https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=WillisHeiman326Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-15T01:25:32ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salem_South_Assembly_constituency&diff=532112Salem South Assembly constituency2026-05-08T15:28:32Z<p>WillisHeiman326: new initial pg more to come</p>
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<div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 90<br />
| map_image = Constitution-Salem (South).svg<br />
| district = [[Salem district|Salem]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency|Salem]]<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
| mla = [[A. Vijay Tamilan Parthipan]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br />
<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br />
<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br />
| name = Salem (South)<br />
| electors = 226,851 <br />
| reservation = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Salem South''' or 'Salem (South)' is a [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]] that was formed after the constituency [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]]s of 2008. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 90. The previous constituencies, [[Salem – I Assembly constituency|Salem I]] and [[Salem – II Assembly constituency|Salem II]], were redrawn as [[Salem North]], Salem South and [[Salem West]].<ref>{{cite web|title=New Constituencies, Post-Delimitation 2008|url=http://www.elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515102633/http://elections.tn.nic.in/forms/int3.pdf|archivedate=15 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu.<br />
<br />
Salem South comprises [[Salem Municipal Corporation]] Wards No. 37 to 60. It is a part of the wider [[Salem Lok Sabha constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 27 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
{| class="wikitable" "width:300px"<br />
|+ Demographics<br />
! Category<br />
! Data<br />
|-<br />
|Created<br />
|2016<br />
|-<br />
|Sourashtra Chetty/Devanga Chettiar<br />
|32%<br />
|-<br />
|Sozhiya Velalar / Pillaimar<br />
|30%<br />
|-<br />
|Sengunthar Mudliyar<br />
|20%<br />
|-<br />
|Vanniyar <br />
| 10%<br />
|-<br />
| Adi Dravida<br />
|5.5%<br />
|-<br />
|Others<br />
|2.5%<br />
|-<br />
|Total Electorate<br />
|2,63,233<br />
|-<br />
|}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/salem-constituencytriple-tournament-salem |author=Nakeeran |author-link=Nakeeran |title= சேலம் தொகுதி யாருக்கு<br />
|year=2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Winner<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| [[M. K. Selvaraju]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
| [[A. B. Sakthivel Mudaliar|A. B. Sakthivel]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |accessdate=27 May 2016|page=90}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| [[E. Balasubramanian]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
{{bar box<br />
|float=right<br />
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|width=300px<br />
|barwidth=275px<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.22}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.39}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.97}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== 2026 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem (South)}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Loganathan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Vinodh|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sofiya |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A.Parthiban|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226851|change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem South}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[E. Balasubramanian]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=97,506 |percentage=49.22% |change=-2.18% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. S. Saravanan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=74,897 |percentage=37.80% |change=1.80% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Prabu Manikandan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=10,368 |percentage=5.23% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mariamma |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,176 |percentage=5.14% |change=4.23% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Se. Venkatajalam |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,970 |percentage=1.50% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,860 |percentage=0.94% |change=-1.14% }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,609 |percentage=11.41% |change=-3.98% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,98,122 |percentage=76.09% |change= 0.92% }}<br />
{{Election box rejected|votes=184 |percentage=0.09% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,60,372 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.18% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem South}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Sakthivel A B |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,01,696 |percentage=51.39% |change=-13.57% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gunasekaran M |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=71,243 |percentage=36.00% |change=5.75% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumar K |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=6,325 |percentage=3.20% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Annadurai N |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,686 |percentage=2.37% |change=1.00% }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=4,121 |percentage=2.08% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayachandran G |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=3,983 |percentage=2.01% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Prema B |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,788 |percentage=0.90% |change= }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,453 |percentage=15.39% |change=-19.32% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,97,889 |percentage=75.18% |change= -3.69% }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,63,233 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.57% }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Salem South}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Selvaraju. M. K. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,12,691 |percentage=64.97% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. R. Sivalingam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,476 |percentage=30.25% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Annadurai. N |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,377 |percentage=1.37% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mahalingam. N |party=UCPI |votes=2,325 |percentage=1.34% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=60,215 |percentage=34.71% }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,19,949 |percentage=78.87% |change=}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,73,464 |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{coord|11.61|78.15|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Salem, Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Government of Salem, Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Salem district]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shailendra_Singh_(producer)&diff=534339Shailendra Singh (producer)2026-05-07T22:10:47Z<p>WillisHeiman326: new a bio v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Shailendra Singh<br />
| image = <!-- add image if freely licensed --><br />
| birth_date = <!-- (client preference: omit) --><br />
| birth_place = India<br />
| occupation = Entrepreneur, sports marketer, film producer, author<br />
| known_for = Co-founder of [[Percept Picture Company|Percept Limited]]; Inceptor of [[Sunburn Festival]]; Guestlist4Good;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bein |first1=Kat |title=Sunburn Festival Founder Shailendra Singh Launches Guestlist-For-Good Charity Event |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/guestlist-for-good-india-2017-7669733/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=26 January 2017}}</ref> Boss Entertainment LLP<br />
| spouse = Nayana Singh<br />
| children = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shailendra Singh''' is an Indian [[film producer]], [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]], author, and media executive associated with the Indian entertainment industry. He is known for co-founding the entertainment and communications company [[Percept Picture Company|Percept]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Master of millions |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/master-of-millions-105121001047_1.html |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> and co-creator of the [[Sunburn Festival]], one of the largest electronic dance music festivals in Asia that contributed to the growth of the EDM scene in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sunburn Opened India's Doors For The Worlds Best DJs |url=https://news.abplive.com/lifestyle/sunburn-opened-indias-doors-for-the-worlds-best-djs-1120133 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=ABP Live |date=7 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TheHindu_SunburnSaga">{{cite news<br />
|last=Murthy<br />
|title=Neeraja<br />
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/sunburn-saga-in-words/article6622211.ece<br />
|work=The Hindu<br />
|date=7 November 2014<br />
|access-date=17 December 2025<br />
}}</ref><ref name="Moneycontrol_2019">{{cite news<br />
|last=Farooqui<br />
|first=Maryam<br />
|title=Here's how Shailendra Singh, driving force behind Sunburn, started Asia's largest music festival<br />
|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/heres-how-shailendra-singh-driving-force-behind-sunburn-started-asias-largest-music-festival-4635811.html<br />
|work=Moneycontrol<br />
|date=13 November 2019<br />
|access-date=17 December 2025<br />
}}</ref><ref name="TOI_2022">{{cite news |title=Shailendra Singh, Inceptor of Sunburn, celebrates 15 years of Asia's largest dance music festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/shailendra-singh-inceptor-of-sunburn-celebrates-15-years-of-asias-largestdance-music-festival/articleshow/96475462.cms |work=The Times of India |date=24 December 2022 |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="ET_2018">{{cite news |title=After kick-starting 23 successful startups, Shailendra Singh now wants to revolutionise the entertainment industry by 2020 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/after-kick-starting-23-successful-startups-shailendra-singh-now-wants-to-revolutionise-the-entertainment-industry-by-2020/articleshow/64351150.cms?from=mdr|work=The Economic Times |date=28 May 2018 |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
In his career, he has been associated with the production and distribution of over 70 feature films,<ref>{{cite news |title=Shailendra Singh Directs Guerrilla Home-Video On 'Bad Boy Of Ballet', Sergei Polunin |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/shailendra-singh-directs-guerrilla-home-video-on-bad-boy-of-ballet-sergei-polunin-1170366 |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=[[ABP News]] |date=5 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> including [[Page 3 (film)|Page 3]], [[Dor (film)|Dor]], [[Malamaal Weekly]], [[Makdee]], [[Khuda Kay Liye]],<ref name="Moneycontrol_2019" /><ref name="Mint_2016">{{cite news |title=Sunburn Festival aims to unite youth in entertainment-starved India |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/95ulwIlsleWbND3mKDY0JJ/Sunburn-fest-aims-to-unite-youth-in-entertainmentstarved-In.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=22 November 2016 |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref> and created India's first commercial animation film [[Hanuman (2005 film)|Hanuman (2005)]].<ref name="exchange4media">{{cite news |title=Percept's 'Hanuman' to popularise animation. - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-others-news/percepts-hanuman-to-popularise-animation.-17990.html |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=exchange4media |date=26 September 2005 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Singh co-founded Percept Ltd, an entertainment and communications company in India.<ref name="TOI_2022" /> In the late 1990s he was involved in developing sports marketing initiatives and commercial sponsorship deals, including partnerships related to Indian cricket.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahara India Pariwar clinches Indian cricket team sponsorship for next 4 years - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/sahara-india-pariwar-clinches-indian-cricket-team-sponsorship-for-next-4-years-19055.html |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=exchange4media |date=20 December 2005 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ET_2018" /><ref name="FPJ_2025">{{cite web |title=Shailendra Singh on starting Sunburn, Percept & 23 other startups |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/brandsutra/shailendra-singh-on-starting-sunburn-percept-23-other-startups |website=Free Press Journal |date=27 October 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
He later launched Percept Talent, a talent management company with [[Lachlan Murdoch]], that managed [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]], [[Hrithik Roshan]], [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Kapil Dev]], and others for endorsements and media engagements.<ref name="THR_2007">{{cite news |title=Murdoch to launch Indian talent agency |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/murdoch-launch-indian-talent-agency-135938/ |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=10 May 2007 |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="Afaqs_2007">{{cite web |title=Murdoch Jr-Percept JV launches Percept Talent Management |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/17785_murdoch-jr-percept-jv-launches-percept-talent-management |website=afaqs! |date=10 May 2007 |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2007, Singh co-created the Sunburn Festival at [[Candolim|Candolim Beach]] in Goa.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahindru |first1=Megha |title=Sunburn and the Indian EDM Explosion |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/sunburn-and-the-indian-edm-explosion/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=Rolling Stone India |date=22 October 2013}}</ref> The event later expanded into formats such as Sunburn Arena, Reload, Campus and City Festivals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fernandes |first1=Shawn |title=Arjun Rampal and Shailendra Singh Announce 'Lost', New Music Festival |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/arjun-rampal-and-shailendra-singh-announce-lost-new-music-festival/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Rolling Stone India |date=25 April 2012}}</ref> In 2014, the International Music Summit ranked Sunburn among the largest electronic music festivals globally. Singh was also included in the mix list of 50 influential people in electronic dance music, where he was the only Indian named.<ref name="Moneycontrol_2019" /><ref name="Mint_2016" /><ref name="RS_2016">{{cite web |title=Shailendra Singh: 'We're the Shah Rukh Khan of Dance Music Festivals' |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/shailendra-singh-were-the-shah-rukh-khan-of-dance-music-festivals/ |website=Rolling Stone India |date=14 November 2016 |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
Singh has been active in film production through Percept Picture Company and related initiatives. Over the course of his career he has been associated with the production and distribution of more than seventy feature films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shailendra Singh Movies List {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/shailendra_singh |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> Films linked to his production work include [[Makdee]] (2002),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shah |first=Shravan |date=October 2015 |title="Shailendra Sigh - Entertainment Maverick, Tells All!" |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/551554fee4b07674243998d5/t/5ce2b72d28ec66000184f514/1558362058321/Starmaker2.pdf |journal=Stardust Magazine/ Starmaker |pages=19 |access-date=7 December 2022 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207215126/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/551554fee4b07674243998d5/t/5ce2b72d28ec66000184f514/1558362058321/Starmaker2.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Phir Milenge (2004 film)|Phir Milenge]] (2004),<ref>{{cite news |title=Salman Khan charged one rupee for Phir Milenge, agreed to play HIV positive man after entire Bollywood said no: producer Shailendra Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-charged-one-rupee-for-phir-milenge-agreed-to-play-hiv-positive-man-after-entire-bollywood-said-no-producer-shailendra-singh-9559948/ |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> [[Hanuman (2005 film)|Hanuman]] (2005), [[Malamaal Weekly]] (2006), [[Dor (film)|Dor]] (2006), [[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]] (2007), and [[Kanchivaram]] (2008).<br />
<br />
In 2016 he made his directorial debut with the Hindi road comedy-drama [[Sunshine Music Tours and Travels]], which follows a group of young travelers traveling across India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shailendra Singh: My directorial debut has everything I've looked for in a Bollywood film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shailendra-Singh-My-directorial-debut-has-everything-Ive-looked-for-in-a-Bollywood-film/articleshow/53276679.cms |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shailendra Singh to launch Sunny Kaushal in his directorial debut Sunshine Music Tours and Travels {{!}} Bollywood News {{!}} Hindi Movies News {{!}} News - BollywoodHungama.com |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/20477643 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720175347/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/20477643 |archive-date=2016-07-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017, he stepped down as Joint Managing Director of Percept Limited following a family settlement. Management control of the company transferred to his brother Harindra Singh, while Singh remained a shareholder.<ref>{{cite news |title=Harindra Singh takes full control of Percept after Shailendra Singh steps down |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-people-report/harindra-singh-takes-full-control-of-percept-after-shailendra-singh-steps-down/57765123 |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Beyond film production, Singh has launched several ventures in entertainment, events and media. These include the social entertainment initiative Guestlist4Good,<ref name="EverythingExp_G4G_2017">{{cite web |title=Guestlist4Good concert will "bring the love back" |url=https://everythingexperiential.com/article/guestlist4good-concert-will-bring-the-love-back-shailendra-singh-133412 |website=Everything Experiential |date=1 December 2017 |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref> a platform that organizes concerts and performances in collaboration with charitable organizations.<ref name="TOI_2022" /><br />
<br />
== Film and media ==<br />
Singh has been credited with producing and releasing 72 feature films through Percept's film operations and other ventures.<ref name="FilmsPage">{{cite web |title=72 Films |url=https://shailendrasingh.me/the-films |website=shailendrasingh.me |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref> At the International Film Festival of India, Shailendra Singh announced a slate of 11 feature films and stated his intention to prioritize storytelling as the central focus of his cinematic projects.<ref>{{cite news |title=I want to make storytelling the hero: Shailendra Singh |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/i-want-to-make-storytelling-the-hero-shailendra-singh |access-date=4 March 2026 |work=Goa Travel News on Gomantak Times |date=23 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Selected filmography ==<br />
<br />
* ''[[Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi]]'' (1999)<ref name="FilmsPage" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Dino Morea recalls Pyaar Mein Kabhi Kabhi producer asking him to change his name to Siddhant, says girls pulled his jacket after film's popularity |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dino-morea-recalls-pyaar-mein-kabhi-kabhi-producer-asking-him-to-change-his-name-to-siddhant-9318356/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=9 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Makdee]]'' (2002)<ref>{{cite news |title=Shailendra Singh: I want to be the voice of people outside Bollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shailendra-singh-i-want-to-be-the-voice-of-people-outside-bollywood/articleshow/53888090.cms |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Revolution in acting, filmmaking in Bollywood: Shailendra Singh |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/revolution-in-acting-filmmaking-in-bollywood-shailendra-singh-14210.html |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=[[India TV]] |date=10 May 2014 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Phir Milenge (2004 film)|Phir Milenge]]'' (2004)<ref>{{cite news |title=Salman Khan charged one rupee for Phir Milenge, agreed to play HIV positive man after entire Bollywood said no: producer Shailendra Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-charged-one-rupee-for-phir-milenge-agreed-to-play-hiv-positive-man-after-entire-bollywood-said-no-producer-shailendra-singh-9559948/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Hanuman (2005 film)|Hanuman]]'' (2005)<ref name="exchange4media"/><br />
* ''[[Khuda Kay Liye]]'' (2007)<ref>{{cite news |title=Now Playing in India: A Rare View of Pakistan (Published 2008) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/16/world/asia/16india.html |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=16 April 2008 |language=en}}</ref><br />
* ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa]]'' (2007)<br />
* ''[[Kanchivaram]]'' (2008)<br />
<br />
==Awards and recognitions==<br />
* National Film Awards – Kanchivaram (three awards, 2008)<ref>{{cite news |title='Kanchivaram' sweeps awards |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/43749/kanchivaram-sweeps-awards.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=29 December 2009 |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><br />
* Dynamic Entrepreneur of the Year – India Leadership Conclave (2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=Percept's Shailendra Singh gets Dynamic Entrepreneur of the Year award |url=https://bestmediainfo.com/public/2011/04/percept-shailendra-singh-gets-dynamic-entrepreneur-of-the-year-award |website=BestMediaInfo |date=25 April 2011 |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><br />
* Brand Icon of the Year – India Leadership Conclave (2013)<ref>{{cite web |title=Shailendra Singh receives Brand Icon of the Year 2013 |url=https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-06971/shailendra-singh-receives-bran-1372321958977 |website=EVENTFAQS |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><br />
* MTV Staying Alive Award (2004)<ref name="ArabNews_2013">{{cite news<br />
|last=Naushad<br />
|first=Afra<br />
|title=Shailendra Singh: New kid on the writers' block<br />
|url=https://www.arabnews.com/news/454766<br />
|work=Arab News<br />
|date=12 June 2013<br />
|access-date=17 December 2025<br />
}}</ref><br />
* Filmfare Power List – 12th most powerful in Bollywood (2009)<ref name="TOI_Director2014">{{cite news<br />
|last=PTI<br />
|title=Shailendra Singh turns film director with Gupta Clinic<br />
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/shailendra-singh-turns-film-director-with-gupta-clinic/articleshow/36250144.cms<br />
|work=The Times of India<br />
|date=10 June 2014<br />
|access-date=17 December 2025<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shailendra}}<br />
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballygunge_Assembly_constituency&diff=489380Ballygunge Assembly constituency2026-05-06T14:26:22Z<p>WillisHeiman326: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Ballygunge<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Ballygunge.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ballygunge Assembly Constituency<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]<br />
| incumbent_image = <br />
| party = <br />
| alliance = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]] <br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| district = [[Kolkata district|Kolkata]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]<br />
| constituency_no = 161<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| electors = 247,623<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| abolished = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ballygunge Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[Kolkata district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in [[West Bengal]], Ballygunge Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<br />
* Ward Nos. [[Ward No. 60, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|60]], [[Ward No. 61, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|61]], [[Ward No. 64, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|64]], [[Ward No. 65, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|65]], [[Ward No. 68, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|68]], [[Ward No. 69, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|69]] and [[Ward No. 85, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|85]] of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 22 February 2015|work = West Bengal | publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! Borough<br />
! Ward No.<br />
! [[2021 Kolkata Municipal Corporation election|Councillor]]<br />
! colspan="2" |2021 Winner<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|VI<br />
|[[Ward No. 60, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|60]]<br />
|Kaiser Jamil<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=8}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ward No. 61, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|61]]<br />
|Manzar Iqbal<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|VII<br />
|[[Ward No. 64, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|64]]<br />
|Shammi Jahan Begum<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ward No. 65, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|65]]<br />
|Nibedita Sharma<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=3|VIII<br />
|[[Ward No. 68, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|68]]<br />
|Sudarshana Mukherjee<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ward No. 69, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|69]]<br />
|Dilip Bose<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ward No. 85, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|85]]<br />
|[[Debasish Kumar]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Ballygunge Assembly constituency is part of No. 23 [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=delimitation/><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year!!Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
|Jogesh Chandra Gupta<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. 178 |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|Jnendra Mazumdar<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 147|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|Anil Moitra<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 118|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Jyotibhushan Bhattacharya]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 141|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 141 |publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Subrata Mukherjee]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 141|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 141|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Sachin Sen (Politician)|Sachin Sen]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=7}}<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 152|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 152|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 152|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 152| publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 152|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 152|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br />
|-<br />
|1992^<br />
|rowspan="3" |[[Rabin Deb]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br />
|[[Javed Ahmed Khan]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=5}}<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 152|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 161 |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
|rowspan="3" |[[Subrata Mukherjee]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
|-<br />
|2022^<br />
|[[Babul Supriyo]]<br />
|}<br />
^ by-poll<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Ballygunge}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=108,481{{formatnum:}}|percentage=64.81|change={{increase}}}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shatorupa|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=47,005{{formatnum:}}|percentage=28.08|change={{increase}}}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Afreen Begum|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=7,185{{formatnum:}}|percentage=4.21|change={{decrease}}}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rohan Mitra|party=Indian National Congress|votes=1,975{{formatnum:}}|percentage=1.18|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=819{{formatnum:}}|percentage=0.49|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress <br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2022 by-poll ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=2022<br />
By-election: [[Ballygunge]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Babul Supriyo|Babul Supriyo Baral]]|votes=51,199|percentage=49.69|change=-20.91%}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Saira Shah Halim|votes=30,971|percentage=30.06|change=+24.45%}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Keya Ghosh|votes=13,220|percentage=12.83|change=-7.85%}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Kamruzzaman Choudhary|votes=5,218|percentage=5.06|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the Above|votes=1,196|percentage=1.16|change=+0.3%}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=20,228|percentage=19.6%|change=-30.73%}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,03,031|percentage=41%|change=-19%}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = -21%<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ballygunge]]}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Subrata Mukherjee]]|votes=1,06,585|percentage=70.60|change=+25.07}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Adv. Lokenath Chatterjee|votes=31,226|percentage=20.68|change=+7.28}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Dr. Fuad Halim|votes=8,474|percentage=5.61|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above (India)|candidate=None of the Above|votes=1,317|percentage=0.87|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Rajendra Ram Das|votes=812|percentage=0.54|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=75,359|percentage=50.33|change=+40.44}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,51,056|percentage=60.99|change=-2.87}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2016===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ballygunge]]}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Subrata Mukherjee]] <br />
|votes = 70,083<br />
|percentage = 45.53<br />
|change = -15.12<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Krishna Debnath<br />
|votes = 54,858<br />
|percentage = 35.64<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Jiban Kumar Sen<br />
|votes = 20,622<br />
|percentage = 13.40<br />
|change = +9.84<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above (India)<br />
|candidate = None of the Above<br />
|votes = 3,433<br />
|percentage = 2.23<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Rajendra Ram Das<br />
|votes = 1,538<br />
|percentage = 1.00<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 15,225<br />
|percentage = 9.89<br />
|change = -18.44<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,53,941<br />
|percentage = 63.86<br />
|change = -2.29<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = -15.12<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2011===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ballygunge]]}} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Subrata Mukherjee]]<br />
|votes = 88,194<br />
|percentage = 60.65<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = Dr. Fuad Halim <br />
|votes = 47,009<br />
|percentage = 32.32<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Shatorupa<br />
|votes = 5,188<br />
|percentage = 3.56<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate |<br />
|party = [[Independent politician|IND]]<br />
|candidate = Moloy Prokash<br />
|votes = 1,538<br />
|percentage = 1.06<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 41,185<br />
|percentage = 28.33<br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,45,414<br />
|percentage = 66.15<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box win|<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kolkata constituencies}}<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Kolkata district]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandithevan&diff=524138Pandithevan2026-05-04T00:21:30Z<p>WillisHeiman326: Started basic stub w/ infobox.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{No plot|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Pandithevan<br />
| image = Pandithevan poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[K. Subramanyam]]<br />
| screenplay = Muhavai Rajamanickam<br />
| story = K. Subramanyam<br />
| producer = K. Subramanyam<br />
| starring = [[M. G. Chakrapani]]<br />[[Rajasulochana]]<br />[[T. K. Balachandran]]<br />
| cinematography = U. Rajagopal<br />
| editing = C. P. Jambulingam<br />S. Ratnasabapathi<br />
| music = [[C. N. Pandurangan]]<br />Meenakshi Subramanyam<br />
| studio = Morak Limited<br />
| distributor = Srinivas Films<br />
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1959|3|7}}<br />
| runtime = 3 hrs 27 mins (18714 ft.)<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Pandithevan''''' is a 1959 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film, produced and directed by [[K. Subramanyam]]. The film stars [[M. G. Chakrapani]], T. K. Balachandran, [[Rajasulochana]] and [[B. S. Saroja]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=1959-03-07 |title=Pandithevan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19590307&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=14 July 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
The following list was adapted from the database of [[Film News Anandan]].<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1959&nbsp;– பாண்டிதேவன்&nbsp;– மொராக் லிமிடெட். |trans-title=1959&nbsp;– Pandithevan&nbsp;– Morak Limited. |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails35.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170412050047/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1959-cinedetails35.asp |archive-date=12 April 2017 |access-date=12 April 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[M. G. Chakrapani]]<br />
*[[Rajasulochana]]<br />
*[[T. K. Balachandran]]<br />
*[[B. S. Saroja]]<br />
*[[S. A. Asokan]]<br />
*[[T. P. Muthulakshmi]]<br />
*[[S. V. Sahasranamam]]<br />
*[[Ragini (actress)|Ragini]]<br />
*[[J. P. Chandrababu]]<br />
*[[T. A. Mathuram]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
This is the last film directed by K. Subramanyam. The film was shot in Neptune Studios that later was named Sathya Studios. (Now, it houses the MGR Janaki College of Arts and Sciences.)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Divya |date=16 February 2010 |title=In a flashback mode |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/In-a-flashback-mode/article16814948.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411092406/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/In-a-flashback-mode/article16814948.ece |archive-date=11 April 2017 |access-date=11 April 2017 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
K. Subramaniam's wife was a co-music director to this film. Meenakshi Subramaniam was a music composer, a lyricist in Sanskrit and Tamil and an instrumentalist who played Veena, Violin and Harmonium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padma Subrahmanyam&nbsp;– Bharatanatyam Dancer, Tamil Nadu, India |url=http://www.sabhash.com/artist/12/padma-subrahmanyam.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170412053448/http://www.sabhash.com/artist/12/padma-subrahmanyam.htm |archive-date=12 April 2017 |access-date=12 April 2017 |website=Sabhash.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Music was composed by [[C. N. Pandurangan]] and [[Meenakshi Subramanyam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam&nbsp;— Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |location=Chennai |pages=177–178 |language=Tamil}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer/s !! Lyricist !! Duration (m:ss)<br />
|-<br />
| "Kal Udaithu Malai Pilandhu" || P. B. Sreenivas, T. V. Rathnam, A. G. Rathnamala,<br />S. V. Ramanan, Gomathi and Group || rowspan=3|Muhavai Rajamanickam||<br />
|-<br />
| "Chandi Miranda Kaadu Kollaadhu" || S. Janaki || 03:09<br />
|-<br />
| "Vaanga Vaanga Nalla Manamulla" || K. Jamuna Rani || 03:06<br />
|-<br />
| "Kannum Karuthum" || (Radha) Jayalakshmi, K. Rani, S. Janaki & Group || rowspan=2|Muthukoothan || 05:35<br />
|-<br />
| "Sekku Poal Asaignchaadum" || K. Rani || 05:21<br />
|-<br />
| "Solluradhai Sollipidden" || J. P. Chandrababu || rowspan=5|[[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]]|| 03:14<br />
|-<br />
| "Kodumai Purivathe" || Seerkazhi Govindarajan ||<br />
|-<br />
| "Vaa Vaa Sooriyane" || K. Jamuna Rani || 03:02<br />
|-<br />
| "Vambu Mozhi Maari Maari" || P. Leela || 03:23<br />
|-<br />
| "Nee Aadinaal Oor Aadidum" || J. P. Chandrababu & K. Jamuna Rani || 03:21<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1959 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1959 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by K. Subramanyam]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by C. N. Pandurangan]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Meenakshi Subramanyam]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shohini_Ghosh&diff=535218Shohini Ghosh2026-04-30T17:09:51Z<p>WillisHeiman326: new basic info more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Professor at Jamia Millia Islamia}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br />
'''Shohini Ghosh''' is the [[Sajjad Zaheer]] Professor of media at the [[AJK Mass Communication Research Center]], [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]. She is an [[Essay|essayist]] on popular culture and a documentary filmmaker. In a 2007 interview at the University of Minnesota, she provided reflections on her life and work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ias.umn.edu/2006/11/01/ghosh-shohini/|title=Shohini Ghosh, November 2006|first=University of|last=Minnesota|date=1 November 2006|website=Institute for Advanced Study}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Ghosh received master's degrees from the MCRC and from [[Cornell University]], and was a visiting professor at Cornell from 1990 to 1996. She spent time as a fellow at the [[University of Chicago]], and taught as part of a variety of programs on sexuality, culture and society during the 1990s.<ref name="mcrc">From her [http://ajkmcrc.org/faculty/shohini%20_gosh.asp AJK MCRC biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304083532/http://ajkmcrc.org/faculty/shohini%20_gosh.asp |date=4 March 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Ghosh began her documentary film work around that time, co-founding the [[Mediastorm Collective]], an all-women documentary collective which in 1992 received the [[Chameli Devi Jain Award for Outstanding Women Mediapersons|Chameli Devi Jain Award]] for Outstanding Work among Women Media Professionals. In 1998 she worked with Sabeena Gadihoke on ''[[Three Women and a Camera]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0410760/|title=Three Women and a Camera (1998)|website=[[IMDb]] |publisher=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Recent works ==<br />
In 2002, Ghosh produced her first independent documentary, ''[[Tales of the Night Fairies]]'', which won a Best Film award at [[Jeevika]] 2003 and was shown in 13 countries.<ref name="mcrc"/><ref>A 74-minute film in Bengali, it [http://www.bayswan.org/swfest/tales.html premiered in the US in 2003].</ref><ref>The annual Asia Livelihood Documentary festival. See http://jeevika.org.</ref><br />
<br />
She has published a number of academic papers on gender, violence against women, and censorship in India, including "Censorship Myths and Imagined Harms" and "Looking in Fascination and Horror, Sex Violence and Spectatorship in India".<ref>From an [http://www.altlawforum.org/education/media-law/rethinking-media-law Alternative Law Forum] course syllabus.</ref> Her [[Fire: A Queer Film Classic|2010 monograph]] on the film [[Fire (1996 film)|''Fire'']], published by [[Arsenal Pulp Press]], is one of the first book length studies on this field-defining film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fire: A Queer film classic|url=http://www.arsenalpulp.com/bookinfo.php?index=331|publisher=Arsenal Pulp Press}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, she was one of the participants in [[John Greyson]]'s experimental short documentary film ''[[International Dawn Chorus Day (film)|International Dawn Chorus Day]]''.<ref>Sarah Jae Leiber, [https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/INTERNATIONAL-DAWN-CHORUS-DAY-Premieres-April-29-20210329 "International Dawn Chorus Day Premieres April 29"]. ''[[Broadway World]]'', March 29, 2021.</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* Her MCRC [https://web.archive.org/web/20120304083532/http://ajkmcrc.org/faculty/shohini%20_gosh.asp biography]<br />
* {{IMDb name|1615034}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Shohini}}<br />
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian feminists]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Women documentary filmmakers]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Jamia Millia Islamia]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%27nie&diff=499412G'nie2026-04-25T16:41:29Z<p>WillisHeiman326: Starting a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Orphan|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Notability|musicbio|date=September 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
| name = G'nie<br />
| image = <!-- Add image file name if available --><br />
| caption = G’nie performing live<br />
| birth_name = Zonunmawia Fanai<br />
| birth_place = Aizawl, Mizoram, India<br />
| origin = Mizoram, India<br />
| genre = Hip hop, Rap<br />
| occupation = Rapper, songwriter, singer, actor<br />
| years_active = 2015–present<br />
| label = Independent<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''G’nie''' (born '''Zonunmawia Fanai''') is an Indian rapper, songwriter, and actor from [[Mizoram]].<ref name="sltimes">{{cite news |title=G'nie does rap magic, takes NE by storm |work=The Shillong Times |date=16 March 2020 |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2020/03/16/gnie-does-rap-magic-takes-ne-by-storm}}</ref> He is a prominent figure in Mizo hip hop, praised for his bilingual lyricism and socially conscious themes.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
G’nie was born as Zonunmawia Fanai. He was raised in Aizawl, Mizoram, and started performing locally before entering the regional music scene around 2015.<ref name="sltimes" /><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
<br />
===Music===<br />
G’nie rose to wider attention with a succession of independent singles. His 2022 release ''UNI'' became popular among youth audiences due to its emotional resonance.<ref name="applemusic">{{cite web |title=G'nie – UNI |url=https://music.apple.com/jp/album/uni-single/1647769622 |website=Apple Music}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2020, he released ''I’m a Chinkey'' in collaboration with Indian–Japanese rapper [[Big Deal (rapper)|Big Deal]]. The track addresses the racism both artists have faced and reframes the slur as a powerful statement of identity and resistance. G’nie stated that “When Big Deal approached me to do the song, it only felt right and natural.”<ref name="ians">{{cite news |title=Rappers Big Deal, G'nie's song 'I'm a Chinkey' addresses racism they've faced |work=IANS via Eastern Mirror |date=18 December 2020 |url=https://easternmirrornagaland.com/rappers-big-deal-gnies-song-im-a-chinkey-addresses-racism-theyve-faced/}}</ref> His other releases include ''Vohbik'' (2021),<ref name="vohbik">{{cite web |title=Vohbik - Single by G'nie |url=https://music.apple.com/ph/album/vohbik-single/1553670533 |website=Apple Music}}</ref> ''Savior'' featuring Ruatpuii, ''Royalty'' (2023), and ''Make It Safe'' (2023).<ref name="applemusic" /><br />
<br />
G’nie has also featured on collaborative projects like ''Mizoram’s Finest'' (2022) and ''All Stars'', which included [[Borkung Hrangkhawl]].<ref name="shazam">{{cite web |title=All Stars by Mizoram's Finest |url=https://www.shazam.com/song/1773402271/all-stars |website=Shazam}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Acting===<br />
He acted in the Mizo film ''Driver Kima'', produced by In-House Production, where his role was appreciated for its comedic timing.<ref name="zalen">{{cite news |title=In-House Production ten film thar siam leh dawn |url=https://zalen.in/detail/in-house-production-ten-film-thar-siam-leh-dawn-gnie-leh-kimkimi-inlan-dawn |work=Zalen}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Other work===<br />
In 2023, G’nie announced via social media that he had turned professional in boxing, stirring excitement among fans around the challenge of choosing his first opponent.<ref name="vanglaini">{{cite news |title=G'nie to turn pro boxer |url=https://www.vanglaini.org/thalai/59113 |work=Vanglaini}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Musical style==<br />
G’nie's music bridges English and Mizo languages, blending rap with melodic elements and addressing themes of identity, resilience, and culture. ''I’m a Chinkey'' stands out as a defining moment in Northeast Indian hip hop for its bold social commentary.<ref name="ians"/><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
<br />
===Singles===<br />
* ''UNI'' (2022)<ref name="applemusic" /><br />
* ''I’m a Chinkey'' (2020, with Big Deal)<ref name="ians" /><br />
* ''Vohbik'' (2021)<ref name="vohbik" /><br />
* ''Savior'' (feat. Ruatpuii) (2021)<br />
* ''Make It Safe'' (2023)<ref name="applemusic" /><br />
* ''Royalty'' (2023)<ref name="applemusic" /><br />
* ''The GIFT'' (2021)<br />
* ''Feelings'' (2021)<br />
* ''I Zun'' (2021)<br />
* ''Ka vantirhkoh (Min vengtu)'' (2020)<br />
<br />
===Featured appearances===<br />
* ''Mizoram’s Finest'' (2022)<ref name="shazam" /><br />
* ''All Stars'' (with Borkung Hrangkhawl and others)<ref name="shazam" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian rappers]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Mizoram]]<br />
[[Category:Mizo people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shanmughasundaram_Mohan&diff=534574Shanmughasundaram Mohan2026-04-23T04:18:27Z<p>WillisHeiman326: new first entry w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian judge (1930–2019)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Shanmughasundaram Mohan<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]<br />
| term_start = 7 October 1991<br />
| term_end = 11 February 1995<br />
| office2 = Chief Justice of the [[Madras High Court]]<br />
| term_start2 = 19 October 1989<br />
| term_end2 = 26 October 1989<br />
| office3 = Acting Chief Justice of the [[Madras High Court]]<br />
| term_start3 = 13 December 1988<br />
| term_end3 = 18 October 1989<br />
| office4 = Chief Justice of the [[Karnataka High Court]]<br />
| term_start4 = 26 October 1989<br />
| term_end4 = 6 October 1991<br />
| office5 = Judge of the [[Madras High Court]]<br />
| term_start5 = 1 August 1975<br />
| term_end5 = 12 December 1988<br />
| office6 = Additional Judge of the [[Madras High Court]]<br />
| term_start6 = February 1974<br />
| term_end6 = 31 July 1975<br />
| office7 = Acting [[Governor of Karnataka]]<br />
| term_start7 = 5 February 1990<br />
| term_end7 = 8 May 1990<br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Presidency College, Madras]], [[Madras University]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1930|02|11}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Udumalpet]], [[Coimbatore district]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2019|12|27|1930|02|11}}<br />
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| parents = <br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Shanmughasundaram Mohan''' (11 February 1930 – 27 December 2019) was a former judge of the [[India Supreme Court]] and former acting governor of [[Karnataka state]]. He authored 11 books in English and seven books in Tamil.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Shanmughasundaram Mohan was born in [[Udumalpet]] of [[Coimbatore district]] on 11 February 1930. After completing graduation from [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College Madras]], he did his bachelor's degree in law from [[University of Madras]] and Masters in Constitution and International Law.<ref name="nic">{{Cite web|title=S. MOHAN|url=https://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/bio_data/former_judges/S_%20MOHAN.htm|access-date=2022-01-15|website=karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in|archive-date=2021-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416205705/http://karnatakajudiciary.kar.nic.in/bio_data/former_judges/S_%20MOHAN.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Enrolled as advocate in the [[High Court of Madras]] in August 1954, he became government pleader in 1969.<ref name="nic"/> From 1956 to 1966, Mohan served as a part-time lecturer in [[Madras Law College]].<ref name="livelaw"/><br />
<br />
He was appointed Advocate General of Madras in 1971.<ref name="nic"/> In February 1974, he was appointed additional judge of Madras High Court and became permanent judge on 1 August 1975.<ref name="nic"/> He was appointed Chief Justice of the [[Karnataka High Court]] on 19 October 1989, became Supreme Court Justice on 7 October 1991 and retired from the service on 10 February 1995.<ref name="nic" /><br />
<br />
In the wake of removal of [[Pendekanti Venkatasubbaiah]] in 1990, he served as Acting [[List of governors of Karnataka|Governor of Karnataka state]] from 5 February 1990 to 8 May 1990.<ref name="nic"/><ref name="thehindu"/><br />
<br />
After retirement Justice Mohan was appointed chairman of the National Cyber Safety and Security Standards and Chairman of Pay Revision Committee of Public Sector Undertakings, [[Government of India]].<ref name="deccanherald"/><ref name="SC"/> In 2004, he was appointed by the Madras High Court to ensure free and fair elections in the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]].<ref name="deccanherald"/><br />
<br />
He died on 27 December 2019 at [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/former-top-court-judge-mohan-dead/articleshow/73001401.cms|title=Former top court judge S Mohan dead &#124; Chennai News|website=The Times of India|date=2019-12-28|access-date=2022-01-15|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115093908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/former-top-court-judge-mohan-dead/articleshow/73001401.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Literary contributions==<br />
Mohan has authored 11 books in English on varied subjects and seven books in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] including a collections of poems.<ref name="thehindu"/><ref name="deccanherald">{{Cite web|date=2019-12-27|title=Former Karnataka Chief Justice S Mohan dies at 90|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/former-karnataka-chief-justice-s-mohan-dies-at-90-789288.html|access-date=2022-01-15|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115093908/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/former-karnataka-chief-justice-s-mohan-dies-at-90-789288.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He served as the president of the World Academy of Arts and Culture and was the president of the World Congress of Poets for six years during 2004–2010.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news|author=Special Correspondent|date=2019-12-28|title=Justice Mohan, who served in Supreme Court, dead|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/justice-mohan-who-served-in-supreme-court-dead/article30416154.ece|access-date=2022-01-15|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115093902/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/justice-mohan-who-served-in-supreme-court-dead/article30416154.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SC"/> ''Justice Triumphs'', ''Wild Blooms'', ''Random Reflections'', ''His Many Splendored Gem'' and ''Law and Social Justice'' are some of the books he wrote in [[English language]].<ref name="SC"/><br />
<br />
==Awards and honors==<br />
*Sri Muthuswamy Iyer Scholarship.<ref name="nic"/><br />
*Lakshminarasa Reddy Gold Medal<ref name="livelaw">{{Cite web|last=Saxena|first=Akshita|date=2019-12-27|title=Former Supreme Court Judge, Justice S. Mohan Passes Away|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/former-supreme-court-judge-justice-s-mohan-passes-away-151119|access-date=2022-01-15|website=www.livelaw.in|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115093902/https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/former-supreme-court-judge-justice-s-mohan-passes-away-151119|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*Madras University's gold medal for securing a first class in the law course in 1952<ref name="SC">{{Cite web|title=Late Hon'ble Mr. Justice S. Mohan|url=https://api.sci.gov.in/pdf/fullcourtreference/smohan.pdf|publisher=[[Supreme Court of India]]|access-date=2022-01-15|archive-date=2022-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106231812/https://main.sci.gov.in/pdf/fullcourtreference/smohan.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*Honorary doctorate degrees from four universities, including three foreign universities<ref name="SC"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shanmughasundaram, Mohan}}<br />
[[Category:1930 births]]<br />
[[Category:2019 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]<br />
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]<br />
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]<br />
[[Category:Chief justices of the Karnataka High Court]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]<br />
[[Category:People from Coimbatore district]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]<br />
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karan_Singh_Yadav&diff=508512Karan Singh Yadav2026-04-19T22:25:09Z<p>WillisHeiman326: adding a bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Karan Singh Yadav<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|2|1|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Bikaner]], [[Bikaner State]], [[British India]]<br />
| constituency = [[Alwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alwar]]<br />
| term_start = 1 February 2018<br />
| term_end = 23 May 2019<br />
| predecessor = [[Mahant Chandnath]]<br />
| successor = [[Balak Nath]]<br />
| office2 = <br />
| constituency2 = [[Alwar (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Alwar]]<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Jaswant Singh Yadav]]<br />
| successor2 = [[Jitendra Singh (Congress politician)|Jitendra Singh]]<br />
| office3 = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2024-present)<br />
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (until 2024)<br />
| spouse = Kanta Yadav<br />
| children = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start2 = 16 May 2004<br />
| term_end2 = 16 May 2009<br />
| alma_mater = *[[Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner]]<br />
*[[Christian Medical College Vellore]]<br />
| education = *[[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]]<br />
*[[Doctor of Medicine|MD Medicine]]<br />
*M.Ch. <br />
}}<br />
'''Karan Singh Yadav''' (born 1 February 1945) is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] for two terms from [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/politics/alwar-by-election-results-2018-live-congresss-karan-singh-wins-constituency-defeats-bjps-jaswant-yadav-in-this-rajasthan-seat-1647339.html|title=Alwar By-Election Results 2018 LIVE: Congress's Karan Singh Defeats BJP's Jaswant Yadav|work=News18|access-date=2018-02-01}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.patrika.com/alwar-news/alwar-mp-dr-karan-singh-yadav-is-not-in-race-of-tickets-4333112/|title=अलवर सांसद डॉ. करण सिंह यादव ने एक साल में 25 करोड़ के कार्य कराए, लेकिन अब लोकसभा चुनाव में दावेदारी से दूर|website=Patrika News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/karan-singh-yadav-41729.html|title=Dr. Karan Singh Yadav: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia|website=www.oneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4059&lastls=16|title=Members : Lok Sabha|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071221065930/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=4059 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]<br />
* [http://www.rajpcc.com/drkaransinghyadav Indian National Congress Party Bio]<br />
* [https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cong-nominates-karan-singh-yadav-for-alwar-lok-sabha-bypoll-117122701148_1.html Cong nominates Karan Singh Yadav for Alwar Lok Sabha bypoll]<br />
<br />
{{16th LS members from Rajasthan}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Karan Singh}}<br />
[[Category:1945 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:People from Bikaner]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:People from Alwar district]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Sardar Patel Medical College alumni]]<br />
<br />
{{Rajasthan-INC-politician-stub}}</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tamil_loanwords_in_Hebrew&diff=539489Tamil loanwords in Hebrew2026-04-19T12:27:54Z<p>WillisHeiman326: new basic post first draft</p>
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<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
<br />
The importance of '''Tamil loanwords in Hebrew''' lies in the fact that these words are the earliest recorded attestation of the [[Tamil language]]. At some point before 500 BCE, they were incorporated into the various writings of the [[Hebrew Bible]]. Although a number of authors have identified many biblical and post-biblical words originating from [[Old Tamil]] or the [[Dravidian languages]] in general, a number of them have competing etymologies, and some Tamil derivations are considered controversial. It is believed that Tamil's linguistic interaction with [[Biblical Hebrew]], which belongs to the [[Afroasiatic languages]], occurred amidst the wider international exchange of goods and ideas (e.g., the [[Spice trade|ancient spice trade]]) between merchants travelling throughout [[Eurasia]] via the [[Silk Road]].<br />
<br />
==Origins==<br />
[[File:Silk route copy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Land (red) and sea (blue) routes of the [[Spice trade|ancient spice trade]] and the [[Silk Road]], which prompted extensive socio-cultural and economic intermingling between the civilizations of [[Ancient China|China]], [[Ancient India|India]], the [[Ancient Near East|Near East]], and [[Mediterranean Europe]].]]<br />
<br />
The incorporation of Tamil loanwords into the [[Hebrew language]] originally came about through the interactions of merchants from the [[Levant]] and [[South India]]. The mainstream view is that the beginnings of trade between the [[Mediterranean basin|Mediterranean Basin]] and South India can be traced back to 500 BCE, when the word {{Transliteration|grc|zingiberis}} ({{lang|grc|ζιγγίβερις}}), which was derived from the [[Proto-South Dravidian]] ''*cinki-ver'' ({{script|Taml|சிங்கிவேர்}}) (for "[[ginger]]"), first appeared in [[Ancient Greek]].<ref name=Southworth/><ref name=Shipman>{{cite web | last1 = Zvelebil | first1 = Kamil |title = Dravidian languages| url =http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/sars238/shortencybrit.html | access-date = 5 January 2021}}</ref> This indicates South Indians possibly having been involved in trade with the various Mediterranean civilizations centuries earlier.<ref name=Southworth>Southworth, F.''Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia'', p. 251</ref> There is some evidence that trade between [[Greater India]] and the peoples inhabiting the Mediterranean may have been well established by 1500 BCE.<ref>{{cite web | last1 = Curry | first1 = Andrew |title = Philistines Had a Taste for Far-flung Foods, Fossilized Tooth Plaque Reveals| website = [[National Geographic Society]] | url = https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/12/philistines-taste-far-flung-foods-dental-plaque/#close | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201221205649/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/12/philistines-taste-far-flung-foods-dental-plaque/#close | url-status = dead | archive-date = December 21, 2020 | access-date = 28 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1 = Wu | first1 = Catherine |title = Painted Bronze Age Monkeys Hint at the Interconnectedness of the Ancient World| url = https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/painted-bronze-age-monkeys-hint-interconnectedness-ancient-world-180973789/ | access-date = 5 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
Due to its native speakers' location—in the critical path of trade between [[Ancient Egypt|Egypt]], [[Mesopotamia]], and India—ancient Hebrew lexicon contains both [[Wanderwort|cultural words]] that are common to many languages in the general area and loanwords from other languages, [[Tamil loanwords in Ancient Greek|including Greek]].<ref name=Khan>Khan, G.''Encyclopaedia of Hebrew Languages and Linguistics Volume 1 A-F '', p. 640-642</ref> Some of these loanwords are present in the earliest transcripts of the [[Hebrew Bible]] from [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|ancient Israel and Judah]]. By the mid-19th century, [[Christian missionaries]] trained in Biblical Hebrew noticed that there were words of Indian origin ([[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]) in biblical texts, including from the Tamil language.<ref name=Caldwell>Caldwell, R. ''A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages'' p. 474</ref><ref name=Shulman20/> Some of the loanwords were borrowed directly from Old Tamil into Biblical Hebrew. Others were borrowed via [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]], [[Aramaic]], Greek, [[Old Persian|Persian]], and the [[Old South Arabian|South Arabian languages]].<ref name=Rabin438>Rabin, C. ''Proceedings of the Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies'', p. 438</ref> The period of these lexiconic borrowings range from 1000 BCE to 500 BCE.<ref name=Rabin438/><ref name=Rabin209>Rabin, C. ''The Song of Songs and Tamil Poetry'' p.208-209</ref><ref name=Price/> The dating of this borrowing depends on the acceptable ranges of dates for the compilation and redaction of the [[Books of Kings]].<ref name=Shulman20/><br />
<br />
==Linguistic influences==<br />
Most of the borrowed words had to do with items of trade that were unique to South India and thus lacked native names in Hebrew.<ref name=Shulman20/><ref name=Rabin3>Rabin, C. ''The Song of Songs and Tamil Poetry'' p. 205-219</ref><ref name=Sugi33>Sugirtharajah R. ''Bible and Asia'' p.32-33</ref><ref name=Wald>{{cite web | last1 = Wald | first1 = Shalom | last2 = Kandel | first2 = Arielle | title = India, Israel and the Jewish people | url = http://jppi.org.il/en/article/india/toc/chapters/history/mishnah-talmud/#.X-ivSh7hWNw | access-date = 27 December 2020 | archive-date = 5 May 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210505184712/http://jppi.org.il/en/article/india/toc/chapters/history/mishnah-talmud/#.X-ivSh7hWNw | url-status = dead }}</ref> According to Israeli linguists [[Chaim Menachem Rabin]] and [[Abraham Mariaselvam]], the Tamil linguistic impact in Hebrew goes beyond just loanwords. The two languages' contact also influenced their poetic traditions and styles, such as those found in the Hebrew [[Song of Songs]], which, according to Rabin and Mariaselvam, shows the influence of [[Sangam literature|Cankam anthologies]].<ref name=Rabin3/><ref name=Sugi33/><ref name=Wald/><ref name=Parthasarathy>Parthsarathy, R.''The cilappatikāram of Iḷaṅko Aṭikaḷ : an epic of South India'', p. 282-283</ref><br />
<br />
In addition to serving as the earliest attestation of the Tamil language,<ref name=Price>Price, E. ''A history of Kannada literature'', p. 1</ref><ref>James, G. ''Tamil lexicography'', p.10</ref> Hebrew's Tamil loanwords are also an early attestation of the [[Dravidian languages]], to which Tamil belongs.<ref name=Shulman20/> This was before Tamil was widely written, using the [[Tamil-Brahmi script]] and dated variously from 600 BCE to 200 BCE.<ref>{{cite web | last1 = Government of Tamilnadu | first1 = Department of Archeology |title = Keeladi, Excavation Report, Urban Settlement, Sangam Age, River Vaigai| date = 19 September 2019 | url = https://archive.org/details/keeladibookenglish18092019/page/n59/mode/2up | access-date = 27 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Vishnupriya | first1 = Kolipakam |title = A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family| journal = Royal Society Open Science | date = 2018 | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | doi = 10.1098/rsos.171504 | doi-access = free| pmid = 29657761 | pmc = 5882685 | bibcode = 2018RSOS....571504K | url = https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171504 | access-date = 6 January 2021}}</ref> Although a number of authors have identified many biblical and post-biblical words of Tamil, Old Tamil, or Dravidian origin, a number of them have competing etymologies and some Tamil derivations are considered controversial and disputed.<ref name=Shulman20/><ref>{{cite web | last1 = Noonan | first1 = Benjamin |title = Benjamin Noonan on Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible| date = 17 June 2020 | url = https://amateurexegete.com/2020/06/16/benjamin-noonan-on-non-semitic-loanwords-in-the-hebrew-bible/ | access-date = 28 December 2020}}</ref> There is also a class of words that were borrowed ultimately from the [[Indo-Aryan languages]], which are spoken in [[North India]], but transmitted via Tamil.<ref name=Rabin438/><br />
<br />
=== In the Hebrew Bible ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Known biblical Tamil loanwords<br />
|-<br />
!Hebrew word||Meaning in Hebrew||Source language ||Tamil word||Meaning in Tamil<br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|túkim}}<br>{{lang|he|תוכים}}||[[parrots]] but meant [[peacocks]] in the past{{refn|group=nb|According to [[David Dean Shulman]] {{Transliteration|he|túki}} in modern Hebrew is translated as Parrots but in past meant [[Peacocks]], taken from {{Transliteration|ta|tōkai}} signifying a male Peacocks feathers in Tamil<ref name=Shulman20/>}}||Tamil{{refn|group=nb|According [[Ernest Klein]] Greek {{Transliteration|el|taôs}}, Aramaic {{lang|arc|טוסא}}, Arabic {{lang|ar|لطاووس}}, also Hebrew {{lang|he|תכי}} probably comes ultimately from Tamil {{Transliteration|ta|tōkai}}/{{lang|ta|தோகை}} for peacock.<ref name=BalashonT>{{cite web | last1 = Curvin | first1 = David |title = Balashon: Hebrew Language Detective| url = http://www.balashon.com/2007/03/tisa.html?m=1|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref>}}||{{Transliteration|ta|tōkai}}<br>{{lang|ta|தோகை}}||feather<ref>Rabin, C. "Lexical borrowings from Indian languages as Carriers of ideas and Technical concept" (in ''Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism'', p. 29)</ref><ref name="Shulman20" /><ref name="Caldwell" /><ref>{{cite web | last1 =Biblehub |title = Peacock| url = https://biblehub.com/topical/p/peacock.htm| access-date = 10 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="chandra">Chandra M. ''Trade And Trade Routes In Ancient India'', p.45</ref><ref name="BalashonT">{{cite web | last1 = Curvin | first1 = David |title = Balashon: Hebrew Language Detective| url = http://www.balashon.com/2007/03/tisa.html?m=1|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Parthasarathy" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|ahalim}}<br>{{lang|he|אֲהָלִים}}||eagle-wood or agarwood||Tamil{{refn|group=nb|David Shulman believes {{Transliteration|he|ahalim}} is directly derived from Tamil {{Transliteration|ta|akil}}/{{lang|ta|அகில்}} rather than Sanskrit {{Transliteration|sa|aguru}}/{{lang|sa|अगुरु}} which in itself is a loan from Tamil.<ref name=Shulman20/>}}||{{Transliteration|ta|akil}}<br>{{lang|ta|அகில்}}||[[agarwood]]<ref name="Khan" /><ref>Rabin C. ''Proceedings of the Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies'', p.434</ref><ref name="Shulman20" /><ref name="SwamninathaAyar">Swaminatha Ayar, R. ''Dravidian Theories'', p. 55</ref><ref name="chandra" /><ref name="Sugi33" /><ref name="Parthasarathy" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|kurkúm}}<br>{{lang|he|כורכום}}||[[turmeric]]||probably Tamil but also possibly [[Sanskrit]]||{{Transliteration|ta|kūkai}}<br>{{lang|ta|கூகை}} ({{lang|ta|கூவை}})||turmeric<ref name="Shulman20" /><ref>{{cite web | last1 = Melbourne | first1 = University of |title = Sorting Curcuma names| url = http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Curcuma.html | access-date = 6 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="Sugi33" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|armón}}<br>{{lang|he|ארמון}}||[[palace]]||probably Tamil but has competing etymologies||{{Transliteration|ta|araṇmaṉai}}<br>{{lang|ta|அரண்மனை}}||palace<ref name="Shulman20">Shulman, D. ''Tamil: A biography'', p. 20</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|kaḏ}}<br>{{lang|he|כד}}||[[jug]]||probably Tamil, cognates in [[South Dravidian]] languages{{refn|group=nb| According to Podolsky, objects of trade travel together with their names, and cites Greek {{lang|el|κάδος}}, along with [[Proto-Malayic|Proto-Indonesian]], [[Batak languages|Batak]], [[Javanese language|Javanese]] and [[Malay language|Malay]] forms as examples of loanwords borrowed for a new form of jug due to early maritime contact with South India.<ref name=Podolsky/>}}||{{Transliteration|ta|kiṇṭi}}<br>{{lang|ta|கிண்டி}}||small vessel<ref name="Podolsky">Podolsky, B.''Past links:Studies in the Languages and Cultures of the Ancient Near East'', p. 199-201</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|rg}}<br>{{lang|he|ריג}}||weave||probably Tamil, cognates in South Dravidian languages ||{{Transliteration|ta|orukku}}<br>{{lang|ta|ஒருக்கு}}||to draw out<ref name="Podolsky" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|minnith}}<br>{{lang|he|מִנִּית}}||rice{{refn|group=nb|{{Transliteration|he|minnith}} in general means a place of the [[Ammonite language|Ammonites]] except Chaim Rabin postulated, it meant Rice.<ref name=minnith>{{cite web | last1 = | first1 = |title = Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature| url = https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/mse/m/minnith.html|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=Rabin435/>}}||Tamil via [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]||{{Transliteration|ta|uṇṭi}}<br>{{lang|ta|உண்டி}}||boiled rice<ref name="Rabin435">Rabin, C. ''[https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0013043_Proceedings_Of_The_Second_International_Conference_Seminar_Of_Tamil_Studies.pdf Proceedings of the Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies]'', p. 435-436</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|pannag}}<br>{{lang|he|פנג}}||millet{{refn|group=nb|{{Transliteration|he|pannag}} has no acceptable meaning, but millet is one of the proposed meanings.<ref name=pannag>{{cite web | last1 = | first1 = |title = Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature| url = https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/mse/p/pannag.html|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref>}}||Tamil via [[Old South Arabian|South Arabian]]||{{Transliteration|ta|uṇaṅkal}}<br>{{lang|ta|உணங்கல்}}||[[millet]]<ref name="Rabin435" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|bûts}}<br>{{lang|he|בּוּץ}}||fine textile||Possibly related to Tamil, via South Arabian also possibly via Sanskrit. Already attested in Syrian and Akkadian inscriptions dating back to the 9th century BCE.||{{Transliteration|ta|panjcu}}<br>{{lang|ta|பஞ்சு}}||[[cotton]]<ref name="Rabin435" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|mesukkan}}<br>{{lang|he|מסכן}}||wood||Tamil via [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]||{{Transliteration|ta|mucukkaṭṭai}}<br>{{lang|ta|முசுக்கட்டை}}||[[mulberry tree]]<ref name="Rabin435" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|piṭdâh}}<br>{{lang|he|פִטְדָה}}||[[topaz]]||Tamil or Dravidian||{{Transliteration|ta|pitta}}<br>{{lang|ta|பித்த}}||[[bile]] or [[yellow]]<ref name="Rabin435" /><ref>Waldman, N. ''The Recent Study of Hebrew: A Survey of the Literature with Selected Bibliography'' p. 61</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|qôph}}<br>{{lang|he|קוף}}||[[monkey]]||probably Tamil but also possibly Sanskrit||{{Transliteration|ta|ka(p)vi}}<br>{{lang|ta|கவி}}||monkey<ref>{{cite web | last1 = Curvin | first1 = David |title = Balashon: Hebrew Language Detective| url = http://www.balashon.com/2007/01/kuf.html|access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1 = Bible Study Tools |title = Ape| url = https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionaries/eastons-bible-dictionary/ape.html|access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref><ref>Dikshitar R. ''Origin And Spread Of The Tamils '', p.89-90</ref><ref name="chandra" /><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Post-biblical period==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Hebrew word||Meaning in Hebrew||Source language ||Tamil word||Meaning in Tamil<br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|[[etrog]]}}<br>{{lang|he|אתרוג}}|| yellow citron||Tamil via [[Persian language|Persian]]{{refn|group=nb|According Rabin, Hebrew {{Transliteration|he|etrog}} or {{Transliteration|he|ethrunga}} is borrowed from {{Transliteration|fa|turung}} in [[Persian language|Persian]] or {{Transliteration|mid|etrunga}} in [[Mandaic language|Mandaic]], that is ultimately related to {{Transliteration|ta|mātuḷam}}/{{lang|ta|மாதுளம்}} or {{Transliteration|ta|mātuḷamkāy}}/{{lang|ta|மாதுளம்காய்}} in Tamil for Pomegranate or lemon, where as [[Philologos]] derives it from Tamil {{Transliteration|ta| Nāṟṟaṅkāy}}/{{lang|ta| நாற்றங்காய்}}<ref name=Philologos>{{cite web | last1 = Philologos |title = The Etrog| date = 7 October 2006| url = https://forward.com/articles/4851/the-etrog/|access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=etrog>{{cite web | last1 = Curvin | first1 = David |title = Balashon: Hebrew Language Detective| url = http://www.balashon.com/2006/10/etrog.html|access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref>}}||{{Transliteration|ta|mātuḷam}}<br>{{lang|ta|மாதுளம்}},<br> or alternatively,<br> {{Transliteration|ta|nārttaṅkāy}}<br>{{lang|ta|நார்த்தங்காய்}}||[[pomegranate]] or [[citron]]<ref name=Philologos/><ref name=etrog/><ref name=Rabin1>Rabin, C. Lexical borrowings from Indian languages as Carriers of ideas and Technical concept (in ''Between Jerusalem and Benares: Comparative Studies in Judaism and Hinduism'', p. 30)</ref><br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|orez}}<br>{{lang|he|אורז}}||rice||Tamil via South Arabian{{refn|group=nb|According [[Chaim Rabin]] Greek {{Transliteration|grc|óruza}} ({{lang|grc|ὄρυζα}}), Hebrew {{lang|he|אורז}} are derived from South Arabian {{Transliteration|sem-x-oldsoara|areez}} that was ultimately derived from Tamil {{Transliteration|ta|arici}}/{{lang|ta|அரிசி}} for rice<ref name=Rabin436>Rabin, C. ''Proceedings of the Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies'', p. 436</ref>}}||{{Transliteration|ta|arici}}<br>{{lang|ta|அரிசி}}||rice<ref name=Shipman/><ref name=Caldwell/><ref name=Wald/><ref name=SwamninathaAyar/><ref name=Shulman21>Shulman, D. ''Tamil: A biography'', p. 21</ref><br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|nul}}<br>{{lang|he|נול}}<br />
|[[loom]]<br />
|probably Tamil, cognates in South Dravidian languages{{refn|group=nb| The Hebrew word for weavers loom {{Transliteration|he|nul}} is generally accepted to be derived from the Aramaic {{Transliteration|arc|nawlā}} per Ernest Klein, which is related to Arabic {{lang|ar|نَوْل}}, but Podolsky believes its highly improbable that the original word is preserved only in one language without cognates in other Semitic languages apart from those that were borrowed from it. He believes its related to the acquisition of a new weaving technology from South India.<ref name=Podolsky/>}}<br />
|{{Transliteration|ta|nūl}}<br>{{lang|ta|நூல்}}<br />
|thread<ref name="Podolsky" /><br />
|-<br />
|{{Transliteration|he|mango}}<br>{{lang|he|מנגו}}<br />
|[[mango]]<br />
|From English, via Portuguese originally from Tamil<br />
|{{Transliteration|ta|māṅkāy}}<br>{{lang|ta|மாங்காய்}}<br />
|unripe mā (a species) fruit<ref>{{cite web | last1 =Definify |title = Mango| url = http://www.definify.com/word/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95| access-date = 7 September 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Tamil loanwords in other languages]]<br />
** [[Tamil loanwords in Ancient Greek]]<br />
* [[Indo-Mesopotamia relations]]<br />
** [[Meluhha#Trade with Sumer|Meluhha § Trade with Sumer]], most likely an Indian trading partner of Mesopotamia's Sumerian civilization<br />
* [[Indian maritime history]]<br />
** [[Indo-Roman trade relations]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist|group="note"}}<br />
<br />
{{reflist|group=nb}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== Cited literature ==<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Caldwell |first=Robert | title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian, Or South-Indian Family of Languages| publisher=Harrison |date=1856|isbn=978-81-20-60117-8}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Moti | title=Trade And Trade Routes In Ancient India| publisher=Abhinav |date=1977|isbn=978-0-712-80117-1}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Dishitar |first=Ramachandra |title=Origin And Spread Of The Tamils |publisher=Oakley |year=1971 | isbn=978-3-111-59200-8}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=James |first=Gregory |title=Tamil lexicography |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2008 | isbn=978-1-443-72658-0}}<br />
* {{cite book |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Geoffrey | title=Encyclopedia of Hebrew Languages and Linguistics Volume 1 A-F | publisher=Brill |date=2013|isbn=978-90-04-17642-3}}<br />
* {{cite book |translator-last=Parthasarathy |translator-first=R | title=The cilappatikāram of Iḷaṅko Aṭikaḷ : an epic of South India | publisher= Columbia University Press |date=1993|isbn= 978-02-31-07849-8}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Pdodolsky |first=Baruch|editor1-last=Izre'el |editor1-first=Shlomo |editor2-last=Singer |editor2-first=Itmamar |editor3-last=Zadok |editor3-first=Ran |title=Past links:Studies in the Languages and Cultures of the Ancient Near East| publisher=Eisenbrauns |date=1998|isbn=1-57506-035-3}}<br />
* {{Citation | last=Price | first=Edward | title=A history of Kannada literature | publisher=Asian Educational Service |year=1982 | isbn=8120600630 }}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1= Pugazhendhi|first1= D| date=Sep 2021 |title= Tamil, Greek, Hebrew and Sanskrit:Sandalwood (Σανηαλόξςλ)and it’s Semantics in Classical Literatures|url= https://www.athensjournals.gr/philology/2021-8-3-3-Pugazhendhi.pdf|journal= Athens Journal of Philology|volume=8 |issue=3|publisher=ATINER (Athens Institute for Education and Research) |pages=207-230 |doi= |pmc= |pmid= |access-date=2026-04-19}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Shulman |first=David |title=Tamil: A biography |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2016 | isbn=978-0-674-05992-4}}<br />
* {{Citation | last=Sugirtharajah | first=R.S. | title=The Bible and Asia | publisher=Harvard University Press | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-674-04907-9}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Swamaninatha Aiyar |first=R |title=Dravidian Theories |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1987 | isbn= 978-8-120-80331-2}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1= Rabin|first1= Chaim |editor-last=Goodman|editor-first=Hananya| title=Between Jerusalem and Benares| publisher=State University of New York |date=1994|isbn=0-7914-1715-8}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1= Rabin|first1= Chaim |date= Dec 1, 1973|title= The Song of Songs and Tamil Poetry |journal= Studies in Religion |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=205–219 |doi= 10.1177/000842987300300301|s2cid= 149367075 }}<br />
* {{cite conference |title= Proceedings of the Second International Conference Seminar of Tamil Studies|last1=Rabin |first1=Chaim |date=Oct 1971 |publisher=International Association of Tamil Research |pages=432–440 }}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Southworth |first=Franklin |title=Linguistic Archeology of South Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 | isbn=978-0-415-33323-8}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Waldman |first=Nahum |title=The Recent Study of Hebrew: A Survey of the Literature with Selected Bibliography |publisher=Eisenbrauns |year=1989 | isbn= 978-0-878-20908-8}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book |first=Benjamin J. |last=Noonan |title=Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible: A Lexicon of Language Contact |publisher=Penn State University Press |year=2019}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil loanwords in Biblical Hebrew}}<br />
[[Category:Tamil language-related lists|Hebrew]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of loanwords]]<br />
[[Category:Hebrew words and phrases]]<br />
[[Category:Language of the Hebrew Bible]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vignesh_N._R.&diff=544346Vignesh N. R.2026-04-18T13:18:06Z<p>WillisHeiman326: new some pg added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1998)}}<br />
{{Indian patronymic|Vignesh|Narayanan Rajeshwari}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox chess player<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1998|1|24}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2023)<ref name="FIDE">{{cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/crt/main224568.pdf|title=FIDE Title Application (GM)}}</ref><br />
| peakrating = 2542 (June 2024)<br />
| FideID = 25012215<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Vignesh Narayanan Rajeshwari''' is an Indian [[chess]] grandmaster.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Vignesh earned his first GM norm at the 2015 [[Qatar Masters Open]] by defeating [[Mateusz Bartel]] and [[Wei Yi]], and drawing with [[Nguyễn Ngọc Trường Sơn]], [[Sam Shankland]], [[Vladimir Fedoseev]], [[Hou Yifan]], and [[Francesco Rambaldi]].<ref name="GM">{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Vignesh-N-R-becomes-India-s-80th-and-first-Grandmaster-brothers-with-Visakh#:~:text=IM%20Vignesh%20N%20R%20became%20India's,59th%20Grandmaster%20back%20in%202019.|title=Vignesh N R becomes India's 80th and first Grandmaster brothers with Visakh|date=21 February 2023|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref><br />
<br />
Vignesh earned his second GM norm at the 24th Abu Dhabi Masters 2017, where he won against [[Karthikeyan Murali]] and [[Bogdan-Daniel Deac]], and drew with [[Mircea-Emilian Parligras]], [[Parham Maghsoodloo]], [[Tsegmed Batchuluun]], and [[Constantin Lupulescu]].<ref name="GM"/><br />
<br />
Vignesh earned his final GM norm at the 1st Gujarat GM Open 2018, where he finished in second place with a score of 8/10. He won against [[Farrukh Amonatov]] and [[Vitaly Sivuk]], and drew with [[Vadim Malakhatko]] and [[Vitaliy Bernadskiy]].<ref name="GM"/><br />
<br />
In January 2023, Vignesh became a GM when his live rating surpassed 2500 by defeating Ilja Schneider in the final round of the 24th NordWest Cup, also winning the tournament.<ref name="GM"/> With this, Vignesh and his brother [[Visakh N. R.]] became the first pair of Indian siblings and brothers to become grandmasters.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/chess-vignesh-and-visakh-nr-become-indias-first-brothers-and-siblings-to-become-grandmasters-8456213/|title=Chess: Vignesh and Visakh NR become India's first brothers to become Grandmasters|date=20 February 2023|newspaper=The Indian Express|accessdate=5 August 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
In August 2023, Vignesh won the 11th Pontevedra Masters, where he was undefeated during the tournament and finished half a point ahead of second place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Vignesh-N-R-wins-11th-Pontevedra-Masters-Open-2023-Sarayu-Velpula-scores-IM-WGM-and-WIM-norm-finishes-second|title=Vignesh N R wins 11th Pontevedra Masters 2023, Sarayu Velpula scores IM, WGM and WIM-norm, finishes second|date=24 August 2023|first=Shahid|last=Ahmed}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
His younger brother is Visakh N. R., who is also a Grandmaster. Vignesh is employed at Southern Railway.<ref name="GM"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Indian grandmasters}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vignesh N. R.}}<br />
[[Category:1998 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gangajalghati_Assembly_constituency&diff=499821Gangajalghati Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:22:07Z<p>WillisHeiman326: Starting a stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Gangajalghati<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = <br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| district = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur]]<br />
| constituency_no = 249<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| abolished = 2011<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
}}<br />
'''Gangajalghati''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Bankura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It was reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Gangajalghati assembly constituency was part of [[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S25/WB_ACPC.pdf <br />
|title=General election to the Legislative Assembly, 2001 – List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies <br />
|access-date=2007-02-21 <br />
|work=West Bengal <br />
|publisher=Election Commission of India <br />
|url-status=dead <br />
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185949/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S25/WB_ACPC.pdf <br />
|archive-date=2006-05-04 <br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
As a consequence of the orders of [[Delimitation Commission]], Gangajalghati Assembly constituency has ceased to be an assembly constituency from 2011. Bhaktabandh, Gangajalghati, Gobindadham, Kapista, Nityanandapur and Piraboni gram panchayats of [[Gangajalghati (Community development block)|Gangajalghati]] block are part of [[Barjora Assembly constituency|Barjora]] assembly constituency. Banasuria, Barashal, Lachhmanpur and Latiaboni gram panchayats of Gangajalghati block are part of [[Saltora Assembly constituency|Saltora]] assembly constituency.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2009-05-27 |work=Table A – Assembly constituencies and their extent, District Bankure |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=2010-09-18 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
===1977-2006===<br />
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], Angad Bauri of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Gangajalghati assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Swapan Bauri of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Ramcharan Bauri of CPI(M) defeated Swapan Bauri of Trinamool Congress in 2001. Angad Bauri of CPI(M) defeated Guiram Maji of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996 and Phatik Chandra Mandal of Congress in 1991. Nabani Bauri of CPI(M) defeated Phatik Chandra Mandal of Congress in 1987, Guiram Maji of Congress in 1982 and Saktipada Maji of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp249.htm |title =249 - Gangajalghati (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-04-03 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===1951-1972===<br />
Shaktipada Maji of Congress in 1972. [[Kalipada Bauri]] of CPI(M) won in 1972. Nabadurga Mandal of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969. G.Maji of Bangla Congress won in 1967. Shishuram Mandal of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]]. The Gangajalghati seat was not there in 1957. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]] Dhirendra Nath Chatterjee of Congress won the Gangajalghati open seat.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Assembly Elections | access-date = 2011-04-03 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Bankura topics}}<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|23.42|N|87.12|E|format=dms|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Bankura district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]<br />
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gomti_River&diff=500812Gomti River2026-04-07T08:19:41Z<p>WillisHeiman326: Starting new place</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|River in India}}<br />
{{redirect|Gomati River|the river in north-west India|Gomati River (Rajasthan)|the river in north-east India and Bangladesh|Gumti River (Tripura)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox river<br />
| name = Gomti River<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| name_other = Gumti River<br />
| name_etymology = <br />
<!---------------------- IMAGE & MAP --><br />
| image = Gomti at Lucknow.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_caption = Gomti River at [[Lucknow]]<br />
| map = <br />
| map_size = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| pushpin_map_size = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption= <br />
<!---------------------- LOCATION --><br />
| subdivision_type1 = Country<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = <br />
| subdivision_name2 = <br />
| subdivision_type3 = <br />
| subdivision_name3 = <br />
| subdivision_type4 = <br />
| subdivision_name4 = <br />
| subdivision_type5 = <br />
| subdivision_name5 = <br />
<!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --><br />
| length_km = 960<br />
| width_min = <br />
| width_avg = <br />
| width_max = <br />
| depth_min = <br />
| depth_avg = <br />
| depth_max = <br />
| discharge1_location= [[Varanasi|Kaithi]], Varanasi [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| discharge1_min = <br />
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|234|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}<br />
| discharge1_max = <br />
<!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --><br />
| source1 = [[Phulhar Lake|Gomat Taal]], [[Madhotanda|MadhoTanda]], [[Pilibhit]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| source1_location = Middle Ganga Plain<br />
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|25|36|44|N|80|6|59.28|E|display=inline}} <br />
| source1_elevation = {{convert|200|m|abbr=on}}<br />
| mouth = <br />
| mouth_location = <br />
| mouth_coordinates = <br />
| mouth_elevation = <br />
| progression = <br />
| river_system = <br />
| basin_size = <br />
| tributaries_left = <br />
| tributaries_right = [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sai]]<br />
| custom_label = <br />
| custom_data = <br />
| extra = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Gomti''', '''Gumti''' or '''Gomati''' River is a river flowing entirely within the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is a [[tributary]] of the [[Ganges]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Key Facts about Gomti River |url=https://vajiramandravi.com/current-affairs/key-facts-about-gomti-river/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |language=en-IN}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The river, fed by monsoons and groundwater, begins its journey at the [[Gomat Taal]],{{Clarify|reason=Given that it's a red link, there needs to be some explanation of what that location is|date=April 2026}} near [[Madhotanda]], in [[Pilibhit]] district. It then reaches a confluence with the smaller Gaihaaee {{convert|20|km|mi}} from its origin. The Gomti is a narrow [[stream]] until it reaches Mohammadi Kheri, a [[tehsil]] of [[Lakhimpur Kheri district]] (about {{convert|68|km|mi}}from its origin), where it is joined by a number of [[Tributary|tributaries]], notably the Sukheta, Choha and Andhra Choha. By that point, the river is well-defined, with the Kathina tributary joining it at [[Mailani]] and [[Sarayan river|Sarayan]] joining it at a village{{Which|date=April 2026}} in [[Sitapur district]]. A major tributary is the [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sai River]], which joins the Gomti near [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]].{{Where|date=April 2026}} The Markandey Mahadeo temple lies at the [[confluence]] of the Gomti and the Ganges.<br />
<br />
After flowing for {{convert|190|km|mi}} the Gomti enters [[Lucknow]], meandering through the city for about {{convert|30|km|mi|0}} and supplying its water. In the Lucknow area, 25 city drains pour untreated sewage into the river. At the downstream end, the Gomti [[Barrage (dam)|barrage]] converts the river into a lake.<br />
<br />
[[File:Jaunpurbridge.jpg|thumb|275px|[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]]-era [[Shahi Bridge]] across Gomti in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]]]<br />
<br />
In addition to Lucknow, [[Gola Gokaran Nath]], [[Misrikh]], Neemsar, [[Lakhimpur Kheri]], [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh|Sultanpur]] [[Kerakat]] and [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]], [[Zafarabad, India|Zafarabad]] are the most prominent of the 20 towns in the river's [[Drainage basin|catchment basin]]. The river cuts the [[Sultanpur district]] and [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] in half, becoming wider in the city.<br />
<br />
== Hindu belief ==<br />
According to Hindu belief, the Gomti is the daughter of [[Rishi]] [[Vashistha|Vashishtha]]. Bathing in the river on [[Ekadashi]] (the 11th day of the two [[lunar phase]]s of the [[Hindu calendar]] month) is thought to wash away sins.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026|reason=Previous source was incorrectly linked, and did not appear to be a [[WP:RS|reliable source]]. Information should otherwise be removed if a replacement reference can't be found}} According to the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]],'' one of Hinduism's major religious works, Gomti is one of the five transcendental rivers of India.<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-01-04 |title=Bhaktivedanta VedaBase: Srimad Bhagavatam 5.19.17-18 |url=http://srimadbhagavatam.com/sb/5/19/17-18/en1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229140620/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/sb/5/19/17-18/en1 |archive-date=2012-02-29 |access-date=2010-01-04}}</ref> The rare [[Gomti Chakra]] is found there.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magic SEA Underground: Magical Uses Of Gomti Chakra (Cat's Eye Shell) |url=http://liewsp1-magicsea.blogspot.in/2013/06/magical-uses-of-gomti-chakra-cats-eye.html |access-date=2015-11-07 |website=liewsp1-magicsea.blogspot.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==<span class="anchor" id="Pollution and degradation"></span>Pollution==<br />
[[File:Gomati River.JPG|thumb|300px|center|alt=The Gomti and its floodplain, winding through an undeveloped area|The Gomti in [[Sitapur district]]]]<br />
The Gomti River is polluted at several points of its course through the {{convert|940|km|mi|adj=on}} stretch of [[alluvial plain]]s in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Aiming-for-a-scrubbed-clean-look/articleshow/7376022.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121104130230/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-28/lucknow/28356526_1_river-water-aquatic-life-raw-water | url-status = live | archive-date = 2012-11-04 | title = Aiming for a scrubbed clean look | date = 2010-01-28| work = [[The Times of India]] | access-date= 2010-01-28 }}</ref> The major sources of pollution are industrial waste and [[effluent]] from sugar factories and distilleries and residential wastewater and sewage.<br />
<br />
The river and its tributaries, particularly the Kukrail Drainage,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ballotboxindia.com/ap/kukrail-nala-lucknow/5182050549/|title=Kukrail Nala Lucknow a Major tributary of river Gomti - Research and analysis|date=2016-07-12|newspaper=Kukrail Nala Lucknow a Major tributary of river Gomti - Research and analysis|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref> collect large amounts of human and industrial pollutants as they flow through an area comprising about 18 million people. High pollution levels threaten the Gomti's aquatic life. On 25 July 2008, the [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] of a {{convert|345|e6litre|USgal|adj=on}}-capacity [[sewage treatment]] plant was laid.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.oneindia.com/2008/07/25/foundation-laid-for-countrys-largest-stp-to-clean-gomti-in-up-1216972984.html | title = Foundation laid for country's largest STP to clean Gomti in UP | date = 2008-07-25 | access-date = 2008-12-21 | archive-date = 14 April 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120414234845/http://www.robotstxt.org/ | url-status = live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The plant, promoted as Asia's largest, failed; in 2014 it was reportedly running at 10 percent of capacity,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/asias-biggest-sewage-treatment-plant-running-at-10-pc-capacity/|title=Asia's biggest sewage treatment plant running at 10 pc capacity|date=2014-12-03|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref> and beyond the plant (near Bharwara) untreated sewage and solid waste entered the river. The plant was intended to intercept the 23 major natural drains entering the Gomti.<br />
<br />
=={{anchor|Gomti riverfront development and related controversy|Controversy with current riverfront development.|The importance of this project|Current status of the controversy and the project.}}Riverfront development controversy==<br />
[[File:Gomti River Water stopped for riverfront construction..jpg|alt=Gomti riverfront; water stopped for construction|thumb|Temporary dam stopping the Gomti River for construction on the riverbed]]<br />
[[File:Gomti Riverfront - Heavy Machinery right over riverbed, flood plain..jpg|alt=Gomti riverfront; heavy machinery over the riverbed|thumb|Gomti riverfront, with heavy machinery over the riverbed and floodplain]] <br />
[[File:Gomti riverfront- Reclaimed riverbed and flood plain.jpg|alt=Gomti riverfront construction - riverbed and floodplain|thumb|Gomti riverfront reclaimed riverbed and floodplain]]<br />
The Gomti has been stressed, particularly in and around Lucknow, for decades. There are three major reasons for this:<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://ballotboxindia.com/ap/gomti-river-riverfront-lucknow/5182018549/|title=Gomti River and Riverfront Lucknow - Analysis on Restoration and Development|date=2016-02-10|newspaper=Gomti River and Riverfront Lucknow - Analysis on Restoration and Development|access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref> <br />
# Embankments - High embankments were built around the river to protect the population of Lucknow after a major flood during 1970s, altering the Gomti's natural [[floodplain]]. <br />
# Pollution - The Gomti has 40 natural drains, of which 23 are major. The drains, which carried surplus water into the river during the monsoon and recharged the underground water table, were reduced to carry residential and industrial sewage into the river.<br />
# Development - The river's floodplains and fertile land were covered with residential areas, such as Gomti Nagar and Triveni Nagar. The Gomti began receding during the late 1970s, and was under major stress in 2016.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Although government agencies planned major projects, such as the Bharwara sewage treatment plant and mechanical dredging, most were unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/River-linking-urgent-as-Gomti-gasps-for-water/articleshow/43836247.cms|title=River linking urgent as Gomti gasps for water - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref> The Gomti rises by 10–12 meters during the monsoon, and in 2008 a major flood was reported.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-flood-waters-enter-parts-of-lucknow-1185886|title=Flood waters enter parts of Lucknow {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2008-08-26|newspaper=dna|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
Around 2012, the newly-elected government and the Lucknow Development Authority began a feasibility study with the [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]] to build a river-front similar to [[Sabarmati Riverfront]] in Ahmedabad. The LDA submitted the report, warning about the negative consequences of reducing the Gomti to less than 250 meters wide. At 250 meters wide (with walls on both sides), the river's velocity would increase by 20 percent and its bed-[[shear stress]] by 30 percent. Current embankments would have to be raised by 1.5 meters, and the high flood level (HFL) would increase by 1.25 meters. Two bridges would be threatened with collapse under flood conditions.<ref name=":0" /><br />
The plan was given to the irrigation department, which signed a memorandum of understanding with IIT Roorkee in December 2015 to conduct a similar study on the project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ballotboxindia.com/es/Contacting-IIT-Roorkee-for-relevant-information/5181159616549/|title=Contacting IIT Roorkee for relevant information|website=Contacting IIT Roorkee for relevant information|access-date=2017-01-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
The riverfront-development project is seen as a political showdown<ref name=":0" /> between the state government and the ruling party, whose similar construction in Ahmedabad over the [[Sabarmati River]] has been projected as a showcase of development in the state of [[Gujarat]]. Many noted environmentalists and river-system experts vehemently opposed<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sandrp.wordpress.com/2014/09/17/riverfront-development-in-india-cosmetic-make-up-on-deep-wounds/|title=Riverfront Development in India: Cosmetic make up on deep wounds|last=Sandrp|date=2014-09-17|website=SANDRP|access-date=2017-01-06}}</ref> that project as well.<br />
Both projects are seen as a template for similar interference with river systems across India, including the [[Yamuna]], the [[Hindon River|Hindon]] and the [[Varuna River|Varuna]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Flooding==<br />
Monsoon flooding leads to several problems when the water recedes, including the danger posed by drying potholes and pits (which host disease causing mosquitoes such as [[malaria]] and [[dengue]]).<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of rivers of India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
=={{anchor|Notes}}External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
*[http://www.urday.com/gandak.htm Sacred Rivers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223120442/http://www.urday.com/gandak.htm |date=23 December 2019 }}<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060301144149/http://www.waterconserve.info/articles/reader.asp?linkid=25146 "Sewage kills thousands of fish in north Indian river". Babu Lal Sharma, Associated Press, 22 August 2003]<br />
*[http://wikimapia.org/1107194/Markandey-mahadeo-mandir-kaithi Markandey Mahadeo on Wikimapia]<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=M6cdhzmAw7QC&dq=sukheta+river+gomti&pg=PA65 Reference to Gomti River System]<br />
<br />
{{Hydrography of Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|25|30|29|N|83|10|11|E|type:waterbody_region:IN_dim:25km|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lucknow district]]<br />
[[Category:Rivers of Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Sacred rivers]]<br />
[[Category:Sea and river goddesses]]<br />
[[Category:Tributaries of the Ganges]]<br />
[[Category:Rivers in Buddhism]]<br />
[[Category:Geography of Lakhimpur Kheri district]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eparchy_of_Thuckalay&diff=498586Eparchy of Thuckalay2026-04-06T08:35:09Z<p>WillisHeiman326: Starting new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Eastern Catholic eparchy in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br />
{{primarysource|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox diocese<br />
|jurisdiction = Eparchy<br />
|name = Thuckalay<br />
|local = ܡܛܪܢܘܬܐ ܕܬܟܠ<br />
|latin = தக்கலை மறைமாவட்டம்<br />
|country = [[India]]<br />
|metropolitan = <br />
|province = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanassery]]<br />
|denomination = [[Catholic Church]]<br />
|sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]<br />
|rite = [[East Syriac Rite]]<br />
|area_km2 = 1,794 <br />
|population = 2,071,258<br />
|population_as_of = 2010<br />
|catholics = 29,673<br />
|catholics_percent= 1.4<br />
|patron = [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mother of Christ and Image of the Church]]<br>[[Saint George]] <br />
|cathedral = St. Joseph's Cathedral, Soosaipuram (under construction)<ref>{{cite web |title=St.Joseph's Cathedral foundation Stone |url=https://www.thuckalaydiocese.org/news_details?newsid=c1R5OWNPMVdGUjRPSW1SYmYrbEo1dz09 |website=www.thuckalaydiocese.org |access-date=26 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|pope = {{incumbent pope}}<br />
|metro_archbishop =Mar [[Thomas Tharayil (archbishop of Changanassery)|Thomas Tharayil]] <br />
|coadjutor = <br />
|bishop =Mar [[George Rajendran Kuttinadar|George Rajendran]]<br />
|major_archbishop = Mar [[Raphael Thattil]]<br />
|auxiliary_bishops= <br />
|emeritus_bishops = <br />
|website = [http://www.thuckalaydiocese.org/ Website of the Diocese]<br />
|headquarters=Thuckalay|coat=Thuckalay_diocese.png<br />
|map = Map of Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Thuckalay.png<br />
}}<br />
The '''Eparchy of Thuckalay''' ({{langx|syr|ܕܡܛܪܢܘܬܐ ܬܟܠܝ|translit=Maṭranūthā d-Thakkala}}; {{langx|ta|தக்கலை மறைமாவட்டம்|translit=Takkalai Maṟaimāvattam)}} is an [[Eastern Catholic]] [[eparchy]] in [[India]], under the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in [[Thuckalay|Thuckaly]], [[Christianity in Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari District]]. It was founded on 11 November 1996.<br />
<br />
== Ordinaries ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Sl.No<br />
! Ordinary<br />
! Designation<br />
! Year of appointment<br />
! Last year of service<br />
|-<br />
| 1 <br />
| align="center" | [[George Alencherry]] <br />
| align="center" | Bishop<br />
| align="center" | 1996 <br />
| align="center" | 2011<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| align="center" | [[George Rajendran Kuttinadar]] <br />
| align="center" | Bishop<br />
| align="center" | 2011<br />
| align="center" | ''present''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dthsm.html Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Thuckalay]<br />
<br />
*[https://cnewa.org/magazine/ancient-history-young-church-30684/Ancient History, Young Church - CNEWA]<br />
<br />
{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Thuckalay}}<br />
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in India]]<br />
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]<br />
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1996]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]<br />
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:1996 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{SyroMalabar-diocese-stub}}</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agni_Pareeksha&diff=484849Agni Pareeksha2026-04-03T09:47:59Z<p>WillisHeiman326: created!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{wikt|अग्निपरीक्षा}}<br />
'''Agni Pareeksha''' or '''Agni Pariksha''' ({{lit|[[wikt:trial by fire|trial by fire]]}}) may refer to:<br />
<br />
* [[Agnipravesham|Agni Pariksha]], a trial by fire described in the Hinduism, notably in the Sanskrit epic ''[[Ramayana#Bāla Kāṇḍa|Ramayana]]''<br />
* [[Agni Pariksha (1954 film)|''Agni Pariksha'' (1954 film)]], an Indian Bengali-language film, starring Uttam Kumar and Suchitra Sen<br />
* [[Agni Pareeksha (1968 film)|''Agni Pareeksha'' (1968 film)]], an Indian Malayalam-language film <br />
* [[Agni Pareeksha (1981 film)|''Agni Pareeksha'' (1981 film)]], an Indian Hindi-language film by B. R. Chopra, starting Amol Palekar<br />
* [[Agni Parikshya|''Agni Parikshya'']], a 2005 Indian Odia-language film starring [[Sidhant Mohapatra]] <br />
* [[Agnipariksha (2009 TV series)|''Agnipariksha'' (2009 TV series)]], an Indian Bengali-language TV series<br />
* [[Agnipariksha (2021 TV series)]], an Indian Telugu-language series<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Parikrama#Agniparikrama|Agni Parikrama]], circuambulation around fire in Hinduism<br />
*''[[Khuda Haafiz: Chapter 2 – Agni Pariksha]]'', a 2022 Indian film<br />
*[[Trial by fire (disambiguation)]]<br />
*[[Agneepath (disambiguation)]]<br />
<br />
{{disambiguation}}</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001_Indian_Parliament_attack&diff=4602452001 Indian Parliament attack2026-03-28T17:50:16Z<p>WillisHeiman326: improved article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{distinguish|2023 Indian Parliament breach}}<br />
{{Short description|Terrorist attack in New Delhi}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=November 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox civilian attack<br />
| image = Sansad_Bhavan-2.jpg{{!}}border<br />
| title = 2001 Indian Parliament attack<br />
| location = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India<br />
| target = <br />
| date = 13 December 2001<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.6172|77.2081|region:IN_type:event|display=it}}<br />
| time = <br />
| timezone = [[UTC+05:30]]<br />
| type = [[Mass shooting]]<br />
| weapons = [[AK-47]] rifles, [[pistol]]s, [[grenade launcher]]s, [[hand grenade]]s, [[explosive belt]]<br />
| fatalities = 14 (including 5 militants)<br />
| injuries = 18<br />
| perps = [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]<ref name="China Daily">{{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-08/31/content_259902.htm |title=Mastermind killed |work=[[China Daily]] |date=2003-08-31 | access-date=8 September 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}<br />
<br />
The '''2001 Indian Parliament attack''' was a [[terrorism in India|terrorist]] attack on the [[Parliament of India]] in [[New Delhi]], India, on 13 December 2001. The attack was carried out by five [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] militants that resulted in the deaths of six [[Delhi Police]] personnel, two [[Parliament Security Service]] personnel, and a gardener. All five militants were killed by security forces.<br />
<br />
Indian authorities accused [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] (LeT) and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] (JeM), two militant groups operating from Pakistan, of perpetrating the attack;<ref name=demarche>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/14parl12.htm |title=Govt blames LeT for Parliament attack |website=[[Rediff.com]] |date=14 December 2001 |access-date=8 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="indianembassy.org">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm |title=Terrorist Attack on the Parliament of India |date=2001-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611152203/http://www.indianembassy.org/new/parliament_dec_13_01.htm |archive-date=2010-06-11 |publisher=Embassy of India – Washington DC |access-date=2018-12-12 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref> however, LeT denied involvement.<br />
<br />
The incident led to increased tensions between India and Pakistan, resulting in the [[2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff]].<br />
<br />
==Attack==<br />
On 13 December 2001, five [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] militants drove into the House of Parliament in a car with [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Home Ministry]] and [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] labels.<ref name="dec14rediff">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/13parl14.htm |title=The terrorists had the home ministry and special Parliament label |website=Rediff.com India |date=13 December 2001}}</ref> While both the [[Rajya Sabha]] and [[Lok Sabha]] had been adjourned 40&nbsp;minutes prior to the incident, many members of parliament (MPs) and [[government of India|government]] officials such as Home Minister [[LK Advani]] and [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of State for Defence]] [[Harin Pathak]] were believed to have still been in the building at the time of the attack.<ref name="rediff1">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/13parl1.htm |title=Terrorists attack Parliament; five intruders, six cops killed |website=Rediff.com |date=13 December 2001}}</ref> More than 100 people, including major politicians, were inside the parliament building at the time. The gunmen used a fake identity sticker on the car they drove and thus easily breached the security deployed around the parliamentary complex.<ref name="suicide1" /> The militants carried [[AK-47]] rifles, [[grenade launcher]]s, [[pistol]]s and [[grenade]]s.<ref name="vishnu">{{cite news |last1=Vishnu |first1=J T |title=ISI supervised Parliament attack Main coordinator of Jaish, two others arrested |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011217/main1.htm |access-date=23 October 2014 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=17 December 2001}}</ref><br />
<br />
The gunmen drove their vehicle into the car of the [[Indian Vice President]] [[Krishan Kant]] (who was in the building at the time), got out, and began shooting. The Vice President's guards and security personnel shot back at the attackers and then started closing the gates of the compound. A similar attack was carried out on the [[2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing|assembly of Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir]], in October 2001, killing 38 people.<ref name="suicide1" /><br />
<br />
Constable [[Kamlesh Kumari]] of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] was the first to spot the militants and was shot by them as she raised the alarm. She died on the spot. One gunman's [[suicide vest]] exploded when he was shot dead; the other four gunmen were also killed. The ministers and [[Member of Parliament (India)|MPs]] escaped unhurt. The total number of people killed by the attackers was 9 and at least 17 other people were injured in the attack.<ref name="suicide1">{{cite news |title=2001: Suicide attack on Indian parliament |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/13/newsid_3695000/3695057.stm |access-date=23 October 2014|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="remember">{{cite news |author=PTI |title=Parliament attack victims remembered |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/parliament-attack-victims-remembered/article2711970.ece |access-date=23 October 2014 |work=The Hindu |date=13 December 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Perpetrators==<br />
Delhi Police stated that five militants carried out the attack and the names given by them were: Hamza, Haider alias Tufail, Rana, Raja and Mohammed – who were members of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and were killed.<ref name=vishnu/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india.com/news/india/pm-modi-pays-homage-to-the-2001-parliament-attack-martyrs-key-points-about-the-heinous-attack-1704511/ |website=India.com |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |title=PM Modi pays homage to the 2001 Parliament attack martyrs: Key points about the heinous attack |date=16 December 2016 |access-date=5 January 2018 |quote=The names of the terrorists given by Delhi Police were Hamza, Haider alias Tufail, Rana, Ranvijay and Mohammed.}}</ref><ref name=kaur>{{cite magazine |last1=Kaur |first1=Naunidhi |title=Conviction in Parliament attack case |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1926/stories/20030103005713300.htm |access-date=23 October 2014 |magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |issue=23 |volume=19 |date=21 December 2002}}</ref><br />
<br />
One of the militants killed had earlier also taken part in the hijacking of [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]].<ref>{{citenews|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/ic814-victim-rupin-katyal-gets-justice-hijacker-ibrahim-killed-in-karachi-101646712210813.html|title=IC-814 victim Rupin Katyal gets justice, hijacker Ibrahim killed in Karachi|date= 8 March 2022|publisher = Hindustan Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
Delhi Police officials said that the gunmen had received instructions from Pakistan and the operation had been carried out under the guidance of Pakistan's [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI).<ref name="vishnu" /> In their book ''The Exile: The Flight of Osama bin Laden'', Cathy Scott-Clark and [[Adrian Levy]] state that then-[[List of CIA station chiefs|CIA station chief]] [[Robert Grenier (CIA)|Robert Grenier]] and [[United States Ambassador to Pakistan|Ambassador]] [[Wendy Chamberlin]] suspected that the ISI had approved the attack in order to force the redeployment of troops under the command of [[Ali Jan Aurakzai]] away from the [[Durand Line]], allowing [[Osama bin Laden]] to escape into Pakistan during the [[Battle of Tora Bora]].<ref name="LevyScott-Clark2017">{{cite book |last1=Levy |first1=Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uHG9DAAAQBAJ |title=The Exile: The Flight of Osama bin Laden |last2=Scott-Clark |first2=Catherine |date=23 May 2017 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |isbn=978-1-4088-5878-3 |pages=77–78}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Trial==<br />
Following the attack, many suspects were arrested, and in December 2002 four [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] militants were convicted for roles in the attack.<ref name="4 convicted in attack" /> In 2003, the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF) eliminated [[Ghazi Baba]], the commander-in-chief of [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] and the mastermind of the attack, in the Noor Bagh neighborhood of [[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="China Daily" /><br />
<br />
The attack triggered extensive investigations, which revealed the involvement of four accused, namely [[Afzal Guru|Mohammad Afzal Guru]], his cousin Shaukat Hussain Guru, Syed Abdul Rahman Geelani<ref>{{cite web |title= Syed Abdul Rahman Geelani, ex-DU professor acquitted by SC in 2001 Parliament attack case, dies of cardiac arrest in Delhi |website= Firstpost |agency= [[Press Trust of India]] |date= October 25, 2019 |accessdate= June 7, 2022 |url= https://www.firstpost.com/india/syed-abdul-rahman-geelani-ex-du-professor-acquitted-by-sc-in-2001-parliament-attack-case-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-in-delhi-7551861.html}}</ref> (also spelled "Gilani"), and Shaukat Guru's wife Afsan Guru (maiden name: Navjot Sandhu). Some other proclaimed offenders were said to be the leaders of the banned militant organization known as [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]]. After the conclusion of investigation, investigating agency filed the report under Section 173 of [[Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (India)]] against four accused persons on 14 May 2002. Charges were framed under various sections of [[Indian Penal Code]] (IPC), the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002]] (POTA), and the Explosive Substances Act by the designated sessions Court.<br />
<br />
The designated Special Court was presided over by S. N. Dhingra. The accused were tried and the trial concluded within a record period of about six months.{{when|date=February 2020}} 80 witnesses were examined for the prosecution and 10 witnesses were examined on behalf of the accused S.A.R. Geelani. About 300 documents were exhibited. Afzal Guru, Shaukat Hussain and S.A.R. Geelani were convicted for the offences under Sections 121, 121A, 122, Section 120B read with Sections 302 & 307 read with Section 120B of IPC, sub-Sections (2), (3) and (5) of Section 3 and Section 4(b) of POTA and Sections 3 and 4 of Explosive Substances Act. The accused 1 and 2 were also convicted under Section 3(4) of POTA.<ref name="State 2005">{{cite court |litigants=State ( N.C.T. of Delhi ) vs. Navjot Sandhu alias Afsan |court=Supreme Court of India |date=8 August 2005}}</ref><br />
<br />
Accused 4, namely Navjot Sandhu a.k.a. Afsan, was acquitted of all the charges except the one under Section 123 IPC for which she was convicted and sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for five years and to pay a fine. [[capital punishment in India|Death sentences]] were imposed on the other three accused for the offences under Section 302 read with Section 120B IPC and Section 3(2) of POTA. They were also sentenced to life imprisonment on as many as eight counts under the provisions of IPC, POTA and Explosive Substances Act in addition to varying amounts of fine. The amount of a million Indian rupees, which was recovered from the possession of two of the accused, namely, Afzal Guru and Shaukat Hussain, was forfeited to the State under Section 6 of the POTA.<ref name="State 2005"/><br />
<br />
On appeal, the high court subsequently acquitted S. A. R. Geelani and Afsan, but upheld Shaukat's and Afzal's death sentence. Geelani was represented by [[Ram Jethmalani]] in the [[Delhi High Court]] and subsequently in the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Jethmalani: A look at his most famous cases|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ram-jethmalani-a-look-at-his-most-famous-cases/story-oo0WbuIFPZ7kJtovkmoyRM.html|date=2019-09-08|work=Hindustan Times |access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref> Jethmalani said it almost cost him his political career for defending Geelani.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Defending Geelani almost cost me my political career: Jethmalani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Defending-Geelani-almost-cost-me-my-political-career-Jethmalani/articleshow/10836788.cms |first=Dhananjay |last=Mahapatra |date=23 November 2011|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2020-05-30 }}</ref> Geelani's acquittal blew a gaping hole in the prosecution's version of the parliament attack.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-24 |title=Former DU professor SAR Geelani who was convicted and later acquitted in Parliament attack case dies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/former-du-professor-sar-geelani-who-was-convicted-and-later-acquitted-in-parliament-attack-case-dies/articleshow/71745985.cms |access-date=2024-12-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He was presented as the mastermind of the entire attack.{{cn|date=February 2020}} Geelani, a young lecturer at [[Delhi University]], received support from his outraged colleagues and friends, who were certain that he had been framed.{{cn|date=February 2020}} They contacted the well-known lawyer [[Nandita Haksar]] and asked her to take on his case.{{cn|date=February 2020}}<br />
<br />
Afzal Guru, sentenced to death by Indian court and due to be hanged on 20 October 2006, had his execution stayed. His family had camped in New Delhi to meet the [[President of India|President]] [[A.P.J Abdul Kalam]] to accept the mercy petition. The family of [[Kamlesh Kumari]] Yadav, a [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] [[Private (rank)#India and Pakistan|Jawan]] who died in the attack has said that they would return the [[Ashok Chakra Award|Ashok Chakra]], if the president accepted the petition, and on 13 December 2006, the families of the deceased returned the medals to the government. As of April 2007, Abdul Kalam refused to interfere in the judicial process.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vinay |first=Kumar |date=30 April 2007 |title=Kalam: law will take its course in Afzal case |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2007/04/30/stories/2007043005720100.htm |access-date=3 March 2009}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The sentence was scheduled to be carried out on 20 October 2006, but Afzal was given a stay of execution and remained on death row. On 3 February 2013, his mercy petition was rejected by the then [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Smita |date=13 February 2016 |title=The role of Pranab Mukherjee in Afzal Guru's hanging |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-role-of-pranab-mukherjee-in-afzal-gurus-hanging/article4397765.ece |access-date=5 January 2018 |quote=Though Afzal Guru’s mercy petition file came to Rashtrapati Bhavan on August 4, 2011 (when Ms. Patil was in office), Mr. Mukherjee, after taking charge, sent the file back on November 15, 2012 to the Home Ministry for a fresh look. The Home Ministry returned the file to the President on January 23 this year, and he sent it back, rejecting the petition, on February 3, paving the way for Saturday’s execution.}}</ref> He was hanged in Delhi's Tihar Jail at 08:00<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Rajesh |title=Indian Parliament Attack Planner Hanged |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324590904578292910964921342}}</ref> on 9 February 2013, and buried in Tihar jail with full religious rites.<ref>{{cite news |author=Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar |date=13 June 2016 |title=In Tihar, officials feel 'tinge of sorrow' |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-tihar-officials-feel-tinge-of-sorrow/article4400897.ece |access-date=5 January 2018 |quote=Thereafter Afzal’s body was taken down from the gallows and buried with full religious rites near Jail No. 3, right next to the grave of Kashmiri separatist Maqbool Butt who too was hanged in Tihar.}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shaukat Hussain was released nine months prior to his scheduled date of release on account of his good conduct.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 February 2013 |title=All you need to know about the 2001 Parliament attack |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/all-you-need-to-know-about-the-2001-parliament-attack-619622.html |access-date=12 October 2014 |work=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Arundhati |date=15 December 2006 |title=India's Shame |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/15/india.kashmir |access-date=12 October 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
Two Delhi Police officials, [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Rajbir Singh<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=2008-03-26 |title=Encounter specialist killed by his own gun |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Encounter-specialist-killed-by-his-own-gun/article15191479.ece |access-date=2018-12-12 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Mohan Chand Sharma]] are credited for gathering [[prima facie]] evidence in the case. Singh was later shot dead by a friend over a property deal<ref name=":0" /> and Sharma was killed during the [[Batla House encounter case|Batla House encounter]] with militants in Delhi.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=State vs Mohd. Afzal And Ors.|court=Delhi High Court|date=29 October 2003|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031426/|access-date=12 December 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Response==<br />
{{Main|2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff}}<br />
The Indian Government initially accused [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]] and [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]] of involvement in the attack. However, Lashkar-e-Taiba denied any involvement in the incident.<ref name="demarche" /><ref name="indianembassy.org" /> In November 2002, four JeM members were arrested by Indian authorities and put on trial.<ref name="kaur" /> All four were found guilty of playing various roles in the incident, although the fourth, Afsan/Navjot Sandhu, wife of Shaukat Hussain (one of the accused) was found guilty of a minor charge of concealing knowledge of conspiracy.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/10/30/stories/2003103007840100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |quote=Ms. Guru (formerly Ms. Navjot Sandhu) had been sentenced to five-years rigorous imprisonment on the lesser charge of concealing knowledge of the conspiracy. |title=Geelani, Afsan Guru acquitted in Parliament attack case |first=Anjali |last=Mody |date=30 October 2003 |access-date=5 January 2018}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> One of the accused, [[Afzal Guru]], was sentenced to death for the incident.<ref name="4 convicted in attack">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/12/17/stories/2002121705260100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030404232535/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/12/17/stories/2002121705260100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 April 2003 |title=4 convicted in attack |date=17 December 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=8 September 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
World leaders and leaders in India's [[South Asia|immediate neighbourhood]] condemned the attack on the Parliament. On 14 December, the ruling [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) blamed Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed for the attack. Home Minister LK Advani claimed, "We have received some clues about yesterday's incident, which shows that a neighbouring country, and some terrorist organisations active there behind it",<ref name="advanipakclues">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2001/dec/14parl21.htm |title=Parliament attack: Advani points towards neighbouring country |website=Rediff.com |date=14 December 2001}}</ref> in an indirect reference to Pakistan and Pakistan-based militants groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/parl-attacks-proved-terrorism-biggest-threat-to-democracy-advani-154780.html |title=Parl attacks proved terrorism biggest threat to democracy: Advani |website=Firstpost |date=13 December 2011 |access-date=5 January 2018 |quote=Home Minister LK Advani made an indirect reference to Pakistan, saying that "clues" following the attack showed that "a neighbouring country, and some terrorist organisations active there behind" the attack.}}</ref><br />
<br />
The same day, in a ''[[demarche]]'' to Pakistani [[High Commissioner]] to India, [[Ashraf Jehangir Qazi]], India demanded that Pakistan stop the activities of LeT and JeM, that Pakistan apprehend the organisations' leaders and that Pakistan curb the financial assets and the groups' access to these assets.<ref name="demarche" /> In response to the Indian government's statements, [[Pakistani Army|Pakistani forces]] were put on high alert the same day. On 20 December, India mobilised and deployed its troops to Kashmir and Punjab in what was India's largest military mobilisation since the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani War]].<br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
[[Special OPS]]: The 2020 Indian action espionage thriller web series from [[Hotstar Specials]] created and directed by [[Neeraj Pandey]] and starring [[Kay Kay Menon]] in the lead role was based on the attacks.{{cn|date=December 2025}} [[Attack: Part 1]] is also partially based on the attacks.{{cn|date=December 2025}}<br />
<br />
In Dhurandhar Part 1<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
* [[List of Islamist terrorist attacks]]<br />
* [[List of terrorist incidents in India]]<br />
* [[List of attacks on legislatures]]<br />
* [[Islamic terrorism]]<br />
* [[Pakistan and state terrorism]]<br />
* [[2001 Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly car bombing]]<br />
* [[2014 shootings at Parliament Hill, Ottawa|2014 shootings at Parliament Hill]], a similar attack that occurred in Ottawa, Canada<br />
* [[2017 Tehran attacks]], which included an attack on the Iranian Parliament by gunmen and suicide bombers.<br />
* [[2021 storming of the United States Capitol]]<br />
* [[2023 Indian Parliament breach]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{youtube|Vt3G71Ce0cM|2001 Indian Parliament attack video}}<br />
* [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/parliament-attack-why-didnt-the-bomb-explode--afzal-guru-wonders/848307/ Parliament attack: Why didn't the bomb explode? Afzal Guru wonders]<br />
* [http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/1827942/report-book-review-the-strange-case-of-the-attack-on-the-indian-parliament Book review: The Strange Case of the Attack on the Indian Parliament]<br />
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/unanswered-questions-are-the-remains-of-the-day/article4397789.ece Unanswered questions are the remains of the day]<br />
* Delhi High Court: State vs Mohd. Afzal And Ors., on 29 October, 2003 [https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1031426/]<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{Islamic terrorism in Asia}}<br />
{{Attacks on legislatures}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Parliament attack, 2001}}<br />
[[Category:2001 in international relations]]<br />
[[Category:2001 in Indian politics]]<br />
[[Category:2001 mass shootings in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Grenade attacks in India]]<br />
[[Category:2000s in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:2001 murders in India]]<br />
[[Category:2000s trials]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in India]]<br />
[[Category:Attacks on buildings and structures in 2001]]<br />
[[Category:Attacks on legislatures in India]]<br />
[[Category:December 2001 crimes in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:December 2001 in India]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]<br />
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations|2001 Parliament attack]]<br />
[[Category:2001 mass murders]]<br />
[[Category:Mass shootings in India]]<br />
[[Category:Murder in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2001]]<br />
[[Category:Murder trials]]<br />
[[Category:Parliament of India|2001 attack]]<br />
[[Category:Suicide bombings in 2001]]<br />
[[Category:Suicide bombings in India]]<br />
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2001|Parliament attack]]<br />
[[Category:Trials in India|2001 Parliament attack]]<br />
[[Category:Military history of Delhi]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mom_(film)&diff=453610Mom (film)2026-03-25T20:17:58Z<p>WillisHeiman326: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2017 Indian film}}<br />
{{About||the web series|Mai (TV series)|the short film|Mum (film)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mom<br />
| image = Mom film poster.jpg<br />
| alt = Film poster, with three people and a person's eyes<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mom-new-posters-sridevi-faces-a-choice-between-love-trust-and-suspect-dont-miss-nawazuddin-siddiqui-see-photos-4683200/|title=MOM new posters: Sridevi faces a choice between Love, Trust and Suspect. Don't miss Nawazuddin Siddiqui. See photos|last=Sundar|first=Priyanka|date=31 May 2017|access-date=6 June 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
| director = Ravi Udyawar<br />
| producer = {{ubl|[[Sunil Manchanda]]|Naresh Agarwal|Mukesh Talreja|Gautam Jain|[[Boney Kapoor]]}}<br />
| screenplay = [[Girish Kohli]]<br />
| story = Ravi Udyawar<br />[[Girish Kohli]]<br />[[Kona Venkat]]<br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Sridevi]]<br />
* [[Sajal Aly]]<br />
* [[Akshaye Khanna]]<br />
* [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]<br />
* [[Adnan Siddiqui]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = '''Score:'''<br />[[A. R. Rahman]]<br />[[Qutub-E-Kripa]]<br />'''Songs:'''<br />[[A. R. Rahman]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Anay Goswamy]]<br />
| editing = Monisha R. Baldawa<br />
| studio = [[Zee Studios]]<br> [[Sunil Manchanda|MAD Films]]<br />Third Eye Pictures<br>BSK Film Network<br />
| distributor = Zee Studios<br>[[PVR Pictures]]<br>[[Zee Studios|Zee Studios International]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2017|07|7|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 146 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR|30 [[crore]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mom/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office|title=Mom - Movie - Box Office India|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=7 July 2017 }}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR|175.7 [[crore]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt5690142|title=Mom - Box Office|website=boxofficemojo.com}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mom''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller]] film directed by Ravi Udyawar, with a [[screenplay]] by [[Girish Kohli]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://behtareen.pk/2017/03/14/adnan-siddiqui-sajal-aly-starrer-mom-releasing-on-july-14-2017/|title=Adnan Siddiqui, Sajal Aly starrer MOM releasing on July 14, 2017|publisher=Behtareen|access-date=4 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403090131/http://behtareen.pk/2017/03/14/adnan-siddiqui-sajal-aly-starrer-mom-releasing-on-july-14-2017/|archive-date=3 April 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Nawazuddin-Siddiqui-Sridevi-to-team-up-for-Mom/articleshow/51221044.cms|title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Sridevi to team-up for 'Mom'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 May 2016|access-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> The film stars [[Sridevi]] as a vigilante who sets out to avenge her stepdaughter after she is raped at a party. The film co-stars [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Akshaye Khanna]], and Pakistani actors [[Sajal Aly]] and [[Adnan Siddiqui]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/mom-pakistani-actors-adnan-siddiqui-and-sajal-ali-appreciated-but-future-uncertain/story-xEdQAr607uwiqauTIayuiO.html|title=Mom: Pakistani actors Adnan Siddiqui and Sajal Aly appreciated, but future uncertain|date=3 June 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mom-star-sridevi-at-53-is-the-rare-middle-aged-actor-that-bollywood-loves-to-love-4736963/|title=At 53, MOM star Sridevi is the rare middle-aged actor that Bollywood loves to love|date=6 July 2017}}</ref> The music of the film was composed and produced by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sridevi-dream-realised-by-working-with-rahman/articleshow/59277808.cms|title=Sridevi: Dream realised by working with Rahman|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
''Mom'' was released on 7 July 2017 in four languages. It was a global [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]], grossing {{INRConvert|{{#expr:110.8+64.9}}|c|lk=c}} worldwide. The film received positive reviews from critics, with Sridevi receiving widespread acclaim for her "powerhouse" performance. It was her 300th (and final) major film appearance before her death on 24 February 2018.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Mohar Basu |date=10 May 2017 |title=This fact of Sridevi's 'Mom' will blow your mind |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sridevi-mom-film-debut-boney-kapoor-nawazuddin-siddiqui-bollywood-news/18236194 |access-date=10 May 2017 |website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="An Era Is Over": Bollywood Icon Sridevi Dies At 54 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/actor-sridevi-dies-at-age-54-1816838 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Mom'' received two awards at the [[65th National Film Awards]]: [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Sridevi, the first posthumous award in that category) and [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Background Score]] (Rahman). The film received six nominations at the [[63rd Filmfare Awards]], including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]] (both for Sridevi) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Siddiqui).<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<!--REMINDER - per [[BP:FILMPLOT]], plot summaries should be between 400 and 700 words--><br />
Devki Sabarwal is a vivacious [[biology]] teacher who is popular with her students. However, her stepdaughter Arya rebuffs her attempts to build a relationship despite Devki's persistence and warmth, as she still misses her biological mother. One day in class, a student Mohit Chadda sends Arya an inappropriate video; Devki throws his phone out the window. When Arya is invited to a [[Valentine's Day]] party at Zodiac Farms, Devki and Arya's father Anand reluctantly allow her to go. Arya rejects the advances of Mohit and his cousin, Charles Deewan, at the party. Angered by the public rejection, Charles, Mohit, their [[criminal]] friend Joginder "Jagan" Singh, and farmhouse security guard Baburam Yadav ambush and kidnap Arya when she leaves the party. They brutally [[gang rape]] and strangle her, then dump her in a roadside ditch, leaving her for dead. Arya is found barely alive by a man walking his dog the next morning, and brought to a [[hospital]]; Devki and Anand are shattered. She suffers serious internal injuries, but recovers over the next month and names her attackers.<br />
<br />
Inspector Mathew Francis quickly rounds up the perpetrators; however, the case falls apart when Arya is found to have consumed alcohol at the party, raising the possibility that her memory is unreliable. In addition, the tardily-collected semen samples are too weak to match those of her attackers. The four men are acquitted due to a lack of evidence. Arya, in shock and broken by the verdict, withdraws and tears away from Devki. The family's lawyer suggests appealing to a higher court, but Devki has lost her faith in the legal system.<br />
<br />
Devki remembers a shady detective, Dayashankar Kapoor ("DK"), whom she had met at the police station on the night of the crime. Having a daughter himself, DK understands her pain and agrees to help her seek revenge for Arya's ordeal. Devki enlists her former students to attack Baburam, and they seduce and drug him. He awakens four days later, still drunk and remembering nothing, and discovers that he has been [[castrated]]. In a state of shock, he [[Accidental death|dies in an accident]]. Devki then breaks into Charles' home and mixes crushed apple seeds, a source of [[cyanide]], into his powdered nutritional supplement. Charles is paralysed, and when Mohit visits him at the hospital, Devki (tipped off by DK) plants apple seeds and other evidence at Mohit's home; however, she leaves behind her glasses. Mathew quickly arrests Mohit and he is charged with murder since Charles is dying.<br />
<br />
As Devki eliminates each of Arya's attackers, their stories appear on the news, which Arya sees. She starts to believe that a vigilante (perhaps her father) is at work, and is deeply grateful. Mathew also suspects Anand, since he had attacked Mohit in court; he has Anand tailed but learns nothing. Mathew finds Devki's glasses in Mohit's apartment and begins to suspect her. He warns Devki that the fourth man, Jagan, is a hardened criminal and that going after him will endanger her family. Jagan visits Mohit, who is being physically abused by another inmate in prison and insists he was framed. Jagan then visits Charles, who tells him "Mom" before he dies, revealing Devki is the perpetrator. Jagan goes after DK and learns that Devki and her family are on holiday at a snow cottage in [[Kufri, India|Kufri]]. He kills DK and tracks down Devki. Mathew later finds a hidden camera in DK's glasses and hurries to save Devki.<br />
<br />
Jagan cuts the power to the cottage and shoots Anand. He corners Arya but has a scuffle with Devki while Arya flees outside. Jagan chases her, and Devki tries to save her stepdaughter. Jagan is about to kill Devki when Mathew tackles him. In a standoff, Devki and Mathew point their guns at Jagan; Matthew tries to dissuade Devki by telling her that Anand is alive, and she will go to jail if she shoots Jagan. Jagan angrily describes how Devki finished off the other attackers, which Arya overhears. Devki knows that if Jagan is left alive, he will come after her again; Mathew then hands her his gun and urges her to kill Jagan. Devki hesitates, but when an overwhelmed Arya calls her "Mom" for the first time, she shoots Jagan dead. Arya and Devki share a tearful, tender embrace.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*[[Sridevi]] as Devki Sabarwal<br />
*[[Akshaye Khanna]] as Inspector Mathew Francis<br />
*[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Detective Dayashankar Kapoor ("DK")<br />
*[[Sajal Aly]] as Arya Sabarwal<br />
*[[Adnan Siddiqui]] as Anand Sabarwal<br />
*[[Pitobash Tripathy]] as Guard Baburam Pandey<br />
*[[Abhimanyu Singh]] as Joginder "Jagan" Singh<br />
*[[Rajshri Deshpande]] as Kohinoor Kapoor, DK's wife<br />
*[[R. Madhavan]] as Puneet Sabarwal (Cameo)<br />
*[[Adarsh Gourav]] as Mohit Chadha<br />
*[[Vikas Verma]] as Charles Deewan<br />
*Riva Arora as Priya "Piyu" Sabarwal<br />
*Vara Raturi as Sapna, Arya's best friend<br />
*[[Ivan Sylvester Rodrigues]] as Arya's school principal<br />
*[[Tripti Dimri]] as Swati, Arya's and Mohit's classmate<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
===Casting and development===<br />
It was announced in early 2016 that [[Sridevi]] would star in [[Boney Kapoor]]'s upcoming women's film, ''Mom'', which would be directed by Ravi Udyawar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui and Sridevi to work in Mom|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-nawazuddin-siddiqui-and-sridevi-to-work-together-in-mom-2184727|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=2 March 2016|date=2 March 2016}}</ref> [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] was cast in a leading role, and said that it was a dream come true for him to work with Sridevi.<ref>{{cite web|first=Natasha|last= Coutinho|title=Nawazuddin Siddiqui - Dream come true to work with Sridevi|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nawazuddin-siddiqui-dream-come-true-to-work-with-sridevi/articleshow/52122104.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 March 2016|date=13 March 2016}}</ref> [[Akshaye Khanna]] and actors [[Sajal Aly]] and [[Adnan Siddiqui]] were then cast,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/director-ravi-udyawar-on-pakistani-artistes-adnan-siddiqui-and-sajal-ali-boycott-it-shouldnt-be-happening/articleshow/59469944.cms|title=Director Ravi Udyawar on Pakistani artistes Adnan Siddiqui and Sajal Aly boycott: It shouldn't be happening|website=The Times of India|date=6 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Irfan|last= Ul Haq|title=Adnan Siddiqui stars as Sridevi's husband in Mom|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1175255|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|access-date=2 May 2016|date=2 May 2016}}</ref> and [[A. R. Rahman]] was signed to compose the film's music.<ref>{{cite web|title=A R Rahman to score music for Sridevi's Mom|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ar-rahman-to-scrore-music-for-sridevi-s-mom-news-bollywood-rdqkpXheceedj.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316141507/http://www.sify.com/movies/ar-rahman-to-scrore-music-for-sridevi-s-mom-news-bollywood-rdqkpXheceedj.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 March 2017|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=16 March 2017|date=16 March 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
Filming began in [[New Delhi]] in March 2016 near [[Shri Ram College of Commerce]] at [[Delhi University]] and [[Noida]] Film City.<ref>{{cite web|first=Saloni |last=Bhatia|title=Sridevi in Delhi North Campus|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sridevi-turns-school-teacher-in-North-Campus-in-Delhi/articleshow/51619109.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 March 2017|date=13 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sridevi shoots at Delhi police station|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Sridevi-shoots-at-Delhi-police-station/articleshow/51730707.cms/|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 March 2017|date=21 March 2016}}</ref> ''Mom'' was then filmed on a lengthy schedule in [[Mestia]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sridevi and family fly off to Georgia|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/040516/sridevi-and-family-fly-off-to-georgia-for-film.html|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=13 March 2017|date=4 May 2016}}</ref> The crew shot in freezing conditions ({{convert|-7|°C}}) for over two months.<ref>{{cite web|first=Rachit |last=Gupta|title=Sridevi shoots for Mom in Georgia's freezing weather|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/sridevi-shoots-for-mom-in-georgias-freezing-weather-13891.html|work=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=14 June 2016|date=13 March 2017}}</ref> Despite the weather, filming was successful.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sridevi wraps up Mom's Georgia schedule|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/sridevi-wraps-up-mom-s-georgia-schedule/story-pWRk7G9nJUvuuXWmuPHeaK.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=15 June 2016|date=15 June 2016}}</ref> Shooting resumed in March 2017, and the film's last leg was completed in [[Bangkok]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Natasha|last= Coutinho|title=Sridevi starrer Mom shifted to Bangkok|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/mom-sridevi-starrer-moved-from-delhi-to-bangkok/articleshow/57370490.cms|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|access-date=27 February 2017|date=27 February 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Release and marketing==<br />
''Mom'' was previewed at the 2017 [[Zee Cine Awards]] by [[Salman Khan]], who called Sridevi "a bigger star than the Khans."<ref>{{cite web|title='Sridevi is Bollywood's biggest superstar'|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/192863-Sridevi-is-Bollywoods-biggest-superstar|work=[[The News International]]|access-date=17 March 2017|date=14 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Lipika|last=Varma|title=Here's why Salman thinks Sridevi is bigger star than Khans and Akshay|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/130317/family-first-for-sridevi.html|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=13 March 2017|date=14 March 2017}}</ref> Sridevi shared the trailer on [[Twitter]], where it went viral.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mom First Look out! Twitter goes gaga|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mom-first-poster-out-twitter-goes-gaga-over-sridevis-intriguing-look/18073155|work=[[Mid-Day]]|access-date=14 March 2017|date=14 March 2017}}</ref> It had 1.2 million views in its first 24 hours on [[YouTube]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Mom Teaser: Sridevi's film impresses|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mom-teaser-sridevi-leads-the-film-but-it-is-nawazuddin-siddiqui-who-raises-our-curiosity-watch-video-4596163/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2 April 2017|date=2 April 2017}}</ref> and had a positive reception in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|first=Shekhar|last=Hooli|title=Sridevi's Mom Teaser gets bigger response in Pakistan|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/sridevis-mom-teaser-gets-bigger-response-pakistan-india-721652|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=2 April 2017|date=2 April 2017}}</ref> The trailer's success had distributors in South India asking for a dubbed version of the film.<ref>{{cite web|first=Nilanjana |last=Basu|title=Sridevi's Mom to Release in Four Languages|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/sridevis-mom-to-release-in-4-languages-1692262|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=11 May 2017|date=11 May 2017}}</ref> The filmmakers announced that ''Mom'' would also be dubbed and released in Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|author1=Jaidev|title=Owing To Popular Demand Down South, Sridevi's 'Mom' To Release In Four Languages!|url=http://www.movietalkies.com/news/owing-popular-demand-south-sridevis-mom-release-four-languages/|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=11 May 2017|date=11 May 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was released in [[China]] on 22 March 2019, two years after its release in India. [[Zee Studios|Zee Studios International]] and its distributors, released an international poster for Chinese audiences.<ref name="china">{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=26 February 2019|number = 1100316656771813376 |title=#Xclusiv: Sridevi's final major film #Mom will release in #China on 22 March 2019... Zee Studios International release... Poster for local audience: https://t.co/mgJQitTohq}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
<br />
===Box office ===<br />
''Mom'' grossed {{INR}}14.25 crore on its first domestic weekend,<ref>{{cite news |date=10 July 2017 |title=Mom Box Office Collection {{!}} First Weekend {{!}} Day Wise |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mom/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office |access-date=}}</ref> and had a domestic gross of about {{INR}}51.78 crore. It grossed {{INR}}3.87 crore in North America, {{INR}}164 million in the United Kingdom, {{INR}}4.2 million in Australia, {{INR}}1.4 million in New Zealand, {{INR}}34.5 million in the United Arab Emirates, {{INR}}100,000 in Malaysia, and {{INR}}36 million in the rest of the world, bringing its worldwide 2017 gross to {{INR|64.9 crore}}.<ref name=momgross>{{cite news|title=Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Mom|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-mom/|access-date=29 July 2017|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=8 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film was released in China on 10 May 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mom |url=http://english.entgroup.cn/667122/ |website=EntGroup |access-date=14 May 2019}}</ref> It had an opening-weekend gross of {{US$|5.96 million}} ({{INR|41.8 crore}}) in that country,<ref>{{cite news |title=Mom collects 5.96 mil. USD [Rs. 41.85 cr.] at the China box office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/mom-collects-5-96-mil-usd-rs-41-85-cr-at-the-china-box-office/ |access-date=14 May 2019 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 May 2019}}</ref> ranking fourth behind the Hollywood films ''[[Pokémon Detective Pikachu]]'' and ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' and the Arabic film ''[[Capernaum (film)|Capernaum]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Box Office > China |url=http://english.entgroup.cn/boxoffice/cn/daily/?date=05%20/12%20/2019 |website=EntGroup |date=12 May 2019 |access-date=13 May 2019}}</ref> By 4 June 2019, ''Mom'' had grossed {{US$|16.97 million|long=no}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Daily Box Office > China |url=http://english.entgroup.cn/boxoffice/cn/daily/?date=06%20/04%20/2019 |access-date=2 May 2022 |website=EntGroup}}</ref> ({{INR|110.8 crore}}) in China.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sridevi's Mom crosses USD 16 million in China |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/sridevis-mom-crosses-usd-16-million-in-china-2208916.html |access-date=13 June 2019 |work=[[Zee News]] |date=4 June 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Critical response===<br />
[[File:Sridevi 2014.jpg|alt=A smiling Sridevi at an event|thumb|[[Sridevi]]'s performance in the title role received widespread critical acclaim, earning her the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]].]]<br />
''Mom'' received positive reviews from critics, with Sridevi's performance receiving widespread critical acclaim. Meena Iyer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film four stars out of five and said, "This one still manages to stay ahead with some interesting twists and turns".<ref name="Meena Iyer">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/mom/movie-review/59458260.cms|title=Mom Movie Review|date=7 July 2017|access-date=7 July 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Meena Iyer}}</ref> Sarita A. Tanwar of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave it three stars, saying, "''Mom'' is interestingly cast and that's a major part of the battle won."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-mom-review-sridevi-s-heroic-performance-makes-it-a-must-watch-2494744|title='MOM' review: Sridevi's heroic performance makes it a must watch!|date=7 July 2017|access-date=7 July 2017|work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]|author=Sarita A Tanwar}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film two out of five stars: "The plot is riddled with holes, and is too focused on Sridevi."<ref name="Shubhra Gupta">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mom-movie-review-sridevi-nawazuddin-siddiqui-akshaye-khanna-star-rating-4738669/|title=MOM movie review: Sridevi tries hard to carry the film, but a weak plot fails her|date=7 July 2017|access-date=7 July 2017|work=[[The Indian Express]]|author=Shubhra Gupta}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV India]] gave it 3.5 out of five stars, saying that the film was not a "conventional rape-and-revenge drama" with a "clearly defined moral and emotional context."<ref name="Saibal Chatterjee">{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mom-movie-review-sridevi-magnificently-expressive-is-a-treat-to-watch-1721668|title=MOM Movie Review: Sridevi, Magnificently Expressive, Is A Treat To Watch|date=7 June 2017|access-date=7 July 2017|author=Saibal Chatterjee|publisher=[[NDTV India]]}}</ref> Mayank Shekhar of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave it three out of five stars; "the filmmakers effectively employ their talent" on the ensemble cast, characters, and "fine passages of photography and production design."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mom-movie-review-sridevi-film-akshaye-khanna-nawazuddin-siddiqui-bollywood-film-review/18399187|title=Mom Movie Review: Sridevi is surely the tiger mom!|date=7 July 2017|access-date=7 July 2017|work=[[Mid-Day]]|author=Mayank Shekhar}}</ref> According to an [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] review in ''[[The Economic Times]]'', "The scenes are cut in a way that they heighten the drama without resorting to hysteria."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/mom-review-sridevis-300th-landmark-movie-has-the-right-mix-of-thrills-chills-and-captivating-performances/articleshow/59468879.cms|title='Mom' review: Sridevi's 300th landmark movie has the right mix of thrills, chills and captivating performances|date=6 July 2017|access-date=7 July 2017|work=[[The Economic Times]]|author=IANS}}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Kunal Guha of the ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of five stars and said, "Several scenes in ''Mom'' wordlessly convey more than what can be said through dialogue."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-review/mom-movie-review-sridevi-akshaye-khanna-and-nawazuddin-siddiquis-class-act-elevates-this-hard-hitting-drama/articleshow/59468578.cms|title=MOM MOVIE REVIEW: SRIDEVI, AKSHAYE KHANNA AND NAWAZUDDIN SIDDIQUI'S CLASS ACT ELEVATES THIS HARD-HITTING DRAMA|date=7 July 2017|access-date=7 July 2017|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|author=Kunal Guha}}</ref> Rajeev Masand of [[News18 India]] gave it 2.5 out of five stars and said, "''Mom'' is a far from perfect film, but it's never boring."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/mom-movie-review-a-far-from-perfect-film-but-never-boring-1455029.html|title=MOM: A Far From Perfect Film, But Never Boring|date=7 July 2017|access-date=10 July 2017|publisher=[[News18 India]]|author=Rajeev Masand}}</ref> Rohit Vats of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film three stars out of five and said that it "can hold the audience's attention".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/mom-movie-review-nawazuddin-siddiqui-steals-sridevi-s-thunder-in-this-revenge-drama/story-8E1VGSkE05cQYGmkwWdsvM.html|title=Mom movie review: Nawazuddin Siddiqui steals Sridevi's thunder in this revenge drama|date=9 July 2017|access-date=10 July 2017|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|author=Rohit Vats}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sridevi's performance was highlighted. ''[[India Today]]'' called the actress "unbelievably good as the mother thirsty for revenge,"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mom-movie-review-sridevi-nawazuddin-siddiqui-1023017-2017-07-07|title=Mom Movie Review India Today|date=7 July 2017|access-date=7 July 2017|work=[[India Today]]|author=Ananya Bhattacharya}}</ref> and ''[[NDTV]]'' found her "magnificently expressive as the titular figure."<ref name="Saibal Chatterjee"/> A reviewer in ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that she gave a "captivating performance where she walks you through the entire gamut of emotions with panache",<ref name="Meena Iyer"/> and an ''[[Indian Express]]'' reviewer wrote: "Sridevi needs only a twitch or a glance to prove that she is a powerhouse and there are several scenes she lifts by just being there."<ref name="Shubhra Gupta"/> According to ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', "Turning your eyes elsewhere will be criminal when Sridevi is on screen in the film,"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/070717/mom-movie-review-sridevis-stellar-performance-saves-this-stale-story.html|title=Deccan Chronicle Mom Review|date=7 July 2017|access-date=7 July 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|author=Rohit Bhatnagar}}</ref> and ''[[Rediff]]'' called the actress "the master of expressivity&nbsp;... it's classic Sridevi."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/mom-review-more-power-to-sridevi/20170707.htm|title=Rediff-More Power to Sridevi|date=9 July 2017|access-date=8 July 2017|work=[[Rediff]]|author=Sukanya Verma}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] said, "Sridevi's performance elevates ''Mom'' to another level".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n_CUGxyZnfA|title=Rajeev Masand Review of Mom|date=7 July 2017|access-date=7 July 2017|work=[[TV18]]|author=Rajeev Masand}}</ref> According to a ''Firstpost'' review, "Here is a 53-year-old leading actress doing what Amitabh Bachchan once excelled at&nbsp;... Sridevi is a far more riveting watch than a shirtless Salman Khan with his 6 plus packs or the quintessential middle-aged Hindi film hero, who refuses to grow up&nbsp;... Suddenly, Bollywood shines bright with hope for the heroine over 50."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mom-is-unabashedly-a-sridevi-show-is-this-the-shining-beacon-for-middle-aged-actresses-3787221.html|title=Mom is unabashedly a Sridevi show|date=8 July 2017|access-date=8 July 2017|work=Firstpost|author=Gayatri Gauri}}</ref><br />
<br />
Manjusha Radhakrishnan of ''[[Gulf News]]'' gave ''Mom'' 3.5 out of five stars, calling the film a "taut thriller studded with some superlative performances".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gulfnews.com/leisure/movies/reviews/mom-film-review-sridevi-shines-in-taut-thriller-1.2054168|title='Mom' film review: Sridevi shines in taut thriller|date=6 July 2017|access-date=7 July 2017|work=[[Gulf News]]|author=Manjusha Radhakrishnan}}</ref> Sadaf Siddique of ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' wrote, "It is the riveting performances that hold the narrative together despite its flaws."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177972|title=Review: 'Mom' propels the raw power of desi motherhood to a cathartic but troubling conclusion|date=10 July 2010|access-date=10 July 2010|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|author=Sadaf Siddique}}</ref> Rohit Bhatnagar of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film three out of five stars in a lukewarm review: "Although the production of the film makes it look grand and fancy, the climax is too dramatic for such an intense film."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/070717/mom-movie-review-sridevis-stellar-performance-saves-this-stale-story.html|title=Mom movie review: Sridevi's stellar performance saves this stale story|date=7 July 2010|access-date=10 July 2010|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|author=Rohit Bhatnagar}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Awards and nominations ===<br />
Ravi Udyawar directed Mom and the movie was qualified for the '''[[75th Golden Globe Awards]]''' in the foreign film category. As this is the last film for Sridevi, Boney Kapoor says that their motive is to share the beautiful story and honor her.[https://nettv4u.com/latest-hindi-celebrity-news/sridevi-s-mom-in-china]<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Award<br />
!Category <br />
!Recipient <br />
!Result <br />
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[65th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]] <br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br />
|[[Sridevi]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|rowspan=2|<ref name="News 18">{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/65th-national-film-awards-live-sridevi-posthumously-awarded-best-actress-for-mom-newton-wins-best-hindi-film-1717053.html |title=65th National Film Awards LIVE: Sridevi Posthumously Awarded Best Actress; Vinod Khanna Honoured With Dada Saheb Phalke Award |date=13 April 2018 |publisher=News 18 |access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Background Score]]<br />
|[[A. R. Rahman]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actress]]<br />
|rowspan=3|Sridevi<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|rowspan=2|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Zee Cine Critics Award for Best Actor – Female|Best Actress (Critics)]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=2|[[19th IIFA Awards|IIFA Awards]]<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-awards-2018-tumhari-sulu-sridevi-and-irrfan-khan-complete-list-of-winners-1872575|title=IIFA Awards 2018: Tumhari Sulu, Sridevi And Irrfan Khan - Complete List Of Winners|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en|access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref><br><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/iifa-2018-full-winners-list-tumhari-sulu-wins-best-film-1268605-2018-06-25|title=IIFA 2018 full winners list: Sridevi and Irrfan are best actors of 2017|date=June 25, 2018 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
|[[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan=6|[[63rd Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br />
|rowspan=2|Sridevi<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|rowspan=6|<ref>{{cite news|title=63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018: Complete winners' list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018-complete-winners-list/articleshow/62582673.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 January 2018}}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/wow-shah-rukh-khan-host-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018/|title=Shah Rukh Khan to host the 63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=27 December 2017 }}</ref><br><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018_-26161-10.html|title=63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018 Nominations|date=18 January 2018}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
|Nawazuddin Siddiqui<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]<br />
|A. R. Rahman<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
|Monisha R. Baldawa<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]<br />
|Nihar Ranjan Samal<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Screen Awards]]<br />
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |Sridevi<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[GQ|GQ Excellence Awards]]<br />
| Excellence in Acting<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<ref name="Sridevi dazzles at GQ event">{{cite news|title=Sridevi dazzles at GQ event|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/gallery/entertainment/230917/aamir-breaks-norm-sridevi-ranveer-anushka-malaika-dazzle-at-awards-show.html|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=17 June 2017|date=10 October 2017}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Masala Magazine Awards - Dubai<br />
|Outstanding Performance of the Year<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<ref name="thestatesman.com">{{cite news|title=Megastar Sridevi wins outstanding performance of the year at the Masala Awards in Dubai|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/bollywood/megastar-sridevi-wins-outstanding-performance-year-masala-awards-dubai-see-pics-1502545624.html|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Bollywood Film Journalists Awards<br />
|Best Actress<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|<ref name="mirchimusicawards.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards|website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[10th Mirchi Music Awards|Mirchi Music Awards]]<br />
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year]]<br />
|Sudeep Jaipurwale for "Be Nazaara"<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|<ref name="Indiawest">{{cite news|title=Vidya Balan, Rajkummar Rao Emerge Big Winners at Powerbrand Bollywood Film Journalists Awards: See Pics|url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/vidya-balan-rajkummar-rao-emerge-big-winners-at-powerbrand-bollywood/article_d02a6fb6-22eb-11e8-9300-27c023189094.html|work=[[India-West]]|access-date=8 March 2018|archive-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231207/http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/vidya-balan-rajkummar-rao-emerge-big-winners-at-powerbrand-bollywood/article_d02a6fb6-22eb-11e8-9300-27c023189094.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Mom<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 27 June 2017<br />
| recorded = 2017<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = [[Tribhovandas Bhimji Zaveri|ENZY Studios]], [[Mumbai]]<br />[[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]], [[Chennai]]<br />A. R. Studios, Mumbai<br />
| genre = Feature-film [[soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=37|s=30}}<br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| producer = A. R. Rahman<br />
| prev_title = [[Sachin: A Billion Dreams]]<br />
| prev_year = 2017<br />
| year = 2017<br />
| next_title = [[Viceroy's House (film)|Viceroy's House]]<br />
| next_year = 2017<br />
}}<br />
<br />
''Mom''{{'s}} soundtrack album was released on 27 June 2017 by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. Its first song, "O Sona Tere Liye",<ref>{{cite news|title=AR Rahman weaves magic with Sridevi's new song from Mom, O Sona|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ar-rahman-weaves-magic-with-sridevi-s-new-song-from-mom-o-sona/story-xap5zUOAwBBmlswzkg3a8J.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=17 June 2017|date=17 June 2017}}</ref> was praised; ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called it as "a soothing balm for a hurt soul,"<ref>{{cite news|title=MOM O Sona Tere Liye song: Sridevi, AR Rahman number is like soothing balm for a hurt soul.|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mom-o-sona-tere-liye-song-sridevi-ar-rahman-number-is-like-soothing-balm-for-a-hurt-soul-see-video-4707270/|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=16 June 2017|date=16 June 2017}}</ref> and a ''Times of India'' reviewer said that the "song will stir your soul."<ref>{{cite news|title='Mom' new song: A.R. Rahman's 'O Sona Tere Liye' will stir your soul|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/mom-new-song-a-r-rahmans-o-sona-tere-liye-will-stir-your-soul/articleshow/59192333.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 June 2017|date=17 June 2017}}</ref> Rahman received the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|National Film Award for Best Music Direction (Background Score)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/65th-national-film-awards-live-sridevi-posthumously-awarded-best-actress-for-mom-newton-wins-best-hindi-film-1717053.html|title=65th National Film Awards LIVE: Sridevi Posthumously Awarded Best Actress; Vinod Khanna Honoured With Dada Saheb Phalke Award |date=13 April 2018 |publisher=News 18date=13 April 2018|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Hindi version<br />
| all_music = [[A. R. Rahman]]<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 37:30<br />
| title1 = O Sona Tere Liye<br />
| extra1 = A. R. Rahman, [[Shashaa Tirupati]]<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Irshad Kamil]]<br />
| length1 = 05:20<br />
| title2 = Kooke Kawn<br />
| note2 = Traditional<br />
| extra2 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Blaaze]], Sameera Bharadwaj, Altamash Faridi<br />
| lyrics2 = Irshad Kamil<br />
| length2 = 03:33<br />
| title3 = Raakh Baaki<br />
| extra3 = [[Jonita Gandhi]], Rianjali<br />
| lyrics3 = Irshad Kamil, Rianjali<br />
| length3 = 05:43<br />
| title4 = Freaking Life<br />
| extra4 = Rianjali, [[Raja Kumari]], [[Suzanne D'Mello]]<br />
| lyrics4 = Irshad Kamil, Rianjali<br />
| length4 = 04:05<br />
| title5 = Chal Kahin Door<br />
| extra5 = Shashaa Tirupati<br />
| lyrics5 = Irshad Kamil<br />
| length5 = 06:28<br />
| title6 = Muafi Mushkil<br />
| extra6 = [[Darshana KT|Darshana]]<br />
| lyrics6 = Irshad Kamil<br />
| length6 = 04:48<br />
| title7 = Be Nazaara<br />
| note7 = Traditional<br />
| extra7 = Sudeep Jaipurwale<br />
| length7 = 07:36<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
|+Tamil version<br />
!No.<br />
!Title<br />
!Lyrics<br />
!Singer(s)<br />
!Length<br />
|-<br />
|1.<br />
|Poongaatre<br />
|Thamarai<br />
|[[Anand Aravindakshan]], Priyanka NK<br />
|05:20<br />
|-<br />
|2.<br />
|Kooke Kawn<br />
|Vivek<br />
|Sunder Iyer, Pooja, [[Sharanya Srinivas]], Blaaze<br />
|03:33<br />
|-<br />
|3.<br />
|Raatchasa Thee<br />
|Vivek, Rianjali<br />
|Isshrath Quadhree, Rianjali<br />
|05:43<br />
|-<br />
|4.<br />
|Netrai Vendru Naan<br />
|[[Kutti Revathi]]<br />
|[[Saindhavi|Saindhavi Prakash]] (Film Version)/ [[Shreya Ghoshal]] (Trailer Version)<br />
|06:28<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
|+Telugu version<br />
!No.<br />
!Title<br />
!Lyrics<br />
!Singer(s)<br />
!Length<br />
|-<br />
|1.<br />
|Poongaatre<br />
|Ananda Sriram<br />
|Hemachandra, Priyanka NK<br />
|05:20<br />
|-<br />
|2.<br />
|Padhavalu Pakkanolu<br />
|[[Ananta Sriram]]<br />
|Sunil Kashyap, Pooja, Sharanya Srinivas, Blaaze<br />
|03:33<br />
|-<br />
|3.<br />
|Aarthi Agni Jalistundhi<br />
|[[Ananta Sriram]], Rianjali<br />
|Damini Bhatla, Rianjali<br />
|05:43<br />
|-<br />
|4.<br />
|Erooje Chindhe Chirunave<br />
|Rocky<br />
|[[Shashaa Tirupati]] (Film Version)/ Shreya Ghoshal (Trailer Version)<br />
|06:28<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable tracklist" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
|+Malayalam version<br />
!No.<br />
!Title<br />
!Lyrics<br />
!Singer(s)<br />
!Length<br />
|-<br />
|1.<br />
|O Sona<br />
|Rafeeq Ahmed<br />
|Jithin, Priyanka NK<br />
|05:20<br />
|-<br />
|2.<br />
|Kaandil Ellam<br />
|Rafeeq Ahmed<br />
|[[Palakkad Sreeram]], Pooja, Sharanya Srinivas, Blaaze<br />
|03:33<br />
|-<br />
|3.<br />
|Agni Jwala<br />
|Rafeeq Ahmed, Rianjali<br />
|[[Kavya Ajit]], Rianjali<br />
|05:43<br />
|-<br />
|4.<br />
|Onni Poo<br />
|Rafeeq Ahmed<br />
|[[Shweta Mohan]]<br />
|06:28<br />
|}<br />
''Notes:'' "Freakin' Life" and "Be Nazaara" were reused in the Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam versions with no changes. "Maafi Mushqil" appears only in the Hindi version. "Be Nazaara" is a traditional composition, arranged by A. R. Rahman for the film.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}<br />
*[[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]]<br />
* ''[[I Spit on Your Grave]]''<br />
* ''[[Death Wish (1974 film)|Death Wish]]''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|5690142}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|mom}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about women in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian legal films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Georgia (country)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]<br />
[[Category:Indian transgender-related films]]<br />
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress National Award–winning performance]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]<br />
[[Category:Films produced by Boney Kapoor]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tariq_Khan_(actor,_born_1951)&diff=539729Tariq Khan (actor, born 1951)2026-03-21T16:34:19Z<p>WillisHeiman326: new initial article w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{for|the actor by the same name|Tariq Khan (producer)}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Tariq Khan<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|9 Nov 1951|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| othername = <br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| yearsactive = 1973–1995<br />
| spouse = <br />
| relatives = See [[List of Hindi film families#Khan–Hussain family (of Nasir Hussain)|Khan–Hussain family]]<br />
| parents = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Tariq Khan''' (born 9 November 1951) is a former [[India]]n film actor known for his works in [[Hindi cinema]]. He appeared in 16 films, including ''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973), ''[[Zakhmee]]'' (1975), and ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]'' (1977).<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/nostalgia-with-tariq-khan-at-22-my-flashy-flamboyance-was-just-a-filmy-fa-ade-off-screen-i-was-a-shy-introvert-with-no-girlfriends-101635016342083.html</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Khan was born in [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, [[India]] on 9 November 1951 to Azhar Ali Khan, who married Anize Khan, the sister of [[Nasir Hussain]]. He is the paternal cousin of actors [[Nikhat Khan]], [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Faisal Khan]] and director [[Mansoor Khan]].<br />
<br />
His son works in production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/spotted-tariq-khan-at-filmistan-studios/articleshow/69587305.cms|title=Spotted: Tariq Khan at Filmistan Studios|date=May 31, 2019|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|access-date=2019-11-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
=== List of films ===<br />
<br />
*''[[Mera Damad]]'' (1995)<br />
*''[[Zevar (1987 film)|Zevar]]'' (1987)<br />
*''Paise Ke Peechhey'' (1986)<br />
*''[[Baat Ban Jaye]]'' (1986)<br />
*''[[Zabardast]]'' (1985)<br />
*''[[Manzil Manzil]]'' (1984)<br />
*''[[Bhool (film)|Bhool]]'' (1984)<br />
*''[[Pasand Apni Apni]]'' (1983)<br />
*''Bismillah Ki Barkat'' (1983)<br />
*''[[Shaukeen]]'' (1982)<br />
*''Khawaja Ki Diwani'' (1981)<br />
*''[[Zamaane Ko Dikhana Hai]]'' (1981)<br />
*''Aap Se Pyar Hua'' (1978)<br />
*''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]'' (1977)<br />
*''[[Zakhmee]]'' (1975)<br />
*''[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]'' (1973)<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
<br />
=== [[Filmfare Awards|25th Filmfare Awards]] ===<br />
<br />
* Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] for ''[[Hum Kisise Kum Naheen]]''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|nm0850450|Tariq}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Tariq}}<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:Aamir Khan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Arab descent]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pathikrit_Basu&diff=524757Pathikrit Basu2026-03-21T05:05:54Z<p>WillisHeiman326: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian film director}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pathikrit Basu<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Asutosh College]]<br />
| occupation = [[Film director]]<br />
| known_for = *[[Kachher Manush]]<br />
*[[Dabaru]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Pathikrit Basu''' is a prominent [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film director known for his diverse storytelling and impactful contributions to [[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood]]. His works traverse a wide range of genres, establishing him as a versatile and innovative filmmaker in the Bengali film industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-28 |title=Om, Ayoshi to romance in Pathikrit Basu’s next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/om-ayoshi-to-romance-in-pathikrit-basus-next/articleshow/78906959.cms |access-date=2024-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-05-01 |title=Ke Tumi Nandini movie review: Pathikrit Basu's film is an illogical mess with no redeeming quality |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ke-tumi-nandini-movie-review-pathikrit-basus-film-is-an-illogical-mess-with-no-redeeming-quality-6549351.html |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2019-11-13 |title=Ankush in Pathikrit Basu’s next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ankush-in-pathikrit-basus-next/articleshow/72038487.cms |access-date=2024-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-22 |title=Bonny, Rupsha a pair in Pathikrit Basu’s next film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/bonny-rupsha-a-pair-in-pathikrit-basus-next-film/articleshow/67637255.cms |access-date=2024-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-24 |title=Fidaa movie review: Pathikrit Basu film suffers from cringeworthy dialogue, one-dimensional characters |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/fidaa-movie-review-pathikrit-basu-film-suffers-from-cringeworthy-dialogue-one-dimensional-characters-4807521.html |access-date=2024-11-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ayoshi and Om in Pathikrit Basu’s upcoming romcom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ayoshi-and-om-in-pathikrit-basus-upcoming-romcom/articleshow/78203715.cms |access-date=2024-11-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
{{Pending films key}}<br />
<br />
=== Director ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
! Year !! Film title !! Cast !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || ''[[Haripada Bandwala]]'' <ref name=":1" />|| [[Ankush Hazra]], [[Nusrat Jahan]] || Debut as director<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''[[Total Dadagiri]]'' || [[Yash Dasgupta]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]] || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Fidaa (2018 film)|Fidaa]]''|| [[Yash Dasgupta]], Sanjana Banerjee ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Teen Cup Chaa''|| [[Sayani Ghosh]], [[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]] || <br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''Ke Tumi Nandini''<ref name=":0" />|| [[Bonny Sengupta]], Rupsa Mukhopadhyay ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''Dadur Kirti''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-19 |title=Ayoshi and Om in Pathikrit Basu’s upcoming romcom |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ayoshi-and-om-in-pathikrit-basus-upcoming-romcom/articleshow/78203715.cms |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>|| [[Om Sahani]], [[Ayoshi Talukdar]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2022 || ''[[Kacher Manush|Kachher Manush]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-01-11 |title=Pathikrit Basu’s ‘Kacher Manush’ starring Dev Adhikari & Prosenjit Chatterjee to release on Durga Puja this year! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/pathikrit-basus-kacher-manush-starring-dev-adhikari-prosenjit-chatterjee-to-release-on-durga-puja-this-year/articleshow/88834170.cms |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>|| [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]], [[Ishaa Saha]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2024<br />
|''[[Dabaru]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-24 |title=Pathikrit Basu’s ‘Dabaru’ to be screened at the Film Festival by Alliance Française du Bengale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/pathikrit-basus-dabaru-to-be-screened-at-the-film-festival-by-alliance-franaise-du-bengale/articleshow/111992310.cms |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|Arghya Basu Roy, [[Rituparna Sengupta]], [[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]], [[Dipankar De]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Shastri (2024 film)|Shastri]]''<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shastri: Mithun Chakraborty leads from the front in Pathikrit Basu’s faith-vs-science drama |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shastri-mithun-chakraborty-leads-from-the-front-in-pathikrit-basus-faith-vs-science-drama/cid/2054497 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226062437/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shastri-mithun-chakraborty-leads-from-the-front-in-pathikrit-basus-faith-vs-science-drama/cid/2054497 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |access-date=2025-04-21 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Debashree Roy]], [[Soham Chakraborty]], [[Rajatava Dutta]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Shreeman v/s Shreemati]]''<br />
|[[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Anjan Dutt]], [[Anjana Basu]], [[Madhumita Sarcar]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]]<br />
|{{fact|date=May 2025}}<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|''[[Keu Bole Biplobi Keu Bole Dakat]]''<br />
|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeet]], [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]], [[Rajatava Dutta]], [[Mimi Chakraborty]]<br />
|Based on Historical event <br />
|-<br />
|TBA<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Action Movie <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]<br />
[[Category:1993 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film directors]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajendra_Bhatia&diff=463473Rajendra Bhatia2026-03-20T22:08:30Z<p>WillisHeiman326: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian mathematician, author, and educator (born 1952)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Rajendra Bhatia<br />
| image = Rajendra Bhatia.jpeg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 1952<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| residence = <br />
| citizenship = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]]<br />
[[Indian Statistical Institute]]<br />
| doctoral_advisor = [[K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)|K. R. Parthasarathy]]<br />
| doctoral_students = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| author_abbrev_bot = <br />
| author_abbrev_zoo = <br />
| influences = <br />
| influenced = <br />
| signature = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| children = [[Gautam Bhatia (lawyer)|Gautam Bhatia]]<br />
| ethnicity = <br />
| field = [[Linear Algebra ]]<br><br />
[[Hilbert Space ]]<br><br />
[[Mathematics]]<br />
| work_institutions = [[Ashoka University]]<br />
| prizes = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award]]<br><br />
ILAS Hans Schneider prize<br><br />
INSA Medal for Young Scientist<br />
| religion = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rajendra Bhatia''' (born 1952)<ref>{{cite web|title=Conference in honour of sixtieth birthday of Rajendra Bhatia|url=http://math.iisc.ernet.in/~bhatia60/|publisher=[[Indian Institute of Science]]}}</ref> is an Indian mathematician, author, and educator. He is currently a professor of mathematics at [[Ashoka University]] located in [[Sonipat]], [[Haryana]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ashoka.edu.in/faculty#!/rajendra-bhatia-627|title=Faculty/Staff {{!}} Ashoka University|last=University|first=Ashoka|website=Ashoka University|language=en|access-date=2017-10-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
He studied at the [[University of Delhi]], where he completed his BSc degree in [[physics]] and MSc degree in [[mathematics]], and moved to the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], [[Kolkata]], where he completed his Ph.D. in 1982 under the probabilist [[K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)|K. R. Parthasarathy]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Bhatia|first=Rajendra|title=Variation of the Unitary Part of a Matrix|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=181246.181269|year=1994|last2=Mukherjea|first2=Kalyan K|journal=SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications|volume=15|issue=3|pages=1007–14|doi=10.1137/S0895479892243237|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Research==<br />
Bhatia's research interests include matrix inequalities, calculus of [[matrix function]]s, means of matrices, and connections between [[harmonic analysis]], geometry and matrix analysis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajendra Bhatia - INSA|url=http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=P05-1382|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812213138/http://www.insaindia.org.in/detail.php?id=P05-1382|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 August 2016|publisher=[[Indian National Science Academy]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
He is one of the eponyms of the [[Bhatia–Davis inequality]].<br />
<br />
==Academic life==<br />
Rajendra Bhatia founded the series '''Texts and Readings in Mathematics''' in 1992<ref>{{cite web|title=Texts and Readings in Mathematics|url=http://www.hindbook.com/trims.php|publisher=Hindustan Book Agency}}</ref> and the series '''Culture and History of Mathematics''' on the history of [[Indian mathematics]]. He has served on the editorial boards of several major international journals such as '''Linear Algebra and Its Applications''', and the [[SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications]].<br />
<br />
==Awards ==<br />
Bhatia was awarded the [[INSA]] Medal for Young Scientists in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Science Academy |url=http://insajournal.in/intranetinsa/edit_awards.php?id=P05-1382 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=insaindia.res.in}}</ref> He won the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] in Mathematical Science in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Awardee Details: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |url=https://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=402 |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=ssbprize.gov.in}}</ref> In 2017 he was awarded the [[Hans Schneider Prize in Linear Algebra]].<ref>http://www.ilasic.org/misc/hsall.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219001502/http://www.ilasic.org/misc/hsall.html |date=19 February 2017 }} ILAS winners</ref><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
*{{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=Rajendra|title=Perturbation Bounds for Matrix Eigenvalues|year=1987|publisher=Longman}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=Rajendra|title=Matrix Analysis|year=1997|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]], [[Graduate Texts in Mathematics]]}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=Rajendra|title=Positive Definite Matrices|year=2007|publisher=Princeton Series in Applied Mathematics}}<br />
*{{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=Rajendra|title=Fourier Series|publisher=The Mathematical Association of America}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Bhatia–Davis inequality]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120201202129/http://www.iitb.ac.in/fcseminars/stlecture/sept3.pdf A Brief History of Fourier Series by Prof. Rajendra Bhatia]<br />
* {{MathGenealogy|id=73601|title=Rajendra Bhatia}}<br />
<br />
{{SSBPST recipients in Mathematical Science}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatia, Rajendra}}<br />
[[Category:1952 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian mathematicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Statistical Institute alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Statistical Institute]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Science]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Ashoka University]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neighbourhoods_of_Prayagraj&diff=521592Neighbourhoods of Prayagraj2026-03-20T16:46:32Z<p>WillisHeiman326: Started the stub w/ refs</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Areas in a metropolis in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{lead rewrite|date=January 2019}}<br />
The Old Allahabad City, at the south of Prayagraj Junction Railway Station, consists of neighborhoods like [[Chowk, Prayagraj|Chowk]], [[Johnstongunj]], [[Dariyabad, Prayagraj|Dariyabad]], and [[Khuldabad, Prayagraj|Khuldabad]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Uneasy calm prevails in old Allahabad areas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Uneasy-calm-prevails-in-old-Allahabad-areas/articleshow/15551299.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628033847/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-19/allahabad/33272775_1_flag-march-office-bearers-city-areas |url-status=live |archive-date=28 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 August 2012 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> and was in existence from the time of [[Akbar]]. Some magnificent structures erected in this era include the [[Khusro Bagh]] and the [[Allahabad Fort]]. North of [[Prayagraj Junction railway station]], the New Prayagraj City consists of neighborhoods like [[Lukergunj]], [[Civil Lines, Prayagraj|Civil Lines]], [[Georgetown, Prayagraj|Georgetown]], [[Tagoretown]], [[Bharadwaj Puram]], [[Ashok Nagar, Prayagraj|Ashok Nagar]], and [[Mumfordgunj]], which are relatively new and were built during [[British Raj|British rule]].<ref name=TGEIAAp57>{{cite book |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 3|author=Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila Blai|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year= 2009|isbn=978-8125013839 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&q=holy+trinity+church+allahabad&pg=PA57 }}</ref> These neighborhoods reflect [[British architecture]] like the [[All Saints Cathedral, Allahabad|All Saints Cathedral]], [[Alfred Park]] and [[Allahabad High Court]]. Newer [[residential areas]] include neighborhoods like [[Kareli, Allahabad|Kareli]] and [[suburbs]] like [[Naini, Prayagraj|Naini]], [[Jhunsi]] and [[Manauri bajar]].<br />
{{TOC right}}<br />
<br />
==[[Allengunj]]==<br />
Allengunj is located close to [[Prayag Junction railway station]]. It has a staff selection board office.<br />
<br />
==[[Alopibagh]]==<br />
Alopibagh is a locality/township of Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. The locality is close to the Kumbh Mela area, the Sangam, the rivers Ganges and Yamuna, and one of the most ancient Hindu temples of India, the [[Alopi Devi Mandir]], is also in this locality. Alopibagh is adjacent to Daraganj, the oldest suburb of Prayagraj and the most important bathing Ghat on the bank of Ganges.<br />
<br />
==Atala==<br />
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==[[Attarsuiya]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
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==[[Bahadurgunj]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==[[Bai-Ka-Bagh]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==[[Bairana|Bairahana]]==<br />
Bairahana is further divided into two localities:New Bairahana and the Old Bairahana. Near Bairahana chauraha is a medieval cemetery also called the "Gora Kabristan", where the dead bodies of British soldiers killed during 1857 revolt were buried.<br />
<br />
==Beli Colony==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==Benigunj==<br />
Benigunj is situated near the railway station{{Clarification needed|date=October 2025}}.<br />
<br />
==[[Bharadwaj Puram]]==<br />
Bharadwaj Puram is a neighborhood in central Prayagraj. It is in between Tagore Town and Daraganj. It is near the major commercial centers of the city such as Katra and Civil Lines. There is a market within Bharadwaj Puram on the Matiyara road. There are several schools, hospitals, parks as well in this neighborhood.<br />
<br />
==[[Chatham Lines]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==[[Chowk, Prayagraj|Chowk]]==<br />
Chowk is the historic [[city centre]] of the Old [[Prayagraj]] city. It is situated at the southern part of Prayagraj Municipal Council. Chowk serves as a traditional bazaar with the [[Grand Trunk Road]] running through the centre of it. Chowk is a historical point, where once stood the [[Neem]] tree where numerous [[Resistance movement|freedom fighters]] were hanged in the first [[Indian War of Independence]].<br />
<br />
==[[Civil Lines, Prayagraj|Civil Lines]]==<br />
[[File:Allahabad city.jpg|thumb|alt=refer to caption|Prayagraj city from [[Civil Lines, Prayagraj|Civil Lines]]]]<br />
Formerly known as '''Cannington'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://anglicanhistory.org/india/chatterton1924/22.html |title=A History of the Church of England in India |last1=Chatterton |first1=Eyre |author-link=Eyre Chatterton |website=anglicanhistory.org |access-date=11 September 2013}}</ref> and '''Canning Town''',<ref name="TGEIAAp57"/> it is the [[central business district]] of [[Prayagraj]] and is famous for its urban setting, [[gridiron plan]]<ref name=AHVLp14>{{cite book |title=A Hand-book for Visitors to Lucknow: With Preliminary Notes on Allahabad and Cawnpore|author=Henry George Keene|author-link=Henry George Keene (1826–1915)|publisher=J. Jetley|year= 1875|isbn=8120615271 |pages=14–15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EfGFMpm8UbAC&pg=PA15}}</ref> roads and high rise buildings. Built in 1857, under the supervision of Cuthbert Bensley Thornhill, when around 600 [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo people]] were massacred by the [[Company rule in India|British people in India]] for their alliance with the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence Movement activists]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/Unsung-story-of-Civil-Lines/articleshow/37687050.cms?from=mdr | title=Unsung story of Civil Lines | newspaper=The Times of India | date=3 July 2014 | access-date=25 April 2018 }}</ref> and eight villages were seized to form a new township.,<ref name=TempWest>{{cite book |last=Mishra |first=Pankaj |date=12 October 2011 |title=Temptations of the West: How to be Modern in India, Pakistan and Beyond |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyvjCTxS5-YC&q=white+town+allahabad&pg=PA35 |location=London |publisher=Pan Macmillan |pages= 35–36|isbn=9780330434683 |access-date=23 January 2014 }}</ref> it was the largest town-planning project carried out in India before the establishment of [[New Delhi]].<ref name=TGEIAAp57/><ref name=AHVLp14/><br />
<br />
==Colonelgunj==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==[[Daragunj|Daraganj]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==[[Darbhanga, Prayagraj|Darbhanga]]==<br />
On one side of Darbhanga is Yamuna river, and on the other side Mirapur.<br />
<br />
==[[Dhoomangunj]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==[[Georgetown, Prayagraj|Georgetown]]==<br />
'''Georgetown''' is a neighborhood of [[Prayagraj]], [[India]]. It is a [[residential area]] in the central part of the city mainly occupied by the white collar workers, doctors and advocates. It also houses a large number of hospitals and clinics. Georgetown is famous for its affluent surroundings and apartments. It is bordered by [[List of streets and roads in Allahabad#Kamla Nehru Road|Kamla Nehru Road]] in the west, [[List of streets and roads in Allahabad#Thornhill Road|Thornhill Road]], [[List of streets and roads in Allahabad#MG Marg|MG Marg]] in the south and [[Tagoretown]] in the west.<br />
Notable landmarks located in and near the neighborhood are [[Alfred Park]] and [[Darbhanga, Allahabad#Lowther Castle|Lowther Castle]].<br />
<br />
==[[Govindpur, Allahabad|Govindpur]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
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==[[Johnstongunj]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
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==[[Kareli, Allahabad|Kareli]]==<br />
'''Kareli''' (officially known as '''Kareli Scheme''') is a residential neighborhood of [[Prayagraj]]. Developed by Awas Vikas in 1979, it was one of the biggest planned neighborhoods in [[India]]. The neighborhood is sub divided into neighborhoods like [[GTB Nagar, Allahabad|GTB Nagar]], Gaus Nagar, Shams Nagar and Rehmat Nagar Colony. Kareli is the second largest colony of India in terms of Area and is one of the most expensive residential localities of Prayagraj. It is also known as Officer's colony by the localas as the large number of people who served as government servants like IAS, IPS, PCS, etc inhabited the place.The neighborhood was predominately occupied by the members of the mercantile middle class of Meerapur and [[Attarsuiya]], and white collar workers from several [[public sector undertaking]]s and private companies established in the new industrial region of<br />
Naini. It was later overwhelmed by a richer population after the oil boom and privatization. However it is not mintained well. The roads have so many mudhols & potholes as well as lack of attention from development authorities.<br />
<br />
==[[Katra, Prayagraj|Katra]]==<br />
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==[[Khuldabad, Prayagraj|Khuldabad]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
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==[[Khusrobagh]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==[[Kydgunj]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
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==Kalandipuram Colony==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
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==[[Lukergunj]]==<br />
'''Lukergunj''' is a posh [[residential area]] famous for its [[Victorian era]] bungalows and high-rise apartments. Lukergunj, well known for its clubbing culture, was once predominantly occupied by [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Anglo Indian]]s. It is situated one kilometer south west from the Prayagraj Junction Railway Station.<br />
<br />
==Meerapur==<br />
Meerapur is a neighborhood/locality in Prayagraj. It is mainly famous for eateries as there are many sweet shops and markets for visitors. Old temples and mosques are the main attraction. Meerapur is surrounded by the Yamuna river from one side near Bargad Ghat.<br />
<br />
==[[Meergunj]]==<br />
This neighborhood is the infamously claimed [[red-light district]] of the city.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sex racket busted in Allahabad, 19 women detained |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/uttar-pradesh/sex-racket-busted-in-allahabad-19-women-detained_776026.html |newspaper=[[Zee News]] |date=17 May 2012|access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> Apart from that it is also a densely populated [[residential area]] and a [[marketplace]]. It is located near [[Chowk, Prayagraj|Chowk]].<br />
<br />
==[[Mumfordgunj]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==Myorabad==<br />
Myorabad is a neighborhood of [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<br />
<br />
==Mutthiganj==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==[[North Malaka]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==Pac Lines==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==Police Lines==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==Preetam Nagar==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==[[Rajapur, Allahabad|Rajapur]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==Rajrooppur==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==[[Rambagh, Prayagraj|Rambagh]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==Rani Mandi==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==Sadiyapur (Nishad Nagar)==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==Satti Chaura==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==Shastri Nagar==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==[[Sohbatiabagh]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==[[South Malaka]]==<br />
South Malaka is a locality/township of Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. It is close to the railway track connecting Prayagraj to [[Varanasi]] and [[Gorakhpur]]. The other important institutions in the locality are Government Inter College and U.P.Government Central Library.<br />
<br />
==[[Sulem Sarai]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==[[Tagoretown]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2013}}<br />
<br />
==[[Teliyargunj]]==<br />
{{Empty section|date=December 2013}}<br />
<br />
==Suburbs of Prayagraj==<br />
*[[Manauri bajar]]<br />
* Bamrauli <br />
* Jhalwa<br />
*[[Jhunsi]]<br />
*[[Phaphamau]]<br />
* Saidabad <br />
*[[Sulem Sarai]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Prayagraj-related lists]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._Gopal&diff=446812B. Gopal2026-03-17T21:16:25Z<p>WillisHeiman326: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Telugu film director}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| image = B Gopal.jpg<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| name = B. Gopal<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| height = <br />
| birth_name = Bejawada Gopal<br />
| birth_place = [[Nidamanur, Prakasam|Nidamanuru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br />
| occupation = [[Film director|Director]]<br />
| yearsactive = 1977 – present<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
'''Bejawada Gopal''' is an Indian film director who works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He has directed over 30 Telugu films, including successful films such as ''[[Bobbili Raja]]'', ''[[Lorry Driver (film)|Lorry Driver]]'', ''[[Assembly Rowdy]]'', ''[[State Rowdy]]'', ''[[Rowdy Inspector]]'', ''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]'', ''[[Narasimha Naidu]]'', ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'', ''[[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]]''. He won [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu]] for the film ''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]''. He has also directed two [[Hindi]] films, ''[[Insaaf Ki Awaaz]]'' and ''[[Kanoon Apna Apna]]''.<br />
<br />
==Childhood and early years==<br />
B. Gopal was born at [[Nidamanur, Prakasam|M. Nidamanuru]] village near [[Tangutur]], [[Prakasam district]], Andhra Pradesh to B. Venkateswarulu and Mahalakshmi. He has two siblings, one brother Subba Rao and sister Suseela. He did his schooling in [[Karumanchi]]. Later he attended C.S.R.Sarma college in [[Ongole]]. After finishing his education, With his father permission he chose to pursue his career in movies.<ref>{{cite interview | access-date = 15 December 2011 | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Nt-0TEqUng | interviewer = TeluguOne | title = B. Gopal Video Interview | work = Guest Hour | date = 24 August 2009 | publisher = Youtube}}</ref> He is the uncle of Telugu film Actor [[Venu Thottempudi]].{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
He started his career working as an assistant director under P. C. Reddy. After working in two films under his guidance, he got an opportunity to work as an assistant director in ''[[Adavi Ramudu (1977 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'', under [[Kovelamudi Raghavendra Rao|K. Raghavendra Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Adavi Ramudu |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_adaviramudu.php |publisher=telugucinema |access-date=15 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102153803/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/movieretrospect/retro_adaviramudu.php |archive-date=2 January 2012 }}</ref> He considers K. Raghavendra Rao as his mentor and guru in the industry. He worked under him for almost 12 years, in''Adavi Ramudu'', ''Devatha'', ''[[Justice Chowdary]]'', ''[[Agni Parvatam]]'' etc. In 1982, while he was working as an associate director for ''[[Devatha (1982 film)|Devatha]]'', he was spotted by the producer of the film, [[D. Ramanaidu|Dr. Daggubati Ramanaidu]]. Impressed by his work and knowledge, Ramanaidu offered him the chance to direct a film under his banner. This led to B. Gopal's debut as a director with ''Prathidvani'', starring [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]], [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] and [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]]. It released in 1986.<br />
<br />
Afterwards, he went on to direct many commercially successful and cult films like ''[[Bobbili Raja]]'', ''[[Lorry Driver]]'', ''[[Assembly Rowdy]]'', ''[[Rowdy Inspector]]'', ''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]'', ''[[Narasimha Naidu]]'', ''[[Allari Ramudu]]'', and ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]''. His association with [[Paruchuri Brothers]] is well known in [[Telugu cinema]]. They have worked together on many successful films. He is also famously known for his collaboration with [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]]. He was the only director to have 3 industry hits, those being: ''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]'', ''[[Narasimha Naidu]]'', and ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]''. This record was nearly untouched for, till the release of ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'', in 2017. [[S.S.Rajamouli]] became the second director to have 3 industry hits, those being: ''[[Magadheera]], [[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'', and ''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion''. Gopal's career hit a rough patch when his subsequent ventures after ''Allari Ramudu'': ''[[Palnati Brahmanayudu]]'', ''[[Adavi Ramudu (2004 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'', and ''[[Narasimhudu]]'' became major disasters at the box office. <br />
<br />
After a gap of four years, he directed ''[[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]]'' with [[Ram Pothineni]], which released in 2009. It was commercially successful.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/maskas-soaring-profits-telugu-news-44575|title=Maska's soaring profits - Telugu News|date=27 January 2009}}</ref> In 2011, it was announced that he would again collaborate with Balakrishna in a project called ''Hara Hara Mahadev'', but it was stalled after the launch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/balayyagopalparuchuri-teaming-after-7-years-telugu-news-73400|title=Balayya-Gopal-Paruchuri teaming after 7 years - Telugu News|date=November 2011}}</ref> In 2012, he replaced director [[Boopathy Pandian]] for ''[[Aaradugula Bullet]]'', starring [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] and [[Nayanthara]]. It was initially titled as ''Jagan Mohan IPS''. However, due to financial problems, it was delayed till 2021, finally releasing on October 8, that year, to highly negative reviews.<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu]] – [[Samarasimha Reddy]] (1999).<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director]] - Prathidvani (1986).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
<br />
* ''All films are in Telugu unless otherwise noted''<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|- style="background:LightSteelBlue; text-align:center;"<br />
! Year !! Film !! Cast !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1986 || ''Prathidvani'' || [[Sarada_(actress)|Sarada]], [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Rajani (actress)|Rajani]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|1986 || ''[[Insaaf Ki Awaaz]]'' || [[Rekha]], [[Anil Kapoor]], [[Richa Sharma (actress)|Richa Sharma]] ||[[Hindi]]<br />
|-<br />
|1987 || ''[[Collector Gari Abbai]]'' || [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|1988 || ''[[Raktha Tilakam]]'' || [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|1988 || ''Aswathama'' || [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], [[Vijayashanti]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|1989 || ''[[Vijay (1989 film)|Vijay]]'' || [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]], [[Vijayashanti]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1989 || ''[[State Rowdy]]'' ||[[Chiranjeevi]], [[Radha]], [[Bhanupriya]]||<br />
|-<br />
|1989 || ''[[Kanoon Apna Apna]]'' || [[Dilip Kumar]], [[Nutan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Madhuri Dixit]] || [[Hindi]] <br />
|-<br />
| 1990 || ''[[Lorry Driver (film)|Lorry Driver]]'' || [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], Vijayashanti ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1990 || ''[[Bobbili Raja]]'' || Venkatesh, [[Divya Bharti]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|1991 || ''[[Assembly Rowdy]]'' || [[Mohan Babu]], Divya Bharti ||<br />
|-<br />
|1992 || ''[[Chinarayudu]]'' || Venkatesh, Vijayashanti ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1992 || ''Brahma'' || Mohan Babu, [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]], [[Shilpa Shirodkar]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|1992|| ''[[Rowdy Inspector]]'' || Nandamuri Balakrishna, Vijayashanti ||<br />
|-<br />
|1993 || ''[[Mechanic Alludu]]'' || Chiranjeevi, Vijayashanti ||<br />
|-<br />
|1994 || ''[[Gangmaster (film)|Gangmaster]]'' || [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], [[Nagma]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|1995|| ''Street Fighter'' || Vijayashanti ||<br />
|-<br />
|1995 || ''Khaidhi Inspector'' || [[Suman (actor)|Suman]], [[Maheswari]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|1997 || ''Collector Garu'' || Mohan Babu, [[Sakshi Sivanand]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|1997 || ''Adavilo Anna'' || Mohan Babu, [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|1999 || ''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]'' || Nandamuri Balakrishna, [[Anjala Zaveri]], [[Simran (actress)|Simran]], [[Sanghavi]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|2000 || ''[[Ravanna (film)|Ravanna]]'' || Dr. Rajasekhar, [[Soundarya]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|2000|| ''[[Vamsi (film)|Vamsi]]'' || Mahesh Babu, [[Namrata Shirodkar]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|2001 || ''[[Narasimha Naidu]]'' || Nandamuri Balakrishna, Simran, [[Preeti Jhangiani]]||<br />
|-<br />
|2002 || ''[[Allari Ramudu]]'' || [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]], [[Aarthi Agarwal]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|2002 || ''[[Indra (2002 film)|Indra]]'' || [[Chiranjeevi]], Aarthi Agarwal, [[Sonali Bendre]]||<br />
|-<br />
|2003 || ''[[Palanati Brahmanaidu (film)|Palnati Brahmanaidu]]'' || Nandamuri Balakrishna, Aarthi Agarwal, Sonali Bendre ||<br />
|-<br />
|2004 || ''[[Adavi Ramudu (2004 film)|Adavi Ramudu]]'' || [[Prabhas Raju Uppalapati|Prabhas]], Aarthi Agarwal ||<br />
|-<br />
|2005 || ''[[Narasimhudu]]'' || N. T. Rama Rao Jr, [[Ameesha Patel]], [[Sameera Reddy]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|2009 || ''[[Maska (2009 film)|Maska]]'' || [[Ram Pothineni|Ram]], [[Hansika Motwani|Hansika]], [[Sheela (Tamil actress)|Sheela]] ||<br />
|-<br />
|2021 || ''[[Aaradugula Bullet]]'' || [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]], [[Nayanthara]] || Released after 4 years<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|0044584}}<br />
<br />
{{FilmfareAwardBestTeluguDirector}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopal, B.}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulip&diff=465294Tulip2026-03-11T09:10:10Z<p>WillisHeiman326: further updated layout per sources and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Genus of plants}}<br />
{{About|the plant}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Automatic taxobox<br />
| image = צבעונים.JPG<br />
| image_caption = ''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]''<br />
| image_alt = Red Tulipa gesneriana flowers<br />
| display_parents = 2<br />
| taxon = Tulipa<br />
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<br />
| type_species = ''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]''<br />
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name = "Tropicos">Missouri Botanical Garden. (n.d.-aa). ''Tulipa'' L. Tropicos. Retrieved January 13, 2025, from https://www.tropicos.org/name/40020559</ref><br />
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO">{{cite web |title=''Tulipa'' L |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:24874-1 |date=2023 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=15 November 2023}}</ref><br />
| synonyms =<br />
{{Genus list<br />
| Orithyia | [[David Don|D.Don]]<br />
| Liriactis | [[Constantine Samuel Rafinesque|Raf.]]<br />
| Liriopogon | Raf.<br />
| Podonix | Raf.<br />
| Eduardoregelia | [[Mikhail Grigorevich Popov|Popov]]<br />
}}<br />
| subdivision_ranks = Subgenera<br />
| subdivision =<br />
* ''Clusianae''<br />
* ''Orithyia''<br />
* ''Tulipa''<br />
* ''Eriostemones''<br />
| diversity = About 75 species<br />
| diversity_link = Taxonomy of Tulipa#Species<br />
| range_map = Genus tulipa distribution.svg<br />
| range_map_caption = Distribution of ''Tulipa'': Natural (red) and [[Introduced species|Introduced]] (yellow)<br />
| range_map_alt = Map of the distribution of both naturally occurring and introduced tulips<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Tulipa alberti Regel - PhytoKeys (2024).jpg|thumb|right|''Tulipa alberti'' in Kazakhstan]]<br />
[[File:Tulips in Seoul Forest, South Korea1.jpg|thumb]]<br />
'''Tulips''' are spring-blooming [[perennial]] herbaceous [[bulb]]iferous [[geophytes]] <!-- (having bulbs as storage organs) -->in the '''''Tulipa''''' [[genus]]. Their [[flower]]s are usually large, showy, and brightly coloured, generally red, orange, pink, yellow, or white<!-- (usually in warm colours) -->. They often have a different coloured blotch at the base of the [[tepal]]s<!-- (petals and sepals, collectively) -->, internally. Because of a degree of variability within the populations and a long history of cultivation, [[Taxonomy (biology)|classification]] has been complex and controversial. The tulip is a member of the lily [[family (biology)|family]], [[Liliaceae]],<ref name="POWO"/> along with 14 other genera, where it is most closely related to ''[[Amana (plant)|Amana]]'', ''[[Erythronium]]'', and ''[[Gagea]]'' in the tribe [[Lilieae]].<br />
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There are about 75 [[species]], and these are divided among four [[subgenera]]. The name "tulip" is thought to be derived from a [[Persian language|Persian]] word for [[turban]], which it may have been thought to resemble by those who discovered it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-12 |title=The tulip name comes from the Turkish word for turban |url=https://www.tulipmania.art/tulip-name-comes-from-turkish-word-for-turban/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> Tulips were originally found in a band stretching from Southern Europe to Central Asia, but since the seventeenth century have become widely [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]] and cultivated (''see map''). In their natural state, they are adapted to [[Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|steppes]] and [[mountainous]] areas with [[temperate climate]]s. Flowering in the spring, they become dormant in the summer once the flowers and leaves die back, emerging above ground as a shoot from the underground bulb in early spring.<br />
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Growing wild over much of the [[Near East]] and Central Asia, tulips had probably been cultivated in [[Persia]] from the 10th century. By the 15th century, tulips were among the most prized flowers; becoming the symbol of the later Ottomans. Tulips were cultivated in [[Byzantine]] Constantinople as early as 1055 but they did not come to the attention of Northern Europeans until the sixteenth century, when Northern European diplomats to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] court observed and reported on them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/there-never-was-real-tulip-fever-180964915/|title=There Never Was a Real Tulip Fever|last=Boissoneault|first=Lorraine|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|access-date=2020-03-31}}</ref> They were rapidly introduced into Northern Europe and became the subject of an [[investment bubble]] during the Dutch [[tulip mania]] of 1634–1637. Tulips were frequently depicted in [[Dutch Golden Age painting]]s, and have become associated with the [[Netherlands]], the major producer for world markets, ever since. <br />
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In the seventeenth-century Netherlands, during the time of the tulip mania, an infection of tulip bulbs by the [[tulip breaking virus]] created [[variegation|variegated]] patterns in the tulip flowers that were much admired and valued. While truly broken tulips are not cultivated anymore, the closest available specimens today are part of the group known as the Rembrandts – so named because [[Rembrandt]] painted some of the most admired breaks of his time.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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Breeding programmes have produced thousands of [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] and [[cultivar]]s in addition to the original species (known in horticulture as botanical tulips). They are popular throughout the world, both as [[ornamental garden plants]] and as [[cut flowers]].<br />
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== Description ==<br />
<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| header = Tulip [[plant morphology|morphology]]<br />
| align = left<br />
| direction = vertical<br />
| width = 130<br />
| image1 = Tulipa fringed - burgundy lace - bulbs.jpg<br />
| caption1 = '''[[Bulbs]]''', showing [[tunica (biology)|tunic]] and scales<br />
| alt1 = Collection of tulip bulbs, some sliced to show interior scales<br />
| image2 = Tulipa orphanidea 060506.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Cup-shaped flower of ''[[Tulipa orphanidea]]''<br />
| alt2 = Flower of Tulipa orphanidea, showing cup shape<br />
| image3 = Tulip Tulipa clusiana 'Lady Jane' Rock Ledge Flower 2000px.jpg<br />
| caption3 = Star-shaped flower of ''[[Tulipa clusiana]]'' with three [[sepals]] and three [[petals]], forming six identical [[tepals]]<br />
| alt3 = Photograph of Tulipa clusiana, showing six identical tepals (petals and sepals)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Tulips are perennial [[herbaceous]] bulbiferous [[geophytes]] that bloom in spring and die back after flowering to an underground storage [[bulb]]. A bulb can be as much as {{convert|5|cm|in|0|abbr=in}} in diameter or as small as {{cvt|1|cm|1}}.<ref name="Wilford">{{cite book |last1=Wilford |first1=Richard |title=Tulips : species and hybrids for the gardener |date=2006 |publisher=Timber Press |location=Portland, Oregon |isbn=978-0-88192-763-4 |pages=23, 26 |url=https://archive.org/details/tulipsspecieshyb0000wilf/page/26}}</ref><br />
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Tulip stems have few leaves. Larger species tend to have multiple leaves. Plants typically have two to six leaves, some species up to 12. The tulip's leaf is [[glossary of botanical terms#cauline|cauline]] (born on a stem), strap-shaped, with a waxy coating, and the leaves are alternate (alternately arranged on the stem), diminishing in size the further up the stem. These fleshy blades are often bluish-green in colour.{{sfn|King|2005|p=164}}{{sfn|Tenenbaum|2003|p=395}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}} The bulbs are truncated basally and elongated towards the apex. They are covered by a protective tunic (tunicate) which can be [[glabrousness (botany)|glabrous]] or hairy inside.{{sfn|Grey-Wilson|Matthews|1980}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}} Depending on the species, tulip leaves are typically {{convert|10|and|25|cm|in|0|abbr=in}} long, but in some species reach over {{cvt|30|cm|in}}.<ref name="Wilford" /><br />
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=== Flowers ===<br />
[[File:Tulip agenensis ZE.jpg|thumb|Levantine mountain tulip ''[[Tulipa agenensis]]'']]<br />
The tulip's flowers are usually large and are [[actinomorphic]] (radially symmetric) and [[Hermaphrodite#Plants|hermaphrodite]] (contain both male ([[androecium]]) and female ([[gynoecium]]) characteristics), generally erect, or more rarely [[pendulous]], and are arranged more usually as a single terminal flower, or when [[pluriflor]] as two to three (e.g. ''[[Tulipa turkestanica]]''), but up to four, flowers on the end of a [[:wikt:floriferous|floriferous]] [[Plant stem|stem]] ([[scape (botany)|scape]]), which is single arising from amongst the basal leaf rosette. <br />
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In structure, the flower is generally cup or star-shaped. As with other members of [[Liliaceae]] the [[perianth]] is undifferentiated ([[perigonium]]) and biseriate (two [[Whorl (botany)|whorled]]), formed from six free (i.e. [[perianth#Flowering plants|apotepalous]]) [[caducous]] [[tepals]] arranged into two separate whorls of three parts ([[Merosity|trimerous]]) each. The two whorls represent three [[petal]]s and three [[sepals]] but are termed tepals because they are nearly identical. The tepals are usually petaloid (petal-like), being brightly coloured, but each whorl may be different, or have different coloured blotches at their bases, forming darker colouration on the interior surface. The inner petals have a small, delicate cleft at the top, while the sturdier outer ones form uninterrupted ovals.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pollan |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/botanyofdesire00poll/page/95 |title=The Botany of Desire |publisher=Random House |year=2002 |isbn=0-375-76039-3 |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/botanyofdesire00poll/page/95 95]}}</ref><br />
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The flowers have six distinct, basifixed [[introrse]] [[stamen]]s arranged in two whorls of three, which vary in length and may be glabrous or hairy. The filaments are shorter than the tepals and dilated towards their base.{{sfn|Grey-Wilson|Matthews|1980}} The style is short or absent and each [[stigma (botany)|stigma]] has three distinct lobes, and the [[Ovary (botany)|ovaries]] are superior, with three chambers.{{sfn|Grey-Wilson|Matthews|1980}}<br />
<br />
====Colours====<br />
Tulip flowers come in a wide variety of colours - reds, yellows, purples, white - except pure blue (several tulips with "blue" in the name have a faint violet hue), and do not have [[nectaries]].{{sfn|King|2005|p=164}}{{sfn|Tenenbaum|2003|p=395}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}}{{sfn|Grey-Wilson|Matthews|1980}} The colour of a tulip is formed from two pigments working in concert; a base colour that is always yellow or white, and a second anthocyanin colour. The mix of these two hues determines the visible unitary colour. The breaking of flowers occurs when a virus suppresses anthocyanin production and the base colour is exposed as a streak.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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While tulips can be bred for many of colours, black tulips have historically been difficult to achieve. The Queen of the Night tulip is close to black, though it is a dark and glossy maroonish purple.<ref name=":1" /> The first truly black tulip was bred in 1986 by a Dutch flower grower in [[Bovenkarspel|Bovenkarspel, Netherlands]]. It was created by cross-breeding two deep purple tulips, the Queen of the Night and Wienerwald tulips.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/02/20/Worlds-first-black-tulip-grown-in-Holland/4964509259600/|title=World's first black tulip grown in Holland|website=United Press International Archives|access-date=2019-04-18}}</ref><br />
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The "Semper Augustus" was the most expensive tulip during the 17th-century [[tulip mania]]. After seeing the tulip in the garden of Dr. Adriaen Pauw, a director of the new [[East India Company]], Nicolas van Wassenaer wrote in 1624 that "The colour is white, with Carmine on a blue base, and with an unbroken flame right to the top". With limited specimens in existence at the time and most owned by Pauw, his refusal to sell any flowers, despite wildly escalating offers, is believed by some to have sparked the mania.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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===Fruit===<br />
The tulip's fruit is a [[globose]] or [[ellipsoid]] [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] with a leathery covering and an ellipsoid to globe shape. Each capsule contains numerous flat, disc-shaped [[seeds]] in two rows per chamber.{{sfn|Straley|Utech|2003}} These light to dark brown seeds have very thin seed coats and [[endosperm]] that do not normally fill the entire seed.{{sfn|Botschantzeva|1982}}{{sfn|Grey-Wilson|Matthews|1980}}<br />
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===Phytochemistry===<br />
[[Tulipanin]] is an [[anthocyanin]] found in tulips. It is the 3-rutinoside of [[delphinidin]]. Tuliposides and tulipalins can also be found in tulips and are responsible for allergies.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=10385332 |year=1999 |last1=Christensen |first1=L. P. |last2=Kristiansen |first2=K. |title=Isolation and quantification of tuliposides and tulipalins in tulips (''Tulipa'') by high-performance liquid chromatography |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=300–9 |journal=Contact Dermatitis |doi=10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06080.x|s2cid=19973741 }}</ref> [[Tulipalin A]], or α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone, is a common [[allergen]], generated by hydrolysis of the glucoside tuliposide A. It induces a [[dermatitis]] that is mostly occupational and affects tulip bulb sorters and [[Floristry|florists]] who cut the stems and leaves.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1684/ejd.2009.0714 |journal=European Journal of Dermatology | volume= 19|pages= 423–30 |year= 2009| issue= 5 |pmid=19487175 |last1=Sasseville |first1=D |title=Dermatitis from plants of the new world}}</ref> Tulipanin A and B are toxic to horses, cats and dogs.<ref name="aspca">{{cite web |title=Tulip |url=http://www.aspca.org/Pet-care/poison-control/Plants/tulip.aspx |publisher=[[ASPCA]] |access-date=2013-04-01}}</ref><br />
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===Fragrance===<br />
The great majority of tulips, both species and cultivars, have no discernable scent, but a few of both are scented to a degree, and [[Anna Pavord]] describes ''[[Tulipa hungarica|T. hungarica]]'' as "strongly scented",<ref>Pavord (2019 revd. edn), 301</ref> and among cultivars, some such as "Monte Carlo" and "Brown Sugar" are "scented", and "Creme Upstar" "fragrant".<ref>Pavord (2019 revd. edn), 374, 379, 405</ref><br />
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==Taxonomy==<br />
{{main|Taxonomy of Tulipa}}<br />
It was published by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1753 with ''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]'' {{small|L.}} as the type species.<ref name = "Tropicos" /> ''Tulipa'' is a [[genus]] of the lily family, [[Liliaceae]], once one of the largest families of [[monocots]], but which [[molecular phylogenetics]] has reduced to a [[monophyletic]] grouping with only 15 genera. Within Liliaceae, ''Tulipa'' is placed within [[Lilioideae]], one of three subfamilies, with two [[tribe (biology)|tribes]]. Tribe [[Lilieae]] includes seven other genera in addition to ''Tulipa''.<br />
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=== Subdivision ===<br />
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The genus, which includes about 75 [[species]], is divided into four [[subgenera]].{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}}<br />
* ''Clusianae'' (4 species)<br />
* ''Orithyia'' (4 species)<br />
* ''Tulipa'' (52 species)<br />
* ''Eriostemones'' (16 species)<br />
<br />
===Etymology===<br />
The word ''tulip'', first mentioned in western Europe in or around 1554 and seemingly derived from the "Turkish Letters" of diplomat [[Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq]], first appeared in English as ''tulipa'' or ''tulipant'', entering the language by way of {{langx|fr|link=no|tulipe}} and its obsolete form ''tulipan'' or by way of Modern Latin ''tulipa'', from [[Ottoman Turkish language|Ottoman Turkish]] ''tülbend'' ("[[muslin]]" or "[[gauze]]"), and may be ultimately derived from the {{langx|fa|دلبند}} ''delband'' ("[[Turban]]"), this name being applied because of a perceived resemblance of the shape of a tulip flower to that of a turban.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tulip&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Tulip |website=Etymology Online |access-date=July 24, 2017}}</ref> This may have been due to a translation error in early times when it was fashionable in the Ottoman Empire to wear tulips on turbans. The translator possibly confused the flower for the turban.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}}<br />
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Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq stated that the "Turks" used the word ''tulipan'' to describe the flower. Extensive speculation has tried to understand why he would state this, given that the Turkish word for tulip is ''lale''. It is from this speculation that ''tulipan'' being a translation error referring to turbans is derived. This etymology has been challenged and makes no assumptions about possible errors. At no point does Busbecq state this was the word used in [[Turkey]], he simply states it was used by the "Turks". On his way to Constantinople Busbecq states he travelled through [[Hungary]] and used Hungarian guides. Until recent times "Turk" was a common term when referring to Hungarians. The word ''tulipan'' is in fact the Hungarian word for tulip. As long as one recognizes "Turk" as a reference to Hungarians, no amount of speculation is required to reconcile the word's origin or form. Busbecq may have been simply repeating the word used by his "Turk/Hungarian" guides.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal |last1=Sandor |first1=Frank |title=An indic-hungarian reconstruction |journal=International Journal of Sanskrit Research |date=2018 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=94–100 |url=https://www.anantaajournal.com/archives/2018/vol4issue1/PartB/4-1-21-957.pdf |access-date=7 February 2021}}</ref><br />
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The Hungarian word ''tulipan'' may be adopted from an Indo-Aryan reference to the tulip as a symbol of resurrection, ''tala'' meaning "bottom or underworld" and ''pAna'' meaning "defence".<ref name="auto"/> Prior to arriving in Europe the Hungarians, and other Finno-Ugrians, embraced the Indo-Iranian cult of the dead, Yima/Yama, and would have been familiar with all of its symbols including the tulip.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kuzʹmina |first1=E. E. |title=The origin of the Indo-Iranians |date=2007 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, the Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-16054-5}}</ref><br />
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==Distribution and habitat==<br />
[[File:Seidenstrasse GMT Ausschnitt Zentralasien.jpg|thumb|Eastern end of the tulip range from [[Turkmenistan]] on the eastern shore of the [[Caspian Sea]] to the [[Pamir-Alai]] and [[Tien-Shan]] mountains|alt=Map from Turkmenistan to Tien-Shan]]<br />
Tulips are mainly distributed along a band corresponding to [[latitude]] 40° north, from southeast of Europe ([[Greece]], [[Albania]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Kosovo]], Southern [[Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]], most part of [[Romania]], [[Ukraine]], Russia) and [[Turkey]] in the west, through the [[Levant]] (Syria, Israel, [[Palestinian Territories]], Lebanon and Jordan) and the [[Sinai Peninsula]]. From there it extends eastwards through [[Jerevan]] (Armenia), and [[Baku]] ([[Azerbaijan]]) and on the eastern shore of the [[Caspian Sea]] through [[Turkmenistan]], [[Bukhara]], [[Samarkand]] and [[Tashkent]] (Uzbekistan), to the eastern end of the range in the [[Pamir-Alai]] and [[Tien-Shan]] mountains in Central Asia, which form the [[centre of diversity]].<ref name=pavord6/> Further to the east, ''Tulipa'' is found in the western [[Himalayas]], southern [[Siberia]], Inner Mongolia, and as far as the northwest of China. <br />
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While authorities have stated that no tulips west of the Balkans are native,{{sfn|Marais|1984}} subsequent identification of ''[[Tulipa sylvestris]]'' subsp. ''australis'' as a native of the [[Iberian Peninsula]] and adjacent North Africa shows that this may be a simplification. In addition to these regions in the west tulips have been identified in Greece, Cyprus and the [[Balkans]]. In the south, Iran marks its furthest extent, while the northern limit is Ukraine.{{sfn|King|2005|p=16}} Although tulips are also found throughout most of the Mediterranean and Europe, these regions do not form part of the natural distribution. Tulips were brought to Europe by travellers and merchants from [[Anatolia]] and Central Asia for cultivation, from where they escaped and naturalised (''see map''). For instance, less than half of those species found in Turkey are actually native.{{sfn|Marais|1984}} These have been referred to as neo-tulipae.{{sfn|Hall|1940}}{{sfn|Eker et al|2014}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}}<br />
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Tulips are indigenous to [[mountainous]] areas with [[temperate climate]]s, where they are a common element of [[Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands|steppe]] and winter-rain [[Mediterranean vegetation]]. They thrive in climates with long, cool springs and dry summers. Tulips are most commonly found in [[meadow]]s, [[steppes]] and [[chaparral]], but also introduced in fields, orchards, roadsides and abandoned gardens.{{sfn|Hall|1940}}{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}}<br />
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==Ecology==<br />
[[File:Tulip with variegated colors.jpg|thumb|upright|Variegation produced by the tulip breaking virus]]<br />
''[[Botryotinia|Botrytis tulipae]]'' is a major [[fungal disease]] affecting tulips, causing cell death and eventually the rotting of the plant.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=A. Leon |last1=Reyes |first2=T. P. |last2=Prins |first3=J.-P. |last3=van Empel |first4=J. M. |last4=van Tuyl |journal=Acta Horticulturae |volume=673|issue=673 |title=Differences in Epicuticular Wax Layer in Tulip Can Influence Resistance to ''Botrytis Tulipae'' |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2005.673.59 |pages=457–46|year=2005 |url=http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/372937 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Other pathogens include [[anthracnose]], [[bacterial soft rot]], [[blight]] caused by ''[[Sclerotium rolfsii]]'', bulb [[nematode]]s, other [[Decomposition|rots]] including [[blue mold]]s, [[Stachybotrys|black molds]] and mushy rot.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Westcott |first1=Cynthia |first2=R. Kenneth |last2=Horst |year=1979 |title=Westcott's Plant disease handbook |location=New York |publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |isbn=978-0-442-23543-7 |page=[https://archive.org/details/westcottsplantdi00west/page/709 709] |url=https://archive.org/details/westcottsplantdi00west/page/709 }}</ref><br />
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The fungus ''[[Trichoderma viride]]'' can infect tulips, producing dried leaf tips and reduced growth,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muller |first=P.J. |date=1986 |title=Leaf-Tip Necrosis in Forced Tulips as a Result of a Root Decay Caused by Trichoderma Viride |url=https://www.actahort.org/books/177/177_71.htm |journal=Acta Horticulturae |issue=177 |pages=492 |doi=10.17660/actahortic.1986.177.71 |issn=0567-7572|url-access=subscription }}</ref> although symptoms are usually mild and only present on bulbs growing in [[Greenhouse|glasshouses]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}<br />
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[[variegation|Variegated]] tulips admired during the Dutch [[tulip mania|tulipomania]] gained their delicately feathered patterns from an infection with the [[tulip breaking virus]], a [[mosaic virus]] that was carried by the [[green peach aphid]], ''Myzus persicae''. While the virus produces fantastically streaked flowers, it also weakens plants and reduces the number of offsets produced. Dutch growers would go to extraordinary lengths during tulipomania to make tulips break, borrowing alchemists' techniques and resorting to sprinkling paint powders of the desired hue or pigeon droppings onto flower roots.<ref name=":1" /> Tulips affected by the mosaic virus are called "broken"; while such plants can occasionally revert to a plain or solid colouring, they will remain infected and have to be destroyed. Today the virus is almost eradicated from tulip growers' fields. The multicoloured patterns of modern varieties result from breeding; they normally have solid, un-feathered borders between the colours.<br />
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Tulip growth is also dependent on temperature conditions. Slightly germinated plants show greater growth if subjected to a period of cool dormancy, known as [[vernalization|vernalisation]]. Furthermore, although flower development is induced at warmer temperatures ({{convert|20|-|25|C|F|disp=or}}), elongation of the flower stalk and proper flowering is dependent on an extended period of low temperature (<&nbsp;{{convert|10|C|F|disp=or}}).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rietveld|first1=Patrick L.|last2=Wilkinson|first2=Clare|date=March 2000|title=Low temperature sensing in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.) is mediated through an increased response to auxin|journal=Journal of Experimental Botany|volume=51|issue=344|pages=587–594|doi=10.1093/jexbot/51.344.587|pmid=10938815|doi-access=free}}</ref> Tulip bulbs imported to warm-winter areas are often planted in autumn to be treated as annuals. The colour of tulip flowers also varies with growing conditions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Le Nard|first1=M.|last2=Biot|first2=E.|title=Measurement of Colour Variation of Tulip Flowers Grown in Different Conditions|date=1997|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.1997.430.133|journal=Acta Horticulturae|volume=10|issue=430|pages=837–842}}</ref><br />
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==Cultivation==<br />
<br />
===History===<br />
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====Islamic world====<br />
[[File:Curtis's botanical magazine (No. 717) (8447528823).jpg|thumb|upright|''Tulipa sylvestris'' subsp. ''australis''{{efn|1=Illustration of ''Tulipa sylvestris'' subsp. ''australis'', identified as Tulipa breyniana}} with seedpod by [[Sydenham Edwards]] (1804)<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[Curtis's Botanical Magazine]] |volume=19 |at=plate 717 |url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/471019 |editor-last=Sims |editor-first=John |others=Drawn by [[Sydenham Edwards]]; Engraved by F. Sansom |date=1804 |title=Tulipa Breyntiana. Cape Tulip. |publisher=T. Curtis}}</ref>]]<br />
Cultivation of the tulip began in [[Iran]] ([[Name of Iran|Persia]]), probably in the 10th century.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}} Early cultivars must have emerged from hybridisation in gardens from wild collected plants, which were then favoured, possibly due to flower size or growth vigour. The tulip is not mentioned by any writer from antiquity,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |first1=Brian |last1=Mathew |first2=Turhan |last2=Baytop |year=1984 |title=The Bulbous Plants of Turkey |location=Frome |publisher=Batsford |page=100 |isbn=978-0713445176}}</ref> therefore it seems probable that tulips were introduced into Anatolia only with the advance of the [[Seljuks]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In the [[Ottoman Empire]], numerous types of tulips were cultivated and bred,<ref>Eken, Ahmet (2002). ''Artık Göremediğimiz Bir Çiçek'' İstanbul Lâlesi, Hedef, Nisan p. 83</ref> and today, 14 species can still be found in Turkey.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Tulips are mentioned by [[Omar Kayam]] and [[Rumi|Jalāl ad-Dīn Rûmi]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Species of tulips in Turkey typically come in red, less commonly in white or yellow. The Ottoman Turks had discovered that these wild tulips were great changelings, freely hybridizing (though it takes 7 years to show colour) but also subject to mutations that produced spontaneous changes in form and colour.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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A paper by Arthur Baker<ref>{{cite journal |last=Baker |first=A. |title=The Cult of the Tulip in Turkey |journal=Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society |volume=LVI |issue=1 |pages=240ff |date=1931}}</ref> reports that in 1574, Sultan [[Selim II]] ordered the Kadi of [[Azaz|A'azāz]] in Syria to send him 50,000 tulip bulbs. However, John Harvey<ref>{{harvp|Harvey|1976|p=24}}</ref> points out several problems with this source, and there is also the possibility that tulips and [[Hyacinth (plant)|hyacinth]] (''sümbüll''), originally Indian [[Nardostachys jatamansi|spikenard]] (''Nardostachys jatamansi'') have been confused. Sultan Selim also imported 300,000 bulbs of ''Kefe Lale'' (also known as Cafe-Lale, from the medieval name Kaffa, probably ''[[Tulipa suaveolens]]'', syn. ''Tulipa schrenkii'') from [[Feodossija|Kefe]] in [[Crimea]], for his gardens in the [[Topkapı Palace|Topkapı Sarayı]] in [[Istanbul]].<ref name=pavord32/><br />
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It is also reported that shortly after arriving in Constantinople in 1554, Ogier Ghislain de Busbecq, ambassador of the Austrian Habsburgs to the court of Suleyman the Magnificent, claimed to have introduced the tulip to Europe by sending a consignment of bulbs west. The fact that the tulip's first official trip west took it from one court to the other could have contributed to its ascendency.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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Sultan [[Ahmet III]] maintained famous tulip gardens in the summer highland pastures (''yayla'') at [[Spil Dağı]] above the town of [[Manisa]].<ref>{{harvp|Harvey|1976|pp=21-42}}</ref> They seem to have consisted of wild tulips. However, of the 14 tulip species known from Turkey, only four are considered to be of local origin,<ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Wilford |title=Tulips. Species and hybrids for the gardener |location=Portland |publisher=Timber Press |page=53}}</ref> so wild tulips from Iran and Central Asia may have been brought into Turkey during the Seljuk and especially Ottoman periods. Also, Sultan Ahmet imported domestic tulip bulbs from the Netherlands.<br />
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The gardening book ''Revnak'ı Bostan'' (''Beauty of the Garden'') by Sahibül Reis [[Hajji|ülhaç]] Ibrahim Ibn ülhaç Mehmet, written in 1660 does not mention the tulip at all, but contains advice on growing hyacinths and [[Lilium|lilies]].<ref name="jstor.org">{{harvp|Harvey|1976|p=26}}</ref> However, there is considerable confusion of terminology, and tulips may have been subsumed under hyacinth, a mistake several European botanists were to perpetuate. In 1515, the scholar [[Qasim (Afghan scholar)|Qasim]] from [[Herat]] in contrast had identified both wild and garden tulips (lale) as [[anemone]]s (''shaqayq al-nu'man'') but described the [[Fritillaria imperialis|crown imperial]] as ''laleh kakli''.<ref name="jstor.org"/><br />
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In a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] text written before 1495, the [[Chagatai people|Chagatay]] [[Husayn Bayqarah]] mentions tulips (''lale'').<ref>{{harvp|Harvey|1976|p=25}}</ref> [[Babur]], the founder of the [[Mughal Empire]], also names tulips in the [[Baburnama]].<ref>{{harvp|Harvey|1976|p=22}}</ref> He may actually have introduced them from [[Afghanistan]] to the plains of India, as he did with other plants like melons and grapes.<ref>Annette Susanne Beveridge, Babur-nama (Memoirs of Babur). Translated from the original Turki text of Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padsha Ghazo. Delhi 1921 (Reprint Low Price Publications 1989 in einem Band, {{ISBN|81-85395-07-1}}, 686</ref> The tulip represents the official symbol of Turkey.<ref name="black tulip">{{cite web |<!-- I cannot confirm: last=kenan |first=kahya | --> title=Black Tulip Meaning and Care |url=https://homewerkss.com/black-tulip-meaning-and-care/ |website=homewerkss|date=2024-01-30 |access-date=2024-12-15}}</ref> In Moorish [[Al-Andalus|Andalus]], a "Makedonian bulb" (''basal al-maqdunis'') or "bucket-[[Narcissus (plant)|Narcissus]]" (''naryis qadusi'') was cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens. It was supposed to have come from [[Alexandria]] and may have been ''[[Tulipa sylvestris]]'', but the identification is not wholly secure.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=J. Esteban |last1=Hernández Bermejo |first2=Expiración |last2=García Sánchez |s2cid=25071279 |year=2009 |title=Tulips: An Ornamental Crop in the Andalusian Middle Ages |journal=Economic Botany |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=60–66 |jstor=40390435 |doi=10.1007/s12231-008-9070-3|bibcode=2009EcBot..63...60H }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Introduction to Western Europe====<br />
[[File:Holland tulips.jpg|thumb|Tulip cultivation in the Netherlands]]<br />
[[File:Keukenhof Holanda 003.JPG|thumb|upright|The [[Keukenhof]] in [[Lisse]], Netherlands]]<br />
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Although it is unknown who first brought the tulip to Northwestern Europe, the most widely accepted story is that it was [[Oghier Ghislain de Busbecq]], an ambassador for [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Ferdinand I]] to [[Suleyman the Magnificent]]. According to a letter, he saw "an abundance of flowers everywhere; [[Narcissus (plant)|Narcissus]], [[hyacinth (plant)|hyacinths]] and those in Turkish called Lale, much to our astonishment because it was almost midwinter, a season unfriendly to flowers."<ref>{{cite book|last=Blunt|first=Wilfrid |others=Illustrated by [[Alexander Marshal]] |title=Tulipomania |page=7 |publisher=Penguin Books |location=London |year=1950}}</ref><ref>Forster, E. S. (trans. et ed.) (1927). ''The Turkish Letters of Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq''. Oxford.</ref> However, in 1559, an account by [[Conrad Gessner]] describes tulips flowering in [[Augsburg]], [[Swabia]] in the garden of Councillor Heinrich Herwart.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Tulip: The Story of a Flower That Has Made Men Mad|last=Pavord|first=Anna|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2014|isbn=9781408859032|location=London|pages=Introduction p.4}}</ref> In Central and Northern Europe, tulip bulbs are generally removed from the ground in June and must be replanted by September for the winter.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} It is doubtful that Busbecq could have had the tulip bulbs harvested, shipped to Germany and replanted between March 1558 and Gessner's description the following year. [[Pietro Andrea Mattioli]] illustrated a tulip in 1565 but identified it as a narcissus.<br />
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[[Carolus Clusius]] is largely responsible for the spread of tulip bulbs in the final years of the 16th century; he planted tulips at the Vienna Imperial Botanical Gardens in 1573. He finished the first major work on tulips in 1592 and made note of the colour variations. After he was appointed the director of the [[Leiden University]]'s newly established [[Hortus Botanicus Leiden|Hortus Botanicus]], he planted both a teaching garden and his private garden with tulips in late 1593. Thus, 1594 is considered the date of the tulip's first flowering in the Netherlands, despite reports of the cultivation of tulips in private gardens in [[Antwerp]] and [[Amsterdam]] two or three decades earlier. These tulips at Leiden would eventually lead to both the [[tulip mania]] and the tulip industry in the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/04/magazine/how-a-turkish-blossom-enflamed-the-dutch-landscape.html |title=How A Turkish Blossom Enflamed the Dutch Landscape |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=2001-03-04 |access-date=2012-03-14}}</ref> Over two raids, in 1596 and in 1598, more than one hundred bulbs were stolen from his garden.<br />
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Tulips spread rapidly across Europe, and more opulent varieties such as double tulips were already known in Europe by the early 17th century. These curiosities fitted well in an age when natural oddities were cherished especially in the Netherlands, France, Germany and England, where the spice trade with the East Indies had made many people wealthy. ''Nouveaux riches'' seeking wealthy displays embraced the exotic plant market, especially in the Low Countries where gardens had become fashionable. A craze for bulbs soon grew in France, where in the early 17th century, entire properties were exchanged as payment for a single tulip bulb. The value of the flower gave it an aura of mystique, and numerous publications describing varieties in lavish garden manuals were published, cashing in on the value of the flower. An export business was built up in France, supplying Dutch, Flemish, German and English buyers. The trade drifted slowly from the French to the Dutch.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Christenhusz|first=Maarten J. M.|date=June 2013|title=Tiptoe through the tulips – cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of Tulipa (Liliaceae)|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=172|issue=3|pages=280–328|doi=10.1111/boj.12061|doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
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Between 1634 and 1637, the enthusiasm for the new flowers in Holland triggered a [[speculation|speculative]] frenzy now known as the [[tulip mania]] that eventually led to the collapse of the market three years later. Tulip bulbs had become so expensive that they were treated as a form of currency, or rather, as futures, forcing the Dutch government to introduce trading restrictions on the bulbs.<ref name=":0" /> Around this time, the [[ceramic]] [[tulipiere]] was devised for the display of cut flowers stem by stem. Vases and bouquets, usually including tulips, often appeared in [[Dutch Golden Age painting#Still lives|Dutch still-life painting]]. To this day, tulips are associated with the Netherlands, and the cultivated forms of the tulip are often called "Dutch tulips". The Netherlands has the world's largest permanent display of tulips at the [[Keukenhof]]. The majority of tulip cultivars are classified in the taxon ''[[Tulipa gesneriana]]''. They have usually several species in their direct background, but most have been derived from ''[[Tulipa suaveolens]]''. ''Tulipa gesneriana'' is in itself an early hybrid of complex origin and is probably not the same taxon as was described by Conrad Gessner in the 16th century.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oanh |first=Tú |date=2025-03-30 |title=Điện Hoa |url=https://shophoatuoanh.com/ |access-date=2025-04-09 |website= |language=vi}}</ref> The UK's [[National Plant Collection|National Collection]] of English florists' tulips and Dutch historic tulips, dating from the early 17th century to c. 1960, is held by Polly Nicholson at [[Blackland, Wiltshire|Blackland House]], near [[Calne]] in Wiltshire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulipa (historic tulips) |url=https://www.plantheritage.org.uk/national-plant-collections/search-the-national-plant-collections/collection/5994/tulipa-historic-tulips |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=[[Plant Heritage]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Introduction to the United States====<br />
[[File:The_Dallas_Arboretum_and_Botanical_Garden.jpg|thumb|The [[Dallas]] Arboretum and Botanical Garden]]<br />
It is believed the first tulips in the United States were grown near [[Spring Pond]] at the Fay Estate in [[Lynn, Massachusetts|Lynn]] and [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]], Massachusetts. From 1847 to 1865, Richard Sullivan Fay, Esq., one of Lynn's wealthiest men, settled on {{convert|500|acre|km2 ha|0}} located partly in present-day Lynn and partly in present-day Salem. Mr. Fay imported many different trees and plants from all parts of the world and planted them among the meadows of the Fay Estate.<ref>The Daily Item, Lynn, Mass. ''Independent Newspaper'', January 24, 1952</ref><br />
<br />
====Introduction to Canada====<br />
[[File:Ottawa tulip festival (I0015047) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Red tulips blooming for the Ottawa Tulip Festival in 1952]]<br />
{{main|Canadian Tulip Festival}}<br />
During World War II, Seymour Cobley of the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] donated 83,000 tulips to Canada from 1941 to 1943 to honour [[Canada in World War II|Canadian involvement in the war]].<ref name="godutch">{{cite news |date=1995 |title=Crown princess Juliana in 1945 said thanks with loads of tulips |work=The Windmill news articles |publisher=goDutch |url=http://www.godutch.com/newspaper/index.php?id=166 |access-date=2012-05-24}}</ref><br />
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In 1945 the [[Dutch royal family]] sent 100,000 tulip bulbs to Ottawa in gratitude for Canadians having sheltered the future [[Queen Juliana]] and her family for the preceding three years during the [[Nazi occupation of the Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite news |title = Proclamation |url = http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=cangaz&id=7865&lang=eng |newspaper = [[Canada Gazette]] |date = 26 December 1942 |access-date = 7 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1943: Netherlands' Princess Margriet born in Ottawa - CBC Archives |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1943-netherlands-princess-margriet-born-in-ottawa |website=CBC Archives |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=23 January 1992 |access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref> In 1946 Juliana sent another 20,500 bulbs requesting that a display be created for the hospital, and promised to send 10,000 more bulbs each year. By 1963 the [[Canadian Tulip Festival]] featured more than 2 million tulips, rising to nearly 3 million by 1995.<ref name="godutch" /><br />
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===Propagation===<br />
{{multiple image<br />
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The [[Netherlands]] is the world's main producer of commercial tulip plants, producing as many as 3 billion bulbs annually, the majority for export.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floridata.com/ref/T/tulip_spp.cfm |title=''Tulipa'' spp |publisher=Floridata |access-date=2009-12-07}}</ref><br />
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"Unlike many flower species, tulips do not produce nectar to entice insect pollination. Instead, tulips rely on wind and land animals to move their pollen between reproductive organs. Because they are self-pollinating, they do not need the pollen to move several feet to another plant but only within their blossoms."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://homeguides.sfgate.com/can-pollinate-tulips-63272.html |title=''Can You Pollinate Tulips?'' spp |work=Home Guides &#124; SF Gate |date=4 February 2013 |access-date=2022-04-30}}</ref><br />
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Tulips can be propagated through bulb [[offset (botany)|offsets]], [[seed]]s or [[micropropagation]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Nishiuchi |first=Y. |year=1986 |title=Multiplication of Tulip Bulb by Tissue Culture ''in vitro'' |journal=ISHS Acta Horticulturae |volume=177 |issue=177 |pages=279–284 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.1986.177.40}}</ref> Offsets and [[plant tissue culture|tissue culture]] methods are means of [[asexual reproduction|asexual]] propagation for producing [[gene]]tic [[cloning|clones]] of the parent plant, which maintains [[cultivar]] genetic integrity. Seeds are most often used to propagate [[species]] and [[subspecies]] or to create new [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]]. Many tulip species can [[cross-pollination|cross-pollinate]] with each other, and when wild tulip populations overlap geographically with other tulip species or subspecies, they often hybridise and create mixed populations. Most commercial tulip cultivars are complex hybrids, and often [[sterility (physiology)|sterile]].<br />
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Offsets require a year or more of growth before plants are large enough to flower. Tulips grown from seeds often need five to eight years before plants are of flowering size. To prevent cross-pollination, increase the growth rate of bulbs and increase the vigour and size of offsets, the flower and stems of a field of commercial tulips are usually [[Topping (agriculture)|topped]] using large tractor-mounted mowing heads. The same goals can be achieved by a private gardener by clipping the stem and flower of an individual specimen. Commercial growers usually harvest the tulip bulbs in late summer and grade them into sizes; bulbs large enough to flower are sorted and sold, while smaller bulbs are sorted into sizes and replanted for sale in the future.<br />
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Because tulip bulbs do not reliably come back every year, tulip varieties that fall out of favour with present aesthetic values have traditionally gone extinct. Unlike other flowers that do not suffer this same limitation, the tulip's historical forms do not survive alongside their modern incarnations.<ref name=":1" /><br />
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===Horticultural classification===<br />
[[File:Tulip Gavota.jpg|thumb|'Gavota', a division 3 cultivar]]<br />
[[File:Yonina Tulip.jpg|thumb|'Yonina', a division 6 cultivar]]<br />
[[File:Kvetoucí tulipán.jpg|thumb|'Texas Flame', a division 10 cultivar]]<br />
[[File:Tulpe "Dance Line" im botanschen Garten München 02.jpg|alt=Flower and buds of a white tulip with small dark purple spots at the outer rim of the leaves. The blossom is very full and looks similar to a paeonia flower.|thumb|'Dance Line', a division 11 cultivar]]<br />
In horticulture, tulips are divided into fifteen groups (Divisions) mostly based on flower morphology and plant size.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brickell |first1=Christopher |first2=Judith D. |last2=Zuk |year=1997 |title=The American Horticultural Society A–Z encyclopedia of garden plants |location=New York, N.Y. |publisher=DK Pub. |isbn=978-0-7894-1943-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/americanhorticul00chri/page/1028 1028] |url=https://archive.org/details/americanhorticul00chri/page/1028 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theplantexpert.com/springbulbs/TulipIntro.html |title=Tulips |publisher=The Plant Expert |date=2008-10-15 |access-date=2012-03-14 |archive-date=30 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100930105325/http://www.theplantexpert.com/springbulbs/TulipIntro.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
* '''Div. 1: Single early''' – with cup-shaped single flowers, no larger than {{convert|8|cm|in|0|abbr=in}} across. They bloom early to mid-season. Growing {{convert|15|to|45|cm|in|0|abbr=in}} tall.<br />
* '''Div. 2: Double early''' – with fully double flowers, bowl shaped to {{convert|8|cm|in|0|abbr=in}} across. Plants typically grow from {{convert|30|-|40|cm|in|abbr=in}} tall.<br />
* '''Div. 3: Triumph''' – single, cup shaped flowers up to {{convert|6|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=in}} wide. Plants grow {{convert|35|-|60|cm|in|abbr=in}} tall and bloom mid to late season.<br />
* '''Div. 4: Darwin hybrid''' – single flowers are ovoid in shape and up to {{convert|6|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=in}} wide. Plants grow {{convert|50|-|70|cm|in|abbr=in}} tall and bloom mid to late season. This group should not be confused with older Darwin tulips, which belong in the Single Late Group below.<br />
* '''Div. 5: Single late''' – cup or goblet-shaped flowers up to {{convert|8|cm|in|0|abbr=in}} wide, some plants produce multi-flowering stems. Plants grow {{convert|45|-|75|cm|in|abbr=in}} tall and bloom late season.<br />
* '''Div. 6: Lily-flowered''' – the flowers possess a distinct narrow 'waist' with pointed and reflexed petals. Previously included with the old Darwins, only became a group in their own right in 1958.{{sfn|Pavord|1999|p=352}}<br />
* '''Div. 7: Fringed (Crispa)''' – cup or goblet-shaped blossoms edged with spiked or crystal-like fringes, sometimes called "tulips for touch" because of the temptation to "test" the fringes to see if they are real or made of glass. Perennials with a tendency to naturalize in woodland areas, growing {{convert|45|-|65|cm|in|abbr=in}} tall and blooming in late season.<br />
* '''Div. 8: Viridiflora'''<br />
* '''Div. 9: Rembrandt'''<br />
* '''Div. 10: Parrot'''<br />
* '''Div. 11: Double late''' – Large, heavy blooms. They range from {{convert|18|to|22|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}} tall.<br />
* '''Div. 12: [[Tulipa kaufmanniana|Kaufmanniana]]''' – Waterlily tulip. Medium-large creamy yellow flowers marked red on the outside and yellow at the centre. Stems {{convert|6|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}} tall.<br />
* '''Div. 13: [[Tulipa fosteriana|Fosteriana (Emperor)]]'''<br />
* '''Div. 14: [[Tulipa greigii|Greigii]]''' – Scarlet flowers {{convert|6|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}} across, on {{convert|6|in|cm|adj=on|order=flip}} stems. Foliage mottled with brown.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Western Garden Book |edition=Third |location=Menlo Park, CA |publisher=Lane Magazine & Book Company |year=1972 |page=448}}</ref><br />
* '''Div. 15: Species or Botanical''' – The terms "species tulips" and "botanical tulips" refer to wild species in contrast to hybridised varieties.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Eyster|first1=William H.|title=The 'Species' Tulips |journal=Organic Gardening|date=1950|volume=16–17|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy4SAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Species+Tulips%22|access-date=31 May 2017}}</ref> As a group they have been described as being less ostentatious but more reliably vigorous as they age.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bales|first1=Suzanne F.|title=Bulbs|date=1992|publisher=Macmillan General Reference|isbn=9780671863920|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FOGq3zYxE5oC&q=%22Species+Tulips%22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Fell|first1=Derek|author-link1=Derek Fell|title=The Easiest Flowers to Grow|date=1990|publisher=Ortho Books|isbn=9780897212205|page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DU6JOMG6XpEC&q=%22Species+Tulips%22}}</ref><br />
* '''Div. 16: Multiflowering''' – not an official division, these tulips belong in the first 15 divisions but are often listed separately because they have multiple blooms per bulb.<br />
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They may also be classified by their flowering season:<ref>{{cite web|last=Jauron |first=Richard |url=http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/hortnews/1998/9-4-1998/tulipclasses.html |website=Iowa State University |title=Tulip Classes |access-date=2012-03-14}}</ref><br />
* Early flowering: Single Early Tulips, Double Early Tulips, Greigii Tulips, Kaufmanniana Tulips, Fosteriana Tulips, Species Tulips<br />
* Mid-season flowering: Darwin Hybrid Tulips, Triumph Tulips, [[Parrot tulip|Parrot Tulips]]<br />
* Late season flowering: Single Late Tulips, Double Late Tulips, Viridiflora Tulips, Lily-flowering Tulips, Fringed (Crispa) Tulips, Rembrandt Tulips<br />
<br />
====Neo-tulipae====<br />
[[File:Tulip-Bulb-Deapth.jpg|alt=Tulip Bulb Depth|thumb|upright|Tulip bulb planting depth {{convert|6|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}}]]<!-- Moved this image up for better layout—if content expands, move down to Horticulture section again. --><br />
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A number of names are based on naturalised garden tulips and are usually referred to as neo-tulipae. These are often difficult to trace back to their original cultivar, and in some cases have been occurring in the wild for many centuries. The history of naturalisation is unknown, but populations are usually associated with agricultural practices and are possibly linked to [[saffron]] cultivation{{Clarify|date=January 2014}}. Some neo-tulipae have been brought into cultivation, and are often offered as botanical tulips. These cultivated plants can be classified into two Cultivar Groups: 'Grengiolensis Group', with picotee tepals, and the 'Didieri Group' with unicolorous tepals.<br />
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===Horticulture===<br />
Tulip bulbs are typically planted around late summer and fall, in well-drained soils. Tulips should be planted {{convert|4|to|6|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}} apart from each other. The recommended hole depth is {{convert|4|to|8|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}} deep and is measured from the top of the bulb to the surface. Therefore, larger tulip bulbs would require deeper holes. Species of tulips are normally planted deeper.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}<br />
<br />
== Consumption and toxicity ==<br />
As with other plants of the lily family, tulips are poisonous to domestic animals including horses, cats, and dogs.<ref name="aspca" /> In cats, ingestion of small amounts of tulips can cause vomiting, depression, diarrhoea, [[hypersalivation]], and irritation of the mouth and throat, and larger amounts can cause abdominal pain, tremors, [[tachycardia]], convulsions, [[tachypnea]], difficulty breathing, [[cardiac arrhythmia]], and coma. All parts of the tulip plant are poisonous to cats, while the bulb is especially dangerous. A veterinarian should be contacted immediately if a cat has ingested tulip.<ref>{{cite web |title=Are Tulips Poisonous to Cats? What to Do Next |url=https://www.purina.co.uk/articles/cats/feeding/what-cats-eat/are-tulips-poisonous-to-cats |access-date=7 December 2022 |website=Purina |language=en-gb}}</ref> In the American East, [[white-tailed deer]] eat tulips<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conover |first1=Michael R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvdVEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT270 |title=Human-Wildlife Interactions: From Conflict to Coexistence |last2=Conover |first2=Denise O. |date=2022-01-05 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-429-68571-2 |language=en}}</ref> with no apparent ill effects.<br />
<br />
Humans generally do not eat tulip bulbs, as they are slow to cultivate and safe preparation practices are not widely known. Although they resemble onions and are occasionally cooked as such, this has led to illness.<ref name="toxicity">{{cite web |title=Tulip Bulb Toxicity |url=https://www.poison.org/articles/tulip-bulb-toxicity-191 |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=poison.org |publisher=National Capital Poison Center |language=en}}</ref> In the Netherlands they were used as an [[ersatz]] ingredient and [[poverty food]] during the [[Dutch famine of 1944–45|famine of 1944–45]], and some chefs continue to offer them as a delicacy. Removal of the germ (the young stem) is an important preparation step.<ref>{{cite web |author=Katherine Beck |date=24 Oct 2022 |title=The Humble Dutch Soup That Saved Lives During WWII |url=https://www.tastingtable.com/1068271/the-humble-dutch-soup-that-saved-lives-during-wwii/ |website=Tasting Table}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 September 2017 |title=Eating Tulip Bulbs During World War II |url=https://amsterdamtulipmuseumonline.com/blogs/tulip-facts/eating-tulip-bulbs-during-world-war-ii |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Amsterdam Tulip Museum |language=en}}</ref> People who handle tulip bulbs extensively can develop [[contact dermatitis]], known as "tulip fingers", caused by the defensive chemical [[tulipalin A]].<ref name="toxicity"/> The petals are [[List of edible flowers|edible]] to humans, as are the leaves, although some people are allergic.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bellamy |first1=Lucy |title=Tasty tulips |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gardening-blog/2013/oct/04/tulips-edible-flowers |access-date=15 March 2020 |work=The Guardian |date=4 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Creasy |first1=Rosalind |title=The Edible Flower Garden |date=2012 |publisher=Tuttle Publishing |isbn=978-1-4629-0617-8 |page=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JAHQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT156 |access-date=15 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== In culture ==<br />
<br />
===Iran===<br />
The celebration of Persian New Year, or [[Nowruz]], dating back over 3,000 years, marks the advent of spring, and tulips are used as a decorative feature during the festivities.<ref name="primer">{{cite web |last=Nada |first=Garrett |date=23 April 2013 |title=Politics and Art of Iran's Revolutionary Tulips |url=https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2013/apr/23/politics-and-art-iran%E2%80%99s-revolutionary-tulips |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250314180500/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2013/apr/23/politics-and-art-iran%E2%80%99s-revolutionary-tulips |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2025 |website=The Iran Primer |publisher=[[United States Institute of Peace]] |access-date=30 January 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The 12th century Persian tragic romance, ''[[Khosrow and Shirin]]'', similar to the tale of ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'', tells of tulips sprouting where the blood of the young prince Farhad spilt after he killed himself upon hearing the (deliberately false) story that his true love had died.<ref name="primer" /><br />
<br />
The tulip was a topic for Persian poets from the thirteenth century. The poem ''[[Gulistan of Sa'di|Gulistan]]'' by [[Sa'di (poet)|Musharrifu'd-din Saadi]], described a visionary garden paradise with "The murmur of a cool stream / bird song, ripe fruit in plenty / bright multicoloured tulips and fragrant roses...".{{sfn|Pavord|1999|p=31}} In recent times, tulips have featured in the poems of [[Simin Behbahani]].{{cn|date=January 2021}}<br />
<br />
The tulip is the [[national symbol]] for [[martyr]]dom in Iran<ref name="tt">{{cite web |date=15 January 2012 |title=Beauty unbound: Flowers in Iranian culture |url=https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/395819/Beauty-unbound-Flowers-in-Iranian-culture |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=Tehran Times}}</ref> (and [[Shi'ite Islam]] generally), and has been used on postage stamps and [[coin]]s. It was common as a symbol used in the [[1979 Islamic Revolution]], and a red tulip adorns the [[Iranian flag|flag redesigned in 1980]]. The [[sword]] in the centre, with four [[crescent]]-shaped petals around it, create the word "[[Allah]]" as well as symbolising the [[five pillars of Islam]]. The tomb of [[Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini]] is decorated with 72 [[stained glass]] tulips, representing 72 martyrs who died at the [[Battle of Karbala]] in 680 CE. It was also used as a symbol on [[billboard]]s celebrating casualties of the [[Iran–Iraq War|1980–1988 war with Iraq]].<ref name="primer" /><br />
<br />
The tulip also became a symbol of protest against the [[Iranian government]] after the [[2009 Iranian presidential election|presidential election in June 2009]], when millions turned out on the streets to protest the re-election of [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]]. After the protests were harshly suppressed, the [[Iranian Green Movement]] adopted the tulip as a symbol of their struggle.<ref name="primer" /><br />
<br />
The word for tulip in [[Persian language|Persian]] is "laleh" (لاله), and this has become popular as a girl's name.<ref name="tt" /> The name has been used for commercial enterprises, such as the Laleh International Hotel, as well as public facilities, such as [[Laleh Park]]<ref name="primer" /> and Laleh Hospital,<ref>{{cite web |title=Laleh Hospital |url=http://medandtrip.com/laleh-hospital/ |access-date=30 January 2021 |publisher=Medical Tourism Management in IRAN}}</ref> and the tulip [[Motif (visual arts)|motif]] remains common in Iranian culture.<ref name="primer" /><br />
<br />
<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" class="center" caption="Iranian 20 rial coin"><br />
File:Obverse of Iranian 20 Rials coin - monument of 3rd anniversary of Islamic revolution (cropped square).jpg|Obverse with 22 tulips<br />
File:Reverse of Iranian 20 Rials coin - monument of 3rd anniversary of Islamic revolution (cropped square).jpg|Reverse with three tulips<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
===Other cultures===<br />
[[File:Lhr20101219010 (5282772890).jpg|thumb|[[Turkish Airlines]] uses a grey tulip emblem on its aircraft]]<br />
<br />
Tulips are called {{lang|tr|lale}} in [[Turkish language|Turkish]] (from the {{langx|fa|لاله|laleh}} from {{lang|fa|{{wikt-lang|fa|لال}}}} ''lal'' 'red').<ref>{{cite news |author=Alizeh Ahmad<!-- xct nm --> |date=April 21, 2019 |title=History: From Lale to Tulip |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1477374 |newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] }}</ref> When written in Arabic letters, {{lang|tr|lale}} has the same letters as ''[[Allah]]'', which is why the flower became a holy symbol. It was also associated with the House of [[Ottoman dynasty|Osman]], resulting in tulips being widely used in decorative motifs on tiles, mosques, fabrics, crockery, etc. in the [[Ottoman Empire]].{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}} The tulip was seen as a symbol of abundance and indulgence. The era during which the Ottoman Empire was wealthiest is often called the [[Tulip era]] or {{lang|tr|Lale Devri}} in [[Turkish language|Turkish]].<br />
<br />
Tulips became popular garden plants in the east and west, but, whereas the tulip in Turkish culture was a [[symbol]] of [[paradise]] on earth and had almost a divine status, in the Netherlands it represented the briefness of life.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2013}}<br />
<br />
In Christianity, tulips symbolise passion, belief and love. White tulips represent forgiveness while purple tulips represent royalty, both important aspects of Easter.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}} In [[Calvinism]], the five points of the doctrines of grace have been summarized under the [[acrostic]] TULIP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawson |first=Steven |date=March 18, 2019 |title=TULIP and The Doctrines of Grace |url=https://www.ligonier.org/blog/tulip-and-doctrines-grace/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121090553/https://www.ligonier.org/blog/tulip-and-doctrines-grace/ |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |access-date=August 5, 2021 |website=Ligonier Ministries |quote=In reality, these five doctrines of grace form one comprehensive body of truth concerning salvation.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sproul |first=R. C. |title=What Is Reformed Theology?: Understanding the Basics |publisher=Baker Books |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-8010-1846-6 |location=Grand Rapids, MI |pages=32}}</ref><br />
<br />
By contrast to other flowers such as the [[coneflower]] or [[lotus flower]], tulips have historically been capable of genetically reinventing themselves to suit changes in aesthetic values. In his 1597 herbal, John Gerard says of the tulip that "nature seems to play more with this flower than with any other that I do know". When in the Netherlands, beauty was defined by marbled swirls of vivid contrasting colours, the petals of tulips were able to become "feathered" and "flamed". However, in the 19th century, when the English desired tulips for carpet bedding and massing, the tulips were able to once again accommodate this by evolving into "paint-filled boxes with the brightest, fattest dabs of pure pigment". This inherent mutability of the tulip even led the Ottoman Turks to believe that nature cherished this flower above all others.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The Dutch regarded the flower's lack of scent as a virtue, representing chasteness.<ref name=":1" /> ''[[The Black Tulip]]'' (1850) is a historical romance by [[Alexandre Dumas, père]]. The story takes place in the Dutch city of [[Haarlem]], where a reward is offered to the first grower who can produce a truly black tulip.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=5 Great Books by Alexandre Dumas |url=https://www.thecollector.com/books-alexandre-dumas/ |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=TheCollector |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The tulip occurs on a number of the [[Major Arcana]] cards of occultist [[Oswald Wirth]]'s deck of [[Tarot cards]], specifically the Magician, Emperor, Temperance and the Fool, described in his 1927 work {{lang|fr|Le Tarot, des Imagiers du Moyen Âge}}.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wirth |first=Oswald |author1-link=Oswald Wirth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_cRXkTMhDEC&pg=PT253 |title=Tarot of the Magicians: The Occult Symbols of the Major Arcana that Inspired Modern Tarot |publisher=Red Wheel/Weiser |others=Introduction by Mary K. Greer |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-57863-531-3 |page=253 |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Wirth |first=Oswald |url=https://archive.org/stream/TarotOfTheMagiciansByOswaldWirth/Tarot_of_the_Magicians_by_Oswald_Wirth_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "Tarot Of The Magicians By Oswald Wirth" |date=1985 |publisher=S. Weiser |isbn=0-87728-656-6 |quote=First published in English in 1985 by Samuel Weiser, Inc. ...First published in Paris in 1927 under the original title: ''Le Tarot, des Imagiers du Moyen Âge'' |access-date=30 January 2021 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Tulip festivals===<br />
{{more citations|section|date=December 2022}}<br />
[[Tulip festival]]s are held around the world, for example in the [[Netherlands]]<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-02-14 |title=TULIP FESTIVAL AMSTERDAM |url=https://tulipfestivalamsterdam.com/amsterdam-tulip-season-2019/ |access-date=30 March 2019 |website=Tulip Festival Amsterdam}}</ref> and [[Spalding, Lincolnshire|Spalding]], England. There is also a popular festival in [[Morges]], Switzerland. Every spring, there are tulip festivals in North America, including the [[Tulip Time Festival]] in [[Holland, Michigan|Holland]], Michigan, the [[Skagit Valley Tulip Festival]] in [[Skagit Valley]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], the Tulip Time Festival in [[Orange City, Iowa|Orange City]] and [[Pella, Iowa|Pella]], Iowa, and the [[Canadian Tulip Festival]] in [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], Canada. Tulips are also popular in Australia and several festivals are held in September and October, during the [[Southern Hemisphere]]'s spring. The Indira Gandhi Memorial Tulip Garden hosts an annual tulip festival which draws huge attention and has an attendance of over 200,000.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Award of Garden Merit tulips]]<br />
* [[Tulip period]]<br />
* [[Dahlia]]<br />
<br />
== Explanatory notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== Citations ==<br />
<!--Place multiple citations with URLs here to avoid cluttering wikitext --><br />
{{Reflist|30em|refs=<br />
<br />
<!--Pavord --><br />
<ref name=pavord6>{{harvnb|Pavord|1999|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LeMRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT6 p.&nbsp;6]}}</ref><br />
<ref name=pavord32>{{harvnb|Pavord|1999|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=LeMRBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 p.&nbsp;32]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== General and cited works ==<br />
{{Refbegin|30em}}<br />
<br />
=== Books ===<br />
* {{Cite book | last1 = Botschantzeva | first1 = Z. P.|author-link1=Zinaida Botschantzeva | title = Tulips: taxonomy, morphology, cytology, phytogeography and physiology |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1S8aoPCftE0C&pg=PA120 | year = 1982 | publisher = CRC Press| isbn = 978-90-6191-029-9 | page = 120}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Clusius|first=Carolus|author-link=Carolus Clusius|title=A Treatise on Tulips|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPylGAAACAAJ|year=1951|publisher=Associated Bulb Growers of Holland|location = Haarlem|others=Translated by W. van Dijk}} (Translation of a section from the ''Rariorum plantarum historia'', 1601: see {{harvtxt|Clusius|1601}})<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Clusius|first1=Carolus|author-link=Carolus Clusius|title=Rariorum plantarum historia: quae accesserint, proxima pagina docebit|date=1601|publisher=Ioannem Moretum|location=Antwerp|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/724#/summary}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Dash|first1=Mike|title=Tulipomania: The Story Of The World's Most Coveted Flower & The Extraordinary Passions It Aroused|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVs6AgAAQBAJ|date=1999|publisher=[[Orion Publishing Group]]|location=London |isbn=978-1-78022-057-4}}<br />
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Davis|editor-first1=PH|editor-link=Peter Hadland Davis|title=Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean islands volume 8|date=1984|publisher=[[Edinburgh University Press]]|isbn=978-0852244944}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Everett|first=Diana|year=2013|title=The Genus Tulipa: Tulips of the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GA60NAEACAAJ|publisher=[[Kew Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84246-481-6}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Goldgar|first1=Anne|title=Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age|date=2007|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=9780226301303 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gViwLbCJ7X0C |access-date=21 February 2015}}<br />
* {{harvc|last1=Grey-Wilson|first1=C.|last2=Matthews|first2=V. A.| c=Tulipa L.|pp=28–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v11xJgWbUDcC&pg=PA28|in=Tutin et al|year=1980}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=A. Daniel|author-link=Alfred Daniel Hall|year=1940|title=The genus Tulipa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SU1JAAAAMAAJ|publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |location=London}}<br />
* {{cite book| last=King| first=Michael| title=Gardening with Tulips|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QmBPwAACAAJ| year=2005| publisher=[[Timber Press]]| location=Portland, OR| isbn= 978-0-88192-744-3}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Linnaeus|first1=Carl|author-link=Carl Linnaeus|title=Species Plantarum|series=Vol. 1 |chapter=Tulipa|date=1753|volume=1|pages=305–306|publisher=Impensis Laurentii Salvii |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358106#page/317/mode/1up}} see also [[Species Plantarum]]<br />
* {{harvc|last1=Marais|first1=W.|c=Tulipa|pp=302–311|in=Davis|year=1984}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Pavord| first=Anna |author-link=Anna Pavord|year=1999|title=The Tulip |location=London |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LeMRBAAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0-7475-4296-4}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Pollan|first1=Michael|author-link=Michael Pollan|title=The Botany of Desire: A Plant's-Eye View of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/botanyofdesirepl00poll|url-access=registration|date=2001 |publisher=Random House |location=New York |isbn=9780375501296}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Papiomitoglou|first1=Vangelis|title=Wild flowers of Greece |date=2006 |publisher=Mediterraneo Editions |isbn=9789608227743}}<br />
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Tutin|editor1-first=T. G.|display-editors=etal|title=Flora Europaea. Volume 5, Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (monocotyledones)|date=1980|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=978-0521201087|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v11xJgWbUDcC |access-date=4 October 2014|ref={{harvid|Tutin et al|1980}}}}<br />
* {{cite book| editor-last=Tenenbaum| editor-first=Frances| title=Taylor's Encyclopedia of Garden Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=557KJL0TC48C| year=2003| publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]]| isbn=978-0-618-22644-3}}<br />
<br />
=== Articles ===<br />
* {{Cite journal|display-authors=4|last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten J.M.|first2=Rafaël |last2=Govaerts |first3=John C. |last3=David |first4=Tony |last4=Hall |first5=Katherine |last5=Borland |first6=Penelope S. |last6=Roberts |first7=Anne |last7=Tuomisto |first8=Sven |last8=Buerki |first9=Mark W. |last9=Chase |first10=Michael F. |last10=Fay|author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz|author-link2=Rafael Govaerts|author-link9=Mark W Chase|author-link10=Michael F Fay |title=Tiptoe through the tulips – cultural history, molecular phylogenetics and classification of ''Tulipa'' (Liliaceae)|year=2013|issue=3 |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|volume=172|pages=280–328 |doi=10.1111/boj.12061|ref={{harvid|Christenhusz et al|2013}}|doi-access=free }}<br />
* {{cite journal|display-authors=4|last1=Clennett|first1=John C. B.|last2=Chase|first2=Mark W.|last3=Forest |first3=Félix|last4=Maurin|first4=Olivier|last5=Wilkin|first5=Paul|author-link2=Mark Chase |title=Phylogenetic systematics of ''Erythronium'' (Liliaceae): morphological and molecular analyses |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|date=December 2012|volume=170|issue=4|pages=504–528 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01302.x |doi-access=free |ref={{harvid|Clennett et al|2012}}}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Eker|first1=İsmail|last2=Babaç|first2=Mehmet Tekin|last3=Koyuncu|first3=Mehmet |title=Revision of the genus Tulipa L. (Liliaceae) in Turkey|journal=Phytotaxa|date=29 January 2014 |volume=157 |issue=1 |pages=001 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.157.1.1|bibcode=2014Phytx.157....1E |ref={{harvid|Eker et al|2014}}}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last=Harvey|first=John H.|year=1976 |title=Turkey as a Source of Garden Plants |journal=Garden History |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=24–42 |doi=10.2307/1586521 |jstor=1586521}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last1=Tan|first1=Dun-Yan|last2=Zhang|first2=Zhen|last3=Li|first3=Xin-Rong|last4=Hong |first4=De-Yuan|title=Restoration of the genus ''Amana'' Honda (Liliaceae) based on a cladistic analysis of morphological characters |journal=Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica|date=2005|volume=43|issue=3|pages=262–270 |doi=10.1360/aps040106|url=http://www.jse.ac.cn/wenzhang/f04-0106.pdf|access-date=14 September 2015 |language=zh |ref={{harvid|Tan et al|2005}} |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025}}<br />
* {{cite journal|display-authors=4|last1=Turktas|first1=Mine|last2=Metin|first2=Özge Karakaş|last3=Baştuğ |first3=Berk|last4=Ertuğrul|first4=Fahriye|last5=Saraç|first5=Yasemin Izgi|last6=Kaya|first6=Erdal |title=Molecular phylogenetic analysis of ''Tulipa'' (Liliaceae) based on noncoding plastid and nuclear DNA sequences with an emphasis on Turkey|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|date=July 2013|volume=172|issue=3|pages=270–279 |doi=10.1111/boj.12040 |doi-access=}}<br />
* {{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s00606-011-0525-0|title=The infrageneric nomenclature of ''Tulipa'' (Liliaceae) |year=2011|last1=Veldkamp|first1=J. F.|author2-link=Ben Zonneveld|last2=Zonneveld|first2=B. J. M.|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|volume=298|pages=87–92|doi-access=free}}<br />
<br />
=== Websites ===<br />
* {{cite web|last1=Straley|first1=Gerald B. |last2=Utech|first2=Frederick H. |year=2003|title=Tulipa |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=133974|work=[[Flora of North America]] Volume 26|page=199|access-date=10 September 2014}}<br />
* {{cite web|title=Tulipa|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Liliaceae/Tulipa/|website=The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1.|access-date=30 August 2017|date=2013|ref={{harvid|The Plant List|2013}}}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Tulipa}}<br />
{{Wikispecies|Tulipa}}<br />
* [http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/celebrate/tulips Canadian National Capital Commission: The Gift of Tulips] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514042606/http://www.canadascapital.gc.ca/celebrate/tulips |date=14 May 2012 }}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121120114938/http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc-jsp/en/education/beroepsonderwijs/introduction/Tulip.xml Bulb flower production » Tulip, International Flower Bulb Centre]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140203154945/http://www.bulbsonline.org/ibc-jsp/en/education/beroepsonderwijs/photos/Tulip-book.xml Tulip Picture Book, International Flower Bulb Centre]<br />
<br />
{{Liliaceae}}<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q93201}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tulipa| ]]<br />
[[Category:Bulbous plants]]<br />
[[Category:Garden plants]]<br />
[[Category:Liliaceae genera]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arunthathiyar&diff=447638Arunthathiyar2026-03-07T21:25:28Z<p>WillisHeiman326: update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Dalit caste in South India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox caste<br />
|caste_name=Arunthathiyar<br />
|image=<br />
|caption=<br />
|languages=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]{{*}}[[Telugu language|Telugu]]{{*}}[[Kannada]]<br />
|populated_states=[[Tamil Nadu]]{{*}}[[Kerala]]{{*}}[[Karnataka]]{{*}}[[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|region=Northern and western Tamil Nadu<br />
|population=2,150,285<br />
|religions=[[Hinduism]]{{*}}[[Christianity]]<br />
|country={{flag|India}}<br />
|ethnicity=[[South Asian]]<br />
|classification=[[Scheduled caste]]<br />
|subdivisions=Arunthathiyar{{*}}Chakkiliyar{{*}}Madari{{*}}[[Madiga]]{{*}}Pagadai{{*}}Thoti{{*}}[[Adi Andhra]]<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/08/commentary/caste-tamil-nadu-iii.html | title=Caste in Tamil Nadu - III | journal=Economic and Political Weekly | date=5 June 2015 | volume=48 | issue=8 | pages=7–8 }}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Arunthathiyar''' is a [[scheduled caste]] community mostly found in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The term has two distinct usages: for the purposes of the state government's [[Reservation in India|reservation programme]], in 2009 it was designated an [[umbrella term]] for the Arunthatiyar, Chakkiliyar (Sakkiliyar<ref>{{cite web| url=https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/download/247/59/| title=Documenting a Caste: The Chakkiliyars in Colonial and Missionary Documents in India| author=S. Gunasekaran| page=52| quote=..the correct pronunciation of the caste name, from Siclar to Chakkiliyar and Sakkiliyar, correlates with the long process...| website=brandeis.edu}}</ref>), [[Madari]], [[Madiga]], Pagadai, [[Thoti]] and [[Adi Andhra]] communities with a total population of 2,150,285, accounting for 14.89% of the Scheduled Caste population according to the [[2011 Census of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), Tamil Nadu - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42911 |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tniuscbe.org/download/gg/gg70.pdf |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |title=Tamil Nadu Government Gazette |date=12 March 2009 |page=3 |access-date=2015-04-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2015-06-05 |title=Caste in Tamil Nadu - III |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2013/08/commentary/caste-tamil-nadu-iii.html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |language=en |volume=48 |issue=8 |pages=7–8}}</ref> While the [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar-General]], which administers the [[census of India]], does not recognize all of those communities as one.<ref name="census2001">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/dh_sc_tamilnadu.pdf |title=Tamil Nadu Date Highlights: The Scheduled Castes Census of India 2001 |publisher= Office of the Registrar-General |access-date=2015-04-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
Specifically, within the Arunthathiyar caste it is reported that there were 1,084,162 individuals in Tamil Nadu, being 7.52 percent of the Scheduled Caste population of the state.<ref name="census2001" /><br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
Due to their speaking Telugu and lack of mention in early Tamil texts, most scholarly authorities believe the community originated in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and migrated to [[Tamil Nadu]] in the 17th century. However, the community's own history is that they are originally Tamil kings who ruled the area around Tagadur ([[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]), who were taken as captives in war to Andhra and Karnataka in ancient days and only returned in the 16th century as the Kannada-speaking Madiyars and Tamil-speaking Chakkiliyars. Therefore, they called themselves Adi Tamizhar.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geetha|first=K. A.|date=2014-12-04|title=Unified Tamil Dalit Identity: Problematics and Anomalies|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01440357.2014.933575|journal=Prose Studies|volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=130–140 |language=en|doi=10.1080/01440357.2014.933575|s2cid=154848931 |issn=0144-0357|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Occupation ==<br />
The Arunthathiyars, although they never touched dead cattle, still worked leather as [[leatherworker]]s and [[Cobbler (shoemaker)|cobbler]]s, and were thus given a low social status in [[Historical Vedic religion|Hinduism]] [[Caste system in India|Caste system]]. Many are also landless agricultural labourers and are engaged in bonded labour.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Salahudheen|first1=O.P.|last2=Salahuddin|first2=O.P.|title=Chakkliyas of Mannarkkad: A History from Below |date=2010|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147597|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=71|pages=1279–1286|jstor=44147597 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Current status ==<br />
The vast majority of the community, almost 18.27 lakhs, live in Tamil Nadu, with small minorities in neighbouring states. Small populations live in the Palakkad district of Kerala (40,507), and southern parts of Andhra Pradesh (30,190) and Karnataka (2,959). 62% of the community lived in rural areas, and the literacy rate is 60%.<br />
<br />
Many Arunthathiyars in northern Tamil Nadu work as landless agricultural labourers for Naidu landlords, and their women work as domestic help in their houses. Some girls from the community are dedicated to the Mathamma cult, a local village deity tradition.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=S|first=ANANDHI|date=2013|title=The Mathammas: Gender, Caste and the Politics of Intersectionality in Rural Tamil Nadu|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23527310|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=48|issue=18|pages=64–71|jstor=23527310 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notable people ==<br />
* [[Madurai Veeran]] - King and commander-in-chief (Thirumalai Nayakkar Period)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article183989.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310073840/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/article183989.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 March 2014 |title=The story of Madurai Veeran |first=Gokul |last=Vannar |date=18 July 2010 |work=New Indian Express |access-date=2015-04-05}}</ref><br />
* [[Ondiveeran]] - King and commander of an army who fought against the [[British East India Company]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]<br />
* Veeramangai [[Kuyili]] - Kuyili was an army commander of queen Velu Nachiyar. She is considered the first suicide bomber in Indian history<br />
* [[Rao Sahib L.C. Gurusamy]] - Member of the round table conference team led by [[B. R. Ambedkar]]; founder of Arunthathiyar Mahajana Saba. Member of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]], social activist and politician.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dalit communities]]<br />
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Tamil Nadu]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arun_Tiwari&diff=471566Arun Tiwari2026-03-04T01:46:57Z<p>WillisHeiman326: quick added article per standard format and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian scientist (born 1955)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Arun Tiwari<br />
| image = ProfArunTiwari.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|02|10|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], Uttar Pradesh, India <br />
|alma_mater = [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology]]<br />
|occupation = Missile scientist, author, professor}}<br />
<br />
'''Arun Kumar Tiwari''' (born 10 February 1955) is an Indian missile scientist, author, and professor. He has written several books<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/342404.Arun_Tiwari|title=Books by Arun Tiwari (Author of Wings of Fire)|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref> and co-authored 5 books with [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam]], including ''[[Wings of Fire (autobiography)|Wings of Fire]]'', the autobiography of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, former president of India. Published in 1999, ''Wings of Fire'' has become a modern classic with over 30 reprints selling over a million copies and was translated into 18 languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arun Tiwari |url=https://www.harpercollins.com/cr-122855/arun-tiwari |website=HarperCollins Publishers: World-Leading Book Publisher |accessdate=13 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and career==<br />
<br />
Born in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, after completing his masters in mechanical engineering from [[G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology|GB Pant University for Agriculture & Technology]], Tiwari joined [[Defence Research & Development Organisation|Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO)]] in 1982 as a missile scientist. He spent the next 15 years involved in India's military [[Integrated Guided Missile Development Program|missile development efforts]]. He developed India's first Titanium air bottle used in ‘[[Trishul (missile)|Trishul]]’ and ‘[[Akash (missile)|Akash]]’ missiles and designed Airframes for both the [[missile]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: The stent man |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/dec/19ap.htm |website=www.rediff.com |accessdate=13 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A limited perspective |url=https://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1602/16020730.htm |website=www.frontline.in |accessdate=13 July 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 1992 Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam appointed Tiwari as the Program Director to develop civilian spin-offs of Defence Technologies. Arun Tiwari developed India's first [[Coronary stent]] with Cardiologist [[Bhupathiraju Somaraju|Dr. B Soma Raju]] well known as Kalam-Raju Stent. This led to the creation of Care Foundation and later the [[Care Hospitals]], [[Hyderabad]]. Tiwari was awarded the Defence Technology Spin-Off Award in 1998 for his role in developing the stent.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Rediff Interview/Arun K Tiwari |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/jun/21inter.htm | date=21 June 2002 | first=Syed Amin | last=Jafri | publisher=Rediff |accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
He is also credited for structuring and setting up the [[Pan-African e-Network project]] which is India's first satellite-based telemedicine system. He set up the first link of the project and established Pan-Africa e-Network of Telecommunications Consultants India Ltd (TCIL) that now connects Universities and Hospitals across the African continents with their Indian counterparts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatbooks.com/author/arun-k-tiwari.htm|title=Books by Arun K. Tiwari – Prabhat Prakashan|website=www.prabhatbooks.com}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/tome-on-kalams-experience-with-spirituality/article7691258.ece|title=Tome on Kalam's experience with spirituality|first=Mini|last=Muringatheri|date=26 September 2015|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
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From 2002 to 2007, Tiwari was a member of the advisory team to President of India, [[APJ Abdul Kalam|Dr APJ Abdul Kalam]].{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}<br />
<br />
As of 2018, he was Secretary of Care Foundation and the Platinum Jubilee Mentor of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] – [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology|IICT]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CARE Foundation {{!}} Team |url=https://www.carefoundation.org.in/team.htm |website=www.carefoundation.org.in |accessdate=13 July 2018}}</ref><br />
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As of July 2018, Tiwari taught at the School of Management Sciences, University of Hyderabad, as an adjunct professor.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}<br />
<br />
In March 2019 Tiwari was invited to speak at TEDx MVSR Engineering college in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news |title=Innovation is all about New Vision by Prof.Arun Tiwari |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AylKRxkNPF0 | date=2 March 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<br />
* ''[[Wings of Fire (autobiography)|Wings of Fire: An Autobiography]]'' by A P J Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari; Universities Press, 1999<ref>{{cite web |title=Books: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: Former President of India: Speeches |url=http://www.abdulkalam.nic.in/wings_of_fire.html |website=www.abdulkalam.nic.in |accessdate=13 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/dr-apj-abdul-kalam-arun-tiwari-wings-of-fire-transcendence-rameswaram-president/story/1/5312.html|title=A scientist associate's tribute to APJ Abdul Kalam|website=www.dailyo.in}}</ref><br />
* Guiding Souls: Dialogues on the Purpose of Life by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari; Ocean Books Pvt. Ltd, 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abdulkalam.nic.in/guiding_souls.html|title=Books: Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: Former President of India: Speeches|website=abdulkalam.nic.in}}</ref><br />
* You Are Born To Blossom: Take My Journey Beyond by A P J Abdul Kalam and Arun Tiwari; Ocean Books, 2008<br />
* Feeding The Forgotten Poor: Perspectives of an Agriculturist by [[William Dar]] & Arun Tiwari; Orient Blackswan, 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icrisat.org/newsroom/news-releases/icrisat-pr-2012-media2.htm|title=ICRISAT – Press releases 2012|website=www.icrisat.org}}</ref><br />
* Squaring the Circle: Seven Steps to Indian Renaissance by A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Arun Tiwari; Universities Press, 2013<ref>{{cite web |title=Squaring the Circle – An interview with co-author, Prof. Arun Tiwari |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U5BSs3D_ntU |website=YouTube |accessdate=13 July 2018 |date=3 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arun talking at Squaring The Circle The Book Launch |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKSHXTCifiI |website=YouTube |accessdate=13 July 2018 |date=21 June 2013}}</ref><br />
* Greening The Grey by [[William Dar]] & Arun Tiwari; Rajpal Publishing, 2014<br />
* ''[[Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji]]'' by A P J Abdul Kalam with Arun Tiwari; HarperCollins Publishers, June 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/arun-tiwari-suspects-kalams-premonition-of-his-death/article7478169.ece|title=Did Kalam sense his end was near? Arun Tiwari suspects|first=Y.|last=Mallikarjun|date=30 July 2015|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AynMiswtqck|title=Transcendence – Celebrating the Historic Book by Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, Ahmedabad, India|first=|last=BAPSChannel|date=30 June 2015|publisher=|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/apj-abdul-kalams-book-transendence-launched-in-south-africa/articleshow/50799604.cms|title=APJ Abdul Kalam's book 'Transendence' launched in South Africa|date=1 February 2016|publisher=|via=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/kalam-a-nationalist-who-drew-global-acclaim/article7520884.ece|title=Kalam, a nationalist who drew global acclaim|first=Suresh|last=Krishnamoorthy|date=10 August 2015|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/transcendence-my-spiritual-experiences-with-pramukh-swamiji-written-by-abdul-kalam-1435571412-1|title=Transcendence: My Spiritual Experiences with Pramukh Swamiji written by Abdul Kalam|date=29 June 2015|publisher=}}</ref><br />
* A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: A Life by Arun Tiwari; HarperCollins India, 2015<br />
* The Life and Times of Gautam Buddha by Arun K Tiwari; Prabhat Prakashan, 2016<br />
* A Modern Interpretation of Lokmanya Tilak's Gita Rahasya by Arun Tiwari; Sakal Paper Pvt Ltd, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sakaltimes.com/art-culture/it%E2%80%99s-time-you-woke-11771|title=It's time you woke up!|website=www.sakaltimes.com}}</ref><br />
* India 3.0: The Rising Billion by Arun Tiwari; HarperCollins Publishers, March 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/book/india-3-0/|title=HarperCollins India}}</ref><br />
* [[Diamonds Are Forever, So Are Morals]] Autobiography of [[Govind Dholakia]] by Arun Tiwari & Kamlesh Yagnik; India Penguin Enterprise, March 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://penguin.co.in/book/diamonds-are-forever-so-are-morals/|title=DIAMONDS ARE FOREVER SO ARE MORALS, India Penguin Enterprise}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Arun}}<br />
<!--- Categories ---><br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1955 births]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Meerut]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=RDX_Love&diff=527778RDX Love2026-03-03T17:52:38Z<p>WillisHeiman326: Started a stub nd citations.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = RDX Love<br />
| image = RDX Love Movie (2019) Poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = Shankar Bhanu<br />
| producer = C. Kalyan<br />
| starring = {{Ubl|Tejus Kancherla|[[Payal Rajput]]}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]]<br />
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]<br />
| music = [[Radhan]]<br />
| studio = CK Cinemas <br /> Happy Movies<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|10|11}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''RDX Love''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Action-drama|action drama]] film directed by Shankar Bhanu and starring Tejus Kancherla and [[Payal Rajput]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/after-rx100-payal-rajput-looks-forward-to-venky-mama-and-rdx-love/article29200482.ece|title=After 'RX100', Payal Rajput looks forward to 'Venky Mama' and 'RDX Love'|first=Y. Sunita|last=Chowdhary|date=21 August 2019|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601073112/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/after-rx100-payal-rajput-looks-forward-to-venky-mama-and-rdx-love/article29200482.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/rdx-love/articleshow/71518637.cms|title=RDX Love|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2022-06-01|archive-date=2022-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601074111/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/previews/rdx-love/articleshow/71518637.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pics-of-the-day-paayal-rajput-looks-sensuous-in-all-these-stills-from-rdx-love/articleshow/71170371.cms|title=Pics of the Day: Paayal Rajput looks sensuous in all these stills from RDX Love|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2022-06-01|archive-date=2022-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601074112/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pics-of-the-day-paayal-rajput-looks-sensuous-in-all-these-stills-from-rdx-love/articleshow/71170371.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Alivelu works towards the welfare of her village with the help of her boyfriend, Siddu. They strive to meet the chief minister to bring him on board.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
*Tejus Kancherla as Siddu<br />
*[[Payal Rajput]] as Alivelu<br />
*[[Adithya Menon]] as Giri Prakash<br />
*[[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Alivelu's friend<br />
*[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Villager<br />
*[[Mumaith Khan]] as Police Inspector<br />
*[[Nagineedu]] as [[Chief Minister|CM]] Bapineedu<br />
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Villager<br />
*[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Doctor<br />
*[[Chammak Chandra]] as Hostel Warden / Fake Bride<br />
* Vajja Venkata Giridhar as Traffic Inspector<br />
*Gemini Suresh as News 59 interviewer<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The songs are composed by [[Radhan]] and penned by [[Bhaskarabhatla]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/rdx-love-jukebox-to-release-tomorrow/articleshow/71425031.cms|title=RDX Love Jukebox to release tomorrow|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2022-08-30|archive-date=2022-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601074113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/rdx-love-jukebox-to-release-tomorrow/articleshow/71425031.cms|url-status=live|date=3 October 2019}}</ref> In a review of the soundtrack album, Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "All in all, the album of RDXLove is disappointing, considering how Radhan is capable of something much better".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-rdx-love/articleshow/71540617.cms|title=Music Review: RDX Love|website=The Times of India|access-date=2022-06-01|archive-date=2022-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601073603/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-rdx-love/articleshow/71540617.cms|url-status=live |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref><br />
*"O Rabbi" - Yogi Sekhar and Sameera Bharadwaj<br />
*"I Am Sorry" - Sai Madhav Rella<br />
*"Nee Nakashikal" - [[Anudeep Dev]]<br />
*"Love Garadi" - [[Sai Karthik]], Priya Mali<br />
*"Adugepudu" - Sameera Bharadwaj<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "If only the director believed in his concept and Payal Rajput's acting prowess as much as he did on her glamour and adult comedy".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rdx-love/movie-review/71537095.cms|title=RDX Love Movie Review {2.5/5}: Only Payal Rajput saves this film from completely sinking|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Murali Krishna C.H. of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' opined that "Overall, ''RDX Love'' is highly avoidable, unless you like enjoying crass comedies".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/12/rdx-love-review-this-payal-rajput-starrer-is-a-crass-convoluted-film-2046249.html|title='RDX Love' review: This Payal Rajput starrer is a crass, convoluted film|website=The New Indian Express|date=12 October 2019 |access-date=2022-06-01|archive-date=2021-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613154948/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/oct/12/rdx-love-review-this-payal-rajput-starrer-is-a-crass-convoluted-film-2046249.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123Telugu]]'' said that "On the whole, ''RDX Love'' has a good concept which is diluted by some wayward narration".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/rdx-love-telugu-movie-review.html|title=RDX Love Telugu Movie Review|date=11 October 2019|website=123Telugu|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601073112/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/rdx-love-telugu-movie-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=11091572}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2019 films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2019 action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Radhan]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Tribal_Welfare_(Tripura)&diff=496312Department of Tribal Welfare (Tripura)2026-03-02T20:13:27Z<p>WillisHeiman326: Starting entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Department in Government of Tripura}}<br />
{{Infobox Government agency<br />
| agency_name = Department of Tribal Welfare (Tripura)<br />
| nativename = <br />
| nativename_a = <br />
| nativename_r = <br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_width = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| seal = <br />
| seal_width = <br />
| seal_caption = <br />
| formed = 24 October 1970<br />
| preceding1 = <br />
| preceding2 = <br />
| dissolved = <br />
| superseding = <br />
| jurisdiction = [[Tripura]]<br />
| headquarters = [[Agartala]]<br />
| employees = <br />
| budget = <br />
| minister1_name = [[Bikash Debbarma]]<br />
| minister1_pfo = Minister for Tribal Welfare<br />
| chief1_name = Brijesh Pandey, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br />
| chief1_position = Secretary to the Government<br />
| chief2_name = <br />
| chief2_position = <br />
| parent_agency = <br />
| child1_agency = <br />
| child2_agency = <br />
| website = [https://twd.tripura.gov.in/ Department of Tribal Welfare]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Department of Tribal Welfare (Tripura)''' is one of the departments of [[Government of Tripura]]. The department is responsible for enacting and implementing various policies for the welfare of scheduled tribes in the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tribal Welfare Department, Government of Tripura, India |url=https://twd.tripura.gov.in/about-us |website=twd.tripura.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Departments {{!}} Official website of Tripura State Portal, India |url=https://tripura.gov.in/departments |website=tripura.gov.in |publisher=[[Government of Tripura]] |access-date=26 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of departments of the government of Tripura|Tripura Government Departments]]<br />
* [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Government departments of Tripura}}<br />
[[Category:State agencies of Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Government of Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:State government departments of India]]<br />
[[Category:Tripura-related lists]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trilok_Gurtu&diff=459840Trilok Gurtu2026-03-02T00:45:18Z<p>WillisHeiman326: added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian percussionist and composer (born 1951)}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Bharatpedia:WikiProject Musicians --><br />
| name = Trilok Gurtu<br />
| image = Trilok Gurtu WarszawaSep2007.jpg<br />
| caption = Gurtu performing in Warsaw with Arkè String Quartet<br />
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1951|10|30}}<br />
| birth_place =[[Mumbai]], India<br />
| genre = {{hlist|[[Jazz fusion]]|[[world music]]}}<br />
| occupation = Musician<br />
| instrument =[[Drums]], [[tabla]], [[Konnakol]]<br />
| years_active = 1970s–present<br />
| label =<br />
| associated_acts =[[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]], [[Embryo (jazz band)|Embryo]], [[Oregon (band)|Oregon]], [[Tabla Beat Science]], Arkè String Quartet, [[Joe Zawinul]], [[Jan Garbarek]]<br />
| website = {{URL|trilokgurtu.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Trilok Gurtu''' (born 30 October 1951) is an Indian percussionist and composer<ref name="Larkin">{{cite book|title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]|editor=Colin Larkin|editor-link=Colin Larkin (writer)|publisher=[[Virgin Books]]|date=1997|edition=Concise|isbn=1-85227-745-9|page=555}}</ref> whose work blends the [[music of India]] with [[jazz fusion]] and [[world music]].<ref name=europejazz>{{cite web |url=http://www.europejazz.net/mus/gurtu.htm |title=Trilok Gurtu Biography |access-date=2012-12-02 |publisher=EuropeJazz.net |archive-date=17 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517023602/http://www.europejazz.net/mus/gurtu.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=drummerworld>{{cite web |url=http://www.drummerworld.com/drummers/Trilok_Gurtu.html |title=Trilok Gurtu – October 30, 1951 – Biography |access-date=2012-12-02 |publisher=Drummerworld.com}}</ref><ref name=mariomendes>{{cite web |url=http://mariomendes.tripod.com/trilok.html |title=Biography of Trilok Gurtu |access-date=2012-12-02 |publisher=Mariomendes.Tripod.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has worked with [[Terje Rypdal]], [[Gary Moore]], [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]], [[Jan Garbarek]], [[Joe Zawinul]], [[Michel Bisceglia]], [[Bill Laswell]], [[Maria João (singer)|Maria João]] & [[Mário Laginha]], [[Stefano Bollani]] and [[Robert Miles]].<ref name=europejazz/><ref name=drummerworld/><ref name=mariomendes/><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Gurtu was born to Hindu Brahmin parents in [[Mumbai]], [[India]];<ref name="Larkin"/> he had a [[Kashmiri Pandit]] father and a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] mother. He attended Antonio De Souza High School (ANZA) in Byculla,Mumbai. His mother, the famous Hindustani classical and semi-classical vocalist [[Shobha Gurtu]], encouraged him to learn playing [[tabla]], and he received formal training in percussion from [[Shah Abdul Karim]].<ref name=mariomendes/><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
[[File:Trilok Gurtu Operaen Oslo Jazzfestival (190409).jpg|260px|thumb|Gurtu at [[Oslo Jazzfestival]] in 2016.]]<br />
Gurtu began playing a western drum kit in the 1970s, and developed an interest in jazz. In a 1995 television special on [[Jimi Hendrix]], Gurtu mentioned having initially learned Western music without awareness of [[overdubbing]], which, he said, forced him to learn multiple parts which most musicians would have never attempted. In the 1970s, he played with [[Charlie Mariano]], [[John Tchicai]], [[Terje Rypdal]], and [[Don Cherry (jazz)|Don Cherry]].<ref name=europejazz/><ref name=mariomendes/><br />
<br />
One of Gurtu's earliest recordings was on ''Apo-Calypso'', a 1977 album by the German ethnic fusion band [[Embryo (jazz band)|Embryo]]. His mother also sang in that record, and later joined him on his first solo CD, ''Usfret''.<ref name=europejazz/><br />
<br />
In the 1980s, Gurtu played with Swiss drummer [[Charly Antolini]] and with [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]] in McLaughlin's trio,<ref name="Larkin"/> accompanied variously by bassists [[Jonas Hellborg]], [[Jeff Berlin]], [[Kai Eckhardt]], and [[Dominique DiPiazza]]. The line-up with Hellborg performed at least one concert opening for [[Miles Davis]] in Berkeley, California in 1988.<ref name=mariomendes/><br />
<br />
Collaboration between Gurtu and McLaughlin included vocal improvisations using the Indian ''[[tala (music)|tala]] talk'' method of oral drumming notations for teaching drum patterns. Sometimes, Eckhardt would join in with hip-hop beat-box vocals for a three-way vocal percussion jam, while Gurtu and McLaughlin would throw in a few amusing words such as some Japanese brand names mixed with some Indian words.<ref name=europejazz/><br />
<br />
Some of the unusual aspects of Gurtu's drum playing include playing without a drum stool, in a half-kneeling position on the floor, and the use of an unconventional kick drum that resembles a large drum head with a kick-pedal, and a mix of tablas and western drums. Gurtu's unique percussion signature involves dipping cymbals and strings of shells into a bucket of water to create a shimmering effect.<ref name=drummerworld/><br />
<br />
Gurtu joined [[Oregon (band)|Oregon]] after the death of percussionist/tabla player [[Collin Walcott]]. He played on three of their records: [[Ecotopia (album)|Ecotopia]] (1987), ''45th Parallel'' (1989), and ''Always, Never and Forever'' (1991).<ref name=mariomendes/><br />
<br />
In the early 1990s, Gurtu resumed his career as a solo artist and a bandleader. Various noted musicians have backed him on a number of his CD releases.<ref name=drummerworld/><br />
<br />
In 1999, [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] and Bill Laswell founded a musical group, [[Tabla Beat Science]], which played a mixture of Hindustani music, Asian underground, ambient, Drum and Bass, and Electronica. Gurtu joined this group along with [[Karsh Kale]] and [[Talvin Singh]]. The group released three albums before going dormant in late 2003.<ref name=mariomendes/><br />
<br />
In 2004, Gurtu created an album, ''[[Miles Gurtu]]'', with [[Robert Miles]]. His collaboration with the [[Arkè String Quartet]] began in 2007 with the release of the album ''Arkeology''.<ref name=europejazz/><br />
<br />
In 2010, Trilok Gurtu played on the album ''[[Piano Car]]'', an opera of minimalist composer [[Stefano Ianne]] with [[Ricky Portera]], [[Nick Beggs]] ([[Kajagoogoo]]), [[Mario Marzi]], [[Terl Bryant]] ([[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]]/[[Led Zeppelin]]), [[John De Leo]].<ref name=drummerworld/><br />
<br />
In 2012, Trilok Gurtu collaborated with electronic folk duo [[Hari & Sukhmani]] in their hometown of Chandigarh and produced a song 'Maati' on the music documentary-travelogue [[The Dewarists]].<br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
Trilok Gurtu is acknowledged as an innovative and ground breaking percussionist, and integrates swords, buckets and other non-conventional elements and into his sound. Zakir Hussain said that if Trilok Gurtu played only the tabla, he would have been the best tabla player in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/the-indian-audience-is-a-clap-happy-lot-trilok-gurtu/16026157|title=The Indian audience is a clap-happy lot: Trilok Gurtu|website=Mid-day.com|date=March 2015|access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Deadmau5]] (Joel Zimmerman) mentions Trilok Gurtu as his hero and once added: "You know who's a big hero of mine? Trilok Gurtu... Indians should know this. Indian traditional percussive algos (algorhythms) and modes blow my mind. Check him out. Full-on retarded isolation skills. I can't even chew gum and walk. There's a whole different language/notation to a tabla."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/music/news/EDM-cant-touch-the-tabla/articleshow/32363272.cms|title=EDM can't touch the tabla |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2016-06-30}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Style==<br />
"An open-minded musician who embraces Jazz, Indian classical music, abstract improvisational and Asian pop, a dazzling percussion virtuoso, an accessible entertainer" – The Guardian UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.basitours.com/news/trilok-gurtu-new-band-avails-concerts-europe-2014|title=Trilok Gurtu new band|date=15 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915201301/http://www.basitours.com/news/trilok-gurtu-new-band-avails-concerts-europe-2014|access-date=8 September 2021|archive-date=15 September 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
He is self-confessedly strongly influenced by the rhythms of Africa and African beats and drumming patterns.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
Gurtu has garnered a number of prestigious awards and nominations, including:<br />
* Best Overall Percussionist winner, ''[[DRUM! Magazine]]'', 1999<br />
* Best Overall Percussionist winner, [[Carlton Television]] Multicultural Music Awards, 2001<br />
* Best Percussionist winner, ''[[Down Beat]]'s'' Critics Poll for 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=stories&subsect=story_detail&sid=725 |title=1999 DownBeat Critics Poll |access-date=2012-12-02 |publisher=[[Down Beat]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927203121/http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=stories&subsect=story_detail&sid=725 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> 2000, 2001, and 2002<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=stories&subsect=story_detail&sid=728 |title=2002 DownBeat Critics Poll |access-date=2012-12-02 |publisher=[[Down Beat]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155659/http://www.downbeat.com/default.asp?sect=stories&subsect=story_detail&sid=728 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br />
* Best Asia/Pacific Artist nominee, [[BBC Radio]] 3 World for 2002, 2003, and 2004.<ref name=europejazz/><ref name=mariomendes/><br />
<br />
==Discography==<br />
===As leader===<br />
* ''Usfret'' (CMP, 1988)<br />
* ''Living Magic'' (CMP, 1991)<br />
* ''Crazy Saints'' (CMP, 1993)<br />
* ''Believe'' (CMP, 1994)<br />
* ''The Glimpse'' (CMP, 1996)<br />
* ''Bad Habits Die Hard'' (CMP, 1996)<br />
* ''[[African Fantasy]]'' (ESC, 1999)<br />
* ''Kathak'' (Escapade, 1998)<br />
* ''The Beat of Love'' (Blue Thumb, 2001)<br />
* ''Broken Rhythms'' (Worldmusicnet, 2004)<br />
* ''Farakala'' (Frikyiwa, 2005)<br />
* ''Arkeology'' with Arke String Quartet (Promo Music, 2006)<br />
* ''Massical'' (BHM, 2009)<br />
* ''21 Spices'' (Art of Groove, 2011)<br />
* ''Broken Rhythms'' (Cream, 2012)<br />
* ''Spellbound'' (Moosicus, 2013)<br />
* ''Drums On Fire'' with Chad Wackerman (Times Music, 2015)<br />
* ''Crazy Saints Live'' (Art of Groove, 2015)<br />
* ''God Is a Drummer'' (Jazzline, 2019)<br />
* ''One Thought Away'' (Jazzline, 2023)<br />
* ''Mirror'' (Worldwide, 2025)<br />
<br />
'''With Family of Percussion'''<br />
* ''Message to the Enemies of Time'' (Nagara, 1978)<br />
* ''Sunday Palaver'' (Nagara, 1980)<br />
* ''Here Comes the Family'' (Nagara, 1981)<br />
<br />
=== As sideman ===<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
'''With [[Aktuala]]'''<br />
* ''[[La Terra (album)|La Terra]]'' (Bla Bla, 1974)<br />
* ''Tappeto Volante'' (Bla Bla, 1976)<br />
<br />
'''With [[Charly Antolini]]'''<br />
* ''Finale'' (Jeton, 1983)<br />
* ''Menue/Finale'' (Jeton, 1987)<br />
<br />
'''With [[Karl Berger]]'''<br />
* ''Live at the Donaueschingen Music Festival'' (MPS, 1980)<br />
* ''New Moon'' (Palcoscenico, 1980)<br />
<br />
'''With [[Peter Giger]]'''<br />
* ''Illegitimate Music'' (Nagara, 1978)<br />
* ''Where the Hammer Hangs'' (Nagara, 1978)<br />
* ''For Drummers Only: Live at Cologne'' (Nagara, 1982)<br />
<br />
'''With [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]]'''<br />
* ''[[Live at the Royal Festival Hall (John McLaughlin Trio album)|Live at the Royal Festival Hall]]'' (JMT, 1990)<br />
* ''[[Que Alegria]]'' (Verve, 1992)<br />
* ''[[The Promise (John McLaughlin album)|The Promise]]'' (Verve, 1995)<br />
<br />
'''With [[Robert Miles]]'''<br />
* ''Organik'' (S:alt, 2001)<br />
* ''[[Miles Gurtu]]'' (S:alt, 2004)<br />
<br />
'''With [[Mark Nauseef]]'''<br />
* ''Personal Note'' (CMP, 1981)<br />
* ''Sura'' (CMP, 1983)<br />
<br />
'''With [[Claude Nougaro]]'''<br />
* ''Lady Liberty'' (WEA, 1987)<br />
* ''Nougayork'' (WEA, 1987)<br />
<br />
'''With [[Oregon (band)|Oregon]]'''<br />
* ''[[Ecotopia (album)|Ecotopia]]'' (ECM, 1987)<br />
* ''45th Parallel'' (Portrait, 1989)<br />
* ''Always, Never, and Forever'' (veraBra, 1991)<br />
<br />
'''With [[Pharoah Sanders]]'''<br />
* ''[[Save Our Children (album)|Save Our Children]]'' (Verve, 1998)<br />
* ''[[With a Heartbeat]]'' (Evolver, 2003)<br />
<br />
'''With [[Irmin Schmidt]]'''<br />
* ''Filmmusik Vol. 3 & 4'' (Spoon, 1983)<br />
* ''Musk at Dusk'' (WEA, 1987)<br />
* ''Filmmusik Vol. 5'' (Virgin, 1989)<br />
* ''Impossible Holidays + Musk at Dusk'' (Spoon, 1998)<br />
<br />
'''With [[Fredy Studer]]'''<br />
* ''Seven Songs'' (veraBra, 1991)<br />
* ''Half a Lifetime'' (Unit, 1994)<br />
<br />
'''With [[Swans (band)|Swans]]''' <br />
* ''Can't Find My Way Home'' (MCA, 1989)<br />
* ''The Burning World'' (UNI, 1989)<br />
* ''Forever Burned'' (Young God, 2003)<br />
<br />
'''With [[Richard Teitelbaum]]'''<br />
* ''Blends & the Digital Pianos'' (Lumina, 1984)<br />
* ''Blends'' (New Albion, 2002)<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
'''With others'''<br />
* [[Leonard Bernstein]], Katia & Marielle Labeque, ''West Side Story'' (CBS, 1989)<br />
* [[Michel Bisceglia]] & [[Didier François]], ''Whispered Wishes'' (Prova, 2019)<br />
* [[Ketil Bjørnstad]], ''Grace'' (EmArcy, 2001)<br />
* [[Jack Bruce]], ''Somethin Else'' (CMP, 1993)<br />
* [[Philip Catherine]], ''End of August'' (Wea, 1982)<br />
* [[Adriano Celentano]], ''Facciamo Finta Che Sia Vero Clan'' (Universal, 2012)<br />
* [[Aiyb Dieng]], ''Rhythmagick'' (P-Vine, 1995)<br />
* [[Chris Minh Doky|Doky Brothers]], ''2'' (Blue Note, 1997)<br />
* [[Christy Doran]], ''Christy Doran's May 84'' (Plainisphare, 1985)<br />
* [[Embryo (band)|Embryo]], ''Apo Calypso'' (April, 1977)<br />
* [[Espoo Big Band]], ''Neandertal Grooves'' (EBB, 2001)<br />
* [[Peter Finger]], ''Neue Wege'' (Stockfisch, 1984)<br />
* [[Antonio Forcione]], ''Ghetto Paradise'' (Naim, 1998)<br />
* [[Ivano Fossati]], ''Lindbergh Lettere Da Sopra La Pioggia'' (Epic, 1992)<br />
* [[Jan Garbarek]], ''[[Visible World]]'' (ECM, 1996)<br />
* [[Dhruv Ghanekar]], ''Voyage'' (Wah Wah Music, 2015)<br />
* [[Roman Miroshnichenko]] & Henrik Andersen, ''New Shapes'' (Indie, 2021)<br />
* [[Gilberto Gil]], ''O Sol de Oslo'' (Blau, 2006)<br />
* [[Danny Gottlieb]], ''Whirlwind'' (Atlantic, 1989)<br />
* [[Alfred Harth]], ''This Earth!'' (ECM, 1984)<br />
* [[Jonas Hellborg]], ''[[Adfa]]'' (Day Eight, 1989)<br />
* [[Maria João (singer)|Maria Joao]], ''Cor'' (Verve, 1998)<br />
* [[Tony Lakatos]], ''Tony Lakatos and His Friends'' (Krem, 1983)<br />
* [[Bill Laswell]], ''City of Light'' (Sub Rosa, 1997)<br />
* [[Nguyen Le]], ''Tales From Viet-Nam'' (ACT, 1996)<br />
* [[Albert Mangelsdorff]] & [[Wolfgang Dauner]], ''Moon at Noon'' (Musikant, 1987)<br />
* [[Charlie Mariano]], ''October'' (Contemp, 1977)<br />
* [[Mario Marzi]], ''East Travel'' (Stradivarius, 2011)<br />
* [[Material (band)|Material]], ''Hallucination Engine'' (Axiom, 1994)<br />
* [[Paul McCandless]], ''Heresay'' (Windham Hill, 1988)<br />
* [[Airto Moreira]], ''Misa Espiritual'' (Harmonia Mundi, 1983)<br />
* [[Panzerballett]], ''Breaking Brain'' (Gentle Art of Music, 2015)<br />
* [[Michel Portal]], ''Any Way'' (Label Bleu, 1993)<br />
* [[Omara Portuondo]], ''Gracias Montuno'' (World Village 2008)<br />
* [[Barre Phillips]], ''[[Three Day Moon]]'' (ECM, 1978)<br />
* [[Dulce Pontes]], ''O Primeiro Canto'' (Polydor, 1999)<br />
* [[Joshua Redman]], Chick Corea, Kenny Werner, ''Ludwigsburger Jazztage'' (Chaos, 1994)<br />
* [[Marina Rei]], ''Animebelle'' (Virgin, 1998)<br />
* [[Claudio Rocchi]], ''Il Miele Dei Pianeti Le Isole Le Api'' (Ariston, 1974)<br />
* [[Terje Rypdal]], Vitous & Gurtu, ''Trio Live in Concert'' (TDK, 2001)<br />
* [[Lalo Schifrin]], ''Esperanto'' (Aleph, 2000)<br />
* [[L. Shankar]], ''[[Song for Everyone]]'' (ECM, 1985)<br />
* [[Tabla Beat Science]], ''Tala Matrix'' (Axiom, 2000)<br />
* [[Nana Vasconcelos]], ''Rain Dance'' (Antilles, 1989)<br />
* [[Pete York]], ''Pete York Presents Super Drumming Vol. 3'' (BMG, 1990)<br />
* [[Joe Zawinul]], ''My People'' (Jms, 1996)<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* [https://www.trilokgurtu.com Trilok Gurtu.com] – Official website<br />
* [http://www.musicfellas.com/trilokgurtu Trilok Gurtu's Music at Musicfellas] <br />
* [http://www.india-today.com/itoday/15121997/music.html Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829203055/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/15121997/music.html |date=29 August 2008 }} in [[India Today]]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080725133146/http://www.mintakamusic.com/trilok_gurtu/index.php Trilok Gurtu at MintakaMusic]<br />
* [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p6638|pure_url=yes}} Trilok Gurtu] at [[Allmusic]] – Overview, biography, discography<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}<br />
<br />
{{Trilok Gurtu}}<br />
{{Oregon (band)}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gurtu, Trilok}}<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Jazz fusion musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian jazz composers]]<br />
[[Category:Jazz percussionists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drummers]]<br />
[[Category:Jazz drummers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian jazz musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Tabla players]]<br />
[[Category:Indian buskers]]<br />
[[Category:Performers of Hindu music]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustani instrumentalists]]<br />
[[Category:Kashmiri musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian percussionists]]<br />
[[Category:Don Bosco schools alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Oregon (band) members]]<br />
[[Category:Sunnyside Records artists]]<br />
[[Category:EmArcy Records artists]]<br />
[[Category:Blue Thumb Records artists]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamang_Dai&diff=448542Mamang Dai2026-02-28T04:05:39Z<p>WillisHeiman326: Content improved for clarity and flow</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian poet, novelist and journalist (born 1957)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
|name = Mamang Dai<br />
|image = Mamang Dai.jpg<br />
|caption = Mamang Dai at [[Sahitya Akademi]], New Delhi; March 2023<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1957|2|23}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Pasighat]], [[East Siang district]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
|language = * [[Adi language|Adi]]<br />
* [[English language|English]]<br />
|occupation = Poet, Novelist, Journalist <br />
|notableworks = {{Unbulleted list<br />
|''The Sky Queen''<br />
|''Stupid Cupid''<br />
|''Mountain Harvest: The Food of Arunachal Pradesh''<br />
|''River Poems''}}<br />
|awards = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Padma Shri]] (2011)<br />
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2017)<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Mamang Dai''' (born 23 February 1957) is an Indian poet, novelist and journalist based in [[Itanagar]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. She received [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2017 for her novel ''The Black Hill''.<br />
<br />
== Life ==<br />
Mamang Dai was born on 23 February 1957 at [[Pasighat]], [[East Siang district]], to Matin Dai and Odi Dai. Her family belongs to the [[Adi people|Adi tribe]]. She completed her schooling from Pine Mount School, [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]]. She completed her Bachelor in English literature from [[Gauhati University]], [[Assam]].&lt;ref name="sarangi2017"&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Sarangi|first1=Jaydeep|last2=Dai|first2=Mamang|title=In Conversation with Mamang Dai|journal=Writers in Conversation |url=https://journals.flinders.edu.au/index.php/wic/article/view/23/19|date=2 August 2017|volume=4 |issue=2 |publisher=Flinders University|doi=10.22356/wic.v4i2.23 |s2cid=134637086 |doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name="Gupta2006"&gt;{{cite book|author=Ramaṇika Gupta|title=Indigenous Writers of India: North-East India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FWCiWWeRCU4C&amp;pg=PA23|access-date=24 February 2018|volume=1|year=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8069-300-7|pages=23–24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
She was selected for the IAS in 1979, but later she left the post to pursue her career in journalism. She is the first woman from her state to be selected for IAS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.publishingnext.in/mamang-dai/|title=Mamang Dai – Publishing Next|website=www.publishingnext.in|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-26|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916220111/http://www.publishingnext.in/mamang-dai/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; While working as a journalist, she contributed to [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]], [[Hindustan Times]] and ''The Sentinel''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-01-02 |title=Mamang Dai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/mamang-dai/article5530345.ece |access-date=2024-09-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has also worked in radio, as well as TV-AIR and DDK, Itanagar where she worked as an anchor and conducted interviews.&lt;ref name=":0"&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/16974/27/Mamang-Dai|title=Mamang Dai (poet) - India - Poetry International|website=www.poetryinternationalweb.net|language=en|access-date=2018-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526193457/https://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/16974/27/Mamang-Dai|archive-date=26 May 2018|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rlpoetry.org/the-phenomenal-woman-an-interview-of-mamang-dai-by-ananya-guha/|title=RædLeafPoetry-India – The Phenomenal Woman- An interview of Mamang Dai by Ananya Guha|website=rlpoetry.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-26|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527023100/https://rlpoetry.org/the-phenomenal-woman-an-interview-of-mamang-dai-by-ananya-guha/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
She was appointed programme officer at Worldwide Fund for Nature, known as WWF, where she worked in the Eastern Himalayas Biodiversity Hotspots programme. She was the former secretary of Itanagar Press Club. She was the president of Arunachal Pradesh Union of Working Journalists (APUW).&lt;ref name="Gupta2006" /&gt; In 2011, she was appointed a member of Arunachal Pradesh state public service commission.<br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
Her non-fictional works include ''Arunachal Pradesh: The Hidden Land'' (2003) and ''Mountain Harvest : The Food of Arunachal'' (2004). ''The Sky Queen and Once Upon a Moontime'' (2003) are illustrated [[folklore]] texts by her. She published her first novel, ''The Legends of Pensam''<br />
in 2006, which was followed by ''Stupid Cupid'' (2008) and ''The Black Hill'' (2014) ''Escaping the Land'' (2021). ''River Poems'' (2004), ''The Balm of Time'' (2008) ''Hambreelmai's Loom'' (2014), ''Midsummer Survival Lyrics'' (2014) are her poetry collections. ''The Balm of Time'' was also published in Assamese as ''El Balsamo Del YTiempo''.&lt;ref name="sarangi2017" /&gt;<br />
<br />
When she began writing, she wrote romantic verse and stories. She then moved from the theme of the self to focus on a larger reality. She reflects upon the sense of a close knit community living in remoter towns and villages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/cou_article/item/17068|title=The Land as "Living Presence" (article) - India - Poetry International|website=www.poetryinternationalweb.net|language=en|access-date=2018-05-26|archive-date=26 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526192858/https://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/cou_article/item/17068|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
Some of the positions that she has occupied include General Secretary of the Arunachal Pradesh Literary Society, member of the North East Writers’ Forum and General Council member of the Sahitya and Sangeet Natak Akademi.&lt;ref name=":0" /&gt;<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
She received [[Padma Shri]] in 2011 from the Government of India. The government of Arunachal Pradesh conferred on her annual Verrier Elwin Prize in 2013 for her book ''Arunachal Pradesh: The Hidden Land''.&lt;ref name="Gupta2006" /&gt;&lt;ref name="Padma Awards"&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=July 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=October 15, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She received [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2017 for her novel ''The Black Hill''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Arunachal author Mamang Dai among 24 winners of 2017 Sahitya Akademi awards |url=https://scroll.in/latest/862334/arunachal-author-mamang-dai-among-24-winners-of-2017-sahitya-akademi-awards |website=scroll.in |date=21 December 2017 |access-date=10 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Indian English Literature]]<br />
* [[Literature from North East India]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.thanalonline.com/Issues/08/Interview2_en.htm Interview in Thanal Online]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050325214259/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2004/11/07/stories/2004110700350500.htm Poetry and the Northeast: Foraging for a destiny]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100106050317/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2010/01/03/stories/2010010350130300.htm Negotiating Change With Memory]<br />
* {{Gbooks-author|Mamang Dai}}<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature &amp; Education}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for English}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dai, Mamang}}<br />
[[Category:1957 births]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Northeast India]]<br />
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Arunachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br />
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Itanagar]]<br />
[[Category:People from Adi Community]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Adivasi women writers]]<br />
[[Category:Adivasi writers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dheekshith_Shetty&diff=496813Dheekshith Shetty2026-02-24T13:51:36Z<p>WillisHeiman326: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1995)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Dheekshith Shetty<br />
| image = Dheekshith Shetty from sets of BLINK.png<br />
| caption = Shetty in 2022<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|12|22|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/the-girlfriend-dheekshith-shetty-roped-in-for-rashmika-rahul-ravindrans-next/61d06e9996256|title=The Girlfriend - Dheekshith Shetty roped in for Rashmika Mandanna, Rahul Ravindran’s next|website=OTTPlay}}</ref><br />
| birth_place = [[Kundapura]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/post-lockdown-dheekshith-shetty-spends-time-farming-at-his-hometown/articleshow/82402827.cms|title=Post lockdown Dheekshith Shetty spends time farming and swimming at his hometown|date=5 May 2021|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><!-- must cite published reliable source to verify --><br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
| years_active = 2016−present<br />
| alma mater = <!-- must cite published reliable source to verify --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dheekshith Shetty''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|iː|k|ʃ|ɪ|θ|_|ˈ|ʃ|ɛ|t|i}}) (born 22 December 1995) is an Indian actor and dancer who predominantly works in [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He is winner of [[Dance Karnataka Dance]] celebrity season 1.He rose to prominence with his critically acclaimed performance in the Kannada romantic drama, [[Dia (film)|''Dia'']] (2020) which earned him a [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]] nomination and established him as one of the most promising talents in the industry.<br />
<br />
Starting his career in Kannada television with shows like ''[[Naagini]]'' and ''Preethi Endarenu'', Shetty transitioned to films and later expanded into Telugu cinema with notable roles in ''[[Mugguru Monagallu (2021 film)|Mugguru Monagallu]]'' (2021) and the blockbuster [[Dasara (film)|''Dasara'']] (2023) , for which he won the [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nachiyar |first=Nalme |date=2023-03-25 |title=An actor prepares: Dheekshith Shetty on 'Dasara' and a career of experimentation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/an-actor-prepares-dheekshith-shetty-on-dasara-and-a-career-of-experimentation/article66655974.ece |access-date=2024-05-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
=== Television beginnings (2016–2019) ===<br />
Dheekshith Shetty began his acting career in Kannada television with the [[soap operas]] ''Preethi Endarenu'' and ''Saakshi'' in 2016. His breakthrough came with the supernatural drama ''[[Naagini 2|Naagini]]'' (2016–2020) on [[Zee Kannada]], where he portrayed Arjun/Partha opposite Deepika Das.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-08 |title=Kannada TV show Naagini completes 900 episodes; actors Deepika and Deekshith thank the viewers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/kannada-tv-show-naagini-completes-900-episodes-actors-deepika-and-deekshith-thank-the-viewers/articleshow/70124602.cms |access-date=2024-05-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The show's popularity made him a household name in Karnataka. In 2017, he participated in the reality show ''[[Dance Karnataka Dance]]'' and emerged as the winner, further boosting his visibility.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-04 |title=Naagini team wins Dance Karnataka Dance show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/naagini-team-wins-dance-karnataka-dance-show/articleshow/61912523.cms |access-date=2024-05-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Film debut and rise in Kannada cinema (2020–2022) ===<br />
Shetty made his feature film debut with [[K. S. Ashoka]]'s romantic drama ''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]'' (2020), playing Rohit.<ref>{{cite news | access-date=2024-05-12 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dia-completes-two-years-of-its-release/articleshow/89401936.cms | title=Dia completes two years of its release | work=The Times of India | date=2022-02-07 | issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film was a critical and commercial success, and his nuanced performance earned him a SIIMA nomination for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada. This role established him as one of the most promising talents in Sandalwood. He also appeared in short films like ''Oh Fish'' and ''Navabelaku'' during this period.<br />
<br />
=== Entry into Telugu cinema and breakthrough (2021–2023) ===<br />
In 2021, Shetty debuted in [[Telugu cinema]] with [[Mugguru Monagallu (2021 film)|''Mugguru Monagallu'']] and later starred in ''The Rose Villa''. His major breakthrough came in 2023 with ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]'', directed by [[Srikanth Odela]], where he played Siddham "Suri" alongside [[Nani (actor)|Nani]], [[Keerthy Suresh]] and [[Shine Tom Chacko]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-26 |title=Pan-Indian actors have a lot more options to choose from: Dheekshith Shetty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pan-indian-actors-have-a-lot-more-options-to-choose-from-dheekshith-shetty/articleshow/106234408.cms |access-date=2024-05-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=V, DHNS |first=Vivek M. |title='Dasara' and Dheekshith's triumph of hard work |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dasara-and-dheekshiths-triumph-of-hard-work-1207671.html |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The film was a box-office hit, and Shetty won the [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]], also earning a [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare]] nomination.<br />
<br />
He also appeared in the anthology series ''[[Meet Cute (TV series)|Meet Cute]]'' produced by [[Nani (actor)|Nani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive! Dia star Dheekshith Shetty's next is the Telugu anthology 'Meet Cute' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-dia-star-dheekshith-shettys-next-is-the-telugu-anthology-meet-cute/06c8a68643436 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-19 |title=Dheekshith Shetty bags a Telugu film backed by Nani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheekshith-shetty-bags-a-telugu-film-backed-by-nani/articleshow/86318180.cms |access-date=2024-05-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Recent work and experimentation (2024–present) ===<br />
In 2024, Shetty starred in ''[[KTM (film)|KTM]]'', portraying four different avatars to depict a character's journey from teenage years to adulthood, showcasing his versatility.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Pranati A. |title='KTM' movie review: No good reason to watch this shoddy movie |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ktm-movie-review-no-good-reason-to-watch-this-shoddy-movie-2896825 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> He also appeared in ''[[Blink (2024 Indian film)|Blink]]'', an experimental Kannada film inspired by the [[Oedipus]] myth, which received glowing reviews for its bold narrative and Shetty's performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M.V |first=Vivek |date=2024-03-09 |title='Blink' movie review: Srinidhi Bengaluru makes a solid debut with a gripping time-travel drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/blink-movie-review-srinidhi-bengaluru-makes-a-solid-debut-with-a-gripping-time-travel-drama/article67932324.ece |access-date=2024-05-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Blink - Dheekshith Shetty on playing a character with Oedipus complex |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/blink-dheekshith-shetty-on-playing-a-character-with-oedipus-complex/b415f5b077254 |access-date=2024-05-12 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Shetty's 2025 projects include ''[[The Girlfriend (2025 film)|The Girlfriend]]'' in Telugu co-starring [[Rashmika Mandanna]]. Upon release, the film garnered mixed reviews with Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' writing, "''The Girlfriend'', led skilfully by Mandanna and Shetty, might be about toxic relationships and revolve around a conventional heteronormative couple with an alpha-beta equation, but it always makes sure to keep its characters accountable."<ref>{{cite news |title='The Girlfriend' Movie Review: An Important, Introspective Relationship Drama |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/the-girlfriend-movie-review-rashmika-mandanna-stars-in-an-important-introspective-drama |work=The Hollywood Reporter India |date=7 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref> His next Kannada film, ''[[Bank of Bhagyalakshmi]]'' and web series ''Touch Me Not'' is set for release.<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
=== Film ===<br />
{{pending films key}}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ List of Dheekshith Shetty film credits<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2020<br />
|''Oh Fish''<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]]<br />
|Short film<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=25 August 2020 |title=Dheekshith Shetty and Vainidhi Jagdish's short film to release this Friday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheekshith-shetty-and-vainidhi-jagdishs-short-film-to-release-this-friday/articleshow/77744130.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514085824/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheekshith-shetty-and-vainidhi-jagdishs-short-film-to-release-this-friday/articleshow/77744130.cms |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=14 May 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]''<br />
|Rohit<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2021 |title=Dia movie review: Director Ashoka delivers a heart-warming, unique love story |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2020/feb/07/dia-movie-review-16937.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215195432/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2020/feb/07/dia-movie-review-16937.html |archive-date=15 February 2020 |access-date=14 May 2022 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref name="siima.2020.nominations" /><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2021<br />
|''[[Mugguru Monagallu (2021 film)|Mugguru Monagallu]]''<br />
|Chandrathreya Kishore Varma<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-06 |title=Mugguru Monagallu Telugu Movie Review |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/mugguru-monagallu-telugu-movie-review.html |access-date=2021-10-04 |website=123telugu.com |language=en |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004045122/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/mugguru-monagallu-telugu-movie-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''The Rose Villa''<br />
|Ravi<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 September 2021|title=''The Rose Villa'' – Official Trailer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/the-rose-villa-official-trailer/videoshow/86647793.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 May 2022|archive-date=14 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514091333/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/the-rose-villa-official-trailer/videoshow/86647793.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2022<br />
|''Navabelaku''<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="2" |Kannada<br />
| rowspan="2" |Short film<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Smile''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2023<br />
| ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]''<br />
| Siddham Suryam "Suri"<br />
|Telugu<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2022 |title=Dheekshith Shetty bags a film alongside Telugu star Nani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheekshith-shetty-bags-a-film-alongside-telugu-star-nani/articleshow/90376970.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514085823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheekshith-shetty-bags-a-film-alongside-telugu-star-nani/articleshow/90376970.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2024<br />
| ''[[KTM (film)|KTM]]''<br />
| Karthik<br />
| rowspan="2" |Kannada<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ktm-movie-review-dheekshith-shetty-gives-his-all-in-a-film-stuck-in-a-time-warp/article67853404.ece |title='KTM' movie review: Dheekshith Shetty gives his all in a film stuck in a time warp |date=16 February 2024 |first1=Vivek |last1=M.V. |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-access=subscription |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240217102445/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ktm-movie-review-dheekshith-shetty-gives-his-all-in-a-film-stuck-in-a-time-warp/article67853404.ece |archivedate=17 February 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Blink (2024 Indian film)|Blink]]''<br />
| Apoorva<br />
| <br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Pranati A. |title='Blink' movie review: Brilliantly executed time-travel sci-fi drama |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/blink-movie-review-brilliantly-executed-time-travel-sci-fi-drama-2928616 |access-date=10 March 2024 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2025<br />
| ''[[The Girlfriend (2025 film)|The Girlfriend]]''<br />
| Vikram / Vicky<br />
|Telugu<br />
| <br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2024|title=The Girlfriend: Dheekshith Shetty to be the boyfriend of Rashmika mandana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-girlfriend-dheekshith-shetty-to-be-the-boyfriend-of-rashmika-mandanna/articleshow/106221457.cms}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Bank of Bhagyalakshmi]]''<br />
| Kanaka<br />
| Kannada<br />
| <br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2024 |title=I am happy to take on a different genre with 'Bank of Bhagyalakshmi': Dheekshith Shetty |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/May/20/i-am-happy-to-take-on-a-different-genre-with-bank-of-bhagyalakshmi-dheekshith-shetty}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{TableTBA}}<br />
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''Sheegrameva Kalyana Praptirasthu''}}<br />
| Sagar<br />
| rowspan="2" |Kannada<br />
| Filming<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 October 2021|title=Dheekshith Shetty talks about his bustling career|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/dheekshith-shetty-talks-about-his-bustling-career-1045515.html|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=27 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727183444/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/dheekshith-shetty-talks-about-his-bustling-career-1045515.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{TableTBA}}<br />
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''Strawberry''}}<br />
| {{TableTBA}}<br />
| Post-production<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 February 2022|title=Mangaluru: Arjun Lewis directorial Kannada movie 'Strawberry' poster released|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=924715|website=daijiworld|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=26 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426150520/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=924715|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{TableTBA}}<br />
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''KJQ''}}<br />
| {{TableTBA}}<br />
| Telugu<br />
| Filming<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 February 2024|title=Dasara actor's new Telugu movie titled KJQ|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/dasara-actors-new-telugu-movie-titled-kjq.html}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| {{TableTBA}}<br />
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''Oppees''}}<br />
| {{TableTBA}}<br />
| [[Malayalam]]<br />
| Filming<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 December 2023|title=Dheekshith Shetty To Make His Malayalam Debut With OPPEES|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dheekshith-shetty-to-make-his-malayalam-debut-with-oppees-8719243.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
|}<!-- Do not add future projects until filming has begun as verified by a reliable source per WP:FILMOGRAPHY --><br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ List of Dheekshith Shetty television credits<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Title<br />
! scope="col" | Role<br />
! scope="col" | Network<br />
! scope="col" | Language<br />
! scope="col" | Notes<br />
! scope="col" | Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2016<br />
| ''Preethi Endarenu''<br />
|<br />
| [[Star Suvarna]]<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Kannada]]<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<br />
|-<br />
| ''Saakshi''<br />
|<br />
|[[Udaya TV]]<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<br />
|-<br />
| 2016–2020<br />
| ''[[Naagini]]''<br />
| Arjun/Partha<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Kannada]]<br />
|<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 February 2022|title=Dheekshith Shetty gets nostalgic recalling ''Naagini'' days|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dheekshith-shetty-gets-nostalgic-recalling-naagini-days/articleshow/89495628.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 May 2022|archive-date=14 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514090809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/dheekshith-shetty-gets-nostalgic-recalling-naagini-days/articleshow/89495628.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2017<br />
| ''Dance Karnataka Dance''<br />
| Contestant<br />
| Winner<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite news|date=4 December 2017|title=Naagini team wins Dance Karnataka Dance show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/naagini-team-wins-dance-karnataka-dance-show/articleshow/61912523.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710015359/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/naagini-team-wins-dance-karnataka-dance-show/articleshow/61912523.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|''[[Kamali (TV series)|Kamali]]''<br />
|<br />
|Cameo<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dheekshith Shetty plays a cameo in a television serial - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheekshith-shetty-plays-a-cameo-in-a-television-serial/articleshow/83259070.cms|access-date=2021-06-06|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Meet Cute (TV series)|Meet Cute]]''<br />
|Siddharth<br />
|[[SonyLIV]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|Segment: "In L(aw)ove"<br />
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title=Nani's Film Locks OTT Platform For Direct Release |url=https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/nanis-film-locks-ott-platform-for-direct-release/ |website=Mirchi 9 |access-date=10 July 2022 |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528172742/https://www.mirchi9.com/movienews/nanis-film-locks-ott-platform-for-direct-release/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|[[Touch Me Not (TV series)|''Touch Me Not'']]<br />
|Rishi<br />
|[[JioHotstar]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"<br />
|+ List of awards and nominations received by Dheekshith Shetty<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Year<br />
! scope="col" | Award<br />
! scope="col" | Category<br />
! scope="col" | Work<br />
! scope="col" | Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}<br />
|-<br />
| 2020<br />
| [[9th South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
| Best Supporting Actor – Kannada<br />
| ''[[Dia (film)|Dia]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="siima.2020.nominations">{{Cite web |url=https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php |title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations for 2020 |website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |access-date=24 August 2021 |archive-date=24 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824115648/https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 2024<br />
| [[69th Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]<br />
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Dasara (film)|Dasara]]''<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for Filmfare Awards Telugu 2024 are out! |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-awards-telugu-2024-are-out-67264.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor – Telugu]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=15 September 2024 |title=SIIMA Awards 2024: Dasara, Hi Nanna, Kaatera and Sapta Sagaradaache Ello win big on Day 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/siima-awards-2024-dasara-hi-nanna-kaatera-and-sapta-sagaradaache-ello-win-big-on-day-1-9568720/lite/ |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|5480560}}<br />
* {{Instagram|dheekshithshettyofficial}}<br />
{{SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Dheekshith}}<br />
[[Category:1995 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada television]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu television]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anil_Kumar_Chawhan&diff=486588Anil Kumar Chawhan2026-02-22T00:16:55Z<p>WillisHeiman326: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian calligrapher}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox artist<br />
| known_for = [[Islamic calligraphy]]<br />
| education = Diploma in [[fine arts]] (dropped out)<br />
| style = Calligraphy<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age | 1970}}<br />
| children = 2<br />
| birth_name = Anil Kumar Chowhan<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Anil Kumar Chawhan'''{{efn|Also spelled in sources as '''Chauhan''' or '''Chowhan'''.}} (born 1970) is an Indian [[Calligraphy|calligrapher]] from [[Hyderabad]]. He is known for painting Quranic verses on the walls of [[Mosque]]s and [[Dargahs]] in India. He received the ''Rehmat Alam International Peace Award'' in 2021.<br />
<br />
== Life ==<br />
Chawhan hails from a humble [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Hindu]] family from [[Maharashtra]], his maternal grandmother is from Hyderabad, where they eventually moved.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Wajidullah |date=21 October 2021 |title=Anil Chauhan has painted verses in 100 Hyderbad mosques |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/culture-news/anil-chauhan-has-painted-verses-in-hyderbad-mosques-798.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2021-03-20 |title=Watch: Hindu calligrapher paints Quranic verses in Hyderabad's mosques |url=https://telanganatoday.com/watch-hindu-calligrapher-paints-quranic-verses-in-hyderabads-mosques |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
His father, mother and grandfather were also [[painting artist]]s, which sparked his interest in art from a young age.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindu Artist Paints Mosques With Arabic Verses In Hyderabad |url=https://www.brut.media/in/videos/hindu-artist-paints-mosques-with-arabic-verses-in-hyderabad |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=www.brut.media |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Nikhat |date=2021-07-10 |title=Meet Anil Kumar Chauhan the Arabic calligrapher from Hyderabad |url=https://muslimmirror.com/meet-anil-kumar-chauhan-the-arabic-calligrapher-from-hyderabad/ |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=Muslim Mirror |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
He had to leave school after the [[10th grade]] to support the family. He was quite skilled in drawing and painting, so he decided to pursue a career as a painter.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
He later enrolled in the SV College of Fine Arts at [[HITEC City|Hi-Tech City]], Hyderabad, to pursue a three-year [[diploma]]; however, after one year, he was unable to continue due to financial problems.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
However, his children have not pursued painting or calligraphy. His younger brother Rajesh assists him in his work.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Learning languages ==<br />
In Hyderabad, where [[Urdu]] was commonly used in commerce, knowledge of the language was important, as the majority of shopkeepers were Urdu-speaking Muslims. This context motivated him to learn Urdu, which also facilitated his study of [[Arabic script|Arabic writing]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
He initially lacked familiarity with the Urdu language. He self-studied and learned Urdu without formal education or a teacher.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
He began by writing Urdu words without comprehension. Over time, he recognised letters and words, practising by copying from Urdu books and creating [[signboards]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
In addition to Urdu and Arabic, Chawhan is proficient in [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Telugu script|Telugu]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], and [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]]. He has not received formal education in any school or madrasa; rather, he attributes his abilities to a divine gift.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Chawhan is known for painting Quranic Arabic verses on Mosque and Dargah walls for over 30 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Anees Ur Rahman |title=Hindu by Faith, Quranic Calligrapher by Passion: How a Painter in Hyderabad Keeps Arabic Art Alive |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/hindu-by-faith-quranic-calligrapher-by-passion-how-a-painter-in-hyderabad-keeps-arabic-art-alive-3396791.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kantak |first=Raj |title=Hyderabad: Hindu calligrapher paints Quranic verses in mosques |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/hyderabad-hindu-calligrapher-paints-quranic-verses-in-mosques-377103 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Lal |first=Neeta |title='Art has no religion': Hindu man paints Quranic verses on mosques |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/29/india-hindu-calligrapher-quran-art-mosques |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Initially starting his career by painting [[Urdu]] signboards, Chawhan learned the language to enhance his skills. His first opportunity to paint on a mosque came from a patron impressed by his calligraphy in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindu Calligrapher in Hyderabad enriches Mosques with Quranic verses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/hyderabad/hindu-calligrapher-in-hyderabad-enriches-mosques-with-quranic-verses/videoshow/81276825.cms |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2021-07-23 |title=Hindu calligrapher's art is in over 200 Indian mosques |url=https://islamchannel.tv/hindu-calligraphers-art-in-over-200-indian-mosques/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Islam Channel |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has worked in over 200 mosques, painting their walls with beautifully written Quranic passages. He states that he has not requested payment from at least a hundred mosques, receiving instead letters of gratitude for his contributions.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
While he faced no opposition from his community regarding his calligraphy in mosques, some individuals from the Muslim community expressed disagreement. To address this, Chawhan obtained a ''[[fatwa]]'' in his favour from Jamia Nizamia, which helped to silence his critics.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Yunus |first=Sheikh Muhammad |title=A fatwa that saved the art of Anil Chauhan |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/culture-news/a-fatwa-that-saved-the-art-of-anil-chauhan-4000.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-04-20 |title=A Hindu artist who paints Koranic verses in mosques |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/a-hindu-artist-who-paints-koranic-verses-in-mosques/article3336878.ece |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
His work is also displayed in the library of [[Jamia Nizamia|Jamia Nizamia University]], showcasing verses from the [[Quran]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-02-13 |title=Hindu calligrapher paints Quranic verses in mosques in Hyderabad, India |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/hindu-calligrapher-paints-quranic-verses-in-mosques-in-hyderabad-india-1.77171621 |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has been employed by two mosques in [[Secunderabad]] to write ''[[Hadith]]'' (Sayings of Prophet Mohammad) on the [[blackboard]] of the masjid once a week.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
He has also painted 30 temples with images of Hindu gods and goddesses, as well as countless dargahs (mausoleums) and monasteries.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
Chawhan advocates for communal harmony, emphasising the peaceful coexistence of Hindus and Muslims ([[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]]).<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|text=I believe art has no religion. God, Allah, Jesus: they are all one. And we’re God’s children. Today, most of my friends are Muslims. We eat together, hang out together, participate in mehfils [gatherings] and enrich each other’s lives|author=Anil Kumar Chowhan|source=[[Al Jazeera]]}}<br />
<br />
== Awards and honours ==<br />
Chawhan received the '''''Rehmat Alam International Peace Award''''' on [[Eid Milad-un-Nabi]] in 2021. The award, presented by Islamic scholar Maulana Shamim-ul-Zaman Qadri from [[Kolkata]], recognized Chauhan's voluntary contributions to writing Quranic verses in mosques. Additionally, ''Bazm Rehmat Alam'' organized an exhibition of his calligraphy works in celebration of Milad-un-Nabi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Younis |first=Sheikh Muhammad |date=21 October 2021 |title=Artist Anil awarded for writing Quranic verses in mosques |url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/lifestyle-news/artist-anil-awarded-for-writing-quranic-verses-in-mosques-6896.html |access-date=2024-12-14 |website=awazthevoice.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Miracles ==<br />
Chawhan has several intriguing experiences from his work in the mosques, some of which he describes as spiritual. He shared two encounters with [[Muslim Mirror]] that he considers miraculous, feeling a divine presence during these moments.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
One such experience occurred during [[Ramadan]], after the [[Night Prayer (Islam)|night prayers]] when most people had left the mosque. While painting verses from the [[Quran]], he became tired and drowsy, eventually falling asleep while standing on a high stool with the brush in hand. When he awoke more than an hour later, he found that the verses had already been painted.<br />
<br />
Another experience was particularly harrowing, as he narrowly escaped a fall.<br />
<br />
After completing his calligraphic work in a mosque, Chawhan descended a wooden ladder. Just as he stepped off the last rung, the entire ladder collapsed.<ref name=":1" /><br />
{{Blockquote|text=It was as if the ladder was waiting for me to finish my work so it could break. It all happened within a fraction of a second, I was dumbstruck.<br />
<br />
Such incidents, where I feel a divine presence around me, remind me of how fortunate I am. Even God seems pleased with my work|author=Anil Kumar Chawhan|source=Muslim Mirror}}<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{portal|India|Arts}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chawhan, Anil Kumar}}<br />
[[Category:Indian calligraphers]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]<br />
[[Category:Calligraphers of Arabic script]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century calligraphers]]<br />
[[Category:1970 births]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jubilee_Mission_Medical_College_and_Research_Institute&diff=447029Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute2026-02-14T06:59:31Z<p>WillisHeiman326: clean up</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hospital in India}}<br />
{{multiple issues|<br />
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Primary sources|date=July 2024}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Institute<br />
| image = ജൂബിലി മിഷൻ മെഡിക്കൽ കോളേജ്, തൃശ്ശൂർ..JPG<br />
| image_size = 250px<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.jmmcri.org/}}<br />
| motto = Service with Love<br />
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[Medical College]]<br />
| established = {{Start date and age|df=y|1951|12|17}}<br />
| founder = Rev. [[Mar (title)|Mar]] [[George Alapatt]]<br />
| affiliation = [[National Medical Commission]], [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]<br />
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]<br />
| academic_affiliation = [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]]<br />
| chairman = Mar [[Andrews Thazhath]]<br />
| principal = Dr. M.A. Andrews<br />
| director = Fr. Renny Mundenkurian<br />
| address = P.B 737, Fathima Nagar, Mahatma Nagar, Nellikunnu, Thrissur, Kerala 680005<br />
| city = [[Thrissur]]<br />
| state = [[Kerala]]<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| campus_type = Urban<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute''' is a private, non-profit [[Christian]] minority medical college, hospital and research institute located at [[Thrissur]] in Kerala, India. The establishment is administered by the Jubilee Mission Hospital Trust, a charitable organization under the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur|Catholic Archdiocese of Thrissur]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Jubilee Mission Hospital formerly known as the Bishop Alapatt Jubilee Memorial Hospital was established on 17 December 1951 as a small dispensary.<ref name=History>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jmmcri.org/history.php|archivedate=2024-09-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910064537/https://www.jmmcri.org/history.php|work=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute|title=History|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1952, the hospital began its service with 4 rooms, 20 beds, 2 retired part-time doctors and 2 nurses of the [[Congregation of Holy Cross|Holy Cross Congregation]]. <br />
Under the leadership of Dr H.S. Adenwalla, the mission hospital grew to 1750 beds and is a major provider of health care services in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tributes paid to Indian smile-making medical missionary - UCA News|url=https://www.ucanews.com/news/tributes-paid-to-indian-smile-making-medical-missionary/88217|access-date=2020-12-16|website=ucanews.com|language=en}}</ref> In 1953, Cardinal [[Eugène Tisserant]] blessed the first [[operating theatre]]. The hospital provides healthcare regardless of caste or creed, or economic status.<ref name=History/><br />
<br />
Nursing school commenced in 1966 and the hospital was recognized by the [[Medical Council of India]] (MCI) in 1971 for internship training of doctors. Training of post graduate medical students for the [[National Board of Examinations]] commenced in 1990. In 2003, the MCI recognized the Jubilee Mission Hospital as a teaching hospital. The institution subsequently opened the Jubilee Medical College and the Jubilee School of Nursing.<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
<br />
===Facilities===<br />
*Staff strength: 3,850<br />
*Total beds: 1500 <ref name=JosephNoAssume>{{Cite web|url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/we-dont-assume-that-every-technology-will-bring-in-quality-outcome-dr-benny-joseph/69226660|title = We don't assume that every technology will bring in quality outcome : Dr Benny Joseph - ET HealthWorld}}</ref><br />
*Total ICU beds: 300<br />
*Total operation theatres: 22 <ref name=":0">[http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/15062017KQD7ROEW11Coveringletter.pdf Jubilee Mission Medical College & Research Institute 15 June 2017]. {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223044830/http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/15062017KQD7ROEW11Coveringletter.pdf|date=2022-02-23}}</ref><br />
*Total outpatients: 1,350,000 <ref name=":0" /><br />
*Total floor space: 1,295,000&nbsp;ft<sup>2</sup> (120,250 m<sup>2</sup>)<ref>{{Cite web| title=FORM I - Basic Information | url=http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/FORM_1/15062017GBTNPBZV2aForm1Jubilee.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223044842/http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/EC/FORM_1/15062017GBTNPBZV2aForm1Jubilee.pdf | archive-date=2022-02-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Campus===<br />
<br />
The campus is located at the heart of [[Thrissur]] city and spans almost 25 acres. It has the main hospitals blocks, medical college, administrative wings, hostels, staff quarters, and engineering wings.<br />
<br />
The campus has facilities including libraries, reading rooms, museums, stadium, gym, table tennis hall and a chapel.<br />
Other amenities include ATMs, police outpost, post office, a branch of the [[South Indian Bank]], various restaurants, cafes and a supermarket.<br />
The institute also runs various satellite centres throughout Thrissur district.<br />
<br />
===PHCs and Outreach Centres===<br />
The institute runs 5 PHCs and satellite hospitals in and around Thrissur <ref name=CommunityMedicine>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/communitymedicine.php |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
*St. Antony's Mission Hospital, Pazhuvil<br />
*Mary Immaculate Mission Hospital, Engandiyur<br />
*Padua Mission Hospital, Puthenpeedika<br />
*Rural Health Centre: Mulayam<br />
*Urban Health Centre: Nadathara<br />
<br />
==Achievements==<br />
Jubilee Medical College has been consistently ranked the top medical school in the state under [[Kerala University of Health Sciences]] with regards to MBBS exam performance <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jmmcri.org/news.php?id=181|title = Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
The hospital started one of the first human milk banks in the state, alongside General Hospital Ernakulam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/keralas-first-human-milk-bank-to-be-opened-on-5-february-11612253999802.html|title = Kerala's first human milk bank to be opened on 5 February|date = 2 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
The institute started the first interventional neurology cathlab in the district of Thrissur.<br />
<br />
==Departments==<br />
The hospital includes the following departments:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jmmcri.org/departments.php|title = Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=A Legacy That Exudes - Love And Care | url=https://www.jmmc.ac.in/downloads/Brochure.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820222517/http://jmmc.ac.in/downloads/Brochure.pdf | archive-date=2018-08-20}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Administrative departments===<br />
* [[Biomedical Engineering]]<br />
* [[Library|Central Library]]<br />
* [[Medical Records]]<br />
* [[Medical education|Medical Education Unit]]<br />
<br />
===Clinical departments===<br />
* [[Anaesthesiology]]<br />
* [[Anatomy]]<br />
* [[Biochemistry]]<br />
* [[Biostatistics]]<br />
* [[Cardiology]]<br />
* [[Cardiothoracic Surgery]]<br />
* [[Clinical Psychology]]<br />
* [[Critical care medicine|Critical Care]]<br />
* [[Dentistry]]<br />
* [[Dermatology]]<br />
* [[Dietetics]]<br />
* [[Emergency Medicine]]<br />
* [[Endocrinology]]<br />
* [[Forensic Medicine]] & [[Forensic toxicology|Toxicology]]<br />
* [[Gastroenterology]]<br />
* [[General Surgery]]<br />
* [[Otorhinolaryngology|Head & Neck Surgery]]<br />
* [[Immunohaematology]]<br />
* [[Interventional Cardiology]]<br />
* [[Internal Medicine]]<br />
* [[Laboratory Medicine]]<br />
* [[Microbiology]]<br />
* [[Microsurgery|Microvascular Surgery]]<br />
* [[Neonatology]]<br />
* [[Nephrology]]<br />
* [[Neurology]]<br />
* [[Neurosurgery]]<br />
* [[Obstetrics & Gynaecology]]<br />
* [[Oncology]]<br />
* [[Oncosurgery]]<br />
* [[Ophthalmology]]<br />
* [[Otorhinolaryngology]] (ENT)<br />
* [[Oral and maxillofacial surgery|Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery]]<br />
* [[Pain Medicine]]<br />
* [[Pathology]]<br />
* [[Paediatrics]]<br />
* [[Paediatric Surgery]]<br />
* [[Pharmacology]]<br />
* [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation|Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation]]<br />
* [[Physiology]]<br />
* [[Physiotherapy]]<br />
* [[Plastic Surgery]]<br />
* [[Preventive healthcare|Preventive & Social Medicine]]<br />
* [[Psychiatry]]<br />
* [[Pulmonology]]<br />
* [[Radiology]]<br />
* [[Rheumatology]]<br />
* [[Sleep Medicine]]<br />
* [[Speech Therapy]]<br />
* [[Speech Pathology]]<br />
* [[Sports Medicine]]<br />
* [[Surgical Oncology]]<br />
* [[Urology]]<br />
* [[Transfusion Medicine]]<br />
* [[Orthopedic surgery|Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery]]<br />
* [[Vascular Surgery]]<br />
<br />
===Specialised units and facilities===<br />
* [[Blood Bank]]<br />
* [[Burn center|Burns Unit]]<br />
* [[Kidney dialysis|Dialysis Unit]]<br />
* [[Home care|Geriatric Home Care Service]]<br />
* [[Human milk bank|Human Milk Bank]]<br />
* [[Hyperbaric medicine|Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Unit]]<br />
* [[Interventional neuroradiology|Interventional Neurology Cathlab]]<br />
* [[National TB Elimination Program (India)|RNTCP Unit]] & [[Directly observed treatment, short-course|DOTS Centre]]<br />
* [[Snakebite#Treatment|Snakebite Unit]]<br />
* [[Animal testing|Small Animal Research Laboratory]]<br />
<br />
==Specialist centres==<br />
<br />
===Jubilee Hrudhayalaya===<br />
Jubilee Hrudhayalaya is a fully integrated cardiovascular centre providing multidimensional care. It is the largest exclusive cardiac centre in the state of Kerala, having 300 dedicated cardiac beds and 80 critical care beds <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/cardiovascular.php |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Charles Pinto Centre for Cleft Lip and Palate===<br />
The Charles Pinto Centre provides comprehensive care for patients with congenital clefts of the lip, palate and complex facial clefts. This department is an internationally accepted center of excellence, which is very often visited by plastic surgeons from around the world. The credit of origin & existence goes to Dr. H.S. Adenwalla who has successfully corrected about 16,000 such patients at the institute, a world record.<br />
<br />
The procedures are provided free of charge, which attracts people from all over India.<br />
<br />
The centre has partnered with [[Smile Train]], a charitable organisation based in New York, USA, that helps with funding for treatment of cleft patients. The Charles Pinto Centre was the first to be inspected and accepted as a partner in India by Smile Train.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Train |first=Smile |title=Remembering Dr. Hirji Adenwalla, Who Changed The World One Smile At A Time {{!}} Smile Train |url=https://www.smiletrainla.org/en/2020/05/28/remembering-dr-hirji-adenwalla-who-changed-world-one-smile-time |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.smiletrainla.org |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Jubilee Institute of Surgery for Hand Aesthetic & Microsurgery (JISHAM)===<br />
A specialist institute led by the Department of Plastic Surgery, dealing with the surgery of hand and upper extremity, reconstructive microsurgery, cosmetic surgery, reconstruction of congenital & acquired defects of the trunk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/plasticsurgery_jisham.php |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Jubilee Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Centre (Jubilee HBOT)===<br />
The Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Center is jointly managed by Jubilee Institute of Surgery for Hand Aesthetic & Microsurgery (JISHAM) and the Jubilee Burns Center.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/plasticsurgery_hbot.php |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Jubilee Institute for Tissue Engineering Research (JITER)===<br />
Using regenerative medicine and tissue engineered skin substitutes to develop artificial skin that can replicate normal skin. Unit has funding grants from the ER & IPR directorate at [[DRDO]]. The project is also under collaboration with College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Thrissur (part of the [[Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jmmcri.org/plasticsurgery_research.php|title = Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Jubilee Centre for Medical Research (JCMR)===<br />
Jubilee Centre for Medical Research (JCMR) is a DSIR recognised research centre established by the Jubilee Mission Hospital Trust. The research activities in the Jubilee institutions are now coordinated by JCMR. This research centre undertakes and promotes research projects funded by governmental agencies, NGOs and those leading to the award of degrees like MD / MS / DNB / DM / Ph.D.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/research.php |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dr. D. M. Vasudevan, a well known scientist, Dr. B C Roy Award recipient, Biochemistry Professor and renowned author took charge as Research Director of JCMR in April 2014.<br />
<br />
Thrust areas of research at the centre includes:<ref name="auto"/><br />
* [[Molecular biology]] and [[cytogenetics]]<br />
* [[Biochemistry]], [[microbiology]] and [[virology]]<br />
* [[Epidemiology]], [[public health]] and [[occupational health]]<br />
* [[Neuroimmunology]]<br />
* [[Clinical Medicine]] and [[Nursing]]<br />
* [[Structural Biology]]<br />
* [[Computational Biology]]<br />
* [[Histology]], [[cytology]] and [[immunohistochemistry]]<br />
* [[Pharmacology]] and [[ethnomedicine]]<br />
<br />
Specialised facilities at the centre includes:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facilities @ JCMR |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/downloads/FacilitiesJCMR.pdf |access-date=2024-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Labs @ JCMR |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/downloads/ResearchLabsJCMR.pdf |access-date=2024-04-26}}</ref><br />
* Cell and molecular biology facility<br />
* Computational and structural biology lab<br />
* Cytogenetics and genomics research lab<br />
* Phytochemistry research division<br />
* Biochemistry research lab<br />
* Small animals research facility<br />
<br />
==Academics==<br />
<br />
===Academic divisions===<br />
<br />
The institute has the following divisions:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/institutions.php |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Jubilee Mission Medical College Hospital (JMMCH)<br />
* Jubilee Mission Medical College (JMMC)<br />
* Jubilee Mission College of Nursing (JMCON)<br />
* Jubilee Mission School of Nursing (JMSON)<br />
* Jubilee Mission College of Allied Health Sciences (JMCAHS)<br />
* Jubilee Centre for Medical Research (JCMR)<br />
* Jubilee Ayurveda Mission Hospital<br />
<br />
===Courses offered===<br />
The medical college annually accepts 150 students for the MBBS undergraduate course based on performance in the national medical entrance exam [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|NEET]]. The MBBS course consists of four and a half years of academic training, followed by one year of internship as a [[Compulsory Rotating Medical Internship|House Surgeon]].<ref name=MedicalCollege>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/medicalcollege.php |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
It accepts postgraduate trainees ([[Doctor of Medicine|MD]]/[[Master of Surgery|MS]]) in a number of specialties.<br />
In 2024, 54 postgraduate training seats were offered in the specialties of:<ref name=MedicalCollege/><br />
* Anaesthesiology (MD)<br />
* Community Medicine (MD)<br />
* Dermatology, Venereology & Leprosy (MD)<br />
* Emergency Medicine (MD)<br />
* General Medicine (MD)<br />
* General Surgery (MS)<br />
* Immuno-Haematology (MD)<br />
* Microbiology (MD)<br />
* Obstetrics and Gynaecology (MS)<br />
* Ophthalmology (MS)<br />
* Otorhinolaryngology (MS)<br />
* Paediatrics (MD)<br />
* Pathology (MD)<br />
* Physiology (MD)<br />
* Psychiatry (MD)<br />
* Radiology & Radiodiagnosis (MD)<br />
* Respiratory Medicine (MD)<br />
* Transfusion Medicine (MD)<br />
* Trauma & Orthopaedic Surgery (MS) <br />
<br />
The college also accepts trainees for higher super-specialist training.<br />
Courses run currently are:<br />
<br />
* Cardiology (DM)<br />
* Critical Care Medicine (DM)<br />
* Neurology (DM)<br />
* Neurosurgery (DNB)<br />
* Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anaesthesia (PDCC)<br />
<br />
Other PG Medical Courses:<br />
* Critical Care Medicine (IDCCM)<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/criticalcare.php |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><br />
* Fellowship in Cardiothoracic Anaesthesia<br />
* Fellowship in Neonatology<br />
* Fellowship In Orthognathic Surgery <br />
* Fellowship in Ultrasound Guided Regional Anaesthesia<br />
<br />
The institute runs the IDCCM (Indian Diploma in Critical Care Medicine) programme, making it one of only two medical colleges in the state providing super specialty training in Critical Care Medicine.<ref name="auto1"/><br />
<br />
Various other courses are run, including nursing and allied health professions.<br />
Courses offered include:<br />
<br />
'''Nursing''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=JMCON - Jubilee Mission College of Nursing, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://jmcon.jmmcri.org/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jmcon.jmmcri.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/nursingschool.php |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><br />
* GNM Nursing & Midwifery<br />
* BSc Nursing<br />
* MSc Medical Surgical Nursing<br />
* MSc Pediatric Nursing<br />
* MSc Community Health Nursing<br />
* MSc Fundamental & Mental Health Nursing<br />
* Post-Basic Diploma Cardiothoracic Nursing<br />
* PG Diploma in various nursing clinical specialties<br />
<br />
'''Allied Health Professions''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/healthcollege.php |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><br />
* Diploma in Anaesthesia Technology.<br />
* Diploma in Medical Records Technology<br />
* Diploma In Medical Imaging Technology<br />
* Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology<br />
* Diploma In Optometry<br />
<br />
==Student life==<br />
<br />
Student life revolves around various aspects in the college, including:<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – JubiCon |url=https://jubicon.in/about-us/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jubicon.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Students' Council - an annually elected students' union<br />
* Ashraya Charitable Society<br />
* Jubilee Campus Radio<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Campus Radio • A podcast on Spotify for Podcasters |url=https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/jubilee-cloud |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Spotify for Podcasters |language=en}}</ref><br />
* Jubilee Quest - Student run society to promote research among students<br />
* Jubilee Techies<br />
* Kanal - Literary Club<br />
* NaVaRaSa - Arts Club<br />
* Campus Ground & Sports Courts<br />
* Students' Gym<br />
* Various eateries within campus<br />
* Campus supermarket, cafes, libraries and ATMs<br />
<br />
==Notable alumni==<br />
<br />
* Dr. Alby John, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], District Collector of Tiruvallur District and was All India Rank 4 in the [[Union Public Service Commission|UPSC]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leader |first=The Weekend |title=Cracking the IAS in first attempt with All India 4th Rank, the son of a kirana shop owner continues his winning streak |url=https://www.theweekendleader.com/Success/2948/on-the-go.html |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.theweekendleader.com |language=English}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notable faculty==<br />
* Dr. [[Damodaran M. Vasudevan|D.M.Vasudevan]], Director of Jubilee Centre for Medical Research<ref>{{Cite web| title=Jubilee Centre for Medical Research - Governing Board | url=https://www.jmmcri.org/downloads/Governingboard1.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003164934/https://jmmcri.org/downloads/Governingboard1.pdf | archive-date=2023-10-03}}</ref><br />
* Dr. [[Hirji S. Adenwalla|H.S.Adenwalla]]<br />
<br />
==JUBICON==<br />
<br />
JUBICON is the annual national medical students' conference held at Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute. It is organised and conducted by the various student clubs (NaVaRaSa, Jubilee Techies, Jubilee Quest, Kanal), a student run charity NGO (Ashraya Charitable Society), and Jubilee Centre for Medical Research (JCMR). <br />
It intends to facilitate students oriented towards research and develop them into scientific thinkers. JUBICON brings together experts in the fields of research and advanced technologies.<br />
<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |title=JubiCon – Redefining Medical Minds |url=https://jubicon.in/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=jubicon.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Community services==<br />
<br />
A range of services are provided by the staff and volunteers from the institute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/community.php#:~:text=JMMC%20is%20the%20headquarters%20of,Forum%20and%20Sahrudaya%20Eye%20society.&text=An%20organization%20of%20social%20workers,retired%20persons%20from%20various%20sectors.&text=%E2%80%9CHuman%20Life%20is%20sublime%20and%20the%20right%20to%20live%20is%20supreme |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Educational workshops and courses==<br />
<br />
Jubilee has various workshops and courses annually, which are conducted by specialised departments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/emergencymedicine.php |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/Immunohaematology.php |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/gynaecology.php |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Department of Emergency Medicine''' <br />
*AUTLS- AIIMS Ultrasound Trauma Life Support <br />
*BASIC - Basic Assessment & Support in Intensive Care<br />
*BLS - Basic Life Support Course<br />
*ACLS - Advanced Cardiac Life Support Course<br />
*BECC - Basic Emergency Care Course<br />
*First Responder Course<br />
<br />
'''Department of Immunohaematology'''<br />
*CASCADE Workshop - A coagulation workshop conducted annually<br />
<br />
'''Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology'''<br />
* FOCUS Training Programme<br />
<br />
===Public health programmes===<br />
<br />
Some of the key programmes: <ref name=CommunityMedicine/><ref name="auto2"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India |url=https://www.jmmcri.org/ophthalmology.php |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=www.jmmcri.org}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Department of Community Medicine'''<br />
*Immunisation Camps<br />
*Health Education Camps<br />
*School Health Programmes<br />
*Various Public Health Awareness Camps<br />
*Blood Donation Camps<br />
<br />
'''Department of Immunohaematology'''<br />
*Blood Donation Camps<br />
<br />
'''Department of Ophthalmology'''<br />
*Eye Checkup Camps<br />
*Eye Donation Camps<br />
*Public Eye Health Awareness Camps<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of medical colleges in India]]<br />
*[[List of largest hospital campuses]]<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [https://www.jmmcri.org/ Official Website]<br />
<br />
{{Thrissur topics}}<br />
{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Health in Kerala |state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Christianity in Kerala}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jubilee Mission Medical College And Research Institute}}<br />
[[Category:Research institutes in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Syro-Malabar educational institutions]]<br />
[[Category:Medical colleges in Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the Kerala University of Health Sciences]]<br />
[[Category:Catholic universities and colleges in India]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hospitals in Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:Private medical colleges in India]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:Teaching hospitals in India]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanjib_Baruah&diff=532777Sanjib Baruah2026-02-11T07:08:16Z<p>WillisHeiman326: new first post from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian political scientist (born 1951)}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sanjib Baruah<br />
| image =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date = 1951<br />
| birth_place = [[Shillong]], [[Assam]]<br />
| death_date =<br />
| death_place =<br />
| other_names =<br />
| occupation = Academic, writer<br />
| years_active =<br />
| known_for =<br />
| notable_works =<br />
}}<br />
'''Sanjib Baruah''' is an Indian professor of Political Studies at [[Bard College]] in New York,<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2021|title=Sanjib Baruah|url=https://www.bard.edu/faculty/details/?id=101|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327042241/https://www.bard.edu/faculty/details/?id=101|archive-date=27 March 2021|access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> and an author and commentator specializing in the politics of [[Northeast India]]. His books include ''India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality'', ''Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India'', and ''[[In the Name of the Nation|In the Name of the Nation: India and its Northeast]]''.<br />
<br />
== Early life and career ==<br />
Baruah was born in 1951 in [[Shillong]], which was then the capital of [[Assam]].{{sfn|Baruah|Rebecca|2008|loc=0m}}{{efn|[[Shillong]] was the capital of [[undivided Assam]] until 21 January 1972 when it became part of the new state of [[Meghalaya]]; the redefined start of Assam forming its capital at [[Dispur]] in [[Guwahati]].}}<br />
<br />
Baruah obtained his Bachelor of Arts from [[Cotton College, Guwahati]], Assam.<ref name="BardBio"/> He went on to complete his Master of Arts from the [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]].<ref name="BardBio">{{Cite web|title=Sanjib Baruah — Professor of Political Studies|website=Bard College|url=https://www.bard.edu/faculty/details/?id=101|access-date=27 January 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030103240/http://www.bard.edu:80/faculty/details/?id=101 |archive-date=2017-10-30 }}</ref> He has said the experience of [[New Delhi]] and its intellectual and political life had a profound impact on him.{{sfn|Baruah|Rebecca|2008|loc=6m}}<br />
<br />
From 1985 to 1987 Sanjib Baruah worked as an Associate of Committee on Southern Asian Studies at the [[University of Chicago]], the institution that awarded him his PhD.<ref name="BardBio"/> He said at interview that his research into the Northeast India topic only really began some time after he had completed his PhD.{{sfn|Baruah|Rebecca|2008|loc=4m 35s}}<br />
<br />
Baruah has been serving as a professor at [[Bard College]] in [[New York (state)|New York state]]. Since 1989 Sanjib Baruah was a research associate at South Asia Center at [[Syracuse University]].<ref name="BardBio"/><br />
<br />
Baruah also holds a concurrent position as Global Fellow at the Peace Research Institute in Oslo, Norway.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rebecca Schiel|first=Jonathan Powell|date=9 September 2020|title=IC Conference Session 2|url=https://sciences.ucf.edu/politics/ucf_section/ic-conference-session-2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207235053/https://sciences.ucf.edu/politics/ucf_section/ic-conference-session-2/|archive-date=7 December 2021|access-date=8 December 2021|website=[[University of Central Florida]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Selected works ==<br />
===Books===<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Baruah|first=Sanjib|year=1999|title=India Against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|isbn=9780812234916 |author-mask=0|ref=none}}<ref name="Asia Society">{{cite web |last1=Shaikh |first1=Nermeen |title=Interview with Sanjib Baruah |url=https://asiasociety.org/interview-sanjib-baruah |website=Asia Society |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Hauser 1999">{{cite news |last1=Hauser |first1=Walter |title=Future Imperfect |url=https://asianstudies.github.io/area-studies/SouthAsia/Misc/Sss/whfuture99.html |access-date=26 January 2022 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=October 29, 1999}}</ref><ref name="Hazarika 1999">{{cite news |last1=Hazarika |first1=Sanjoy |title=Book review: Sanjib Baruah's 'India Against Itself' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19990913-book-review-of-india-against-itself-by-sanjib-baruah-824260-1999-09-13 |access-date=26 January 2022 |work=[[India Today]] |date=September 13, 1999}}</ref><ref name="Chadda 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Chadda |first1=Maya |title=Reviewed Work: India against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality by Sanjib Baruah |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |date=Summer 2000 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=320–322 |doi=10.2307/2657927 |jstor=2657927 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2657927 |access-date=27 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Banerjee 2000">{{cite journal |last1=Banerjee |first1=Sikata |title=Reviewed Works: India against Itself: Assam and the Politics of Nationality by Sanjib Baruah; Democracy and the State: Welfare, Secularism, and Development in Contemporary India by Niraja Gopal Jayal; Development and Democracy in India by Shalendra D. Sharma |journal=[[The American Political Science Review]] |date=September 2000 |volume=94 |issue=3 |pages=732–734 |doi=10.2307/2585874 |jstor=2585874 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2585874 |access-date=27 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
* {{cite book|last=Baruah|first=Sanjib|date=2012|title=Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India |orig-year=2005|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|oclc=1120638444 |author-mask=0|ref=none}}<ref name="Wright Jr. 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Wright Jr. |first1=Theodore P. |title=Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India. By Sanjib Baruah. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. |journal=[[Perspectives on Politics]] |date=18 August 2008 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=616–617 |doi=10.1017/S1537592708081577 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/durable-disorder-understanding-the-politics-of-northeast-india-by-sanjib-baruah-new-york-oxford-university-press-2005-286p-3500-cloth-2495-paper/C350C85FE9468ED576554929EFB379CF |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=American Political Science Association|s2cid=145323279 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Cameron 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Cameron |first1=John |title=Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India by Sanjib Baruah. |journal=[[Development and Change]] |date=January 1, 2007 |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=576–578|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2007.00423_16.x }} - via ''EBSCOhost''</ref><ref name="Saikia 2006">{{cite journal |last1=Saikia |first1=Yasmin |title=Reviewed Work: Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India by Sanjib Baruah |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |date=August 2006 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=636–638 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25076105 |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=Association for Asian Studies|doi=10.1017/S0021911806001379 |jstor=25076105 |s2cid=153861644 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Corbridge 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Corbridge |first1=Stuart |title=Reviewed Work: Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of Northeast India by Sanjib Baruah |journal=[[Political Science Quarterly]] |date=Winter 2005 |volume=120 |issue=4 |pages=726–727 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20202639 |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=The Academy of Political Science|doi=10.1002/j.1538-165X.2005.tb01456.x |jstor=20202639 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Chandra 2007">{{cite journal |last1=Chandra |first1=Sudhir |title=Understanding the Problem of Northeast India. |journal=India Review |date=March 2007 |volume=6 |issue=1|pages=46–56 |doi=10.1080/14736480601172683 |s2cid=154050009 }} - via ''EBSCOhost''</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Phanjoubam|first=Pradip|title=Review of Durable Disorder: Understanding the Politics of North-East India, by S. Baruah|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4416301|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=40|pages=941–943|jstor=4416301}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book|last=Baruah|first=Sanjib|year=2007|title=Postfrontier blues: toward a new policy framework for Northeast India |series=Policy studies|publisher=East-West Center Washington|isbn=9781932728606|author-mask=0|ref=none}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Baruah|first=Sanjib|year=2009|title=Beyond Counterinsurgency: Breaking the Impasse in Northeast India |orig-year=2009|oclc=775416874|location=New York; New Delhi|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198078975 |author-mask=0|ref=none}}<ref name="McDuie-Ra 2011">{{cite journal |last1=McDuie-Ra |first1=Duncan |title=Reviewed Work: Beyond Counter-Insurgency: Breaking the Impasse in Northeast India by Sanjib Baruah |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |date=August 2011 |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=861–863 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41302433 |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=Association for Asian Studies|doi=10.1017/S002191181100132X |jstor=41302433 |s2cid=162798780 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sirnate |first1=Vasundhara |title=Reviewed Work: Beyond Counter-Insurgency: Breaking the Impasse in Northeast India by Sanjib Baruah |journal=[[Journal of Peace Research]] |date=September 2009 |volume=46 |issue=5 |page=719 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25654467 |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=Sage Publications, Inc.|jstor=25654467 }}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book|last=Baruah|first=Sanjib|year=2012|title=Ethnonationalism in India: A Reader |location=New Delhi|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Critical issues in Indian politics|oclc=930806555|author-mask=0|ref=none}}<ref name="Viplav 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Viplav |title=Reviewed Work: Ethnonationalism in lndia: A Reader by Sanjib Baruah |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=April 2010 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=689–691 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42753729 |access-date=26 January 2022 |publisher=Indian Political Science Association|jstor=42753729 }}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book|last=Baruah|first=Sanjib|year=2020|title=[[In the Name of the Nation]] |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=9781503611290|author-mask=0|ref=none}}<br />
<br />
===Journals===<br />
* {{cite journal|last=Baruah|first=Sanjib|date=1 November 2003|title=Nationalizing Space: Cosmetic Federalism and the Politics of Development in Northeast India|journal=Development and Change|volume=34|issue=5|pages=915–939|publisher=Estados Unidos : Institute of Social Studies|doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2003.00334.x|oclc=926308153|ref=none|doi-access=free}}<br />
<br />
===Interviews and commentaries===<br />
Baruah has been sought for commentaries and interviews over a wide range of publications including: [[Time (magazine)|''Time Magazine'']];<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Bagri|first=Neha Thirani|date=5 September 2021|title=India's Anti-Immigrant Crackdown Has Torn Apart Families and Locked Up Hundreds. 1.9 Million People Fear They Could Be Next|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url=https://time.com/6092299/india-anti-immigrant-crackdown-assam/|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'';<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Karan Deep|last2=Baruah|first2=Bondita|date=17 October 2021|title=Amid Flames and Gunfire, They Were Evicted From Where They Called Home|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/17/world/asia/india-assam-muslim-evictions.html|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> ''[[Times of India]]'';<ref>{{Cite news|last=Choudhury|first=Sushmita|date=6 December 2021|title=What is AFSPA and why is it controversial?|work=[[Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/what-is-afspa-and-why-is-it-controversial/articleshow/88126265.cms|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> ''[[The Statesman (India)]]'';<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Prasenjit|date=20 December 2021|title=Of outrageous fortune|work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/of-outrageous-fortune-1503031682.html|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> ''[[TRT World]]'';<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bagchi|first=Suvojit|date=11 August 2021|title=Unrest in India's northeastern frontier may morph into a big problem|work=[[TRT World]]|url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/unrest-in-india-s-northeastern-frontier-may-morph-into-a-big-problem-49109|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'';<ref>{{Cite news|last=Agarwala|first=Tora|date=28 September 2021|title=Explained: Assam's conflict over land|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/assam-sipajhar-eviction-drive-violence-police-civilians-protests-7536183/|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> ''[[Scroll.in]]'';<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saikia|first=Arunabh|date=15 March 2021|title=In Assamese heartland, those who fought BJP's citizenship law are now voting for 'development'|work=[[Scroll.in]]|url=https://scroll.in/article/989524/in-assamese-heartland-those-who-fought-bjps-citizenship-law-are-now-voting-for-development|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Saikia|first=Arunabh|date=27 March 2021|title=Interview: Sanjib Baruah on Assam elections, identity politics and the 'cash-transfer state'|work=[[Scroll.in]]|url=https://scroll.in/article/990541/interview-sanjib-baruah-on-assam-elections-identity-politics-and-the-cash-transfer-state|access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref> ''[[The Wire (India)]]'';<ref>{{Cite news|last=Bose|first=Tapan Kumar|date=27 September 2018|title=The Economic Basis of Assam's Linguistic Politics and Anti-Immigrant Movements|work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]|url=https://thewire.in/politics/the-economic-basis-of-assams-linguistic-politics-and-anti-immigrant-movements|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> and ''[[Al Jazeera English]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ameen|first=Furquan|date=25 March 2021|title='Stress on Hindu identity': BJP hate campaign in poll-bound Assam|work=[[Al Jazeera English]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/25/stress-on-hindu-identity-bjp-hate-campaign-in-poll-bound-assam|access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards and honors==<br />
* 2021 ICAS Book Prize, Most Accessible and Captivating Work for the Non-Specialist Reader Accolade, from the International Convention of Asia Scholars<ref name="SUP 2020">{{cite web |title=In the Name of the Nation |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=29094&promo=S22XAHA-FM |website=Stanford University Press |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Sources==<br />
* {{cite AV media|last1=Baruah|first2=Sanjib|author2=Rebecca|date=27 November 2008|title=Sanjib Baruah Interview part 1<br />
|location=[[Heidelberg University]], Germany|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0oys48Wr5w|url-status=live<br />
|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/F0oys48Wr5w|via=[[YouTube]]}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Cite web|title=Sanjib Baruah Books|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Sanjib+Baruah%22|website=[[Google Scholar]]}}<br />
* [https://www.thehindu.com/books/the-anxiety-of-incompleteness-an-extract-from-sanjib-baruahs-in-the-name-of-the-nation-india-and-its-northeast/article30819834.ece The anxiety of incompleteness: An extract from Sanjib Baruah's ''In the Name of the Nation: India and Its Northeast''] (''The Hindu'', February 15, 2020)<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baruah, Sanjib}}<br />
[[Category:Indian academics]]<br />
[[Category:Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:1951 births]]<br />
[[Category:Bard College]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desmond_Hayde&diff=445425Desmond Hayde2026-01-30T19:18:22Z<p>WillisHeiman326: page fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Army officer}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox military person<br />
|honorific_prefix = [[Brigadier]]<br />
|name = Desmond Hayde<br />
|honorific_suffix = [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]]<br />
|image = <br />
|image_size = <br />
|caption = <br />
|birth_name = <br />
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1926|11|28}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Exeter]], [[England]]<br />
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2013|09|25|1926|11|28}}<br />
|death_place = [[Kotdwara]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]<br />
|death_cause = [[Skin cancer]]<br />
|placeofburial = [[Bareilly]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
|residence = <br />
|branch = [[File:Flag of Indian Army.svg|24px]] [[Indian Army]]<br />
|serviceyears = <br />
|rank = [[File:Brigadier of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Brigadier]]<br />
|nationality = <br />
|other_names = <br />
|awards = [[File:Maha Vir Chakra ribbon.svg|32px]] [[Maha Vir Chakra]]<br />
|unit = [[Jat Regiment|3 Jat]]<br />
|battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]<br />
|education = <br />
|allegiance = {{flagicon|India}} [[Republic of India]]<br />
|alma_mater = <br />
|employer = <br />
|occupation = <br />
|home_town = <br />
|title = <br />
|spouse = <br />
|children = <br />
}}<br />
[[Brigadier]] ''' Desmond Hayde''' [[Maha Vir Chakra|MVC]] (1926–2013) was an officer in the [[Indian Army]]. He was the commanding officer of the 3rd battalion of the [[Jat Regiment]] (3 Jat) in the [[Battle of Dograi]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. He led his battalion of 550 men and defeated an enemy force that was double the size of his own battalion. He was awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] for his contribution in the war.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Desmond Hayde was born on 28 November 1926 in Exeter, England. He was of Irish descent, and his father worked in the [[Indian Railways]].<br />
<br />
==Indo-Pakistan War of 1965==<br />
As part of Operation Riddle, 3 Jat was initially ordered to breach the [[Ichhogil Canal]], which ran for 8 kilometres inside Pakistan. The western side (the [[Lahore]] side) was lined with Pakistani concrete pillboxes that had overlapping arcs of fire. The Dograi township on the eastern bank of the Canal near the Grand Trunk road was captured by 3 Jat by 1100 hours on 6 September 1965. By 1200 hours on 6 September 1965, 3 Jat had captured the Batapore and Attokeawan localities on the west bank of the Canal despite stiff enemy opposition. It was for this action that Lt. Col. Hayde was awarded the Maha Vir Chakra. However, the battalion had to fall back as the other units detailed to support them in the offensive could not reach them in time due to a miscommunication. 3 Jat stood their ground alone until they were ordered to withdraw by brigade headquarters. The miscommunication error resulted in the removal of a major general from his post.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/special/the-hero-of-the-battle-of-dograi/20150914.htm| title = The Hero of the Battle of Dograi - Rediff.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
3 Jat then had to wait 2 weeks in defence at Santpura village in Pakistan before they were given orders to take Dograi, a town in the immediate vicinity of Lahore. By this time, the Pakistan Army had heavily fortified the town. On the night of 21 September 1965, during the impending attack on Dograi, Hayde made two demands of his men:<br />
*Ek bhi aadmi pichhe nahin hatega! (Not a single man will turn back!)<br />
*Zinda ya murda, Dograi mein milna hai! (Dead or alive, we have to meet in Dograi!)<br />
<br />
3 Jat then marched 8 kilometres from their trenches to Dograi, where the Pakistan Army had entrenched itself. The Pakistani force consisted of 2 infantry battalions supported by a tank squadron. Hayde warned his men against retreating by saying "Even if all of you run away, I shall continue to stand on the battlefield alone". The battalion engaged in close quarter combat, and eventually captured Dograi. However, 86 troops of 3 Jat were killed. The Pakistani casualties were close to 300. The battle is known as the [[Battle of Dograi]].<br />
<br />
Hayde is also perhaps the only soldier to be painted by the famed [[M. F. Husain]] on the battlefield.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Hayde Drawing | url=http://im.rediff.com/news/2015/sep/14brig-hayde2.jpg | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211234322/http://im.rediff.com/news/2015/sep/14brig-hayde2.jpg | archive-date=2015-12-11}}</ref> It was during an address to his battalion later on 29 October in the same year in Pakistan that Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] gave India one of its best known slogans: "Jai Jawan! Jai Kisan!" ("Victory to the soldiers! Victory to the Farmers!").<br />
<br />
==Maha Vir Chakra Citation==<br />
The citation for the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] reads as follows<br />
{{Quotation|{{center|'''Gazette Notification: 125 Pres/65,17-9-65'''}}<br />
{{center|'''Operation: 1965 Riddle'''}}<br />
{{center|'''Date of Award: 06 Sep 1965'''}}<br />
<br />
'''Citation:'''<br />
On 6 September 1965, when the initial attack on the lchhogil Canal in Pakistan was launched, Lieutenant Colonel Hayde, commanding officer of a battalion of Jat Regiment, captured the western bank of the canal against very stiff enemy opposition. It was primarily due to his leadership that not only did his battalion not fall back from the positions which it had occupied, but in fact moved forward in spite of continuous and heavy shelling and frequent air and ground attacks. On 9 September, when the enemy launched an attack with Patton and Sherman tanks, his battalion accounted for five enemy tanks. The performance of this battalion throughout the operations was excellent and this was largely due to the great personal courage and exceptional qualities of leadership shown by Lieutenant Colonel Desmond Hayde.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://twdi.in/node/1388 |title=Mahavir Chakra (MVC), Awardee: Brig Hayde, Desmond E., MVC (Retd) @ TWDI |access-date=2015-09-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927134122/http://twdi.in/node/1388 |archive-date=27 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Later life==<br />
Hayde spent 30 years in the Indian Army before retiring as a brigadier in 1978 and then served as Inspector General in the Mizoram Police till 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 1984 |title=The Mizoram Gazette |url=https://mizoramassembly.in/storage/Assembly/Gazette/GN/GZGN13ISS_048.pdf |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=Mizoram Assembly}}</ref> He then moved to [[Kotdwar]] in [[Uttarakhand]], his wife's hometown. He set up the ex-servicemen league in Kotdwar and readily helped former members of the Jat Regiment. He donated some land upon which a school (now named ''Hayde Heritage Academy'') was built in Kotdwar. He also adopted many stray dogs. <br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Hayde married Sheila, a [[Garhwali people|Garhwali]] from Kotdwar in what was then [[Uttar Pradesh]], but is now in Uttarakhand. He met her when he was a young officer in [[Bareilly]]. They had three sons, Walter Hayde, Michael Hayde and Norman Hayde. Walter lived in Canada until his death on March 8, 2017. Walter and his wife, AnnaRita have three children. Their first daughter is Elizabeth, she has a son named Eric. Their second daughter is Jennifer, she has a son named Joseph. The youngest daughter is Michelle. Michael joined the Indian Army and retired as a lieutenant colonel and currently resides in England. Michael is married to Susan and they have two children, Debbie and Jason. Norman, the youngest son died in October 2024, and his wife Marina and their two children, David and Daniel, continue to live in Reading.<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Brigadier Hayde died of skin cancer on 25 September 2013 in Kotdwar. He was buried alongside his wife in [[Bareilly]] cantonment, near the Jat Regimental Centre.<br />
<br />
==Legacy ==<br />
The Hayde Heritage Academy, Kotdwara, a school founded by him on the land donated by him, was renamed in his honor.<ref>[http://www.haydeheritage.com Hayde Heritage Academcy, Kotdwara]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hayde, Desmond}}<br />
[[Category:1926 births]]<br />
[[Category:2013 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Maha Vir Chakra]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farmana&diff=474267Farmana2025-12-31T13:13:26Z<p>WillisHeiman326: expand section based on references and corrected details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Farmana<br />
| settlement_type = Archeological site<br />
| image_skyline =<br />
| image_caption =<br />
| image_seal =<br />
| image_map =<br />
| map_caption =<br />
| pushpin_map = India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|29|04|N|76|34|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of India|Province]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 =<br />
| subdivision_name2 =<br />
| subdivision_type3 =<br />
| subdivision_name3 =<br />
| leader_title =<br />
| leader_name =<br />
| area_total_km2 =<br />
| area_land_km2 =<br />
| area_water_km2 =<br />
| population_footnotes =<br />
| population_total =<br />
| population_as_of =<br />
| population_density_km2 =<br />
| population_metro =<br />
| timezone = Indian Standard Time<br />
| utc_offset = +5.30<br />
| timezone_DST =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Farmana Khas''' or '''Daksh Khera''' is an [[archaeological]] site in Meham block of [[Rohtak district]] in northern [[India]]n state of [[Haryana]] spread over 18.5&nbsp;hectares. It is located near the village of Farmana Khas, about 15&nbsp;kilometers from the Rohtak-Hissar highway and 60&nbsp;kilometres from Delhi. It is significant particularly for its burial site, with 70 burials, of the Mature [[Indus Valley civilization|Harappan]] period (2500–2000&nbsp;BC) and fairly recent addition (excavation started during 2006)<ref name="The Times of India">Times of India.10.10.2011 [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Harappans-married-outside-to-secure-trade-relations/articleshow/10299629.cms] retrieved 29 June 2012</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/65-graves-point-to-largest-harappan-burial-site-next-door-to-capital/430083/1 65 graves point to largest Harappan burial site next door to capital], ''Indian Express'' 3 March 2009. Access date 7 January 2011.</ref> to [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] sites excavated in India.<ref name="Vasant Shinde 2009">Vasant Shinde, Toshiki Osada, Akinori Uesugi (eds.), ''Harappan Necropolis at Farmana in the Ghaggar Basin'', Special Report No. 4 of the Indian Archaeological Society (2009).</ref><br />
<br />
==Excavations==<br />
This site was excavated under the direction of Vasant Shinde of the [[Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute]], [[Pune]]. The project was financed by the Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, [[Kyoto]], which also provided technical expertise. The [[Maharshi Dayanand University]], Rohtak and Deccan College Post Graduate and Research Institute, Pune under the aegis of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) are the [[India]]n partners of the project.<ref>Vasant Shinde, Toshiki Osada, Akinori Uesugi (eds.), ''Harappan Necropolis at Farmana in the Ghaggar Basin'', Special Report No. 4 of the Indian Archaeological Society (December 2009).</ref><ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/008200903041580.htm |title=Harappan era burials unearthed near Delhi |date=4 March 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=4 April 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606125211/http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/008200903041580.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Architecture and material culture==<br />
The site is divided in two areas, one for the living and one for the dead, separated by a distance of 1&nbsp;km. The finds were made in intensely cultivated, flat land. The habitation site is spread over 18.5&nbsp;hectare. Excavation has revealed a well-laid-out road with houses on either side.<br />
<br />
===Complex with 26 rooms===<br />
The site has four complexes and so far one complex has been excavated which has 26 rooms, 3 to 4 kitchens, an equal number of bathrooms and a courtyard in the centre.<ref name="toi">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Harappan-era-cemetery-found/articleshow/4221028.cms|title=Harappan-era cemetery found|work=[[The Times of India]]|author=Deswal, Deepender|date=4 March 2009}}</ref> [[Terracotta]] toys, whistle, wheels and seals, copper bangles, a small ornament of gold and large amount of pottery has been retrieved.<br />
<br />
===70 burials===<br />
The cemetery at Farmana has revealed 70 burials so far and has been assigned to the Mature Harappan phase (2500–2000&nbsp;BC), whereas the burial site at [[Sanauli]], in the [[Baghpat]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]], which revealed 116 graves, belongs to a later stage of Harappan culture.<ref name="Vasant Shinde 2009"/> Most of the graves are oriented northwest-southeast, though there are some with north-south and northeast-southwest orientations as well.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> Notable amongst them is a [[skeleton]] of a middle-aged woman, which had three shell bangles, two copper bangles, copper earrings, beads and ornaments on the feet, indicating her wealthy status.<ref name="toi" /><br />
<br />
==Scientific testing==<br />
<br />
Vasant Shinde announced in March 2009 the intention to conduct scientific tests on skeletal remains, pottery and botanical evidence found at the site, including DNA tests on bones to attempt to establish the origins of the Harappans, and trace element analyses to help understand their diet.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><ref name="hindu"/> However DNA extraction from these skeletons did not succeed as they were contaminated due to long exposure and floods.<ref>{{cite news|title=Who built the Indus Valley civilisation?|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-built-the-indus-valley-civilisation/article22261315.ece|work=The Hindu |date=23 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
Four-thousand-year-old teeth from skeletal remains in Harappa cemetery & Farmana were examined. Human dental enamels were compared and chemical analysis of water, fauna, rocks of those times using ratio of lead & strontium ration was done. Differences in early molars and late morals indicate people living in Indus Valley Cities migrated from countryside to urban areas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Indus-Valley-people-migrated-from-villages-to-cities-New-study/articleshow/47111875.cms |title=Indus Valley people migrated from villages to cities: New study |work=The Times of India |date=30 April 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The team also plans to carry out coring tests in lakes around the Farmana site to ascertain climatic conditions prevalent at the time of the Harappan civilization, and investigate whether the decline of the culture followed catastrophic climate change.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><br />
<br />
==Plant use and dietary practices==<br />
<br />
Study of Starch Grains which are plant microfossils, obtained from storing and cooking ceramic vessels, stone tools as well as dental calculus of burials has shed a light on plant usage in [[Indus Valley civilization]]. Use of wheat, barley, millet, gram, garlic whose seeds were found and use of horsegram, eggplant, mango, ginger, turmeric, sedge whose seeds were not found, has been confirmed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Harappan plant use revealed by starch grains from Farmana, India |url=https://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/kashyap326/ |publisher=Antiquity |date=December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abraham |first1=Shinu Anna |last2=Gullapalli |first2=Praveena |last3=Raczek |first3=Teresa P. |last4=Rizvi |first4=Uzma Z. |title=Connections and Complexity: New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia |year=2013 |publisher=Left Coast Press, INC |location=Walnut Creek, CA |isbn=9781598746860 |chapter=10 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRHjGtTUr3sC&q=Farmana+plant+use&pg=PA178}}</ref><br />
<br />
Presence of cooked ginger & turmeric starch grains inside ceramic pots & teeth of skeletons in burial sites make Farmana (Indus Valley) [[first civilization]] to use spices for cooking.<ref>{{cite news |title=Curry: Where did it come from? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011113032/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2013 |work=BBC |date=11 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What Did Our Ancestors Eat? Digging For Clues |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/recliner/what-did-our-ancestors-eat-digging-for-clues/37532/1 |work=Forbes India |date=11 April 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Other findings==<br />
A recent advance in the study have shown evidence of inter-regional marriage performed by the Harappans for trade purposes as well.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Harappans-married-outside-to-secure-trade-relations/articleshow/10299629.cms Times of India 10.10.2011]</ref><br />
<br />
Bangles and beads made out of conch shells from Gujarat were also found at this site.<ref name="The Times of India"/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India}}<br />
<br />
* [[List of Indus Valley Civilization sites]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Indus Valley Civilization}}<br />
{{Haryana}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 4th millennium BC]]<br />
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electoral_history_of_Arvind_Kejriwal&diff=498348Electoral history of Arvind Kejriwal2025-12-20T11:20:48Z<p>WillisHeiman326: Starting new stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Elections featuring Chief Minister of Delhi}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br />
[[File:Arvind Kejriwal 2022 Official Portrail (AI enhanced).jpg|thumb|[[Arvind Kejriwal]]]]<br />
This is a summary of the '''electoral history of [[Arvind Kejriwal]]''', who served as the seventh [[Chief Minister of Delhi|chief minister of Delhi]] from December 2013 to February 2014 and again February 2015 to September 2024.<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
=== Lok Sabha elections ===<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
! |Year<br />
! |Constituency<br />
! colspan = "2" |Party<br />
! Votes<br />
! %<br />
! colspan = "3" |Opponent<br />
! |Result<br />
! |Margin<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election in Uttar Pradesh|2014]]<br />
|[[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency|Varanasi]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
|209,238<br />
|20.30<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|[[Narendra Modi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-03-25 |title=India: Arvind Kejriwal to run against Narendra Modi |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26727259 |access-date=2025-02-10 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
|{{Lost}}<br />
|{{no2|371,784}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Delhi Legislative Assembly elections ===<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
! |Year<br />
! |Constituency<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
! Votes<br />
! %<br />
! colspan = "3" |Opponent<br />
! |Result<br />
! |Margin<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
|rowspan=4|[[New Delhi Assembly constituency|New Delhi]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=4}}<br />
| 44,269<br />
| 53.46<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
| [[Sheila Dikshit]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Recalling New Delhi, 2013: When Kejriwal was the victor, and Sheila Dikshit was humiliated |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-politics/new-delhi-2013-kejriwal-sheila-dikshit-9824997/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|{{yes2|25,864}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
| 57,213<br />
| 64.34<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br />
|[[Nupur Sharma]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-23 |title=Delhi elections: Meet Arvind Kejriwal's rivals in New Delhi constituency |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-polls-meet-arvind-kejriwals-rivals-in-new-delhi-constituency/ |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|{{yes2|31,583}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
| 46,758<br />
| 61.10<br />
|Sunil Kumar Yadav<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|{{yes2|21,697}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
| 25,999<br />
| 42.18<br />
|[[Parvesh Verma]]<br />
|{{Lost}}<br />
|{{no2|4,089}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Detailed results ==<br />
=== Lok Sabha elections ===<br />
==== 2014 ====<br />
<!-- this section is transcluded on Electoral history of MP --> <section begin="General Election 2014"/> <br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Varanasi]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Narendra Modi]]|votes=581,022|percentage=56.37|change={{increase}}25.85}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Arvind Kejriwal]]|votes=209,238|percentage=20.30|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ajay Rai]]|votes=75,614|percentage=7.34|change={{decrease}}2.64}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Vijay Prakash Jaiswal|votes=60,579|percentage=5.88|change={{decrease}}22.06}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Kailash Chaurasiya|votes=45,291|percentage=4.39|change={{decrease}}14.22}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Indira Tiwari|votes=2,674|percentage=0.26|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=None of the above|votes=2,051|percentage=0.20|change=''New''}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=371,784|percentage=36.07|change={{increase}}33.49}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,030,812|percentage=58.35|change={{increase}}15.74}}{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=1,767,486}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = {{increase}}25.85<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="General Election 2014"/><br />
<br />
=== Delhi Legislative Assembly elections ===<br />
==== 2013 ====<br />
<!-- This section is transcluded on Electoral history of the MLA --> <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/><br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Assembly Election 2013]]: [[New Delhi]]<ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=40 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India]</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| candidate = [[Arvind Kejriwal]]<br />
| votes = 44,269<br />
| percentage = 53.46<br />
| change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[Sheila Dikshit]]<br />
| votes = 18,405<br />
| percentage = 22.23<br />
| change = -29.97<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| candidate = [[Vijender Gupta]]<br />
| votes = 17,952<br />
| percentage = 21.68<br />
| change = -12.17<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Ritu Singh<br />
| votes = 605<br />
| percentage = 0.73<br />
| change = -7.38<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = None of the above<br />
| candidate = None of the above<br />
| votes = 460<br />
| percentage = 0.56<br />
| change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 25,864<br />
| percentage = 31.24<br />
| change = +12.89<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes =83,059<br />
| percentage = 66.93<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| loser = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = +41.72<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/><br />
<br />
====2015 ====<br />
<section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/><br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Assembly Election 2015]]: [[New Delhi]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = [[Arvind Kejriwal]]<br />
|votes = 57,213<br />
|percentage = 64.34<br />
|change = +10.88<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = [[Nupur Sharma (politician)|Nupur Sharma]]<br />
|votes = 25,630<br />
|percentage = 28.81<br />
|change = +7.13<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Kiran Walia]]<br />
|votes = 4,781<br />
|percentage = 5.37<br />
|change = -16.86<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = None of the above<br />
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
| votes = 465<br />
| percentage = 0.52<br />
| change = -0.04<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 31,583<br />
| percentage = 35.51<br />
| change = +4.27<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 89,265<br />
| percentage = 64.72<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box Registered electors|<br />
| reg. electors = 1,37,294<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| swing = +10.88<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/><section end="Assembly Election 2015"/><br />
<br />
====2020 ====<br />
<section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/><br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Assembly Election 2020]]: [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2020 |title=General Legislative Election 2020|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12027-general-legislative-election-2020/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = [[Arvind Kejriwal]]<br />
|votes = 46,758<br />
|percentage = 61.10 <br />
|change = -3.24<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sunil Kumar Yadav|votes=25,061|percentage=32.75|change=+3.94}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Romesh Sabharwal|votes=3,220|percentage=4.21|change=-1.16}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=395|percentage=0.52|change=-}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=21,697|percentage=28.35|change=-7.16}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=76,645|percentage=52.45|change=-12.27}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = {{formatnum: 1,08,574 }} |ref= }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| swing = -3.24<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/><br />
<br />
==== 2025 ====<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: New Delhi}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Parvesh Verma]]|votes=30,088|percentage=48.82|change={{increase}}16.07}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Arvind Kejriwal]]|votes=25,999|percentage=42.18|change={{decrease}}18.92}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sandeep Dikshit]]|votes=4,568|percentage=7.41|change={{increase}}3.20}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=314|percentage=0.51|change={{decrease}}0.01}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=4,089|percentage=6.64|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=61,636|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Electoral history of Indian politicians|Kejriwal ]]<br />
[[Category:Arvind Kejriwal]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Kashmiri_tribes&diff=458256List of Kashmiri tribes2025-12-17T23:40:04Z<p>WillisHeiman326: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
<br />
'''Kashmiri livelihood, kinship and descent''' is one of the major concepts of [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] [[cultural anthropology]]. [[Kashmiri Hindus|Hindu Kashmiris]] and [[Kashmiri Muslims|Muslim Kashmiris]] living in the [[Kashmir Valley]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] region of India, Pakistan and China are from the same ethnic stock. Kashmir is home to a variety of tribes, each with its distinct traditions, customs, and way of life. These tribes, often tied to specific regions within Kashmir, have historically played key roles in the social and cultural fabric of the area. While some of them have migrated to different regions of the Indian subcontinent, the tribes of Kashmir still have unique languages, social structures, and professions that contribute to the rich cultural diversity of the region.<br />
<br />
==Kashmiri tribes/castes==<br />
* [[Bhat#Kashmir|Bhat]]/Butt<ref name="Anthropological Survey of India">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gPmBAAAAMAAJ&q=bhat+butt+name+kashmir |title=The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52 |publisher=The Survey |year=2003 |quote=The But/Butt of Punjab were originally Brahmin migrants from Kashmir during 1878 famine. |accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref name="Bansi Pandit2">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zsoC6GWr47QC&dq=bhat+butt+name+kashmir&pg=PA99 |title=Explore Kashmiri Pandits |publisher=Dharma Publications |isbn=9780963479860 |accessdate=2010-12-02}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{harvnb|Brower|Johnston|2016|p=130}}: "Sheikh: local converts, subdivided into numerous subgroups. Most largely retain their family names, or patronyms (kram), indicating their original profession, locality or community-such as Khar (carpenter), Pampori (a place), Butt and Pandit (Brahmin), Dar (kshatriya)-but with increasing Islamization, some have dropped these"</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxJDAAAAYAAJ&q=kashmiri+names+bat+dar+lone |title=Proceedings - Indian History Congress, Volume 63 |publisher=Indian History Congress |year=2003 |isbn= |location= |pages=867 |quote=...the Muslims also retained their Hindu caste-names known as Krams e.g. Tantre, Nayak, Magre, Rather, Lone, Bat, Dar, Parray, Mantu, Mintoo Yatoo/Aitu |access-date=30 December 2016 |via=}}</ref><ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name = "WMClements" /><ref name = "RBhat" /><ref name = "UKaul" /><br />
* [[Mir Mughal|Mir]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Zargar<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Kumar/Kral/Kumhar<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Dhar (surname)|Dhar]]/Dar<ref name="Bansi Pandit2" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" /><br />
*Drabu<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Lone (surname)|Lone]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Sufi (surname)| Suìf or Sofi]]<br />
<br />
* [[Malik (surname)|Malik]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Sheikh<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Kaul]]<ref name ="SVictoria">{{cite book|first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield|title=Kashmir in conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC&pg=PA118|accessdate=25 June 2012|year=2003 |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co |isbn= 1860648983 |page=4 |quote=...looms rose to 24,000 by 1813. Despite the religious oppression that many hindus were subjected, they were however, useful to the Afghans because of their administrative experience. Kashmiri Pandits were not prevented into entering into government service & there were some families whose names consistently appear in public service - the Dhars, Kauls, Tikkus & Saprus. }}</ref><br />
* [[Raina (surname)|Raina]]<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |last1=Brower |first1=Barbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqwYDQAAQBAJ&dq=Kashmiri+Hindus+are+all+Saraswat+Brahmins&pg=PT130 |title=Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia |last2=Johnston |first2=Barbara Rose |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=9781315430393 |quote=Kashmiri Hindus are all Saraswat brahmins, known by the exonym Pandit (the endonym being Batta), a term first reserved for emigrant Kashmiri brahmins in Mughal service. Their surnames (kram) designate their original professions or their ancestors' nicknames (e.g., Hakim, Kaul, Dhar, Raina, Teng).}}</ref><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name ="MQRaina">{{cite book |date=November 13, 2014 |last=Raina |first=Mohini Qasba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bb-QBQAAQBAJ&dq=Madan+Kashmiri+surname&pg=PA55 |access-date=April 5, 2023 |title=Kashur The Kashmiri Speaking People: Analytical Perspective |page=55 |quote=Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names: Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sipru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dhar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu. Of these the members of the Dhar family have probably been the most influential. |isbn=9781482899450 |publisher=Partridge Singapore |language=en-IN }}</ref><br />
* [[Kak clan|Kak]]<ref name="Lawrence">{{Cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Sir Walter Roper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAHweWRUs0C&q=Dar&pg=PA304|title=The Valley of Kashmir|quote=Among the leading Krams may be mentioned the following names:— Tikku, Razdan, Kak, Munshi, Mathu, Kachru, Pandit, Sapru, Bhan, Zitshu, Raina, Dar, Fotadar, Madan, Thusu, Wangnu, Muju, Hokhu, and Dulu.|date=2005|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1630-1|pages=304|language=en}}</ref><ref name ="Agrawal" /><br />
* [[Kaw (surname)|Kaw]]<ref name = "RBhat" /><ref name = "UKaul" /><br />
* [[Pattu]]/[[Pattoo]]<br />
* [[Kachru]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" /><ref name = "RBhat" /><ref name = "UKaul" /><br />
* [[Kichlu]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><br />
* Mantu/Mantoo/Mintoo<ref name=":0" /><ref name = "WMClements" /><br />
* [[Nahar]]/[[Nehru]]<br />
* [[Khan (surname)|Khan]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Fotedar<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name="Bansi Pandit2" /><br />
* [[Haksar]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="KBAhmad" /><br />
* [[Handoo]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name = "WMClements" /><br />
* Wali<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Tantray<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Parray<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Parimoo<ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name = "RBhat">{{cite web |date=February 23, 2008 |last1=Anwar |last2=Bhat |first1=Tarique |first2=Rajesh |url=https://twocircles.net/2008feb23/kashmiryat_kashmiri_surnames.html |url-status=live |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226225421/https://twocircles.net/2008feb23/kashmiryat_kashmiri_surnames.html |archive-date=February 26, 2008 |title=Kashmiryat in Kashmiri surnames |quote=Similarly, Mirza, Dhar or Dar, Bhat, Kaul, Akhoon, Chakoo, Durrani, Kachroo, Draboo, Kaloo, Kanna, Kaw, Khar, Khuda, Kitchloo, Munshi, Machama, Mirza, Padar, Parimoo and Raina are a few typical surnames that are used by both Hindus, and Muslims of Kashmir! |publisher=[[Two Circles]] |language=en-IN }}</ref><ref name = "UKaul">{{cite web |date=September 4, 2020 |last=Kaul |first=Upendra |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/todays-paper/my-name-is-khan-and-im-kaul |url-status=live |access-date=July 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230405053256/https://www.greaterkashmir.com/amp/story/todays-paper/my-name-is-khan-and-im-kaul |archive-date=April 5, 2023 |title=My name is Khan, and I'm Kaul |quote=Similarly, Mirza, Dhar or Dar, Bhat, Akhoon, Chakoo, Durrani, Kachroo, Draboo, Kaloo, Kanna, Kaw, Khar, Khuda, Kitchloo, Munshi, Machama, Mirza, Padar, Parimoo and Raina are a few typical surnames that are used by both Hindus, and Muslims of Kashmir |publisher=[[Greater Kashmir]] |language=en-IN }}</ref><br />
* [[Mattoo]]<ref name = "WMClements">{{Cite book |last1=Clements |first1=William M.|title=The Greenwood Encyclopedia of World Folklore and Folklife: Southeast Asia and India, Central and East Asia, Middle East |last2=Green |first2=Thomas A. |date=2006 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|isbn=978-0-313-32849-7 |page=60 |language=English |quote=A variety of Hindu surnames such as Dar, Bhatt, Handoo, Kachru, Kichlu, Matoo and Pandit persist in Muslim families.}}</ref><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><br />
* Naqashbandi<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Pandit (surname)|Pandit]]<ref name=":9" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><ref name = "WMClements" /><br />
* Khawaja<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Rajguru]]<br />
* Badakhshi<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Bhan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><br />
* Bazaz<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="KBAhmad">{{cite book |date=June 23, 2017 |last=Ahmad |first=Khalid Bashir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txtBDwAAQBAJ&dq=jalali+kashmiri+surname&pg=PT262 |access-date=April 5, 2023 |title=Kashmir: Exposing the Myth Behind the Narrative |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing]] |quote=One would come across among Muslims of Kashmir any number of surnames that are equally common among the Pandits. Among these are Bhat, Raina, Nath, Langoo, Malla, Bazaz, Saraf, Munshi, Watal, Wali, Khar, Shangloo, Nehru, Gagar, Kharoo, Aga, Jalali, Peer, Pandit, Parimoo and Mattoo. |isbn=9789386062819 |language=en-IN }}</ref><br />
* Andrabi<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Bakshi]]/Bakhshi<ref name ="Agrawal">{{cite book |date=August 20, 2014 |last=Agrawal |first=Premendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2E36BgAAQBAJ&dq=mattu+surname&pg=PT47 |access-date=April 5, 2023 |title=Accursed & Jihadi Neighbour |publisher=Commercial Services |page=86 |isbn=9788193051207 |quote=Meaning of surnames found on the Kashmiri Pandit tree: Bakaya, Sapru, Bakshi, Munshi, Wazir, Chalkbast, Bhan, Langar or Langroo, Wattal, Bazaz, Taimini, Mattu, Chak, Zalpuri, Khar, Hazari, Zutshi, Razdan, Tikhu, Kathju, sopori, Thussoo, Haksar, Raina, Waloo or Wali, Wantu/Wanchu, Gamkhwar, Kakh, Mushran, Sharga, Handoo, Gurtu, Kitchlu, and Ganjoo. |language=en-IN }}</ref><br />
* Rather<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Razdan (surname)|Razdan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><br />
* [[Munshi#Kashmiri surname|Munshi]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="KBAhmad" /><br />
* [[Sapru]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name ="SVictoria" /><br />
* [[Shah (surname)|Shah]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Thussu<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><br />
* Tikoo<ref name ="Agrawal" /><ref name="Lawrence" /><br />
* [[Zutshi]]<ref name ="Agrawal" /><br />
* Magre/Magray<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Yatoo<ref name=":0" /><br />
* Ganaie<ref name="KBAhmad" /><ref name ="Agrawal" /><br />
* Wanchoo<ref name ="Agrawal" /><br />
* Wazir<ref name ="Agrawal" /><br />
* [[Madan (surname)|Madan]]<ref name="Lawrence" /><ref name ="MQRaina" /><br />
* [[Wani (surname)|Wani]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 |editor-last=Hasan |editor-first=Amir |location=Manohar |pages=769 |language=en |quote=The Kesarwani Bania, or simply the Kesarwani, as they are popularly referred to, are an important group of the Vaishya or business community. They were also referred to as Baniya, Bani and Bakkal in the British time. From Kashmir, they came to Kara- Manikpur at the end of the twelfth century. |editor-last2=Anthropological Survey of India}}</ref><br />
* Nengud/Nengroo<br />
* Geelani/Gilani<br />
* [[Chak dynasty|Chak]]<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Kashmiris]]<br />
* [[Kashmiri diaspora]]<br />
* [[Kashmiri Muslims]]<br />
* [[Kashmiri Pandit]]<br />
* [[Kashmiris of Punjab]]<br />
* [[List of Kashmiri people|List of Kashmiris]]<br />
* [[Dynasties of ancient Kashmir]]<br />
* [[History of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
{{Indian Muslim}}<br />
{{Hinduism in India by region}}<br />
{{Kashmirifamalies}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmiri Muslim Tribes From Hindu Lineage}}<br />
[[Category:Indian castes]]<br />
[[Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]<br />
[[Category:Islam in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of tribes]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaipur,_Mancherial_district&diff=473879Jaipur, Mancherial district2025-12-13T06:00:56Z<p>WillisHeiman326: adjust citations to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Jaipur<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village and Mandal<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18.8490001|N|79.5755196|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = [http://www.citypincode.in/TELANGANA/ADILABAD/Jaipur_PINCODE 504216]<br />
| registration_plate =TS <br />
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}} <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Jaipur''' is a village and a [[Subdivisions of India|mandal]] (or [[tehsil]]) in the [[Mancherial district]], the northernmost district in the state of [[Telangana]] in south [[India]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://panchayat.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumr.asp?selstate=0219000000&pno=1&ptype=B <br />
|title=Mandals in Adilabad district <br />
|publisher=Panchayat Informatics Division <br />
|accessdate=2007-02-28 <br />
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327185343/http://panchayat.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumr.asp?selstate=0219000000&pno=1&ptype=B <br />
|archivedate=2007-03-27 <br />
|url-status=dead <br />
}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.citypincode.in/TELANGANA/ADILABAD/Jaipur_PINCODE |title=Jaipur Adilabad Pin Code |publisher=citypincode.in |date= |accessdate=2016-04-05}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Jaipur is located at {{coord|18.8490001|N|79.5755196|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Jaipur,+Telangana+504216,+India/@18.8490001,79.5755196,16z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x3a32c7b513379941:0xd0d11f4749df1b1b|title=Google Maps|work=Google Maps}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], Jaipur had a population of 2492. The total population constitute, 1254 males and 1238 females with a sex ratio of 987 females per 1000 males. 190 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, with child sex ratio of 979 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate stands at 65.73%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/570628-jaipur-andhra-pradesh.html|title=Jaipur Census 2011|accessdate=4 July 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Mancherial district]]<br />
*[[List of mandals in Telangana]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|1}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/telangana/districts/adilabad.htm Maps of India: Mancherial District Map (Telangana)]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Mancherial district]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Translation_Prize_winners_for_Gujarati&diff=512661List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Gujarati2025-12-11T06:50:39Z<p>WillisHeiman326: Created A Post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}<br />
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prizes''' are given each year to writers for their outstanding translations work in the 24 languages, since 1989.<br />
<br />
==Recipients== <br />
Following is the list of recipients of [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Sahitya Akademi translation prizes]] for their works written in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]. The award, as of 2019, consisted of {{INR}}50,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp|title = ..:: SAHITYA : Sahitya Akademi Prize ::}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year <br />
! Translator <br />
! Title of the translation<br />
! Original Title<br />
! Original Language<br />
! Genre<br />
! Original Author<br />
! class=unsortable| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
| 1989 || [[Nagindas Parekh]] || ''Na Hanyate'' || ''[[Na Hanyate]]'' || Bengali || Reminiscences || [[Maitreyi Devi]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1990 || Ramanik Meghani || ''Gandevata'' || ''[[Ganadevata (novel)|Ganadevata]]'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1991 || [[Ramanlal Soni]] || ''Kabuliwala'' || ''Galpaguchchha'' || Bengali || Short Stories || [[Rabindranath Tagore]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1992 || [[Jaya Mehta]] || ''Suvarnamudra Ane...'' || ''Manasan Arbhat Ani Chillar'' || Marathi || || [[G. A. Kulkarni]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1993 || [[Anila Dalal]] || ''Prachchhanna'' || ''Prachchhanna'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Bimal Kar]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1994 || [[Suresh Dalal]] || ''Manohar Chhe, Topun...'' || ''Ahe Manohar Tari'' || Marathi || Autobiography || [[Sunita Deshpande]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1995 || Pratibha Dave || ''Mrityunjay'' || ''Mrityunjay'' || Marathi || Novel || [[Shivaji Sawant]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1996 || Chandrakant Mehta || ''Jeevan Swad'' || ''Jeevan Swad'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Ashapurna Devi]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1997 || Prasad Brahmabhatt || ''Amritasya Putri'' || ''Amritasya Putri'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Kamal Das]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || [[Bholabhai Patel]] || ''Iyaruingam'' || ''Iyaruingam'' || Assamese || Novel || B.K. Bhattacharyya ||<br />
|-<br />
| 1999 || Sukanya Jhaveri || ''Ekvis Bengali Vartao'' || ''Ekushti Bangla Galpa'' || Bengali || Short Stories || Different Authors ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || Usha Sheth || ''Kosheto'' || ''[[Kosala (novel)|Kosala]]'' || Marathi || Novel || [[Bhalchandra Nemade]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || Varsha Das || ''Shabdonu Akash'' || ''Sabdar Akash'' || Oriya || Poetry || [[Sitakant Mahapatra]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2002 || Shakuntala Mehta || ''Bhat Bhat Ke Log'' || ''Vyakti Aani Valli'' || Marathi || Biography || [[P.L. Deshpande]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2003 || Renuka Soni || ''Manoj Dasni Vartao'' || Collection || Oriya || Short Stories || [[Manoj Das]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || [[Mahesh Champaklal]] || ''Agni Ane Varsad'' || ''Agni Mattu Male'' || || || [[Girish Karnad]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2005 || Uma Randeria || ''Nava Yugnu Parodh'' || ''[[Those Days (novel)|Sey Samay]]'' || Bengali || Novel || [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || Sanjay Shripad Bhave || ''Upara'' || ''[[Upara]]'' || Marathi || Novel || [[Laxman Mane]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2007 || Mohan Dandikar || ''Pahelo Girmitiyo'' || ''Pahala Girmitia'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Giriraj Kishore (writer)|Giriraj Kishore]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2008 || Mohandas Patel || ''Kshitijmohan Sen Ane Ardhsatabdinun Santiniketan'' || ''Kshitijmohan Sen O Ardhashatabdira Santiniketan'' || Bengali || Biography || Pranati Mukhopadhyay ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2009 || Ramanik Someshwar || ''Jalgeet'' || ''Jalgeetam'' || Telugu || Poetry || [[N. Gopi]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || Aruna Jadeja || ''Pulakit'' || Selection || Marathi || Essays || [[P.L. Deshpande]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || Darshana Dholakia || ''Karmelin'' || ''Karmelin'' || Konkani || Novel || [[Damodar Mauzo]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || Shalini Topiwala || ''Gujarati Sahityanu Anushilan'' || ''Studies In Gujarati Literature'' || English || Criticism || [[Jahangir Edalji Sanjana]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" colspan=7| '''''No Award'''''<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || Nageen G. Shah || ''Tarkarahasyadeepika'' || ''Tarkarahasyadeepika'' || Sanskrit || Essays || Gunaratna Suri || <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=|archive-date=}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || [[Sharifa Vijaliwala]] || ''Jene Lahor Nathi Joyun E Janmyo J Nathi'' || ''Jis Lahore Nahi Dekhya 0 Jamya E Nai'' || Hindi || Play || [[Asghar Wajahat]] || <ref>{{cite tweet |user= chitralekhamag|number= 1070385630872551424|date=2018-12-06|title=વર્ષ ૨૦૧૮ના સાહિત્ય અકાદમી પુરસ્કારની જાહેરાત... }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |accessdate=3 October 2019 |agency=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imphal hosts Sahitya Akademi Translation Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/imphal-hosts-sahitya-akademi-translation-award/ |accessdate=3 October 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-116021501187_1.html |accessdate=3 July 2019 |agency=business-standard}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || Shalini Topiwala || ''Gita Govinda'' || ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' || Sanskrit || Poetry || [[Jayadeva|Jaydev]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || [[Harish Meenashru]] || ''Hampina Khadako'' || ''Evaregina Hilatena Kela'' || Kannada || Poetry || [[Chandrashekhara Kambara]] || <ref>{{Cite web| title=Sahitya akademi prize for translation 2017 | url=https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Press%20ReleaseTP_21.12.2017.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602072837/https://www.indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Press%20ReleaseTP_21.12.2017.pdf | archive-date=2021-06-02}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || [[Vinesh Antani]] || ''Mayadarpan'' || Collection || Hindi || Short Stories || [[Nirmal Verma]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || Bakula Ghaswala || ''Antarnad'' || ''The Voice of the Heart'' || English || Autobiography || [[Mrinalini Sarabhai]] || <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Pressrelease_TP_2019_25_02_2020.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-24|archive-date=}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || Kashyapi Maha || ''Paritapta Lankeshwari'' || ''Paritapta Lankeshwari'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Mridula Sinha]] ||<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/TP-2020-EWeb.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2020|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-09-18|archive-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9gujarati.com/gujarat/ahmedabad/kashyapi-maha-selected-for-sahitya-akademi-translation-award-2020-for-gujarati-translation-of-paritapt-lankeshwari-343157.html|title='પરિતપ્ત લંકેશ્વરી'ના ગુજરાતીમાં અનુવાદ બદલ સાહિત્ય અકાદમી અનુવાદ પુરસ્કાર-2020 માટે કાશ્યપી મહાની પસંદગી|website=www.tv9gujarati.com|access-date=|archive-date=}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || Sonal Parikh || ''Ba: Mahatmani Ardhangini'' || ''The Forgotten Woman'' || English || Biography || [[Arun Gandhi]] & Sunanda Gandhi ||<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2021.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2021|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2022 || Vijay Pandya || ''Ayodhyakandam'' || ''Valmiki Ramayana Ayyodhyakandam'' || Sanskrit || Epic Poetry || [[Valmiki]] || <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2022|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2023-07-03|archive-date=}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2023 || Minal Dave || ''Swechcha'' || ''Swechcha'' || Telugu || Novel || [[P. Lalita Kumari]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2013527 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2024 || Ramnik Agrawat || ''Kumarjiv'' || ''Kumar Jiu'' || Hindi || Poetry || [[Kunwar Narayan]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2024 |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2113771 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=26 October 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India|Literature}}<br />
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Gujarati]]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#GUJARATI Akademi Translation Prizes For Gujarati Language]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Gujarati]]<br />
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bikash_Panji&diff=462961Bikash Panji2025-12-09T13:01:53Z<p>WillisHeiman326: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian footballer}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = Bikash Panji<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| fullname = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| height = <br />
| position = [[Midfielder]]<br />
| years1 = | clubs1 = [[Mohun Bagan]] | caps1 = |goals1 = <br />
| years2 = 1985–1992| clubs2 = [[East Bengal Club]]| caps2 = |goals2 = 65<br />
| years3 = 1994| clubs3 = [[East Bengal Club]]| caps3 = |goals3 = 1<br />
| nationalyears1 = | nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]| nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bikash Panji''' is a retired Indian professional [[association football|football]] [[midfielder]] who represented the [[India national football team|India national team]] and appeared with both the Kolkata-giants [[East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]].<ref>{{cite web|location=Kolkata|first=Indranil|last=Banerjie|date=15 May 1985|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19850515-money-violence-and-politics-enter-calcutta-football-770046-2013-12-09|title=Money, violence and politics enter Calcutta football|work=India Today|access-date=1 April 2023|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401133317/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/19850515-money-violence-and-politics-enter-calcutta-football-770046-2013-12-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Playing career==<br />
Panji represented India at the [[1984 Asian Cup]]. He also played club football for [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|title=How football kicked off in India {{!}} As with the English language, when the British transported the sport to India, they didn't expect the 'natives' to beat them at it|website=lifestyle.livemint.com|publisher=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint Delhi]]|date=8 June 2018|access-date=27 January 2022|first=Manu S|last=Pillai|location=Delhi, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714153151/https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/talking-point/how-football-kicked-off-in-india-111645287939737.html|archive-date=14 July 2022}}</ref> and [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Five most successful Indian football coaches|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-five-most-successful-coaches/|date=31 August 2022|access-date=7 October 2022|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|first=Sathvik K|last=Bharadwaj|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905111022/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-five-most-successful-coaches/|archive-date=5 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Gautam|last1=Roy|first2=Swapan|last2=Ball|date=2007|url=http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/club/famousPlayers6.asp|title=East Bengal Football Club – Famous Players|access-date=25 February 2009|website=www.eastbengalfootballclub.com|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221072225/http://www.eastbengalfootballclub.com/club/famousPlayers6.asp|archive-date=21 February 2009}}</ref> He scored two goals (both against Bangladesh) during the 1986 World Cup Qualification, as India finished second with 7 points. He has scored 66 goals for [[East Bengal Club]], and captained the team in 1988–89.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/capeb.htm|website=kolkatafootball.com|title=Kolkatafootball.com :East Bengal League History: Indian Football Capital's News|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011211/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/capeb.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/east-bengal-fc/20/|title=East Bengal FC » Historical squads|website=worldfootball.net|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011647/https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/east-bengal-fc/20/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eastbengalclub.co.in/teamarchives.html|title=East Bengal Club - The Official Site of East Bengal Club|website=eastbengalclub.co.in|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=8 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108213722/http://eastbengalclub.co.in/teamarchives.html}}</ref> In East Bengal, he had a lethal combination with [[Krishanu Dey]] in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thehardtackle.com/2011/legends-of-indian-football-krishanu-dey/|title=Legends Of Indian Football : Krishanu Dey|first=Somnath|last=Sengupta|website=thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|language=en|location=Kolkata|date=24 June 2013|access-date=10 October 2022|archive-date=5 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205150303/https://thehardtackle.com/2011/legends-of-indian-football-krishanu-dey/}}</ref><br />
<br />
Panji made his debut in [[Santosh Trophy]] for the [[Railways football team|Railways]] team that finished second in [[1981–82 Santosh Trophy|1982]]. After moving to Mohun Bagan the next year, he represented [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]] thereafter.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12033/page/n1395/mode/1up The Midfield Maestros], Sportsworld, 22 April 1992</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of India national football team captains]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121014174849/http://www.rsssf.com/tables/84asch.html Stats]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111108183220/http://www.eastbengaltherealpower.com/legend/124/Bikash-Panji Profile on East Bengal site]<br />
<br />
{{India squad AFC Asian Cup 1984}}<br />
{{SC East Bengal managers}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Panji, Bikash}}<br />
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]<br />
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:1984 AFC Asian Cup players]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers at the 1986 Asian Games]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]<br />
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]<br />
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]<br />
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]<br />
[[Category:Calcutta Football League players]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korada_Ramachandra_Sastri&diff=510510Korada Ramachandra Sastri2025-11-30T04:40:54Z<p>WillisHeiman326: adding pg.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian playwright}}<br />
{{Infobox writer <br />
|birth_name = Korada Ramachandra Sastri<br />
|image = Korada_Ramachandra_Sastri.png<br />
|caption = Poet and Playwright in Sanskrit and Telugu <br />
|birth_date = 12 October 1815<br />
|birth_place = Kesanakurru, A. P., India<br />
|death_date = 11 August 1900<br />
|death_place = Machilipatnam, India<br />
|education = <br />
|alma_mater = <br />
|occupation = Telugu Pandit at Nobel College, Machilipatnam<br />
| notable_works = Manjari Madhukariamu, <br/> Nayapradipamu (Vigrahamu) <br /> Ghanavrttam ,<br /> Upamavali, <br /> Kumarodayaha<br />
|relatives = [[Korada Ramakrishnaiya]], [[Korada Mahadeva Sastri]], [[Korada Subrahmanyam]]<br />
|spouse = Seetamma<br />
| website = {{URL|https://thekorada.com/RamachandraSastri}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Korada Ramachandra Sastri''' (12 October 1815 – 11 August 1900) was an Indian poet and playwright in [[Sanskrit]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Natarajan |first1=Nalini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&dq=Korada+Ramachandra+Sastri&pg=PA314 |title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India |last2=Nelson |first2=Emmanuel Sampath |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-28778-7 |language=en |url-status=live |access-date=2021-10-03 |archive-date=2021-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003074622/https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA314&dq=Korada+Ramachandra+Sastri&hl=en }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=B |first=Ramaraju |title=Contribution of Andhra to Samskrit Literature |publisher=B. Ramaraju |year=2002 |pages=433–442}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=P |first=Sriramamurti |title=Contribution of Andhra to Sanskrit Literature |publisher=Andhra University |year=1972 |pages=163}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=History of Telugu Literature|publisher=Sahitya Academy|year=1968|location=New Delhi|pages=262|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=|url=http://archive.org/details/korada-vamsa-prashasti|title=Korada Vamsa Prashasti|date=1951}}</ref> He was the first known original Telugu playwright.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Theatre: South Indian Theatre, Biswajit Sinha · 2000 | isbn=9788186208540 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kloqAQAAIAAJ&q=Korada+Ramachandra+Sastri |url-status=live |access-date=2021-09-16 |archive-date=2021-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003074622/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_Indian_Theatre_South_In/kloqAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Korada+Ramachandra+Sastri&dq=Korada+Ramachandra+Sastri&printsec=frontcover | last1=Sinha | first1=Biswajit | year=2000 | publisher=Raj Publications }}</ref> His ''Manjarimadhukariam'' is the first Telugu drama with an original concept.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Dutta|first=Amaresh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1114|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Literature|publisher=Sahitya Academi|year=1988|isbn=81-260-1194-7|location=Delhi|pages=1114|access-date=2021-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927103117/https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1114|archive-date=2021-09-27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="archive_Manjarimadhukariam">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=http://archive.org/details/manjaree-madhukareeyamu-korada-ramachandra-sastri_202105|title=Manjarimadhukariam : First original Telugu drama|date=1908|language=Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ponangi|first=Srirama Apparao|title=Telugu Nataka Vikasam|publisher=Natyamala Publications|year=1967|location=Secunderabad|pages=218|language=Telugu}}</ref> <br />
His Sanskrit lyric poem ''Ghanavrttam''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sri Korada Ramachandra Sastri|url=http://archive.org/details/ghanavrttam-devanagari|title=GHANAVRTTAM Devanagari Script|date=1850}}</ref> is a sequel to [[Kalidasa|Kalidasa's]] ''[[Meghadūta|Meghaduta]]''. Ramachandra Sastri authored more than thirty works in Sanskrit and Telugu<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Ramachandra Sastri|url=https://korada.co/ramachandra-sastri|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910050726/https://korada.co/ramachandra-sastri|archive-date=2021-09-10|access-date=2021-09-16|website=|language=en-IN}}</ref> but only a few books are extant. His books give us an appreciation of the advanced poetic and linguistic aspects of his literary works. <br />
<br />
==Sanskrit books==<br />
{{bulleted list|<br />
''Ghanavrttam'' <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sri Korada Ramachandra Sastri|url=http://archive.org/details/ghanavrttam-devanagari|title=GHANAVRTTAM Devanagari Script|date=1850}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Korada Ramachandra Sastri|url=http://archive.org/details/Ghanavritham|title=Ghanavritham (a sequel to Kalidasa's Meghadutam)|date=1917}}</ref><br />
is a sequel to Kalidasa's ''Meghaduta''. ''Meghaduta'' stops with Yaksha’s message to the cloud. ''Ghanavrttam'' completes the story – the cloud messenger goes to Alakapuri where he delivers the message and returns to Yaksha with the beloved's message. The story ends with the reunion of the couple. This lyric poem consists of 175 verses in two chapters.<br />
<br />
|''Upamavali''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Korada Ramachandra Sastri|url=http://archive.org/details/Upamavali|title=Upamavali (Telugu script)|date=1850}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Korada Ramachandra Sastri|url=http://archive.org/details/upamavali-devanagari-script|title=UPAMAVALI Devanagari Script|date=1850}}</ref><br />
is a kavya on alankara-sastra, the science of aesthetics, embellishments, and beauty. It has 358 slokas in two chapters.<br />
<br />
|''Kumarodayah Champu''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Korāḍa Rāmacandra|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/kumarodayaha/|title=Kumārōdayaḥa|date=1910|publisher=Yaṃ. Śēṣācalaṃnāyuḍu Pabliṣarsu aṇḍ Priṇṭars|location=Macilīpaṭnaṃ|oclc=77404130}}</ref><br />
is a maha kavya, resembling Kalidasa's ''Kumarasambhavam'' but in Champu style. The work is divided into 27 chapters with terse verse interspersed among prose sections.<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Telugu books==<br />
{{bulleted list|<br />
|''Manjarimadhukariamu''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name="archive_Manjarimadhukariam" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Korāḍa Rāmacandra|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/manjari-madhukariyamu|title=Mañjarī madhukarīyamu|date=1908|publisher=O.M.S. Dove Press|location=Masulipatnam|oclc=77411306}}</ref> (pronounced 'Manjaree Madhukareeyamu' in Telugu) is the first original Telugu drama. It tells the story of King Madhukara's marriage to princess Manjari. Madhukara encounters the princess in a dream and resolves to find and marry her. He becomes forlorn and despondent after a futile search, and his queen does not know why. Manjari suffers Chandayogini's witchcraft and lands in the queen's palace. The queen hides away the beautiful princess Manjari from the king. She soon realizes the reason for the king’s despondency and learns that Manjari is her own cousin. The queen arranges for the marriage uniting Manjari and Madhukara. As noted by Amaresh Datta, chief editor, ''Encyclopedia of Indian Literature'', "though none of the early plays of dramatists were put on board, they paved the way for modern Telugu Drama."<ref name=":5" /><br />
|''Parsurama Vijayamu''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Korāḍa Rāmacandra|title=Paruśurāma vijayamu: gadya kāvyamu|date=1927|publisher=Yas. Vi. Vi. Pres|location=Vijayanagaramu|oclc=77404623}}</ref> is an original prose work of the author describing the victory of Parasurama.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Sanskrit to Telugu translations==<br />
{{bulleted list|<br />
|''Nayapradipamu''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Korāḍa Rāmacandra|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/nayapradipamu-vigrahamu-gadyamu/|title=Nayapradīpamu-vigrahamu: gadyamu|date=1930|publisher=Āryabhārati Pres|location=Cennapuri|oclc=44756136}}</ref> is a Telugu translation to Vishnu Sharma's ''Panchatantra (Vigrahamu)'' in Sanskrit.<br />
|''Rathangadutamu''<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Korāḍa Rāmacandra|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/rathanga-dutamu-rathamu|title=Rathāṅga dūtamu: rathamu|last2=Rāmakr̥ṣṇayya|first2=Kē|date=1930|publisher=Rājarājēśvarī Nikētana Pressu|location=Cennapuri|oclc=80875334}}</ref> is a Sanskrit to Telugu translation of the sandesa kavya of the same name.<br />
|''Unmattaraghavamu''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Korada Ramachandra Sastri|url=http://archive.org/details/unmatta-raghavamu|title=Unmatta Raghavamu|date=1880}}</ref> is Ramachandra Sastri's Telugu translation of Bhaskara Kavi's Sanskrit original.<br />
|''Satika Andhra Samasa Nalacharitramu''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Korāḍa Rāmacandra|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/satikandrasamasa-nalacaritramu|title=Saṭīkāndrasamāsa naḷacaritramu|date=1872|publisher=Kēśavarāju aṇḍ Kampenī|location=Macilībandaru|oclc=77411708}}</ref> is a Telugu translation of the Sanskrit work ''Nalacharitram'' with word to word meaning and translation.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastri, Korada Ramachandra}}<br />
[[Category:1815 births]]<br />
[[Category:1900 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from British India]]<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Internet Archive|id=manjaree-madhukareeyamu-korada-ramachandra-sastri_202105|name=Manjarimadhukariam}}<br />
* {{Internet Archive|id=Ghanavritham|name=Ghanavritham}}<br />
<br />
{{India-writer-stub}}<br />
{{playwright-stub}}</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi&diff=492766COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi2025-11-17T07:29:25Z<p>WillisHeiman326: Starting new entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Ongoing COVID-19 viral pandemic in Delhi, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br />
{{update|date=April 2021}}{{Infobox pandemic<br />
| map1 = <br />
| legend1 = <br />
| name = <br />
| image = Jobless migrant workers at Delhi during lockdown IMG 20200414 144754.jpg<br />
| caption = Jobless migrant workers at Delhi queuing up, maintaining social distancing, for free lunch during lockdown (14 April 2020).<br />
| disease = [[COVID-19]]<br />
| virus_strain = [[SARS-CoV-2]]<br />
| location = [[Delhi]], [[India]]<br />
| first_case = <br />
| arrival_date = 2 March 2020<br>({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=03|day1=02|year1=2020|month2=|day2=|year2=}})<br />
| origin = [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[China]]<br />
| confirmed_cases = 14,06,719<br />
| active_cases = 45,047<br />
| recovery_cases = 13,39,326<br />
| deaths = 19,344<br />
| fatality_rate = 1.38 %<br />
| territories = All 11 [[List of districts of Delhi|districts]]<br />
| suspected_cases = <br />
| website = https://delhifightscorona.in/<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The first case of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Indian capital of Delhi was reported on 2 March 2020. Delhi has the seventh-highest number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in India. The total number of cases reported as of Apr 2022, is 1,867,572 consisting of 26,158 deaths and 1,840,342 who have recovered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Fights Corona » COVID-19 Response Updates from the Delhi Government |url=https://delhifightscorona.in/ |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=delhifightscorona.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 22 March, Delhi observed a 14-hour voluntary public curfew (the [[Janata curfew]]) along with 75 districts in India, at the directive of the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]].<ref name="CNN lockdown"><br />
Helen Regan, Esha Mitra Swati Gupta, [https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/23/asia/coronavirus-covid-19-update-india-intl-hnk/index.html Millions in India under coronavirus lockdown as major cities restrict daily life], CNN, 23 March 2020<br />
</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Deserted roads in Delhi as people observe Janata Curfew|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/deserted-roads-in-delhi-as-people-observe-janata-curfew-1658356-2020-03-22|work=India Today|date=22 March 2020}}</ref> A [[2020 India coronavirus lockdown|nationwide lockdown]] was later issued for 21 days from 24 March.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi Orders 3-Week Total Lockdown for All 1.3 Billion Indians|url= https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/24/world/asia/india-coronavirus-lockdown.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Thousands of "stranded migrant workers" from [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] gathered in the Anand Vihar Bus Station on 29 March 2020, trying to get back home after the nationwide lockdown was imposed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Stranded migrant workers throng Delhi bus terminal in an effort to get back home |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/migrant-worker-delhi-up-border-buses-coronavirus-community-spread-1660822-2020-03-29 |work=[[India Today]] |date=29 March 2020 }}</ref> More than 3000 people from a religious gathering in the [[Nizamuddin Markaz Mosque]] (in the [[Nizamuddin West]] area) were quarantined after suspicions that they had come in contact with infected people. 1300{{citation needed|date=April 2021}} [[Tablighi Jamaat]] were part of this crowd, including foreigners in Markaz.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid-19: 200 quarantined, contact tracing on after Delhi mosque gathering |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/police-cordon-off-part-of-nizamuddin-after-people-show-covid-19-symptoms/story-ChOXzLNx3mSl490JgyqvKK.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gross act of negligence: Delhi govt assures action against Nizamuddin Markaz that put over 500 in danger of Covid-19 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gross-act-negligence-delhi-govt-action-against-nizamuddin-markaz-gathering-covid19-coronavirus-1661507-2020-03-30 |work=[[India Today]] |date=30 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: 10 deaths, 300 o linked to Tablighi Jamaat meet in Nizamuddin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/coronavirus-10-deaths-300-hospitalisations-linked-to-tablighi-jamaat-meet/articleshow/74902930.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 March 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
It was reported that [[air quality index]] of Delhi improved on 28 March 2020, after the lockdown had reduced traffic.<ref>{{cite news |title=Corona blue: Clear skies, clean air in Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/corona-blue-clear-skies-clean-air/articleshow/74855039.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=28 March 2020}}</ref><br />
In April 2021, with cases increasing daily, CM [[Arvind Kejriwal]] announced a weekend curfew in Delhi every weekend. Notably, the traffic in the capital city decreased by a large amount. On 19 April 2021, Delhi turned the weekend curfew to a week-long lockdown.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-19|title=Covid: Delhi announces lockdown as India's cases surge|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-56798248|access-date=2021-04-19}}</ref> The lockdown was extended several times - on April 25, May 2, May 9, May 15 until May 24 (as updated on May 19).<ref>{{Cite web|title="Can't Afford Leniency": Delhi To Have "Stricter Lockdown" This Week|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-lockdown-extended-by-another-week-will-be-stricter-this-time-says-arvind-kejriwal-2438138|access-date=2021-05-09|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Now lockdown is unlocked on 8 June.[https://www.india.com/news/india/delhi-unlock-news-latest-update-today-lift-restrictions-after-june-7-demand-74-delhiites-kejriwal-govt-to-take-decision-this-weekend-4714939/]<br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
{{see also|Timeline of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic in India}}<br />
<br />
{{Sidebar timeline <br />
| title = Major events of COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi in March<br />
| years1 = '''2 March'''<br />
| color1 = red <!--For confirmed cases--><br />
| events1 = First case confirmed in the state<br />
<br />
| years2 = '''6 March'''<br />
| color2 = brown<br />
| events2 = Closed schools up to primary.<br />
<br />
| years3 = '''11 March'''<br />
| color3 = black<!--For death cases--><br />
| events3= First death confirmed in the state<br />
<br />
| years4= '''12 March'''<br />
| color4 = brown<br />
| events4 = Declaration of epidemic in Delhi; Closed all schools, colleges and cinema halls<br />
<br />
| years5 = '''19 March'''<br />
| color5 = brown<br />
| events5 = Closed all restaurants, gathering over 20 people restricted<br />
<br />
| years6 = '''22 March'''<br />
| color6 = brown <br />
| events6 = 14 hrs [[Janta curfew]], state announced lockdown from 23 March to 31 March<br />
<br />
| years8= '''25 March'''<br />
| color8 = brown <br />
| events8= [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|Nationwide lockdown]] extended until 14 April <!--Pls don't try to update with next phase lockdown date. Pls follow the sidebar of April and May for more updates, one editor tried to do the same with wrong syntax--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
*The first case of COVID-19 in Delhi was confirmed on 2 March 2020 when a 45-year-old person<ref name="Delhi First Case">{{cite news |title=Tracing the Italian connection to India's fresh coronavirus count |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tracing-the-italian-connection-to-indias-fresh-coronavirus-count/articleshow/74490038.cms?from=mdr |access-date=30 May 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=5 March 2020}}</ref> from [[East Delhi]], with a history of travel from [[Italy]],<ref name="Delhi index case">{{cite web |title=Delhi State Health Bulletin for Containment of COVID-19 (No. 1/ March 4th 2020) |url=http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/d1266b804d72986bb226f7982ee7a5c7/HBulletin.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1363797277&CACHEID=d1266b804d72986bb226f7982ee7a5c7 |publisher=Health Delhi Government |access-date=30 May 2020 |date=23 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200323123424/http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/d1266b804d72986bb226f7982ee7a5c7/HBulletin.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1363797277&CACHEID=d1266b804d72986bb226f7982ee7a5c7|archive-date = 23 March 2020}}</ref> tested positive for the coronavirus. A total of 92 people had been in contact with this person, 14 of whom were from Delhi, and the remaining 74 were from other states. Out of these 14 in Delhi, two were symptomatic, but tested negative for COVID-19.<ref name="Delhi index case"/><br />
*On 5 March 2020, the second victim, a 26-year-old [[Paytm]] employee from [[Uttam Nagar]], [[West Delhi]], tested positive, having recently travelled to Italy and France.<ref name="Delhi 2nd case">{{cite web |title=DelhiStateHealthBulletin |url=http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/8251b0004d724c44b0b8f7982ee7a5c7/COVID+05.03.2020.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=2076825276 |website=health.delhigovt.nic.in |publisher=Health Delhi Government |access-date=30 May 2020 |date=5 March 2020}}</ref> His family members were asymptomatic, however. 91 contacts were found, out of which 18 contacts were from Delhi, and the remaining 73 from other regions<ref name="Delhi 2nd case"/><br />
*On 6 March 2020, three positive cases were reported from Uttam Nagar.<ref name="3rd case"/> 105 contacts were found for the first case, 95 for the second, and 11 for the third.<ref name="3rd case">{{cite web |title=Delhi State Health Bulletin for Containment of COVID-19 (No.3/ 6th March 2020) |url=http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/ff0f03804d66909e986aff982ee7a5c7/HB06.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1111006863&CACHEID=ff0f03804d66909e986aff982ee7a5c7 |access-date=31 May 2020 |date=23 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200323123901/http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/ff0f03804d66909e986aff982ee7a5c7/HB06.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1111006863&CACHEID=ff0f03804d66909e986aff982ee7a5c7|archive-date = 23 March 2020}}</ref><br />
*On 9 March 2020, 4 positive cases were reported. 76 contacts were found.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi State Health Bulletin for Containment of COVID-19 (No.6/ March 9th 2020) |url=http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/8a2630804d81b59e8aaeff982ee7a5c7/Health+Bulletin+9.3.2020.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-938339257&CACHEID=8a2630804d81b59e8aaeff982ee7a5c7 |access-date=31 May 2020 |date=23 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200323123444/http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/8a2630804d81b59e8aaeff982ee7a5c7/Health+Bulletin+9.3.2020.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-938339257&CACHEID=8a2630804d81b59e8aaeff982ee7a5c7|archive-date = 23 March 2020}}</ref><br />
*On 11 March 2020, a 46-year-old male who travelled to [[Japan]], [[Geneva]] and Italy contracted the virus.<ref name="5th case">{{cite news |title=Coronavirus updates {{!}} March 13, 2020 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/coronavirus-live-updates-march-13-2020/article31056541.ece |access-date=1 June 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=13 March 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi State Health Bulletin for Containment of COVID-19 (No. 8/ March 11th 2020) |url=http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/f90da2804d84c1a89109f7982ee7a5c7/HB11.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-852553692&CACHEID=f90da2804d84c1a89109f7982ee7a5c7 |access-date=31 May 2020 |date=23 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200323123418/http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/f90da2804d84c1a89109f7982ee7a5c7/HB11.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-852553692&CACHEID=f90da2804d84c1a89109f7982ee7a5c7|archive-date = 23 March 2020}}</ref><br />
*On 12 March 2020, a 69-year-old female was infected.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi State Health Bulletin for Containment of COVID-19 (No.9/ March 12th 2020) |url=http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/0bccd0804d87f7f79699f7982ee7a5c7/Delhi+Health+Bulletin_COVID-19+12.3.2020.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-762175683&CACHEID=0bccd0804d87f7f79699f7982ee7a5c7 |access-date=31 May 2020 |date=23 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200323123539/http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/0bccd0804d87f7f79699f7982ee7a5c7/Delhi+Health+Bulletin_COVID-19+12.3.2020.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-762175683&CACHEID=0bccd0804d87f7f79699f7982ee7a5c7|archive-date = 23 March 2020}}</ref><br />
*On 13 March 2020, the mother of the 46-year-old died. She was the second COVID-19 death in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Woman who tested positive for coronavirus dies in Delhi: Health Ministry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/woman-who-tested-positive-for-coronavirus-dies-in-delhi-health-ministry/articleshow/74618418.cms |access-date=31 May 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=14 March 2020}}</ref> Also, a resident of [[Rajasthan]] and an evacuee from Italy was quarantined at Manesar Camp.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi State Health Bulletin for Containment of COVID-19 (No. 11/ March 14th 2020) |url=http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/cc02a8804d910058a389f7982ee7a5c7/HB14.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-507811464&CACHEID=cc02a8804d910058a389f7982ee7a5c7 |access-date=31 May 2020 |date=23 March 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200323123436/http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/cc02a8804d910058a389f7982ee7a5c7/HB14.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-507811464&CACHEID=cc02a8804d910058a389f7982ee7a5c7|archive-date = 23 March 2020}}</ref><br />
*On 15 April 2021, Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal announced a weekend curfew along with tight restrictions on weekdays in order to curb the second wave of COVID-19 infections.<br />
*On 17 April 2022, Delhi saw a rise in cases, but the positivity rate has relatively reduced from 5.33% to 4.21%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Reports 517 Covid Cases, Up 12% From Yesterday |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/delhi-reports-517-covid-cases-up-12-from-yesterday-positivity-falls-to-4-21-from-5-33-2896016 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
{{Sidebar timeline<br />
| title = Major events of COVID19 pandemic in Delhi in April<br />
| years1= '''4 April'''<br />
| color1 = brown<br />
| events1= Provision of ration to all needy persons including those who don't have ration cards.<br />
<br />
| years2= '''4 April'''<br />
| color2 = Tomato <br />
| events2 = More than 1000 cases representing 30% of all confirmed cases in India linked to [[2020 Tablighi Jamaat coronavirus hotspot in Delhi|Tablighi Jammat hotspot]]<br />
<br />
| years3= '''5 April'''<br />
| color3 = red <br />
| events3 = Total confirmed cases crossed 500<br />
<br />
| years4= '''9 April'''<br />
| color4 = brown <br />
| events4= Operation SHIELD by state government to combat COVID-19<br />
<br />
| years5= '''11 April'''<br />
| color5 = red <br />
| events5 = Total confirmed cases crossed 1000<br />
<br />
| years6= '''12 April'''<br />
| color6 = brown <br />
| events6= More than 15000 samples had been tested<br />
<br />
| years7= '''13 April'''<br />
| color7 = brown <br />
| events7= disinfection drive by the state government<br />
<br />
| years8= '''14 April'''<br />
| color8 = brown <br />
| events8= [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|Nationwide lockdown]] until 3 May<br />
<br />
| years9= '''18 April'''<br />
| color9 = green<br />
| events9= Total recovery crossed 200<br />
<br />
| years10= '''19 April'''<br />
| color10 = red <br />
| events10 = Total confirmed cases crossed 2000<br />
<br />
| years11= '''20 April'''<br />
| color11 = brown <br />
| events11= More than 25000 samples had been tested<br />
<br />
| years12= '''23 April'''<br />
| color12 = black <br />
| events12= Total death 50<br />
<br />
| years13= '''28 April'''<br />
| color13 = green <br />
| events13= Total recovery crossed 1000<br />
<br />
}}<br />
{{Sidebar timeline<br />
| title = Major events of COVID19 pandemic in Delhi in May<br />
| years1= '''4 May'''<br />
| color1 = brown <br />
| events1=[[COVID-19 lockdown in India|Nationwide lockdown]] until 17 May and 11 districts of Delhi as the red zone.<br />
<br />
| years2= '''5 May'''<br />
| color2 = red <br />
| events2= Total confirmed cases crossed 5000<br />
<br />
| years3= '''8 May'''<br />
| color3 = green <br />
| events3= Total confirmed cases crossed 2000.<br> Special train to Bihar for 1200 workers stranded at Delhi shelters.<br />
<br />
| years4= '''13 May'''<br />
| color4 = black <br />
| events4= Total death crossed 100<br />
<br />
| years5= '''18 May'''<br />
| color5 = red <br />
| events5= Total confirmed cases crossed 10000<br />
<br />
| years6= '''20 May'''<br />
| color6 = green <br />
| events6= Total recovery crossed 5000<br />
<br />
| years7= '''27 May'''<br />
| color7 = red <br />
| events7= Total confirmed cases crossed 15000<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Sidebar timeline <br />
| title = Major events of COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi in June<br />
| years1 = '''1 June'''<br />
| color1 = black<!--For death cases--><br />
| events1 = Total death crossed 500<br />
| color2 = red<br />
| events2= Total confirmed cases more than 20000<br />
<br />
| years3 = '''5 June'''<br />
| color3 = green<!--For recovered cases--><br />
| events3 =Total recovered cases more than 10000<br />
<br />
| years4 = '''9 June'''<br />
| color4 = red<br />
| events4 =Total confirmed cases more than 30000<br />
<br />
| years5 = '''11 June'''<br />
| color5 = black<!--For death cases--><br />
| events5 = Total death crossed 1000<br />
<br />
| years6 = '''14 June'''<br />
| color6 = green<!--For recovered cases--><br />
| events6 =Total recovered cases more than 15000<br />
| color7 = red<br />
| events7 =Total confirmed cases more than 40000<br />
<br />
| years8 = '''16 June'''<br />
| color8 = black<!--For death cases--><br />
| events8 = Total death crossed 1500<br />
<br />
| years9 = '''18 June'''<br />
| color9= green<!--For recovered cases--><br />
| events9 =Total recovered cases more than 20000<br />
<br />
| years10 = '''19 June'''<br />
| color10= black<br />
| events10 = Total death crossed 2000<br />
| color11 = red<br />
| events11 =Total confirmed cases of more than 50000<br />
<br />
| years12 = '''27 June'''<br />
| color12= black<br />
| events12 = Total death crossed 2500<br />
| color13 = red<br />
| events13 =Total confirmed cases of more than 80000<br />
<br />
| years14 = '''28 June'''<br />
| color14= green<!--For recovered cases--><br />
| events14 =Total recovered cases of more than 50000<br />
<br />
| years15 = '''29 June'''<br />
| color15= brown<br />
| events15= Delhi Health Minister pledged to donate plasma after recovery, Delhi CM announced to set up a plasma bank at Delhi<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;"<br />
|+ COVID-19 positive cases status (age and [[comorbidity]] vs [[fatality rate]]) as on 10 May 2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi State Health Bulletin _COVID −19 |url=https://delhifightscorona.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Delhi-Health-Bulletin_COVID-19-10.05.2020.pdf |publisher=Govt. of India (MoHFW) |access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref><br />
!Age!!Total positive cases!!Total Deaths!!Co-morbidity in death cases!! Case Fatality Rate<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|Less than 50 yrs ||4833 (69.81%) ||13 (%)||10 (83.%)||0.27 %<br />
|- <br />
| 50-59 yrs ||1073 (15.5%) ||24 (33.82%)||18 (78.26%)||2.24 %<br />
|-<br />
| 60 and above 60 yrs|| 1017 (14.69%)||36 (48.53%)||33 (90.91%)||3.54 %<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| '''Total'''|| 6923 (100%)||73 (100%)||61 (85.29%)||1.05 %<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Tablighi Jamaat event==<br />
{{Main|2020 Tablighi Jamaat COVID-19 hotspot in Delhi}}<br />
The [[Tablighi Jamaat]] wanted to meet in [[Vasai]], [[Maharashtra]], but an outbreak of COVID-19 caused them to relocate to Nizamuddin West. The [[Banglewali Mosque|Nizamuddin faction]] of the Tablighi Jamaat held the religious congregational program ([[Ijtema]]) in [[Nizamuddin West]], Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/genesis-of-india-s-biggest-hot-spot/story-uNnkA8Rb5ZJlUJ9meXhIPN.html|title=Covid-19 update: Genesis of India's biggest coronavirus hot spot|work=Hindustan Times |date=1 April 2020 |first1=Anonna |last1=Dutt}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2100 foreigners visited India for Tablighi activities this year: MHA |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=31 March 2020 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2100-foreigners-visited-india-for-tablighi-activities-this-year-mha/articleshow/74915572.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419032442/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2100-foreigners-visited-india-for-tablighi-activities-this-year-mha/articleshow/74915572.cms|archive-date=19 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: State govts race to curb spread as hundreds from Tablighi meet show symptoms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=1 April 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nizamuddin-corona-cases-govts-race-to-curb-spread-as-hundreds-from-tablighi-meet-show-coronavirus-symptoms/articleshow/74921860.cms |access-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401231352/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nizamuddin-corona-cases-govts-race-to-curb-spread-as-hundreds-from-tablighi-meet-show-coronavirus-symptoms/articleshow/74921860.cms |archive-date=1 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> The Delhi Government's order that no seminars, conferences or any big event (beyond 200 people) should be held was ignored.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/coronavirus-outbreak-delhi-govt-to-ban-sports-activities-in-wake-of-covid-19-threat-says-deputy-cm-manish-sisodia/story-889ss25ZqbJoG1eUoWn7aJ.html |title=IPL, all big events banned in Delhi amid coronavirus outbreak: Manish Sisodia |date=13 March 2020 |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329032612/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/coronavirus-outbreak-delhi-govt-to-ban-sports-activities-in-wake-of-covid-19-threat-says-deputy-cm-manish-sisodia/story-889ss25ZqbJoG1eUoWn7aJ.html |archive-date=29 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/noida-factory-employee-who-traveled-recently-to-europe-tests-positive-for-coronavirus-all-staff-quar-2194336 |title=Delhi Man Has Coronavirus. All Staff At His Noida Office Quarantined |access-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323113931/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/noida-factory-employee-who-traveled-recently-to-europe-tests-positive-for-coronavirus-all-staff-quar-2194336 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many foreign speakers violated safety protocols, including misuse of tourist visa for missionary activities, and not quarantining for two weeks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |title=Home Ministry asked States to identify 824 foreign Tablighi members |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/home-ministry-to-blacklist-800-tablighi-preachers-from-indonesia-for-violation-of-visa-rules/article61950797.ece/ |access-date=19 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410220423/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/home-ministry-to-blacklist-800-tablighi-preachers-from-indonesia-for-violation-of-visa-rules/article31214048.ece/amp/ |archive-date=10 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
At least 24 of the attendees had tested positive for the virus among the 300 who showed symptoms by 31 March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newsworld24.in/2020/03/what-is-tablighi-jamat-24-attendees-test-positive-for-covid-19.html |title=24 attendees test positive for COVID-19 |website=News World24 |access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510025326/https://www.newsworld24.in/2020/03/what-is-tablighi-jamat-24-attendees-test-positive-for-covid-19.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is believed that the sources of infection were preachers from Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-52104753 |title=Coronavirus: Search for hundreds of people after Delhi prayer meeting |date=31 March 2020 |work=BBC |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401143153/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-52104753 |archive-date=1 April 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Many had returned to their states, and also provided refuge to foreign speakers without the knowledge of local governments.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saravanan |first1=S.P. |title=Five tourists from Thailand admitted to isolation ward at Erode hospital |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/covid-19-five-tourists-from-thailand-admitted-to-isolation-ward-at-erode-hospital/article31088949.ece/amp |access-date=19 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318204231/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/covid-19-five-tourists-from-thailand-admitted-to-isolation-ward-at-erode-hospital/article31088949.ece/amp/ |archive-date=18 March 2020}}</ref> Eventually, local transmissions started, especially in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]], [[Karnataka]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Assam]]. The entire [[Nizamuddin West]] was cordoned off by the Police as of 30 March, and medical camps were set up.<ref>{{Cite news |url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/coronavirus-200-people-from-nizamuddin-develop-symptoms-area-cordoned-off/article31204617.ece |title = Coronavirus &#124; 200 people in Nizamuddin develop symptoms; area cordoned off |newspaper = The Hindu |date = 30 March 2020 |last1 = Trivedi |first1 = Saurabh |access-date = 30 March 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200330184223/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/coronavirus-200-people-from-nizamuddin-develop-symptoms-area-cordoned-off/article31204617.ece |archive-date = 30 March 2020 |url-status = live }}</ref> 167 of the attendees were quarantined in a railway facility in southeast Delhi amid concerns over their safety and over transmission of the virus. The Tablighi Jamaat gathering emerged as one of India's major coronavirus hotspots,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tablighi-jamaat-case-story-behind-the-covid-hotspot-that-set-cops-on-a-frantic-nationwide-hunt/articleshow/74947692.cms |title=Tablighi Jamaat case: Story behind the Covid hotspot that set cops on a frantic nationwide hunt |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=2 April 2020}}</ref> On 18 April 2020, Central Government of India said that 4,291 cases (or 29.8% of the 14,378 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in India) were linked to the Tablighi Jamaat, and these cases were spread across 23 states and Union Territories.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/corona-cases-in-india-30-of-cases-across-india-tied-to-jamaat-event/articleshow/75227980.cms|title=30% of cases across India tied to Jamaat event: Govt|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 April 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Questions have been raised as to how the [[Delhi Police]] allowed this event to proceed in the midst of a pandemic,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Munish |title=Timeline of how Delhi Police, government made Markaz a ticking time bomb |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tablighi-jamaat-markaz-timeline-delhi-police-mha-1662197-2020-04-01 |access-date=19 April 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410213352/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tablighi-jamaat-markaz-timeline-delhi-police-mha-1662197-2020-04-01 |archive-date=10 April 2020}}</ref> while a similar event was prohibited in [[Mumbai]] by the [[Maharashtra Police]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Divyesh |title=When Maharashtra Police cancelled a parallel, bigger Tablighi Jamaat event to avoid Covid-19 spread |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/when-maharashtra-police-cancelled-a-parallel-bigger-tablighi-jamaat-event-to-avoid-covid-19-spread-1662540-2020-04-02 |access-date=19 April 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404154826/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/when-maharashtra-police-cancelled-a-parallel-bigger-tablighi-jamaat-event-to-avoid-covid-19-spread-1662540-2020-04-02 |archive-date=4 April 2020}}</ref> Once the COVID-19 lockdown came into effect in Delhi from 22 March onwards, the missionaries remaining in the Nizamuddin Markaz were trapped, and the functionaries began to seek assistance from the authorities for their evacuation.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nizamuddin markaz had sought help from authorities for vacating premises |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 March 2020 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nizamuddin-markaz-had-sought-help-from-authorities-for-vacating-premises/article31214305.ece |access-date=31 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331211539/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nizamuddin-markaz-had-sought-help-from-authorities-for-vacating-premises/article31214305.ece |archive-date=31 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 22,000 people that came in contact with the Tablighi Jamaat missionaries had to be quarantined.<ref>{{Cite news |title=30 Per Cent Of Coronavirus Cases Linked To Delhi Mosque Event: Government |date=4 April 2020 |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-tablighi-jamaat-30-per-cent-of-coronavirus-cases-linked-to-delhi-mosque-event-government-2206163}}</ref> On 31 March 2020, an [[First Information Report|FIR]] was filed against [[Muhammad Saad Kandhlawi]] and others by Delhi Police Crime Branch under Section 3 (penalty for offence) of the [[Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897]] and Section 269 (negligent act likely to spread infection of disease), 270 (malignant act likely to spread infection of disease), 271 (disobedience to quarantine rule) and 120b (punishment of criminal conspiracy) of the IPC.<ref name="standard">{{cite news |title=Nizamuddin congregation: Arvind Kejriwal orders FIR against maulana |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/nizamuddin-congregation-arvind-kejriwal-orders-fir-against-maulana-120033100007_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=30 March 2020 |date=30 March 2020 |agency=Press Trust of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331142158/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/nizamuddin-congregation-arvind-kejriwal-orders-fir-against-maulana-120033100007_1.html |archive-date=31 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web |title=Nizamuddin congregation: Arvind Kejriwal orders FIR against maulana |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nizamuddin-congregation-arvind-kejriwal-orders-fir-against-maulana-1661514-2020-03-30 |website=India Today |date=30 March 2020 |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330220434/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nizamuddin-congregation-arvind-kejriwal-orders-fir-against-maulana-1661514-2020-03-30 |archive-date=30 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref><br />
{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-in-india-tablighi-jamaat-preacher-others-booked-for-violating-govt-guidelines-on-religious-gatherings-1661870-2020-03-31 |title=Coronavirus in India: Tablighi Jamaat preacher, others booked for violating govt guidelines on religious gatherings |date=31 March 2020 }}</ref> On 8 April 2020, the Delhi Police traced Tablighi Jamaat leader Maulana Saad Kandhalvi in Zakirnagar in South-East Delhi, where he claimed to be under self-quarantine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/tablighi-jamaat-leader-maulana-saad-kandhalvi-traced-delhi-police-sources-823043.html|title=Tablighi Jamaat leader Maulana Saad Kandhalvi traced: Delhi Police sources|date=8 April 2020|publisher=The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd.|access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref> Many other members of the missionary group have also been booked for allegedly helping spread the disease, including by hiding in mosques, a police official claimed. The Government of India has denied that it is singling out Muslims.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-india-muslims-insi-idUSKBN21Z0LN|title=In Modi's India, virus fallout inflames divisions between Muslims and Hindus|first1=Alexandra|last1=Ulmer|first2=Shilpa|last2=Jamkhandikar|date=17 April 2020|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Government responses ==<br />
{{multiple_image<br />
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|image1=21 April 2020 before lockdown mask distribution by the people for the people at Connaught place IMG 20200321 164207 02.jpg<br />
|alt1=Day before Janata curfew mask distribution on 21 March 2020<br />
|caption1=Day before [[Janata curfew]] mask distribution in front of B block Connaught place on 21 March 2020<br />
|image2=Effect of ban on gathering 5 people on H block Connaught place IMG 20200321 164646.jpg<br />
|alt2=Effect of the ban on social gathering 5 people at H block Connaught place<br />
|caption2=One day before Janata curfew almost empty [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] on 21 March 2020<br />
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}}<br />
<br />
=== Containment Strategy ===<br />
<br />
==== March ====<br />
On 12 March 2020, the [[Chief Minister of Delhi|Delhi chief minister]] [[Arvind Kejriwal]] declared COVID-19 an epidemic in Delhi. This made the [[Epidemic Diseases Act, 1897]] applicable to the territory. Schools, colleges and theatres were ordered to be closed until 31 March. Other public places, including offices and shopping malls were to be disinfected. Kejriwal also advised people to stay away from public gatherings.<ref><br />
[https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/kejriwal-declares-coronavirus-epidemic-in-delhi-shuts-schools-and-colleges-120031201097_1.html Kejriwal declares coronavirus epidemic in Delhi, shuts schools and colleges], Business Standard, 12 March 2020.<br />
</ref><ref><br />
[https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/coronavirus-kejriwal-shuts-cinema-halls-schools-orders-offices-to-disinfect-premises-daily/story-byo42DCkhFA4aCLUynXKbJ.html Coronavirus: Kejriwal shuts cinema halls, schools; orders offices to disinfect premises daily], Hindustan Times, 12 March 2020.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
On 13 March, the [[Indian Premier League]] matches were banned in Delhi, as were all sports gatherings. Conferences and seminars of more than 200 people were also banned. The deputy chief minister [[Manish Sisodia]] invoked the example of the [[Super-spreader#COVID-19 outbreak 2019|religious superspreader]] in South Korea, and said that the Delhi government was determined to prevent such incidents.<ref><br />
[https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/coronavirus-outbreak-delhi-govt-to-ban-sports-activities-in-wake-of-covid-19-threat-says-deputy-cm-manish-sisodia/story-889ss25ZqbJoG1eUoWn7aJ.html IPL, all big events banned in Delhi amid coronavirus outbreak: Manish Sisodia], Hindustan Times, 13 March 2020.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
On 16 March, the ban was strengthened to all gatherings over 50 people, including those for religious, social, cultural, political, academic, sports etc. reasons.<ref>{{cite news |title=COVID-19: No gatherings, protests of over 50 in Delhi till March 31 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/north-and-central/covid-19-no-gatherings-protests-of-over-50-in-delhi-till-march-31-814230.html |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=16 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 19 March, Kejriwal announced that all restaurants will be closed until March 31 in view of the ever-increasing cases of coronavirus. He said that there would be a take-away system from restaurants and dine-in services would be closed. He also said that gatherings could not exceed 20 people.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 March 2020|title=Kejriwal govt orders Delhi restaurants to shut shop with immediate effect until 31 March|url=https://theprint.in/india/kejriwal-govt-orders-delhi-restaurants-to-shut-shop-with-immediate-effect-until-31-march/384034/|website=theprint}}</ref> On 20 March, that number changed to 5 people.<ref name="Beg">Mirza Arif Beg, [https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/india-news-corona-outbreak-afflicted-by-communal-virus-blaming-tablighi-jamaat-could-be-misdirected/349784 Communal Corona? Is It Justified To Blame Tablighi Jamaat For Nizamuddin Outbreak?], Outlook, 31 March 2020.<br />
</ref><ref name="IANS blame game">IANS, [https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/authorities-playing-blame-game-over-nizamuddin-markaz/1787031 Authorities playing blame game over Nizamuddin Markaz], Outlook, 1 April 2020.<br />
</ref> It was announced that all shops, industries, commercial establishments, and offices would remain closed.<ref name="EcoTimes23March">{{cite news|date=23 March 2020|title=Coronavirus Fallout: Delhi CM Arvind Kejriwal announces lockdown until March 31|publisher=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/coronavirus-fallout-delhi-cm-arvind-kejriwal-announces-lockdown-until-march-31/articleshow/74761137.cms|access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kejriwal announced that from 23 March to 31 March, all domestic/international flights arriving to [[Delhi]] would be suspended.<ref name="EcoTimes23March"/> By 22 March, he had announced a [[lockdown]] from 23 March at 6 a.m. to 31 March at midnight. All services barring essential services were closed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Borders had been sealed except for transportation of essential services.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 March 2020|title=Coronavirus in Delhi: CM Kejriwal announces lockdown from March 23 to 31|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/coronavirus-in-delhi-cm-kejriwal-announces-lockdown-from-march-23-to-31/videoshow/74761871.cms|access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref> On 24 March, the lockdown further extended until 14 April after PM [[Narendra Modi]] announced a complete nationwide lockdown, starting from March 24 at midnight for 21 days.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Narendra Modi on Coronavirus Outbreak LIVE Updates: India under complete shutdown for 21 days starting 12 pm tonight, says PM|work=The Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/narendra-modi-on-coronavirus-speech-live-updates-streaming-watch-india-pm-address-to-nation-on-covid-19-today-latest-news-lockdown-janata-curfew-8182241.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{multiple_image<br />
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|header=<br />
|image1=Empty streets and establishment closures during the COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi IMG 20200407 145130 11.jpg<br />
|alt1=New Delhi Railway Station main entrance.<br />
|caption1=During lockdown empty [[New Delhi railway station]] main gate on 7 April 2020<br />
|image2=Empty streets and establishment closures during the COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi IMG 20200407 145130 09.jpg<br />
|alt2=A street at Paharganj, Delhi<br />
|caption2=During lockdown empty [[Paharganj]] main bazar on 7 April 2020<br />
|footer_align=right<br />
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}}<br />
<br />
==== April ====<br />
On 14 April, Modi extended the lockdown until 3 May<ref name="lockdownext"><br />
{{cite news |first1=Utpal|last1=Bhaskar|title=PM Modi announces extension of lockdown till 3 May | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-announces-extension-of-lockdown-till-3-may-11586839412073.html |work=The Livemint |date=14 April 2020}}<br />
</ref> after recommendation from several state governments.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Rounak|last1=Jain|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/lockdown-in-telangana-extended-till-june-3/articleshow/75014509.cms|title=Telangana CM suggests lockdown extension by two weeks|work=The Business Insider|language=en|access-date=6 April 2020|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413231144/https://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/lockdown-in-telangana-extended-till-june-3/articleshow/75014509.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 19 April, CM Kejriwal announced that keeping in mind the current situation of Delhi, there would be no exemptions.<ref name="No exemption">{{cite news|date=19 April 2020|title=Delhi witnessing surge in Covid-19 cases, no relaxation in lockdown: Kejriwal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/delhi-witnessing-surge-in-covid-19-cases-no-relaxation-in-lockdown-measures-cm-arvind-kejriwal/story-8g9byg552IaCbEHTuIWWoJ.html|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> By 28 April, the Delhi Government relaxed some restrictions in services such as health care, inter- and intrastate movement for health care staff (including by air if necessary), shelter homes (for senior citizens, poor people, women, disabled people), services for household needs like electrician, plumber etc., shops for electric fan and school books for areas not declared containment zones.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 April 2020|title=Delhi govt relaxes lockdown for few services: Here's what all will be opened up|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/school-books-to-path-labs-delhi-govt-relaxes-lockdown-1671877-2020-04-28|access-date=28 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== May ====<br />
On 4 May, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] announced the extension of lockdown from 4 May 2020, until 17 May 2020, at Delhi and declared all districts as red zones. Government and private offices were told to operate at 33% capacity, but government officers up to the Deputy Secretary level would be able to work at 100%. Standalone liquor shops having L6 and L8 licences and those that sold tobacco products would be open from 4 May.<ref name="Full list of activities">{{cite news |title=Lockdown Extended in Delhi: Full list of activities permitted in Delhi from Monday, 4 May 2020 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/health/lockdown-extended-in-delhi-full-list-of-activities-permitted-in-delhi-from-monday-4-may-2020-8329501.html |access-date=11 May 2020 |work=Firstpost |date=4 May 2020}}</ref> Industrial activities in special economic zones, industrial estates and townships, all manufacturing units of essential goods, standalone shops in neighborhood would remain open.<ref name="Full list of activities" /> On 18 May, the Central Government extended lockdown until 31 May 2020. According to new guidelines, sports complexes and stadiums would open for matches without spectators. Doctors, paramedics and nursing staff will have permission to cross the border without hassle since there were issues near the Haryana border.<ref name="18 May">{{cite news|last1=Tripathi|first1=Rahul|date=18 May 2020|title=Centre extends coronavirus lockdown till May 31|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/lockdown-extended-till-may-31-for-first-city/articleshow/75789642.cms?from=mdr|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref> A nationwide curfew from 7 PM to 7 AM was also continued.<ref name="18 May" /><br />
<br />
==== June ====<br />
On 1 June, lockdown phase 5/unlock phase 1 started, the former being that the Delhi border was sealed for one week (except for the persons related with essential services),<ref name="Lockdown 5">{{cite news |title=Lockdown 5: No odd-even for shops, markets; Delhi borders sealed for one week, says Arvind Kejriwal |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/lockdown-5-no-odd-even-for-shops-markets-delhi-borders-sealed-for-one-week-says-arvind-kejriwal/599795 |access-date=1 June 2020 |work=timesnownews.com |date=1 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref> and the latter being that shops, barber shops, and salons (except spas) would remain open every day without restrictions. The Central Government eased the nationwide curfew, reducing it to 9 PM to 5 AM, still including exceptions for persons involved in essential services.<ref name="Lockdown 5" /> Also, the Central and State Government eased restrictions on two passengers in a car with a driver and a scooter without pillion rider.<ref name="Lockdown 5" />[[File:Delhi Govt disinfection drive during COVID-19 pandemic in DelhiVID 20200416 132044.webm|thumb|Delhi Govt disinfection drive during COVID-19 pandemic in Delhi]]<br />
Delhi government had initiated a disinfection drive in Delhi from 13 April 2020<ref>{{cite news |title=Covid-19: Delhi govt to sanitise city's red, orange zones from Monday, says Arvind Kejriwal|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/covid-19-delhi-govt-to-sanitise-city-s-red-orange-zones-from-monday-says-arvind-kejriwal-1666196-2020-04-12|work=[[India Today]] |date=12 April 2020}}</ref> On 4 April, CM Kejriwal announced that people who don't have ration cards could get free rations from fair price shops.<ref>{{cite news |title=People without Ration Cards in Delhi can now avail free ration from Fair Price Shops: Delhi govt|url=http://newsonair.com/News?title=People-without-Ration-Cards-in-Delhi-can-now-avail-free-ration-from-Fair-Price-Shops%3A-Delhi-govt&id=384700|work=News On Air|date=4 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== July ====<br />
By this time, Delhi had surpassed most of the states in India, with high case numbers for COVID-19 and a spike of around 2,000 cases per day. This made it difficult for the Delhi government to make further plans for reopening.<br />
<br />
==== November ====<br />
After reaching the lowest recorded cases in October, doctors began to express concerns that the city could turn out to be the epicentre of India's first wave of winter infections, with cases by mid-November being the highest since COVID-19 began.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-23|title=Covid: 'Entire families in hospital after coronavirus surge'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-54986615|access-date=2020-11-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== December ====<br />
On 31 December 2020 and 1 January 2021, curbs were placed preventing public gatherings at night for New Year's Eve.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-31|title=Night curbs imposed in Delhi on December 31 and January 1 from 11 pm to 6am|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/night-curfew-imposed-in-delhi-on-december-31-and-january-1-from-11pm-to-6am/story-4FMXmpAbu4Voy5Qhw4T5cO.html|access-date=2020-12-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Quarantine Strategy ===<br />
The Delhi government issued an order making a seven-day quarantine mandatory for all asymptomatic individuals arriving in the city via planes and trains.<ref name="hindustantimes.com2">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-03|title=Seven days' home isolation mandatory for all asymptomatic individuals arriving in Delhi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/seven-days-home-isolation-mandatory-for-all-asymptomatic-individuals-arriving-in-delhi/story-jWvsnySu7VX9ao6mV0iF5H.html|access-date=2020-06-26|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> For symptomatic individuals, immediate [[COVID-19 vaccine|COVID-19]] testing on arrival, institutional quarantining until the result is out, moving to a hospital or a COVID-19 Care Center depending on symptoms if positive, and home isolation for 14 days in case of a negative result.<ref name="hindustantimes.com2" /><br />
<br />
=== Sanitation Strategy ===<br />
[[Resident welfare association|RWAs]] undertook regular sanitization drives with the help of the civic bodies, enforced social distancing, distributed masks and reined in those who were repeatedly violating norms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2020 |title=Delhi: Your colony defeated Covid-19, and how! Get ready for applause {{!}} Delhi News |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-your-colony-defeated-covid-19-and-how-get-ready-for-applause/articleshow/76295610.cms|access-date=2020-06-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Immediate Relief ===<br />
On 23 March, the CM of Delhi had announced that 4 lakh people will get free food in Delhi from 24 March.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 March 2020|title=4 lakh people to get free food in Delhi, coronavirus treatment capacity to be raised to 1,000 patients per day|work=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/4-lakh-people-to-get-free-food-in-delhi-coronavirus-treatment-capacity-to-be-raised-to-1000-patients-per-day/story/399405.html|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 4 April, the Delhi Government had started to provide free food for 6.5 lakh people, including distressed migrant workers who were jobless in the current lockdown.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=5 April 2020|title=Delhi govt provides food to around 6.5 lakh people in one day|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-govt-provides-food-to-around-6-5-lakh-people-in-one-day-statement/articleshow/74996223.cms?from=mdr|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> To provide food across all areas of Delhi, and to maintain physical distance, hygiene and sanitation, the government had converted night shelters and schools into free food distribution centers.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
On 5 April, it was reported that out of 71 lakh ration card holders in Delhi, 60% had received ration.<ref name="ration2">{{cite news |title=Delhi: 60% of 71 lakh people under PDS given ration, those without cards can fill forms|date=5 April 2020|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-60-of-71-lakh-people-under-pds-given-ration-those-without-cards-can-fill-forms-6347808/|work=[[Indian Express]]}}</ref> As per the government until 5 April, 50,000 to 60,000 people who did not have ration cards had applied for coupons to receive 5&nbsp;kg of wheat, rice and sugar at no cost.<ref name="ration2" /> Some people complained about the distribution of rations in a video conference with area MLAs including other party. Kejriwal requested that they should reach out to people in distress and help them register to avail ration.<ref name="ration2" /> The Delhi government started issuing e-coupons to those without ration cards as well.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 April 2020|title=Delhi starts ''e-coupon'' for ration to non-PDS beneficiaries|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/delhi-starts-ecoupon-for-ration-to-nonpds-beneficiaries/1792372|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Outlook India Magazine}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 21 April, since 38 lakh people who didn't have ration card applied for ration, the government announced it would provide free ration to 31 lakh people. Delhi CM conveyed that the government was providing half of the total population of Delhi free ration.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 April 2020|title=We will be providing free ration to nearly half of Delhi: Kejriwal|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/we-will-be-providing-free-ration-to-nearly-half-of-delhi-kejriwal/article31400640.ece|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> On 21 April, as conveyed by CM Delhi, each MP, MLA of Delhi will get 2000 food coupons for their constituency to distribute to the poor who don't have any documents like ration card or Adhar card.<ref>{{cite news|date=21 April 2020|title=Delhi MPs, MLAs to get 2,000 food coupons each for poor, says Arvind Kejriwal|work=Live Mint|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-mps-mlas-to-get-2-000-food-coupons-each-for-poor-says-arvind-kejriwal-11587475770876.html|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
As one time financial help, Delhi govt had announced to support affected transport service providers like Auto, E-Rickshaw, rural transport vehicle and Gramin seva. They gave Delhi Rs 5,000/- each to those who applied with their current driving licence of para-transit vehicles and valid badge<ref>{{cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Covid-19: Delhi govt to give ₹5,000 each to transport service providers: Kejriwal|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/covid-19-delhi-govt-to-give-5000-each-to-transport-service-providers-kejriwal/article31239144.ece|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 April 2020|title=Govt starts disbursing 1-time Rs 5K to drivers|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2020/state-editions/govt-starts-disbursing-1-time-rs-5k-to-drivers.html|work=Daily Pioneer|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Delhi CM had announced financial support of Rs 1 crore for the family of any deceased health staff who had died while dealing with coronavirus cases in Delhi.<ref name="Support of kin of healthcare staff2">{{cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Arvind Kejriwal announces Rs 1 crore for kin of healthcare staff who die dealing with Covid cases|work=Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/delhi-announces-rs-1-crore-for-kin-of-healthcare-staff-who-die-dealing-with-covid-cases/articleshow/74929464.cms|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> He had mentioned them as "not less than warrior" and this support as tribute to their noble service.<ref name="Support of kin of healthcare staff2" /><br />
<br />
On 12 May, PM had announced a combined stimulus package of Rs 20 lakh crore to restore the economical condition of India due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which is, as per a UN economic expert, "impressive" and the largest package announced among developing countries.<ref>{{cite news|date=14 May 2020|title=UN economic experts hail India's 'impressive' stimulus package to revive economy hit by coronavirus|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/un-economic-experts-hail-indias-impressive-stimulus-package-to-revive-economy-hit-by-coronavirus/articleshow/75735531.cms|access-date=14 May 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Public Awareness Campaigns ===<br />
Delhi launched ''delhifightscorona.in'', a website dedicated to COVID-19 related information.<ref name="hindustantimes.com2"/> The website has details on containment zones and hotspots, testing facilities, key locations, e-pass procurement and relevant FAQs. It also includes locations of all grocery shops in Delhi, temporary relief centres and hunger relief centres.<ref name="hindustantimes.com2"/><br />
<br />
==Testing==<br />
[[File:A passenger being tested for Covid-19 at the New Delhi railway station during second wave of the pandemic IMG 20210525 120351 03.jpg|thumb|A passenger being tested for COVID-19 at the New Delhi railway station during second wave of the pandemic]]<br />
<br />
On 13 April, in Delhi 14,036, [[COVID-19 testing]] had been done in which positive cases are 1,154 in total and percentage wise its 8.22%. Population of Delhi is 201,78,879 (20 million plus) falls under category of the states having population 11 to 37 million and until 13 April 2020, 696 test/million had been conducted in Delhi which is second highest after Kerala in this category.<ref>{{cite news |title=Decoding India's Covid-19 testing, state by state |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/decoding-india-s-covid-19-testing-state-by-state-1666587-2020-04-13 |access-date=20 April 2020 |work=India Today |date=13 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 21 April, the Delhi Govt. announced free COVID-19 test for media persons in Delhi after the incident of some journalists in Mumbai tested positive.<ref>{{cite news |title=Delhi to start Covid-19 testing for media persons after 53 Mumbai journalists test positive |url=https://theprint.in/india/delhi-to-start-covid-19-testing-for-media-persons-after-53-mumbai-journalists-test-positive/406262/ |access-date=21 April 2020 |work=The Print |date=21 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
<!-- The data of confirmed cases, testing are fetched from the Wikidata; Reference is also dynamic. Kindly don't delete the codes below.--><br />
As of {{date table sorting|{{wdib|ps=1|P8011|qid=Q87821864|qual=P585|list=P-1|qo=true|df=dm}}|format=dmy}}, in Delhi {{wdib|ps=1|P8011|qid=Q87821864|list=P-1}} COVID-19 tests had been done, of which {{plain text|{{String split | txt={{#statements:P1603}}|sep=" "|idx=-1}}}} were positive cases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi Fights Corona |url=https://delhifightscorona.in/wp-content/uploads/{{MultiReplace|{{Wdib|P8011|qual=P585|list=P-1|df=ymd|ps=1}}|.*%((....).(..).(..).*|%1/%2/%2-%3}}.pdf |accessdate={{MultiReplace|{{Wdib|P8011|qual=P585|list=P-1|df=dm|ps=1}}|.*%(.(.*)%)|%1}} }}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 200px; height: 200px;"<br />
|+ COVID-19 sample testing status as on 22 April 2020<ref name="State Health Bulletin">{{cite web |title=Delhi State Health Bulletin _COVID −19 |url=https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/Districtreporting408.pdf |publisher=Govt. of India (MoHFW) |access-date=22 April 2020 |archive-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421051836/https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/Districtreporting408.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
! !!Total!!Positive!!Negative!!Pending<br />
|-<br />
| Govt. Labs ||19893 ||1875||15848||1881<br />
|-<br />
| Private labs ||6734 ||281||5962||473<br />
|-<br />
| Total|| 26627||2156||21810||2354<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
Graph temporarily disabled due to error.<br />
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Delhi?action=edit&section=19<br />
See https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T258170<br />
Please restore when addressed.<br />
<br />
===Testing Statistics===<br />
<div style="overflow:scroll; width="100%"><br />
{{Graph:Chart<br />
|width=800<br />
|type=line<br />
|y1=11061, 11709, 14036, 15032, 16282, 16605, 18784, 21409, 22283, 24387, 25900, 26627, 28309, 30560, 33672, 35519, 37613, 39911, 43370, 47225, , , 58210, 60246, 64108, 67852, 71934, 77234, 81367, 84226, 93810, 97678, 106109, 113345, 119736, 125189, 130845, 135791, 139727, 145854, 150282, 154385, 160255, 165047, 169873, 174469, 178579, 184362, 191977, 199626, 206739, 212784, 217537, 223607, 230145, 236506, 241693, 246873, 251915, 255615, 261079, 266156, 271516, 277463, 283239, 290592, 296697, 304483, 312576, 321302, 334376, 351909, 370014, 384696, 401648, 420707, 438012, 459156, 478336, 498416, 514573, 531752, 551708, 572530, 596695, 620368, 643504, 657383, 679831, 701859, 724148, 747109, 768617, 789853, 736436, 756661, 777125, 798783, 818989, 830459, 851311, 871371, 889597, 908735, 929244, 946777, 958283, 976827, 994219, 1013694, 1032785, 1050939, 1063669, 1073802, 1083097, 1099882, 1120318,<br />
<br />
|x= 10 Apr, 11 Apr, 12 Apr, 13 Apr, 14 Apr, 15 Apr, 16 Apr, 17 Apr, 18 Apr, 19 Apr, 20 Apr, 21 Apr, 22 Apr, 23 Apr, 24 Apr, 25 Apr, 26 Apr, 27 Apr, 28 Apr, 29 Apr, 30 Apr, 1 May, 2 May, 3 May, 4 May, 5 May, 6 May, 7 May, 8 May, 9 May, 10 May, 11 May, 12 May, 13 May, 14 May, 15 May, 16 May, 17 May, 18 May, 19 May, 20 May, 21 May, 22 May, 23 May, 24 May, 25 May, 26 May, 27 May, 28 May, 29 May, 30 May, 31 May, 1 June, 2 June, 3 June, 4 June, 5 June, 6 June, 7 June, 8 June, 9 June, 10 June, 11 June, 12 June, 13 June, 14 June, 15 June, 16 June, 17 June, 18 June, 19 June, 20 June, 21 June, 22 June, 23 June, 24 June, 25 June, 26 June, 27 June, 28 June, 29 June, 30 June, 1 July, 2 July, 3 July, 4 July, 5 July, 6 July, 7 July, 8 July, 9 July, 10 July, 11 July, 12 July, 13 July, 14 July, 15 July, 16 July, 17 July, 18 July, 19 July, 20 July, 21 July, 22 July, 23 July, 24 July, 25 July, 26 July, 27 July, 28 July, 29 July, 30 July, 31 July, 1 August, 2 August, 3, August, 4 August, 5 August, 6 August, 7 August<br />
|xGrid=<br />
|yGrid=<br />
|legend=<br />
|xType = date<br />
|colors= #2ca02c<br />
|y1Title=No. of samples tested<br />
|xAxisAngle = -45<br />
|xAxisTitle=Date<br />
}}<br />
</div><br />
--><br />
<br />
==Treatment==<br />
*13 April 2020, [[ICMR]] requested researcher to give a clinical trial on the critically ill patients of [[COVID-19]] using convalescent plasma therapy.<ref name="Plasma Therapy"/><br />
*15 April, after a meeting, the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi [[Anil Baijal]] had declared that Delhi may use the plasma technique to combat COVID-19. He mentioned that it will be on a trial basis with proper guidelines.<ref name="Plasma Therapy">{{cite news |title=Delhi to use plasma technique for COVID treatment on trial basis |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/delhi-to-use-plasma-technique-for-covid-treatment-on-trial-basis/articleshow/75161985.cms?from=mdr |access-date=20 April 2020 |work=Economic Times |date=15 April 2020}}</ref><br />
*20 April, a 49-year-old critically ill patient of COVID-19 who was on ventilator support recovered after receiving plasma therapy. This is the first successful trial of plasma therapy in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Plasma Therapy For COVID-19 Works In Delhi, 49-year-old Recovers |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/plasma-therapy-for-covid-19-works-in-delhi-49-year-old-recovers-2215191 |access-date=20 April 2020 |work=NDTV |date=20 April 2020}}</ref><br />
*24 April, as per feedback of CM Delhi, plasma therapy had been tried on 4 patients in LNJP hospital, with positive results. Two of them were expected to be released from the hospital very shortly. The Delhi Government was also seeking permission from the Central Government to apply this same therapy to all serious patients.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Why Delhi pins its hopes on plasma therapy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/coronavirus-why-delhi-pins-its-hopes-on-plasma-therapy-1670848-2020-04-25 |access-date=26 April 2020 |work=India Today |date=25 April 2020}}</ref><br />
*3 June, the Delhi Health Department ordered three hospitals in the national capital to provide 10 percent of their beds to COVID-19 patients of the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) free of cost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Three hospitals to reserve 10 percent beds for COVID-19 patients of EWS: Delhi govt |website=ET HealthWorld|url=https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/hospitals/three-hospitals-to-reserve-10-percent-beds-for-covid-19-patients-of-ews-delhi-govt/76187383|access-date=2020-06-26}}</ref><br />
*5 July, India's first plasma bank to treat COVID-19 patient had become operational at Delhi. Plasma bank set up was needed to have systematic donation from volunteers who have recently recovered from COVID-19 and fulfilled eligibility criteria.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 July 2020|title=Covid-19: India's first plasma bank now operational in Delhi|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/covid-19-indias-first-plasma-bank-now-operational-in-delhi/plasma-bank-for-covid-19-patients/slideshow/76795799.cms|access-date=13 July 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px; height: 200px;"<br />
|+ COVID-19 Hospital status as on 1 June 2020<ref name="State Health Bulletin 1 June">{{cite web |title=Delhi State Health Bulletin _COVID -19 |url=http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/5b3193804e81442a89e4ebd194e333e1/DHB01J.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=1959955013&CACHEID=5b3193804e81442a89e4ebd194e333e1 |access-date=14 July 2020 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719233107/http://health.delhigovt.nic.in/wps/wcm/connect/5b3193804e81442a89e4ebd194e333e1/DHB01J.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=1959955013&CACHEID=5b3193804e81442a89e4ebd194e333e1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
! Name of The COVID Hospital !!Total No. of positive cases including patient of '''I''' and '''V''' (as of 1 June)!!No. of positive cases in ICU ('''I''') !!No of positive cases on Ventilator ('''V''')<br />
|-<br />
| LNH ||732||37||1<br />
|- <br />
| RGSSH ||167 ||39||0<br />
|-<br />
| LHMC||37||3||0<br />
|-<br />
| RML ||87||7||2<br />
|-<br />
| SJH ||244 ||31||6<br />
|-<br />
| AIIMS( Delhi &Jhajjar)||702||17||11<br />
|-<br />
| Apollo Hospital||112||13||5<br />
|-<br />
| Max Hospital ||193 ||32||4<br />
|-<br />
| Sir Ganga Ram Kolmet Hospital||31||3||1<br />
|-<br />
| Sir Ganga Ram City Hospital||97||12||7<br />
|-<br />
| Maha Durga Cheritable trust||85||9||3<br />
|-<br />
| Batra Hospital||54||10||0<br />
|-<br />
| Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh||39||3||2<br />
|-<br />
| Venkateshwara Hospital||35||0||0<br />
|-<br />
| Manipal Hospital||14||3||0<br />
|-<br />
| Other Pvt. Hosp||119||0||0<br />
|-<br />
|'''Total'''||'''2748'''||'''219'''||'''42'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px; height: 200px;"<br />
|+ Dedicated COVID Health Centres Status(DCHC) as on 1 June 2020<ref name="State Health Bulletin 1 June"/><br />
! Name of COVID Health Centre!! Total No. of positive cases as of 1 June<br />
|-<br />
| Ayurvedic & Unani Tibbia College || 60<br />
|-<br />
| Nehru Homeopathic Medical College& Hospital|| 37<br />
|-<br />
| Choudhary Braham Prakash Ayurvedic Charak Sansthan|| 67<br />
|-<br />
|'''Total'''|| '''164'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px; height: 200px;"<br />
|+ COVID-19 Care Centre Status as on 1 June 2020<ref name="State Health Bulletin 1 June"/><br />
! Name of COVID care centre!! Total No. of positive cases as of 1 June<br />
|-<br />
| Terapanth Bhawan || 81<br />
|-<br />
| DDA Flats Narela|| 68<br />
|-<br />
| DUSIB Flats Sultanpuri|| 91<br />
|-<br />
| GBSSS No. 3, Badarpur||55 <br />
|-<br />
| Mandoli || 158<br />
|-<br />
| DUSIB flats Sec 16 Dwarka|| 35 <br />
|-<br />
| YMCA|| 78 <br />
|-<br />
| Ginger Hotel || 31<br />
|-<br />
|'''Total'''|| '''672'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Impact==<br />
{{multiple_image<br />
|header_align=left<br />
|header=Visuals of the impact of lockdown on various businesses<br />
|image1=Effect of Janata lockdown and Socio eco impact during more than month lockdown IMG 20200322 163332.jpg<br />
|alt1=Auto rickshaw stranded in front of closed shops in Delhi<br />
|caption1=Stranded [[auto rickshaw]] & closed shops<br />
|image2=Hotels and shops near New Delhi railway station on 21 March 2020 IMG 20200321 170017.jpg<br />
|alt2=Travel agencies, restaurant and hotels are closed due to lockdown for corona pandemic<br />
|caption2=Closed travel agencies, restaurants and hotels<br />
|footer_align=right<br />
|footer=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Education ===<br />
As of 6 March 2020, all primary schools were closed by Delhi Govt until 31 March 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus threat: Delhi govt orders closure of all primary schools till oct 31 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/coronavirus-threat-delhi-govt-orders-closure-of-all-primary-schools-till-march-31/story-ExewEmJeLCZ6egWDW6Ss2N.html |access-date=5 March 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306042604/https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/coronavirus-threat-delhi-govt-orders-closure-of-all-primary-schools-till-march-31/story-ExewEmJeLCZ6egWDW6Ss2N.html |archive-date=6 March 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Events not held ===<br />
On 6 March, in fear of [[COVID-19]], the [[Fashion Design Council of India]] had postponed their show until further notice.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/fashion/2020/mar/06/fdci-postpones-lotus-makeup-india-fashion-week-amidst-covid-19-fears-22914.html|title=FDCI postpones Lotus Makeup India Fashion Week amidst COVID-19 fears|work=Indulge Express|access-date=7 March 2020}}</ref> The [[2020 ISSF World Cup]] has been postponed which was scheduled to be held in May 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/virus-hits-indian-sports/articleshow/74519560.cms|title=Virus hits Indian sports|date=6 March 2020|work=Economic Times|access-date=7 March 2020|agency=PTI}}</ref> On 14 March 2020 [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF) had also postponed their tournaments due to the same reason.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-coronavirus-india-open-badminton-tournament-cancelled/348760|title=Coronavirus: India Open Badminton Tournament Cancelled|date=14 March 2020|website=Outlook|agency=PTI|access-date=14 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights|The National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]] asked organisations not to feed children on the road, as they were more susceptible to the virus outside, and instead requested that they were sent to the nearest shelter and received help.<ref>{{cite news |title=COVID-19: NCPCR urges NGOs to stop feeding kids; asks them take children to shelters |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/04/04/covid-19-ncpcr-urges-ngos-to-stop-feeding-kids-asks-them-take-children-to-shelters.html |access-date=2 May 2020 |work=The Week |date=4 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
{{multiple_image<br />
|header_align=center<br />
|header=Impact on people during unlock phase 1<br />
|image1=No blankets in AC coach in Indian railways due to COVID 19 pandemic on Delhi 20200604 212034.jpg<br />
|alt1=no supply of blankets in AC coach due to Covid-19 pandemic in Delhi<br />
|caption1=People are carrying blankets at New Delhi railway station due to no supply of blankets in AC coach in Indian railways<br />
|image2=Day 4 unlock phase 1 during COVID 19 pandemic in Delhi IMG 20200604 201240.jpg<br />
|alt2=Day 4 of unlock phase 1<br />
|caption2=Impact of unlock phase 1 at [[New Delhi railway station]]<br />
|footer_align=right<br />
|footer=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Hotspot ==<br />
[[File:Minister visiting the Coronavirus Quarantine Centre 2.jpg|thumb|The Minister of State for Home Affairs, [[Nityanand Rai]] visiting evacuees at the Coronavirus Quarantine Centre, after completion of their requisite quarantine period, at the ITBP Chhawla Centre, in New Delhi on 13 March 2020.]]<br />
*On 26 March 2020, Delhi Government had started declaring hotspot areas, starting from a few places in the [[Dilshad Garden|Dilshad garden]].<ref name="Containment zones">{{cite news |title=Delhi has 100 containment zones |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/coronavirus-outbreak-list-of-containment-zones-in-delhi/articleshow/75433978.cms |access-date=28 April 2020 |work=Times Of India |date=28 April 2020}}</ref><br />
*14 April, after adding eight new hotspots, there were 55 hotspots in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus lockdown: 8 more hotspots in Delhi, 55 areas sealed in Delhi|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-lockdown-8-more-hotspots-in-delhi-55-areas-sealed-in-delhi-check-full-list-here-1667005-2020-04-14|work=[[India Today]]|date=14 April 2020 }}</ref><br />
*15 April, after adding two more places, total hotspots reached 57.<ref name=15AprilIndiaToday>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Delhi adds 2 areas in containment zone list, city tally rises to 1,578|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/complete-list-of-57-coronavirus-containment-zones-in-delhi-1667371-2020-04-15|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 April 2020 }}</ref><br />
*19 April, 77 containment zones in total, and all 11 districts of Delhi were declared as hotspots as conveyed by Delhi CM<ref name="No exemption"/><br />
*21 April, the number of containment zones rises to 87 <ref name=21AprilTimesOfIndia>{{cite news |title=Covid-19: Number of containment zones rises to 87 in Delhi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/covid-19-number-of-containment-zones-rises-to-87-in-delhi/articleshow/75279020.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|date=21 April 2020 }}</ref><br />
*28 April, after adding two more places, total containment zones rises to 100.<ref name="Containment zones"/><br />
<br />
The Delhi Government announced Operation SHIELD in order to curb the spread of the virus in the containment zones/hotspots. It is a six-layer plan,<ref>{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Delhi govt announces Operation SHIELD to take on COVID-19 |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/coronavirus-delhi-govt-announces-operation-shield-to-take-on-covid-19/story/400648.html |access-date=19 April 2020 |work=The Business Today |date=10 April 2020}}</ref> where <br />
*'''S''' refers to sealing the immediate area,<br />
*'''H''' refers to home quarantine to all people living in the area,<br />
*'''I''' refers to isolation and contact tracing of people,<br />
*'''E''' refers to essential supply of commodities,<br />
*'''L''' refers to local sanitization and<br />
*'''D''' refers to door to door health check of people in the area.<br />
<br />
The first success of the operation came from [[Dilshad Garden]], an area where the virus was widely spread. The Delhi Government announced on 10 April 2020, that Operation SHIELD was successful in containing the spread of the virus in this area. The State Health Minister [[Satyendra Kumar Jain|Satyendra Jain]] said that the area was virus-free after the implementation of the six layer operation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Operation SHIELD successful in containing COVID-19 spread in Dilshad Garden: Delhi health minister |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/healthcare/operation-shield-successful-in-containing-covid-19-spread-in-dilshad-garden-delhi-health-minister/articleshow/75082473.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 April 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=10 April 2020}}</ref> On 17 April, Deputy CM of Delhi, [[Manish Sisodia]] announced that the operation was also successful in two other hotspots, [[Vasundhara Enclave]] and [[Khichipur|Khichripur]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manish Sisodia lauds locals for making 'Operation SHIELD' successful |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/manish-sisodia-lauds-locals-for-making-operation-shield-successful/articleshow/75200268.cms |access-date=20 April 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=17 April 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]]<br />
* [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://coronabeds.jantasamvad.org/beds.html Govt site link for bed availability]<br />
<br />
{{COVID-19 pandemic}}<br />
{{COVID-19 pandemic in India}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic by city|Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India by state or union territory|Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:2020s in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Health in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Disasters in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:2020 in India]]<br />
[[Category:2021 in India]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dvaita_Forest&diff=468254Dvaita Forest2025-11-14T16:26:20Z<p>WillisHeiman326: adjust citations for accuracy and fixed typos</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Forest in the Mahabharata}}<br />
<br />
'''Dvaitavana''' ({{Langx|sa|द्वैतवन|translit=Dvaitavana}}), also called the '''Dvaita forest''', is a legendary forest featured in the [[Mahabharata]]. It includes the Dvaita lake within its boundaries. The forest is described as lying south of the [[Kamyaka Forest|Kamyaka forest]] on the banks of the [[Sarasvati River]], placing it on the southwestern outskirts of the [[Kuru kingdom]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
According to the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]], Dvaitavana is named after a ruler of the [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya kingdom]] named Dhvasan Dvaitavana. This king is described to have offered fourteen horses in tribute to the deity [[Indra]] after his victory in his [[ashvamedha]] ceremony beside this lake, which was named in his honour.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Drury |first=Naama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zH_K3qwvV6IC&dq=Dvaitavana+lake&pg=RA1-PA54 |title=The Sacrificial Ritual in the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa |date=1981 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-2665-6 |pages=54 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
<br />
=== Mahabharata ===<br />
[[Yudhishthira]] asked his brothers for suggestions regarding a forested region where they could spend their twelve years of exile. [[Arjuna]] suggested the Dvaitavana, referring to the presence of a lake within its woods as well as a population of ascetics and sages. Arriving at the forest, Yudhishthira observed that it was replete with flowers, birds, and other wildlife such as deer and elephants. Locating a settlement of holy men, he decided that they would dwell with them, along the banks of the Sarasvati. The sages [[Markandeya]] and Vaka visited the hermitage of the brothers. When [[Draupadi]] and [[Bhima]] expressed their anguish to Yudhishthira regarding his apathy to their state, he counselled caution and discussed the nature of [[dharma]]. The sage [[Vyasa]] visited the brothers in the forest and enlightened [[Arjuna]] regarding the means of gaining a number of [[Astra (weapon)|celestial weapons]] to empower their side. The sage suggested that the Pandavas reside elsewhere while Arjuna was away on his quest, citing the depletion of flora and fauna in the forest. Accordingly, the Pandavas moved to the Kamyaka forest.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkUQYvw2HGkC&dq=Dvaita+forest+Pandavas&pg=PA197 |title=Vyasa's Mahabharatam |date=2008 |publisher=Academic Publishers |isbn=978-81-89781-68-2 |pages=197–205 |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
After their pilgrimage and the return of Arjuna from the northern [[Himalayas]], the Pandavas lived in the Dvaitavana for the second time. During this period, the prince [[Duryodhana]] visited the Dvaitavana to taunt his cousins, under the pretence of inspecting the cattle-stations of the [[Kauravas]] in the vicinity. However, while his men were setting up camp, he was attacked by the [[Gandharva|gandharvas]] under the command of Chitrasena, and had to be rescued by the Pandavas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ADI SANKARCHARYA |url=http://archive.org/details/1975-ad-of-puranic-encyclopedia |title=1975 AD OF PURANIC ENCYCLOPEDIA |date=1975 |pages=130}}</ref><br />
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Owing to the decline of the deer population, the Pandavas again moved to Kamyaka forest, but returned to Dvaitavana for the third and final time during their twelfth year of exile. The brothers dismissed their followers away, and are described to have found great joy, exploring the banks of the Sarasvati. Following this period, they departed for the Matsya kingdom to spend their last year of exile anonymously.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xtbs4GDI_fsC&dq=Dvaitavana+Sarasvati&pg=PT216 |title=The Mahabharata: Volume 3 |date=2015-06-01 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-293-9 |pages=216 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
[[Category:Places in Hindu mythology]]<br />
[[Category:Places in the Mahabharata]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ragi_(Sikhism)&diff=455711Ragi (Sikhism)2025-11-14T03:27:11Z<p>WillisHeiman326: correct intro for consistency for clarity</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Sikh musician who plays hymns in different ragas}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=June 2020}}<br />
[[File:Ragis in Sri Darbar Sahib.jpg|thumb|1860 artwork depicting ragis in [[Golden Temple|Darbar Sahib]]]]<br />
{{Sikhism sidebar}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
A '''Ragi''' ({{Langx|pa|ਰਾਗੀ}}; ''rāgī'') is a [[Sikhism|Sikh]] musician who plays hymns ([[Shabda|shabad]]s) in different [[raga]]s as prescribed in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cole |first=W. Owen |title=A popular dictionary of Sikhism |date=1997 |publisher=NTC Pub. Group |others=Piara Singh Sambhi |isbn=978-0-203-98609-7 |location=Lincolnwood, Ill. |page=69 |oclc=648154652 |quote=Ragi - A musician who leads and accompanies the singing of kirtan, the hymns of the Guru Granth Sahib in the gurdwara.}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Role ==<br />
Professional Sikh musical performances are usually done within [[Gurdwara|gurdwaras]].<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Inderjit N. |date=2011 |title=Sikh Shabad Kīrtan and Gurmat Sangīt: What's in the Name? |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume18/9_ShabadKirtan.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz |volume=18 |issue=1–2 |pages=251–278 |via=ebscohost}}</ref> Within the central room, there is a dedicated space beside the sacred scripture for the ''rāgī jathā'' (ragi ensemble) on an elevated stage.<ref name=":23" /> The ragis sit on the elevated stage facing the gathered Sikh congregation in the room, who sit directly on the floor at a lower level.<ref name=":23" /> Kirtan is performed within the gurdwaras on both regular and [[List of Sikh festivals|celebratory days]].<ref name=":23" /> For the major and popular gurdwaras, Sunday (''Aitavāra'') tends to be the day where more kirtan performances are held throughout the day whilst for other days, kirtan performances usually occur in the evening time.<ref name=":23" /><br />
[[File:Gurdwara_Guru_Nanak_Punjabi_Sabha_Chakala_Darbar_Hall.jpg|thumb|This is the interior of the Gurdwara Guru Nanak Punjabi Sabha Chakala, Mumbai, India. The raised stage to the right is where Ragi Jathas sit and perform Sikh music.]]<br />
Kirtan within gurdwara is usually performed by the ragi jathi, typically consisting of three members in modern-times but four members in historical-times.<ref name=":23" /> Aside from being required to perform musically, they also are needed to perform the liturgy services.<ref name=":23" /> The ragis are traditionally all male and are given the honorifical prefix of ''[[Sikh titles|Bhāī]]'' (literally, "brother").<ref name=":23" /> In modern-times, there has been a [[Women in Sikhism|rise of female ragi jathas]], whose members are given the honorifical prefix of ''Bībī'' (literally, "lady").<ref name=":23" /> Mixed-gender ragi jathas are exceedingly rare.<ref name=":23" /> Ragis are not allowed to use caste-based surnames and thus only keep the names '[[Singh]]' and '[[Kaur]]' as a surname, some may further add the word 'Khalsa' to their name.<ref name=":23" /> However, it is acceptable for ragis to attach a location-based or employment-based suffix to their name for disambiguation purposes, such as ''Dilli Vale'' ("from Delhi") or ''Hazuri Ragi Harmandir Sahib'' ("ragi in service at the Harmandir Sahib gurdwara").<ref name=":23" /> The ragi jatha members tend to wear simplistic clothes, usually white or off-white long shirts and pants.<ref name=":23" /> Ragi males tend to wear white, navy, saffron, or black turbans and female ragis wear long scarves (''chunnī'').<ref name=":23" /> Younger ragis have started wearing different colours outside of traditional range.<ref name=":23" /> Ragis are paid a regular salary whilst employed at a gurdwara but they can also perform at private events for extra income.<ref name=":23" /> Ragi jathas performing at a ticketed venue is taboo.<ref name=":23" /><br />
[[File:Sikh_Rāgis_Kirtan_Jatha._Nairobi._1942.jpg|thumb|Sikh Rāgis Kirtan Jatha. Nairobi, 1942.]]<br />
What is now termed "traditional" (but it is not truly historically accurate to apply this appellation to this type as truly traditional kirtan differs substantially from what is described here) ragi jatha kirtan performances in gurdwaras nowadays employ simple melodies which are set to basic varieties of ''tāl''—usually the 8-beat ''kahirvā'' but also the 6-beat ''dādrā''.<ref name=":23" /> The performance of gurbani kirtan within gurdwaras was simplified to allow for the gathered congregation (''sadh sangat'') to be able to follow along and sing with the performers, it also allows for the laypersons to internalize the message of the underlying hymn rather than focus too much on the musical expression itself.<ref name=":23" /> The singing by vocalists is interspersed by supportive and harmonizing melodies played by the harmonium, with the drummer playing variations utilizing the tabla in "tempo and rhythmic variety".<ref name=":23" /> All these factors are geared towards producing a calm and spiritual setting and experience for the participants.<ref name=":23" /> Presentation and performance are the two important factors of the "traditional" ragi kirtan performance type.<ref name=":23" /> Lines from certain hymns tend to be repeated to allow for the listeners to join in on the singing.<ref name=":23" /> Various genres found within the "traditional" ragi kirtan sub-type are ''gīt'', ''ghazal'', and ''bhajan''.<ref name=":23" /> The most renowned and well-received performer of the "traditional" ragi kirtan style is Bhai Harjinder Singh Srinagar Vale.<ref name=":23" /><br />
<br />
However, the truly traditional ragi kirtan style, as found in earlier times, employed stringed instruments rather than the now commonplace harmonium.<ref name=":23" /> It also involved more ''ragas'' in its performances.<ref name=":23" /> Traditional Sikhs attempting to revive the more historical expressions of their music, such as by playing instruments like the rabab, saranda, and taus, are referred to as the ''gurmat sangīt'' genre of kirtan.<ref name=":23" /> It is largely based upon the contemporary ''[[Khyal|khyāl]]'' style of [[Hindustani classical music]].<ref name=":23" /><br />
<br />
There are two different kinds of shabad kirtan performances by ragi jathas:<ref name=":23" /><br />
<br />
# ''Parmāṇ''-style kirtan - characterized by the ragi interspersing verses from related hymns to elaborate on the main, overarching theme.<ref name=":23" /><br />
# ''Viākhiā''-style kirtan - characterized by the ragi pausing the singing to elaborate on the hymn being performed and present a short discourse or exposition.<ref name=":23" /><br />
<br />
There now exists various Sikh educational institutions solely dedicated to teaching Sikh music, that specialize in the training of ragis.<ref name=":23" /> However, traditionally the training of ragis occurred at more general Sikh educational institutions (known as a ''ṭaksāl''), which had a section dedicated for the training of Sikh musicians, such as at the [[Damdami Taksal]] near Amritsar or Jawaddi Kalan in Ludhiana.<ref name=":23" /> Training of Sikh kirtanis usually starts when they are young and aside from their musical training, they are also educated in the Sikh scriptures and correct pronunciation of their contents (known as ''[[santhiya]]'').<ref name=":23" /> True mastery of kirtan requires a deep understanding and knowledge of Sikh philosophy, history, and culture.<ref name=":23" /> According to the late Bhai Avtar Singh, a preeminent ragi of his time, the most important criteria for becoming a good kirtankar was first living a life in line with the principles set out in the Guru Granth Sahib, and then an education in its prescribed ragas.<ref name=":23" /><br />
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== Hazuri Ragi ==<br />
The term ''Hazuri Ragi'', also spelt as a ''Hazoori Ragi'' ("designated cantor"<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pashaura |title=Sikh Identity: Continuity and Change |last2=Barrier |first2=Norman Gerald |publisher=Manohar |year=1999 |isbn=9788173042362 |pages=121}}</ref>) is a title that refers to a ragi who serve at the Golden Temple in Amritsar who can perform ''[[Shabda|shabad]]'' hymns as per their traditionally prescribed ''[[Raga|raag]]'' as designated by the Guru Granth Sahib.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Who was Giani Nirmal Singh? Ex-Hazoori Raagi of Golden Temple, Amritsar |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/who-was-nirmal-singh-hazoori-raagi-golden-temple-amritsar-603689 |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=IndiaTV}}</ref><ref name=":23" /> The title is often appended to the names these ragis.<ref name=":23" /><br />
<br />
=== List of prominent Hazuri Ragis ===<br />
<br />
* [[Nirmal Singh Khalsa|Giani Nirmal Singh]]<ref name=":0" /><br />
* [[Balbir Singh (ragi)|Bhai Balbir Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2023 |title=Bhai Balbir Singh - Hazuri Ragi |url=https://sikhri.org/articles/bhai-balbir-singh |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=Sikh Research Institute}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Developing alongside the earlier [[Rababi]] tradition as a parallel tradition were the ''kīrtankārs'', who were Sikh kirtan singers.''<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Inderjit N. |date=2011 |title=Sikh Shabad Kīrtan and Gurmat Sangīt: What's in the Name? |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume18/9_ShabadKirtan.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz |volume=18 |issue=1–2 |pages=251–278 |via=ebscohost}}</ref>'' The institution was born out of a few amateur or non-professional singers during the period of the Sikh gurus.''<ref name=":2" />'' As time went-on, this amateur trend of Sikh singers eventually developed into the professional tradition now known as ''rāgīs''.''<ref name=":2" />''<br />
[[File:Detail of a fresco depicting a Sikh ragi jatha musically performing using traditional instruments in the presence of Guru Amar Das from Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879 (two).jpg|thumb|Detail of a fresco depicting a Sikh ragi jatha musically performing using traditional instruments in the presence of Guru Amar Das from Asthan Baba Bikram Singh Bedi, Kanak Mandi, Amritsar, ca.1863–1879]]<br />
[[Guru Arjan Dev]], the 5th Guru of the Sikhs, started the ragi tradition of amateur musicians, as he did not want the Sikhs to depend on professionals for their connection to the divine with sacred music. Ragis now are often professional and have much knowledge of the scriptures. Thus, they are highly respected. However, they are not a privileged elite as some today see them -- rather, the ragi tradition was meant to bring musical experience of the Sikh scriptures to a layperson, without a middleman (or woman).<br />
<br />
Some notable Sikh kirtankars during the period of the Sikh gurus include:''<ref name=":2" />''<br />
<br />
* Dipa and Bula, both of whom served Guru Angad''<ref name=":2" />''<br />
* Narain Das, Padha, and Ugrsain, all three of whom served Guru Amar Das''<ref name=":2" />''<br />
* Ramu, Jhaju, and Mukand, all three of whom served Guru Arjan''<ref name=":2" />''<br />
* Banvali and Parsram, both of whom served Guru Hargobind''<ref name=":2" />''<br />
* Gulab Rai, Bhel, Mansud, and Gurbaksh, all four of whom served Guru Tegh Bahadur''<ref name=":2" />''<br />
<br />
[[File:Photograph_of_Sant_Shaam_Singh_Sewapanthi_(celebrated_Sikh_saranda_player),_ca.1920.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the Sikh ragi Sham Singh, who performed kirtan music at the Golden Temple complex for 70 years.''<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Inderjit N. |date=2011 |title=Sikh Shabad Kīrtan and Gurmat Sangīt: What's in the Name? |url=https://punjab.global.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.gisp.d7_sp/files/sitefiles/journals/volume18/9_ShabadKirtan.pdf |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz |volume=18 |issue=1–2 |pages=251–278 |via=ebscohost}}</ref>'']]<br />
A renowned ragi or kirtankar during the reign of [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh's]] [[Sikh Empire]] was Bhai Mansa Singh, who performed at the Golden Temple.''<ref name=":2" />'' Similar to the rababi tradition, the ragi tradition also received the patronage of Sikh polities, such as by Nabha, Patiala, and Kapurthala.''<ref name=":2" />'' One notable ragi who received the sponsorship of Sikh states was Baba Pushkara Singh.''<ref name=":2" />'' Bhai Sham Singh is renowned for his long service as a ragi at the Golden Temple, serving as a kirtan performer for some 70 years around the later 19th and early 20th century.''<ref name=":2" />'' Notable ragis of the early 20th century include Hira Singh, Santa Singh, Sunder Singh, Sammund Singh, Surjan Singh, and Gopal Singh.''<ref name=":2" />'' Later on in the same century, names of ragis like Bhai Jwala Singh (a tenth generation member of a traditional kirtankar family), his sons Avtar Singh and Gurcharan Singh, are important to note.''<ref name=":2" />'' Furthermore, Balbir Singh and Dyal Singh should also be mentioned.''<ref name=":2" />''<br />
<br />
Today, the ragi tradition is slightly different than in the Guru's time. Music is often not sung in the correct raag and often does not use the Guru's instruments but rather relies heavily on the [[harmonium]], brought by the British colonizers. The lines of the shabads before the [[rahao]]s are not emphasized as they are prescribed either. Today also there are no female ragis allowed in [[Sri Harimandir Sahib]], the most important temple for Sikhs, which goes against the Sikh principle of gender equality. Now, some efforts are being made to revive [[Gurmat Sangeet]], kirtan the way the Gurus prescribed it.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-05-25 |title=SGPC to revive 'gurbani kirtan' with string instruments in Golden Temple |url=https://theprint.in/india/sgpc-to-revive-gurbani-kirtan-with-string-instruments-in-golden-temple/971031/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* [https://archive.org/details/EncyclopaediaOfSikhReligionAndCulture/page/n383/mode/2up?q=ragi Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture]<br />
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== External links ==<br />
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* [https://www.kirtananmolratan.com/ Kirtan Anmol Ratan]<br />
{{Sikhism}}<br />
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[[pnb:حضور صاحب]]<br />
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[[Category:Sikh music]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draksharamam&diff=497698Draksharamam2025-10-28T19:03:34Z<p>WillisHeiman326: Starting new article</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}<br />
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| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 533262<br />
| registration_plate = AP<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Draksharama temple, Draksharamam.jpg|thumb|Draksharama Temple]]<br />
[[File:Draksharama.jpg|thumb|Inside view of the temple]]<br />
'''Draksharamam''' is a village in [[Konaseema district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The [[Bhimeswara Swamy Temple]] in this town is one of the five temples of [[Shiva]] known as [[Pancharama Kshetras]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=draksharamam-temple |url=https://mountainvalley.in/draksharamam-temple.html |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=mountainvalley.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Ashta Someswaras==<br />
Eight lingas are consecrated in eight directions (cardinal and intercardinal) of Draksharama. These temples are known as [[Ashta Someswaras]].<br />
<br />
== Etymology ==<br />
This village was formerly known as {{IAST|Dakshatapovana}} and {{IAST|Dakshavāṭika}}.<ref name="draksharamam">{{cite book|last1=Moorthy|first1=K. K.|title=The aalayas of Andhra Pradesh: a sixteen-flower-garland|year=1994|publisher=Message Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2OIbAQAAMAAJ&q=Dhakshavatika|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notable residents ==<br />
* [[Mallikarjuna Panditaradhyudu]] (a prominent 12th Century Telugu poet and among {{transliteration|kn|ISO|Paṇḍitatrayam}} of [[Veerashaiva|Veerasaivism]])<br />
* [[Malladi Venkata Satyanarayana Rao]] (musician and broadcaster)<br />
* [[Duvvuri Subbamma]] (independence activist)<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Andhra Vishnu]]<br />
*[[Pancharama Kshetras]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
|list =<br />
{{Trilinga Kshetras}}<br />
{{Pancharama Kshetras}}<br />
{{Shiva temples}}<br />
{{Shaktism}}<br />
{{Hindu holy cities}}<br />
{{Hindu temples in Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{Coord|16.7928|N|82.0635|E|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shakta pithas|*]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]<br />
[[Category:Pancharama Kshetras]]<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soundarya_Pradhan&diff=536788Soundarya Pradhan2025-10-25T20:42:43Z<p>WillisHeiman326: new first article added tags</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian para chess player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox chess player<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|12|13}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Odisha]], India<br />
| peakrating = 1924 (March 2024)<br />
}}<br />
'''Soundarya Kumar Pradhan''' (born 13 December 1999)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Orisports.com |url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=NzE4 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.orisports.com}}</ref> is an Indian para chess player from [[Odisha]]. The visually challenged chess player was selected for the Indian team that took part in the [[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou Asian Para Games]]. He won the Men's Team Rapid VI-B1 gold medal on 28 October 2023 along with [[Darpan Inani]] and [[Ashwin Makwana]]. He also won a silver medal in the individual event.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-11-04 |title=Odisha CM Naveen felicitates Asian Para-Games medalists Pramod, Soundarya |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/Nov/04/odisha-cm-naveen-felicitates-asian-para-games-medalists-pramod-soundarya-2629989.html |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=Odisha chess player Soundarya Pradhan wins silver, gold at Asian Para Games |url=https://sambadenglish.com/odisha-chess-player-soundarya-pradhan-wins-silver-gold-at-asian-para-games/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-11-03 |title=Asian Para Games medalist Soundarya receives warm welcome in Bhubaneswar |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/asian-para-games-medalist-soundarya-receives-warm-welcome-in-bhubaneswar-745883 |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Pradhan was born in Boden, [[Nuapada district]], [[Odisha]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2020-09-26 |title=Visually-challenged brothers from Odisha's Boden teach chess online |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/visually-challenged-brothers-from-boden-teach-chess-online/article32703562.ece |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is born to Rabi Ranjan Pradhan and Jayanthi Pradhan. After his schooling at the Boden Government High School, he studied at the Biju Patnaik College, where his father works as a lecturer.<ref name=":0" /> Currently, he is studying B.Tech. in computer science at the National Institute of Technology (NIT), [[Jamshedpur]]. He has Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA), a rare inherited eye disorder, from birth. He also teaches online chess to students in USA<ref name=":2" /> and is a coach at the Lucknow-based Chess Club Black and White (CCBW).<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=NewzHook |date=2020-10-02 |title=Visually impaired chess champion Soundarya Pradhan teaching the game online during lockdown |url=https://thebridge.in/chess/visually-impaired-chess-champion-soundarya-pradhan-teaching-game-online-lockdown/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> He was felicitated by the chief minister of Odisha Naveen Patnaik with a cash award of Rs.1.5 crore.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2023-11-03 |title=Odisha CM felicitates para-athletes Pramod Bhagat, Soundarya Kumar Pradhan |url=https://theprint.in/india/odisha-cm-felicitates-para-athletes-pramod-bhagat-soundarya-kumar-pradhan/1831265/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> His brother Prachurya is also a visually challenged chess player. He learnt his basics from his uncle Keshranjan, a former National B chess player.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2022-04-10 |title=Odisha's Pradhan dethrones Gangolli for National crown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/odishas-pradhan-dethrones-gangolli-for-national-crown/articleshow/90753871.cms |access-date=2024-01-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Pradhan was also part of the Indian team that won silver medal in the Men's Rapid Team Chess in the [[2018 Asian Para Games]] held in [[Jakarta]].<ref name=":2" /> In April 2022, he won the National Chess Championship for the visually challenged and made it to the Indian team for the [[World Team Chess Championship|World Team Championship]]. He won a gold at the 9th IBCA World Team Chess Championship for the Blind and Visually Impaired 2022 held at [[Ohrid]], [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]] in June 2022.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=9th World Team Chess Championship, 2022 |url=https://www.aicfb.in/9th-world-team-chess-championship-2022/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=AICFB – All India Chess Federation for the Blind |language=en-US}}</ref> In one of his first tournaments at the Junior National Chess Championship for Blind in January 2012 at [[Mumbai]], he finished at the best under-13 player.<ref name=":0" /> In the 16th [[AICFB]] National Chess Championship for Visually Challenged in March 2023, he finished third.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Final standings and prize distribution of 16th AICFB National Chess Championship for Visually Challenged 2023 |url=https://www.aicfb.in/final-standings-and-prize-distribution-of-16th-aicfb-national-chess-championship-for-visually-challenged-2023/ |access-date=2024-01-18 |website=AICFB – All India Chess Federation for the Blind |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{FIDE}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Soundarya}}<br />
[[Category:1999 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Indian blind people]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santhi_Nivasam_(TV_series)&diff=532917Santhi Nivasam (TV series)2025-10-08T02:49:00Z<p>WillisHeiman326: new new info more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Telugu television series (2000–2001)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Santhi Nivasam (TV series).jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| runtime = 18–24 minutes<br />
| genre = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]<br />
* Family<br />
}}<br />
| creator = <br />
| creative_director = <br />
| producer = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]<br />
| story = [[S. S. Rajamouli]]<ref name=":4"/><br/>Chaitanya<br />
| director = S. S. Rajamouli<br/>Anil Kishore<br/>Vara Mullapudi<br />
| writer = <br />
| company = RK Teleshow<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2023 |title=Sarkaaru Naukari teaser released at the RK Tele Show 25th Anniversary event |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/sarkaarunaukari-teaser.html |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref><br />
| cinematography = Kunapareddy Srinivas<br />
| editor = Hemanth<br />
| starring = [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]]<br />[[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]]<br />[[Rajeev Kanakala]]<br/>[[Telangana Sakunthala]]<br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| opentheme = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
| network = [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|2000|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|2001|df=y}}<br />
| num_episodes = 273<ref name=273ep/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Santhi Nivasam''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu-language]] television drama series that aired on [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] from 2000 to 2001, spanning 273 episodes. Directed by [[S. S. Rajamouli]] in his directorial debut, the series follows Raghavayya, the patriarch of a large family living in a house named Santhi Nivasam, as they navigate familial conflicts, relationships, and societal challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu TV Serial Santhi Nivasam |url=https://nettv4u.com/about/telugu/tv-serials/shanti-nivasam |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=Nettv4u |language=en}}</ref> Produced by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]] under his banner RK Teleshow,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Arjun |date=2 August 2024 |title=Modern Masters: S S Rajamouli Review: Intimate Portrait of A Visionary |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/modern-masters-s-s-rajamouli-review/20240802.htm |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en |quote=It tries to trace his origins as a television director with the highly popular television serial Santhi Nivasam under the tutelage of legendary Telugu director K Raghavendra Rao. The director, who helmed many episodes of the show, does not shy away from acknowledging the importance of that television experience, in equipping his confidence as a storyteller and bringing him closer to his dream of making it on the big screen.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=Happy Birthday SS Rajamouli: 10 lesser known facts about Baahubali director |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/happy-birthday-ss-rajamouli-10-lesser-known-facts-about-baahubali-director-4883081/ |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> the series played a key role in shaping Rajamouli's career, laying the foundation for his transition to [[Feature film|feature films]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-05 |title=25 Glorious Years Of Raghavendra Rao's RK Teleshow: Journey From Rajamouli's Shanthi Nivasam To Sarkaaru Noukari |url=https://thetelugufilmnagar.com/25-glorious-years-of-raghavendra-raos-rk-teleshow-journey-from-rajamoulis-shanthi-nivasam-to-sarkaaru-noukari/ |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=Telugu Filmnagar |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The show featured an [[ensemble cast]], including [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]], [[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]], [[Rajeev Kanakala]], and [[Harsha Vardhan]], with music composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]] and lyrics by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]. After Rajamouli transitioned to directing [[Student No: 1|''Student No. 1'']] (2001), Vara Mullapudi took over the direction of the series.<ref name=":6" /> The show was well-received during its broadcast and is regarded as an early success in Rajamouli's career.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /> Although plans for a film adaptation were announced, the project was ultimately shelved.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The series follows Raghavayya, the patriarch of a large family living in a house named ''Santhi Nivasam''. The narrative explores the complexities of familial relationships and the challenges faced by the family, including thefts, misunderstandings, and interpersonal conflicts. Raghavayya strives to maintain harmony within the household while upholding moral values, but the family frequently encounters dramatic twists and societal pressures.<br />
<br />
Central to the story are Raghavayya's children who, along with other family members, navigate personal struggles and collective conflicts. Notable events include Adarsh risking his life to save Anand, Dharma Das plotting to harm the family, and Raghavayya confronting financial and social challenges. The series delves into themes of sacrifice, morality, and the enduring strength of family bonds.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<br />
=== Main ===<br />
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]] as Raghavayya, the head of the family<br />
* [[Sameer (Telugu actor)|Sameer]] as Anand, Raghavayya's son<br />
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Adarsh<br />
* [[Harsha Vardhan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goud |first=Nagaraj |date=7 February 2017 |title=I want to prove myself as a storyteller: Harsha Vardhan |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-02-07/I-want-to-prove-myself-as-a-storyteller-Harsha-Vardhan/278849 |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
* L. Jhansi<br />
* S. Sravani<br />
* [[Telangana Shakuntala|Telangana Sakunthala]]<br />
<br />
=== Recurring ===<br />
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]]<br />
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]]<br />
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]]<br />
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2008 |title=Interview with Chandra Sekhar |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/chandrasekhar.html |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=Idlebrain.com |quote=One day he told me whether I was interested in doing a role in his proposed TV serial (Santhi Nivasam). I told him I was ready to do any character. I played the role alongside Rajiv Kanakala.}}</ref><br />
* [[Raghu Kunche]]<br />
* [[Sri Ramya]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Power-packed-role/article16372408.ece|title=Power-packed role|date=25 April 2010|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Santhi Nivasam'' was directed by S. S. Rajamouli, who dedicated approximately one and a half years to the project, working up to 17 hours a day. Rajamouli later described this period as one of the most challenging of his career, during which he gained a reputation as a "workaholic."<ref name="Idlebrain.com-20052">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2005 |title=Interview with SS Rajamouli by Jeevi – Chatrapathi |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/ssrajamouli.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122112710/http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/ssrajamouli.html |archive-date=22 November 2018 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Gundabatthuni |first=Rajasekhar |date=8 June 2024 |title=దర్శకధీరుడు రాజమౌళికి మొదటి అవకాశం ఇచ్చింది రామోజీరావే అని తెలుసా? |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/ramoji-rao-gave-the-opportunity-to-ss-rajamouli-to-direct-santhi-nivasam-serial-165984 |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[ABP Group]] |language=te}}</ref> This project marked Rajamouli's first directorial credit, with his name appearing on screen for the first time in ''Santhi Nivasam''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2020 |title=ETV rejoices 25 years of successful operations, wishes pour in |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/bharat-news/etv-rejoices-25-years-of-successful-operations-wishes-pour-in/na20200827231944445 |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> After Rajamouli transitioned to directing [[Student No: 1|''Student No. 1'']] (2001), Vara Mullapudi took over the direction of the series.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
The series was produced by K. Raghavendra Rao for [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]], which was headed by [[Ramoji Rao]]. Rajamouli worked under the mentorship of K. Raghavendra Rao, who oversaw the story, screenplay, and direction. Vara Mullapudi, son of noted writer [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]], joined the team during production, collaborating closely with Rajamouli and Raghavendra Rao.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=4 February 2008 |title=Interview with Vara Mullapudi |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/varamullapudi.html |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
A notable incident during filming involved a disagreement between Rajamouli and lead actor Ranganath over a particular scene. The issue was resolved amicably, with Ranganath later acknowledging Rajamouli's potential as a filmmaker.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2015 |title=When Rajamouli had a clash with actor Ranganath |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2015-12-21/When-Rajamouli-had-a-clash-with-actor-Ranganath/194699 |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The music for ''Santhi Nivasam'' was composed by [[M. M. Srilekha]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2023 |title=Musician MM Srilekha set for a world tour; poster unveiled by SS Rajamouli |url=https://telanganatoday.com/musician-mm-srilekha-set-for-a-world-tour-poster-unveiled-by-ss-rajamouli |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en}}</ref> with lyrics written by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U42JI-5yDRs |title=శాంతి నివాసం సీరియల్ టైటిల్ సాంగ్ {{!}} Santhi Nivasam Serial Title Song |last= |publisher=Nee Tv Telugu |via=YouTube}}</ref> The songs were sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and M. M. Srilekha.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
== Planned adaptation ==<br />
The final episode of ''Santhi Nivasam'' (episode 273) announced plans for a feature film adaptation, produced by [[Usha Kiran Movies]].<ref name=273ep>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YhtH99N3LBI&t=1458s |title=Santhi Nivasam - Episode -273 |last= |publisher=ETV |time=24:18 to 24:36 |access-date=2024-11-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2002, reports confirmed that the television series would be remade into a film, marking a unique instance in Telugu cinema where a TV serial was adapted for the big screen.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2002 |title=News Today: 'Santhi Nivasam' as feature film |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news206.html |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The film adaptation was set to feature the original cast and crew, including actors Ranganath, Sameer, Harsha Vardhan, Rajeev Kanakala, L. Jhansi, and S. Sravani, who had all appeared in the television series.<ref name=":0" /> To expedite the project, two units were reported to be working simultaneously on the film from 1 April 2002 to 19 April 2002, with plans to complete shooting by April 19. The adaptation was to be jointly directed by Sunil Varma and V. S. Reddy, with music composed by M. M. Srilekha. The story, screenplay, and direction supervision were to be provided by K. Raghavendra Rao, with Ramoji Rao serving as the producer.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
However, despite these efforts, the film adaptation ultimately did not materialize.<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
''Santhi Nivasam'' is remembered as a stepping stone in the career of S. S. Rajamouli, providing him an opportunity to develop his directorial skills under the mentorship of K. Raghavendra Rao.<ref name=":1" /> The success of the show played a crucial role in his transition to [[feature film]]s. His debut film, ''[[Student No: 1|Student No. 1]]'' (2001), featured several actors from the serial, including Rajeev Kanakala, Sameer, Sivannarayana Naripeddi, and Chatrapathi Sekhar,<ref name=":2" /> further linking the two projects.<ref name=":3" /> In the [[Netflix]] documentary series ''[[Modern Masters: S. S. Rajamouli]]'' (2024), the director reflected on his work in ''Santhi Nivasam'' and credited the experience with shaping his storytelling skills and building his confidence for feature filmmaking.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The serial also earned Rajamouli the nickname "Jakkanna." Actor Rajeev Kanakala, who worked with him on ''Santhi Nivasam'', likened his meticulous approach to directing to that of the legendary {{Circa}}12th-century sculptor [[Jakanachari]] (known as Jakkanna in Telugu). This comparison led the cast and crew to affectionately call him "Jakkanna," a name that has since become synonymous with the director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2019 |title=Secret Behind Jakkanna Name For Rajamouli |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/entertainment/2019/05/14/secret-behind-jakkanna-name-for-rajamouli |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[Sakshi (media group)|Sakshi]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Why Director SS Rajamouli Called As Jakkanna {{!}} Actor Rajiv Kanakala Answer |date=9 August 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9lQGVDyip4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630140519/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v9lQGVDyip4 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |url-status=live |publisher=[[TV5 (India)|TV5]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In later interviews, Rajamouli acknowledged the success of ''Santhi Nivasam'' but expressed dissatisfaction with his direction, attributing its popularity to its [[prime time]] slot and association with established filmmakers rather than to his creative merits. Comparing it to other contemporary serials like [[Chithi (TV series)|''Pinni'']] and ''Kasthuri'', he remarked that ''Santhi Nivasam'' was a weaker effort.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2024 |title=తనపై తానే సెటైర్లు వేసుకున్న జక్కన్న.. వాటితో పోలిస్తే వేస్ట్ అంటూ? |url=https://telugu.filmyfocus.com/director-rajamouli-satires-on-his-shanti-nivasam-serial-details-goes-viral |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=Filmy Focus |language=te}}</ref> Despite this, the series remains an important milestone in his early career and contributed significantly to his storytelling approach.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhFZrcu-dWglQyw3oqhgmaFIw8WYMKQcA ''Santhi Nivasam''] at ETV YouTube channel<br />
{{S. S. Rajamouli}}<br />
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[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:2000 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2001 Indian television series endings]]<br />
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[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Narasimha_II_of_Vemulavada&diff=520484Narasimha II of Vemulavada2025-10-07T17:43:34Z<p>WillisHeiman326: Created Entry...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|10th century monarch in Telangana, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br />
'''Narasimha II''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Nara-siṃha, {{Abbr|r.|reigned}} {{Circa|915-930}}) was a ruler of the [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada|Vemulavada Chalukya]] dynasty of present-day [[Telangana]], India. As a vassal of the [[Rashtrakuta]] king [[Indra III]], he led an Rashtrakuta army against the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] king [[Mahipala I|Mahipala]]. According to his dynasty's records, he advanced as far as river Ganga (locally, the [[Godavari River]] is referred to as Ganga and Dakshna Ganga, and its tributaries around the locality are called [[Wainganga River]] and [[Painganga River]]), forcing Mahipala to flee.<br />
{{Chalukyas of Vemulavada}}<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
Narasimha II was a son of his predecessor Yuddhamalla III, and a grandson of [[Baddega]].{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=24}} Like his predecessors, he was a [[Rashtrakuta]] feudatory. A verse in the ''Vikramarjuna Vijayam'', composed by the Chalukya court poet [[Adikavi Pampa|Pampa]], states that his son [[Arikesari II]] had Indra's shoulder as his cradle. According to one theory, this may mean that Narasimha's wife Jakavve and the mother of Arikesari II, was a daughter of the Rashtrakuta king [[Indra III]]. While this is plausible, no direct evidence supports this hypothesis.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=25}}<br />
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== Campaign against the Gurjara-Pratiharas ==<br />
<br />
The Vemulavada inscription of Arikesari II and the ''Vikramarjuna Vijayam'' credit him with several military successes. These records suggest that he achieved these victories on his own, but actually, he achieved these successes as a participant in a campaign of his Rashtrakuta overlord [[Indra III]].{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=25}} The [[Khambhat]] (Cambay) inscription of Indra's son [[Govinda IV]] attributes these military victories to Indra, which suggests that Narasimha II assisted his overlord Indra in a Rashtrakuta campaign in central and northern India.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|pp=25-26}}<br />
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During the reign of Indra's predecessor [[Krishna II]], the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] king [[Mahipala I|Mahipala]] had captured [[Malwa]] and other regions ruled by the Rashtrakuta feudatories. Therefore, Indra invaded the Gurjara-Pratihara kingdom to recover these territories.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=26}} According to the Vemulavada inscription, Narasimha conquered the Latas,{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=24}} which suggests that the Rashtrakuta forces conquered the [[Lata (region)|Lata]] region from the Gurjara-Pratiharas.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=28}}<br />
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The Vemulavada inscription further suggests that Narasimha reduced the seven Malavas to ashes, and extracted tribute from their rulers.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=24}} This suggests that the Rashtrakuta army conquered the [[Malwa]] region (which was probably divided into seven principalities at the time) and forced the local rulers to become Rashtrakuta tributaries.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=28}}<br />
<br />
According to the Vemulavada inscription, Narasimha defeated Mahipala, the king of the [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjaras]], forcing him to flee; and subjugated the Gurjara kingdom. He defeated the king of the Gurjaras on the banks of the Ganges river, and bathed his horses in the Ganges river.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=24}} The [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] court poet [[Adikavi Pampa|Pampa]] describes Narasimha's achievements as follows:<br />
<br />
{{cquote|Narasimha plucked from Gurjara king's arms the Goddess of victory, whom, though desirous of keeping, he had held too loosely. Mahipala fled as if struck by thunderbolt, staying neither to eat nor to rest, nor to pick himself up, while Narasimha pursuing bathed his horses at the junction of the Ganges and established his fame.|source=[[Adikavi Pampa|Pampa]]{{sfn|Baij Nath Puri|1957|p=81}}}}<br />
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The Chalukya records also state that Mahipala installed his sword at a stone [[victory pillar]] at Kalapriya.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=25}} Some earlier scholars have identified Kalapriya with the Mahakala temple at [[Ujjain]], but there is no concrete evidence to support this identification. Kalapriya is probably modern Kalpi, where a temple dedicated to the deity Kalapriya is located on the banks of the [[Yamuna River]].{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|pp=28-29}} The Rashtrakuta forces besieged the Kalapriya shrine, demolished the walls of the ''prakara'' with their [[war elephant|elephants]], and tore off the flags in the courtyard.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=28}}<br />
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This description suggests that the after capture Lata and Malwa, the Rashtrakuta army proceeded to the Yamuna River in the north, and defeated Mahipala's Gurjara-Pratihara forces.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|pp=28-29}} As a Rashtrakuta general, Narasimha advanced up to the Ganges river, where he bathed his horses, and then returned to Kalapriya, where he erected a victory pillar. The Rashtrakuta army did not annex the Ganga-Yamuna plains to their territory, and returned to their core territory in Deccan after the campaign.{{sfn|N Venkataramanayya|1953|p=30}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
=== Bibliography ===<br />
<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book |author=N Venkataramanayya |title=The Chālukyas of L(V)ēmulavāḍa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f8k7_1PaFCsCx |publisher=Archaeological Department, Government of Hyderabad |year=1953 |oclc=958874923 }}<br />
* {{cite book |author=Baij Nath Puri |authorlink=Baij Nath Puri |title=The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szkhAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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[[Category:Chalukya kings of Vemulavada]]<br />
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enuga_Sreenivasulu_Reddy&diff=469738Enuga Sreenivasulu Reddy2025-09-13T21:48:54Z<p>WillisHeiman326: further cleanup layout based on references also and corrected details</p>
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{{Short description|Diplomat and anti-apartheid activist (1924–2020)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br />
<br />
{{Family name hatnote|Enuga|lang=Telugu}}{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Enuga Sreenivasulu Reddy<br />
| image = Enuga Sreenivasulu Reddy.jpg<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1924|7|1|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = Pallapalli, [[Nellore District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2020|11|1|1924|7|1|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], US<br />
| occupation = Diplomat at the [[United Nations]]<br />
| known_for = Anti-apartheid work<br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri|Padma Shri (Government of India)]]; [[Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo| Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo (Government of South Africa)]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Enuga Sreenivasulu Reddy''', also known as '''E. S. Reddy''' (1 July 1924 – 1 November 2020), was an Indian-born [[diplomat]] at the [[United Nations]] who led the [[Anti-Apartheid Movement|anti-apartheid]] efforts at the UN's Special Committee Against Apartheid (where he was the secretary from 1963 to 1965) and its Centre Against Apartheid (where he was the director from 1976 to 1983). He also served as director of the UN Trust Fund for South Africa and the Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa. During his time in these roles, he campaigned for economic boycott of the then Government of South Africa, advancing anti-apartheid actions including a combination of economic and social measures. He also lobbied for the release of the imprisoned leader [[Nelson Mandela]]. <br />
<br />
He was a recipient of the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honor, in 2000, and the [[Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo]] from the Government of South Africa in 2013.<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Reddy was born on 1 July 1924 in [[Pallapatti, Virudhunagar|Pallapatti]], in southern India. His father, E. V. Narasa Reddy, was a mining company executive and [[Freedom fighter (India)|Indian freedom fighter]]. He was noted to have participated in campaigns along with Indian anti-colonial nationalist, [[Mahatma Gandhi]], for betterment of treatment meted out to [[Harijans]], considered untouchables in India until then.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Roberts|first=Sam|date=5 November 2020|title=E.S. Reddy, Who Led U.N.'s Efforts Against Apartheid, Dies at 96|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/05/world/africa/es-reddy-dead.html|url-status=live|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106021245/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/05/world/africa/es-reddy-dead.html|archive-date=6 November 2020|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> His father was jailed for participating in Gandhi's protests, while his mother used money from selling her jewelry to support Gandhi's campaigns.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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Reddy finished his graduation from the [[University of Madras]] in 1943, and went on to complete his master's degree in political science from [[New York University]] in 1948. While he initially had an offer from the [[University of Illinois system|University of Illinois]] to pursue a degree in [[chemical engineering]], a shortage of ships sailing from [[Madras]] post [[World War II]] resulted in a delayed landing in the United States, and subsequently led to him pursuing a degree at New York University.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== Career ==<br />
===United Nations===<br />
After an [[internship]] at the [[United Nations]], Reddy started his career with the United Nations in 1949 as a political affairs officer. During this period he was also associated with the [[Council on African Affairs]], a volunteer-led organization which was a voice of [[Anti-Colonialism|anti-colonialism]] and [[Pan-Africanism]], working along with political activists [[Paul Robeson]] and [[W. E. B. Du Bois]].<ref name="Duberman284-285">Duberman, Martin, "[[iarchive:paulrobeson00dube/page/284/mode/2up|The Apex of Fame]]", ''Paul Robeson'', 1989, pp. 284–285.</ref> His interest in the South African struggle was sparked by a chance encounter with the then president of the [[African National Congress]], [[Alfred Bitini Xuma|A. B. Xuma]], who had come to New York to lobby for the movement at the United Nations.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gandhi|first=Gopalkrishna|date=4 November 2020|title=A lifetime of anti-apartheid struggle|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-lifetime-of-anti-apartheid-struggle/article33016641.ece|access-date=7 November 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=6 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106192324/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/a-lifetime-of-anti-apartheid-struggle/article33016641.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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He led the United Nations' efforts against apartheid between 1963 and 1984, in his role as a principal secretary within the Special Committee Against Apartheid, and later as a director at the Center Against Apartheid.<ref name=":2" /> During his time in these roles, he campaigned for economic boycott of the then Government of South Africa, with its racially discriminatory practices.<ref name=":0" /> During this period he worked with [[Oliver Tambo]], African National Congress leader in exile, in advancing anti-apartheid actions including a combination of economic and social measures.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|date=4 November 2020|title=E S Reddy, historian and anti-apartheid campaigner, 1924–2020|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a311951c-4688-4f20-a130-5826f245ecbd|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104203054/https://www.ft.com/content/a311951c-4688-4f20-a130-5826f245ecbd|archive-date=4 November 2020|access-date=7 November 2020|website=www.ft.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oliver Tambo, 1 October 1987 – Reproduced in Oliver Tambo and the Struggle against Apartheid, edited by E. S. Reddy {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/oliver-tambo-1-october-1987-reproduced-oliver-tambo-and-struggle-against-apartheid-edited-e|access-date=7 November 2020|website=www.sahistory.org.za|archive-date=13 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113004033/https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/oliver-tambo-1-october-1987-reproduced-oliver-tambo-and-struggle-against-apartheid-edited-e|url-status=live}}</ref> He lobbied for the release of the imprisoned leader [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
<!--<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote = No one knows more about Gandhi's impact in South Africa than a man named E. S. Reddy. A student radical in India in the 1940s, Reddy was the moving spirit behind the United Nations' Centre Against Apartheid from the 1960s to the 1980s. Writing in 1996, Reddy noted that Gandhi's example and methods animated both the Indian passive resistance of 1946 and the broader Defiance Campaign of 1952. Then he continued: "Even when the ANC decided on armed struggle, there was great emphasis on avoiding loss of life. Non-violent resistance continued in new forms throughout the struggle. The influence of Gandhi may also be discerned in the spirit of reconciliation which followed the establishment of a democratic government in 1994. I believe that the thought of Mahatma Gandhi was tested and enriched in South Africa's struggle for liberation."<br />
| source = Historian [[Ramachandra Guha]] writing about Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ramachandra Guha|title=Some African Gandhians, The Telegraph|url=http://ramachandraguha.in/archives/some-african-gandhians-the-telegraph.html|access-date=2020-11-06|website=::Welcome to Ramachandra Guha.in::|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
| align = right<br />
| width = 400px<br />
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-->He served as the [[Assistant Secretary-General]] of the United Nations between 1983 and 1985. Speaking about his role at the United Nations, Reddy recounted that some of his work was motivated, "by a feeling that I had not made enough sacrifice for India's freedom, so I should compensate by doing what I can for the rest of the colonies."<ref name=":0" /> During this time, he further generated awareness against apartheid by convening seminars and international conferences as well as driving campaigns for action against the government. He also instituted scholarships for families of political prisoners in South Africa.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
==== Positions ====<br />
Reddy's positions at the United Nations included:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Enuga Sreenivasulu Reddy {{!}} Anti-apartheid|url=http://www.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/aama/entry/enuga_sreenivasulu_reddy/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706002040/http://www.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/aama/entry/enuga_sreenivasulu_reddy/|archive-date=6 July 2011|access-date=8 August 2011}}</ref><br />
*Principal Secretary, United Nations Special Committee against Apartheid, 1963–1967.<br />
*Chief of Section for African Questions, 1967–1975.<br />
* Director, United Nations Centre against Apartheid, 1976–1984.<br />
* Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations, 1983–1985.<br />
*Senior fellow, United Nations Institute for Training and Research, 1985–1993.<br />
*Member, Council of Trustees of the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, 1986–1992.<br />
<br />
===Post-1985===<br />
After his retirement in 1985, he wrote about the early history of the anti-apartheid movements, black liberation, and the linkages between Indian and South African social justice movements.<ref name=":0" /> He was a scholar of Mahatma Gandhi's works and edited anthologies of Gandhi's influence on South Africa<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gandhi and South Africa: 1914–1948 by E. S. Reddy and Gopalkrishna Gandhi {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/gandhi-and-south-africa-1914-1948-es-reddy-and-gopalkrishna-gandhi|access-date=7 November 2020|website=www.sahistory.org.za|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020152438/https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/gandhi-and-south-africa-1914-1948-es-reddy-and-gopalkrishna-gandhi|url-status=live}}</ref> and America.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gandhi, Mahatma, 1869–1948.|title=Mahatma Gandhi, letters to Americans|date=1998|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|others=Reddy, E. S.|isbn=81-7276-120-1|edition=1st|location=Mumbai|oclc=43720720}}</ref> He helped find letters from Gandhi to anti-apartheid activists and leaders of the South African Indian community, [[Yusuf Dadoo]] and [[Monty Naicker]], which helped further identify links between social justice movements in both countries.<ref name=":2" /> Some of his works including papers and private collection was donated to [[Yale University Library]], [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]], [[University of the Witwatersrand]] and [[University of Durban-Westville]].<ref name=":3" /> He also served as a consultant to the [[African National Congress]] led efforts at the Department of Information to develop its Historical Documents and United Nations collections.<ref name=":3" /><br />
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== Awards and recognition ==<br />
Reddy received the [[World Peace Council prizes|Joliot-Curie medal of the World Peace Council]] in 1982 for his anti-apartheid activities.<ref name=":0" /> The Indian government awarded him the [[Padma Shri]], the nation's fourth highest civilian honor in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Enuga Sreenivasulu Reddy {{!}} Padma Shri 2000|url=http://www.organiser.org/16apr2000/cyclone.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090717035044/http://www.organiser.org/16apr2000/cyclone.html|archive-date=17 July 2009|access-date=8 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government of India – Padma Awards|url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/AboutAwards.aspx|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2021|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117124803/https://padmaawards.gov.in/AboutAwards.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Arun Jaitley, Sushma Swaraj, Mary Kom Among 141 Padma Awards Recipients|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/padma-awards-arun-jaitley-sushma-swaraj-george-fernandes-posthumously-awarded-padma-vibhushan-indias-2169730|access-date=2021-03-18|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=25 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200525101435/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/padma-awards-arun-jaitley-sushma-swaraj-george-fernandes-posthumously-awarded-padma-vibhushan-indias-2169730|url-status=live}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo]] by the Government of South Africa in 2013.<ref name=":0" /> He received an honorary [[Doctor of Philosophy]] from the [[University of Durban-Westville]] in 1995 for his work against apartheid in South Africa.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
Speaking about Reddy's work, [[Nobel Peace Prize]] awardee and former [[UN Commissioner for Namibia]], [[Seán MacBride]] said, "There is no one at the United Nations who has done more to expose the injustices of apartheid and the illegality of the South African regime than he has."<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Enuga Sreenivasulu Reddy {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/enuga-sreenivasulu-reddy|access-date=6 November 2020|website=www.sahistory.org.za|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102173720/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/enuga-sreenivasulu-reddy|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian historian, [[Ramachandra Guha]], dedicated his book ''[[Gandhi Before India]]'' to Reddy, and noted of him in his dedication, "Indian patriot, South African democrat, friend and mentor to Gandhian scholars of all nationalities."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WfCAQAAQBAJ&q=Indian+patriot,+South+African+democrat,+friend+and+mentor+to+Gandhian+scholars+of+all+nationalities|title=Gandhi Before India|date=15 April 2014|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-53230-3|language=en|access-date=7 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129173426/https://books.google.com/books?id=6WfCAQAAQBAJ&q=Indian+patriot%2C+South+African+democrat%2C+friend+and+mentor+to+Gandhian+scholars+of+all+nationalities|url-status=live}}</ref><!-- Guha also praises Reddy:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>No one knows more about Gandhi's impact in South Africa than a man named E. S. Reddy. A student radical in India in the 1940s, Reddy was the moving spirit behind the United Nations' Centre Against Apartheid from the 1960s to the 1980s. Writing in 1996, Reddy noted that Gandhi’s example and methods animated both the Indian passive resistance of 1946 and the broader Defiance Campaign of 1952. Then he continued: "Even when the ANC decided on armed struggle, there was great emphasis on avoiding loss of life. Non-violent resistance continued in new forms throughout the struggle. The influence of Gandhi may also be discerned in the spirit of reconciliation which followed the establishment of a democratic government in 1994. I believe that the thought of Mahatma Gandhi was tested and enriched in South Africa’s struggle for liberation."</blockquote> --><br />
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== Personal life ==<br />
Reddy was married to Nilufer Mizanoglu, a writer and translator of [[Turkish literature]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>Twenty Stories by Turkish Women Writers (Indiana University Turkish Studies joint series with the Ministry of Culture of the Turkish Republic, v. 8.), trans. Nilufer Reddy Mizanoglu (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Univ. Turkish Studies, 1988). 14.</ref> They had two daughters, Mina Reddy and Leyla Tegmo-Reddy.<ref name=":0" /> He died on 1 November 2020 in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], at the age of 96.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nair|first=Nivashni|title=ES Reddy, who led the UN campaign against apartheid, dies at 96|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/world/2020-11-02-es-reddy-who-led-the-un-campaign-against-apartheid-dies-at-96/|access-date=6 November 2020|website=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA|archive-date=2 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102093705/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/world/2020-11-02-es-reddy-who-led-the-un-campaign-against-apartheid-dies-at-96/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Books ==<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Mahatma|url= |title=Mahatma Gandhi, Letters to Americans: Compiled and Edited by E.S. Reddy|date=1998|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|language=en |ref=none}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Reddy|first=E. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SRAiAAAAMAAJ|title=Struggle for Freedom in Southern Africa: Its International Significance|date=1987|publisher=Mainstream|language=en |ref=none}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Reddy|first=E. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2t1BAAAAYAAJ&q=E.S.+Reddy|title=International Action Against Apartheid: The Nordic States and Nigeria|date=1986|publisher=Nigerian Institute of International Affairs|language=en |ref=none}}<br />
* Reddy, E. S., ed.(2006): [http://www.fredsakademiet.dk/library/nordic/friends.pdf Friends of Gandhi]: Correspondence of Mahatma Gandhi with Esther Faering (Menon), Anne Marie Petersen and Ellen Hørup, by Mahatma Gandhi, Ellen Hørup, Esther Faering Menon, and Anne Marie Petersen, also ed. by Holger Terp. National Gandhi Museum.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ms.1499 E. S. Reddy Papers (MS 1499).] Record details of papers held at [[Yale University]]<br />
* [https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/archive-files/india_and_south_africa_by_e.s._reddy.pdf India and South Africa: A collection of papers by E.S. Reddy] (PDF) South African History Online<br />
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{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Public Affairs}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Enuga Sreenivasulu}}<br />
[[Category:2020 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:New York University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in public affairs]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-apartheid activists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian officials of the United Nations]]<br />
[[Category:1924 births]]<br />
[[Category:American politicians of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:People from Nellore district]]<br />
[[Category:Gandhians]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Telugu descent]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basara,_Telangana&diff=489978Basara, Telangana2025-08-23T09:11:04Z<p>WillisHeiman326: </p>
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{{Infobox settlement<br />
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| image_caption = Basara Temple view<br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|18|52|54|N|77|57|10|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = [[India]]<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nirmal district|Nirmal]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 =2.327<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 579<br />
| population_total = 11294<br />
| population_as_of = 2015<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = 4854<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = TG<br />
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Veda sila at basara.JPG|thumb|250px|Veda sila at Basar]]<br />
<br />
'''Basara''' is a [[census town]] in [[Nirmal district]] in the state of [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It is located about {{convert|208|km|mi|0}} north of the state capital [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], {{convert|34|km|mi|0}} from [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] and {{convert|73|km|mi|0}} from the district headquarters [[Nirmal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirmal District |url=http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476129948200223.Nirmal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019094550/http://newdistrictsformation.telangana.gov.in/uploads/gos-circulars/1476129948200223.Nirmal.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2016 |accessdate=2016-10-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Basara has an average elevation of 579 metres (1899 feet).<br />
<br />
It is located on the banks of [[Godavari|River Godavari]] and is famous for its [[Gnana Saraswati Temple, Basar|Saraswathi temple]] in India. This temple is one of the very few temples of [[Saraswati|Goddess Saraswati]] in [[India]].<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web<br />
| url = http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999<br />
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999<br />
| archivedate = 2004-06-16<br />
| title = Census of India 2001: Data fromc the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)<br />
| accessdate = 2008-11-01<br />
| work = <br />
| publisher = Census Commission of India<br />
}}</ref> Basara had a population of 5,865. Males constitute 56% of the population and females 44%. Basara has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 61% of the males and 39% of females literate. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br />
<br />
== Rail transport ==<br />
Basara (Railway Station Code: '''BSX''') is a [[List of railway stations in India|railway station]] under [[Hyderabad railway division|Hyderabad Division]] of [[South Central Railway]](SCR). It is the last Telangana station on the Secunderabad-Manmad line. The next station [[Dharmabad]], lies in Maharashtra. The town of Basar is connected to [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Nanded]], [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] and [[Mumbai]].<br />
<br />
== Saraswathi temple ==<br />
The [[Gnana Saraswati Temple, Basara]] is a temple of [[Saraswati]], the Hindu Goddess of Knowledge and Learning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/education/iiit-basara-students-continue-their-strike/article65545583.ece|title=IIIT-Basara students call off strike}}</ref> Children are brought here to do the learning ceremony called ''Akshara Abyasam'' (means "initiation into education").<br />
<br />
It is situated about 200&nbsp;km from Hyderabad and 34.8&nbsp;km from Nizamabad and 72&nbsp;km from its district headquarters Nirmal. Basara is 600&nbsp;km from Mumbai, by a train on the new Secunderabad – Mumbai Devagiri Express.<br />
<br />
<ref name="Basaratemple">{{cite web<br />
| url = http://www.basaratemple.org<br />
| publisher = Basaratemple.org<br />
| title = OM Namo Sri Gnana Saraswathi Devi Namaha<br />
| accessdate = 2016-11-12<br />
}}</ref> Godavari Harati daily Timings 06:00 to 19:30<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
The town is also home to [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies|IIIT Basara]], a state university offering engineering courses, and Sri Veda Bharathi Peetham. Both were established in 2008.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Nirmal district]]</div>WillisHeiman326https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaanam_(soundtrack)&diff=543202Vaanam (soundtrack)2025-08-16T00:45:05Z<p>WillisHeiman326: new initial info first draft</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Vaanam<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
| cover = Vaanam (soundtrack).png<br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 30 March 2011<br />
| recorded = 2010–2011<br />
| venue = [[Prasad Studios]], [[Chennai]]<br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 23:25<br />
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| label = [[Ishtar Music|Venus Music]]<br />
| producer = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Kadhal 2 Kalyanam]]<br />
| prev_year = 2011<br />
| next_title = [[Jolly Boy]]<br />
| next_year = 2011<br />
| misc = {{Singles<br />
| name = Vaanam<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| single1 = [[Evan Di Unna Pethan]]<br />
| single1date = 1 December 2010<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
'''''Vaanam''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for the 2011 Tamil film [[Vaanam|of the same name]] directed by [[Krish Jagarlamudi|Krish]] and stars [[Silambarasan]], [[Bharath (actor)|Bharath]], [[Anushka Shetty]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Sonia Agarwal]] and [[Saranya Ponvannan]]. The film featured five songs with the lyrics of Silambarasan, Yuvan, Abhishek–Lawrence and [[Na. Muthukumar]].<br />
<br />
The song "[[Evan Di Unna Pethan]]" was released as the [[lead single]] from the album on 1 December 2010 and achieved significant commercial success. It received widespread popularity amongst youngsters while also drawing notable attention and criticism for its lyrics. The album was released on 30 March 2011 through the [[Venus Records & Tapes|Venus Music]] label to positive reviews from critics.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] was assigned to score music for ''Vaanam''; he previously scored for Silambarasan's ''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]'' (2004), ''[[Vallavan]]'' (2006) and ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]'' (2008) whose albums being chartbusters.<ref name="TOI1" /> Silambarasan wrote lyrics for the song "Evan Di Unna Pethan", an "international level club mix" number that blended Tamil and English lyrics written by the composer himself.<ref name="TOI1">{{cite news |date=2010-11-14 |title=Yuvan's track will rock: Simbu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Yuvans-track-will-rock-Simbu/articleshow/6920308.cms |access-date=2010-12-12 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The composer duo Abhishek–Lawrence wrote and performed the song "Cable Raja";<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=Vaanam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vaanam/OjNQhgXVw8A_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406101133/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/vaanam/OjNQhgXVw8A_ |archive-date=6 April 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> the remaining tracks are written by [[Na. Muthukumar]].<ref name=":2" /> Yuvan and Simbu went to [[Bangkok]] in early 2010, to compose the songs for the film.<ref>{{cite news |date=20 October 2011 |title=Kollywood: Not on track |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-20/news-interviews/30302357_1_composers-music-audio-labels |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206100902/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-20/news-interviews/30302357_1_composers-music-audio-labels |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=19 November 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |quote=[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] and [[Silambarasan Rajendar|Simbu]] went to [[Bangkok]] to compose for ''Vaanam''}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release and marketing ==<br />
<br />
=== Single ===<br />
{{Main|Evan Di Unna Pethan}}<br />
In an attempt to popularize the film and its music, the team launched the song "Evan Di Unna Pethan" as a [[Single (music)|single]] from the album.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2010 |title=Yuvan's Vaanam single track |url=http://sify.com/movies/yuvans-vaanam-single-track-news-tamil-kkgu7chbhcj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007062915/http://sify.com/movies/yuvans-vaanam-single-track-news-tamil-kkgu7chbhcj.html |archive-date=7 October 2010 |access-date=30 November 2010 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> According to ''[[Sify]]'', it was the first time, a single was released ahead of the film's audio launch.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |date=2010-12-01 |title=Yuvan's single track for Vaanam |url=http://sify.com/movies/yuvan-s-single-track-for-vaanam-news-tamil-kl2kUcjdeej.html?scategory=tamil |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811185047/http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-s-single-track-for-vaanam-news-tamil-kl2kUcjdeej.html?scategory=tamil |archive-date=2011-08-11 |access-date=2010-12-12 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>{{Efn|name=LesaLesa|Though this was incorrect, the trend of releasing a single from the album was attempted first with ''[[Lesa Lesa]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2002 |title=A sound single |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/a-sound-single/article28602411.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030052849/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/a-sound-single/article28602411.ece |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Sankar |date=5 June 2002 |title=A gentle promo for Lesa Lesa |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/06/05/stories/2002060501970600.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128022835/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2002/06/05/stories/2002060501970600.htm |archive-date=28 November 2009 |access-date=22 May 2018 |website=[[Business Line]]}}</ref>}} An event was supposed to be held at [[London]] on 17 October 2010, to release the single,<ref name="indiaglitz.com">{{cite web |title='Vaanam' audio on Oct 17 from London - Tamil Movie News |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/60826.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016232927/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/60826.html |archive-date=16 October 2010 |access-date=2012-02-15 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> but after numerous complications and delays,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=19 October 2010 |title=Vaanam's audio launch postponed! |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-19/news-interviews/28256962_1_vaanam-producer-ganesh-visa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120723233320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-19/news-interviews/28256962_1_vaanam-producer-ganesh-visa |archive-date=23 July 2012 |access-date=16 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> it was officially unveiled on 1 December 2010 at the [[Chennai Citi Centre|Citi Center]], [[Chennai]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-12-01 |title=Single special |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Dec/01/single-special-207333.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241017083212/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2010/Dec/01/single-special-207333.html |archive-date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The song achieved massive popularity amongst youngsters and set tremendous records in sales and digital downloads.<ref>{{cite web |date=2011-03-05 |title=Vaanam is on Cloud nine! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaanam-is-on-cloud-nine-news-tamil-lddvE0gheid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304195144/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaanam-is-on-cloud-nine-news-tamil-lddvE0gheid.html |archive-date=2011-03-04 |access-date=2012-02-15 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="Vaanam’for Valentine’s Day">{{cite news |date=2010-12-27 |title='Vaanam'for Valentine's Day |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/62600.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228202341/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/62600.html |archive-date=28 December 2010 |access-date=2010-12-27 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> A Hindi version of the song was composed under the title "Kaun Hai Baap Tera", featuring Silambarasan in his [[Bollywood]] debut.<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |date=2011-03-09 |title=Simbu is busy with music video! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Simbu-is-busy-with-music-video/articleshow/7654758.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603130754/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-09/news-interviews/28672142_1_song-music-channels-music-video |archive-date=2012-06-03 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{cite web |date=2011-03-10 |title=Simbu rocks in Mumbai |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/simbu-rocks-mumbai-975 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011034328/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloids/simbu-rocks-mumbai-975 |archive-date=11 October 2012 |access-date=2012-02-15 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Music launch ===<br />
The album was launched on 30 March 2011 at the [[Residency Towers Chennai|Residency Towers]] in [[Chennai]] with the attendance of the cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2011 |title=A star-studded music launch of 'Vaanam' |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-23/regional/29177288_1_vaanam-yuvan-shankar-raja-music |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708114630/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-23/regional/29177288_1_vaanam-yuvan-shankar-raja-music |archive-date=8 July 2012 |access-date=1 May 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
The soundtrack received positive reviews from music critics. Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff]]'' gave a two and a half out of five rating and said "Like some of Yuvan's most recent albums, ''Vaanam'' too, scores in some areas: the number Vaanam and Who am I. The rest fall into the Yuvan template, while the appeal of Evandi Unnai Pethan is almost purely its in-your-face lyrics. For those who hoped for melodious numbers, this one might prove a dampener".<ref name="rf">{{Cite web |date=15 April 2011 |title=Review: Vaanam music has mixed appeal |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music-review-vaanam/20110415.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829084753/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/music-review-vaanam/20110415.htm |archive-date=29 August 2011 |access-date=18 August 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' rated 6.75 out of 10 to the album and wrote "Yuvan Shankar Raja sticks to the regular Simbu template in ''Vaanam''<nowiki/>'s soundtrack as well but fails to match the usual quality."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Vipin |date=2011-04-01 |title=Vaanam (Tamil Movie) – Music Review |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2011/03/23/vaanam-tamil-movie-music-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331183423/https://www.musicaloud.com/2011/03/23/vaanam-tamil-movie-music-review/ |archive-date=2014-03-31 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Music Aloud}}</ref><br />
<br />
In contrast, R. Richard Mahesh of ''Behindwoods'' rated three out of five stars and wrote "''Vaanam'' can be regarded as one of the Yuvan’s better compositions and it is sure to make high waves now."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahesh |first=R. Richard |date=2011-03-30 |title=Vaanam Music Review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/mar-11-04/vaanam-music-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804062231/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-music-reviews/review-1/mar-11-04/vaanam-music-review.html |archive-date=2011-08-04 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''Milliblog'' wrote "Despite all drawbacks, Vaanam remains a very listenable soundtrack".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=2011-03-30 |title=Vaanam (Music review), Tamil – Yuvan Shankar Raja |url=https://milliblog.com/2011/03/21/vaanam-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616100323/https://milliblog.com/2011/03/21/vaanam-music-review-tamil-yuvan-shankar-raja/ |archive-date=2017-06-16 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Thought-provoking lyrics from Na. Muthukumar (‘Who Am I?' in particular) and Yuvan Shankar Raja's foot-tapping score are the other accentuating features."<ref name="H">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=2011-05-01 |title=Stars stomp the sky – Vaanam |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/05/01/stories/2011050150050200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503142054/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2011/05/01/stories/2011050150050200.htm |archive-date=3 May 2011 |access-date=18 August 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |quote=}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Music of Yuvan is just ok, but it is the background score which keeps you hooked to the narration."<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |title=Vaanam – Review |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vaanam-review-review-tamil-14968580.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130052925/http://www.sify.com/movies/vaanam-review-review-tamil-14968580.html |archive-date=30 January 2014 |access-date=18 August 2011 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
Following the success of "Evan Di Unna Pethan", filmmakers and music directors capitalized on the resurging trend of releasing singles before the music launch.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-10-10 |title=Kollywood's 'single' success |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kollywoods-single-success/articleshow/10298769.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241016173803/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kollywoods-single-success/articleshow/10298769.cms |archive-date=2024-10-16 |access-date=2024-10-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-31 |title=Happy birthday Yuvan Shankar Raja: 15 songs that prove why he is the most versatile composer ever |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2019/Aug/31/happy-birthday-yuvan-shankar-raja-15-songs-that-prove-why-he-is-the-most-versatile-composer-ever-102500.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126151809/https://www.newindianexpress.com/galleries/entertainment/2019/Aug/31/happy-birthday-yuvan-shankar-raja-15-songs-that-prove-why-he-is-the-most-versatile-composer-ever-102500.html |archive-date=2022-01-26 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Yuvan followed the similar strategy for ''[[Mankatha]]'' (2011),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janani |first=K. |date=2011-05-10 |title=Just one song of Mankatha |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/just-one-song-mankatha-574 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514174955/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/just-one-song-mankatha-574 |archive-date=2011-05-14 |access-date=2011-05-20 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> with [[Vijay Antony]] did the same for his film ''[[Naan (2012 film)|Naan]]'' and Dharan Kumar for ''[[Podaa Podi]]'' (both 2012), also starring Silambarasan.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=2012-08-04 |title=Audio Beat: Naan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3727593.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012073433/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3727593.ece |archive-date=2012-10-12 |access-date=2012-08-18 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-08 |title=Simbu does it again |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2012/Sep/08/simbu-does-it-again-404175.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Controversy ==<br />
Despite its success, the song "Evan Di Unna Pethan" faced opposition for its lyrics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-03-28 |title=5 times when lyrics in Tamil film songs courted controversy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/5-times-when-lyrics-in-tamil-film-songs-courted-controversy/photostory/81726633.cms?picid=81727177 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924060805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/5-times-when-lyrics-in-tamil-film-songs-courted-controversy/photostory/81726633.cms |archive-date=2023-09-24 |access-date=2024-10-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA2">{{Cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=Chennai High Court Quashes Beep Song Case Against Tamil Actor Silambarasan |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/chennai-high-court-quashes-beep-song-case-against-tamil-actor-silambarasan-4783079.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007010753/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/chennai-high-court-quashes-beep-song-case-against-tamil-actor-silambarasan-4783079.html |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=4 October 2024 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> A women's right organization in Chennai issued a statement against Silambarasan for the lyrics being "chauvinistic" and "demean women",<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |last1=Murali |first1=Divya |last2=Iniyan |title=Kollywood's brush with controversy |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/controversy-films/vaanam.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506163244/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-slide-shows/movie-4/controversy-films/vaanam.html |archive-date=2011-05-06 |access-date=2012-02-15 |work=Behindwoods}}</ref> and demanded to censor the song, albeit several prominent people from the film industry came in support for the actor.<ref name="ReferenceB2">{{Cite web |last=Rajagopal |first=Srinidhi |date=14 March 2011 |title=Simbu, controversy's child? |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/chennai/simbu-controversy%E2%80%99s-child-989 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517164001/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/chennai/simbu-controversy%E2%80%99s-child-989 |archive-date=17 May 2011 |access-date=15 February 2012 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The debate against the misogynistic lyrics saw a resurgence after the [[Swathi murder case]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vangal |first=Uma |date=2016-07-09 |title=Swathi murder: Tamil cinema is a convenient villain, the roots of violence lie elsewhere |url=https://scroll.in/reel/811452/swathi-murder-tamil-cinema-is-a-convenient-villain-the-roots-of-violence-lie-elsewhere |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014091541/https://scroll.in/reel/811452/swathi-murder-tamil-cinema-is-a-convenient-villain-the-roots-of-violence-lie-elsewhere |archive-date=2022-10-14 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2016 |title=Swathi was not the first...and she will not be the last |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/jun/30/swathi-was-not-the-first...and-she-will-not-be-the-last-886618.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723185209/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/jun/30/Swathi-was-not-the-first...and-she-will-not-be-the-last-886618.html |archive-date=23 July 2021 |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> with activists and cinephiles who speculated that the cinematic portrayals of women and romance in Tamil films deemed to be unrealistic and dangerous for women in real life situations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=3 July 2016 |title=Glorifying stalking and violence, when will Kollywood end this Kolaveri? |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/glorifying-stalking-and-violence-when-will-kollywood-end-kolaveri-45845 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027192652/https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/glorifying-stalking-and-violence-when-will-kollywood-end-kolaveri-45845 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivatsan |date=12 October 2016 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's Remo to Dhanush's Kolaveri Di: When will Tamil cinema bid goodbye to misogyny? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/remo-review-sivakarthikeyan-dhanush-kolaveri-di-simbu-beep-song-346113-2016-10-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721084449/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/remo-review-sivakarthikeyan-dhanush-kolaveri-di-simbu-beep-song-346113-2016-10-12 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=India Today}}</ref> In May 2017, a video was published by three women police offers expressing their awareness about misogyny in films and used a snippet of the song "Evan Di Unna Pethan".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu female cops release video condemning misogynistic portrayal of women in Indian movies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/watch-right-now/video/tamil-nadu-female-police-officers-sexist-portrayal-of-women-in-movies-sons-847859-2017-05-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112025629/https://www.indiatoday.in/watch-right-now/video/tamil-nadu-female-police-officers-sexist-portrayal-of-women-in-movies-sons-847859-2017-05-04 |archive-date=2020-11-12 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=4 May 2017 |title=These Lady IPS officers want 'misogynist' film industry to behave: Are Dhanush, Simbu, Sivakarthikeyan, GV Prakash listening? |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/these-lady-ips-officers-want-misogynist-film-industry-behave-are-dhanush-simbu-725426 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525005945/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/these-lady-ips-officers-want-misogynist-film-industry-behave-are-dhanush-simbu-725426 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=10 January 2021 |website=ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2017-05-03 |title=Filmmakers need to step up: Three women TN IPS officers take on misogyny in cinema |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/filmmakers-need-step-three-women-ips-officers-take-misogyny-cinema-61412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241017083144/https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/filmmakers-need-step-three-women-ips-officers-take-misogyny-cinema-61412 |archive-date=2024-10-17 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> The song "Evada Unna Petha" from the [[C. S. Amudhan]]-directorial ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'' (2018) was named after this song and considered to be a spoof on it as well as the other "soup songs" in Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aiyyappan |first=Ashameera |date=2018-03-08 |title=Tamizh Padam 2.0 song Evada Unna Petha: We finally get the soup song for women |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamizh-padam-2-0-song-evada-unna-petha-5090550/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411042051/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamizh-padam-2-0-song-evada-unna-petha-5090550/ |archive-date=2018-04-11 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2018-03-08 |title='Tamizh Padam 2.0' song 'Evada Unna Petha' is an ode to the 'soup girls' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/871232/tamizh-padam-2-0-song-evada-unna-petha-is-an-ode-to-the-soup-girls |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903093656/https://scroll.in/reel/871232/tamizh-padam-2-0-song-evada-unna-petha-is-an-ode-to-the-soup-girls |archive-date=2019-09-03 |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Track listing ==<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = <br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 23:25<br />
| all_lyrics = <br />
| title1 = [[Evan Di Unna Pethan]]<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Silambarasan]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]<br />
| extra1 = Silambarasan, Yuvan Shankar Raja<br />
| length1 = 5:54<br />
| title2 = Vaanam<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Na. Muthukumar]]<br />
| extra2 = Yuvan Shankar Raja<br />
| length2 = 3:46<br />
| title3 = Cable Raja<br />
| lyrics3 = Abhishek–Lawrence<br />
| extra3 = Abhishek–Lawrence<br />
| length3 = 4:01<br />
| title4 = Who Am I<br />
| lyrics4 = Na. Muthukumar<br />
| extra4 = [[Benny Dayal]]<br />
| length4 = 4:20<br />
| title5 = No Money No Honey<br />
| lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar<br />
| extra5 = Silambarasan, [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Srikanth Deva]]<br />
| length5 = 5:24<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Yuvan Shankar Raja}}<br />
[[Category:2011 soundtrack albums]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]<br />
[[Category:Yuvan Shankar Raja soundtracks]]</div>WillisHeiman326