bal%20sahitya%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="sangbadpratidin1">{{cite news |title=‘তুইও একদিন পাবি’, সত্যি হল নবনীতা দেবসেনের ভবিষ্যদ্বাণী! আত্মহারা দীপান্বিতা |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/event/sahitya-akademi-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winner-dipanwita-roy-reminds-nabaneeta-dev-sens-prediction-on-her-award-winning/ |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=sangbadpratidin}}</ref><ref name="sangbadpratidin2">{{cite web |title=দুই নারী! বাল সাহিত্য অকাদেমি পেলেন দীপান্বিতা রায়, যুব অকাদেমি কবি সুতপা চক্রবর্তীর |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/event/dipanwita-roy-awarded-sahitya-akademi-bal-sahitya-puraskar-and-sutapa-chakraborty-wins-sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar-2024/ |website=sangbadpratidin |access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Works ==<br />
Dipanwita Roy is primarily a [[Children's literature|children's writer]]. Her published literary works are ''Gobeshonagare Guptochor'', ''Joler Tolaye Atanka'' and ''Mahidadur Antidote''.<ref name="sangbadpratidin1"/><ref name="sangbadpratidin2"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Dipanwita}}<br />
[[Category:Bengali writers]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-writer-stub}}</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._K._Veerasamy&diff=483769A. K. Veerasamy2026-02-11T18:58:43Z<p>WillyFdt599330: adding some stub w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = A. K. Veerasamy<br />
| birth_name = Veerasamy<br />
| birth_place = Aalakudi, [[Thanjavur District]]<br />
| death_date = 22 August 2010<br />
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years_active = 1959-2004<br />
| spouse = Rajalakshmi<br />
| children = 5<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''A. K. Veerasamy''' was an Indian actor who acted in over 500 films in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language, in supporting and minor roles. He is remembered for one verse that he spoke of in the [[Muthal Mariyathai|Mudhal Mariyadhai]] film, "''Enakku Oru Unmai Therinchavunum"''. Veerasamy was the vice president of the South Indian Actors' Association.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/news/23-tamil-actor-veerasamy-dead.html|title='எனக்கு ஒரு உண்மை தெரிஞ்சாகனும் சாமி' புகழ் நடிகர் வீராசாமி மரணம்|last=Sudha|date=2010-08-23|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|language=ta|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early career ==<br />
He acted in plays with [[Sivaji Ganesan]]. Like Rajput, he is famous for his roles. His dialogue "Enaku oru unmai therinjaaganum" (I need to know the truth) from the film ''[[Mudhal Mariyadhai]]'' became popular.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 February 2009 |title=Veteran actor honoured |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Veteran-actor-honoured/article16327398.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815061109/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Veteran-actor-honoured/article16327398.ece |archive-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> He acted in [[Gemini Ganesan]]'s [[Unnaipol Oruvan (1965 film)|Unnaipol Oruvan]].<br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
His wife's name is Rajalakshmi. The couple has 4 sons and one daughter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/2531/cinema/Kollywood/Actor-A-K-Veerasamy-passed-away.htm|title=பழம்பெரும் நடிகர் ஏ.கே.வீராசாமி மரணம் {{!}} Actor A K Veerasamy passed away|last=Dinamalar|date=2010-08-23|website=தினமலர் - சினிமா|language=ta|access-date=2020-01-21}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
He died on 22 August 2010 at the age of 84 following an age-related illness.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2013/09/12/a-k-veerasami/|title=A.K.Veerasami|date=2013-09-12|website=Antru Kanda Mugam|language=en|access-date=2020-02-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.''<br />
<br />
=== 1950s ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1959<br />
|''[[Naalu Veli Nilam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 1960s ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1963<br />
|[[Neengadha Ninaivu|''Neengatha Ninaivu'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Karpagam]]''<br />
|Villager<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1964<br />
|[[Kadhalikka Neramillai|''Kathalikka Neramillai'']]<br />
|Ashok's father<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Panakkara Kudumbam]]''<br />
|Muthaiya's father in law<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Bommai (1964 film)|''Bommai'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1965<br />
|''[[Ennathan Mudivu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Panam Padaithavan]]''<br />
|Masilamani, Shanti's father<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |1966<br />
|''[[Chitthi]]''<br />
|Advocate<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Madras to Pondicherry|''Madras To Pondicherry'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Chinnanchiru Ulagam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Selvam (1966 film)|''Selvam'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1967<br />
|''[[Kan Kanda Deivam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Soappu Seeppu Kannadi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1968<br />
|''[[Poovum Pottum]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Nimirndhu Nill''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1969<br />
|''[[Vaa Raja Vaa]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Kula Vilakku''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nirai Kudam]]''<br />
| Madhanagopal Ungel<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 1970s ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1970<br />
|''[[Kalam Vellum]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thirumalai Thenkumari]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Paadhukaappu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |1971<br />
|''[[Kulama Gunama]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Aathi Parasakthi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (1971 film)|''Mohammed Bin Tughluq'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Kankaatchi''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |1972<br />
|''Mappillai Azhaippu''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Agathiyar]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Shakthi Leelai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kurathi Magan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |1973<br />
|''[[Deivamsam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ponnunjal (film)|Ponnunjal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maru Piravi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Nalla Mudivu''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1974<br />
|''Kulagowravam''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Thaai Paasam''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1976<br />
|[[Dasavatharam (film)|''Dasavathaaram'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1977<br />
|''[[Nandha En Nila]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1978<br />
|''[[Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1979<br />
|''[[Gnana Kuzhandhai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Mambazhathu Vandu''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 1980s ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1980<br />
|''Karaiyai Thodatha Alaigal''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Doorathu Idi Muzhakkam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1981<br />
|''[[Lorry Driver Rajakannu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thanneer Thanneer]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
|[[Sangili (1982 film)|''Sangili'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1985<br />
|''[[Muthal Mariyathai]]''<br />
|Sengodan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1987<br />
|[[Ore Raththam|''Ore Ratham'']]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mangai Oru Gangai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 1990s ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1990<br />
|''[[Palaivana Paravaigal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== 2000s ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2004<br />
|''[[Kamaraj (film)|Kamaraj]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vasool Raja MBBS]]''<br />
|Hospital Cleaner<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|''[[Vallamai Tharayo]]''<br />
|<br />
|Last Movie<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=1413957}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Veerasami, A. K.}}<br />
[[Category:1920s births]]<br />
[[Category:2010 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabina_Sehgal_Saikia&diff=531570Sabina Sehgal Saikia2026-02-10T03:13:44Z<p>WillyFdt599330: stub.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian journalist and editor (1963–2008)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = <br />
| name = Sabina Sehgal Saikia<!-- include middle initial, if not specified in birth_name --><br />
| honorific_suffix = <br />
| image = Sabina_Sehgal_Saikia.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| pronunciation = <br />
| birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name above --><br />
| birth_date = ca. 1963<!-- {{birth date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} for living people supply only the year unless the exact date is already widely published, as per [[WP:DOB]] --><br />
| birth_place = <br />
| baptised = <!-- will not display if birth_date is entered --><br />
| disappeared_date = <!-- {{disappeared date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (disappeared date then birth date) --><br />
| disappeared_place = <br />
| disappeared_status = <br />
| death_date = 29 November 2008<!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) --><br />
| death_place = The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Mumbai, India<br />
| death_cause = Terrorist attack<br />
| body_discovered = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --><br />
| burial_place = <!-- may be used instead of resting_place and resting_place_coordinates (displays "Burial place" as label) --><br />
| burial_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --><br />
| monuments = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| citizenship = <br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = [[Food journalist]], restaurant reviewer, and editor<br />
| years_active = <br />
| era = <br />
| employer = ''Delhi Times''<br />
| organization = <br />
| agent = <!-- Discouraged in most cases, specifically when promotional, and requiring a reliable source --><br />
| known_for = "Main Course" <br />
| notable_works = <!-- produces label "Notable work"; may be overridden by |credits=, which produces label "Notable credit(s)"; or by |works=, which produces label "Works" --><br />
| style = <br />
| height = <!-- "X cm", "X m" or "X ft Y in" plus optional reference (conversions are automatic) --><br />
| television = <br />
| title = <br />
| term = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| party = <br />
| movement = <br />
| opponents = <br />
| boards = <br />
| criminal_charge = <!-- Criminality parameters should be supported with citations from reliable sources --><br />
| criminal_penalty = <br />
| criminal_status = <br />
| spouse = <!-- Use article title or common name --><br />
| partner = <!-- (unmarried long-term partner) --><br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
| relatives = <br />
| callsign = <br />
| awards = <br />
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
| module = <br />
| module2 = <br />
| module3 = <br />
| module4 = <br />
| module5 = <br />
| module6 = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_size = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sabina Sehgal Saikia''' (c. 1963 – 29 November 2008), an [[India]]n food journalist, restaurant reviewer, and editor for the ''Delhi Times'' in [[Delhi]], [[India]], was known for her column "Main Course." She was a victim of the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] on [[The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=cnn>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/11/29/india.victims/index.html?iref=topnews| date=29 November 2008 | title=Indian victims include financier, journalist, actor's sister, police|publisher=CNN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal ==<br />
Sabina Sehgal Saikia is survived by her family, including her husband, Shantanu Saikia, and the couple's fourteen-year-old daughter and eleven-year-old son.<ref name=afaqs>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/22782_Media-mourns-loss-of-Sabina-Sehgal-Saikia|title=Media mourns loss of Sabina Sehgal Saikia|publisher=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Saikia was the consulting editor of the [[Times of India]] where she started in the eighties, and a well-known food-critic. Sehgal later changed direction and covered the Enforcement Directorate and CBI.<ref name=zeenews1>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/and-more/leading-food-writer-sabina-sehgal-saikia-no-more_17124.html|title=Leading food writer Sabina Sehgal Saikia no more|work=Zee News}}</ref> She had a column in the Delhi Times called, Main Course, that was very popular on the eating out life in India.<ref name=afaqs /> The column would review one restaurant a week very critically and was said to have the power to make or break a restaurant.<ref name=zeenews1/> Saikia was considered India's leading food critic and restaurant reviewer.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}<br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
<!--begin wikitable--><!--end wikitable-->In November 2008, 10 terrorists belonging to [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] attacked a train station, a Jewish cultural center, and the Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, where Sehgal was attending a wedding.<ref name=abcnews>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/WN/mumbai-attacks-anniversary-victims-cops-speak/story?id=9173548|title=Mumbai Attacks Anniversary: Victims and Cops Speak Out|author=ABC News|work=ABC News}}</ref> Approximately 170 people were massacred and the hotel was left burning for days while Indian authorities attempted to track down the terrorists whereabouts.<ref name=abcnews/> Among the 170 killed there were 18 foreigners of US, German, Canadian, Israeli, Britain, Italian, Japanese, Chinese, Thai, Australian, and Singapore citizenship.<ref name=hindustantimes2>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mumbai-begins-to-heal-after-rampage/story-AdQelJIvTf4998fCgIR0pM.html|title=Mumbai begins to heal after rampage|work=hindustantimes}}</ref> Nine of the 10 terrorists were killed during the attacks.<ref name=hindustantimes2/> Ajmal Kasab, a 21-year-old Pakistani, was apprehended alive.<ref name=abcnews/><br />
<br />
== Context ==<br />
[[File:Taj_Mahal_Palace_Hotel.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Taj Mahal Palace was the site of Sehgal's murder.]]This was India's worst terrorist event since [[1993 Bombay bombings|1993 Mumbai bombings]] where 257 were killed.<ref name=hindustantimes2/> The policemen at the scene were armed with pistols, while the militants had [[AK-47]]s and various explosives.<ref name=abcnews/> These attacks convinced the Indian government to supply more police officers, better guns, and more training on how to handle different types of terrorist threats.<ref name=abcnews/> [[George W. Bush]], President of the [[United States]], pledged the full support of the U.S in the apprehension of the terrorists.<ref name=hindustantimes2/><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
Sabina Sehgal Saikia was known for her reviews of food and restaurants. She began her career in journalism through her membership with ‘Spicmacay’, a global, non-political organization that promotes culture to young students. She became involved with the ''Times of India'' while working on the 150th anniversary.<ref name=zeenews1/> Sehgal later switched her direction as she became a writer who covered the CBI, also known as the Central Bureau of Investigation in India.<ref name=zeenews1/> This career path finally landed Sabina a position of editor of a popular Indian paper called ‘Delhi Times’.<ref name=zeenews1/> Her work with ‘Delhi Times’ is where Indian journalism began to recognize the talents she had for reviewing restaurants.<ref name=zeenews1/> Sabina's knack for analyzing the ambience, service, value for money and, food of restaurants made her a famous food critic that could determine the future of any eateries in India.<ref name=zeenews1/> When Sabina perished in the attacks on Mumbai her impact as a journalist was renowned from all over the capital even from people who did not know her personally.<ref name=economictimes>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/obituaries-2008-remembering-those-who-have-left/sabina-sehgal-saikia/slideshow/3861348.cms|title=Sabina Sehgal Saikia - - The Economic Times|work=The Economic Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[The Siege: The Attack on the Taj]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Saikia, Sabina Sehgal}}<br />
[[Category:2008 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Murdered Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:Journalists from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in India]]<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian food writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]<br />
[[Category:The Times of India journalists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Victims of the 2008 Mumbai attacks]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pattukkottai&diff=524886Pattukkottai2026-02-08T07:18:12Z<p>WillyFdt599330: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish|Pattukkottai Taluk}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Pattukkottai<br />
| native_name = பட்டுக்கோட்டை <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name =<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = town<br />
| image_skyline = Manora renamed.jpg<br />
| image_alt = [[Manora Fort, Thanjavur|Manora Fort]]<br />
| image_caption = Manora fort<br />
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|10.43|N|79.32|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thanjavur District|Thanjavur]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Region]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chola Nadu]]<br />
| subdivision_type4 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Zone]]<br />
| subdivision_name4 = [[Cauvery Delta]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = 1965<br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| seat_type = Headquarters<br />
| seat = Thanjavur<br />
| government_type = Selection Grade Municipality<br />
| governing_body = Pattukkottai Municipality<br />
| leader_title = Municipal Chairperson<br />
| leader_name = -<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 24<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 5<br />
| population_total = 73,135<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2011census/><br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 614601, 614602<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = +91 4373<br />
| registration_plate = TN 49<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1003 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br />
| website = {{URL|http://123.63.242.116/Pattukkottai/}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
'''Pattukkottai ''' is a major town in [[Thanjavur district]] in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] and also important town in Delta districts and Commercial town of [[Thanjavur]], [[Thiruvarur]] and [[Pudukkottai district]] Coastal areas. The town came to prominence throughout Southern India after the construction of the fort by Vanaji Pandithar, a feudatory of the Thanjavur Maratha ruler Shahuji I in 1686–87. The [[recorded history]] of Pattukkottai is known from the 17th century and has been ruled, at different times, by the [[Thanjavur Marathas]] and the [[British Raj|British]]. It is the headquarters of the [[Pattukkottai taluk]] of Thanjavur district and is one of the two municipalities in the district.<ref>[http://123.63.242.116/pattukkottai/pattuccp.pdf Unknown]{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
Pattukkottai comes under the [[Pattukkottai (State Assembly Constituency)|Pattukkottai assembly]] constituency which elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years and it is a part of the [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)]] which elects its Member of Parliament (MP) once in five years. The town is administered by the Pattukkottai municipality, which covers an area of {{convert|21.83|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. As of 2011, the town had a population of 73,135. The town is a part of the fertile [[Cauvery Delta|Cauvery delta region]], but the fishery is the major occupation. Roadways and railways are the major mode of transportation to Pattukkottai and the nearest [[international airport]] is [[Tiruchirapalli Airport]], located {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from the town, in the city of Tiruchirappalli.&nbsp;<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
According to an inscription, the fortress of Pattukkottai was constructed by Vanaji Pandithar, a feudatory of the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Maratha ruler]] [[Shahuji I]] in 1686–87.<ref name="imperialv20p76">[[#Imperial Gazetteer of India|Imperial Gazetteer of India]], Vol 20, p 76</ref> Pattukkottai was ruled by the Thanjavur Marathas till 1799 when it was annexed by the [[British East India Company]]. It became a part of [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]] in 1801.<br />
<br />
Having a population of 7,603 in 1901, Pattukkottai experienced a population splurge between 1941 and 1981, when its population quadrupled. Sri Nadiamman temple is the most important Hindu temple in Pattukkottai and is of considerable antiquity. In 2018, cyclone Kaja hit Pattukottai and majority of its farmland and vegetation were lost. It almost took more than year for normalcy to prevail.<br />
<br />
[[Ramaswamy Venkataraman|R. Venkataraman]], [[Pattukkottai Alagiri]], [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]], [[S. D. Somasundaram]], V. Nadimuthu pillai, P Samuel Pillai and AR Marimuthu Pillai are some of the most famous people born in this soil<br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
<br />
Pattukkottai {{Coord|10.43|N|79.32|E|}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Pattukkottai.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Pattukkottai, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> is located along the southeastern coast of India in the East-central region of Tamil Nadu, in the general Kaveri River delta area. Pattukkottai Municipality covers an area of 21.83&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>., and has an average elevation of 5&nbsp; meters (16&nbsp; feet). Pattukkottai is 48&nbsp;km from the city of [[Thanjavur]]. The coast of the [[Bay of Bengal]] is just 12&nbsp; km away, with [[Manora (fort)|Manora fort]] 15&nbsp; km away from this town.<br />
<br />
Pattukkottai lies on an extremely dry, rugged plateau.<ref name="imperialv20p75">[[#Imperial Gazetteer of India|Imperial Gazetteer of India]], Vol 20, p 75</ref><ref name="goughp5">[[#Gough|Gough]], p 5</ref> The [[Pattukkottai division]] is the only division of [[Thanjavur district]] which is not watered either by the [[Kaveri River]] or any of its tributaries or distributaries.<ref name="imperialv20p75" /> Pattukkottai comes under the "As" region of the [[Köppen climate classification]], as it is situated in Tropical region and receive its maximum rainfall during the winter months from October, November and December. Due to its geographical position, Pattukkottai generally experiences hot and humid climates and there is little to no extreme variation in seasonal temperature. As it is nearer to the equator, the summer season starts from April and extends till early June. This period observes the hottest part of the year, locally known as "Agni Nakshatram" or "Khatri veyil".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051813790700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050530081653/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/18/stories/2005051813790700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-05-30 |title=Maximum Temperatures at different parts of Tamil Nadu | location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2005-05-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|86.82}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|7.57}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|5.34}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.02}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.07}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.06}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.1}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.02}}}}<br />
{{Historical populations|type=<br />
|align = right<br />
|state=collapsed<br />
|1901|7503<br />
|1911|8515<br />
|1921|9623<br />
|1931|10981<br />
|1941|12709<br />
|1951|18246<br />
|1961|24726<br />
|1971|37682<br />
|1981|49484<br />
|1991|57909<br />
|2001|65553<br />
|2011|73097<br />
|footnote=Source:<br />
*1901 – 2011: {{cite web|title=Population Growth of Pattukkottai|work=Department Of Municipal Administration And Water Supply|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Pattukkottai/sal_population.htm|publisher=Pattukkottai Municipality|access-date=26 November 2010|archive-date=12 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612231116/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/sal_population.htm|url-status=dead}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Pattukkottai/sal_population.htm |title=Population Growth of Pattukkottai |access-date=26 November 2010 |archive-date=12 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612231116/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/sal_population.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
*2011:<ref name=2011census/><br />
}}<br />
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Pattukkottai had a population of 73,135 with a sex-ratio of 1,010 females for every 1,000 males, which is much higher than the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 7,019 people in the town were under the age of six, constituting 3,630 males and 3,389 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 5.86% and 0.8% of the population respectively. The average literacy rate of the town is 80.68%, which is higher compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 18,437 households. There were a total of 25,908 workers: 623 cultivators, 2,044 main agricultural labourers, 697 in household industries, 19,653 other workers, 2,891 marginal workers, 118 marginal cultivators, 534 marginal agricultural labourers, 172 marginal workers in household industries and 2,067 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Pattukkottai|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=697864|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government ear=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
As per the religious census of 2011, Pattukkottai had 86.82% [[Hindus]], 7.57% [[Muslims]], 5.34% [[Christians]], 0.02% [[Sikhs]], 0.07% [[Buddhists]], 0.06% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.1% following other religions and 0.02% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Tamil language|Tamil]] is the official language and is predominantly spoken. The most commonly used dialects is the [[Central Tamil dialect]].<ref name="languagesp730">{{cite book|title=The World's major languages|url=https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu00comr|url-access=registration|publisher=Oxford University|year=1987|pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldsmajorlangu00comr/page/730 730]|author=Bernard Comrie|isbn=978-0-19-520521-3}}</ref> English is widely understood in the town area. Both languages are widely used for various purposes such as commerce, in the town.<br />
<br />
==Administration==<br />
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:220"<br />
|-<br />
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Elected members'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|Member of Legislative Assembly||[[K. Annadurai|Thiru K.Annadurai]]<ref name="MLA of Pattukottai">{{cite web|title=MLA of Pattukottai |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2016 |access-date=2016-06-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006234417/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm |archive-date=2013-10-06 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|Member of Parliament||[[S. S. Palanimanickam|Thiru .S.Murasoli]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Municipality Chairman and Vice chairman'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|Chairman||Tmt S.Shanmugapriya<ref>{{cite web |year=2022 |title=Chairman of Pattukottai |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/chairperson/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |publisher=Pattukottai Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|vice chairman||Thiru P.Suresh<ref name="Vice Chairman or Pattukottai">{{cite web |year=2022 |title=Vice Chairman or Pattukottai |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/vice-chairman/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |publisher=Pattukottai Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Municipality Commissioner'''<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|Commissioner||Thiru T.Soundararajan<ref>{{cite web |year=2022 |title=Commissioner of Pattukottai |url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |publisher=Pattukottai Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
The municipality of Pattukkottai was constituted on 1 April 1965 covering an area of 21.83 sq. kilometres.<ref name="about_municipality">{{cite web|title=About Municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Pattukkottai/abs_municipality.htm|publisher=Pudukkottai Municipality|access-date=24 September 2011|archive-date=2 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002025337/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/abs_municipality.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="general_info">{{cite web|title=General Information|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Pattukkottai/sal_generalinf.htm|publisher=Pudukkottai Municipality|access-date=24 September 2011|archive-date=10 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010031117/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/sal_generalinf.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pattukkottai was upgraded to a second-grade municipality on 1 April 1975 and a first-grade municipality on 7 April 1984.<ref name="about_municipality" /> Presently, it is a<br />
selection-grade municipality and consists of 33 wards.<ref name="about_municipality" /><ref name="general_info" /> The municipality is sub-divided into five revenue villages – Nadiyambal Puram, Kailasanathapuram, Maharajasamudram, Rengojiyappa Thottam and Pappaveli Palayamkottai.<ref name="about_municipality" /><br />
<br />
[[Pattukkottai (state assembly constituency)]] has been a part of the [[Thanjavur]] parliamentary constituency from 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |title=List of TN Assembly constituencies |publisher=Assembly.tn.gov.in |access-date=2010-09-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date=2012-06-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |title=List of the new TN MLA & MP seats and their constituents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf |archive-date=2012-05-15 }}</ref> As per the latest draft electoral rolls released by the election commission, the Pattukottai assembly segment comprises 1,77,798 voters (85,476 male and 83,902 female).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/tamil-nadu/article848890.ece |title= Latest Draft electoral rolls for Pattukkottai | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu |date=2010-10-25}}</ref> [[K. Annadurai]] from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] was elected as the MLA in the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<br />
<br />
Pattukkottai is a part of the [[Thanjavur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thanjavur Lok Sabha constituency]] and elects a member to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of the [[Parliament of India]], once every five years.<ref name="Rit">{{cite web|title=General Elections to Lok Sabha, 2009, name and address of the elected members of parliamentary constituencies in Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/tnmp/mptn-ls.htm |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220706/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/tnmp/mptn-ls.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2012-06-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[2019 Indian general election]] [[S.S. Palanimanickam]] from [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] was elected as the MP.<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=27|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
In British times, brass vessels, cotton cloths and mats were the main manufactures of Pattukkottai. In 1951, anthropologist [[Kathleen Gough]] notes that Pattukkottai had the largest portion of ''zamindari''<ref name="goughp41">[[#Gough|Gough]], p 41</ref> and ''inam'' lands in Thanjavur district.<ref name="goughp40">[[#Gough|Gough]], p 40</ref><br />
<br />
Agriculture, using water from the [[Kaveri]], though the town hosts a number of other businesses. Paddy and coconut are the major crops, however, a large variety of produce is grown in and around Pattukkottai. Pattukkottai was declared a "coir cluster" in September 2007 in order to promote traditional coir-based industries.<ref name="thehindu_20070910">{{cite news|title=Pattukottai declared a 'coir cluster'|date=10 September 2007|work=The Hindu Business Line|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/09/10/stories/2007091051321500.htm}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Tamil Nadu, after [[Pollachi]], coconut cultivation has been extensively done in Pattukkottai's surroundings on 30,000 hectares of land along the coast. Pattukottai has been declared a Coir Cluster under a Central scheme called "Scheme Fund for Regeneration of Traditional Industries" (SFURT). A coconut complex at Ponnvarayankottai near Pattukottai is to be constructed at a cost of Rs.4 Crores and will have sections for trading, grading coconuts and separating copra, drying yard, shops for traders, and for tourists, restrooms, information centre and parking lots. It would be expanded in future depending upon the needs of farmers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/28/stories/2011022854680500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303094354/http://www.hindu.com/2011/02/28/stories/2011022854680500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-03-03 |title=New Coconut Complex at Pattukottai | location=Chennai, India |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2011-02-28}}</ref> There are also demands to set up industries to promote Coir-related products with value addition.<br />
<br />
==Utility services==<br />
Electricity supply to Pattukkottai is regulated and distributed by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB). The city along with its suburbs is a part of Trichy Electricity Distribution Circle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Important Address |url=http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf |publisher=Indian Wind Power Association |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2011 |page=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045943/http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-16 }}</ref> Water supply is handled by the municipality and the town gets an average of 7.65 million litres of water everyday from the Sathankadu head works pumped from 3 pumping stations.<ref name="watersupply">{{cite web|title=Water Supply|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Pattukkottai/sal_watersupply.htm|publisher=Pudukkottai Municipality|access-date=24 September 2011|archive-date=23 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923193040/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Pattukkottai/sal_watersupply.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pattukkottai has a total of 63 kilometres of metalled roads, 9.5 kilometres of cemented roads and 0.1 kilometre of unsurfaced roads.<ref name="general_info" /> The municipality maintains 5 parks, 5 shopping complexes and a daily market.<ref name="general_info" /><br />
<br />
Solid waste are collected from Pattukkottai every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the Pattukottai municipality. The coverage of solid waste management had an efficiency of 100% as of 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=Waste management programme|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/sal_solidwaste.htm|publisher=Pattukottai Municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|archive-date=15 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615030602/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/sal_solidwaste.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is no underground drainage system in the town and the current sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pattukottai sewarage|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/sal_citizencharter.htm|publisher=Pattukottai municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|archive-date=12 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612233828/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/sal_citizencharter.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
There is one government hospital, 24 private hospitals and a lot of practising doctors in Pattukkottai who take care of the health care needs of the citizens.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pattukottai hospitals|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/ser_hospitals.htm|publisher=Pattukottai municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=8 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308180307/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/ser_hospitals.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are a total of 2,883 street lamps: 448 sodium lamps, 2,432 tube lights and three high mast beam lamps.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pattukottai street lights|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/sal_streetlights.htm|publisher=Pattukottai Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=12 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612230001/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/sal_streetlights.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The municipality operates one markets, namely the Alagiri Daily Market, while there is a private market by name V.N.S.Market.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pattukottai markets|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/sal_markets.htm|publisher=Pattukottai Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=22 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122055203/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/sal_markets.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pattukkottai comes under the Thanjavur Telecom circle of the [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides [[broadband internet]] service.<ref>{{cite web|title=State of Rural wireline broadband|publisher=BSNL, Tamil Nadu Circle|location=Tamil Nadu|url=http://ccatn.gov.in/usofiles/usoschemes/bbtn.htm|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|ref={{sfnRef|BSNL|2011}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718161317/http://ccatn.gov.in/usofiles/usoschemes/bbtn.htm|archive-date=2013-07-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
Pattukkottai has a total of 21 primary and secondary schools and a polytechnic college.<ref name="schools">{{cite web|title=Schools and Colleges|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/ser_Schoolsplay.htm|publisher=Pudukkottai Municipality|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-date=23 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923193053/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/ser_Schoolsplay.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are two arts colleges and one government engineering college.<br />
<br />
==Transport==<br />
Pattukkottai is connected by road and rail with the rest of Tamil Nadu.<br />
<br />
===By Rail===<br />
Pattukkottai comes under [[Tiruchirappalli Railway Division]] of the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]].<ref name="sr_tiruchidivision">{{cite web|title=Tiruchirappalli Division|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,263,579,582|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Pattukkottai railway station]] is situated on the main route of Chennai Egmore - Rameswaram line, which is located approximately 500 metres east from Bus station towards [[Adirampattinam]]. The gauge conversion work completed by last quarter of 2019, but still not much trains are operational thru this route due to operational difficulties.<br />
<br />
===By Road===<br />
There are regular buses to [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Muthupet]], [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Velankanni]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Vedaranyam]], [[Mannargudi]], [[Madurai]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Tiruppur]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Pudukkottai]], [[Palani]], [[Tirupati]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Marthandam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Tenkasi]], [[Kollam]], [[Thoothukudi]], Kovilpatti other towns and cities throughout Tamil Nadu. There are some newly created routes which heads to inter state cities also.<ref name="pattukkottai_busroutes">{{cite web|title=Bus Routes|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Pattukkottai/ser_busroutes.htm|publisher=Pattukkottai municipality|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-date=23 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923193102/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Pattukkottai/ser_busroutes.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pattukkottai forms a part of the division number. 1 of the [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] which is headquartered at Kumbakonam.<ref name="tnstc_manual">{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu State Transportation Corporation (Kumbakonam) Limited – Manual of Information|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/transport/handbook-tnstc-kmb.pdf|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu}}</ref> The town has 2 bus depots for inter-city bus services.<ref name="busstand">{{cite web|title=Bus Stand|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Pattukkottai/sal_busstand.htm|publisher=Pattukkottai Municipality|access-date=25 September 2011|archive-date=10 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010031112/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/pattukkottai/sal_busstand.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Vedaranyam]]<br />
*[[Velankanni]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* {{cite book|title=Rural Society in Southeast India|url=https://archive.org/details/ruralsocietyinso0000goug_68|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author=Kathleen Gough|author-link=Kathleen Gough|year=1981|isbn=978-0-521-23889-2 |ref=Gough}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.pattukkottaiinfo.com/ pattukkottai info]<br />
<br />
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Thanjavur district}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Thanjavur district]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasmukhbhai_Parekh&diff=459483Hasmukhbhai Parekh2026-02-07T22:48:51Z<p>WillyFdt599330: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian financial entrepreneur}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Hasmukh Thakordas Parekh<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1911|03|10}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Surat]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1994|11|18|1911|03|10|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wULAAAAAQBAJkbkjbkjbjk | title=Barons of Banking | publisher=Bakhtiar Dadabhoy | date=2016 | isbn=9788184004762 | access-date=9 June 2016}}</ref><br />
| death_place = India<br />
| other_names = <br />
| known_for = Founding [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]] and GRUH Finance Ltd.<br />
| occupation = <br />
|footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Hasmukh Thakordas Parekh''' (10 March 1911&nbsp;– 18 November 1994) was an Indian financial entrepreneur, writer and philanthropist. He played a role in the development of [[ICICI|Industrial Credit & Investment Corporation of India, now ICICI Bank]], founded the [[Housing Development Finance Corporation]], and in 1992 was awarded the [[Padma Bhushan]] for his contribution to the finance industry in India.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[London School of Economics]] also conferred on him an honorary fellowship.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Hasmukh Thakordas Parekh was born to a [[Jain]] family in [[Surat]], Gujarat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Meet Hasmukhbhai Parekh, the man who once lived in a Mumbai chawl & then worked hard to create a Rs 4,14,000 crore empire; know about his journey & lifestyle |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-meet-hasmukhbhai-parekh-the-man-who-once-lived-in-a-mumbai-chawl-then-worked-hard-to-create-a-rs-414000-crore-empire-know-about-his-journey-lifestyle-3168571/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> During his early life he lived in a chawl with his father, Thakurdas, and had to juggle a part-time job and studies with the [[London School of Economics]]. He subsequently worked as a lecturer at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College]], Mumbai, for three years, and later began his financial career with the stock broking firm Harkisandass Lukhmidass. He joined [[ICICI]] as Deputy general manager in 1956, became chairman and managing director in 1972. He retired in 1976 and was Chairman of ICICI's Board until 1978.<br />
<br />
At 66, when he had already received many honours and was stepping down from [[ICICI]], he started a new institution, the Housing Development Finance Corporation ([[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]]), the first of its kind for housing finance in India. On meeting the then Secretary of Finance, Dr Manmohan Singh, the latter told him that [[Housing Development Finance Corporation|HDFC]] was an unknown venture and that no one knew if it would "click" with the Indian people, but Hasmukh Thakordas Parekh had by then already obtained promises of funding from overseas investors, and he was enthusiastic about the project. H.T. Parekh Library (IFMR) is an archive and reference library. It is used by Institute's faculty members, researchers, staff, students as well as outsiders for their academic and research requirements.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{HDFC Group}}<br />
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parekh, Hasmukhbhai}}<br />
[[Category:1994 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:People from Surat]]<br />
[[Category:1911 births]]<br />
[[Category:HDFC Group]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Jains]]<br />
<br />
{{India-business-bio-stub}}</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ombudsman&diff=450326Ombudsman2026-01-30T20:00:29Z<p>WillyFdt599330: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Official representing the interests of the public}}<br />
{{About||the TV series|Ombudsman (TV series){{!}}''Ombudsman'' (TV series)|the Wikimedia Ombuds|m:Ombuds commission|and|selfref=y}}{{For|Ombudsmen on Wikipedia|Wikipedia:Ombudsman}}{{redirects|Public Advocate|the Independent Public Advocate in the UK|Victims and Prisoners Act 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}<br />
[[File:Ombudsman sign.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sign in [[Banjul]], capital of [[The Gambia]], giving directions to the ombudsman's office]]<br />
<br />
An '''ombudsman''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɒ|m|b|ʊ|d|z|m|ən}} {{respell|OM|buudz|mən}}, <small>also</small> {{IPAc-en|US|-|b|ə|d|z|-|,_|-|b|V|d|z|-}} {{respell|-|bədz|-|,_|-|budz|-}}<ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|ombudsman|access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ombudsman|title=Ombudsman|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=10 May 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190510145140/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/ombudsman "ombudsman"] (US) and {{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/ombudsman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322185947/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ombudsman |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=ombudsman |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref>) is a government official who investigates and tries to resolve complaints, usually through recommendations (binding or not) or [[mediation]]. They are usually appointed by the [[government]] or by [[parliament]] (often with a significant degree of independence). <br />
<br />
{{Politics sidebar}}<br />
<br />
Ombudsmen also aim to identify systemic issues leading to poor service or breaches of people's rights. At the national level, most ombudsmen have a wide mandate to deal with the entire public sector, and sometimes also elements of the private sector (for example, contracted service providers). In some cases, there is a more restricted mandate to a certain sector of society. More recent developments have included the creation of specialized [[children's ombudsmen]].<br />
<br />
In some countries, an [[inspector general]], citizen advocate or other official may have duties similar to those of a national ombudsman and may also be appointed by a legislature. Below the national level, an ombudsman may be appointed by a state, local, or municipal government. Private ombudsmen may be appointed by, or even work for, a corporation such as a utility supplier, newspaper, [[NGO]], or professional regulatory body.<br />
<br />
In some jurisdictions, an ombudsman charged with handling concerns about national government is more formally referred to as the "parliamentary commissioner" (e.g. the United Kingdom [[Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration]], and the [[Ombudsmen in Australia#Ombudsman Western Australia|Western Australian state Ombudsman]]). In many countries where the ombudsman's responsibility includes protecting human rights, the ombudsman is recognized as the [[national human rights institutions|national human rights institution]]. The post of ombudsman had by the end of the 20th century been instituted by most governments and by some intergovernmental organizations such as the [[European Union]]. As of 2005, including national and sub-national levels, a total of 129 offices of ombudsman have been established around the world.<ref>{{cite book|first=Muhammad|last=Mahbubur Rahman|title=BCS Bangladesh Affairs|publisher=Lion Muhammad Gias Uddin|publication-date= July 2011|volume=I & II|page= 46 (Vol. II)|language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Origins and etymology==<br />
A prototype of an ombudsman may have flourished in China during the [[Qin dynasty]] (221 BC), and later in [[Korea]] during the [[Joseon dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Park |first=Sangyil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnJLKaZqxDQC |title=Korean Preaching, Han, and Narrative |date=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |series=American University Studies. Series VII. Theology and Religion|isbn=978-1-4331-0449-7}}</ref> The position of [[secret royal inspector]], or {{Lang|ko-latn|amhaeng-eosa}} ({{lang|ko|암행어사}}, {{lang|ko|暗行御史}}) was unique to the Joseon dynasty, where an undercover official directly appointed by the king was sent to local provinces to monitor government officials and look after the populace while travelling incognito. The [[Tribune|Roman tribune]] had some similar roles, with the power to veto acts that infringed upon the [[Plebs|Plebeians]]. Another precursor to the ombudsman was the {{Lang|ar-latn|Diwān al-Maẓālim}} ({{lang|ar|دِيوَانُ الْمَظَالِمِ}}) which appears to go back to the second [[caliph]], [[Umar]] (634–644), and the concept of {{Lang|ar-latn|Qaḍī al-Quḍāt}} ({{lang|ar|قَاضِي الْقُضَاةِ}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Islamic Roots of Ombudsman Systems|first=V.|last=Pickl|journal=The Ombudsman Journal|year=1987}}</ref> They were also attested in Siam, India, the [[Liao dynasty]], Japan, and China.<ref><!--http://elcrps.uoc.edu/index.php/journal-of-conflictology/article/view/vol2iss2-lang/vol2iss2-lang {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122182900/http://elcrps.uoc.edu/index.php/journal-of-conflictology/article/view/vol2iss2-lang/vol2iss2-lang |date=22 November 2015 }} page 57.--> McKenna Lang, [http://elcrps.uoc.edu/index.php/journal-of-conflictology/article/view/vol2iss2-lang "A Western King and an Ancient Notion: Reflections on the Origins of Ombudsing"], ''Journal of Conflictology''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122163117/http://elcrps.uoc.edu/index.php/journal-of-conflictology/article/view/vol2iss2-lang |date=22 November 2015 }} http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Conflictology/article/viewArticle/251703/0 http://openaccess.uoc.edu/webapps/o2/handle/10609/12627</ref><br />
<br />
An indigenous [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]], and [[Danish language|Danish]] term, ''ombudsman'', ''ombodsmann'', ''ombudsmand'' or ''ombudsmann'' is etymologically rooted in the [[Old Norse]] word {{lang|non|umboðsmaðr}}, essentially meaning 'representative' (with the word {{Lang|sv|umbud}}''/ombod/''{{Lang|da|ombud}} meaning 'proxy', 'attorney'; that is, someone who is authorized to act for someone else, a meaning it still has in the Scandinavian languages). From 1552, it is used in the Nordic languages as the Swedish {{lang|sv|ombudsman}}{{efn|In the Swedish [[Västgötalagen|Västgöta law]] from the 1200's, the term is ''umbuds man''}} ({{IPA|sv|ˈɔ̂mːbʉːdsˌman|pron|audio=sv-ombudsman.ogg}}), the Danish {{lang|da|ombudsmand}}{{efn|In the Danish [[Jyske Lov|Law of Jutland]] from 1241, the term is ''umbozman'' and concretely means a royal civil servant in a [[hundred (county division)|hundred]]}}, the [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] and [[Faroese language|Faroese]] {{lang|is|umboðsmaður}} and the Norwegian {{lang|no|ombudsmann}}/{{lang|no|ombodsmann}}. The general meaning was and is approximately 'a man representing (someone)' (i.e., a representative) or 'a man with a commission (from someone)' (a commissioner). The Swedish-speaking minority in Finland uses the Swedish terminology. The various forms of the suffix {{Lang|da|-mand}}, {{Lang|is|-maður}}, et cetera, are just the forms the common Germanic word represented by the [[English language|English]] word ''man'' have in the various languages. Thus, the modern plural form ''ombudsmen'' of the English borrowed word ''ombudsman'' is likely.<br />
<br />
Use of the term in its modern sense began in Sweden with the [[Parliamentary Ombudsman|Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman]] instituted by the [[Instrument of Government (1809)|Instrument of Government]] of 1809, to safeguard the rights of citizens by establishing a supervisory agency independent of the [[executive branch]]. The predecessor of the Swedish Parliamentary Ombudsman was the Office of Supreme Ombudsman ({{Lang|sv|Högste Ombudsmannen}}), which was established by the Swedish King, [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]], in 1713. Charles XII was in exile in [[Turkey]] and needed a representative in Sweden to ensure that judges and civil servants acted in accordance with the laws and with their duties. If they did not do so, the Supreme Ombudsman had the right to prosecute them for negligence. In 1719 the Swedish Office of Supreme Ombudsman became the [[Chancellor of Justice]].<ref name="JO_history">{{cite web|url=http://www.jo.se/Page.aspx?MenuId=20&MainmenuId=12&ObjectClass=DynamX_Documents&Language=sv|title=Historik|first=Riksdagens|last=ombudsmän|access-date=19 May 2017|archive-date=9 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009075227/http://www.jo.se/Page.aspx?MenuId=20&MainmenuId=12&ObjectClass=DynamX_Documents&Language=sv|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Parliamentary Ombudsman]] was established in 1809 by the Swedish [[Parliament of Sweden|Riksdag]], as a parallel institution to the still-present Chancellor of Justice, reflecting the concept of [[separation of powers]] as developed by [[Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu|Montesquieu]].<ref name="JO_history" /><br />
<br />
The Parliamentary Ombudsman is the institution that the Scandinavian countries subsequently developed into its contemporary form, and which subsequently has been adopted in many other parts of the world. The word ombudsman and its specific meaning have since been adopted in various languages, such as Dutch. The German language uses {{lang|de|Ombudsmann}}, {{Lang|de|Ombudsfrau}} and {{Lang|de|Ombudsleute}}. Notable exceptions are French, Italian, Spanish, and [[Finnish language|Finnish]], which use translations instead. Modern variations of this term include ''ombud'', ''ombuds'', ''ombudsperson'', or ''ombudswoman'', and the conventional English plural is ''ombudsmen''. In Nigeria, the ombudsman is known as the ''Public Complaints Commission'' or the ''ombudsman''.<ref>The Public Complaint's Commission (Amendment) Act No. 21 of 1979.</ref><br />
<br />
==In politics==<br />
In general, an ombudsman is a state official appointed to provide a check on government activity in the interests of the citizen and to oversee the investigation of complaints of improper government activity against the citizen. If the ombudsman finds a complaint to be substantiated, the problem may get rectified, or an ombudsman report is published making recommendations for change. Further redress depends on the laws of the country concerned, but this typically involves financial compensation. Ombudsmen in most countries do not have the power to initiate legal proceedings or prosecution on the grounds of a complaint. This role is sometimes referred to as a "tribunician" role, and has been traditionally fulfilled by elected representatives&nbsp;– the term refers to the ancient Roman "[[Tribune#Tribune of the Plebs|tribunes of the plebeians]]" ({{Lang|la|tribuni plebis}}), whose role was to intercede in the political process on behalf of common citizens.<br />
<br />
The significant advantage of an ombudsman is that they examine complaints from outside the offending state institution, thus avoiding the conflicts of interest inherent in self-policing. However, the ombudsman system relies heavily on the selection of an appropriate individual for the office, and on the cooperation of at least some effective official from within the apparatus of the state. However, sociologist Jürgen Beyer has criticised the institution, stating: "Ombudsmen are relics of absolutism, designed to iron out the worst excesses of administrative arbitrariness while keeping the power structures intact."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beyer|first=Jürgen|date=2014|title=The influence of reading room rules on the quality and efficiency of historical research|url=http://kodu.ut.ee/~jbeyer/Reading_room_rules.pdf|journal=Svensk tidskrift för bibliografi|volume=8|issue=3|page=125}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In organizations==<br />
{{Main|Organizational ombudsman}}<br />
<br />
Many private companies, universities, non-profit organisations, and government agencies also have an ombudsman (or an ombuds office) to serve internal employees, managers and/or other constituencies. These ombudsman roles are structured to function independently, by reporting to the CEO or board of directors, and, according to the International Ombudsman Association (IOA) Standards of Practice, they do not have any other role in the organisation. Organisational ombudsmen often receive more complaints than alternative procedures such as anonymous hot-lines.<ref>Charles L. Howard, ''The Organizational Ombudsman: Origins, Roles and Operations, a Legal Guide'', ABA, 2010.</ref><br />
<br />
Since the 1960s, the profession has grown in the United States, and Canada, particularly in corporations, universities, and government agencies. The [[organizational ombudsman]] works as a designated neutral party, one who is high-ranking in an organization, but who is not part of executive management. Using an [[alternative dispute resolution]] (ADR) or ''appropriate'' dispute resolution approach, an organisational ombudsman can provide options to [[whistleblower]]s or employees and managers with [[Business ethics|ethical]] concerns; provide coaching, shuttle diplomacy, generic solutions (meaning a solution which protects the identity of one individual by applying to a class of people, rather than just for the one individual) and [[mediation]] for conflicts; track problem areas; and make recommendations for changes to policies or procedures in support of orderly systems change.<br />
<br />
==Ombudsman services by country==<br />
{{Main|Ombudsman services by country}}<br />
<br />
For specific ombudsmen or commissioners for children or young people, also see [[Children's ombudsman#Children's Ombudsman services by country|Children's ombudsman]].<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* {{Annotated link|Complaint system}}<br />
* [[Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions|Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI)]]—Coordinates the relationship between national human right institutions and the United Nations human rights system<br />
* {{Annotated link|Human rights activists}}<br />
* {{Annotated link|Information commissioner}}<br />
* [[International Ombudsman Institute]] (IOI)—Representing 150 public sector independent ombudsman institutions on the national, state, regional and local level around the globe<br />
* {{Annotated link|Liaison officer}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wiktionary}}<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* [http://www.jpgmonline.com/article.asp?issn=0022-3859;year=2002;volume=48;issue=4;spage=292;epage=6;aulast=Satyanarayana JPGMOnline.com]&nbsp;– 'The role of the ombudsman in biomedical journals', ''[[Journal of Postgraduate Medicine]]'', Vol 48, No 4, pp 292–296, 2002<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050302184823/http://www.pogo.org/p/environment/ea-020420-epa.html POGO.org]&nbsp;– 'EPA Ombudsman Resigns: Accountability in Handling of Superfund Sites Threatened', [[Project on Government Oversight]] (22 April 2002)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051116194002/http://www.transparency.org/sourcebook/10.pdf Transparency.org]&nbsp;– 'What is an Ombudsman'<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305104224/http://dcaf.ch/Publications/Ombuds-Institutions-for-the-Armed-Forces-A-Handbook Ombudsman Institutions for the Armed Forces Handbook]&nbsp;– 'A practical guide to the role of military ombudsman', [[Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces]] (DCAF)<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070615173150/http://www.ecmi.de/doc/ombudsman/download/guide_uk.pdf Ombudsman Institutions and Minority Issues], Study by the European Centre for Minority Issues<br />
* [https://soep-online.de/ SÖP Schlichtungsstelle für den öffentlichen Personenverkehr e.V.], Ombudsman Institution of Public Transport in Germany<br />
* [https://deflem.blogspot.com/2017/05/ombudscontrol.html Deflem, Mathieu. 2017. "The Ombuds and Social Control."] The Independent Voice, IOA newsletter, May 2017.<br />
<br />
===International and regional ombudsman associations===<br />
* Africa<br />
** [https://law.ukzn.ac.za/african-ombudsman-research-centre African Ombudsman Research Centre] (AORC), {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328095239/https://law.ukzn.ac.za/african-ombudsman-research-centre|date=2023-03-28}}<br />
* North America<br />
** [https://accuo.ca Association of Canadian College and University Ombudspersons] (ACCUO)<br />
* Asia<br />
** [http://www.asianombudsman.com/ Asian Ombudsman Association] (AOA)&nbsp;– "To promote the concepts of Ombudsmanship and to encourage its development in Asia"<br />
* Australasia<br />
** [http://www.anzoa.com.au Australian and New Zealand Ombudsman Association] (ANZOA)<br />
* Europe/N.Africa<br />
** [https://archive.today/20130415120112/http://www.ombudsman-med.org/eng/ Association of Mediterranean Ombudsmen] (AMO)<br />
** [https://www.ombudsmanassociation.org/ Ombudsman Association] (formerly the British and Irish Ombudsman Association, BIOA)<br />
** [http://enoc.eu European Network of Ombudspersons for Children] (ENOC)<br />
** [https://www.enohe.net European Network of Ombudsmen in Higher Education] (ENOHE), {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050430070819/http://www.english.uva.nl/enohe/enohe_network.cfm/ |date=30 April 2005 }} – webpage at [[Universiteit van Amsterdam]]<br />
** [http://www.eoi.at European Ombudsman Institute] (EOI)<br />
* global<br />
** [http://www.ombudsassociation.org International Ombudsman Association] (IOA)<br />
** [http://www.newsombudsmen.org Organization of News Ombudsmen] (ONO)<br />
<br />
===Ombudsman directories===<br />
* [http://www.theioi.org/ IOI]&nbsp;– International Ombudsman Institute (international directory of ombudsmen)<br />
* [http://ombuds-blog.blogspot.com/ Ombuds Blog] includes lists of organizational ombuds offices in corporations, academic, governmental, and other organizations<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Ombudsmen| ]]<br />
[[Category:Legal professions]]<br />
[[Category:Government occupations]]<br />
[[Category:Ethics organizations]]<br />
[[Category:Swedish titles]]<br />
[[Category:Swedish words and phrases]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santacruz_Assembly_constituency&diff=532888Santacruz Assembly constituency2026-01-28T12:18:46Z<p>WillyFdt599330: added new details first draft!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Santacruz<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| district = <br />
| division = <br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North Central]]<br />
| constituency_no = <br />
| established = 1972<br />
| reservation = <br />
| abolished = 2008<br />
}}<br />
'''Santacruz''' was one of the 288 assembly constituencies of [[Maharashtra]], a western state of India. Santacruz was also part of [[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/1976-dpaco/mode/2up |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=10 February 2025}}</ref> Santacruz existed till 2004 elections until [[Kalina Assembly constituency]] was formed in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Member of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|- <br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || S. R. Patkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Jagesh Desai <br />
|- <br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Sinha Shobhanath Ramgajdhar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || rowspan=2 | C. D. Ommachen || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=2 | Abhiram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan=2 | [[Kripashankar Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===Assembly Election 2004=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Santacruz}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kripashankar Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 78,263 |percentage = 55.05% |change={{increase}}4.73 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Alavani Parag Madhusudan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,074 |percentage = 39.44% |change={{decrease}}3.42 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nicholas Benjamin Almeida |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,384 |percentage = 1.68% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bastiwala Tahira |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,666 |percentage = 1.17% |change={{increase}}0.24 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Krishna Bhikaji Thorat |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,432 |percentage = 1.01% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shekhar Vaishnav |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,034 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 22,189 |percentage = 15.61% |change= {{increase}}8.15 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,42,168 |percentage = 53.60% |change= {{increase}}4.74 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,42,167}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,65,246|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.34 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.73 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1999=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Santacruz<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kripashankar Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 61,627 |percentage = 50.32% |change={{increase}}24.93 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abhiram Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,497 |percentage = 42.86% |change={{decrease}}3.28 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Subhash Mahadeo Sawant |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,481 |percentage = 2.84% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Javed Nasrullah Khan |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,311 |percentage = 1.89% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajbirsingh Piwal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,136 |percentage = 0.93% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,130 |percentage = 7.45% |change= {{decrease}}13.30 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,25,402 |percentage = 48.85% |change= {{decrease}}10.61 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,22,480}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,56,685|ref = |change= {{increase}}4.37 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.18 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1995=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Santacruz<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Abhiram Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 67,478 |percentage = 46.14% |change={{increase}}9.01 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Nancy Oommachain |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 37,127 |percentage = 25.39% |change={{decrease}}6.10 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Subhash Mahadeo |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 17,260 |percentage = 11.80% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nicholas Benjamin Almeda |party=Independent politician |votes = 7,066 |percentage = 4.83% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jinoveva Peter Fernandes |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 6,456 |percentage = 4.41% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harish S. Lot |party=Janata Dal |votes = 3,330 |percentage = 2.28% |change={{decrease}}18.62 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohan Sudam Ghadge |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,293 |percentage = 0.88% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,351 |percentage = 20.75% |change= {{increase}}15.11 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,49,150 |percentage = 60.64% |change= {{increase}}7.28 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,46,248}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,45,944|ref = |change= {{increase}}16.65 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.01 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1990=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Santacruz<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Abhiram Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,854 |percentage = 37.13% |change={{increase}}13.75 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Oommachen C. D. |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,647 |percentage = 31.49% |change={{decrease}}14.85 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. B. Sawant |party=Janata Dal |votes = 22,987 |percentage = 20.89% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=K. B. Thorat |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes = 6,530 |percentage = 5.93% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. A. Qureshi |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,349 |percentage = 3.04% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Felcy R. Pinto |party=Independent politician |votes = 799 |percentage = 0.73% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,207 |percentage = 5.64% |change= {{decrease}}17.31 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 1,11,273 |percentage = 52.78% |change= {{increase}}5.72 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 1,10,026}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,10,841|ref = |change= {{increase}}30.95 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.21 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1985=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Santacruz<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=C. D. Ommachen |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,668 |percentage = 46.34% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abhiram Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 17,497 |percentage = 23.39% |change={{decrease}}2.15 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nandkishor Dhaku Palav |party=Independent politician |votes = 9,133 |percentage = 12.21% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Basir Ahmad Rafik |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,297 |percentage = 11.09% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sandesh Mandiyal |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,244 |percentage = 5.67% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,171 |percentage = 22.95% |change= {{decrease}}1.80 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,945 |percentage = 47.17% |change= {{increase}}11.87 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,818}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,61,009|ref = |change= {{increase}}12.36 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}3.94 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1980=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Santacruz<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=C. D. Ommachen |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 24,928 |percentage = 50.28% |change={{increase}}36.99 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pandey Suryaprasad Jagdev |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,659 |percentage = 25.53% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Natwarlal Maneklal Ghody |party=Janata Party |votes = 8,905 |percentage = 17.96% |change={{decrease}}35.28 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shobhnath Singh |party=Janata Party (Secular) [[Charan Singh]] |votes = 2,000 |percentage = 4.03% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Yassen Rahimkhan Patel |party=Independent politician |votes = 571 |percentage = 1.15% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,269 |percentage = 24.75% |change= {{decrease}}15.20 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,261 |percentage = 35.07% |change= {{decrease}}25.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,580}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,43,301|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.19 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}2.96 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1978=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Santacruz<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Sinha Shobhanath Ramgajdhar |party=Janata Party |votes = 42,544 |percentage = 53.24% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pagraoot Vasantrao Dattatray |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 10,622 |percentage = 13.29% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramesh Yeshwant Prabhoo |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 10,422 |percentage = 13.04% |change={{decrease}}4.69 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jagesh Desai |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 9,050 |percentage = 11.33% |change={{decrease}}50.58 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhungra Hansraj Ramlal |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,737 |percentage = 5.93% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Singh Amarnath Ramnaresh |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,197 |percentage = 2.75% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,922 |percentage = 39.95% |change= {{decrease}}4.22 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,276 |percentage = 61.36% |change= {{increase}}1.78 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 79,909}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,32,449|ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.19 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.66 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1972=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Santacruz<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jagesh Desai |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 48,101 |percentage = 61.90% |change={{increase}}21.34 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dandekar Shankar Laxman |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 13,782 |percentage = 17.74% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. R. Patkar |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 7,754 |percentage = 9.98% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sitaram Ramchandra Jagtap |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 6,971 |percentage = 8.97% |change={{decrease}}19.46 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Namdeo Shivram Bhosale |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 1,096 |percentage = 1.41% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,319 |percentage = 44.17% |change= {{increase}}32.04 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,052 |percentage = 59.57% |change= {{decrease}}3.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,704}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,32,703|ref = |change= {{increase}}40.48 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}21.34 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1967=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Santacruz<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=S. R. Patkar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 23,665 |percentage = 40.56% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. R. Jagtap |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 16,587 |percentage = 28.43% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=R. Sheth |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 8,196 |percentage = 14.05% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. Narayan |party=Swatantra Party |votes = 5,380 |percentage = 9.22% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. Babu |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 2,751 |percentage = 4.71% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. A. Badheka |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,492 |percentage = 2.56% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,078 |percentage = 12.13% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,941 |percentage = 64.51% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,348}} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,464|ref = |change= }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shirdi&diff=450915Shirdi2026-01-27T08:48:30Z<p>WillyFdt599330: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish|Shiradi}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}<br />
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --><br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Shirdi<br />
| native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --><br />
| native_name_lang = mr<br />
| settlement_type = Town<br />
| image_skyline = Sai baba samadhi mandir .jpg<br />
| image_caption = Sai Baba's Samadhi Mandir in 2017<br />
| nickname = Sainagar<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|19.77|N|74.48|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]<br />
| established_title = [[Taluka]]<br />
| established_date = [[Rahata]]<br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = Municipal Council<br />
| governing_body = Shirdi Municipal Council<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 13<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 504<br />
| population_total = 36004<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 423109<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = 02423<br />
| registration_plate = MH-17<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| leader_title = MP<br />
| leader_name = [[Bhausaheb Rajaram Wakchaure]], [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]]<br />
| leader_title1 = MLA<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]], [[BJP]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Shirdi''' ({{audio|Shirdi.ogg|pronunciation}}; also known as '''Sainagar''') is a town and pilgrimage site in the [[Indian state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. Shirdi is located in the [[Rahata taluka]] of [[Ahmednagar district]]. It is most well known for being the home of the 19th-century Indian saint [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
{{Further information|Sai Baba of Shirdi#Biography}}<br />
In the mid-1850s, a young Sai Baba arrived and settled in Shirdi, then a small village. Although he was initially denounced by the villagers as a madman, over the following decades, he became a prominent spiritual figure, drawing both Hindu and Muslim devotees from the surrounding areas. Following his death in 1918, his remains were placed in ''Buti Wada'', which eventually grew to become what is known today as Sai Baba's Samadhi Mandir or Shirdi Sai Baba Temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rigopoulos |first=Antonio |title=The Life And Teachings of Sai Baba of Shirdi |date=9 March 1993 |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |isbn=9781438417349}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shirdi Sai Baba |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shirdi-Sai-Baba |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
As of the [[2011 census of India|2011 Indian census]], the population of Shirdi stood at 36,004, with males comprising 53% and females comprising 47%. The town recorded an average literacy rate of 70%, with male literacy at 76% and female literacy at 62%. About 15% of residents were under six years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> By 2023, the town received around 60,000 [[Religious tourism|religious tourists]] each day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasgupta |first=Ranjan |date=23 May 2023 |title=At Rs 900 crore, Shirdi temple's earnings top pre-Covid levels |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/at-900cr-shirdi-temples-earnings-top-pre-covid-levels/articleshow/100433618.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Transportation ==<br />
=== Train ===<br />
The [[Sainagar Shirdi railway station]] became operational in March 2009. As of 2011, there are trains from Chennai, Mumbai, [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Kakinada]], [[Vijayawada]], Hyderabad, [[Mysore]], among others.{{Update inline|reason=Its been 14 years since 2011|date=February 2025}}<br />
<br />
=== Air ===<br />
[[Shirdi Airport]] was inaugurated by [[President of India|then-president]] [[Ram Nath Kovind|Ramnath Kovind]] on 1 October 2017. Major destinations from Shirdi Airport include the airports of Delhi, Hyderabad, Chennai, and Mumbai. The airport is located in Kakadi, in the Kopargaon tahsil area, 14&nbsp;km southwest of Shirdi.<ref>{{cite news| title=Shirdi airport work in full swing: Official |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Shirdi-airport-work-in-full-swing-Official/articleshow/6117173.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614053622/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-02/pune/28275574_1_shirdi-airport-airport-project-airport-for-devotees-planning|url-status=live|archive-date=14 June 2012|access-date=3 June 2012| newspaper=The Times of India |date=2 July 2010}}</ref> The construction, according to the original plans, was completed in February 2016, and the first trial flight took place on 2 March 2016.<ref>{{cite news |title=First trial flight touches down at Shirdi airport |author=Yogesh Naik |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/First-trial-flight-touches-down-at-Shirdi-airport/articleshow/51232066.cms |newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=3 March 2016 |access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref> In July 2019, the state government approved extending the runway from 2,500 metres (8,200&nbsp;ft) to 3,200 metres (10,500&nbsp;ft), building a new terminal to boost hourly passenger capacity from 300 to 1,000, and adding night-landing facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Joy |date=9 September 2019 |title=Shirdi airport takes step forward to bag 24x7 tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/shirdi-airport-takes-step-forward-to-bag-24x7-tag/articleshow/71039884.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
The nearest major airports are at [[Aurangabad Airport|Aurangabad]] and [[Pune Airport|Pune]], {{cvt|115|km}} and {{cvt|186|km}} respectively, from Shirdi.<br />
<br />
=== Road ===<br />
Shirdi is accessible via [[National Highway 160 (India)|National Highway 160]], which runs through [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]]. Furthermore, the town is also accessible via [[State Highway 10 (Maharashtra)|State Highway 10]], which runs south through [[Pune district|Pune]], [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]], [[Nashik district|Nashik]], and [[Dhule district|Dhule]] districts.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Shirdi}}<br />
* Shri Saibaba Sansthan Trust, Shirdi's [https://www.sai.org.in/ Official Website]<br />
* Visitors [https://mytempletrips.in/planning-for-trip-to-shridi-during-summer-holidays-some-tips-to-help-you-plan/ guide]<br />
{{Ahmednagar district topics}}<br />
{{Hindu holy cities}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shirdi| ]]<br />
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu holy cities]]<br />
[[Category:Sufi shrines in India]]<br />
[[Category:Cities in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Holy cities]]<br />
[[Category:Ashrams]]<br />
[[Category:Religious places]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites]]<br />
[[Category:Spiritual retreats]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ahmednagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Samadhis| ]]<br />
[[Category:Tombs in India| ]]<br />
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in India]]<br />
[[Category:Universalism]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Public_Finance_and_Policy&diff=448723National Institute of Public Finance and Policy2026-01-22T17:44:46Z<p>WillyFdt599330: Revised content for better accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Research institute in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{multiple issues|{{primary sources|date=December 2013}}<br />
{{third-party|date=December 2013}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=September 2009}}}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| name = National Institute of Public Finance and Policy<br />
| logo = National Institute of Public Finance and Policy (NIPFP) logo.png<br />
| logo_caption = National Institute of Public Finance and Policy (NIPFP) logo<br />
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]<br />
| website = https://www.nipfp.org.in/<br />
}}<br />
'''The National Institute of Public Finance and Policy''' ('''NIPFP''') is an autonomous research institute under India's [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]].<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Based in [[New Delhi]], India, the centre conducts research on public finance and contributes to the process of policy-making relating to public finance. The NIPFP also works jointly with the Department of Economic Affairs at the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] to research the effects of past economic policy.&lt;ref&gt;[http://dor.gov.in/nipfp National Institute of Public Finance and Policy]. Government of India, Department of Finance. Accessed 21 May 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
NIPFP is overseen by a governing board comprising a chairman and representatives from the Ministry of Finance, [[Planning Commission of India]] and [[Reserve Bank of India]]. [[Urjit Patel]] is the present chairman and [[R Kavita Rao]] is the present director of the institute.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.nipfp.org.in/faculty Faculty] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704061805/http://www.nipfp.org.in/faculty|date=4 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The previous director was [[Pinaki Chakraborty]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nipfp.org.in|title=NIPFP - Home page|publisher=NIPFP}}&lt;/ref&gt; and chairman was Vijay Kelkar.<br />
<br />
==Campus==<br />
Spread over an area of 3 acres, the institute is situated near [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] and the [[Indian Institute of Technology]]. The campus consists of two academic and an office block, residential quarters, a hostel (guest house).&lt;ref name="nipfp1"&gt;[http://www.nipfp.org.in/content/infrastructure Infrastructure] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606065654/http://www.nipfp.org.in/content/infrastructure|date=6 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[National Council of Applied Economic Research]]<br />
*[[List of think tanks in India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Official website|http://www.nipfp.org.in}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Research institutes in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Public finance]]<br />
[[Category:Think tanks based in India]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commodore_(India)&diff=445485Commodore (India)2026-01-10T06:57:32Z<p>WillyFdt599330: updated</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian naval rank}}<br />
{{Infobox military rank<br />
| name = Commodore<br />
| image = File:Commodore ensign of Indian Navy.svg{{!}}border<br />
| image_size = 150px<br />
| caption = Flag of Commodore<br />
| image2 = [[File:11-Indian_Navy-CDRE.svg|50px]] [[File:British_Royal_Navy_(sleeves)_OF-6.svg|50px]] [[File:IN SURG COM.png|50px]]<br />
| image_size2 = <br />
| caption2 = Rank insignia of a Commodore and Surgeon Commodore<br />
| image3 = Vehicle star plate of Commodore (Indian Navy).svg<br />
| image_size3 = 120px<br />
| caption3 = Vehicle star plate of Commodore <br />
| country = {{flag|India}}<br />
| service branch = {{navy|India}}<br />
| abbreviation = Cmde/ Surg Cmde<br />
| rank = [[One-star rank]]<br />
| NATO rank =OF-6 <br />
| Non-NATO rank = <br />
| formation = <br />
| abolished = <br />
| higher rank = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear admiral]]<br />
| lower rank = [[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]]<br />
| equivalents = [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] ([[Indian Army]])<br/>[[Air commodore (India)|Air commodore]] ([[Indian Air Force]])<br />
| history = <br />
|rank group=''Flag officers''|pay grade=[[7th Central Pay Commission and Defence Forces|Level 13A]]|native_name={{lang|hi|कोमोडोर}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Commodore''' is a [[One-star rank|one-star]] rank in the [[Indian Navy]]. [[Commodore (rank)|Commodore]] ranks above the rank of [[Captain (Indian Navy)|captain]] and below the [[two-star rank]] of [[Rear admiral (India)|rear admiral]]. This navy rank will be abbreviated as ''CMDE'' or ''Cmde''. <br />
<br />
The equivalent rank in the [[Indian Army]] is [[Brigadier (India)|brigadier]] and in the [[Indian Air Force]] is [[Air commodore (India)|air commodore]].<br />
[[File:Rear_Admiral_Philipose_George_Pynumootil.jpg|thumb|right|Cmde [[Philipose George Pynumootil|PG Pyunumootil]] in a commodore's uniform.]]<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
After the [[Independence of India]], Captain [[Ajitendu Chakraverti]] was the first Indian to be promoted to the rank of commodore, when he took over as the officiating Chief of Staff at Naval Headquarters.<ref name="First Commodore">{{cite web |title=PIB (Defence Wing) |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-05-08_240.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Appointments==<br />
Officers in the rank of commodore hold important appointments like Commodore Commanding Submarines (COMCOS). The command and control of all submarines with the [[Western Naval Command|Western]] and [[Eastern Naval Command|Eastern]] Naval Commands resides with the COMCOS. The [[Commodore Commanding Submarines (West)|COMCOS (West)]] and [[Commodore Commanding Submarines (East)|COMCOS (East)]] report into the FOC-in-C of their respective commands. Officers in the rank of commodore serve as [[commanding officer]]s of shore establishments like [[INS Hansa]], [[INS Shivaji]], etc. Commodores also fill appointments of naval officer-in-charge (NOIC) of naval areas. The [[naval attaché]]s and naval advisors at India's high commissions and embassies in select countries are officers of the rank of commodore.<ref>{{cite web |title=Embassy of India, Moscow (Russia) |url=https://indianembassy-moscow.gov.in/departments-officers.php |website=indianembassy-moscow.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=High Commission of India, London, United Kingdom : High Commission Officers |url=https://www.hcilondon.gov.in/page/high-commission-officials/ |website=www.hcilondon.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Washington D C, USA |url=https://indianembassyusa.gov.in/pages/MTQ, |website=indianembassyusa.gov.in}}</ref> At Naval headquarters, commodores hold the appointments of principal directors of directorates and branches.<br />
<br />
==Insignia==<br />
The flag of a vice admiral has a gold-blue octagon bearing naval crest in the middle, and a blue star at hoist side. The badge of rank consists of a band of gold lace, with a circle of lace above. A commodore wears [[gorget patches]] which are golden patches with one white star. In addition to this, the double-breasted [[reefer jacket]] has one broad golden sleeve stripe with a circle above.<br />
<br />
==Pay scale==<br />
Commodores are at pay level 13A, with a monthly basic pay between {{INRConvert|139600}} and {{INRConvert|217600}} with a monthly service pay of {{INRConvert|15500}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 November 2015 |date=20 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=DelhiJune 29 |first1=India Today Web Desk New |last2=June 29 |first2=India Today Web Desk New |last3=Ist |first3=India Today Web Desk New |title=7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/7th-pay-commission-cleared-what-is-pay-commission-how-does-it-effect-our-pockets-16980-2016-06-29 |website=India Today |date=29 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Pay Scale of Officers - Join Indian Navy {{!}} Government of India |url=https://www.joinindiannavy.gov.in/en/page/pay-scale-of-officers.html |website=www.joinindiannavy.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Famous Indian commodores==<br />
* [[Arogyaswami Paulraj]] - [[Electrical engineer]] and inventor<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Naval ranks and insignia of India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{citation|first1=Anup|last1=Singh|title=Blue Waters Ahoy!: The Indian Navy 2001-2010 |year=2018|isbn=978-9353025526|publisher= HarperCollins Publishers India}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Military ranks by country}}<br />
{{Indian Navy}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Military insignia|India Navy]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Navy]]<br />
[[Category:Military ranks of the Indian Navy]]<br />
[[Category:One-star officers]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sardarji_joke&diff=457121Sardarji joke2025-12-25T03:03:31Z<p>WillyFdt599330: expanded content to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Class of jokes about Sikhs}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}<br />
<!--**********************************************************************************<br />
<br />
PLEASE NOTE:<br />
<br />
This page is not intended as an attack on a religious community. The intent is exactly the opposite: To give the readers a neutral perspective on the nature of these derogatory jokes.<br />
<br />
Google returns thousands of tasteless pages for the query "Sardarji jokes" -- this article is one of the few pages which actually educates the readers about how these jokes originated and how Sikhs feel about them.<br />
<br />
To voice your thoughts on the content of this article, please use the talk page instead of blanking this page.<br />
<br />
********************************************************************************** --><br />
<br />
'''Sardarji jokes''' or '''Sardar jokes''' are a class of [[ethnic joke|religious joke]]s based on stereotypes of [[Sikh]]s (who use the title of "[[Sardar]]", with [[-ji]] being an [[honorific]]). Although jokes about other religious, ethnic, and linguistic communities are found in various regions of India, Sardarji jokes are the most widely circulated religious jokes and are found across the country.<ref name="Jawaharlal_Handoo_Contemporary">{{cite book| last = Handoo| first = Jawaharlal |editor-last1=Röhrich|editor-first1= Lutz |editor-last2=Wienker-Piepho|editor-first2= Sabine| title = Storytelling in Contemporary Societies| publisher = Gunther Narr| location = Tübingen| year = 1990| oclc = 23274712| isbn = 978-3-8233-4475-9| pages = 155–161| chapter = Folk Narrative and Ethnic Identity: The 'Sardarji' Joke Cycle| chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-N0JCxuKv9EC&pg=FA155}}</ref> Sardarji jokes are generally considered tasteless and inappropriate by members of the Sikh community, and have elicited protests as well as leading to arrests for [[Hate speech laws in India|hurting religious sentiments]].<ref name="Jawaharlal_Handoo_Contemporary"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-19/mumbai/27874138_1_sikh-youths-sikh-community-mumbai-police |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104201556/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-19/mumbai/27874138_1_sikh-youths-sikh-community-mumbai-police |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-04 |title=Sikhs ask cops to ban 'Sardar' jokes on Net |date=2007-03-19 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2009-08-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
Some of the dominant traits of the Sardar jokes include the Sardar being shown as naïve, inept, unintelligent, or not well-versed with the [[English language]].<ref name="Jawaharlal_Handoo_Contemporary"/><ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Singh<br />
| first = Khushwant<br />
| authorlink = Khushwant Singh<br />
| title = Khushwant Singh's view of India: [lectures on India's people, religions, history & contemporary affairs] <br />
| publisher = IBH Pub. Co.<br />
| location = [[Bombay]]<br />
| year = 1974<br />
| oclc = 2296948<br />
| pages = 88<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Saluja<br />
| first = Kuldeep<br />
| title = The Unofficial Joke Book of Mind Blowing SMS<br />
| publisher = Diamond Pocket Books/Fusion Books<br />
| year = 2004<br />
| isbn = 81-8419-190-1<br />
| pages = 38<br />
}}</ref> Many of the Sardar jokes are variations of [[ethnic jokes]] or stereotype jokes. Some of them also depict Sardarjis as witty or using other people's stereotyped perceptions against them.<ref>{{cite book<br />
| title = The Unofficial Joke Book of Mind Blowing SMS<br />
| publisher = Diamond Pocket Books/Fusion Books<br />
| year = 2004<br />
| isbn = 81-89182-65-X<br />
| pages = 159–160<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
The researcher Jawaharlal Handoo associates some traits of the Sardar jokes with the [[stereotype]] of Sikhs being associated with jobs where physical fitness is more important than knowledge of the English language or intellect.<ref name="Jawaharlal_Handoo_Contemporary"/> He also states that "In my opinion, the 'success-story' of the Sikh-community as a whole has taken the form of a deep-rooted anxiety in the collective minds of the non-Sikh majorities especially the Hindus of India....Sikhs are a very prosperous and successful people ....this may have threatened the Hindu ego and created anxiety, which in turn seems to have taken the form of various stereotypes and the resultant joke cycle."<ref name="Jawaharlal_Handoo_Contemporary"/> Soumen Sen states that these jokes perhaps reflect the anxiety of the non-Sikh Indian elite, who may have suffered from a sense of insecurity due to the growing competition from the enterprising Sikhs.<ref name="Sen">{{cite book<br />
| last = Sen<br />
| first = Soumen<br />
| title = Khasi-Jaintia Folklore; Context, Discourse, and History<br />
| publisher = National Folklore Support Centre<br />
| location = [[Chennai]]<br />
| year = 2004<br />
| oclc = 56096400<br />
| isbn = 81-901481-3-3<br />
| pages = 11<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some of the Sardar jokes, self-deprecatory in nature, were made up by the Sikhs themselves.<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Fishlock<br />
| first = Trevor<br />
| title = Gandhi's Children<br />
| publisher = Universe Books<br />
| location = [[New York City|New York]]<br />
| year = 1983<br />
| oclc = 9555744<br />
| isbn = 978-0-87663-436-3<br />
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/gandhischildren0000fish/page/72 72]<br />
| url-access = registration<br />
| url = https://archive.org/details/gandhischildren0000fish/page/72<br />
}}</ref><ref name="timesonline_UP_reliance">{{cite news<br />
| url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2998148.ece<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080907020444/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article2998148.ece<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
| archive-date = September 7, 2008<br />
| title = Sikhs fail to see funny side of phone jokes<br />
| work = [[The Times]]<br />
| date = December 4, 2007<br />
| access-date = 2008-01-14<br />
| location=London<br />
| first=Ashling O<br />
| last=Connor<br />
}} ([http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=27063&con=18&sec=67 archived])</ref><ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Joshi<br />
| first = Manoj<br />
| title = Passport India: Your Pocket Guide to Indian Business, Customs & Etiquette<br />
| series = Passport to the World<br />
| publisher = World Trade Press<br />
| location = [[San Rafael, California]]<br />
| year = 1997<br />
| oclc = 35223049<br />
| isbn = 978-1-885073-23-5<br />
| pages = 77<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news<br />
| url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/07/05/stories/2004070503180100.htm<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040826104227/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/07/05/stories/2004070503180100.htm<br />
| url-status = usurped<br />
| archive-date = August 26, 2004<br />
| title = Those ABSURD jokes<br />
| author = Bageshree S.<br />
| work = [[Metro Plus]]<br />
| publisher = [[The Hindu]]<br />
| date = July 5, 2004<br />
| access-date = 2007-10-29<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web<br />
| url = https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/nightsoffalsehood/falsehood6.htm<br />
| title = VI. Looking For A New Star<br />
| work = Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood<br />
| author = K P S Gill<br />
| publisher = South Asia Terrorism Portal<br />
| access-date = 2007-10-29<br />
| authorlink = Kanwar Pal Singh Gill<br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Mācave<br />
| first = Prabhākara<br />
| title = Literary Studies and Sketches<br />
| publisher = United Writers<br />
| location = [[Calcutta]]<br />
| year = 1979<br />
| oclc = 5776368<br />
| pages = 144<br />
}}</ref> In ''The Other Face of India'', [[M. V. Kamath]] wrote about "the [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]]'s enormous capacity to poke fun at himself, a trait that seems peculiar to the Punjabi, especially the Sikh."<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Kamath<br />
| first = M. V.<br />
| authorlink = M. V. Kamath<br />
| title = The Other Face of India<br />
| publisher = Konark Publishers<br />
| location = [[Delhi]]<br />
| year = 1988<br />
| oclc = 20422938<br />
| isbn = 978-81-220-0088-7<br />
| pages = 29<br />
}}</ref> In his book ''[[Giani Zail Singh|President Giani Zail Singh]]'', the Sikh author Joginder Singh states "...who can enjoy a good joke against himself or against his tribe except a Punjabi and more particularly, a Sikh?"<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Singh<br />
| first = Joginder<br />
| title = President Giani Zail Singh<br />
| publisher = Sunder<br />
| location = [[Chandigarh]]<br />
| year = 1982<br />
| oclc = 9829681<br />
| pages = 37<br />
}}</ref><ref>For example, see ''The Unofficial Joke Book'' series by Kuldeep Saluja, who writes: "Since I was born in a lovely and fun-loving Sikh family full of love and laughter, the Santa Singh and [[Banta Singh]] inspired us to create "Billoo Badshah".({{cite book<br />
| last = Saluja<br />
| first = Kuldeep<br />
| title = The Unofficial Joke Book of Canada<br />
| publisher = Diamond Pocket Books/Fusion Books<br />
| year = 2004<br />
| isbn = 81-288-0571-1<br />
| pages = 3–4<br />
}}) Several of the books in the series contain Sardarji jokes and feature Sikhs on the cover page:<br />
* The Unofficial Joke Book of India (8128805800)<br />
* The unofficial Joke Book of Smart Couples (8189182471)<br />
* The Unofficial Joke Book of Canada (8128805711)<br />
* The Unofficial Joke Book of UK (8128805576)</ref><br />
<br />
==Joke cycles==<br />
Santa and Banta are two popular names for the [[stock character]]s in the Sardar jokes.<ref>{{cite book<br />
| last = Singh<br />
| first = Khushwant<br />
| authorlink = Khushwant Singh<br />
|author2=Rahul Singh<br />
| title = Around the world with Khushwant Singh<br />
| publisher = Orient Paperbacks<br />
| location = [[New Delhi]]<br />
| year = 1978<br />
| oclc = 7671455<br />
| pages = 86<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
A category of Sardar jokes is the "12 o'clock jokes, " implying that Sikhs are in their senses only at night. Preetinder Singh explains the origin of the "12 o'clock joke" as follows:<ref name="expressindia_joke_born">{{cite web<br />
| url = http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980105/00550854.html<br />
| title = How the Sikh joke was born<br />
| author = Preetinder Singh<br />
| publisher = [[Indian Express]]<br />
| date = 5 January 1998<br />
| access-date = 2009-02-11<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130731220215/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980105/00550854.html<br />
|archive-date = 2013-07-31<br />
}}</ref> The real reason for the association of "12 o'clock" with Sikhs comes from [[Nadir Shah]]'s invasion of India. His troops passed through [[Punjab]] after plundering [[Old Delhi|Delhi]] and, killing hundreds of thousands of Hindus and taking hundreds of women as captives. The Sikhs decided to attack Nadir Shah's camp and free the captive women. Being outnumbered by Nadir Shah's huge army, they could not afford to make a frontal attack. Instead, they used to make midnight guerrilla raids on Nadir Shah's camp, free as many captive women as possible, and return them to their homes.<ref name="expressindia_joke_born"/><br />
<br />
In jest, the Hindus would say that the Sikhs are in their senses only at night. This later became the trait of a widespread category of derisive jokes. Singh opines: "Hindus started referring to the relatively neutral 12 o'clock, rather than midnight" to avoid annoying the armed Sikhs, and the "final result was the safe, bald statement, 'It is 12 o'clock' shorn of all reference to its very interesting history.....When Hindus crack this joke, they are oblivious to the fact that had the Sikhs not intervened, their womenfolk would have been dishonoured and taken into exile".<ref name="expressindia_joke_born"/><br />
<br />
==Reaction from the Sikh community==<br />
<br />
===Protests by Sikh groups===<br />
In recent years, there have been several cases of Sikh groups protesting against the Sardarji jokes. In ''Folk Narrative and Ethnic Identity: The 'Sardarji' Joke Cycle'', Jawaharlal Handoo notes that the Sikh members in a group generally do not seem to enjoy a Sardarji joke, although they may pretend to enjoy the humour of the joke by smiling or joining the group laughter.<ref name="Jawaharlal_Handoo_Contemporary"/><br />
<br />
In 2005, some Sikhs protested against a scene in the Pritish Nandy Communications (PNC) film ''[[Shabd (film)|Shabd]]''. In the scene, [[Zayed Khan]] tries to cheer [[Aishwarya Rai]] by telling a Sardarji joke. As he begins the joke with the words "There was a Sardarji", Aishwarya starts giggling. A group of angry Sikhs stormed the PNC office, and demanded that the scene be deleted from the film.<ref name="Vir_Sanghvi_free_speech">{{cite news<br />
| title = Free Speech and the Sardarji Joke<br />
| author = Vir Sanghvi<br />
| publisher = [[Hindustan Times]]<br />
| date = February 27, 2005<br />
| author-link = Vir Sanghvi<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
An organisation called ''The Sikh Brotherhood International'' wrote letters to the PNC, the [[Central Board of Film Certification]], and the [[National Commission for Minorities]] (NCM), saying that the film had hurt the sentiments of the Sikh community. The Pritish Nandy Communications Limited tendered a written apology, stating that they respect the Sikh community and hold it in high esteem, and they had no intention of ridiculing anybody.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| url = https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050220/nation.htm#1<br />
| title = Sikhs irked over the use of 'Sardar' in 'Shabd'<br />
| work = [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]<br />
| date = February 19, 2005<br />
| access-date = 2007-10-29<br />
}}</ref> The Censor Board issued directions to delete the objectionable scenes in the film.<ref>{{cite news<br />
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-02-25/news-interviews/27847994_1_ncm-sikh-objectionable-content<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104201603/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-02-25/news-interviews/27847994_1_ncm-sikh-objectionable-content<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
| archive-date = November 4, 2012<br />
| title = Censor Board snips scenes in Shabd<br />
| work = [[The Times of India]]<br />
| date = February 25, 2005<br />
| access-date = 2007-10-29<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Complaint by National Commission for Minorities ===<br />
<br />
On February 25, 2005, journalist [[Vir Sanghvi]] wrote a column in [[Hindustan Times]], saying that the NCM was curbing [[free speech]] on behalf of the "forces of intolerance", while claiming to fight for minority rights. He wrote that the Sardarji joke is part of the "good-natured Indian tradition", and not an example of anti-minority feeling.<ref name="Vir_Sanghvi_free_speech"/> He pointed out that the best Sardarji jokes are told by the Sikhs themselves, presenting [[Khushwant Singh]] as an example. He further went on to say that the protesters should develop a [[sense of humour]] and that "All truth has the power to offend. Take away the offence and you end up suppressing the truth". Research has indicated however that suggesting truth in such [[stereotypes]] in [[ethnic jokes]] is not supported by facts which are contrary to this suggestion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna9598717|title=Science gets the last laugh on ethnic jokes|work=NBC News|date=6 October 2005 }}</ref>).<br />
<br />
On March 2, 2005, The NCM filed a complaint against the Hindustan Times with the [[Press Council of India]], stating that "the tone, tenor and the content of the article in question has a tendency to hurt the sentiments of Sikh community."<ref name="presscouncil_ncm_ht">{{cite web<br />
| url = http://presscouncil.nic.in/ADJUDICATIONS/july_12_2006_R.pdf<br />
| title = The National Commission for Minorities vs. The Editor, Hindustan Times (File No. 14/580/04-05-PCI)<br />
| publisher = [[Press Council of India]]<br />
| date = March 2, 2005<br />
| access-date = 2007-10-29<br />
}}</ref> The Hindustan Times responded by stating that the article was not aimed to ridicule the Sikh community in any manner, and was a criticism of the NCM, justifiable under the right of free speech under the [[Constitution of India]]. The NCM decided not to proceed with the matter, and the case was closed as withdrawn.<ref name="presscouncil_ncm_ht"/><br />
<br />
===Complaints to police and court cases===<br />
<br />
{{Quote box|width=200px|quote=Though some jokes were created by the Sikhs themselves, now it has gone out of hand.|source= — [[P. S. Pasricha]], the second Sikh police commissioner of the Mumbai Police.<ref name="toi_ban_net"/>|}}<br />
In March 2007, around 25 Sikh youths from Sikh Media and Culture Watch (SMCW) demanded arrest of Ranjit Parande, a [[Matunga]]-based book seller, for stocking the ''Santa and Banta Joke Book'', a collection of Sardarji jokes. Based on a complaint filed by a Sikh businessman, the [[Mumbai Police]] arrested Parande under section 295 of the [[Indian Penal Code]], for "hurting religious sentiments."<ref name="toi_ban_net">{{cite news<br />
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-19/mumbai/27874138_1_sikh-youths-sikh-community-mumbai-police<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104201556/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-19/mumbai/27874138_1_sikh-youths-sikh-community-mumbai-police<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
| archive-date = November 4, 2012<br />
| title = Sikhs ask cops to ban 'Sardar' jokes on Net<br />
| date = March 27, 2007<br />
| work = [[The Times of India]]<br />
| access-date = 2007-10-29<br />
}}</ref> The SMCW members alleged that several of the Sardarji jokes border on the obscene, and have begun to have a demoralising effect on the Sikh youths.<ref name="toi_ban_net"/><br />
<br />
They later requested the cyber cell department of the [[Mumbai police]] crime branch to "ban jokes on the internet" which portray Sikhs as objects of ridicule. Swaranjit Singh Bajaj, the vice-president of SMCW, blamed the Sikh humorists such as [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] and [[Khushwant Singh]] for perpetuating the stereotypical image of Sikhs.<ref name="toi_ban_net"/> Khushwant Singh, a Sikh author who has included several Sardarji jokes in his joke books, received a notice from the secretary of [[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee|SGPC]] in 2004, asking him to desist from hurting the sentiments of the community. Singh also received similar notices from some Marwari organisations, the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]]. However, he continued to include Sardarji jokes in his subsequent joke books. In the preface to his 7th joke book, he claimed that most of his Sardarji jokes were "pro-Sardarji".<ref>{{cite book<br />
| title = Khushwant Singh's Joke Book 7<br />
| author = Khushwant Singh<br />
| publisher = Orient Paperbacks<br />
| year = 2005<br />
| isbn = 978-81-222-0376-9<br />
| page = 6<br />
| author-link = Khushwant Singh<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2007, India's second biggest mobile operator [[Reliance Communications]] and its head [[Anil Ambani]] were charged by [[Lucknow]] police with "insulting a religion or faith", after Reliance sent a Sardarji joke as its "joke of the day".<ref>{{cite news<br />
| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7126184.stm<br />
| title = Indian businessman on joke charge<br />
| work = [[BBC News]]<br />
| date = December 4, 2007<br />
| access-date = 2008-01-14<br />
}}</ref> Many Sikhs in [[Meerut]] staged violent protests.<ref name="timesonline_UP_reliance"/> The joke originated from the website santabanta.com, and was supplied to Reliance by OnMobile, a third party supplier. Reliance stated that it was not responsible for content provided by OnMobile, but apologised its subscribers and the Sikh community in Uttar Pradesh. OnMobile also issued a public apology.<ref name="timesonline_UP_reliance"/><br />
<br />
In 2013, Atul Kumar was arrested in [[Jalandhar]] for texting offensive Santa-Banta jokes, under [[Hate speech laws in India#Laws restricting the freedom of expression|Section 295 (A)]] and [[Information Technology Act 2000|IT Act]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://in.news.yahoo.com/man-jailed-for-cracking-offensive-sikh-jokes-062348671.html | title = Man jailed for cracking offensive Sikh jokes | date = 2013-09-25 | publisher = Yahoo! News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/PUN-shocking-jalandhar-man-jailed-for-forwarding-santa-banta-jokes-to-friend-4383982-NOR.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130930083346/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/PUN-shocking-jalandhar-man-jailed-for-forwarding-santa-banta-jokes-to-friend-4383982-NOR.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = September 30, 2013 | title = BEWARE: Think twice before forwarding Santa-Banta jokes! | date = 2013-09-24| newspaper = Dainik Bhaskar }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Hindu joke]]<br />
* [[Pathan joke]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian humour]]<br />
[[Category:Ethnic jokes]]<br />
[[Category:Censorship in India]]<br />
[[Category:Joke cycles]]<br />
[[Category:Desi culture]]<br />
[[Category:Racism in India]]<br />
[[Category:Persecution of Sikhs]]<br />
[[Category:Archetypal fools]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kei_Onba_water&diff=509168Kei Onba water2025-12-21T18:22:40Z<p>WillyFdt599330: put up initial data basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Keibu Keioiba}}<br />
<br />
'''Kei Onba Water''', also known as '''Kei Onba Kom Gi Eshing''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯩ ꯑꯣꯟꯕ ꯀꯣꯝ ꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ}}),<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Water That Turns Everyone Into Tiger Kei Onba Kom Gi Eshing By Bidyarani Thingujam|url=https://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Folks.Folk_Tales.Water_That_Turns_Everyone_Into_Tiger_Kei_Onba_Kom_Gi_Eshing_By_Bidyarani_Thingujam|access-date=2025-11-25|website=www.e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> or '''Water That Turns Everyone Into a Tiger''',<ref name=":2" /> or '''Kei Oiba Gi Ishing''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯩ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ}}),<ref name=":3" /> or '''Keioibi Pat''' ({{Script|Mtei|ꯀꯩꯑꯣꯏꯕꯤ ꯄꯥꯠ}}),<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Morality tales and monster lore|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/books/morality-tales-and-monster-lore-2669240|access-date=2025-11-25|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Sheila|date=2023-09-03|title=Book review: Wayel Kati by Linthoi Chanu - Comfortably Numb|url=https://www.sheilakumar.in/2023/09/book-review-wayel-kati-by-linthoi-chanu/|access-date=2025-11-25|language=en-US}}</ref> or '''Keioibi Lake''',<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> is a [[Meitei folktale|folktale]] from the [[Meitei community]] of [[ancient Kangleipak]] (early [[Manipur]]). The narrative recounts the consequences faced by a woman who consumed water from a forbidden place, resulting in her transformation into a tiger. The [[water body]] is described either as a [[pond]] or a [[lake]] or a [[stream]] in different variations of the story.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466222|title=Manipuri Fungga Waree|last=Singh|first=Babu I. r|publisher=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|year=2005|location=India|pages=49|language=mni|chapter=কৈওইবগী ঈশিং|trans-chapter=Keioiba-gi Ishing}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">Sharma, B. Jayantakumar. Fungawari Singbul (also known as Phungawari Shingbul) (in Manipuri). Sahitya Akademi.</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
The story is set in a small village situated over the mountains. A married couple lived in the village with their children. The couple cultivated a large area of forestland over the mountain, converting it into agricultural fields and sustaining themselves through crop production.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== Forbidden water pit ==<br />
<br />
During a period of agricultural work, the wife experienced severe thirst. Unable to find water in the surrounding area, she requested permission from her husband to search for water. He cautioned her against going alone, warning that a pit located nearby contained water that could transform anyone who drank from it into a tiger.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
Despite this warning, the wife proceeded in search of water, initially resisting the temptation of the forbidden pit. Ultimately, overcome by thirst, she consumed the water from the pit. She did not disclose this action to her husband upon returning.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== Transformation and consequences ==<br />
<br />
Following her consumption of the water, the woman exhibited increasingly abnormal behavior, reflecting characteristics of a tiger. Upon observing these changes, her husband realized that she had drunk from the forbidden pit. The woman confessed her actions and sought forgiveness. Despite this, the effects of the water persisted.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
The woman thereafter maintained a dual existence: during the day, she retained her human form and performed her household duties; at night, she transformed into a tiger and hunted in the forest. This routine continued for a period, motivated by her concern for her family.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== Community response ==<br />
<br />
Over time, the villagers discovered evidence of human predation linked to the woman's nocturnal activities, resulting in fear and suspicion. Observing the progressive intensification of her tiger-like behavior, the villagers decided to expel her from the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
The woman subsequently took permanent residence in the forest as a tiger. Despite her transformation, she occasionally returned near her family's home, leading the villagers to reinforce boundaries and prevent access to the forbidden water pit. The pit was covered, surrounded by a fence, and designated as off-limits to all members of the community.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== Moral and cultural significance ==<br />
<br />
The folktale serves as a cautionary narrative emphasizing the consequences of disobeying prohibitions. The story illustrates the transformation of the woman as a direct result of disregarding warnings and illustrates the broader theme of human vulnerability to forbidden actions.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Temba Laithak]]<br />
* [[Ngangbiton]]<br />
* [[Thabaton]]<br />
* [[Kumcha Lempi]]<br />
* [[Khoirentak tiger]]<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Meitei folklore]]<br />
[[Category:Meitei mythology]]<br />
[[Category:Tigers in Meitei culture]]<br />
[[Category:Tigers in India]]<br />
[[Category:Metamorphosis in folklore]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akhil_Bharatiya_Gorkha_League&diff=474615Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League2025-12-15T08:35:16Z<p>WillyFdt599330: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox political party<br />
| name = Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League/All India Gorkha League<br />
| colorcode = {{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League}}<br />
| founder = [[Damber Singh Gurung]]<br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1943|05|15}}<br />
| ideology = Creation of the state of [[Gorkhaland]], Gorkhali nationalism<br />
| headquarters = Mahabir Building, Ladenla Road, [[Darjeeling]] - 734101<br />
| flag = All India Gorkha League.png<br />
| leader = Pratap Khati<br />
| country = India<br />
| abbreviation = ABGL/AIGL/IGL<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League''' ({{small|abbreviated as}} '''ABGL''') (also called All India Gorkha League (AIGL/IGL)) is a political party working amongst the [[Nepali language|Nepali]]-speaking [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]] population in [[Darjeeling District]] and [[Kalimpong District]] of [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The party was founded in 1943 by [[Damber Singh Gurung]].<br />
<br />
ABGL is currently part of an alliance of BJP, GNLF, CPRM and other parties with Pratap Khati as its convenor. ABGL stands for peaceful democracy in the Darjeeling hills. It advocates for a full-fledged state of [[Gorkhaland]].<br />
<br />
Ahead of the 1999 [[DGHC]] elections, ABGL was part of the United Front, an alliance consisting of [[Communist Party of Revolutionary Marxists]], ABGL, [[Indian National Congress]], [[Bharatiya Gorkha Janashakti]], [[Communist Party of India]], [[Trinamool Congress]], Bharatiya Nepali Bir Gorkha and Sikkim Rashtriya Mukti Morcha.<br />
<br />
ABGL was later a part of the People's Democratic Front (PDF), a six-party alliance led by CPRM and including [[Indian National Congress]] (Hills), [[Gorkha National Liberation Front (C.K. Pradhan)]], ABGL, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and Gorkha Democratic Front (a party that was formed by Madan Tamang before his return to ABGL). PDF stood for Gorkha autonomy but was opposed to the [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]] (GNLF) led by [[Subhash Ghisingh]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031201/asp/siliguri/story_2629520.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203123112/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031201/asp/siliguri/story_2629520.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |title=Opp. split boon for GNLF |date=1 December 2003 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=North Bengal & Sikkim}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 21 May 2010, ABGL president [[Madan Tamang]] was stabbed to death (allegedly by Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM) supporters) in [[Darjeeling]], which led to a spontaneous shutdown in the three Darjeeling hill sub-divisions of Darjeeling, [[Kalimpong]] and [[Kurseong]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gorkha-leader-Madan-Tamang-killed-Darjeeling-tense/articleshow/5957127.cms |title=Gorkha leader Madan Tamang killed, Darjeeling tense |date=21 May 2010 |newspaper=The Times of India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201002938/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gorkha-leader-Madan-Tamang-killed-Darjeeling-tense/articleshow/5957127.cms |archivedate=1 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gorkha-leader-Madan-Tamang-hacked-in-public/articleshow/5960365.cms |title=Gorkha leader Madan Tamang hacked in public |date=21 May 2010 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> Subsequently his wife Bharati Tamang was elected as the ABGL president.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tamangs-murder-threatens-to-derail-Gorkhaland-talks/articleshow/5974887.cms |title=Tamang's murder threatens to derail Gorkhaland talks |date=26 May 2010 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
ABGL contested the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal legislative assembly]] elections held on 18 April 2011 from three constituencies in the Darjeeling hills. The three candidates Bharati Tamang from [[Darjeeling (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]], Tribhuwan Rai from [[Kalimpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalimpong]] and Shiva Kumar Pradhan from [[Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurseong]] all lost the elections.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/election2011/candidatelist.php?name=west_bengal |title=West Bengal Legislative Assembly Elections 2011 Candidate List |publisher=IBN |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015105107/http://ibnlive.in.com/election2011/candidatelist.php?name=west_bengal |archivedate=15 October 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Due to internal fights, ABGL broke up into three factions, headed by Bharati Tamang, Pratap Khati and Laxman Pradhan, respectively. After the merger of the factions of Pratap Khati and Laxman Pradhan and the dissolution of the Bharati Tamang faction, only one ABGL headed by Pratap Khati exists today.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/hunger-strike-heat-on-bjp-in-darjeeling/cid/1824988 |title=Hunger strike heat on BJP in Darjeeling |date=8 March 2022|publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref><br />
<br />
The flag of the ABGL consists of two equal horizontal stripes. The upper is light green and has an image of a white lotus; the lower is red with two crossed traditional Gorkha knives, called Khurkuri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gorkhaland |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/in-gurka.html |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.crwflags.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Politics of Gorkhaland]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindu political parties]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 1943]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Darjeeling district]]<br />
[[Category:1943 establishments in India]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nichlaul&diff=521861Nichlaul2025-11-20T03:36:55Z<p>WillyFdt599330: details.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --><br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| type = Town<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27.32|N|83.73|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = It is a town situated in Maharajganj, Uttar pradesh.<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 91<br />
| population_total = 45901<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[273304] --><br />
| postal_code = 273304<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| name = Nichlaul<br />
}}<br />
'''Nichlaul''' is a town and a [[nagar panchayat]] in [[Maharajganj district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is situated 25&nbsp;km from district headquarter [[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]] and 80&nbsp;km from [[Gorakhpur]]. It is situated near the Indo-Nepal border.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/newstopics/india-nepal-border.html|title=India Nepal Border News: Latest News and Updates on India Nepal Border at News18|website=News18.com|access-date=26 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Government facilities==<br />
There is a Sadar Hospital and Animal Hospital facilitated by the government. Block and Tehsil headquarters are there. The Police Station is also in the centre of the town. The state government facilitate Buses for transport to link it with Nepal, Gorakhpur and other neighbourhoods. However Nichloul is not connected by a rail line. The nearest Railway Station is Gurli Ramgadwa, a village 15&nbsp;km to the southeast.<br />
<br />
==Religious and Cultural places==<br />
Etahia Shiv Mandir is just 8&nbsp;km from Tikulahiyan Mata mandir, considered as most popular for holy place of Lord Shiva. In the month of Shravan as per Hindu calendar there is a huge arrival of pilgrims at the place. Tikulahia Devi temple is also there within the town.<br />
here, the palace of Lord Raja Ratan Sen was situated but it is turned into 'Khandahar' but today a small temple is built on that place.<br />
The Darjiniya Tal which has many crocodiles, is located at Nichlaul Range which is also selected in "One District One Tourist Centre" and is being developed by the government.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Nichlaul had a population of 45901. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Nichlaul has an average literacy rate of 65.9%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 67%, and female literacy is 44%. In Nichlaul, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
== Languages ==<br />
Bhojpuri was mostly spoken by the people in the past. But now, Hindi is the official language.<br />
== Education ==<br />
There are many College situated.<br />
*[[Ramharsh Intermediate College Nichlaul]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Maharajganj-geo-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Maharajganj district]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jal_Utsav&diff=505367Jal Utsav2025-11-10T10:34:05Z<p>WillyFdt599330: put up initial post nd citations...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox festival<br />
| name = Jal Utsav<br />
| native_name = <br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = Cultural festival focusing on water conservation<br />
| dates = November 15-25, annually<br />
| venue = Het Ni Haveli, [[Dudhala]]<br />
| location = [[Dudhala]], Amreli district, Gujarat, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|21.68|N|71.36|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| years_active = <br />
| first = 2023<br />
| founders = Dholakia Foundation & [[Government of Gujarat]]<br />
| attendance = 125,000<br />
| website = [https://jalutsav.com/ Official Jal Utsav Website]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jal Utsav''' is an annual cultural and environmental festival held at Het Ni Haveli, [[Dudhala]], [[Amreli district]], [[Gujarat]], India, focusing on water conservation and sustainable practices. It is India's first carbon-neutral festival.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=India's first Carbon-neutral Festival: Jal Utsav |url=http://www.decadeonrestoration.org/events/indias-first-carbon-neutral-festival-jal-utsav |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=UN Decade on Restoration |language=en}}</ref> The festival is a collaboration between the [[Government of Gujarat]] and the Dholakia Foundation, aiming to promote environmental awareness and celebrate the region's cultural heritage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-11-16 |title=Gujarat's first Jal Utsav inaugurated in Amreli |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/gujarats-first-jal-utsav-inaugurated-in-amreli/articleshow/105267433.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Presswire |first=EIN |date=2023-10-30 |title=Gujarat Government, Dholakia Foundation Welcomes UN Agencies and Hosts India’s First-ever Carbon Neutral Water Festival |url=https://www.krqe.com/business/press-releases/ein-presswire/665033742/gujarat-government-dholakia-foundation-welcomes-un-agencies-and-hosts-indias-first-ever-carbon-neutral-water-festival/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=KRQE NEWS 13 - |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Government, Dholakia Foundation Welcomes UN Agencies and Hosts India’s First-ever Carbon Neutral Water Festival |url=https://www.dehlidailytimes.com/article/671100005-gujarat-s-first-of-its-kind-jal-utsav-successfully-concluded-wrote-history-as-record-breaking-attendance-of-over-125000 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.dehlidailytimes.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Overview ==<br />
Initiated in 2023, Jal Utsav was inaugurated by the Governor of Gujarat, [[Acharya Devvrat]], and the [[Chief minister]], [[Bhupendrabhai Patel]]. The festival is held at Het Ni Haveli, a significant location near Dudhala.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=First Jal Utsav inaugurated by Gujarat Governor Shri Acharya Devvrat and Gujarat Chief Minister Shri Bhupendra Patel |url=https://apnews.com/press-release/ein-presswire-newsmatics/india-inaugurations-595afb7c9c692a0b995c9eed4b35a58a |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background and objectives ==<br />
Jal Utsav was first held from November 15 to 25, 2023, with the aim of raising awareness about water conservation. The festival offers a variety of activities designed to educate and engage visitors in a festive atmosphere, emphasizing sustainable practices.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Government, Dholakia Foundation Welcomes UN Agencies and Hosts India’s First-ever Carbon Neutral Water Festival |url=https://kalkinemedia.com/news/world-news/gujarat-government-dholakia-foundation-welcomes-un-agencies-and-hosts-indias-first-ever-carbon-neutral-water-festival |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=kalkinemedia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=Dholakia Foundation & Gujarat Govt.’s ‘Jal Utsav’ Promotes Water Conservation In Drought-Prone Amreli |url=https://gjepc.org/solitaire/dholakia-foundation-gujarat-govt-s-jal-utsav-promotes-water-conservation-in-drought-prone-amreli/ |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Solitaire International Magazine - India’s leading B2B gem and jewellery magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Main features ==<br />
The festival includes:<br />
<br />
* Water sports and activities<br />
* Cultural evenings with music and dance performances<br />
* Educational workshops on water conservation<br />
* amusements in carnivals <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=FIRST JAL UTSAV INAUGURATED BY GUJARAT GOVERNOR SHRI ACHARYA DEVVRAT AND GUJARAT CHIEF MINISTER SHRI BHUPENDRA PATEL |url=https://www.dehlidailytimes.com/article/669238976-first-jal-utsav-inaugurated-by-gujarat-governor-shri-acharya-devvrat-and-gujarat-chief-minister-shri-bhupendra-patel |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.dehlidailytimes.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Conservation impact ==<br />
Jal Utsav has made significant contributions to environmental conservation through its water conservation and ecosystem restoration initiatives. The festival has facilitated the development of over 140 lakes in Gujarat, collectively storing more than 15 billion liters of water to alleviate regional water scarcity. The United Nations has recognized the Dholakia Foundation's contribution to the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=ENI |title=First Jal Utsav inaugurated by Gujarat Governor Shri Acharya Devvrat and Gujarat Chief Minister Shri Bhupendra Patel |url=https://globalwarming.einnews.com/pr_news/669238976/first-jal-utsav-inaugurated-by-gujarat-governor-shri-acharya-devvrat-and-gujarat-chief-minister-shri-bhupendra-patel |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=globalwarming.einnews.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Additionally, 'Amrit Van,' a botanical garden created as part of the festival, features over 26,000 plantations of 70 different species, serving educational and ecological purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=network |first=diamond news |date=2023-11-20 |title=Gujarat Governor, Chief Minister inaugurate the first Jal Utsav in Lathi-Dudhala |url=https://www.diamondworld.net/news/gujarat-governor-chief-minister-inaugurate-the-first-jal-utsav-in-lathi-dudhala |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=Diamond World |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Significance and impact ==<br />
The festival attracts over 125,000 visitors annually, highlighting its role in promoting environmental awareness and community engagement in sustainability efforts. Jal Utsav also serves as a model for water conservation initiatives in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IN |first=FashionNetwork com |title=Hari Krishna Exports' Dholakia Foundation launches 'Jal Utsav' with Gujarat Government |url=https://in.fashionnetwork.com/news/Hari-krishna-exports-dholakia-foundation-launches-jal-utsav-with-gujarat-government,1578649.html |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=FashionNetwork.com |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of festivals in India]]<br />
* [[Sustainable living]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Festivals in Gujarat]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amjad_Najmi&diff=486067Amjad Najmi2025-10-30T03:56:20Z<p>WillyFdt599330: adding new article basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian poet (1899–1974)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| honorific_prefix = Najm ash-Shu'ara, Shayer-e-Orissa<br />
| name = Amjad Najmi<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_upright = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption =<br />
| pseudonym =<br />
| birth_name = Shaikh Muhammad Amjad<br />
|birth_date = 29 October 1899<br />
| birth_place = Buxi Bazar, [[Cuttack]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India<br />
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1974|02|01|1899|10|29}}<br />
|death_place = Cuttack, [[Orissa]] {{small|(now Odisha)}}, [[India]]<br />
| occupation = poet, [[dramatist]], writer<br />
|genre = [[Poetry]], [[Drama]]<br />
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]]<br />
| citizenship = {{flag|British India}} {{flag|India}}<br />
|education = Metriculation<br />
| alma_mater = Peary Mohan Academy, Cuttack<br />
| period = [[Progressive Writers' Movement]], Jadīdiyat<br />
| movement = <br />
| notable_works = ''Tulu-e-Sahar''<br />''Joo-e-Kahkashan''<br />
| awards =<br />
| years_active = 1916–1974<ref name="link">{{cite journal|last=Sanu|first=Ratho|title=Can you mention a few names of 19th- and early-20th-century Urdu poets from Cuttack?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DLYEAAAQBAJ&dq=amjad+najmi&pg=PA14|journal=My City Links|volume=11|issue=6|date=September 2023|location=Bhubaneswar|page=14|language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''Amjad Najmi''' (1899–1974) was an Indian poet, dramatist, prose writer, and nationalist. He has contributed to the development of the Urdu language in [[Odisha]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Amjad Najmi was born on 29 October 1899, in Buxi Bazar, [[Cuttack]].{{sfn|Nazish|2018|p=72}}{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=29}} His father, Muhammad Yousuf Yousuf (d. 1924), was an Urdu poet, and besides Urdu, he also had good skills in Odia, Persian, and English.{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=29}}<br />
<br />
He received his early education at Madrasa Islamia Buxi Bazar, Cuttack, and the Roman Catholic Middle English School. The head of the Roman Catholic school and an Odia poet, Pandit Shyam Ghan Narayan, tutored him in Odia poetry when he was only thirteen to fourteen years old.{{sfn|Karamat|2017|pp=94–95}}<br />
<br />
In 1916, he was admitted to the Peary Mohan Academy, Cuttack, for his 10th examination, where he began to study Urdu and Persian regularly and, at the same time, trained for a year in poetry with Habibullah Tasnim Jaipuri, an imam of Paltan Masjid, Buxi Bazar, Cuttack.{{sfn|Karamat|2017|pp=95–95}}{{sfn|Nazish|2018|p=72}}<br />
<br />
After Habibullah Tasnim Jaipuri moved to Rangoon, keeping his name hidden, he started taking corrections from his father, Muhammad Yusuf Yusuf, and at the same time, he also benefited a little from [[Rahmat Ali Rahmat]] (d. 1963), father of [[Karamat Ali Karamat]].{{sfn|Karamat|2017|pp=29–30, 96–97}} He was influenced by the poet of the East, [[Muhammad Iqbal]], on the basis of which he wanted to seek reform from Iqbal through correspondence. But Iqbal avoided him as usual and advised him to study the collections of the senior poets. Later, when he developed a passion for poetry in Persian, he consulted Shamsuddin Shams Muneeri, when Muneeri was residing in Cuttack as a law lecturer at [[Ravenshaw College]].{{sfn|Karamat|2017|pp=29–30}}<ref name="malik"></ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
When he was [[Matriculation|matriculating]], the movements of [[Khilafat movement|Khilafat]] and [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|non-cooperation]] spread all over India; students were saying goodbye to the school and college, and he also joined the same movement. He used to recite his poems and others' poems in programs.{{sfn|Karamat|2017|pp=29–30, 98}}<ref name="Nazish">{{cite book|last=Nazish|first=Motiullah|title=Odisha Ke Mujaahideen e Aazadi|edition=1st|date=2023|pages=170–176|publisher=Odisha Urdu Academy|location=Sanskruti Bhawan, BJB Nagar, [[Bhubaneswar]]|language=ur}}</ref>{{sfn|Nazish|2018|p=85}}<br />
<br />
He also met [[Mahatma Gandhi]] at the time,{{sfn|Karamat|2017|pp=29–30, 98}}<ref name="Nazish"></ref>{{sfn|Nazish|2018|p=85}} when Gandhi first visited [[Bihar and Orissa Province|Orissa]] (now [[Odisha]]) in March 1921.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gandhi visited Odisha 8 times from 1921 to 1946|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/gandhi-visited-odisha-8-times-from-1921-to-1946.html|date=3 October 2021|access-date=9 December 2023|work=[[The Pioneer (India)]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gandhi's First Visit to Odisha, 1921|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2837617|publisher=Indian Culture Portal|access-date=9 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Pradhan|first=Hemanta|title=Mahatma Gandhi Visited Odisha Eight Times|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/mahatma-gandhi-visited-odisha-eight-times/articleshow/71408753.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 October 2019|access-date=9 December 2023|language=en}}</ref> At the same time, Najmi was jailed, and when he was released, his father sent him to his uncle in [[Ranchi]]. After a year, when he returned to Cuttack, he got a job on the railways there, and then he worked in 1922. In the same year, he founded ''Bazm-e-Adab'' in Cuttack with some regional and non-regional poets, whose first Mushaira was held on 1 July 1923, in Madrasa Sultania, Cuttack.{{sfn|Karamat|2017|pp=29–30, 98–99}}<ref name="Behera">{{cite book |last1=Behera |first1=Karuna Sagar |last2=Paṭṭanāẏaka |first2=Jagannātha | last3=Das|first3=H. C. |title=Cuttack, One Thousand Years |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JRVuAAAAMAAJ&q=amjad+najmi|date=1990|publisher=Cuttack City Millennium Celebrations Committee, The Universe |location=[[Cuttack]] |page=83 |access-date= 8 December 2023|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1924, he was stationed at Guru Jatia (now [[Radhakishorepur railway station|Gurudijhatia]]), Cuttack, and in 1926, at [[Rajathgarh Junction railway station|Rajathgarh]], Cuttack. At that time, in 1928, he founded the ''Young Muslim Club'' in Jatni, Khorda, under which plays were performed. In 1938, he moved to [[Waltair railway division|Waltair]], [[Visakhapatnam]], so he established ''Bazm-e-Adab'' there with the support of some friends, of which he was also president from 1941 to 1954 and which was named later the ''All-Andhra Urdu Majlis'', which still continues the sense for poetry and literature among the Urdu-speaking classes there.{{sfn|Karamat|2017|pp=30, 38, 100}}<ref name="Behera"></ref><br />
<br />
After retiring from his work, Najmi returned to Cuttack in October 1954. He was asked to take on the role of president of Bazm-e-Adab, Cuttack, which he did, serving in that capacity until he fell out with the Majlis administration. He gave up his position as president.{{sfn|Newalpuri|2001|p=423}} He was a follower of [[Muhammad Iqbal]] in poetry and [[Agha Hashar Kashmiri]] in drama.{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=100}}<br />
<br />
In 1954, he retired from service on a pension; the pension was meager. Therefore, the [[government of Odisha]] issued him a literary stipend of Rs. 50 per month. At the same time, he also established a school named ''City Commercial School'' to teach [[typing]] and [[stenography]], earned some income from this, and also earned a living by stone carving.{{sfn|Karamat|2017|pp=30–31}}<br />
<br />
From 1965 to 1973, he was the editor-in-chief of the monthly [[Shakhsar]].{{sfn|Newalpuri|2001|pp=281–284}}<ref name="Farooqi">{{cite journal|editor1-last=Faruqi|editor1-first=Shamsur Rahman|editor2-last=Shaheen|editor2-first=Aqeela|editor1-link=Shamsur Rahman Faruqi|title=Akhbār o Azkār|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/shab-khoon-shumara-number-089-shamsur-rahman-faruqi-magazines|journal=[[Shabkhoon]]|volume=8|issue=89|date=March–April 1974|publisher=Asrar Karimi Press|location=[[Allahabad]]|page=80|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Sheereen">{{cite journal|last=Faruqi|first=Ziyaul Hasan|title=Amjad Najmi's artistic consciousness: Sheereen Basit|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/jamia-delhi-shumara-number-012-ziyaul-hasan-faruqi-magazines-2|journal=Jamia|volume=82|issue=12|date=December 1985|publisher=Abdul Latif Azmi|location=Delhi|page=51|language=ur}}</ref> Also, he compiled his father Muhammad Yousuf Yousuf's poetry collection, ''Nakhat-i-Bagh-i-Yousuf'', which is still unpublished.{{sfn|Newalpuri|2001|p=119}}<br />
<br />
=== Poetry and drama ===<br />
Najmi first started writing poetry in Odiya during her school days, inspired by [[Radhanath Ray]] and [[Madhusudan Rao]].{{sfn|Karamat|2017|pp=94–95}} In 1916, he started formal ghazal poetry, and by 1920, he had mastered Urdu, Odia, Persian, and English. He had a strong grasp of these four languages and mastered poetry in Persian. However, according to Karamat Ali Karamat, the ghazals written from 1916 to 1920 were excluded from Najmi's collection, so don't be safe.{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=42}}<br />
<br />
In 1961 and 1969, his two poetry collections were published under the names Tulu-e-Sahar and Joo-e-Kahkashan, respectively, which were compiled by Karamat Ali Karamat.{{sfn|Newalpuri|2001|p=447}}{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=31}}<ref name="Nigar">{{cite journal|editor-last=Fatehpuri|editor-first=Niyaz|editor-link=Niaz Fatehpuri|title=Tulu'-e-Seher|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/nigar-lucknow-shumara-number-004-niyaz-fatehpuri-magazines-56|journal=Nigar|volume=40|issue=4|date=April 1961|publisher=United India Press|location=[[Lucknow]]|pages=52–53|language=ur}}</ref><ref name="Tahreek">{{cite journal|editor-last=Mittal|editor-first=Gopal|editor-link=Gopal Mittal|title=Joy-e-Kahkashan|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tahreek-shumara-number-007-gopal-mittal-magazines-25lang=ur|journal=Tahreek|volume=19|issue=7|date=October 1971|publisher=Daftar-e-Tahreek|location=[[Delhi]]|page=47|language=ur}}</ref> In 2017, Karamat published Najmi's published and unpublished poetry under the name ''Kulliyat-i-Amjad Najmi''.{{sfn|ar-Rahman|Jami|2022|p=42}}{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=41}}<br />
<br />
In 1916–17, Najmi turned to acting and playwriting inspired by [[Agha Hashar Kashmiri|Agha Hashar]]'s style,{{sfn|Karamat|1963|p=168}}{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=68}}{{sfn|Newalpuri|2001|p=238}} appeared on the formal stage in 1921, and by 1928 began directing [[Play (theatre)|plays]].{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=68}}<br />
<br />
From 1928 to 1938, he was so busy with dramas that he started neglecting poetry to some extent. He has played a major role in beautifying, refining, and popularizing the Urdu stage in Odisha.{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=68}} He wrote four plays: Badnaseeb Badshah, Kaamyaab Talwar, Kishore Kanta, and Insaf Ka Koda. These plays are still unpublished.{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=30}}{{sfn|Nazish|2018|p=237}}<br />
<br />
=== Correspondence ===<br />
According to Hafizullah Nawalpuri's statement, another aspect of Najmi's [[Prose|prose writing]] and literary importance is his correspondence. His letters written on various topics were compiled by him in 1966 under the name Sarir-e-Qalam and have not been published until now. However, many of his letters have been published in the monthly [[Shakhsar]], Cuttack, and in Rahnuma-e-Taleem, Delhi.{{sfn|Newalpuri|2001|p=209}}{{sfn|Nazish|2018|p=84}}<br />
<br />
== Honors and positions ==<br />
In his memory, the ''Najmi Academy'', a literary and welfare-registered institution in Odisha, has been founded, through which the ''Najmi Award'' is given to poets and writers of various languages besides Urdu each year. In his honor, a library is also named ''Najmi Library''.{{sfn|Newalpuri|2001|pp=181, 440}}{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=40}}<br />
<br />
In 1988, Nuruddin Ahmed wrote a book in English called ''The Brightest Heaven'' on Najmi's thought and art,{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=41}}<ref name="Heritage">{{cite book|last=Mohanty|first=Gopinath|author-link=Gopinath Mohanty|title=Cultural Heritage of [Orissa] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7ZKAQAAIAAJ&q=Amjad+Najmi|date=2002 |edition=|publisher=State Level Vyasakabi Fakir Mohan Smruti Samsad|location=[[Bhubaneswar]] |page=31|isbn=9788190276153 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="LOC">{{cite book|last=|first=|title=Accessions List, South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0VMAQAAIAAJ&q=Amjad+Najmi|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]|location=New Delhi|date=1992|volume=12|page=551|language=en}}</ref> and in addition, Ahmed, under the supervision of Muhammad Qamaruddin Khan, wrote a thesis in English on Western influence on the poetry of Iqbal and Najmi and obtained a doctorate degree from [[Utkal University]]. Similarly, Masihullah Masih completed his doctorate by writing a thesis titled ''The Life and Work of Amjad Najmi'' in 1980, under the supervision of Prof. Samiul Haq.<ref name="Heritage"></ref>{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=41}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shanker|first1=Laxmi|last2=Ḥusain|first2=Sayyid Ḥāmid|title=National Register of Doctoral Dissertations Accepted & in Progress in Social Sciences and Humanities in Indian Universities, Humanities: Urdu, Persian & Arabic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lOg4AAAAIAAJ&q=amjad+najmi|date=1981|publisher=Publications Division, Council of Oriental Research|location=[[Bhopal]]|page=52|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shaikh Quraish had published a special issue of his journal, Sada-e-Orissa, Najmi Number.{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=41}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anjum|first=Khaliq|title=Urdu journalism in Orissa|url=https://archive.org/details/orissa-mein-urdu-sahafat-by-hafeezullah-newalpuri|journal=Urdu Adab Quarterly|year=1986|issue=3–4|publisher=[[Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu#India|Anjuman-i Taraqqi-i Urdu Hind]]|location=New Delhi|pages=126–127|language=}}</ref> Also, Najmi's poetry collection Joo-e-Kahkashan is included in the syllabus of MA (Urdu) at the Universities of Odisha and Fazil-e-Urdu at the Odisha State Board of Madrasa Education (OSBME).{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=41}}<br />
<br />
In 1954, Najmi was honored with the title of ''Najm ash-Shu'ara'' ({{translation|Star of Poets}}) by the All Andhra Urdu Majlis at the annual conference held at [[Machilipatnam]] in recognition of his poetic excellence and his literary services.{{sfn|Karamat|1963|p=168}} Shamsuddin Shams Muneeri, in his poetry collection Gulbang, vouched for a stanza of Najmi and mentioned him as ''Shayer-e-Orissa'' ({{translation|the poet of Orissa}}) in the margin.{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=42}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Imam|first=Mazhar|author-link=Mazhar Imam|title=Tnqīd Numa|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/tanqeed-numa-mazhar-imam-ebooks|date=2004|publisher=Urdu Akademi|location=Delhi|page=141|language=ur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Muneeri|first=Shams|title=Gulbang|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/gulbang-shams-muneeri-ebooks|publisher=Azad Press|location=[[Patna]]|date=|page=79|language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
Amjad Najmi died on 1 February 1974, and was buried at Qadam-e-Rasool Graveyard in Dargah Bazar, Cuttack.{{sfn|Karamat|2017|p=31}}{{sfn|Nazish|2018|p=72}}<ref name="malik">{{cite journal|last=Ram|first=Malik|author-link=Malik Ram|title=Deaths: Amjad Najmi, Muhammad Amjad, Shaikh|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/tahreer-delhi-shumara-number-004-malik-ram-magazines-16|journal=Tahreer|volume=8|issue=4|date=October–December 1974|publisher=Daftar-e-Ilmi Majlis|location=Delhi|pages=58–62|language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Karamat Ali Karamat]]<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Karamat |first=Karamat Ali |author-link=Karamat Ali Karamat |title=Kulliyat-e-Amjad Najmi |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/kulliyat-e-amjad-najmi-karamat-ali-karamat-ebooks |edition=1st |date=2017 |location=[[Bhubaneswar]] |publisher=Odisha Urdu Academy |lang=ur}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Newalpuri |first1=Hafizullah|author-link=Hafizullah Newalpuri|title=Odisha Mein Urdu |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/odisha-mein-urdu-hafeezullah-newalpuri-ebooks |edition=1st |date=2001 |location=[[Delhi]] |publisher=[[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]] |lang=ur}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=ar-Rahman |first1=Azīz |last2=Jami |first2=Abdul Matin|author-link2=Abdul Mateen Jami|title=Urdu Adab Ka Koh-e-Noor: Karamat Ali Karamat |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/urdu-adab-ka-koh-e-noor-karamat-ali-karamat-abdul-matin-jami-ebooks |date=2022 |publisher=Odisha Urdu Academy |location=Bhubaneswar}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Karamat |first=Karamat Ali |title=Aab-e-Khizr (Shu'ara-e-Odisa Ka Intikhab-e-Kalam Ma' Tazkira) |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/aab-e-khizr-shora-e-odisa-ka-intikhab-e-kalam-ma-tazkira-ebooks |edition=1st |date=August 1963 |location=Dewan Bazar, [[Cuttack]] |publisher=Orissa Urdu Publishers |lang=ur}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Nazish |first=Motiullah |author-link=Motiullah Nazish |title=Odisha Mein Urdu Nasrnigari |edition=1st |date=2018 |publisher=Odisha Urdu Academy |location=Sanskruti Bhawan, BJB Nagar, [[Bhubaneswar]] |language=ur}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Najmi, Amjad}}<br />
[[Category:1899 births]]<br />
[[Category:1974 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]<br />
[[Category:People from Odisha]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_rail_tunnels_in_Kerala&diff=513181List of rail tunnels in Kerala2025-10-28T18:35:02Z<p>WillyFdt599330: started first post from scratch.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Orphan|date=May 2022}}<br />
{{moresources|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br />
<br />
This is a list of [[Tunnel|railway tunnels]] in [[Kerala]].<br />
<br />
== Location ==<br />
The state of [[Kerala]] is sandwiched between [[Western Ghats]] and [[Laccadive Sea]] and the state has an undulating topography. The state is served by [[Thiruvananthapuram railway division]], [[Palakkad railway division]] and [[Madurai railway division]]s in [[Southern Railway zone]] of [[Indian Railways]].<br />
<br />
== List ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right"<br />
! style="Text-align:centre" |Rank<br />
! style="Text-align:centre" |Name and route<br />
! data-sort-type="number" style="text-align:right" |Track length<br />
(m)<br />
! data-sort-type="number" style="text-align:right" |Station<br />
! data-sort-type="number" style="text-align:right" |Station<br />
! data-sort-type="name" style="text-align:right" |District<br />
! data-sort-type="number" style="text-align:right" |Railway Division<br />
! data-sort-type="number" style="text-align:right" |Year of Opening<br />
! style="text-align:right" |Coordination<br />
! style="text-align:right" |Picture<br />
|-<br />
|1.<br />
|Trivandrum Port Tunnel in new port line.<br />
|9020 metres<br />
|[[Vizhinjam International Seaport]]<br />
|[[Balaramapuram]]<br />
|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] <br />
|[[Southern Railway zone|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
|To be Decided<br />
|Design and Planning phase.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=S. Anil |date=2019-02-07 |title=Rail tunnel for Vizhinjam port connectivity |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/rail-tunnel-for-vizhinjam-port-connectivity/article26207582.ece |access-date=2022-05-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2.<br />
|Aryankavu Tunnel in [[Kollam–Sengottai Chord Line|Kollam–Sengottai Line]]<br />
|680 metres<br />
|[[Aryankavu railway station|Aryankavu]]<br />
|Bhagavathipuram<br />
|[[Kollam district|Kollam]]<br />
|[[Northern Railway (India)|Madurai]]<br />
|1904<br />
|Gauge conversion completed in 2018.<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|3.<br />
|Thannivila Tunnel in [[Thiruvananthapuram–Nagercoil–Kanyakumari line]]<br />
|200 metres<br />
|[[Nemom railway station|Nemom]]<br />
|[[Balaramapuram]]<br />
|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]] <br />
|[[Southern Railway zone|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
|1979<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|4.<br />
|Kalanad Tunnel in [[Shoranur–Mangalore section|Shoranur–Mangalore line]]<br />
|161 metres<br />
|[[Kotikulam railway station|Kotikulam]]<br />
|[[Kalanad railway station|Kalanad]]<br />
|[[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]<br />
|[[Palakkad railway division|Palakkad]]<br />
|1905<br />
|Parallel tunnel opened in 2002.<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|5.<br />
|Kottayam Twin tunnels in [[Ernakulam–Kottayam–Kayamkulam line]] <br />
|84 meters and 67 metres<br />
|[[Kottayam railway station|Kottayam]]<br />
|[[Chingavanam]]<br />
|[[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]<br />
|[[Thiruvananthapuram railway division|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
|1957<br />
|Became redundant post track doubling in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Jaikrishnan Nair|date=27 May 2022 |title=Railway track-doubling: Kottayam twin tunnels become part of history {{!}} Kochi News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/railway-track-doubling-kottayam-twin-tunnels-become-part-of-history/articleshow/91828110.cms |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of rail tunnels in India by length]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Thiruvananthapuram railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Palakkad railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Madurai railway division]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala-related lists]]<br />
[[Category:Railway tunnels in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian railway-related lists]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anand_Ekarshi&diff=486254Anand Ekarshi2025-10-28T16:49:47Z<p>WillyFdt599330: adding basic page added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Anand Ekarshi<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| othername = <br />
| birthname = Sebastian K Abraham<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India<br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}<br />
| years_active = 2023–present<br />
| father = K.M. Abraham<br />
| mother = Soumi Abraham<br />
| awards = {{Unbulleted_list|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|National Film Award]] (2024)}}<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Anand Ekarshi''' (born '''Sebastian K Abraham''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=ആരാണു ശരിക്കും 'ആട്ട'ത്തിലെ വില്ലൻ?: ആനന്ദ് ഏകർഷി അഭിമുഖം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2024/01/22/chat-with-anand-ekarshi.html |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=ആരാണു ശരിക്കും ‘ആട്ട’ത്തിലെ വില്ലൻ?: ആനന്ദ് ഏകർഷി അഭിമുഖം |language=ml}}</ref> is a [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] filmmaker who gained recognition for his directorial debut, ''[[Aattam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2024-01-20 |title=Aattam director Anand Ekarshi says it discusses a crime and how its audit persecutes the woman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aattam-director-anand-ekarshi-says-it-discusses-a-crime-and-how-its-audit-persecutes-the-woman/article67758751.ece |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Anand Ekarshi was born in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Festival Scope |url=https://pro.festivalscope.com/director/anand-ekarshi |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=pro.festivalscope.com}}</ref> His interest in theatre and acting began at the young age of 10. He attributes his narrative style to his involvement with Lokadharmi, a theatre group based in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-18 |title=I didn't want Aattam to be preachy: Anand Ekarshi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-didnt-want-aattam-to-be-preachy-anand-ekarshi/articleshow/112606224.cms |access-date=2024-08-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He holds a degree in Communicative English and a postgraduate degree in [[Psychology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title={{!}} MAMI Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://mami.mumbaifilmfestival.com/media/jio-mami-2023-vinay-forrt-s-malayalam-film-aattam-lands-punches-at-patriarchy-no-holds-barred/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=mami.mumbaifilmfestival.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
<br />
Before making his mark with feature films, Anand Ekarshi worked on various short films and music videos in Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-17 |title=Painters and masons by day, how a bunch of theatre actors came up a National Award winner |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/painters-and-masons-by-day-how-a-bunch-of-theatre-actors-came-up-a-national-award-winner-9518414/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He also had a brief stint under the guidance of filmmaker [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shrijith |first=Sajin |date=2023-11-08 |title=Anand Ekarshi on setting a benchmark with Aattam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/Nov/08/anand-ekarshi-on-setting-a-benchmark-with-aattam-2630962.html |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Directorial debut: ''Aattam'' ===<br />
Ekarshi made his directorial debut with ''[[Aattam]]'' in 2023, a film that won three [National Film Award for Best Feature Film|] Best screenplay and Best Editing] at the [[70th National Film Awards|70th National Film Awards in India]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Ekarshi |first=Anand |title=Aattam |date=2024-01-05 |type=Drama, Mystery, Thriller |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27302079/ |access-date=2024-08-19 |others=Vinay Forrt, Zarin Shihab, Kalabhavan Shajohn |publisher=Joy Movie Productions}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Award<br />
!Film<br />
!Category<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2024<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[70th National Film Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |''Aattam''<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=70th National Film Awards full list of winners: Brahmastra, Ponniyin Selvan Part 1, Aattam win big |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/70th-national-film-awards-full-list-of-winners-brahmastra-ponniyin-selvan-part-1-aattam-win-big-101723799613996.html |newspaper=hindustantimes.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]<br />
|''Aattam''<br />
|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards announced, Aattam adjudged best film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-aattam-adjudged-best-film/article68168365.ece |newspaper=thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* ''[[Aattam]]''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=11942026|name=Anand Ekarshi}}<br />
<br />
{{Commons}}{{National Film Award Best Feature Film}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ekarshi, Anand}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charni_Road_railway_station&diff=472468Charni Road railway station2025-10-26T13:14:31Z<p>WillyFdt599330: update page per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Railway station in Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox station<br />
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px|up|link=Mumbai Suburban Railway]]<br>Charni Road<br />
| type = [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station<br />
| image = Mumbai 03-2016 75 Charni Road station.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| style = Mumbai Suburban Railway<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| address = <br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.951565|N|72.818633|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| line = [[Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]]<br />
| other = <br />
| structure = Standard on-ground station<br />
| platform = 4<br />
| depth = <br />
| levels = <br />
| tracks = 4<br />
| parking = <br />
| bicycle = <br />
| baggage_check = <br />
| opened = 3 September 1868<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhingron |first=A.K |title=Heritage, Traditions, and Legends |publisher=Western Railways |year=2009 |isbn= |pages=210 |language=English}}</ref><br />
| closed = <br />
| rebuilt = <br />
| status = Active<br />
| electrified = Yes<br />
| code = CYR<br />
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]<br />
| zone = [[Western Railways]]<br />
| former = <br />
| passengers = <br />
| pass_year = <br />
| pass_percent = <br />
| pass_system = <br />
| mpassengers = <br />
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway|line=Western|left=Marine Lines|right=Grant Road}}<br />
| map_type = Mumbai<br />
| map_dot_label = Charni Road<br />
| route_map = {{MSR Western line}}<br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Churney Road''' (station code: '''CYR''')<ref name="origins">{{cite book|last=D'Cunha|first=Jose Gerson|title=The Origins of Bombay|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=Bombay|year=1900|edition=3|pages=212|chapter=IV The Portuguese Period|isbn=81-206-0815-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&q=the+origins+of+bombay|accessdate=29 December 2008}}</ref> railway station is on the [[Western Line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Western Line]] of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] in [[South Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. It serves the suburb of [[Charni Road]]. The next station south is [[Marine Lines railway station|Marine Lines Station]]; the next station north is [[Grant Road railway station|Grant Road Station]]. Southbound fast locals stop at Charni Road but skip the station during the evening peak hours (17:00 to 20:00). The main significance of Charni Road station is that it is near the [[Girgaum Chowpatty]] beach and [[Marine Drive, Mumbai|Marine Drive]] promenade, a major destination for tourists in Mumbai. It is also important because of the diamond trading industry located here, mainly in the [[Panchratna]] and Prasad chambers building near the railway station.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
The BB&CI Railway (precursor to the [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]) commenced regular suburban services from [[Bombay Backbay railway station|Back Bay]] to [[Virar railway station|Virar]] from 12 April 1867.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRsoAAAAMAAJ |title=Eastern Economist |publisher=R.P. Agarwala |year=1975 |volume=64 |page=170}}</ref> The station was itself opened on 3rd September 1868.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jhingron |first=A.K |title=Heritage, Traditions, and Legends |publisher=Western Railways |year=2009 |isbn= |pages=210 |language=English}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Passenger traffic on the station increased by 1890, and a local newspaper, ''The Gujarati'' reported that as there was just one booking office for both the Up and Down passengers, it would frequently happen that some passengers would not be able to get their tickets in time, and therefore unable to board their trains. It was suggested that an additional booking office be opened either on the town line, or somewhere in Bhuleshwar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahul Mehrotra |first=Sharada Dwivedi |title=Anchoring A City Line |publisher=Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd |year=2000 |isbn=81-900602-4-4 |pages=41 |language=English}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Surroundings==<br />
Today Charni road is well known for its old charm [[Chawls]], wholesale markets of diamonds ([[Royal Opera House (Mumbai)|Opera House]]), garments, [[Irani café]]s traditional Maharashtrian culture ([[Girgaon]]) and also tall skyscrapers. It is not only famous for skyscrapers and Chowpatty but also attracts crowds because of the religious places built in it (Mumbadevi temple) and also the famous celebration of Gudipadva and Ganesh Chaturthi festival in Girgaon. Also the famous Hinduja College of commerce and economics have been set up by Hinduja group in 1974.<br />
<br />
For information about the area, see [[Charni Road]].<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Charni Rd stationː Entrance to Platform 1.jpg|Charni Rd stationː Entrance to Platform 1<br />
File:Charni Rd stationː Platform view.jpg|Charni Rd stationː Platform view, looking toward Churchgate<br />
File:Local Train entering Charni Rd Platform 1.jpg|Local Train entering Charni Rd Platform 1<br />
File:Charni Road Stationː View from FoB.jpg|Northward view of Charni Rd station from FoB<br />
File:Charni Road.jpg|Charni Rd platform board<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{commons category|Charni Road railway station}}<br />
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}<br />
{{Mumbai - Suburban Railway, Western}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1867]]<br />
[[Category:Railway stations in Mumbai City district]]<br />
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]<br />
[[Category:Mumbai WR railway division]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nilakantha_Das&diff=472022Nilakantha Das2025-10-16T16:25:41Z<p>WillyFdt599330: reworked information further and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian activist (1884–1967)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Nilakantha Das<br />
| image = Pandit Nilakantha Das.png<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1884|8|5}}<br />
| birth_place = Sri RamachandraPur, Puri, [[Bengal Presidency]], British India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1967|11|6|1884|8|5}}<br />
| death_place = Cuttack, Orissa (now [[Odisha]]), India<br />
| resting_place = Pancha-Sakha Cemetery, Sakhigopal, Puri, Odisha<br />
| education = B.A., Ravenshae College<br />M.A., Calcutta University<br />
| occupation = Legislator, litterateur, social reformer, philosopher, freedom fighter, teacher<br />
| years_active = 1903–1964<br />
| known_for = Role at Satyabadi School; Formation of Odisha Province; Research on Odia Language; Writing an Interpretation of Gita; Speaker of Odisha Assembly (1957-1961)<br />
| notable_works = Odia Sahityara Krama Parinama; Konarke; Gita Prabesha; Atma Jibanee; NabaBharat (periodical)<br />
| spouse = Smt. Radhamani Debi (1894-1980)<br />
| honours = Padma Bhusana, Govt. India; D. Litt., Utkal University; Sahitya Akademi Award, Central Sahitya Akademi, India<br />
}}<br />
'''Pandit Nilakantha Das''' (5 August 1884 – 6 November 1967) was one of the most illustrious sons of [[Odisha]], who appeared both in its ''political and literary arena'' at the most crucial period of its history, when Odisha had no political identity in the map of India, and [[Odia language|Odia]] as a language was about to be extinct. He worked relentlessly for Odisha's recognition both politically and linguistically, and helped bring to fruition the dreams of [[Madhusudan Das|Utkala Gaurab Madhusudan Das]], [[Gopabandhu Das|Utkalamani Gopabandhu Das]] and all other Odia loving people.<br />
<br />
As a colleague of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Motilal Nehru]] and [[Rajendra Prasad|Dr. Rajendra Prasad]], among others, Nilakantha played a key role in the Indian Independence movement. He was a [[polymath]] who was an eminent teacher, exceptional leader, erudite scholar, renowned writer, great orator, and a powerful legislator. Pandit Nilakantha was renowned as the headmaster of [[Satyabadi Bana Bidyalaya]], the brainchild of Utkalamani Gopabandhu. He was a prime architect in creating the ''independent'' Odisha Province in 1936, who worked untiringly as the right-hand man of Madhusudan Das to achieve this goal. Because of his legislative efforts in Delhi Central Assembly, Odisha became the first Province in India to be formed on a ''linguistic basis''.<br />
<br />
His in-depth research on the evolution of Odia language revealed a number of facts that helped establish Odia as the [[Odia language|sixth Indian classical language]]. Odia is also the only language from the Indo-Aryan group of languages aside from Sanskrit to have the classical tag as of 2024.<br />
<br />
Because of his unfathomable knowledge in many important fields, Nilakantha Das is also revered as '''Utkala Guru'''.<br />
<br />
== Life history ==<br />
=== Early life and education (1884-1911) ===<br />
Nilakantha Das was born in a respected [[Brahmin]] family in the village of Sri RamachandraPur, a Brahmin ''Shasan'', near [[Puri]], Odisha on 5 August 1884. He was the only surviving son of his parents, born to them late in life. His grandfather was a well-to-do landowner and the chief of his village, but died young at the age of 28.The family then lost all their property due to British Government imposed ‘[[The Sunset Law in British India|Sunset laws]]’ for tax collection from the people of Odisha. Consequently, Nilakantha's father Ananda Das could not pursue higher education, but he was a man of firm character and progressive ideas, and was a strong supporter of all Nilakantha's social reforms and other activities at a big social cost to himself.<br />
<br />
After completing the middle school education in his village, Nilakantha studied at Puri Zilla School, and also briefly in Ravenshaw Collegiate school. He completed his bachelor's degree from [[Ravenshaw University|Ravenshaw College, Cuttack]] in Chemistry and Philosophy. Later, Nilakantha went to Calcutta to earn his MA in Literature/Philosophy. He also studied Law simultaneously, but did not complete the degree. His education was supported by scholarships all through. He was also a voracious reader with an impeccable memory, and educated himself on both eastern and western cultures, literature, religions and folklore. He was equally eloquent in Odia, English and Sanskrit.<br />
<br />
=== Influence of Pandit Gopabandhu Das ===<br />
During his high school days, Nilakantha came under the strong influence of Pandit Gopabandhu Das, whom he always respected deeply and regarded as his mentor. Along with Acharya Harihara and another friend, he took a vow with Gopabandhu on the banks of river Bhargavi near Puri, not to accept any jobs under the British Government, and to dedicate their lives for the service of their motherland. They worked together on relief efforts in several flood and cholera-devastated areas, both in Nilakantha's student days and afterwards. Throughout Gopabandhu's lifetime, Nilakantha sought his advice before taking any major step, and worked as his right-hand man - trying to translate Gopabandhu's visions into reality.<br />
<br />
=== Headmaster of Satyabadi School (1911-1918) ===<br />
Gopabandhu's initiative for the Satyabadi Bana Bidyalaya <ref>Das P. C., Dr. ( Sep-Oct 2007). [http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/sept-oct2007/engpdf/Pages70-74.pdf "Satyabadi High School - The Man Manufacturing Factory"]: Orissa Review: 70-74</ref> started in 1909, and Nilakantha went to [[Calcutta]] to study M.A. to better prepare himself to take the helm of this school. It was a “grove school,” in a beautiful forest like setting patterned after ancient ''[[gurukula]]''. The school started in 1911 with 19 students and some old furniture, with 27-year old Nilakantha as its strict headmaster or ''kulapati''. Acharya Harihara Das and Krupasindhu Mishra became his co-workers. Other patriotic young men also served as teachers, and later [[Godabarish Mishra]] also joined the group.<br />
[[File:PanchSakha of Satyabadi Yuga.png|alt=Pancha Sakhas - The renowned teachers of Satyabadi Bana Bidyalayaa including Gopabandhu Das|thumb|Pancha Sakhas - The renowned teachers of Satyabadi Bana Bidyalaya]]<br />
Satyabadi school strived to become a center in the harmonious development of a child's personality. It was soon regarded as a ''man-making'' factory, many famous persons of Odisha being products of this school. Children from all castes and socio-economic levels lived, dined and studied together in the school, long before Mahatma Gandhi's crusade against [[untouchability]]. It angered the orthodox Brahmins of the area who set fire to and burnt the school. Undaunted, Nilakantha held the school, from next day, in the open area of the surrounding Bakula Bana. Later a brick building was constructed for it. It also became a high school, initially affiliated with Calcutta University to hold its first matriculation exam in 1914. Nilakantha left the headmaster position in 1918, but was associated with the school till 1920. During that period he also participated in many relief efforts. The years from 1911 to 1921 is known as the “Satyabadi Era” of Odisha.<br />
<br />
Satyabadi School attracted many outstanding visitors, [[Ashutosh Mukherjee|Sir Ashutosh Mukherji]], the Vice Chancellor of Calcutta University, being one of them. He was extremely impressed with Nilakantha's knowledge and asked him to join as the professor of ‘Oriya and Comparative Philosophy’ at the Presidency College. With Gopabandhu's advice, he reluctantly left the school for Calcutta in September 1920, planning to return to the school in two years. But he quit the professorship only after three months to join the Indian Independence movement as well as to work on uniting the Odia speaking regions, scattered in different British Presidencies, into one independent state.<br />
<br />
It is well known that once Madhusudan Das told Gopabandhu on Satayabadi School, “Gopabandhu, you have created a [[Nalanda]] here.” and Gopabandhu promptly replied “Not I, Nilakantha!”<br />
<br />
=== The Legislator and Litterateur (1921-1964) ===<br />
After leaving the professorship at Calcutta University, Nilakantha started his work in [[Sambalpur]] in January, 1921. Under the leadership of Gopabandhu, he aimed to observe the conditions of local people, encourage their spirits, and help and unite them in various ways. He stayed in Sambalpur for nine months, helped dealing with an outbreak of cholera there, and published a magazine called “Seba” (Service). He established a very good High school there with the help and cooperation of many prominent local leaders. Moreover, Nilakantha led grass-root efforts to bring other ''bicchinna'' or annexed Odia speaking regions in [[Bihar]] with frequent trips to those areas as well.<br />
<br />
Gopabandhu Das soon realized the lack of strong Odia representation in Delhi [[Central Legislative Assembly]] to champion Odia causes. On his advice, Nilakantha contested and was elected to the Central Assembly from Odisha in 1924, with three main objectives:<br />
<br />
# To amalgamate (unite) all the Oriya-speaking tracts under one province<br />
# To bring all-around development of Odisha and India, and<br />
# To fight British Imperialism from within.<br />
<br />
In no time, he established himself as a powerful legislator in the Central Assembly in Delhi, and introduced many bills on behalf of Odisha, including the bill to repeal the [[Salt tax|Salt Tax]] on its people, and several bills for the formation of an independent Odisha Province. He worked tirelessly, with an undaunted spirit, on these issues. He also worked on improving the wages and living standards of labourers in various fields.<br />
<br />
He retired from the Central Assembly and came to Odisha in 1945, and from 1945 to 1951 devoted his time primarily to literary pursuits. Later he joined as a legislator and speaker of the Odisha Assembly, and continued till 1961. He wrote his autobiography in 1963, for which he received India's [[Sahitya Akademi|Central Sahitya Akademi]] award in 1964. He died on November 6, 1967, at Cuttack.<br />
<br />
The following sections elaborate the specifics of Nilakantha's work in the arena of his state and his country.<br />
<br />
== Formation of independent Odisha ==<br />
[[File:Bihar-Orissa-Province.png|alt=Map of Amalgamated Orissa with Bihar before 1936|left|thumb|238x238px|Map of Amalgamated Orissa (in Red border) with Bihar before 1936]]<br />
The context for the creation of an Independent Odisha (then known as Orissa) province is as follows: During the Nineteenth century and first part of the Twentieth century, the once-proud Odisha, which did not come under a full British takeover until 1803, was subsequently dismembered and annexed by the British to four neighboring states, namely: Bengal, Bihar, Central Province (Madhya Pradesh) and Madras, and governed by the corresponding [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British presidencies]]. Originally, only the coastal districts, namely: Balasore, Cuttack, Puri, and areas nearby made-up Odisha, which was placed under Bihar/Patna jurisdiction.<ref>[[Bihar and Orissa Province|Map of Amalgamated Odisha with Bihar before 1936]] ([[Bihar and Orissa Province|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar_and_Orissa_Province]])</ref> (The map in this section shows the [[Bihar and Orissa Province|amalgamated Orissa]], outlined in red, before 1936.) Because of their [[Minority language|linguistically minority]] status, the Odias in the annexed regions faced discrimination in jobs and academics and their children were not taught Odia in schools, which stifled the self-identity of Odias, and resulted in the drainage of financial resources of Odisha as well. So, for a long time, from 1880s, many prominent and concerned Odias wanted to amalgamate all Odia speaking regions under one administration.<ref>Choudhury, Janmejaya (Jan 2005). "[http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/jan2005/englishPdf/Utkal_sabha.pdf The Utkal Sabha and Indian National Congress]." Orissa Review: 1-2.</ref> Madhusudan Das made it a prime issue for Odias through his [[Utkal Sammilani|Utkala Sammilani]].<br />
<br />
Nilakantha was greatly inspired by Madhusudan Das's goal for the amalgamation (unification) of all Odia speaking regions under one administration by first attending his Utkala Sammilani in 1903 and then meeting directly with him in 1904. In 1917, Nilakantha presided over the Manjusha session of Utkala Sammilani and greatly helped in strengthening the demand for amalgamation of scattered Odia-speaking tracts including ''undivided'' Koraput, Ganjam, Paralakhemundi etc. of that time. This proposal is not the same as having an independent Odisha province, for which the proposed state must be financially independent. That requirement could not be fulfilled by Odisha, especially since the annexed areas were quite underdeveloped and poor. So Madhusudan and other prominent leaders of this movement (such as: Maharaja [[Krushna Chandra Gajapati|Shri Krushna Chandra Gajapati]] of Paralakhemundi), were willing to just put the cash-stripped amalgamated Odia-speaking regions as a ''sub-province'' under a single governing state, preferably Madhya Pradesh.<ref name=":3">Sahoo, Shridhar Charan, Dr. (April 2007). [http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/apr-2007/engpdf/page20-28.pdf "Pandit Nilakantha & Formation of Orissa Province"]: Orissa Review: 20-28.</ref><br />
<br />
But Nilakantha was not satisfied with a sub-province status for Orissa, where it would still be subordinate to the governing state. After being elected to the Delhi Central Assembly in 1924, he became instrumental in creating the current ''independent'' Odisha Province, not just an amalgamated region or sub-province, in the important ways described below.<br />
<br />
=== Introduction of legislative bills ===<br />
When Nilakantha, as a member of the Congress party, first tried to introduce the legislative bill informally for creating an independent Odisha Province, he did not get much support from top leaders in the Congress party. Pandit Motilal Nehru, due to other priorities, opposed its presentation to the British Government. So Nilakantha organized mass processions in Calcutta and other places denouncing this attitude of the Congress party.<br />
<br />
Then Nilakantha bypassed many other hurdles in the Central Assembly and finally moved a resolution there in 1927, which asked for All Oriya-speaking tracts to be put under one local administration, '''''in the form an independent, linguistically-based Orissa Province''''', claiming that "otherwise Odias won’t be satisfied and agitations would continue.”<br />
<br />
He also reintroduced the resolution in All India Congress session in 1929 in spite of opposition at central level, and rejected an offer of ''Sir'' title by Mr. [[Alexander Muddiman]], Finance Secretary, Government of British India, to accept Odisha as a sub-province.<ref name=":0">Ray, Lila (1985). Pandit Nilakantha Das: Life and Achievements. OCLC Number: 14214246</ref><ref name=":1">Padhy, Kishore Chandra Dr. (1989). [http://odishaarchives.nic.in/node/191165 Utkala Guru Pandit Nilakantha] (http://odishaarchives.nic.in/node/191165 )</ref> Nilakantha also wrote several articles in The Statesman and The Bombay Chronicle on the formation of separate provinces on linguistic basis.<ref>Mishra, Anita (May 2012). [http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2012/May/engpdf/28-32.pdf "Pundit Nilakantha's Atmajivani: A Glimpse into Odishan Life and Struggle of an Era"], Odisha Review: 27-31.</ref> Finally, Mahatma Gandhi mediated on the subject so that the bill was forwarded for further consideration in the [[Round Table Conference]] and by the British Parliament.<br />
<br />
=== Inclusion of southern Odisha regions ===<br />
Nilakantha Das was responsible for the inclusion of southern regions, including Koraput, Paralakhemundi and Ganjam up to [[Chilika Lake|Chilika]], in Odisha when it was formed on April 1, 1936. Until then those regions were under the Telugu-speaking part of the Madras State. A meeting was arranged by the “Andhra Eastern Culture Research Committee” on 16 June 1927 at [[Mukhalingam]],<ref name=":1" /> where the committee wanted to establish the cultural root of those areas in the Telugu region and keep it in Madras. But Nilakantha presented historical facts and concrete evidence to the contrary, based on his in-depth research on the cultural heritage of the Southern Odisha regions, which the Andhra committee could not refute and was forced to relinquish its claim once for all.<br />
<br />
=== Formation of language-based Odisha Province ===<br />
[[File:Map-orissa-admin-1991.jpg|alt=Map of Independent Odisha Province with 13 districts (after merger of Princely states in 1949)|left|thumb|271x271px|Map of Independent Odisha Province with 13 districts (after merger of Princely states in 1949)]]<br />
It was Nilakantha's irrefutable arguments and efforts in the Delhi Central assembly that finally resulted in dropping the “financial independence” requirement for creating an independent Odisha State. He successfully argued that the poverty and underdeveloped nature of the annexed areas should be an important reason for bringing them to Odisha and improving their condition concurrently with the rest of the state.<br />
<br />
He had also prepared and submitted a memorandum to the O’ Donnell committee, which constituted the foundation for the formation of the independent Odisha Province. Unfortunately, annexed areas in Bihar (Sadheikala and Kharasuan) were not given approval for this merger due to some unanticipated political problems at the last minute.<ref name=":2">Das, Pandit Nilakantha (1963). [https://www.amazon.in/Autobiography-Jibanee-Pandit-Neelakantha-OdishaShop/dp/B08HW84B9F Atma Jibanee] </ref><br />
<br />
Finally, the modern Odisha was born on April 1, 1936, as the first Indian province to be created on a linguistic basis, and with an initial grant of Rs. 40 lakhs from the Central Government to defray its financial deficits.<ref>{{Cite web|title=GOVERNMENT OF INDIA (CONSTITUTION OF ORISSA) ORDER, 1936. (Hansard, 13 February 1936)|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1936/feb/13/government-of-india-constitution-of|access-date=|website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref> The princely states of Odisha initially wanted to stay independent of the Odisha Government, but were integrated into it by 1949, and the 13-district Odisha was formed.<br />
<br />
Madhusudan Das, who died in February, 1934, was not alive to see the formation of this new, independent Odisha Province, but prior to his death he expressed his full confidence in Nilakantha in carrying on his legacy and bringing his dreams to fruition.<ref name=":4">Das Benhur. [https://www.odishaestore.com/pagadi-purusha-amo094 Pagadi Purusha] </ref> Nilakantha was later proclaimed as the “Veritable father of Orissa” by Prof. [[N. G. Ranga]], Deputy Leader of the Congress Party in the Indian Parliament (1980–1991), because of his extraordinary, pioneering efforts in this regard.<ref>[http://odishaarchives.nic.in/node/19116 Professor N. G. Ranga's Lecture at Rourkela on 11.4.8] 6: Utkala Guru Pandit Nilakantha: Pg 84.</ref><br />
<br />
Upon the creation of the independent Odisha province in 1936, Nilakantha was its presumptive first chief minister, but that did not happen due to certain legislative issues (i.e. Nilakantha was a member of the Central Assembly, not the local one) raised by the local Congress Party.<br />
<br />
It may be noted that following Nilakantha's arguments, other Indian states, such as Andhra, were also created on [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|language basis]] in the post-independent India. Hence, Nilakantha was placed among the [https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/37145 Makers of Modern India] by Central Education Minister Prof. [[Saiyid Nurul Hasan|Nurul Hassan]] (1972-1977).<ref>[https://find.uoc.ac.in/Record/37145 MAKERS OF MODERN INDIA], [http://ichr.ac.in/content/ Indian Council of Historical Research, New Delhi] (1974)</ref><br />
<br />
=== Creation of Utkal University ===<br />
Even though Odisha was made independent in 1936, it did not have its own university; all its colleges were under Patna University in Bihar. Similarly, the high court was in Calcutta. So, Nilakantha also demanded successfully the creation of Odisha's own independent university and high court, arguing that an independent state must have these basic institutions as fundamental to self-determination. Thus, [[Utkal University]]<ref>[https://ddceutkal.ac.in/About_History.asp?id=2 Utkal University, THE LEGEND]</ref> was finally created in 1943, when Pandit Godabarish Mishra was the education minister, and was housed in Ravenshaw College, Cuttack.<br />
<br />
These facts regarding the Formation of Odisha Province, are discussed by scholars in various research articles, and in References <ref name=":3" /> through <ref name=":4" /> and Reference <ref>Dash, Rajendra Kumar, Dr. (July 2019). [https://www.jetir.org/view?paper=JETIR1906Y32 Re-engineering History: Odia Identity Crisis and Crisis Manager Pt. Nilakantha Das]. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research: 724-729</ref><br />
<br />
== Other legislative work ==<br />
[[File:NK-ParliamentarianSeries-4.jpg|alt=Cover page of Nilakantha's Monograph as "Eminent Parliamentarian"|left|thumb|232x232px|Cover page of Nilakantha's Monograph as "Eminent Parliamentarian"]]<br />
<br />
=== Delhi Central Assembly ===<br />
[[File:Nilakantha Das In Central Assembly.jpg|alt=Nilakantha with other renowned leaders in Delhi Central Assembly|thumb|232x232px|Nilakantha (right) with other renowned leaders in Delhi Central Assembly]]<br />
Pandit Nilakantha, an eloquent speaker in English, was [[Central Legislative Assembly#Notable members|renowned as a legislator]] both in Odisha as well as in India. In the Indian arena,he raised many issues of national interest, including the rights of political prisoners, and of non-resident Indians in South Africa. His work and arguments in various issues were regarded quite valuable so as to have them published in the Eminent Parliamentarians Monograph Series of India. The fourth volume in the series, titled ''Eminent_Parliamentarians_Series_Nilakantha_Das'',<ref>Lok Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi, 1990, [http://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/58689/1/Eminent_Parliamentarians_Series_Nilkantha_Das.pdf Eminent Parliamentarians Monograph Series of India.Volume (#4)] </ref> contains his speeches delivered in the Central Legislative Assembly, while participating in debates on local, national and international issues. Odisha Government has also compiled some of his speeches into a book, titled “Speeches and Remarks of Pandit Nilakantha Das in Central Legislative Assembly”<ref>Secretatiat of Odisha Assembly, Bhubaneswar. Bisishtha Bidhayaka Prakarana Pustaka Mala (#2), Pandit Nilakantha Das </ref> for the benefit of present-day legislators.<br />
<br />
Mr. [[Bishambhar Nath Pande|B. N. Pande]], Governor of Odisha (1983–1988), who had in attended Nilakantha's arguments in the Delhi Assembly, once commented that when Nilakantha spoke, people used to say that “The Lion of Orissa is roaring!”<br />
<br />
=== Labour leader ===<br />
[[File:Nilakantha With Postal Union Workers.jpg|alt=Nilakantha Das with All India Postal Workers|thumb|280x280px|Nilakantha with All India Postal Union Workers]]<br />
As a central legislator, Nilakantha was very concerned about the plight of labourers in India. He helped in the organization of the plantation workers of [[Assam]] Tea Gardens, and the labourers in [[Jamshedpur]], Calcutta and Khidirpore (1929). His cut motion supporting the strike by tin-plate workers in Tata (1928-1930) resulted in the defeat of the Government in the Central legislative assembly. He fought in the Central assembly to remove the disparity of pay between the Indian workers (Rs. 88 per month) and British employees (Rs.1300 per month) for the same work. He also introduced bills related to many safety issues.<br />
<br />
Due to his important work in these areas, Nilakantha was made a member of the Indian Railway Purchase Committee, where he introduced many improvements to railway buggies, especially to third class compartments travelled by poor people. He was also elected to the prestigious Central Assembly Public Accounts Committee. In addition, Nilakantha was elected as the "President of the All-India Postal Union" in 1927.<br />
<br />
=== Odisha Assembly ===<br />
Pandit Nilakantha retired from the Central Assembly in 1945 and came to Odisha's political arena. The next few years, however, he took leave from politics, devoted himself to literary pursuits, and wrote many of his valuable books. Later, with Pandit Godabarish Mishra, he created his own independent party called the “Swadhina Janasangha” and was elected to Odisha Assembly in 1952. He stayed out of the Congress party politics till 1954, when [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]] requested him to rejoin Congress.<br />
<br />
In 1957, Nilakantha was re-elected uncontested to the Odisha Assembly, and became the speaker of the Assembly. He stayed in that position till July 1961, although the administration collapsed in Match of that year. As a scholar of the Indian constitution, he brought to the attention of the Government of India and the Law Department the provision in the Indian constitution that "whenever the Assembly is dissolved, the Speaker shall not vacate his office until immediately before the first meeting of the Assembly after the dissolution". (The tradition till then was for the Speaker to leave his office along with the Assembly.) It was finally accepted by the Government of India, and now practiced in all cases of dissolution of the Assemblies in different States.<ref>Sahoo, Shridhar Charan, Dr. (January 2008). [http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2008/jan-2008/engpdf/13-18.pdf Pandit Nilakantha: His Role and Achievement as Speaker]. Orissa Review, 13-18</ref><br />
<br />
A chronological account and details of Pandit Nilakantha's legislative contributions, both in Odisha and the Indian sphere, may be found in the PhD thesis on the subject, titled “PANDIT NILAKANTHA DAS, THE LEGISLATOR.”<ref>Mishra, Harihar, Dr. (1992) [https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/129821?mode=full PANDIT NILAKANTHA DAS, THE LEGISLATOR]. Dissertation Submitted to Utkal University for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science, 1992 (Shodhganga@INFLIBNET)</ref><br />
<br />
== Indian independence movement ==<br />
After coming to Sambalpur in January 1921, Gopabandhu and Nilakantha started the [[Satyagraha]] movement there. Many prominent persons, students and Government servants of the region participated in the movement by their inspiration. Nilakantha then joined the [[Swaraj Party]] (or Pro-Changers) of the Central Congress, led by Pandit Motilal Nehru and Mr. [[Chittaranjan Das]]. After being elected to the Central Assembly in 1924 as a member of the Swaraj Party, he became its Senior Secretary. He came in close contact with many of the Indian freedom fighters while stationed in Delhi and Shimla and worked closely with them for India's independence.<br />
<br />
=== Salt tax and salt march ===<br />
The [[Salt tax]], for producing salt from sea water, was doubled by the British Government in 1923, and it very much affected the coastal salt producers of Odisha. [[History of the British salt tax in India|Nilakantha made his demands]] in the Central Assembly in 1929 to repeal this Salt Tax on Odisha. The British Government, however, paid a deaf ear to it, and others at the national level were also not paying much attention to Odisha's problem. So, a rebellion then started smoldering among the peoples of Odisha.<br />
<br />
Then Mahatma Gandhi seized upon the idea and made salt tax a national issue - since a tax on salt affected every individual at a basic level. He started his historic [[Salt March|Dandi Salt March]] in 1930, as a demonstration of civil disobedience, in defiance of the salt tax. Gandhi chose Dandi, in Gujarat, as he was more familiar with his own home state. But many Odia leaders joined Gandhi and organized Salt March in Odisha in its coastal areas. Nilakantha led the march in Kakatpur/Astarang area near Puri, for which he was promptly jailed. The Salt Tax on Odisha was later repealed.<br />
<br />
=== Imprisonment ===<br />
Taking part in many activities related to the Indian Independence movement, Nilakantha was jailed four times by the British Government, spending a total of more than two and half years there.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
# The first time, in 1923, he was imprisoned for leading agitations for the amalgamation of Odia regions, and sent to the [[Hazaribagh|Hazaribagh jail]] for four months. It is an interesting fact that when Nilakantha was taken from Puri to the prison in Hazaribagh, he refused to be handcuffed like a thief. As [[Battle of the Hydaspes|King Porus had asked Alexander the Great]], Nilakantha demanded to be treated like a gentleman by the authorities. Consequently, he was taken to Hazaribagh without handcuffs, first in a carriage to the railway station, and then in the train being escorted by a sub-inspector of Police.<br />
# The second time was in 1930, for Civil Disobedience of Salt March. He was jailed in Hazaribagh for six and half months, but was released a little early to participate in the All India Educational Conference held in Banaras.<br />
# He was again arrested and sent to jail for two months in 1931 for Civil Disobedience.<br />
# Last time in 1932, as the Congress Organization was declared unlawful by the British, he was jailed for 16 months in Hazaribagh, but was sent to the Patna jail for a period when he became quite sick in Hazaribagh.<br />
<br />
Nilakantha's in-depth research, presentation of facts and inspiring speeches had endeared him to many leaders in the Indian political arena, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, [[Govind Ballabh Pant|Govind Ballav Pant]], [[J. B. Kripalani|Acharya Kriplani]] and Motilal Nehru, to name a few. In the Hazaribagh jail, he interacted closely with some of them as his co-prisoners, and they carried on discussions and plans for the independence of India.<br />
<br />
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, later the first President of the Independent India, was a jail-mate of Nilakantha in Hazaribagh. After listening to Nilakantha a few times on his interpretation of the [[Bhagavad Gita]], Dr. Prasad encouraged him to write his discourse on the ''interpretation of Gita''; and so Nilakantha started on this invaluable contribution during his imprisonment. Nilakantha also wrote two of his other books, ''Dasa Nayak'' and ''Labanyabati ra Tika'', while in jail.<br />
<br />
=== With Gandhi, Nehru and Subhas Bose ===<br />
[[File:Pandit Nilakanth With Nehru in Odisha.jpg|alt=Nilakantha Das With Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in 1937, campaigning for Congress at Satyabadi|left|thumb|240x240px|With Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru in 1937, campaigning for Congress at Satyabadi]]<br />
During Gandhiji's Swarajya movement, upon Gopabandhu's invitation, Mahatma Gandhi first came to Odisha in 1921, and later took seven more trips to its various regions. Nilakantha accompanied him many times to different parts of the state and inspired others to join the movement. As mentioned earlier, upon Gandhi's call, he led the Salt March in Odisha in 1930. He and his wife always wore simple homespun ([[Khadi|khaddar]]) clothes all the time, being inspired by Gandhi. <br />
<br />
Nilakantha also worked directly with Jawaharlal Nehru on his trips to the Odisha state after its formation, and accompanied him on many of his trips to various regions of the state to campaign for the Congress party.<br />
[[File:Nilakantha With SubhasBose in Odisha.jpg|alt=Nilakantha Das with Subhas Chandra Bose in Odisha in 1939|thumb|220x220px|Nilakantha (right) with Subhas Bose (center) in Odisha in 1939]]<br />
Nilakantha was a supporter of [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose]] who was born and brought up in Cuttack (and whose father was a close friend of Nilakantha) and arranged several meetings for him in Odisha on his freedom fights using his Indian National Army (INA). Although Subhas Bose was not successful in getting freedom for India and died in 1945, he garnered enough sympathy in the Indian Armed Forces (Army, Navy, Air force) to raise question of their loyalty to the British Government. Consequently, it influenced the crash-stripped British Government's decision to leave India in 1947. But because of his sympathy for Netaji, whom the Central Congress boycotted, Nilakantha was later denied ticket from the Central Congress High Command to seek re-election. Nilakantha did not want to fight against that decision as an independent candidate because of his loyalty to the party at the time. <br />
<br />
== Litterateur ==<br />
Nilakantha was equally devoted to the field of [[Odia literature]] as he was to an independent state of Odisha and to the cause of Indian Independence. He wrote books and articles in many different fields, of many different genres, with the goal of discovering the foundation of the Odia language and its heritage, as well as to enrich the Odia literature. He had also written many Odia short stories and poems for children. The main theme of most of his literary writings, therefore, was to bring into focus the past glory of the Odia nation and its untainted culture. This, he hoped, would help the children of Odisha get back their lost identity. His poetry works depicts purity of love rather than its glorification by Western ideas foreign to this country.<br />
<br />
Nilakantha was a comparative [[philologist]], and his work was the first scientific linguistic study of the Odia language and culture. It contains many facts, which were crucial to prove Odia as a classical language, the sixth in India, with literature from the 14th Century.<br />
<br />
=== Famous books ===<br />
* '''Odia Sahityara Krama Parinama:''' This is Pandit Nilakantha's masterpiece, for which he researched in-depth for the originality of Odia culture and discussed it thoroughly from many different angles. In this two-part volume, he has attempted to prove the purity of Oriya language, and its independence from other regional languages such as Bengali. Contribution of folklore and Dravidian culture has also been analyzed here. [[Jagannath]] dharma and the ‘principles of equality’ associated with it were shown to be crucial to Oriya identity. Parts of this book have now been translated to English and published in Critical Discourse in Odia.<br />
* '''Konarke:''' This highly acclaimed Kavya consists of two parts. In the first part, ''Ramachandi thare Rati,'' narrates the reminiscence of the past glories of Odisha by a wakeful teacher (himself) who had taken his young students on an excursion to [[Konark Sun Temple|Konarka]] and then had to take shelter in a nearby temple at night due to cyclonic weather. The second part, ''Mayadevi'', deals with the episode of the construction of the Sun Temple Konarka by Odia King [[Narasingha Deva I|Narasingha Deva]] in the memory of his first queen and true love Mayadevi, the daughter of the feudatory king of [[Sisupalgarh|Sishupala Gada]]. It was based upon a story narrated to Nilakantha by a local man.<br />
* '''Kharavela:''' This Kavya highlights the achievements of the Odia King [[Kharavela]], who restored the self-confidence of Odias after the [[Kalinga War|Kalinga war]], more than 2100 years ago, by conquering vast areas of India from north to south and east to west. It also depicts his marriage to Dhusi, the princess of Bajiragriha (a part of current Afghanistan), based upon their bravery in fighting together and defeating the Yavana intruders.<br />
* '''Atma Jibanee:''' This autobiography of Nilakantha, written in 1963, is remarkable in the sense it presents an account of the life and times of the then Odia society and the struggle of Odia people scattered in different provinces and feudatory states in the early and mid-twentieth century. It carries the traces of the illustrious lives of Nilakantha and many others to inspire the future generations. It received India's Central Sahitya Akademi award in 1964.<br />
* '''Gita Prabesha:''' Nilakantha wrote this discourse on Gita, the prelude to the holy Hindu scripture Gita, while in [[Shimla]] (the Summer Capital of the British Government), as a member of the Central Legislature. The book was known to be written in 21 nights.<ref name=":2" /> An English Translation of this book is also presently available.<br />
* In addition, his interpretation of Gita, which he started in the Hazaribagh jail as mentioned earlier, was highly acclaimed by critics (placed in the sixth position in all India level at that time). Although Nilakantha was equally proficient in Odia, English and Sanskrit, he wrote it in Odia with the intention of making it available to people in the villages of Odisha, and it became the only reliable version accessible to Odias not proficient in other languages then.<br />
<br />
=== Other kavyas and books ===<br />
Nilakantha wrote many other books, both for adults and for children, including two Kavyas as adapted versions of Tennyson, namely ''Dasa Nayak'' ([[Enoch Arden]]) and ''Pranayini'' ([[The Princess (Tennyson poem)|The Princess]]). Among his scholarly writings ''Sanskruta O Sanskruti'', ''Odia Bhasa O Sahitya'', and ''Arya Jeeban'' are well-known.<br />
<br />
He wrote the three major Indian Epics as ''Children’s Ramayana, Mahabharata'' and ''Bhagabata'' for the children of Odisha in very simple and descriptive language, and several children's books in Odia in the form of stories and poems with rural themes. He also wrote a devotional book named ''Bhakti Gatha'' in 1918 for the students of the Satyabadi school for their daily prayer. It contains, along with his own hymns, the Odia translation of a number of hymns from the [[Vedas]] and other scriptures.<br />
<br />
== Other facets ==<br />
Pandit Nilakantha, from young age, exhibited his powerful, multifaceted personality through his many actions. So he was often fondly called "''Satyabadi-ra Savyasachi''" (the Savyasachi of Satyabadi), where ''Savyasachi'' refers to Arjuna, the most powerful middle Pandava of the Mahabharat, who could shoot arrows using either hand with the same skill and accuracy. Below are some facts on other aspects of this outstanding, luminary person.<br />
<br />
=== Pandit (intellectual) ===<br />
<br />
Nilakantha's quest for knowledge knew no bound. He was extremely well-versed in many subjects, availing himself of large book collections in the libraries from Calcutta University to Delhi Parliament. He used to spend most part of his nights in reading books as day times were full of important activities.<br />
<br />
Because of his depth of knowledge in the fields of philosophy, culture, and language, he was invited to present his views in many conferences. He addressed the All Asiatic Education Conference held in Banaras, December 1930 and presented a paper titled “The Ideal and Outlook in Education (IN INDIA AND THE EAST)”. He also presided over and/or submitted papers in several sessions of the Indian History Congress on the “Cult of Jagannath” and the Odia language between 1949 and 1959. The presentations in these sessions and some of his other lectures have been compiled into a book titled “Discovery of Orissa in the speeches and writings of Pandit Nilakantha Das”.<ref>Das Mathura Nath, Editor (2019). DISCOVERY OF ORISSA IN THE SPEECHES AND WRITINGS OF PANDIT NILAKANTHA DAS. Published by: [[Odisha State Museum]]</ref><br />
<br />
Nilakantha was the first Odia linguist and the first Odia Juvenile litterateur. He was also the first Oriya Script reformer, and the first pure Odia grammarian.<ref>Mishra, Kumudini, Dr., Editor (2013). Pandit Nilakanthanka Bigyana Sammata Bisuddha Odia Byakarana </ref> In addition, Nilakantha was a Fellow of [[Delhi University]] Court for seven years.<br />
<br />
=== Social reformer ===<br />
Nilakantha tried to remove the ills of the society through his work and philosophy. Although born into a Shashan Brahmin caste of Puri, he was against all archaic cultures in Hinduism. He made scathing attack on occult power, horoscope and palmistry through his writings. He was the founder-secretary of the Orissa branch of [[Hindu Mahasabha]] in 1925, with Janakinath Bose, father of Netaji Subhas Bose, as the President. He used this platform in denouncing practices like [[untouchability]], dowry, child marriage, prohibition of widow marriage, etc. For his own marriage at the age of 20, he rejected a cash dowry of Rs. 4,000 and married in a lower-middle-class family.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
He was against many social and cultural restrictions imposed by upper class Brahmins and wrote a series of articles, under the title ''Mo Nisha'' (My Mustache) in the well-known monthly magazine of the time called "Mukura" to protest against it.<br />
<br />
Pandit Nilakantha edited the celebrated monthly magazine ''NabaBharat'' from 1934 to 1953 with occasional breaks, and published a daily paper of the same from 1941 to 1953. The intelligentsia of Odisha and experts from various fields published their critical articles in many different fields, including social reforms, in this magazine.<br />
<br />
Nilakantha objected against ''Bhaktika Mithya'', (lies or exaggeration due to admiration, devotion or misinformation) whereupon admirers embellish the accomplishments or nature of a celebrated personality or a nation through either exaggeration or false narratives. Often, it starts as a fabrication of a poet and later others start believing it as true. He tried to point out such incidents involving himself and other well-known people, without bothering for criticisms by others for doing so.<br />
<br />
=== Philosopher ===<br />
Pandit Nilakantha was a philosopher of the highest rank and was a great believer in the uniqueness and teachings of ''Jagannath Dharma''. The term Dharma here does not refer to religion, but to one's duty, philosophy and responsibilities as discussed in the Bhagabad Gita. To him, Jagannath, the tribal God of the [[Sabar people|Sabara people]], was of special significance: it embodies the equality of all men; and he considered the traditions surrounding Jagannath to be Odisha's gift to the world. His book ''Arya Jeeban'' expresses his views and philosophies, the ''Manaba dharma,'' pertaining to a human being living harmoniously with the creation.<br />
<br />
Nilakantha was influenced by the doctrines of [[Dharma (Jainism)|Jain Dharma]], and found great parallelism between Jainism and Jagannath culture, both focusing on the equality of all men rather than on a supreme God. He claimed himself to be a ''Yuktibadi'' (believer in reasoning), rather than a ''Bhaktibadi'' (believer in blind devotion). Although not an atheist, he was not a supporter of organized religion or cults.<br />
<br />
=== Personality ===<br />
[[File:Village home of Pandit Nilakantha Das.jpg|alt=Nilakantha's home in his village Sri RamachandraPur|thumb|190x190px|Nilakantha's home in his village Sri RamachandraPur]]<br />
Pandit Nilakantha was a simple and righteous man, prone to sudden flair of temper upon witnessing wrong things, but equally apt to cool down immediately if realized his own mistakes. He was a worshiper of the ''Truth'', with deep love for Odisha and its heritage. He was always an original and unconventional thinker, and known as a ''Fighter par excellence'' for just causes. Nilakantha was never intimidated by criticism, threats, denouncement or personal discomfort, though he had to face it often for his critical thinking and indomitable spirit. In the true sense, he was forever a strict school master, who did not tolerate any weakness in his students, but appreciated and encouraged all their good qualities and helped them whole-heartedly to achieve their best.<br />
<br />
Nilakantha was also a man of the soil and loved his village Sri RamachandraPur. On his infrequent trips to the village during his active life, he met the elders and young men there in his front porch almost daily - to get the village news and learn of the villagers' plights.<br />
<br />
When Nilakantha wanted to join the Indian Independence movement, on the advice of Gopabandhu Das, he requested his father-in-law to take care of his young family and elderly parents. Two of his daughters died in their childhood at the age of four or five, when Nilakantha was away on his mission for the country, first in 1921 at Sambalpur, and the other time in 1923 while being transferred from Puri Jail to Hazaribagh. But it did not deter him from his goal.<br />
<br />
For most part of his active life, Nilakantha did not even possess a car, and on returning from Delhi, Cuttack or other places, used to travel the two miles from the [[Sakshigopal Temple|Sakhigopal]] Railway station to his village home in [[Bullock cart|bullock carts.]] He never built a house outside his village, not even in Puri to spend his old days there, and had simply renovated his village home for the convenience of his parents and family. After retirement from politics, he often stayed with his children in the cities for medical treatment and other activities.<br />
<br />
== Resting place ==<br />
[[File:PanchSakha-Samadhi-2.jpg|alt=Pancha-Sakha cremation ground Memorial park in Sakhigopal|left|thumb|261x261px|Pancha-Sakha cremation ground Memorial park in Sakhigopal (From: IN.Worldorg.com)]]<br />
Nilakantha Das died on 6 November 1967 in Cuttack, at the residence of his eldest daughter and son-in-law. He was suffering from ill health for the last few years of his life and died peacefully surrounded by his extended family and friends. He was cremated in full state honour in Sakhigopal, in the cemetery of the ''Pancha Sakhas'', his dear friends of the Satyabadi era. The day was declared a state holiday for people of Odisha to mourn him properly.<br />
<br />
Nilakantha's memorial was later erected there, near that of Gopabandhu and Godabarish, for the nation to pay its obeisance to these immortal souls. His statues are also erected in various places such as Satyabadi, [[Vani Vihar]], [[Bhubaneswar]] General Post Office, and Calcutta.<br />
<br />
== Awards and accolades ==<br />
Nilakantha was admired and respected for his knowledge, ethics, techniques, and perseverance by many prominent people both inside and outside Odisha. He was a great ''rajanitigyan'', but never a politician. He was given the Padma Bhusan award for Public Affairs in 1957, which was delivered to him personally by the then President of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad at his Government residence in Bhubaneswar since he was unable to travel to Delhi. For his 75th birthday, many eminent persons, including Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Gobinda Ballav Pant, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Mr. Bhimsen Sachar sent him their admiring messages.<br />
<br />
Pandit Nilakantha received his honorary D.Litt. (Doctor of Letters) degree from Utkal University in 1955. He was also appointed as the pro-chancellor of the university from 1955 to 1962. He was the first President of the [[Odisha Sahitya Akademi]] (1957).<br />
<br />
Because of his unfathomable knowledge in a wide range of disparate fields, he was honoured as Utkala Guru by Subhas Chandra Bose<ref name=":1" /> and others.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
=== Nilakantha Smruti Samiti ===<br />
Nilakantha had many, many admirers in Odisha among his colleagues, political leaders, educators, writers, philosophers and students. To preserve his valuable works and to acknowledge his astounding contributions in a wide range of fields, a Trust called Nilakantha Smruti Samiti was founded in 1978, with Dr. Sadashiva Misra (renowned economist and Ex-Vice Chancellor of Utkala University) as its president. The non-profit Samiti holds a vast repository of Nilakantha's published writings in prints and book form, as well as articles of many prominent people on his many different accomplishments. Some of those works are presently being republished and/or converted to digital form for easy access by general public.<br />
<br />
Some of the compiled books and articles published by Nilakantha Smruti Samiti are included under the ''Further Reading'' section below.<br />
<br />
=== Further reading ===<br />
[[File:Nilakantha Smaraki - 1980.jpg|alt=Nilakantha Smaraki - The First Volume of the series (1980)|thumb|163x163px|Cover page of Nilakantha Smaraki - First Volume (1980)]]<br />
Important Odia and English publications on Pandit Nilakantha Das under Smruti Samiti:<br />
<br />
# Nilakantha Smaraki – On different aspects of Nilakantha's talents and contributions - by many renowned personalities of Odisha (Volumes 1–5, 1980–1988)<br />
# Pandit Nilakantha O Tanka Prativa: Dr. Satya Narayan Rajguru (Published by Utkal University - 1983)<br />
# Pandit Nilakantha Das – Life and Achievements: Lila Ray (1985)<br />
# Bakula Banara Guru: Jatiya Kabi Bira Kishore Das (Second edition, 1987)<br />
# Darsanika Nilakantha – Articles on Philosophical Views of Nilakantha (1988)<br />
# Utkala Guru Pandit Nilakanth – Life history and Achievements of Nilakantha: Dr. Kishore Chandra Padhy (1989)<br />
# Loka Samskrutibid Nilakantha – Contributions of Folklores to Odia language: Dr. Mahendra Kumar Misra (1990)<br />
# Atma Jibanee - Autobiography of Nilakantha Das discussing matters related to Odisha (1963)<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Odia}}<br />
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Nilakantha}}<br />
[[Category:1884 births]]<br />
[[Category:1967 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Activists from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]<br />
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:Speakers of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Odia]]</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bisharpara&diff=491909Bisharpara2025-09-26T09:05:32Z<p>WillyFdt599330: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Bisharpara<br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood<br />
| image_skyline =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| image_caption =<br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6763|N|88.4319|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas]]<br />
| subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]<br />
| subdivision_name4 = [[Birati metro station|Birati]] ''(under construction)''<br />
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]<br />
| subdivision_name5 = [[Bisharpara Kodaliya railway station|Bisharpara]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]<br />
| governing_body = [[North Dumdum Municipality]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 700158<br />
| area_code = +91 33<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = WB<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum Uttar]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bisharpara''' is a locality in [[North Dumdum]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal|West Bengal, India]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=14 Feb 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=14 Feb 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
<br />
===Police station===<br />
<br />
[[Nimta]] police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over North Dum Dum Municipal areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barrackporecitypolice.in/|title=Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|website=barrackporecitypolice.in|access-date=25 Feb 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Nimta Police station.jpg|thumb|Nimta Police Station]]<br />
<br />
Airport police station under [[Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate]] also has jurisdiction over North Dum Dum Municipal areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/index.php|title=Bidhannagar City Police|website=bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in|access-date=5 March 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Airport Police station.jpg|thumb|Airport Police Station]]<br />
<br />
===Post office===<br />
<br />
Bisharpara has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700158 in the North Presidency Division of North 24 Parganas district in Calcutta region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pincode.net.in/700158|title=Bisharpara sub post office|publisher=pincode.net.in|access-date=25 Feb 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:North 24 Parganas district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-geo-stub}}</div>WillyFdt599330https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalambholi&diff=507593Kalambholi2025-09-20T08:06:00Z<p>WillyFdt599330: put up new entry more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{distinguish|Kalamboli}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Kalambholi<br />
| native_name =<br />
| native_name_lang =<br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline =<br />
| image_alt =<br />
| image_caption =<br />
| etymology =<br />
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|19.6638038|N|73.2197691|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_footnotes =<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thane district|Thane]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bhiwandi]]<br />
| established_title =<br />
| established_date =<br />
| founder =<br />
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]<br />
| seat =<br />
| leader_party =<br />
| leader_title =<br />
| leader_name =<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_total_km2 =<br />
| elevation_m = 68<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_total = 430<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym =<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code =<br />
| area_code_type = <!-- [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]] --><br />
| area_code =<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = 552619<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
'''Kalambholi''' is a village in the [[Thane district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Bhiwandi]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
<br />
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Kalambholi has 92 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 79.37%.<ref name="census_2011"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref><br />
! !! Total !! Male !! Female<br />
|-<br />
| Population || 430 || 214 || 216<br />
|-<br />
| Children aged below 6 years || 47 || 20 || 27<br />
|-<br />
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 67 || 34 || 33<br />
|-<br />
| Literates || 304 || 167 || 137<br />
|-<br />
| Workers (all) || 151 || 114 || 37<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers (total) || 150 || 113 || 37<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Cultivators || 58 || 49 || 9<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 64 || 39 || 25<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Main workers: Other || 28 || 25 || 3<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers (total) || 1 || 1 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 1 || 1 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Marginal workers: Others || 0 || 0 || 0<br />
|-<br />
| Non-workers || 279 || 100 || 179<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Bhiwandi taluka}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Bhiwandi taluka]]</div>WillyFdt599330