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Nagpur–Amritsar AC Superfast Express

2026-05-07T13:57:59Z

WilliamsLin216: done

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = D24E01
| name = Nagpur Junction – Amritsar Junction ''AC Superfast Express''
| logo =
| image = Nagpur ac express.jpg
| caption = Nagpur-Amritsar AC Superfast Express Arrived At [[Itarsi Junction railway station|Itarsi Junction]]
| type = [[AC Express (Indian Railways)|AC Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2017|05|13}}
| last =
| operator = [[Central Railway zone|Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Nagpur}} (NGP)
| stops = 9
| end = {{stnlnk|Amritsar}} (ASR)
| distance = {{convert|1541|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 27 hours
| frequency = Weekly.
| class = AC First Class, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier
| seating = No
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 22125 / 22126
| speed = {{convert|130|km/h|0|abbr=on}} maximum, {{convert|60|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = {{Nagpur–Amritsar AC Superfast Express Route}}
| map_state =
}}

The 22125 / 22126 '''Nagpur–Amritsar AC Superfast Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|AC express]] train of the AC Express series belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Nagpur Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Amritsar Junction}} in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=3975&did=14941405840901C28F2D266024B91559FAB862CAB685F.web91|title=Central Railway / Indian Railways Portal|website=cr.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>

It operates as train number 22125 from Nagpur Junction to Amritsar Junction and as train number 22126 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]] & [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].

==Coaches==

The 22125 / 26 Nagpur–Amritsar AC Superfast Express has 9 AC 3 tier, 4 AC 2 Tier, 1 AC 1st Class & 2 End-on Generator Coaches. It doesn't carry a [[pantry car]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/amritsar-train-passengers-complain-of-rly-apathy/articleshow/59025164.cms|title=Amritsar train passengers complain of railway apathy | Nagpur News|website=The Times of India |date=7 June 2017 }}</ref>

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

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|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 4
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!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:magenta;"| 16
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||H1||A4||A3||A2||A1||B9||B8||B7||B6||B5||B4||B3||B2||B1||EOG
|}

* EOG consists of Luggage and Generator coach
* B consists of AC 3 Tier coach
* PC consists of Pantry car coach
* A consists of AC 2 Tier coach
* H consists of First Class AC coach

==Service==

The 22125 Nagpur–Amritsar Junction AC Superfast Express covers the distance of {{convert|1541|km|0|abbr=on}} in 27 hours 15 mins (57.00 km/h) and in 24 hours 15 mins as 22126 Amritsar–Nagpur AC Superfast Express (64.00 km/h).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/ludhiana/amritsar-nagpur-train-starts-to-deal-with-rush/407263.html|title=Amritsar–Nagpur train starts to deal with rush |work=Tribune India|date= 15 May 2017}}</ref>

As the average speed of the train is above {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare includes a [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast Express]] surcharge.

==Routeing==

The 22125 / 26 Nagpur–Amritsar AC Superfast Express runs from Nagpur Junction via {{stnlnk|Bhopal Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jhansi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}}, {{stnlnk|New Delhi}}, {{stnlnk|Ambala Cantonment Junction}} to Amritsar Junction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.totaltraininfo.com/blog/86|title=ग्वालियर को भोपाल और दिल्ली के लिए नई ट्रैन मिली|website=Total Train Info}}</ref>

==Traction==

As the route is fully electrified, a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ajni|Ajni Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive powers the train up to its destination.

==Operation==

*22125 Nagpur–Amritsar AC Superfast Express leaves Nagpur Junction every Saturday & arriving Amritsar Junction the next day.
*22126 Amritsar–Nagpur AC Superfast Express leaves Amritsar Junction every Monday & arriving Nagpur Junction the next day.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/23160 22125 AC Superfast Express] at India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/23161 22126 AC Superfast Express] at India Rail Info

{{AC Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagpur-Amritsar AC Superfast Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Nagpur]]
[[Category:Transport in Amritsar]]
[[Category:AC Express (Indian Railways) trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]

Champavati

2026-05-03T13:36:48Z

WilliamsLin216: New.

{{Short description|Snake bridegroom folktale from Assam, India}}

{{Infobox folk tale
|Folk_Tale_Name = Champavati
|Image_Name =
|Image_Caption =
|Aarne-Thompson Grouping = * AaTh 433C, "The Serpent Husband and The Jealous Girl"
* ATU 433B, "[[King Lindworm]]"
|AKA = ''Champawati'', ''Campāvatī'', ''Champabati''
|Mythology =
|Region = [[Assam]], [[India]]
|Published_In =
|Related = * [[The Story of the Hamadryad]]
* [[The Origin of the Sirenia (Cambodian folktale)|The Origin of the Sirenia]]
}}

'''Champavati''' ([[Assamese language|Assamese]]: চম্পাৱতী; ''Champawati'', ''Campāvatī''<ref>{{cite journal |last=Goswami |first=P. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99772/page/n346/mode/1up |title=The Cinderella Motif in Assamese Folk-tales |journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=4 (December) |date=1947 |page=316}}</ref> or ''Champabati''<ref>{{cite book |title=Old Mother's Wise Tales: Burhi Aair Sadhu |first=Lakshminath |last=Bezbaroa |translator=Nripen Dutta Baruah |publisher=LBS Publications |date=2020 |pages=136–145}}</ref>) is an [[Assam]]ese [[Folklore|folk tale]]. It was first collected in the compilation of Assamese folklore titled ''[[Burhi Aair Sadhu]]'', by poet [[Lakshminath Bezbaroa]]. According to Assamese scholars, the story is known in Assam and among Assamese people.

The tale is related to the international cycle of the ''[[Animal as Bridegroom]]'', wherein a heroine marries a husband in animal form who reveals he is man underneath. In this case, the heroine marries a husband in animal shape that becomes human, while another girl marries a real animal and dies. Variants of the narrative are located in India and [[Southeast Asia]], with few registered in the Brazilian and Arab/Middle Eastern folktale catalogues.

==Summary==
According to [[Praphulladatta Goswami]], there are at least three published versions of ''Champavati''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tales of Assam |first=Praphulladatta |last=Goswami |publisher=Publication Board, Assam |date=1980 |pages=312–313 (source for tale nr. 17) |author-link=Praphulladatta Goswami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqyBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22datta+Goswami+,+Asam+Deshar+Sadhu+,+1962%22}}</ref> In addition, the tale is considered to be an "enduring folk narrative" in Assam,<ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/69586 |title=The world of women in assamese folk narratives |last=Goswami |first=Neelakshi |date=31 May 2009 |publisher=Gauhati University |page=56 |hdl=10603/69586 |type=Doctor of Philosophy}}</ref> being very popular among the [[Assamese people]] and known, for example, in different districts of [[Lower Assam]]<ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/221886 |title=Rice lore in lower assam an exploratory study |last=Deka |first=Dipjyoti |date=2017 |publisher=Gauhati University |page=193 |hdl=10603/221886 |type=Doctor of Philosophy}}</ref> and in [[North Lakhimpur]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Goswami |first=P. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99772/page/n346/mode/1up |title=The Cinderella Motif in Assamese Folk-tales |journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=4 (December) |date=1947 |page=316}}</ref>

=== Bezbaroa's variant ===
A man has two wives, one older (the man's favourite - ''Laagee'') and one young (''Aelaagee''), and one daughter by each wife. The younger wife's daughter is named Champavati. One day, she goes to the [[rice field]]s and sings a song to shoo away the birds, but a voice answers her his desire to marry her. After she tells her mother about the event, Champavati's father agrees to marry her to whoever appears to them; so a snake comes to take the girl as his bride.

The snake and Champavati spend the night together, and the next morning she appears to her family decorated with jewels and golden ornaments. Her father and her step-mother, jealous of the girl's good luck, arrange a marriage between his other daughter and a snake he captures in the jungle. When the snake is placed with the girl, she complains to her mother - who is listening behind the door - that parts of her body are tickling, which the mother takes to mean that her snake husband is decorating her with bridal garments and jewels.

The next morning, they discover that the girl is dead. Their grief and rage are so great that they conspire to kill the ''Aelaagee'' (the younger wife) and Champavati, but the python devours both before they can do any harm to both women. The python then grabs his wife Champavati and her mother and takes them to a palace in the forest. They begin to live together. After her mother dies, Champavati is visited by a beggar woman who tells the girl her husband is a god underneath the snakeskin and urges her to burn the snakeskin, while he is away. Champavati heeds the beggar woman's words and does as she said, turning her husband into human definitively.

The same beggar woman returns another day and suggests Champavati to eat from her husband's plate. She decides to follow the suggestion and eats from his plate; she sees some villages inside his mouth and asks her husband to show her the world. He goes to the river and asks her if she wants him to show her the world in his mouth. She agrees. He goes to the middle of the river and opens up his mouth to show her the world. He tells her he will go away for six years, and gives her a ring to protect from any other demon that may want to devour her. He explains that his mother is a cannibal (a [[rakshasi]], in the original; a type of demoness), and that he disobeyed his mother's wishes to see him married to a bride of her choice.

It happens as he predicts, but his ring protects Champavati. She seeks her husband after 6 years and finds him in his mother's house. Her mother-in-law gives her a letter to take to another demoness, with an order to kill Champavati. Her husband intercepts Champavati, takes the letter and kills his own mother to protect his human wife.<ref>[[Praphulladatta Goswami|Goswami, Praphulladatta]]. ''Ballads and Tales of Assam: A Study of the Folklore of Assam''. University of Gauhati, Assam, 1960. pp. 91-93.</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-link=Jogesh Das |last=Das |first=Jogesh |title=Folklore of Assam |series=Folklore of India Series |location=New Delhi |publisher=[[National Book Trust]] |date=1972 |pages=53–54}}</ref><ref>Bezbaroa, Lakshiminath. ''Grandma's Tales''. Translated by Pallavi Barua. Hornbill Productions, 2011. pp. 95-101. {{ISBN|978-81-904424-0-4}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bezbaroa |first=L. |date=1968 |editor=A. C. Hazarika |title=Bezboroa Granthavallee |volume=1 |publisher=Sahitya Prakash |location=Guwahati |pages=888–891 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfwRAQAAIAAJ&q=%22%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%22 |lang=Assamese}}</ref>

Mrinal Medhi suggests that Bezbaroa's version of ''Champavati'' is a combination of two "separate plots", the first part about the marriage between a human maiden and an animal paramour, and a second part where the heroine deals with the advances of her demoness mother-in-law.<ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/66108 |title=Structural analysis of assamese folktales |last=Medhi |first=Mrinal |date=2004 |publisher=Gauhati University |type=Doctor of Philosophy |page=373 |hdl=10603/66108 }}</ref>

=== Goswami's variant ===
Praphulladatta Goswami collected an homonymous tale from an informant named Srimati Jnanadasundari Barua, in North Lakhimpur.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tales of Assam |first=Praphulladatta |last=Goswami |publisher=Publication Board, Assam |date=1980 |pages=312–313 (source for tale nr. 17) |author-link=Praphulladatta Goswami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqyBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22datta+Goswami+,+Asam+Deshar+Sadhu+,+1962%22}}</ref> In this tale, also titled ''Champavati'', a man has two wives, the elder his favourite, and a daughter by each wife, the younger one's named Champavati. One day, Champavati is sent to the rice fields to drive the quails away from the paddy. She sings a song, saying that she will give fried rice to the [[quail]]s, when a voice replies to her song that they will marry Champavati. The girl comments about it to her mother and father, and is convinced to reply to the mysterious voice. She does and discovers the voice's owner: a serpent. Wanting to see her stepdaughter killed, her father's first wife says she must honor the promise, and locks the girl in her room with the snake.

The girl cries aloud she is feeling something on her body, and the stepmother thinks the girl is being devoured. However, Champavati exits the room with a smile and decorated with jewels on her body. Jealous of Champavati's luck, the elder wife orders her husband to find another serpent husband to her own daughter, hoping the girl can experience the same fate as her half-sister. After Champavati leaves with her husband, a serpent is brought and married to the girl, then it is locked in the same room with her. The serpent begins to swallow the girl piece by piece (feet, waist, breast and neck) and the girl complains about it, but her mother dismisses it as her son-in-law decorating her body. The next morning, the elder wife goes to check on her daughter and, finding only a bloated serpent, lets out an anguished cry.

Back to Champavati, she lives her days in happiness in the forest, but wishes her husband was not a serpent. One day, a beggar woman pays her a visit and explains the serpent is a god in disguise who takes off his snakeskin at night and goes out, so she can pretend to be asleep and burn it the next time he takes it off. Following the beggar woman's suggestion, Champavati does as instructed, takes the snakeskin and tosses it in the fire. The human snake husband rushes in and writhes in pain, feeling a burning sensation. Champavati quickly rubs oil and water on his body, then fans it, and he becomes a handsome man permanently.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Goswami |first=P. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99772/page/n346/mode/1up |title=The Cinderella Motif in Assamese Folk-tales |journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=4 (December) |date=1947 |page=316}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Tales of Assam |first=Praphulladatta |last=Goswami |publisher=Publication Board, Assam |date=1980 |pages=212–215 (text for tale nr. 17) |author-link=Praphulladatta Goswami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqyBAAAAMAAJ&q=%2217.+Champavati%22}}</ref><ref>[[Praphulladatta Goswami|Goswami, Praphulladatta]]. ''Ballads and Tales of Assam: A Study of the Folklore of Assam''. University of Gauhati, Assam, 1960. p. 93.</ref>

=== Chandra Barua's variant ===
Author Sri [[Atul Chandra Barua]] published another version of ''Champavati'' in his work ''Sandhiyar Sadhu'' ("संधियार साधु").<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tales of Assam |first=Praphulladatta |last=Goswami |publisher=Publication Board, Assam |date=1980 |pages=312-313 (notes and source for tale nr. 17) |author-link=Praphulladatta Goswami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqyBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22datta+Goswami+,+Asam+Deshar+Sadhu+,+1962%22}}</ref> In his version, titled ''হুৰ, হুৰ, {{ill|বটা চৰাই|as|বতা চৰাই}}'' ("Hur, Hur, bota chorai"; English: "Hur Hur, quail birds" or "Away, Away, Quails"), a man has a plantation and two wives, Lagi and Elagi, and one daughter of marriageable age by each. The Lagi wife's daughter is spared the more hard work, while the Elagi wife's daughter is ordered to look after the paddy fields and tie the cows in the barn. One day, Elagi's daughter goes to the paddy fields to shoo away the birds from the crops, singing verses to chase away the quail birds and asking them not to eat the rice. However, after she sings the verses, a voice comes from somewhere, uttering a distic in response, saying it will have the rice and the girl too. The girl sings in response to the verses, and a snake comes out of the forest.

The girl rushes back home and informs her parents about it. The man and his Lagi wife join the girl to investigate and she sings the same verses to draws the voice; the voice's response comes from the forest, and sings the same verses. The couple enter the forest to find the owner of the voice and find a python ("ajogor sap") that turns into a human person in front of them. The Lagi wife thinks to herself that, if her stepdaughter marries the python, the animal will surely devour her, which clears the way for her own daughter to inherit everything, so Lagi tells her husband the python disguise must be an illusion cast by the gods and they must not anger them, so they should speed up the girl's marriage. Elagi wife cries for her daughter's marriage to the animal, fearing it will devour her, but the man captures the animal and brings it home, then readies his daughter, marries her to the snake and places her in a room, while Elagi remains outside the door. At midnight, Elagi's daughter cries out for her mother that something is happening to her feet, then to her hands, then to her neck, until it falls silent. The following morning, Elagi fears her daughter is dead, but she comes out of the room safe and sound and wearing golden ornaments on her body. Surprised that her stepdaughter came out in such a way, Lagi convices her husband to find their daughter another python, which the man captures and brings home. Lagi's daughter goes to sleep in her room, when the large snake wakes up and begins to swallow her, starting with her feet. The girl complains to her mother that she is being devoured, first by the foot, and the woman simply dismisses it, as the animal continues to eat the girl whole. The following morning, the Lagi wife goes to check on her daughter and cannot find her, only the snake.<ref>{{cite book |title=Atulchandra Barua Rachanavali |volume=2 |editor=Kakanchandra Deka |publisher=Hiran Prabha Barua |location=Guwahati |date=1996 |pages=1068–1071 |lang=Assamese}}</ref>

=== Taruni Devi's variant ===
In a variant collected from seventy-year-old teller Taruni Devi, from Kenduguri, [[Jorhat]], with the title ''Champavati'', a cultivator has two wives and two daughters, one of them called Champavati. The girl's stepmother withholds rice from her. She goes to scare away the quails from the paddy fields and sings a song about it, when a voice from the forest replies with their own verses saying they will marry Champavati. The girl reports the incident to her father, who goes with her to listen to the song and agrees to the voice's request. A large snake appears and takes Champavati with him. The teller explains the snake as the son of a deity cursed to snake form, removes the snakeskin and goes to Heaven. In their marital home, a beggar woman advises Champavati to burn the snakeskin while her husband is out, then she is to give him ''Bhimkal'' (a type of banana) and ''Karkara bhat'' (stealed rice). It happens thus and Champavati's husband is turned to human form. Meanwhile, her stepmother, desirous of having her own daughter experience the same luck as Champavati, finds a real snake in the forest which she marries to her daughter. The snake eats her.<ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/69701 |title=A few women storytellers and their repertoires: a study of creativity and meaning in assamese folktales |last=Devi |first=Anjumani |publisher=Gauhati University |date=2006-04-30 |pages=78-84 (source), 107-108 (text for tale nr. 14)|hdl=10603/69701 }}</ref>

==Analysis==
===Tale type===
The tale is classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as AaTh 433C, "The Serpent Husband and The Jealous Girl",<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tales of Assam |first=Praphulladatta |last=Goswami |publisher=Publication Board, Assam |date=1980 |page=313 (classification for tale nr. 17) |author-link=Praphulladatta Goswami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqyBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22datta+Goswami+,+Asam+Deshar+Sadhu+,+1962%22}}</ref> a subtype of type AaTh 433, "The Prince as Serpent".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |page=64}}</ref><ref>[[Antti Aarne|Aarne, Antti]]; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. p. 148.</ref> In this tale type, a girl marries a snake who gives her jewels and ornaments and becomes human after the burning of his snakeskin; another girl tries to imitate with a ''real'' snake, with disastrous and fatal results.<ref>Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. p. 148.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Mazharul |author-link=Mazharul Islam (poet)
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFG3NjdeBMoC&dq=%22Serpent+Husband+and+the+Jealous+Girl+%22&pg=PA98 |title=Folklore, the Pulse of the People: In the Context of Indic Folklore |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |date=1985 |page=98}}</ref>

However, in his own revision of the folk type index, published in 2004, German folklorist [[Hans-Jörg Uther]] subsumed types AaTh 433 ("The Prince as Serpent"), AaTh 433A ("A Serpent Carries a Princess to Its Castle") and AaTh 433C under a new type: ATU 433B, "[[King Lindworm]]".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Uther |first1=Hans-Jörg |title=The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson |date=2004 |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica |isbn=978-951-41-0963-8 |pages=259–261 }}</ref>

===Motifs===
Professor Stuart Blackburn stated that some [[Southeast Asia]]n variants contain the motif of the fruit tree owned by the snake, whose fruits either the sisters or their mother want.<ref>Blackburn, Stuart. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=iwywCQAAQBAJ&dq=%22The+Snake+husband%22&pg=PA223 Himalayan Tribal Tales: Oral Tradition and Culture in the Apatani Valley]''. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library Volume 16/2. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2008. p. 223. {{ISBN|978-90-04-17133-6}}.</ref> More specifically, it is found in central Arunachal Pradesh, and among the Kucong and [[Nu people|Nusu people]] of Yunnan.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Stuart |last=Blackburn |date=2007 |title=Oral Stories and Culture Areas: From Northeast India to Southwest China |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=30 |issue=3 |page=426 |doi=10.1080/00856400701714054|s2cid=145351133 }}</ref>

Type 433C also contains the [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|motif J2415.7]], "A snake for the real daughter. Stepdaughter, married to a snake, appears decorated with jewels. Stepmother desires a snake be procured for her daughter. She is swallowed instead".<ref>Thompson, Stith; Balys, Jonas. ''The Oral Tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1958. p. 287.</ref><ref>Goswami, Praphulladatta. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nV4tAAAAMAAJ&q=%22J+2415.7%22 Ballads and Tales of Assam: A Study of the Folklore of Assam]''. Assam: [[University of Gauhati]], 1960. p. 213.</ref>

Although P. Goswami recognized some similarities of the tale with the ''[[Cinderella]]'' cycle (e.g., stepsisters, stepmother's persecution of heroine), the end of the tale links it to "the class of '[[Beauty and the Beast]]'."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Goswami |first=P. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.99772/page/n346/mode/1up |title=The Cinderella Motif in Assamese Folk-tales |journal=The Indian Historical Quarterly |volume=23 |issue=4 (December) |date=1947 |pages=316, 318}}</ref>

==Variants==
=== Distribution ===
In his 1961 revision of the tale type index, American folklorist [[Stith Thompson]] indicated 5 variants of the type, found only in India.<ref>[[Antti Aarne|Aarne, Antti]]; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. p. 148.</ref> Praphulladata Goswami also located "variants" among the Garos and the Angami Nagas.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tales of Assam |first=Praphulladatta |last=Goswami |publisher=Publication Board, Assam |date=1980 |page=313 (notes and classification for tale nr. 17) |author-link=Praphulladatta Goswami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cqyBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22datta+Goswami+,+Asam+Deshar+Sadhu+,+1962%22}}</ref> Hence, Thompson and Warren Roberts's work ''Types of Indic Oral Tales'' links this tale type "exclusively" to [[South Asia]].<ref>Islam, Mazharul. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=KFG3NjdeBMoC&dq=%22Serpent+Husband+and+the+Jealous+Girl+%22&pg=PA98 Folklore, the Pulse of the People: In the Context of Indic Folklore]''. Concept Publishing Company, 1985. pp. 165-166.</ref>

In addition, according to professor Stuart Blackburn, this is the "Asian" version of the snake-husband story, and variants of the narrative (girl marries snake and is fortunate; jealous girl marries another snake and dies) are reported in India (in [[Nagaland]] and Assam), [[Southeast Asia]], [[China]], and among [[Tibeto-Burman language|Tibeto-Burman speakers]] in central [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and the extended [[eastern Himalayas]] (e.g., the Apatani, [[Nyishi people]], [[Tagin people]], [[Garo people]] and [[Lisu people]]).<ref>{{cite journal |first=Stuart |last=Blackburn |date=2007 |title=Oral Stories and Culture Areas: From Northeast India to Southwest China |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=30 |issue=3 |page=426 |doi=10.1080/00856400701714054 |s2cid=145351133 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Blackburn |first=S.H. |chapter=Comparisons, Local Culture And Identity |title=Tribal Cultures in the Eastern Himalayas |volume=2: Himalayan Tribal Tales |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Brill |date=2008 |page=223 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004171336.i-298.38}}</ref> Taiwanese scholarship also locates variants of subtype 433C in [[Cambodia]] and [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lu |first=Yi-Lu |title=民間故事中的姊妹情結—兼論蛇郎君類型的「紅龜粿」意象 |trans-title=Sister-Sister Complex in Folktales —Discussion on the Image of “Red Turtle Cake” in The Snake Husband Story |journal=Tamkang Journal of Chinese Literature |date=2018 |issue=12 |volume=39 |language=ZH |page=105 |doi=10.6187/tkujcl.201812_(39).0004 |url=https://tkujcl.tacx.tku.edu.tw/uploads/papers/tw/39-4.%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A7%8A%E5%A6%B9%E6%83%85%E7%B5%90%EF%BC%8D%EF%BC%8D%E5%85%BC%E8%AB%96%E8%9B%87%E9%83%8E%E5%90%9B%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%84%E3%80%8C%E7%B4%85%E9%BE%9C%E7%B2%BF%E3%80%8D%E6%84%8F%E8%B1%A1%EF%BC%88%E9%B9%BF%E6%86%B6%E9%B9%BF%EF%BC%8F%E6%9D%B1%E5%90%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%EF%BC%89.pdf}}</ref>

=== India ===
==== The Snake and the Farmer's Daughter ====
Lakshiminath Bezbaroa collected another Assamese tale, titled "সাপ আৰু খেতিয়কৰ জীয়েক",<ref>{{cite book |last=Bezbaroa |first=L. |date=1968 |orig-year=1913 |chapter=Junuka |editor=A. C. Hazarika |title=Bezboroa Granthavallee |volume=1 |publisher=Sahitya Prakash |location=Guwahati |page=931 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DfwRAQAAIAAJ&q=%22%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA+%E0%A6%86%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81+%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0+%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%22 |lang=Assamese}}</ref> and translated as ''The Snake and the Farmer's Daughter''. In this tale, a farmer has two wives and a daughter by each wife. The man and his second wife (laagi) dislike the elder wife (elagee), and force her and her daughter to do the hard work around the house, like collecting dung and watching over the sugarcanes and rice fields. One day, the elder wife's daughter goes to work in the paddy fields and shoos away the birds, when she hears a voice in the forest telling the girl a snake will marry her. The girl reports the incident to her father, and both go near the forest: a python ("{{ill|অজগৰ সাপ|as|অজগৰ সাপ}}", "[[Reticulated python|ajagor saap]]", in the original) appears and declares its intentions to marry the girl. The man consults with his wives: the second wife insists her stepdaughter is given to the python, since she hopes the animal devours the girl, while the elaagi wife cries for her daughter's possible fate. The following day, the man returns to talk to the python and invites the animal to marry his daughter. During the night, the python and the girl spend the night in a room, and she cries to her mother the snake is doing something to her body, first to her feet, then to her waist, to her hands, and lastly to her neck. The day after, the girl comes out of her room in decorated with golden ornaments, to her own mother's relief and the lagee's wife's surprise. The second wife wishes to repeat the experience with her own daughter and asks her husband to find another python and bring it home. It happens thus, and the second wife locks her own daughter in a room with the python. The animal slowly devours the girl during the night: she protests the animal is swallowing her, but the second wife thinks the python is providing her with jewels. The next morning, the lagee wife finds her daughter was swallowed by the snake.<ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/66108 |title=Structural analysis of assamese folktales |last=Medhi |first=Mrinal |date=2004 |publisher=Gauhati University |type=Doctor of Philosophy |pages=376–377 |hdl=10603/66108 }}</ref> The tale has been described as having "similarities" to the first part of Bezbaroa's version of ''Champavati''.<ref>{{cite thesis |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/66108 |title=Structural analysis of assamese folktales |last=Medhi |first=Mrinal |date=2004 |publisher=Gauhati University |type=Doctor of Philosophy |page=375 |hdl=10603/66108 }}</ref>

==== The Snake Prince (India) ====
In a tale collected by [[Sunity Devi]], Maharani of [[Coochbehar]], with the title ''The Snake Prince'', a Maharajah is married to two Maharanis, an older one who is kind and gentle, and a younger one, of a striking appearance and who the Maharajah loves dearly. The younger Maharani becomes jealous of the older one, which worsens after the latter gives birth to a girl. The younger Maharani orders her husband to build a hut and to expel the older queen there. The older Maharani's daughter grows up in poverty. Years later, the girl goes to the jungle to gather firewood for fuel and hears a voice proposing to her. She pays no heed to the voice, but talks to her mother about it. The Maharani convinces her daughter to accept the voice's proposal the next morning. She goes to the jungle and consents to be the voice's bride, who answers he will come in five days' time to marry her. She consults with a pandit, who assures her that the fixed date is most auspicious for a wedding. The elder Maharani and her daughter invite the king, the younger Maharani and other to see the mysterious bridegroom. At midnight, two ''palki''-bearers bring the bridegroom: a huge python. The python marries the Maharani's daughter and they enter the hut for their wedding night. The elder Maharani stays outside and hears her daughter complaining about her body aching. The Maharani thinks her daughter is being eaten by the snake, but the hut doors open and there she is, safe and sound. The girl explains that the python was decorating her body with heavy jewelry, that is why her body was aching. She also reveals that the python is no python, but a handsome youth who will return the next night to live with her. The younger Maharani, fuming at the older one's luck, orders her servants to find a python in the jungle so she can marry it to her own daughter. The younger Maharani locks her own daughter into the chambers with the python. Her daughter screams to be let out and that her body is aching, but the Maharani thinks the python is simply decorating her daughter's body. The next day, she finds that the python devoured her daughter, and the Maharajah expels her from the kingdom. Back to the older Maharani, she talks her daughter to burn the python prince's snakeskin, so he can be human at all times. The python prince's wife burns his snakeskin in a fire. He complains about it at first, but he eventually accepts it, and explains that he was cursed as a python until he married a princess.<ref>Devi, Sunity, Maharani of Coochbehar. ''[https://archive.org/details/indianfairytales00suni/page/13/mode/1up Indian Fairy Tales]''. Calcutta: Art Press, 1923. pp. 13-20.</ref>

==== Humility rewarded and Pride punished ====
In a [[Bengal]]i tale published by [[Francis Bradley Bradley-Birt]] with the title ''Humility rewarded and Pride punished'' (alternatively, ''Sukhu and Dukhu''),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wagner |first=Reinhard |date=1933 |title=Einige vorder- und hinterindische Fassungen des Märchen von der Frau Holle (Goldmarie und Pechmarie) |journal=Zeitschrift für Ethnologie |volume=4 |issue=2–3 |pages=163–168 |language=DE |url=https://www.digi-hub.de/viewer/image/DE-11-001929014/175/#topDocAnchor}}</ref><ref>Majumdar, Geeta. ''Folk Tales of Bengal''. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1960. pp. 61-73.</ref> a weaver is married to two wives, each with a daughter. The elder wife and her daughter, named Shookhu, are idle, while the younger wife and her daughter, named Dukhu, work hard to maintain the house. After the weaver dies, the elder wife takes charge of the house and finances. Dukhu and her mother work by spinning cotton thread and selling coarse clothes at the bazaar. One day, while Dukhu is putting some cotton to dry out in the sun, a gust of wind blows it all over. The wind bids her to follow him. She goes and reaches a cowshed where a cow asks to be fed; further along, a plantain tree that asks to be relieved of it bushes; a horse that also asks to be fed. She fulfills their wishes and reaches the house of the moon's mother, who welcomes her and tells her to refresh herself at a nearby pool. Dukhu dips her head in the water and becomes even more beautiful. She enters the moon's mother's house and is told to choose one of the boxes full of cotton, but chooses only a small box. On her return, the horse, the plantain tree and the cow gift her a winged colt, a baskets of gold mohurs and a necklace, and a calf that produces milk. Dukhu returns with the small box and Shookhu's mother, seeing the step-daughter's fortune, orders her own daughter to make the same journey, hoping she will also be rewarded. That night, after Dukhu and her mother fall asleep, the small box opens up and a prince-like youth comes out of it. Shookhu's journey is unlike her step-sister's: she refuses to help the animals and the tree and mistreats the moon's mother. When she goes to the river to bathe, she dives three times and her body becomes covered with warts and boils. She goes home with the largest chest and the cow, the horse and the tree humiliate her. Shookhu's mother is frightened at the sight, but expects a better outcome with the large chest her daughter brought. That night, Shookhu cries out to her mother that her body is aching all over, but her mother dismisses her complaints, thinking it is another bridegroom that emerged from the chest that is decorating her body. The next morning, the mother enters Shookhu's room and sees only a pile of bones and a cast-off snakeskin beside it.<ref>Bradley-Birt, Francis Bradley. ''[https://archive.org/details/bengalfairytales00braduoft/page/191/mode/1up Bengal fairy tales]''. London: John Lane, 1920. pp. 191-195.</ref>

==== Tale of the Python (Odisha) ====
In an [[Orissa]]n text titled ''ଅଜଗରସାପ କଥା'' ("Tale of the Python"), published by author [[Madhusudan Rao]], a king has two wives and a daughter to each one, but he favours the younger one over the older one. He moves the older queen and her daughter to another house, where the latter goes to watch over the fields from the birds. Meanwhile, a prince, cursed into snake form, replies to the princess's words by asking her to tell her mother he will marry her, the princess. This goes on for some days, until the queen listens to the prince's words coming from the forest, and invites the voice to come to their door. The following morning, a python snake appears at their door, intent on marrying the princess. The elder queen and the princess realize the gravity of their situation, and cry for their decision. The king decides to go through with the wedding and marries his daughter and the python in a ceremony, then places then in the wedding chambers. The prince comes out of the python skin to meet his wife, and the princess burns the snakeskin. The prince's body burns, so she passes some [[sandalwood]] paste on his body. Both talk and the prince reveals the origin of his curse: in his childhood, he played with other friends and bumped into an old woman; annoyed, she cursed the prince to become a python, but he could return to normal by a woman who guards the fields and burns his skin - which has indeed happened. The following morning, the prince and the princess exit the room. The younger queen sights the prince and declares her daughter shall marry a snake: a second python is brought to her daughter, married to her, and placed in a room with the girl. However, at night, the snake devours the girl little by little, which she protests, but the younger queen thinks her prospective son-in-law is placing bridal ornaments on her daughter's body. The next morning, the queen notices her daughter's delay and opens the room, finding the snake's bloated body. The animal gives out a roar and slithers off, leaving the younger queen crying for her loss, as the elder queen celebrates her own daughter's happy marriage.<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Orissa |first=Madhusudan |last=Rao |location=Cuttack |publisher=Printed by H. M. Dutta at the Dutta Press |date=1927 |orig-year=1901 |pages=28–31 |lang=or |url=https://or.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor=ସୁଚିତ୍ରା ଦେବୀ |chapter=ଅଜଗର ସାପ କଥା |trans-chapter=ajagara saapa katha (Tale of the Python Snake) |title=କଥା ଲହରୀ |trans-title=KATHA LAHARI |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi |location=Bhubaneswar |date=2000 |pages=14–15 |isbn=81-7586-052-9 |lang=Odia}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Kunja Behari |last=Dash |title=Folklore of Orissa |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi |date=1979 |pages=284–285}}</ref>

==== Tale of the Python (Mahipala) ====
In a Odishan tale from Mahipala ("ମହୀପାଳ", in the original) with the title ''ଅଜଗର କଥା'' ("Ajagar Katha"; English: "Tale of the Python"), a king has two wives, the elder queen with a single daughter and the younger one with two, called Olia Brajuli ("ଓଳିଆ ବ୍ରଜୂଳି") and Chaiya Brajuli ("ଚାଉଳ ବ୍ରଜୂଳି"). The younger queen dislikes the elder one, and banishes her and her daughter to a house near the rice fields. The exiled queen sends her daughter to look after the fields. The girl shoos away the birds, when she hears a voice coming from a tree root. The girl reports the event to her mother. Later, they both go to a temple festivity, and hear the voice again, this time it asks the girl to marry it and promises to erase her sorrows. The queen tells the king about the incident and the girl admits she wants to marry whoever is under the root. The king digs it up and finds a large python inside it. The python is brought to the girl's bed and becomes a handsome prince by shedding its snakeskin. The prince gives the girl gold jewels. The girl pretends to be ill, so she remains behind and burns the prince's snakeskin, keeping him human. The prince returns and finds the skin burnt. The girl answers that people would comment that she married a python, so she burned the snakeskin. After a week, the prince takes his mother-in-law with him. Back to the first queen, she learns her rival's daughter had a lucky match and asks the king to find a python for their daughter. The king captures a real python in the jungle, marries it to his other daughter in a ceremony and locks them up in a room. At night, the python devours the other girl slowly, and she complains to her mother the snake is eating her, but the first queen believes it to be a human prince bedecking her daughter. By morning, the first queen discocvers that the snake has devoured her daughter and finds her inside the python's belly.

The queen and the beautiful girl (Divyasundari) go to take a bath, when the queen asks her stepdaughter to trade clothes with her daughter to see who is more beautiful of the two, and turns Divyasundari into a bird that flies away, while the queen dresses her own daughter in Divyasundari's clothes to fool the king. The king notices that she is not his wife, and asks his in-laws if they have any news of his true wife, to no avail. On the road, he finds a [[Black-hooded oriole]] ("ହଳଦୀ ବସ‍ନ୍ତ", 'Haldi Basant', in the original), which sings about her half-sister's deception. The snake prince asks the bird to perch on his lap is it is his wife. The little bird does so, which confirms she is the snake prince's transformed wife. The prince kills the false wife, bakes a cake with her head, hands and feet and delivers it to his father-in-law's house. The king and his wife eat the cake, but realize they are eating the remains of their daughter.<ref>{{Cite book |title=ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱର ମଉଦା ଓ ମହୀପାଳର ଲୋକସାହିତ୍ୟ |trans-title=Bhubanesuara Mauda o Mahipalara lokasahitya |first=Shantilata |last=Misra |publisher=Mayur Publications |location=Bhubaneswar |date=1996 |pages=47–49 |isbn=81-86040-50-1 |lang=Odia}}</ref>

==== The Python ====
In an Indian tale titled ''The Python'', a king has two wives, queen Shobha, the elder and kind one, and queen Rupa, the younger and wicked one. He also has two daughters, one from each wife: Devi and Tara. The younger queen convinces the king to relocate the elder and her daughter to a small house outside the palace. Now in a humble situation, Shobha asks Devi to take their cows to graze. Devi does as asked, taking the cows to the jungle in the morning and coming back at night. This goes on for some time, until one evening a voice proposes to her. Afraid of what to say, she returns home. The next day, she tells her mother about it, and Shobha tells her to accept the voice's proposal, since they have nothing else to lose. At the end of the third day, Devi agrees to the proposal and asks the owner of the voice to come to her house the next morning. It happens thus, and a python appears at queen Shobha's door to marry Devi. A servant reports the incident to the other queen, Rupa, who comes to her co-queen's abode to insist her step-daughter goes through with the marriage with the python. Devi marries the python and both retire to their chambers, and Shobha prays no harm befalls her daughter. The next morning, however, a handsome prince opens Devi's door, and explains he was the python, cursed into that form by a jungle-god until a princess married him. Relieved with this development, queen Shobha takes her daughter and son-in-law to introduce him to the king. Queen Rupa, however, envying the other queen's success, orders her own daughter Tara to do the same actions her half-sister did: graze the cows in the jungle and agree to marriage with the first one that she hears in the jungle. Despite her redoing Devi's steps, no one talks to her in the jungle, so queen Rupa resorts to finding a python for her daughter. Tara and the python are married and brought to their room. The next morning, Rupa goes to check on her daughter, and find only the python with a swollen belly, the princess inside it. The cook comes with a large knife, kills the snake and releases Tara from the python's belly, still alive.<ref>Shankar. ''Treasury of Indian tales''. New Delhi: Children's Book Trust, 1993. pp. 107-113.</ref> The tale was also translated to Hungarian language with the title ''Az óriáskígyó'' ("The Giant Snake").<ref>{{cite book |editor=D. Nagy Éva |translator=Schäferné Földvári Ilona |location=Budapest |title=Mese a lótuszvirágról |publisher=Móra Ferenc Ifjúsági Könyvkiadó |date=1980 |pages=59–63 |lang=Hungarian}}</ref>

==== A Tale of a Snake ====
In a tale from the [[Angami Naga]]s of Assam, a girl is going to work in the field, when a snake appears and blocks her path. The girl tells the snake to not bite her, and she agrees to marry it. The snake bites the girl in her bosom and ornaments spring on her, then on her leg and leggings appear. Another girl sees the scene and tries to repeat with a snake, agreeing to marry it, but the snake bites her in the arm and she dies.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Folk-Tales of the Angāmi Nāgas of Assam |journal=Folklore |volume=25 |issue=4 |date=1914 |page=490 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.1914.9718861}}</ref> The tale was republished by anthropologist [[John Henry Hutton]], who also sourced it from the Angami Nagas.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hutton |first=John Henry |title=The Angami Nagas: With some notes on neighbouring tribes |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |year=1921 |page=268 |url=https://archive.org/details/angaminagaswith00hutt/page/268/mode/1up}}</ref> Goswami recognized it as a "parallel" to ''Champavati'',<ref>{{cite journal |last=Goswami |first=Praphulladatta |date=1954 |title=Naga Tales |journal=Eastern Anthropologist |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=73–78 [75] |quote=The tale of the snake who married a girl as recounted by Hutton (p. 268) has an Assamese parallel. In both, the first snake marries the first girl and makes her happy while the second snake eats up the second girl.}}</ref> but he suggested the Angami Naga tale was a borrowing.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goswami |first=Praphulladatta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nV4tAAAAMAAJ&q=268+snake |title=Ballads and Tales of Assam: A Study of the Folklore of Assam |location=Assam |publisher=[[University of Gauhati]] |date=1960 |page=137}}</ref> In the same vein, Assamese folklorist [[Birinchi Kumar Barua]] noted that the Angami tale "resembled" ''Champavati''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Asamara loka-saṃskr̥ti |first=Birinchi Kumar |last=Barua |author-link=Birinchi Kumar Barua
|publisher=Laẏārcha Buka Shṭala |date=1961 |page=64 |language=Assamese}}</ref>

==== Bunyi-Bunye (The Two Sisters) ====
Professor Stuart Blackburn reported a tale from the [[Apatani people]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] with the title ''Bunyi-Bunye'' or ''Two Sisters''. In this tale, two sisters go to pluck fruits from a tree, but a snake appears and offers them the fruits, since the tree is his, in exchange for marrying the animal. One of the girls marries the snake, eventually burns its skin and turns him to a human youth. As for her sister, jealous of her success, she finds another snake to marry (or her brother-in-law) and dies of a snakebite.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Stuart |last=Blackburn |date=2007 |title=Oral Stories and Culture Areas: From Northeast India to Southwest China |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=425–426 |doi=10.1080/00856400701714054|s2cid=145351133 }}</ref><ref>Blackburn, Stuart. ''Himalayan Tribal Tales: Oral Tradition and Culture in the Apatani Valley''. Brill's Tibetan Studies Library Volume 16/2. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2008. pp. 222-223 and footnote nr. 23. {{ISBN|978-90-04-17133-6}}.</ref>

==== Jereng, The Orphan ====
Author Dewan Sing Rongmuthu collected a tale from a [[Garo people|Garo]] teller named Dingban Marak Raksam, in [[Garo Hills]]. In this tale, titled ''Jereno, The Orphan'' (although the correct form is ''Jereng''), an orphan named Jereng (also spelled Jerang) goes to the forest to fetch wild fruits from a tree, when two tigermen named Matchadus spot him up the tree. The Matchadus capture Jereng and bring him home to be devoured. The next day, the tigermen notice that they are "dark-skinned" while the boy is fair-skinned. Jereng dupes the Matchadus into bathing in boiling water, essentially killing themselves. He tricks the remaining Matchadus into crossing a river in earthen jars to chase him and they promptly drown. After this adventure, he takes refuge in a cave, kills a python dwelling inside it and wraps its skin around himself to sleep, along with his jewels and money. Some time later, he spies on two sisters shooing away the birds from their father's [[jhum]] plantation, and he falls in love with the younger sister. The younger sister passes by the cave and sees Jereng emerging from the python skin. She also falls in love with him, and is told that, if she wants to marry him, she is to hide out someplace else and, when her parents find her, she is to say she wants to marry a python. It happens thus: she hides in a granary, but is eventually found out, and explains she wishes to marry a python she found in a cave. Despite her parents' protests, she stays true to her decision and moves out to another house to wait for her husband. Some servants enter the snake's cave and carry the python bridegroom (inside of which is Jereng, but they are not aware of the fact) to the younger sister's marital house. At midnight, the girl utters a loud cry, and the servants rush to investigate: they see the girl, alive and well, sitting beside a handsome youth, Jereng, and the house is filled with jewels, money and precious cloth. The girl's father is relieved and content with his daughter's fortune. Meanwhile, the elder sister, wanting to have the same fortune of her cadette, repeats her actions (hiding in a certain spot and declaring her wishes to marry a python), and moves out to her own marital house. The servants find her a real live python and marry them off. At midnight, however, the girl utters a cry, and, the next morning, the servants find the python devoured the girl. Back to Jereng and his wife, their children become kings and queens, chieftains and warriors.<ref>Rongmuthu, Dewan Sing. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3KAFAAAAMAAJ&q=jereno The Folk-tales of the Garos]''. Department of Publication, University of Gauhati, 1960. pp. 100-104.</ref> P. Goswami also compared ''Jereng'' to the Assamese tale ''Champavati''.<ref>Goswami, Praphulladatta. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nV4tAAAAMAAJ&q=%22jereng,+the+orphan%22 Ballads and Tales of Assam: A Study of the Folklore of Assam]''. Assam: [[University of Gauhati]], 1970. p. 147.</ref>

==== The Python Man ====
In a tale collected from the [[Zeme people]] with the title ''The Python Man'', a couple have a rice plantation near a lake. One day, when they are shooing away birds, they spot a handsome young man walking towards the lake. They follow him and see him change himself into a python and slither into the water. The next day, the parents in the village have to attend a religious event, and the couple fear for their only daughter, so they send her to shoo away the birds from their rice field accompanied by their dog, with a warning not to go to the edge of the water. As for the girl, the python-man emerges out of the water in human form and the girl falls in love with him. The girl tells her parents she wishes to go back to the rice field, and keeps visiting the python-man in secret. Her parents learn of the clandestine meetings and decide to get rid of the python lover by griding some poison beans and brewing some wine, which they put in a jar along with a jar of beer for their daughter. On their meeting, the girl gives the python lover the poisoned wine unknowingly. The next day, the girl is not visited by her lover, and follows his tracks to the lake. She throws the dog in the lake, which enters it and returns without getting wet. The girl then dives into the water and reaches a large palace, where the python-man's parents live. The girl meets his parents and explains everything, telling them she wishes to marry their son. The python-man's parents reveal their son is sick, but let her visit him. They also dress her in dresses and ornaments, then send her back to her mother on land. The girl then tells everything to her parents. The girl's fortunate story spreads through the village and reaches the ears of a neighbour greedy couple. The greedy couple arrange for a python to be their son-in-law, and bring a large snake to their granary, then send their daughter to the granary. Before the girl tries to escape from the large python, her parents lock her in with the snake, which devours her. The girl's parents think they are courting each other, but, the next day, they find the python with a swollen belly. The couple kill the animal and rip open its belly, finding only their daughter's bangles and hair.<ref>{{cite book |title=Zeme Folktales |first1=Pauning |last1=Haikam |first2=Kedutso |last2=Kapfo |location=Mysore |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages |pages=59–62 |date=2011 |isbn=978-8173421631}}</ref>

==== The Snake-Husband (Sherdukpen) ====

Anthropologist [[Verrier Elwin]] collected a tale from the [[Sherdukpen people]], in [[Rupa, Arunachal Pradesh|Rupa]], [[West Kameng district|Kameng]]. In this tale, an old woman lives with her two daughters, the elder beautiful and somewhat skilled in weaving, and the younger more skilled, since she weaves more beautiful patterns. The former weaves only plain clothes. One night she goes to bathe in the river. A large snake appears in the water and frightens the girl back to the margin, but it turns into a handsome youth and assures the girl he means no harm. They fall in love with each other and see each other every night by the riverbank. One day, the girl complains that she wishes she could improve her weaving skills and the snake lover gives her a solution: she can copy on the loom the scaly patterns of his body. Inspired by her snake lover's body patterns, she weaves beautiful pieces of cloth. One day, the snake lover wants to marry her so they can live in his watery home. The girl seems reluctant at first, but eventually her lover calms her fears. Her mother asks her about her weaving skills, and she confesses about the snake lover. The mother warns her of a possible danger, since he is a snake. At any rate, the snake lover's procession comes to take his bride, their appearing as snakes to the whole village, but normal humans to her. She says goodbye to her mother, but tells she can call her by the river bank if she needs anything, then departs with her husband. Meanwhile, the younger sister wants to experience the same luck as the elder, and goes to river to find a snake to marry. She finds a black snake hole and, hoping it will become a handsome youth, she is killed by the black snake. Time passes, and their mother, now older, calls for her elder daughter by the riverbank. Her daughter appears and takes her to her husband's river palace, where she meets her grandchildren, who can change form between human and snake shapes. Her son-in-law gives her a bundle with a rope, sand, wood and grain. She takes the bundle with her and its contents become food for her to eat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elwin |first=Verrier |title=Myths of the North-east Frontier of India |volume=1 |publisher=North-East Frontier Agency |date=1958 |pages=334–336}}</ref> Elwin republished the tale as ''The Snake-Husband''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Elwin |first=Verrier |title=When the World Was Young: Folk-tales from India's Hills and Forests |location=India |publisher=National Book Trust |date=1995 |orig-year=1961 |pages=55–59 |isbn=81-237-1739-3}}</ref>

==== Gunavati Kanya ====
Bengali scholarship located a similar tale in [[Tripura]], which is said to be "a notable folktale" among the [[Tripuri people]]. In this tale, titled "গুণবতী কন্যা" ("Gunavati Kanya"), a widower and a widow that live in neighbouring villages marry each other and join their families together, since the man and the woman have their own daughters. However, the woman begins to mistreat her stepdaughter, the widower's beautiful daughter, giving her meager meals and forcing her to do the hard work. One day, she forces the girl to sell only a bit of cotton and bring back provisions (onions, garlic, dried fish, salt, mustard, some oil and firewood). Defeated, the girl realizes that she cannot buy too much by selling only a bit, and makes a vow to her mother's spirit that she will marry whoever helps her in this task. A young man appears and offers to help Gunavati. They spend their time talking and knowing each other, and arrive at Gunavati's house. The young man tells her to keep his small-sized shape in a corner of the basket, since her parents may not like him. Gunavati's father sees that his daughter brought many provisions, and finds a snake at the bottom of the basket. However, while her family sees him as a snake, Gunavati sees him as a young man. Later, he goes to Gunavati's room and plots with her to test Gunavati's parents' love for her: the man, in snake form, sleeps in Gunavati's room with her and she screams for help, saying that she is being devoured bit by bit (legs, knees, waist, navel, stomach, and chest). It happens thus, and the father tries to go to help her, but his wife put out the lamp and they return to bed, for she hopes her stepdaughter is swallowed. The next morning, Gunavati leaves her room, bedecked in beautiful ornaments, to her stepmother's jealousy. Her companion also exits the room in human shape. Still living with her family, Gunavati is forced to perform task after task, like hoeing the large field of jhum, threshing the rice or build a fence, which she does with a smile. Gunavati marries the snake man. Gunavati's stepmother decides to find a snake for her own daughter and brings back a real animal from the forest. The second snake, however, wakes up and devours Gunavati's stepsister during the night. The neighbours assemble to kill the snake, but Gunavati's husband forbids them from doing anything to the animal. Gunavati's husband then finds the snake, cuts up its stomach and retrieves his stepsister-in-law, who is dead. He stitches the snake's belly and revives his wife's stepsister by pouring some water on her and calling on the name of Mahadev.<ref>{{cite book |title=লোককথার সাতকাহন |trans-title=Lokekathar Satkahan |editor-last=Chakrabarty |editor-first=Barun Kumar |chapter=ত্রিপুরার আদিবাসী লোককথা |trans-chapter=Tribal Folklore of Tripura |author=স্বপন শর্মা [Swapan Sharma] |location=Calcutta |publisher=অপর্ণা বুক ডিস্ট্রিবিউটার্স |date=2000 |pages=170–176 [172] |lang=Bengali}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Adibasi Tripurar Loka-Katha, Lokagithi, Prabad-Prabachan O Dha-Dha |author=Krishna Das |trans-title=A collection of Provervs and Riddles of the Tribal Society of Tripura |publisher=Tribal research and Cultural Institute |location=Tripura |date=2000 |pages=62-63 |lang=Bengali}}</ref>

==== Termite Husband ====
In a [[Tripura|Tripuri]] tale translated to Bengali as "উইপোকা স্বামী" or "{{ill|উই পোকা|bn|উই পোকা}} স্বামী" ("[[Termite]] Husband"), a farmer lives with a wife. A daughter is born to them, and the woman dies, and the man takes care of his orphan daughter on his own by doing all the housework. He then marries a widow with her daughter, and they make up a new family unit. The woman's daughter, Sambhan, is older, and the man's daughter, Nakuti, is younger. One day, the new wife comments with her husband that it is time to marry their daughters off, who are of marriageable age like other young people. The woman presses her husband further to find the girl a husband and the man decides to look for his prospective son-in-law by taking a washung curry and some rice with him and wait in the forest. The man brings the food in his ''chempai'' (a type of bag), calls out in the forest for someone to appear and become his son-in-law. He ventures further and further in the forest and reaches a termite mound, from where a voice echoes. The man leaves the food on the ground, thinking the prospective son-in-law is too shy to come out and join him, when a swarm of termites fly in to eat the food. The man decides this shall be his daughter's husband, and takes the entire swarm back home with him. He pours out the termites on the bed (also some red ants), to his wife's horror, who asks how they can be a son-in-law, when they are only termites. The woman calls for her stepdaughter, and orders her to sleep with the termites in her room, since they will become her husband. The girl cries for this situation, and the woman forces her into her room. At night, the insects bite her feet and hands. In the morning, she goes to work in the fields, and her stepdaughter tells the other young people that the girl is sleeping with termites for a husband. Humiliated and ashamed, the girl stops her work and returns home, and lives with the swarm at night for days. One night, however, a handsome young prince appears from the termites and reveals a sorcerer cursed him to insect form, and only if a woman accepting him the spell can be broken. The following morning, Nakuti, the girl's name, goes to cook a fine repast for her husband, and her stepmother notices she is wearing some new jewelry and acting too happy, so she suspects there is another man in the house with them. Back to the girl, that same night, the prince appears to her again and she discusses with him the idea of having a family, something that his current form does not allow. Thus, the prince advises the girl to burn all termites in a fire and press his hands and feet.

The following night, the girl does as instructed, burns the entire termite swarm and washes her husband feet and hands. Later, she goes to prepare some food for him, and her stepmother suspects something, so she spies on Nakuti's door: inside she finds a handsome youth of divine beauty. Surprised by her discovery, the woman calls for the neighbours to come see him. The other villagers ask him where is his house, and the prince says he was the son of a king, cursed into swarm form by a sorcerer, and now the love of his bride restored him, so he will return to his kingdom with her. Jealous of her stepdaughter's fortunate marriage to the prince, the woman begins to pester her husband about her own daughter's marriage, and urges him to find a suitable groom for her daughter by doing the same actions he did previously. Thus, he takes the curry dish and goes to the forest, calling for someone to become his son-in-law. He waits until nightfall and no one appears to him, so he decides to come home. On the road, he passes by a jhum field, sees a sleeping python ("ajagara") and takes the animal back home. The man brings the python and announces his wife's daughter must sleep with it in the same room, so she is locked with the reptile. At night, the serpent begins to slowly devour the girl, first by the feet, then knees, waist, and chest. The girl cries out for her mother that she is being devoured, but the woman dismisses it and says it is merely the python bedecking her with jewel. Eventually, the woman's daughter is swallowed whole. The following morning, the woman cannot find her daughter, nor the groom anywhere in the house, but discovers the sleeping python under a banana tree. The villagers arm themselves with axes, kill the python and open it: inside, the bones of the dead girl.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tripurar Rupkotha |editor=Shantimoy Chakraborty |publisher=Tribal Research & Cultural Institute |location=Tripura |date=1980 |pages=20-24 |lang=Bengali |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/handle/123456789/74828}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=TRIPURAR UPAJATI LOKAKATHA SAMAJ O RUPATATWA |trans-title=Tribal Folktales of Tripura—Society and Structural Analysis |first=Dr. Arundhati |last=Roy |publisher=Tribal Research & Cultural Institute |location=Tripura |date=2000 |pages=180-186 |lang=Bengali |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/handle/123456789/75035}}</ref> The first part of the tale, with the termite husband, was classified by Dr. Arundhati Roy as type 441 of the international Aarne-Thompson Index.<ref>{{cite book |title=TRIPURAR UPAJATI LOKAKATHA SAMAJ O RUPATATWA |trans-title=Tribal Folktales of Tripura—Society and Structural Analysis |first=Dr. Arundhati |last=Roy |publisher=Tribal Research & Cultural Institute |location=Tripura |date=2000 |page=180 |lang=Bengali |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/handle/123456789/75035}}</ref>

==== Other tales ====
According to scholar {{ill|Kunja Behari Dash|or|କୁଞ୍ଜବିହାରୀ ଦାଶ}}, in a [[Orissa]]n tale titled ''Princess & Python'', a princess is forced by her stepmother to marry a python. Luckily, the python reveals himself to be a handsome prince. Jealous of her stepdaughter's successful marriage, the queen asks her husband to fetch a python for her own daughter. The second python, being a real animal, devours the girl during the night.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kunja Behari |last=Dash |title=Folklore of Orissa |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi |date=1979 |page=212}}</ref>

=== Sri Lanka ===
==== The Ash-Pumpkin Fruit Prince ====
Author [[Henry Parker (author)|Henry Parker]] collected a tale from the [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North central Province]] of [[Ceylon]] (modern day [[Sri Lanka]]), titled ''The [[Wax gourd|Ash-Pumpkin Fruit]] Prince''. In this tale, in a village, a husband and a wife bring home an Ash-pumpkin and put it in a pot under seven earthen pots. Some time later, a snake appears in place of the gourd. The couple prepare seven beds, so large is the snake, and arrange an assistant (a wife) for the snake. They contact seven sisters who live in the village and one by one, they enter the snake's hut. Frightened at the large snake, they refuse to marry it, for fear for their lives. Only the youngest and seventh sister decides to marry it: she enters the hut, but complains that there is not enough space for her, so the snake spares one of the seven beds for her. This goes on for the next seven nights: on each night, the girl complains about lack of space to sleep, and the snake retreats from one bed on each night, until, after seven days, it comes to the veranda. The girl's mother-in-law teaches the girl to prepare food for her snake husband: "lower a little paddy from the corn store, and having winnowed, boil it". The girl prepares the food a certain way that displeases the snake husband, who teaches her the correct way to do it. Some time later, there will be a ''bana'' (reading of Buddhist scripture) at the {{transliteration|si|pansala}} of the village. The snake husband convinces his human wife to go. She tells him that other women are going with their husbands, so he suggests she goes with her in-laws, while he stays home. After the human wife and his parents go to the {{transliteration|si|pansala}}, the snake husband takes off his python jacket, places it on the clothes-line and goes to the {{transliteration|si|pansala}} as a prince. The human wife sees the prince, goes back home and burns the python jacket in the hearth. Some time later, the now human snake prince goes with his wife to visit his parents-in-law. His six sisters-in-law admire him and claim he is their co-husband, but the human wife reproaches her sisters. The eldest daughter, then, asks her father to find a python for her to marry, so he goes to the jungle, captures a python and gives it to his daughter. That night, the python - an animal, in fact - coils around the girl and begins to eat her. The next morning, the father notices his daughter's death and shoos away the python.<ref>{{cite book |last=Parker |first=Henry |title=Village folk-tales of Ceylon |volume=2 |location=London |publisher=Luzac & Co. |date=1911 |pages=401–405 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/57399/pg57399-images.html#s163}}</ref> The tale was also translated into [[Russian language|Russian]] as "Сын из тыквы" ("Son in a Pumpkin") and classified by its compilers as tale type AaTh 433C.<ref>"Сингальские сказки" [Singalese Fairy Tales]. Составители [Compilers]: Ольга Солнцева, Борис Волхонский. Moskva: Главная редакция восточной литературы издательства «Наука», 1985. pp. 127-130 (translation), 534 (classification for tale nr. 62).</ref>

=== Bangladesh ===
==== Marriage with Snake Prince ====
In a Bengali tale from [[Ramu Upazila]] with the title "সাপ কুমারের সাথে বিয়ে" ("Marriage with Snake Prince"), a couple has a daughter named Bilkis Banu, a very beautiful girl. She grows up in beauty and her parents worry about finding her a suitable husband, but no suitor appears. Suddenly, the father dies, and he is buried with help of their community. Now left alone, Bilkis and her mother worry about finding her a bridegroom, and yet none comes, to her mother's, Sona Banu, concern. One day, near winter (the month of [[Paush]]), Bilkis Banu and Sona Banu are trying to warm themselves in the sun. At night, while the women are asleep, a python appears at their front porch, since they live in a mountainous area near deep forests, and stretches itself. The mother and daughter find the animal and close the door, hoping that it goes away, but it remains there. Sona Banu notices that the snake is still there and wrongfully believes it to be a prince in the shape of a snake. Being greedy, she dresses her daughter Bilkis Banu and marries her to the snake, locking her outside. The snake is hungry, wakes up and begins to swallow the girl. Bilkis Banu complains that she is being devoured bit by bit (first by the feet, then the legs, thirdly the waist, followed by her back and hands, lastly her throat and head), while her mother Sona Banu sings a song to calm her down, mentioning the ornaments she believes she will get. Finally, Bilkis Banu is devoured wholesale, but her mother believes that the snake prince will spit her out and become human. Night comes and the snake remains motionless, then spits out the clothes and slithers back to the forest at dawn. Sona Banu opens the door in the morning and finds no snake, nor her daughter, only her clothes, then laments that she let her daughter be devoured by a real snake.<ref>{{cite book |title=BANGLADESHER LOKOJO SOMSKRITI GRONTHAMALA COX'S BAZAR |trans-title=Present state of Folklore in Cox's Bazar District |editor1=Shamsuzzaman Khan |editor2=Aminur Rahman Sultan |series=Lokojo Sonskritir Bikash Karmosuchi (Programme for the Development of Folklore |publisher=[[Bangla Academy]] |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |date=2014 |pages=96-99 |isbn=984-07-5321-5}}</ref>

==== Snake Human ====
In a tale from the [[Marma people]] sourced from the [[Bandarban District]] and translated to [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as "সর্প মানব" ("Snake Human"), an old couple have three daughters and they live in a village surrounded by mountains. One day, they go to wash dirty clothes in the river and spot a red fruit on the water. They pluck it and eat the delicious fruit, then decide to walk upstream to see if they can discover the tree that yields them. They find a tree, but a large snake coiled on a branch. The old woman asks the snake to give two fruits for them, if it is good. The couple decide that they want more fruits, and the old woman offers her eldest daughter and the middle one to the snake if it releases more fruits. Lastly, the woman mentions her cadette, and the snake shakes the branches, causing all the fruits to fall. The couple pluck them all and carry them home, forgetting about the promise and dismissing the notion of a human girl marrying a snake. Still, the snake comes to the couple's house the following day, and circles around it. Afraid of the snake, the woman explains the situation to her daughters. The elder two refuse to marry the snake, save for the youngest. The cadette enters a room and lies in bed, while the snake is coiled in a corner. At night, the snake removes his skin and becomes a handsome youth that tells her he is human under a curse due to a witch's spell, and could only be saved if a woman agreed to marry him. The girl believes the youth's words and quickly burns the snakeskin. The youth feels a little burn, but is otherwise safe and is restored to human form. The girl tells her parents about it and they are relieved. The girl and the youth marry and have a son.

The story of the fortunate marriage and transformation spreads around, and, in a neighbouring village, a woman with five single daughters of marriageable age learns of this and wishes to arrange a wedding between a python and her daughters. Thus, the village circles the forest and captures one snake they bring home. They place the python with the woman's elder daughter in a room. At night, the python wakes up and starts to swallow her body part by body part: first the knees, then the waist, and the throat. The girl complains to her mother she is being devoured, but the woman dismisses her pleas, until there is only silence. The following morning, the woman knocks on the door and, after getting no response, breaks into her room: only the python is there, and there is no trace of her elder daughter, save the python. They decide to cut up the snake, and summon the former snake man to help them. The youth goes to cut the reptile in three pieces, each time a drop of its blood dripping on his skin: on the chest, on the neck and on the forehead. This turns the youth back into a snake, to everyone's surprise and horror. His wife cries for his fate, and he even rocks his son with his snake tail. However, his in-laws fear his new form, even his wife and son. Thus, the snake slithers back into the forest, never to be seen again.<ref>{{cite book |title=BANGLADESHER LOKOJO SOMSKRITI GRONTHAMALA: Bandarban |trans-title=Present state of Folklore in Bandarban District |editor1=Shamsuzzaman Khan |editor2=Md. Altaf Hossain |editor3=Aminur Rahman Sultan |publisher=Lokojo Somskritir Bikash Karmosuchi (Programme for the Development of Folklore), [[Bangla Academy]] |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |date=June 2014 |pages=104-106 |isbn=9 840-7-5320-7 |lang=Bengali}}</ref>

=== America ===
Portuguese scholars Isabel Cárdigos and Paulo Jorge Correia locate 12 [[Brazil]]ian variants in the Portuguese Folktale Catalogue: the heroine marries a snake that becomes a human prince, her sister marries a snake and dies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://home.iscte-iul.pt/~fgvs/Cardigos#page=88|language=pt|page=88|title=Contos Maravilhosos: Adversários Sobrenaturais (300–99)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606205706/http://home.iscte-iul.pt/~fgvs/Cardigos|archive-date=June 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Correia, Paulo Jorge. ''[https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/135206/1/contotradicionalportuguessecxxi_2021_ebook.pdf Contos Tradicionais Portugueses (com as versões análogas dos países lusófonos)]''. Instituto de Estudos de Literatura e Tradição, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2021. pp. 88-89. {{ISBN|978-989-8968-08-1}}.</ref>

=== Africa ===
Folklore scholar [[Hasan M. El-Shamy]] registers two variants of type AaTh 433C in the Middle East and Northern Africa, which he located in [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Hasan |last=El-Shamy |date=2004 |title=Types of the Folktale in the Arab World: A Demographically Oriented Tale-Type Index |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |page=216}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Princess Himal and Nagaray]]
*[[The Snake Prince]]
* [[The Fisher-Girl and the Crab]]
* [[The Ruby Prince (Punjabi folktale)]]
* [[The King of the Snakes]]
* [[King Iguana]]
* [[The Story of the Hamadryad]]
* [[The Origin of the Sirenia (Cambodian folktale)|The Origin of the Sirenia]]
* [[The Dragon-Prince and the Stepmother]]
* [[The Stepdaughter and the Black Serpent]]
* [[The Girl With Two Husbands (Greek fairy tale)|The Girl With Two Husbands]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://as.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80 ''Champavati'' (Bezbarua's variant)] ([[Assamese language|Assamese]] text) at Assamese [[Wikisource]]

{{Animal as Bridegroom}}

[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Oral literature of Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese literature]]
[[Category:Fictional princes]]
[[Category:Fictional snakes]]
[[Category:Anthropomorphic snakes]]
[[Category:Male characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Female characters in fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about talking animals]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:ATU 400-459]]

Durlabharaja (Chaulukya dynasty)

2026-05-03T03:37:46Z

WilliamsLin216: New

{{Short description|King of Gujarat from 1008 to 1022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Durlabharaja
| succession = King of Gujarat
| reign = {{circa|1008–1022 CE}}
| predecessor = [[Vallabharaja]]
| successor = [[Bhima I]]
| house = [[Chaulukya]] (Solanki)
| house-type = dynasty
| father = [[Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chamundaraja]]
}}
'''Durlabha-raja''' (r. {{circa|1008–1022 CE}}) was an Indian king who ruled parts of present-day [[Gujarat]] from his capital at [[Anahilapataka]] (modern Patan). He was a member of the [[Chaulukya]] (also called Chalukya or Solanki) dynasty.

== Early life ==

Durlabha was a son of the Chaulukya king [[Chamundaraja (Chaulukya dynasty)|Chamundaraja]]. He ascended the throne after his brother [[Vallabharaja]] unexpectedly died of smallpox.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=39}}

== Military career ==
[[File:Copper plates NMND-3.JPG|thumb|A 1010 CE copper-plate inscription from the reign of Durlabharaja]]
Durlabha's biggest achievement was his successful invasion of the [[Lata (region)|Lata]] region. He probably defeated the [[Chalukyas of Lata|Lata Chalukya]] ruler Kirtiraja (or Kirtipala), who was a vassal of the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukyas]]. The Kalyani Chalukya king [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha]] was preoccupied in wars against the [[Chola dynasty]], taking advantage of which Durlabha may have invaded Lata.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=39-40}} Shortly after, Kirtiraja appears to have regained independence (or regained the Kalyani Chalukya vassalship). However, in 1018 CE, the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Bhoja]] also invaded Lata and defeated Kirtiraja.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=136-137}}

A legendary account by the 12th century writer [[Hemachandra]] mentions that Durlabha defeated a confederacy of several kings. According to this account, Durlabha was invited to the [[svayamvara]] (husband-selection) ceremony of Durlabha-devi, the sister of king Mahendra of [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula]]. His rivals at the ceremony included the kings of [[Coastal Andhra|Andhra]], [[Anga]], [[Avanti (India)|Avanti]], [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Chedi]], [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]], [[Huna people|Huna]], [[Varanasi|Kashi]], [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]], [[Mathura]], and [[Vindhya]]. Among all these kings, Durlabha-devi chose Durlabha. Mahendra also gave his younger sister Lakshmi in marriage to Durlabha's younger brother Nagaraja. The rejected suitors jointly attacked Durlabha's party during his return journey to Gujarat. Durlabha repulsed the attack and marched home with his new bride. This legend does not seem to be historically accurate. The chief of Naddula was a relatively insignificant ruler, and it is hard to believe that so many major rulers left their kingdoms to attend his ceremony at a time when northern India was under attacks from [[Mahmud of Ghazni]]. The defeat of all these powerful kings by Durlabha also seems implausible.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=40-41}}{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=133-134}}

The 14th century writer Merutunga claims that after his retirement, Durlabha passed through [[Malwa]] on his way to Kashi. There, he was insulted by the Paramara king [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]]. He returned to Gujarat, and asked his successor [[Bhima I]] to punish Munja. This account is an adaption of earlier legends, which name the insulted king as Chamundaraja. It is historically inaccurate, because Munja died nearly a decade before Durlabha's ascension.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=135}}

According to Hemachandra, Durlabha died childless, and was succeeded by his nephew [[Bhima I]].{{sfn|Chandra Prabha|1976|p=207}}

== Cultural activities ==

According to [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]]'s ''Surathotsava Mahakavya'', his ancestor Munja served as a priest (''purohita'') to Durlabha-raja.<ref>{{cite book |author=B.J. Sandesara |author-link=Bhogilal Sandesara |title=Literary Circle of Mahāmātya Vastupāla and its Contribution to Sanskrit Literature |series=Singhi Jain Series |year=1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tljAAAAMAAJ |page=45 }}</ref>

According to the 14th century writer Merutunga, Durlabha built a 7-storey palace in his capital [[Anahilapataka]], along with an elephant stable and a clock tower. He also commissioned the Madanashankara Shiva temple in memory of his brother Vallabha. In addition he also commissioned the Durlabha Sarovar (water tank). The Durlabhmeru temple is probably built by him too. The ''Upakeshagaccha-pattavali'' mentions the [[Mahavira]] temple built by Shreshthi Kapardi in 1016 CE which was consecrated by Siddhasuri.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=41}}<ref name="Dhaky1961">{{cite journal|first=Madhusudan A.|last=Dhaky|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|year=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/25|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|location=[[Bhopal]]|volume=3|pages=23–24, 73}}</ref>

Other extant temples attributed to the first quarter of 11th century include original [[Bhadreshwar Jain Temple]] (now completely rebuilt following [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]]); Vishnu Temple at Sander village in [[Patan district]]; Akhada Mahadeva temple at Vasai and Vishnu Temple at Khandosan, both in Vijapur Taluka of [[Mehsana district]] in [[Gujarat]].<ref name="Dhaky1961"/>

According to the Jain writer Jnanavimala, the [[Kharatara Gaccha|Kharatara gachchha]] (sect) of Jain monks was established during Durlabha's reign. The group's founder Vardhamana Suri and his disciple Jineshvara visited Durlabha's court. There, Jineshvara defeated the Chaityavasins (another sect) in a philosophical debate. Durlabha conferred the title ''kharatara'' (very keen) on Jineshvara. When Jineshvara succeeded Vardhamana Suri as the head monk, his sect came to be known as the Kharatara gachchha.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=41}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Chandra Prabha |title=Historical Mahākāvyas in Sanskrit, Eleventh to Fifteenth Century A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p1IPAAAAMAAJ |year=1976 |publisher=Meharchand Lachhmandas |oclc=4497542 }}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 }}
{{ref end}}

{{Chaulukya dynasty}}

[[Category:Chaulukya kings]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chaulukya dynasty]]
[[Category:11th-century maharajadhirajas]]

Vasai taluka

2026-05-01T13:17:50Z

WilliamsLin216: starting new post

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

'''Vasai taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Palghar district]] of Maharashtra an Indian state.<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या.|date=2014-11-27|work=Prahar|access-date=2015-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|archive-date=22 July 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Palghar district==
On 1 August 2014, the talukas of [[Mokhada taluka|Mokhada]], [[Jawahar taluka|Jawahar]], [[Talasari taluka|Talasari]], [[Vikramgadh taluka|Vikramgadh]], [[Wada taluka|Wada]], [[Dahanu taluka|Dahanu]], [[Palghar taluka|Palghar]] and Vasai were separated from the erstwhile [[Thane district]] to form a new district [[Palghar district|Palghar]].<ref name="TimesOfIndia-20140614">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Thane-district-will-finally-be-split-into-2-parts-from-August-15/articleshow/36516533.cms|title=Thane district will finally be split into 2 parts from August 15|last=Tembhekar|first=Chittaranjan |author2=Sanjeev Shivadekar |date=2014-06-14|work=Times of India|access-date=16 August 2015}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Vasai taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|78.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|8.45}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Maharashtra|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|8.25}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|2.53}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jainism]]|pink|1.75}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.59}}
}}

Vasai taluka has a population of 1,343,402 according to the 2011 census. Vasai had a literacy rate of 87.56% and a sex ratio of 893 females per 1000 males. 162,841 (12.12%) are under 7 years of age. 1,230,140 (91.57%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 3.98% and 7.32% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Thane |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/834/download/36204/DH_2011_2721_PART_A_DCHB_THANE.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Vasai taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 49.97 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 24.78 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value3 = 8.60 |color3 = skyblue
|label4 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value4 = 2.92 |color4 = gold
|label5 = [[Urdu]] |value5 = 2.52 |color5 = green
|label6 = [[Marwari language|Marwari]] |value6 = 1.64 |color6 = maroon
|label7 = [[Malayalam]] |value7 = 1.41 |color7 = cornflowerblue
|label8 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value8 = 1.28 |color8 = orchid
|label9 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value9 = 1.25 |color9 = salmon
|label10 = [[Kannada]] |value10 = 0.93 |color10 = darkslateblue
|label11 = Others |value11 = 4.70 |color11 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 49.97% of the population in the district spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 24.78% [[Hindi]], 8.60% [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], 2.92% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 2.52% [[Urdu]], 1.64% [[Marwari language|Marwari]], 1.41% [[Malayalam]], 1.28% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.25% [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and 0.93% [[Kannada]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Palghar district topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Palghar district]]

Subhash Meel

2026-04-28T11:36:24Z

WilliamsLin216:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''Subhash Meel''' is an Indian politician serving as member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Khandela Assembly constituency|Khandela]] Assembly constituency. He is member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Khandela Election Result 2023 Live: Bjp Candidate Subhash Meel Wins From Khandela |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/khandela-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-bjp-congress-bsp-aap-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-news-1647051 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> Meel was born in Sonthaliya, [[Reengus]], [[Sikar|Sikar, Rajasthan]]. He did [[Bachelor of Laws|Bachelor of laws]] from [[University of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Khandela, Rajasthan Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: Khandela में BJP ने INC कोहराया |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/story/khandela-rajasthan-assembly-election-results-2023-live-1830413-2023-12-03 |access-date=2025-11-07 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref>

In the 2018 Rajasthan Assembly elections, he was a member of [[Indian National Congress]] party. He lost the Khandela Assembly elections and [[Mahadeo Singh Khandela]] became Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-11 |title=Rajasthan Vidhansabha Election Results: देखें 199 सीटों के रिजल्ट |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/rajasthan/story/rajasthan-assembly-election-2018-seatwise-results-top-constituency-live-updates-tkha-576378-2018-12-11 |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

In 2023, he was a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janta Party]] and he won assembly elections by defeating [[Mahadeo Singh Khandela]] by a margin of 42,639 votes.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meel, Subhash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kasundi

2026-04-25T02:51:51Z

WilliamsLin216: Made New Stub

{{Short description|Bengali mustard sauce}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Kasundi
| image = Fish Cutlets.JPG
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Fish [[Cutlet#Indian cuisine|cutlet]] and kasundi
| alternate_name = Kashundi
| type = [[Condiment]]
| course = [[Sauce]]/[[Dip (food)|Dip]]
| country = [[Bengal]]
| region = [[Bengal]]
| national_cuisine = [[Bengali cuisine|Bengal]]
| creator = 
| year =
| mintime =
| maxtime =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Mustard (condiment)|Mustard]]
| minor_ingredient = Mustard, spices, salt
| variations = Aubergine Kasundi, Tomato Kasundi
| serving_size =
| calories =
| calories_ref =
| protein =
| fat =
| carbohydrate =
| glycemic_index =
| similar_dish = [[Dijon mustard]], [[Creole mustard]]
| other =
}}

'''Kasundi''' ({{langx|bn|কাসুন্দি}}) is the Bengali variety of [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]] sauce or relish. It has the pungent paste of fermented mustard seeds, spices and sometimes dried mangoes, dried Indian plum and olives. Kasundi is popular as a dipping sauce in Bengali cuisine.

==Description==
[[File:Herb seared tuna carpaccio, kasundi relish, cucumber, watercress mayonnaise (3208787137).jpg|thumb|left|Kasundi and tuna [[carpaccio]]]]

Kasundi is a mustard sauce made by fermenting mustard seeds, and is much stronger and sharper than other kinds of mustard sauce.<ref name=Pri/><ref>Dueep Jyot Singh and John Davidson, ''The Magic of Mustard'', pages 24-25, Mendon Cottage Books, 2016, {{ISBN|1311475745}}</ref> It is highly pungent, and is capable of exciting the nasal passage and bringing tears to the eyes in the same way as [[wasabi]].<ref name=Bor/><ref name=Tanu/> The descriptions by famous chefs outside Bengal as the “answer to the ketchup”, “ketchup with a lot more going on”, or “a rich, unctuous tomato sauce of Indian origin” are based, according to food writer Pritha Sen, on mistaken notions.<ref name="Pri">{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Pritha |date=2015-12-13 |title=For the love of food: A grave danger stalks the Kasundi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/for-the-love-of-food-a-grave-danger-stalks-the-kasundi/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In modern times, Kasundi is popularly served with Bengali snacks like cutlets and chops, and deep-fried spicy treats, as it brings tartness and pungency to the flavours. It also can be served as a dip with other snacks, as well as sandwiches, pizzas, burgers, omelettes, salads and other food.<ref name=Bor/> But, traditionally it was served neither with these treats nor in such quantities at home. In the past, it was stored with care, served sparingly and in small quantities, and paired with hot stir-fried greens, never fish or meat.<ref name=Bor>Plavaneeta Borah, [http://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/durga-puja-2017-special-kasundi-bengali-cuisine-s-favourite-mustard-sauce-1754134 Durga Puja 2017 Special: Kasundi, Bengali Cuisine's Favourite Mustard Sauce], September 25, 2017</ref><ref name="Tanu">{{Cite news |last=Bhowmick |first=Tanushree |date=2017-03-04 |title=The rediscovery of kasundi |url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/bVcHPMCTLZAeqxztuIFWXN/The-rediscovery-of-kasundi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250125193814/https://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/bVcHPMCTLZAeqxztuIFWXN/The-rediscovery-of-kasundi.html |archive-date=2025-01-25 |access-date=2025-04-02 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The practice of pairing kasundi with non-vegetarian dishes evolved in the commercial eateries, beginning with batter-fried fish.<ref name=Bor/><ref name=Tanu/>

Kasundi has always been a revered fixture of Bengali households, its making used to be almost a religious rite, with many restrictions and rituals.<ref name=Swap>Swapna Pradhan, ''Retailing Management'', page 294, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2009, {{ISBN|007015256X}}</ref><ref name=Tanu/> With modern household appliances becoming commonplace, its preparation is no longer a complex ritual.<ref name=Pri/> It also is now industrially produced, and widely available in eateries as a sauce and supermarkets as a bottled condiment.<ref name=Bor/><ref name=Tanu/><ref name=Swap/> Among the bottled kasundis, those following the recipe of [[Bikrampur]], in undivided [[Bengal]] is reported to be the best.<ref name=Pri/><ref name=Tanu/> Kasundi has spread outside Bengal, across India and into the Pacific Ocean countries like Australia (popular as eggplant kasundi) and New Zealand (popular as tomato kasundi). In Australia and New Zealand, kasundi is often part of the [[Hamper#Christmas hamper|Christmas gift hamper]].<ref name=Bor/><ref name=Tanu/> Around the world many different recipes of kasundi are available, like Kasundi Scotch Eggs, Chilean Sea Bass, Spicy Barramundi or Chhana Aam Kasundi Paturi.<ref>Anjan Chatterjee, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/food/the-inglorious-mustard/cid/1719741 The inglorious mustard], ''Telegraph India'', 2020-09-22</ref>

==Origin==

Kasundi was originally used as a type of ''achar'' (literally "ritual", meaning [[chutney]]/[[Pickling|pickle]]), though it was not necessarily the same sauce known today. Kasundi was the queen of pickles in Bengal, because it remained edible for up to 20 years if stored in right conditions.<ref name=Pri/> In the past, the Bengali pickle-making season began in the month of [[Magh (Bengali calendar)|Magh]] (January–February), which also is the mustard harvesting time. [[Jujube]] (''kul'') were the first pickles to be made, followed by [[tamarind]], and then mustard. Mustard was pickled before the [[monsoon]] arrived, with various indigenous fruits and greens such as coriander, pudina or amrul. The pickling of mustard followed, in preparation for the monsoons. Any pickling that was done with dry, ground mustard, with or without using mustard oil, was called a kasundi.<ref name=Pri/>

==Traditions==
[[File:A fish kabiraji.jpg|thumb|A fish Kabiraji on a plantain leaf plate served with Kasundi]]
Originally kasundi-making was the prerogative of the [[Brahmin]] caste and relished by the elites. Later respected families were allowed to make kasundi following auspicious rituals while maintaining a high level or hygiene and purity. It was mostly made by women who were considered appropriate, as widows, spinsters and menstruating women were barred from taking any part.<ref name=Pri/><ref name=Bor/><ref name=RMS/><ref name=Tanu/> Those who cleaned, husked and prepared the kasundi were not allowed to taste any bitter or sour food.<ref name=URay/>

Families were forbidden to make kasundi in the month of a birth or the year of a death in the family, or if some tragedy had occurred to them in the past while making kasundi. For families who were not forbidden, failing to make kasundi in a particular year meant they would be forbidden to make any in the next 12 years. The way to avoid that was to give away mustard seeds to a Brahmin.<ref name=Tanu/><ref name=Pri/>

Renuka Devi Chaudhurani, [[doyenne]] of Bengali cuisine,<ref>[https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/leisure/the-road-from-game-pies-to-gujiyas/articleshow/60039410.cms The road from game pies to gujiyas], Mumbai Mirror, Aug 13, 2017</ref> wrote in her book ''Stree Achaar'' ("women's rituals") that it was mandatory that a Brahmin makes it, not the women of the household. The women were allowed only to wash, dry and pound the mustard seeds, which were then given to the Brahmins. For families that had women making it, the role of the Brahmin was still important in setting the time of kasundi making, lighting the fire to boil water for kasundi and putting the water-filler earthenware pot on the stove.<ref name=Tanu/>

==Process and rituals==

The long and tedious ritualistic kasundi making process used to begin on the day of [[Akshaya Tritiya]] (the day of prosperity and worship of goddess [[Laxmi]] in late April-early May). The weather of the season, after the mustard harvesting and drying season in winter, was considered optimal weather for fermentation — not too cold to delay the process, nor hot or humid enough to spoil the kasundi.<ref name=Tanu/><ref name=Bor/><ref name=URay>Utsa Ray, ''Culinary Culture in Colonial India'', page 135, Cambridge University Press, 2015, {{ISBN|110704281X}}</ref> It took more than a week to make kasundi.<ref name=Pri/> Pickle-making in Bengal had to be done in a certain chronology following the harvests. ⁠''Kul-er achar'' (pickled Indian jujube) was made first, followed by ''tentul-er achar'' (pickled tamarind), ''aam-er achar'' (pickled mango) and finally the kasundi, right before the monsoons arrived.<ref name=AnaBa>Ananya Baruah, [https://www.thebetterindia.com/200958/kasundi-mustard-sauce-queen-of-pickles-bengal-traditional-food-india/ Queen of Pickles: Why Bengal’s Explosive Kasundi Is The Stuff of Food Legends], The Better India, 2019-10-23</ref>

Black and yellow mustard seeds were first thoroughly washed and drained.<ref name=Bor/><ref name=Tanu/> The washing of mustard seeds was endowed with ceremonial importance in many parts of Bengal, where all the mustard seeds to be consumed by the family during the coming year were washed in one go on the day of Akshaya Tritiya. Mustard processing was ceremonially prohibited after that day.<ref name=RMS/> Washing the mustard had its own set of rituals — groups of married women bathed in odd numbers, then washed mustard seeds facing east wearing still wet [[saree]]s. They sang and chanted for wealth, health and well-being while washing. Mustard was washed in a pond or a river, though washing it under a tap is an acceptable alternative in the modern days. For washing and straining a man's dhoti was used, not a woman's saree.<ref name=Tanu/>

After sunning, it was sifted.<ref name=RMS/> The mustard was then brought back into the house amid much [[ululation]] and lit up [[Diya (lamp)|ghee-lamps]] after it has been presented to the gods. Five kinds of fruits, two unripe mangoes on the same stem, [[betel leaf]], [[betel nut]], [[Cynodon dactylon|Bermuda grass]] (''dhoob'') and paddy were also offered to gods along with the mustard.<ref name=Tanu/> Next the mustard was ground, often with spices, into a fine pulp.<ref name=RMS/> Moderation was needed when adding spice, as over-spicing could spoil the kasundi.<ref name=Tanu/> The seeds were pounded for two to three days to take away the bitterness and introduce the pungency (''jhaanjh'').<ref name=Pri/> Meanwhile, water from the same pond or river in which it had been washed was boiled for a fairly long time in a freshly made earthenware pot.<ref name=RMS>Rebati Mohan Sarkar, ''Through the Vistas of Life and Lore'', page 558, Punthi Pustak, 2000, {{ISBN|8186791221}}</ref> A little hot water and salt were added to make a paste,<ref name=Bor/> sometimes with one or two green mangoes dropped into the preparation, and paste was put in a new earthenware pot in the main house of the family by a woman of the family who had a living husband. One could touch the earthenware pots only after bathing and putting on fresh clothes.<ref name=RMS/><ref name=Tanu/>

Mustard in the sealed pot was then left to ferment for about two days in a cool place.<ref name=Tanu/> This is the time when the flavours developed - the distinctive pungency, the subtle tang and the spicy notes of an ideal preparation.<ref name=Bor/> Once it had slightly fermented, the pots were opened and offered to pregnant women, who were in their third trimester, as ''[[Sadhbhakshan|shaadh]]''. The ritual also involved giving the pregnant women their favourite foods, along with their elders' blessing.<ref name=Tanu/> After that it was bottled and sunned for a few more days. If made under the right conditions, kasundi remained edible for years.<ref name=Pri/>

Three or four days later, on an auspicious day of the week (i.e. Monday, Wednesday, Thursday or Friday), a part of the prepared kasundi was put into a small, new earthenware pot with a spirit, a religious rite. Then the pot was covered and sanctimoniously put in a safe place in the house to be opened on the first day of the month of [[Asharh]] (June–July). On the first day of the month of Asadh, fish was prohibited for all the members of the family. On that day Goddess [[Parvati]] is worshipped as [[Nistarini]] (lit. "one who delivers from difficulties") by women of high caste Hindu families of some districts of Bengal.<ref name=RMS/>

==Types of kasundi==
[[File:Tomato kasundi (8324428905).jpg|thumb|Tomato kasundi]]

Different households traditionally had their own unique recipe and closely guarded process of making kasundi, though the differences lie more or less in the use of spices.<ref name=Tanu/><ref name=Bor/> Some families prepared kasundi with just salt, ground mustard, dry chillies, [[turmeric]] and [[mustard oil]]. Others used combinations of different dry and ground spices like [[black caraway]] (''kalonji''), [[fennel]], [[Trachyspermum roxburghianum|wild celery]] (''radhuni shaak'') seed, [[ajwain]], [[long pepper]] (''pippali''), chilli, black pepper, [[fenugreek]] (''methi''), clove, [[Elettaria cardamomum|green]] and [[black cardamom]], [[cumin]] (''jeera''), [[coriander]] (''dhonia''), [[nutmeg]] (''jaiphal''), [[Mace (spice)|mace]] (''javitri''), [[Java pepper]] (''kabab chini''), dried mango, dried kul etc.<ref name="Pri"/><ref name=Bor/>

Chaudhurani mentions a dozen spices that were added to the kasundi, including green and black cardamom, cumin, coriander, nutmeg, mace, long pepper, chillies, black pepper and wild celery seeds.<ref name=Tanu/> It also was made with a combination of fruits like [[mango]], [[tamarind]], [[indian jujube]] (''kul'') or [[Spondias pinnata|hog plum]] (''amda'').<ref name=Pri/> The base kasundi is used to make [[tomato]]-kasundi, unripe [[mango]]-kasundi and other variations.<ref>Aliza Green, ''The Magic of Spice Blends'', page 105, Quarry Books, 2015, {{ISBN|163159074X}}</ref><ref>Satarupa Banerjee, ''101 Ways to Prepare Kababs'', pages 33-34, Pustak Mahal, 2001, {{ISBN|8122306977}}</ref>

===Jhal kasundi===
The most popular variant of kasundi is the plain kasundi that is also known as ''Jhal Kasundi'' (fiery kasundi). While different homes had different recipes, the simplest one was made with dry ground mustard seeds (both black and yellow, taken from the newest crop), water, salt and haldi. The more complex recipes used to have minuscule amounts of 12 masalas – haldi, dried red chilli, [[bay leaf]], coriander, cumin, fennel, pepper, ginger, [[Trachyspermum roxburghianum|wild celery]] (''randhuni''), cinnamon, javitri or green cardamom and [[Nigella sativa|fennel flower]] (''kalonji'') – sometimes added with a paste of green mango as a souring agent. It had to be made with strictly sanitised conditions for fear of the sauce going bad, and therefore could not be made in humid weather.<ref name=Pri/>

===Phool kasundi===

As Bengali kitchens as a principle would not let anything go to waste, the coarse pulp left behind after sieving the mustard was finely ground again and mixed with more mustard to make what is known as phool kasundi.<ref name=RMS/><ref name=Tanu/> This was also regarded as a part of the rites of making kasundi.<ref name=RMS/> With phool kasundi, more chilli, turmeric, green mango and salt were added to make a grainier, bolder, fuller-bodied and spicier sauce. The rest of the process was similar to regular kasundi, except in households where Brahmins made the kasundi the women of the household would make phool kasundi. Also, while kasundi was traditionally not used in cooking or served with fish or meat, phool kasundi was used to prepare [[shukto]], the Bengali vegetable stew, and [[machher Jhol]], the quintessential soup-like fish curry. Modern kasundi available at stores are sometimes indetified as run-down, industrial versions of phool kasundi.<ref name=Tanu/>

===Gota kasundi===

Gota kasundi is made with a large number of dry spices along with dried kul or dried mangoes that were powdered and stored. It is sprinkled over cooked vegetables or [[saag]]s for enhanced flavor.<ref name=Pri/>

===Tomato kasundi===

Tomato kasundi or ''Tamtar kasundi'' is typically a spicy and savory tomato and mustard chutney. It is used as a condiment and dipping sauce for foods and dishes such as [[paratha]] and [[naan]] and fried foods such as [[samosa]]s and [[pakora]]s. It is also used as a [[spread (food)|spread]] on sandwiches and grilled meats.<ref name="Green 2015">{{cite book | last=Green | first=A. | title=The Magic of Spice Blends: A Guide to the Art, Science, and Lore of Combining Flavors | publisher=Quarry Books | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-63159-074-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3xsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 | access-date=October 27, 2017 | page=105}}</ref>

===Aam kasundi===
Mango kasundi or ''aam kasundi'' is one of the more popular kasundi variants.<ref name=SomS>Somdatta Saha, [https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/aam-kasundi-know-how-to-make-this-bengalis-treasured-mango-mustard-sauce-at-home-2213489 Aam Kasundi: Know How To Make This Bengali's Treasured Mango-Mustard Sauce At Home], NDTV Food, 2020-04-21</ref> It is made from mustard seeds, hot red chillies, garlic, salt, and shredded mango.<ref name=cooksi>[https://www.cooksinfo.com/kasundi Kasundi], Cook's Info, 2011-05-05</ref> Green mango (''kacchi kairi'') is used to make chutneys, pickles, as well as different kind of curries, daal, besides aam kasundi. Aam kasundi is enjoyed as a spread, a dip or an accompaniment with a wide range of food including sandwich, roll, burger and fritters. It is also used to marinate chicken or fish with while making curry. Aam kasundi is available in markets like regular kasundi, but doesn't taste or smell as fresh as the home-cooked varieties.<ref name=SomS/>

===Eggplant kasundi===

Eggplant kasundi is made of eggplant (brijal or aubergine), pepper, cumin, black sesame seed, mustard seed, curry leaves, lemon juice, tamarind paste, [[ghee]], and chillies. The ingredients are simmered together until a thick sauce emerges.<ref name=cooksi/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Sauces]]
[[Category:Chutney]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]

2025–26 Hockey India League

2026-04-21T14:42:46Z

WilliamsLin216:

{{Short description|Held from December 2025 to February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date= December 2025}}
{{Infobox field hockey league season
|name = Men's Hockey India League
|image =
|pixels =
|caption =
|fromdate = {{start date|df=yes|2026|1|3}}
|todate = {{end date|df=yes|2026|1|26}}
|administrator = [[Hockey India]]
|tformat = [[Round-robin tournament]] [[Single-elimination tournament|Knock-out]]
|host = {{IND}}
|venues = [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]], [[Chennai]] [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]] [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
|teams = [[#Men's league|8]]
|champion = [[Kalinga Lancers]]
|second = [[Ranchi Royals]]
|third = [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
|count =
|matches = 33
|goals = 166
|potourn = [[Amandeep Lakra]] (Hyderabad Toofans)
|topscorer = [[Tom Boon]] (Hyderabad Toofans)
|attendance =
|prevseason = [[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024–25]]
|nextseason =
}}
{{Infobox field hockey league season
|name = Women's Hockey India League
|image =
|pixels =
|caption =
|fromdate = {{start date|df=yes|2025|12|28}}
|todate = {{end date|df=yes|2026|1|10}}
|administrator = [[Hockey India]]
|tformat = [[Round-robin tournament|Double round-robin]] [[Single-elimination tournament|Knock-out]]
|host = {{IND}}
|venues = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
|teams = [[#Women's league|4]]
|champion = [[Delhi SG Pipers|SG Pipers]]
|second = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers|Bengal Tigers]]
|third = [[Ranchi Royals]]
|count = 1
|runners-up =
|matches = 13
|goals = 39
|potourn = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet Kaur]] ([[Delhi SG Pipers]])
|topscorer = {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Agustina Gorzelany]] ([[Rarh Bengal Tigers]])
|attendance =
|prevseason = [[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024–25]]
|nextseason =
}}

The '''2025–26 Hockey India League''' was the seventh season of the annual [[Hockey India League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hockey India League unveil Mens and Womens schedule for 2025-26 season |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/hockey-india-league-unveil-mens-and-womens-schedule-for-2025-26-season/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> It was held from 28 December 2025 and to 26 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-10-25 |title=Hockey India League announces schedule for 2025-26 season |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/hockey-india-league-announces-schedule-format-new-teams-venues-hil-2025-26-dates-news/article70200943.ece |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> The men's league was won by the Kalinga Lancers, while the SG Pipers won the women's league.

== Format ==
Eight teams for the men's tournament and four teams for the women's tournament are placed in a group to play round-robin matches. The top four teams qualify for the knockout stage.<ref>{{cite news |date=17 January 2017 |title=Coal India HIL format is very exciting: Gonzalo Peillat |work=Hockey India League |publisher=League.hockeyindia.org |url=http://league.hockeyindia.org/news/coal-india-hil-format-is-very-exciting-gonzalo-peillat/ |accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> Playing eleven, teams had to have a minimum of two and a maximum of five foreign players.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Debayan |date=21 January 2017 |title=Hockey India League 2017: Everything you need to know |work=ESPN |publisher=Espn.in |url=http://www.espn.in/field-hockey/story/_/id/18516528/hockey-india-league-2017-team-team-guide-preview |accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref>

==Teams==
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Franchise
!Location
!Owners
!Men's
!Women's
|-
|[[Delhi SG Pipers|SG Pipers]]
|{{n/a}}
|SG Sports
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|-
|[[Hyderabad Toofans]]
|[[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
|Resolute Sports
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|-
|[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]]
|[[Vedanta Limited]]
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|-
|[[Ranchi Royals]]
|[[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
|Shri Alvish M.A.
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|-
|[[Rarh Bengal Tigers|Bengal Tigers]]
|[[West Bengal]]
|Shrachi Sports
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|-
|[[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]] [[Haryana]]
|[[JSW Group]]
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
|[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
|Charles Group
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|-
|[[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|-
!colspan=3|Total
!8
!4
|}

==Venues==
The matches will be held across three cities, [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Chennai]] and [[Ranchi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Next HIL To Be Held In 3 Venues, Women's Event Could Be Expanded To 6 Teams- |url=https://www.news18.com/sports/next-hil-to-be-held-in-3-venues-womens-event-could-be-expanded-to-6-teams-ws-l-9540029.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=news18.com}}</ref> While women's games will be hosted at the [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]] in Ranchi, the men's games will be held at the [[Kalinga Stadium]] in Bhubaneswar, at the [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]] in Chennai and at the [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]] in Ranchi.
{{location map+
|float=right
|India
|width=190
|alt=Locations of the 2025–26 Hockey India League
|caption=Locations of the HIL
|places=
{{location map~ |India|lat=20.29|long=85.82|label=[[Bhubaneswar]]|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India|lat=13.08|long=80.26|label=[[Chennai]]|position=}}
{{location map~ |India|lat=23.21|long=85.19|label=[[Ranchi]]|position=}}
}}
{| class="wikitable centre" style="text-align:center"
|-
![[Bhubaneswar]]
![[Chennai]]
![[Ranchi]]
|-
|[[Kalinga Stadium]]
|[[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]]
|[[Jaipal Singh Stadium]]
|-
|Capacity: '''16,000'''
|Capacity: '''8,670'''
|Capacity: '''5,000'''
|-
|[[File:Kalinga Hockey Stadium.jpg|190px]]
|[[File:Mayor Radhakrishnan hockey stadium.jpg|250px]]
|{{location map+|float=right|India Jharkhand|width=190|alt=|caption=|places={{location map~ |India|lat=23.21|long=85.19|label=[[Jaipal Singh Stadium]]|position=}}}}
|}

==Men's HIL==
===Standings===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WL OT
|section=Men's league
|update=complete
|show_matches=no|teamwidth=200
|source=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/competitions/218/pools Hockey India]
|OTwin_header=<abbr title="Won after shoot-out (2 pts)">SOW</abbr>
|OTloss_header=<abbr title="Lost after shoot-out (1 pts)">SOL</abbr>


|team_order=KL, RR, HT, HILGC, SHC, TND, RBT, DSGP
|result1=Q |result2=Q |result3=Q |result4=Q


|win_DSGP=1 |OTwin_DSGP=0 |OTloss_DSGP=1 |loss_DSGP=5 |gf_DSGP=14|ga_DSGP=29
|win_HILGC=3 |OTwin_HILGC=0 |OTloss_HILGC=2 |loss_HILGC=2 |gf_HILGC=21|ga_HILGC=18
|win_HT=3 |OTwin_HT=0 |OTloss_HT=2 |loss_HT=2 |gf_HT=17|ga_HT=11
|win_KL=4 |OTwin_KL=2 |OTloss_KL=0 |loss_KL=1 |gf_KL=16|ga_KL=8 |status_KL=H
|win_RR=3 |OTwin_RR=1 |OTloss_RR=1 |loss_RR=2 |gf_RR=25|ga_RR=18|status_RR=H
|win_RBT=3 |OTwin_RBT=0 |OTloss_RBT=0 |loss_RBT=4 |gf_RBT=16|ga_RBT=24
|win_SHC=3 |OTwin_SHC=1 |OTloss_SHC=0 |loss_SHC=3 |gf_SHC=16|ga_SHC=14
|win_TND=1 |OTwin_TND=3 |OTloss_TND=1 |loss_TND=2 |gf_TND=19|ga_TND=22|status_TND=H

|status_text_X=Qualified for the knockouts, but can qualify for the Eliminator

|name_DSGP=[[Delhi SG Pipers|SG Pipers]]
|name_HILGC=[[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
|name_HT=[[Hyderabad Toofans]]
|name_KL=[[Kalinga Lancers]]
|name_RR=[[Ranchi Royals]]
|name_RBT=[[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
|name_SHC=[[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|name_TND=[[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]

|res_col_header=Q
|col_Q=green1 |text_Q=Qualified to [[2025–26 Hockey India League#Men's Knockouts|Knockouts]]



|class_rules=1) Points: Win (3) Draw (1) [[Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|Shoot-out win]] (1); 2) matches won; 3) goal difference; 4) goals scored; 5) head-to-head points, goal difference & goals scored; 6) shoot‐out competition
}}

===League stage===
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 3 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
| score = 3–3
| team2 = [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6309 Report]
| goals1 = [[Uttam Singh (field hockey)|Uttam]] {{fhgoal|PC|4}} [[Thomas Sorsby|Sorsby]] {{fhgoal|FG|9}} [[Karthi Selvam|Karthi]] {{fhgoal|FG|32}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|12|PC|18}} [[Amandeep Lakra|Amandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|37}} [[Arthur de Sloover|De Sloover]]
| penalties1 = [[Nathan Ephraums|Ephraums]] {{fhps|g}} [[Blake Govers|Govers]] {{fhps|g}} [[Uttam Singh (field hockey)|Uttam]] {{fhps|g}} [[Tom Craig (field hockey)|Craig]] {{fhps|m}} [[Mohammed Raheel Mouseen|Raheel]] {{fhps|g}}
| penaltyscore = 4–2
| penalties2 = {{fhps|g}} [[Arshdeep Singh (field hockey)|Arshdeep]] {{fhps|m}} [[Michel Struthoff|Struthoff]] {{fhps|g}} [[Zachary Wallace|Wallace]] {{fhps|m}} [[Talwinder Singh|Talwinder]]
| umpires = David Tomlinson (NZL) Raghu Prasad (IND)
| stadium = [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 4 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| score = 1–3
| team2 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6310 Report]
| goals1 = [[Prabhjot Singh (field hockey, born 2001)|Prabhjot]] {{fhgoal|FG|54}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|33}} [[Sukhjeet Singh|Sukhjeet]] {{fhgoal|FG|45}} [[Abhishek Nain|Abhishek]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}} [[Gursewak Singh (field hockey)|Gursewak]]
| umpires = Coen van Bunge (NED) Napoleon Chanamthabam (IND)
| stadium = [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 4 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Kalinga Lancers]]
| score = 4–2
| team2 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6311 Report]
| goals1 = [[Alexander Hendrickx|Hendrickx]] {{fhgoal|PC|7|PC|28}} [[Gursahibjit Singh|Gursahibjit]] {{fhgoal|FG|16|FG|26}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|1}} [[Tom Boon|Boon]] {{fhgoal|FG|9}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]]
| umpires = Zeke Newman (AUS) Balaji Kumar (IND)
| stadium = [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 5 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| score = 2–3
| team2 = [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6312 Report]
| goals1 = [[Ky Willott|Willott]] {{fhgoal|FG|31}} [[Dilraj Singh|Dilraj]] {{fhgoal|PC|56}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|35|PC|37|PC|60}} [[Kane Russell|Russell]]
| umpires = Deepak Joshi (IND) Anand Dangi (IND)
| stadium = [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 6 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
| score = 3–2
| team2 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6313 Report]
| goals1 = [[Selvaraj Kanagaraj|Selvaraj]] {{fhgoal|FG|28}} [[Uttam Singh (field hockey)|Uttam]] {{fhgoal|FG|30}} [[Blake Govers|Govers]] {{fhgoal|FG|47}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|FG|45}} [[Maninder Singh (field hockey)|Maninder]] {{fhgoal|PC|58}} [[Harmanpreet Singh|Harmanpreet]]
| umpires = Gurbaj Singh (IND) Sourabh Rajput (IND)
| stadium = [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 7 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
| score = 6–3
| team2 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6314 Report]
| goals1 = [[Samuel Ward (field hockey)|Ward]] {{fhgoal|FG|19}} [[Kane Russell|Russell]] {{fhgoal|PC|19|PC|36|PC|44}} [[Sudeep Chirmako|Sudeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|38}} [[James Albery (field hockey)|Albery]] {{fhgoal|FG|59}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PS|12}} [[Jugraj Singh (field hockey, born 1996)|Jugraj]] {{fhgoal|PC|40}}[[Tom Grambusch|T. Grambusch]] {{fhgoal|FG|40}} [[Christopher Rühr|Rühr]]
| umpires = Balaji Kumar (IND) David Tomlinson (NZL)
| stadium = [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 7 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
| score = 3–2
| team2 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6315 Report]
| goals1 = [[Amandeep Lakra|Amandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|42}} [[Nic Woods|Woods]] {{fhgoal|PC|45}} [[Talwinder Singh|Talwinder]] {{fhgoal|FG|57}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|11|FG|17}} [[Tom Boon|Boon]]
| umpires = Coen van Bunge (NED) Zeke Newman (AUS)
| stadium = [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 8 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| score = 1–2
| team2 = [[Kalinga Lancers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6316 Report]
| goals1 = [[Affan Yousuf|Affan]] {{fhgoal|FG|56}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|52}} [[Alexander Hendrickx|Hendrickx]] {{fhgoal|PC|57}} [[Boby Singh Dhami|Boby]]
| umpires = Napoleon Chanamthabam (IND) Raghu Prasad (IND)
| stadium = [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 9 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
| score = 1–1
| team2 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6317 Report]
| goals1 = [[Amandeep Lakra|Amandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|46}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|20}} [[Harmanpreet Singh|Harmanpreet]]
| penalties1 = [[Tim Brand|Brand]] {{fhps|g}} [[Zachary Wallace|Wallace]] {{fhps|m}} [[Arshdeep Singh (field hockey)|Arshdeep]] {{fhps|m}} [[Rajinder Singh (field hockey, born 2002)|Rajinder]] {{fhps|m}}
| penaltyscore = 1–3
| penalties2 = {{fhps|g}} [[Harmanpreet Singh|Harmanpreet]] {{fhps|g}} [[Nicolás Keenan|Keenan]] {{fhps|m}} [[Gurjant Singh|Gurjant]] {{fhps|m}} [[Victor Wegnez|Wegnez]] {{fhps|g}} [[Nicolás della Torre|Della Torre]]
| umpires = Anand Dangi (IND) Zeke Newman (AUS)
| stadium = [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 9 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
| score = 4–4
| team2 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6318 Report]
| goals1 = [[Amit Rohidas|Amit]] {{fhgoal|PC|9}} [[Paul-Philipp Kaufmann|Kaufmann]] {{fhgoal|FG|17}} [[Tom Craig (field hockey)|Craig]] {{fhgoal|PC|18}} [[Selvaraj Kanagaraj|Selvaraj]] {{fhgoal|FG|40}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|FG|13|PS|18}} [[Tomás Domene|Domene]] {{fhgoal|PC|38}} [[Ky Willott|Willott]] {{fhgoal|FG|59}} [[Aditya Lalage|Aditya]]
| penalties1 = [[Nathan Ephraums|Ephraums]] {{fhps|g}} [[Blake Govers|Govers]] {{fhps|g}} [[Uttam Singh (field hockey)|Uttam]] {{fhps|g}} [[Tom Craig (field hockey)|Craig]] {{fhps|g}} [[Mohammed Raheel Mouseen|Raheel]] {{fhps|g}}
| penaltyscore = 5–4
| penalties2 = {{fhps|g}} [[Rajkumar Pal|Rajkumar]] {{fhps|g}} [[Tomás Domene|Domene]] {{fhps|m}} [[Roman Duvekot|Duvekot]] {{fhps|g}} [[Ky Willott|Willott]] {{fhps|g}} [[Ankit Pal|Ankit]]
| umpires = Sourabh Rajput (IND) Deepak Joshi (IND)
| stadium = [[Mayor Radhakrishnan Hockey Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 11 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
| score = 1–1
| team2 = [[Kalinga Lancers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6319 Report]
| goals1 = [[Ajeet Yadav|Ajeet]] {{fhgoal|FG|19}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|23}} [[Alexander Hendrickx|Hendrickx]]
| penalties1 = [[Gurjot Singh|Gurjot]] {{fhps|g}} [[Simon Yorston|Yorston]] {{fhps|m}} [[Lalit Upadhyay|Lalit]] {{fhps|m}} [[Ajeet Yadav|Ajeet]] {{fhps|m}}
| penaltyscore = 1–3
| penalties2 = {{fhps|g}} [[Cooper Burns|Burns]] {{fhps|m}} [[Antoine Kina|Kina]] {{fhps|m}} [[Angad Bir Singh|Angad]] {{fhps|g}} [[Arthur van Doren|Van Doren]] {{fhps|g}} [[Dilpreet Singh|Dilpreet]]
| umpires = Gurbaj Singh (IND) David Tomlinson (NZL)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 11 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| score = 4–1
| team2 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6320 Report]
| goals1 = [[Tom Boon|Boon]] {{fhgoal|FG|54|FG|60}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|56}} [[Lachlan Sharp|Sharp]] {{fhgoal|FG|58}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|FG|26}} [[Ketan Kushwaha|Ketan]]
| umpires = Zeke Newman (AUS) Deepak Joshi (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 12 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| score = 2–1
| team2 = [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6321 Report]
| goals1 = [[Tomás Domene|Domene]] {{fhgoal|PC|8|FG|29}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|41}} [[Amandeep Lakra|Amandeep]]
| umpires = Coen van Bunge (NED) Raghu Prasad (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 12 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
| score = 4–2
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6322 Report]
| goals1 = [[Kane Russell|Russell]] {{fhgoal|PC|14|PC|33|PC|47}} [[Samuel Ward (field hockey)|Ward]] {{fhgoal|FG|23}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|32}} [[Blake Govers|Govers]] {{fhgoal|FG|56}} [[Uttam Singh (field hockey)|Uttam]]
| umpires = David Tomlinson (NZL) Sourabh Rajput (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 13 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| score = 5–3
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6323 Report]
| goals1 = [[Jugraj Singh (field hockey, born 1996)|Jugraj]] {{fhgoal|PS|11|PC|43|PC|45}} [[Sukhjeet Singh|Sukhjeet]] {{fhgoal|FG|33}} [[Abhishek Nain|Abhishek]] {{fhgoal|PC|55}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|36}} [[Adrohit Ekka|Adrohit]] {{fhgoal|FG|48}} [[Thomas Sorsby|Sorsby]] {{fhgoal|PC|51}} [[Blake Govers|Govers]]
| umpires = Zeke Newman (AUS) Anand Dangi (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 14 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
| score = 0–1
| team2 = [[Kalinga Lancers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6324 Report]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|40}} [[Alexander Hendrickx|Hendrickx]]
| umpires = Coen van Bunge (NED) Mohit Rawat (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 14 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| score = 6–2
| team2 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6325 Report]
| goals1 = [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|13}} [[Tom Boon|Boon]] {{fhgoal|PS|17|PC|40|PC|41|FG|50|PC|60}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|20}} [[Tomás Domene|Domene]] {{fhgoal|PC|39}} [[Gareth Furlong|Furlong]]
| umpires = Zeke Newman (AUS) Gurbaj Singh (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 15 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| score = 3–1
| team2 = [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6326 Report]
| goals1 = [[Harmanpreet Singh|Harmanpreet]] {{fhgoal|PC|15|PC|38}} [[Gurjant Singh|Gurjant]] {{fhgoal|FG|27}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|47}} [[Kane Russell|Russell]]
| umpires = Raghu Prasad (IND) Mohit Rawat (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 16 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| score = 4–1
| team2 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6327 Report]
| goals1 = [[Manmeet Singh Rai|Manmeet]] {{fhgoal|FG|14}} [[Tom Boon|Boon]] {{fhgoal|FG|20|PC|22}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|47}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|FG|14}} [[Jeetpal]]
| umpires = David Tomlinson (NZL) Gurbaj Singh (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 17 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| score = 0–6
| team2 = [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6328 Report]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Zachary Wallace|Wallace]] {{fhgoal|FG|2|FG|17|FG|30}} [[Tim Brand|Brand]] {{fhgoal|PC|12|FG|39|FG|46}}
| umpires = Coen van Bunge (NED) Anand Dangi (IND)
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 17 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Kalinga Lancers]]
| score = 6–1
| team2 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6329 Report]
| goals1 = [[Cooper Burns|Burns]] {{fhgoal|FG|8|FG|23}} [[Craig Marais (field hockey)|Marais]] {{fhgoal|FG|10}} [[Alexander Hendrickx|Hendrickx]] {{fhgoal|PC|39|PC|56}} [[Angad Bir Singh|Angad]] {{fhgoal|FG|54}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|FG|11}} [[Ky Willott|Willott]]
| umpires = Zeke Newman (AUS) Napoleon Chanamthabam (IND)
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 18 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| score = 2–3
| team2 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6330 Report]
| goals1 = [[Dilraj Singh|Dilraj]] {{fhgoal|FG|5}} [[Tomás Domene|Domene]] {{fhgoal|PC|31}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|45}} [[Jugraj Singh (field hockey, born 1996)|Jugraj]] {{fhgoal|FG|45}} [[Abhishek Nain|Abhishek]] {{fhgoal|FG|48}} [[Affan Yousuf|Affan]]
| umpires = David Tomlinson (NZL) Deekshith (IND)
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 18 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Kalinga Lancers]]
| score = 1–1
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6331 Report]
| goals1 = [[Alexander Hendrickx|Hendrickx]] {{fhgoal|PC|44}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PS|19}} [[Blake Govers|Govers]]
| penalties1 = [[Cooper Burns|Burns]] {{fhps|g}} [[Angad Bir Singh|Angad]] {{fhps|g}} [[Antoine Kina|Kina]] {{fhps|g}} [[Arthur van Doren|Van Doren]] {{fhps|g}}
| penaltyscore = 4–1
| penalties2 = {{fhps|m}} [[Nathan Ephraums|Ephraums]] {{fhps|m}} [[Blake Govers|Govers]] {{fhps|g}} [[Uttam Singh (field hockey)|Uttam]]
| umpires = Zeke Newman (AUS) Sourabh Rajput (IND)
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 19 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
| score = 4–4
| team2 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6332 Report]
| goals1 = [[Lalit Upadhyay|Upadhyay]] {{fhgoal|PC|25|FG|53}} [[Kane Russell|Russell]] {{fhgoal|PC|36}} [[Sudeep Chirmako|Sudeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|39}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|FG|19|FG|32}} [[Araijeet Singh Hundal|Hundal]] {{fhgoal|FG|40}} [[Sam Lane (field hockey)|Lane]] {{fhgoal|PC|57}} [[Tom Boon|Boon]]
| penalties1 = [[Gurjot Singh|Gurjot]] {{fhps|m}} [[Ajeet Yadav|Ajeet]] {{fhps|g}} [[Daragh Walsh|Walsh]] {{fhps|m}}
| penaltyscore = 1–4
| penalties2 = {{fhps|g}} [[Vishnukant Singh|Vishnukant]] {{fhps|g}} [[Sam Lane (field hockey)|Lane]] {{fhps|g}} [[Maxime Van Oost|Van Oost]] {{fhps|g}} [[Tom Boon|Boon]]
| umpires = Raghu Prasad (IND) Coen van Bunge (NED)
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 20 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
| score = 3–2
| team2 = [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6333 Report]
| goals1 = [[Zachary Wallace|Wallace]] {{fhgoal|PC|6}} [[Amandeep Lakra|Amandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|8}} [[Shilanand Lakra|Shilanand]] {{fhgoal|PC|27}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|8|PC|31}} [[Kane Russell|Russell]]
| umpires = Coen van Bunge (NED) David Tomlinson (NZL)
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
}}
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 20 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Kalinga Lancers]]
| score = 1–2
| team2 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6334 Report]
| goals1 = [[Liam Henderson (field hockey)|Henderson]] {{fhgoal|FG|48}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|FG|23}} [[Jeetpal]] {{fhgoal|PC|38}} [[Vivek Prasad|Vivek]]
| umpires = Sourabh Rajput (IND) Raghu Prasad (IND)
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 21 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
| score = 3–3
| team2 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6335 Report]
| goals1 = [[Blake Govers|Govers]] {{fhgoal|PC|24|PC|53}} [[Karthi Selvam|Karthi]] {{fhgoal|FG|32}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|FG|1}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|9|PS|35}} [[Tom Boon|Boon]]
| penalties1 = [[Nathan Ephraums|Ephraums]] {{fhps|g}} [[Blake Govers|Govers]] {{fhps|g}} [[Uttam Singh (field hockey)|Uttam]] {{fhps|g}} [[Tom Craig (field hockey)|Craig]] {{fhps|g}}
| penaltyscore = 4–2
| penalties2 = {{fhps|m}} [[Vishnukant Singh|Vishnukant]] {{fhps|g}} [[Yashdeep Siwach|Yashdeep]] {{fhps|m}} [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet]] {{fhps|g}} [[Maxime van Oost|Van Oost]]
| umpires = Zeke Newman (AUS) Deekshith (IND)
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 22 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| score = 6–1
| team2 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6336 Report]
| goals1 = [[Jeremy Hayward|Hayward]] {{fhgoal|PC|2|PC|7|PC|34|PS|45}} [[Lucas Martínez (field hockey)|Martínez]] {{fhgoal|FG|11}} [[Nicolás Keenan|Keenan]] {{fhgoal|FG|47}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|43}} [[Tomás Domene|Domene]]
| umpires = Coen van Bunge (NED) Deepak Joshi (IND)
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
}}

===Knockouts===
{{#invoke:Build bracket|main
| rounds = 3
| RD3b-hide = n

| col1-headers = 1,6
| col2-headers = 1
| col3-headers = 1,6

| col1-matches = 3,8
| col2-matches = 5
| col3-matches = 3,8

| col1-col2-paths = 3-3, 3-5:red,8-5
| col2-col3-paths = (3,5)-3

| RD1 = '''[[#Qualifier 1|Qualifier 1]]'''
| RD1b = '''[[#Eliminator|Eliminator]]'''
| RD2 = '''[[#Qualifier 2|Qualifier 2]]'''
| RD3 = '''[[#Final|Final]]'''
| RD3b = '''[[#Third place|Third place]]'''

| RD1-seed1 = 1
| RD1-team1 = '''[[Kalinga Lancers]]'''
| RD1-score1 = '''2'''
| RD1-seed2 = 2
| RD1-team2 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| RD1-score2 = 1
| RD1-seed3 = 3
| RD1-team3 = '''[[Hyderabad Toofans]]'''
| RD1-score3 = '''2'''
| RD1-seed4 = 4
| RD1-team4 = [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
| RD1-score4 = 0

| RD2-seed1 = Q1L
| RD2-team1 = '''[[Ranchi Royals]]'''
| RD2-score1 = '''3'''
| RD2-seed2 = EW
| RD2-team2 = [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
| RD2-score2 = 2

| RD3-seed1 = Q1W
| RD3-team1 = '''[[Kalinga Lancers]]'''
| RD3-score1 = '''3'''
| RD3-seed2 = Q2W
| RD3-team2 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| RD3-score2 = 2

| RD3b-seed1 = Q2L
| RD3b-team1 = '''[[Hyderabad Toofans]]'''
| RD3b-score1 = '''4'''
| RD3b-seed2 = EL
| RD3b-team2 = [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
| RD3b-score2 = 3

}}

====Qualifier 1====
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 23 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Kalinga Lancers]]
| score = 2–1
| team2 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/6337 Report]
| goals1 = [[Alexander Hendrickx|Hendrickx]] {{fhgoal|PC|12|PC|32}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|PC|40}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep]]
| umpires = Zeke Newman (AUS) Sourabh Rajput (IND)
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
}}

====Eliminator====
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 23 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
| score = 2–0
| team2 = [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/6338 Report]
| goals1 = [[Shilanand Lakra|Shilanand]] {{fhgoal|FG|16|PC|39}}
| goals2 =
| umpires = David Tomlinson (NZL) Coen van Bunge (NED)
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
}}

====Qualifier 2====
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 25 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| score = 3–2
| team2 = [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/6339 Report]
| goals1 = [[Tom Boon|Boon]] {{fhgoal|PS|13|PC|15|PC|34}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|FG|5}} [[Jacob Anderson (field hockey)|Anderson]] {{fhgoal|PC|38}} [[Amandeep Lakra|Amandeep]]
| umpires = Coen van Bunge (NED) Raghu Prasad (IND)
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
}}

====Third and fourth place====
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 26 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
| score = 3–4
| team2 = [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/6340 Report]
| goals1 = [[Samuel Ward (field hockey)|Ward]] {{fhgoal|FG|14|FG|52}} [[Kane Russell]] {{fhgoal|PC|55}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|FG|24}} [[Nilakanta Sharma|Nilakanta]] {{fhgoal|FG|30|FG|53}} [[Amandeep Lakra|Amandeep]] {{fhgoal|FG|33}} [[Jacob Anderson (field hockey)|Anderson]]
| umpires = Sourabh Rajput (IND) Deepak Joshi (IND)
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
}}

====Final====
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 26 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Kalinga Lancers]]
| score = 3–2
| team2 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/matches/6341 Report]
| goals1 = [[Alexander Hendrickx|Hendrickx]] {{fhgoal|PC|4|PC|27}} [[Dilpreet Singh|Dilpreet]] {{fhgoal|PC|25}}
| goals2 = {{fhgoal|FG|9}} [[Araijeet Singh Hundal|Hundal]] {{fhgoal|PC|59}} [[Tom Boon|Boon]]
| umpires = Coen van Bunge (NED) Zeke Newman (AUS)
| stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
}}

==Women's HIL==
===Standings===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WL OT
|section=Women's league
|show_matches=no|teamwidth=200
|update=complete
|source=[https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/competitions/219/pools Hockey India]
|OTwin_header=<abbr title="Won after shoot-out (2 pts)">SOW</abbr>
|OTloss_header=<abbr title="Lost after shoot-out (1 pts)">SOL</abbr>


|team_order=DSGP, RBT, RR, SHC
|result1=F |result2=F


|win_DSGP=3 |OTwin_DSGP=0 |OTloss_DSGP=2 |loss_DSGP=1 |gf_DSGP=11|ga_DSGP=9
|win_RR=3 |OTwin_RR=0 |OTloss_RR=0 |loss_RR=3 |gf_RR=13|ga_RR=7 |status_RR=H
|win_RBT=2 |OTwin_RBT=2 |OTloss_RBT=0 |loss_RBT=2 |gf_RBT=7 |ga_RBT=11
|win_SHC=2 |OTwin_SHC=0 |OTloss_SHC=0 |loss_SHC=4 |gf_SHC=6 |ga_SHC=10

|name_DSGP=[[Delhi SG Pipers|SG Pipers]]
|name_RR=[[Ranchi Royals]]
|name_RBT=[[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
|name_SHC=[[Soorma Hockey Club]]

|col_F=green1 |text_F=Qualified to [[2025–26 Hockey India League#Women's Final|Final]]



|class_rules=1) Points: Win (3) Draw (1) [[Penalty shoot-out (field hockey)|Shoot-out win]] (1); 2) matches won; 3) goal difference; 4) goals scored; 5) head-to-head points, goal difference & goals scored; 6) shoot‐out competition
}}

===League stage===
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 28 December 2025
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| score = 0–2
| team2 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6296 Report]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|PC|27}} [[Teresa Viana|Viana]] {{fhgoal|FG|46}}
| umpires = Rachel Williams (ENG) Ruchika Wankhede (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 29 December 2025
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| score = 0–1
| team2 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6297 Report]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = [[Agustina Gorzelany|Gorzelany]] {{fhgoal|PC|11}}
| umpires = Kelly Hudson (NZL) Durga Devi (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 30 December 2025
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| score = 5–0
| team2 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6298 Report]
| goals1 = [[Hannah Cotter|Cotter]] {{fhgoal|FG|10}} [[Beauty Dungdung|Beauty]] {{fhgoal|PC|14}} [[Lucina von der Heyde|Von der Heyde]] {{fhgoal|FG|33|PC|57}} [[Sangita Kumari (field hockey)|Sangita]] {{fhgoal|FG|44}}
| goals2 =
| umpires = Rachel Williams (ENG) Deepa (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 31 December 2025
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| score = 1–0
| team2 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6299 Report]
| goals1 = [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|FG|4}}
| goals2 =
| umpires = Rama Potnis (IND) Ruchika Wankhede (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 1 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| score = 3–3
| team2 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6300 Report]
| goals1 = [[Lola Riera|Riera]] {{fhgoal|PC|10|PS|60}} [[Sunelita Toppo|Sunelita]] {{fhgoal|PC|59}}
| goals2 = [[Agustina Gorzelany|Gorzelany]] {{fhgoal|PC|6|PC|18}} [[Lalremsiami Hmarzote|Lalremsiami]] {{fhgoal|FG|11}}
| penalties1 = [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhps|m}} [[Ishika]] {{fhps|g}} [[Sunelita Toppo|Sunelita]] {{fhps|g}} [[Priscilla Jardel|Jardel]] {{fhps|m}} [[Juana Castellaro|Castellaro]] {{fhps|g}} [[Ishika]] {{fhps|m}} [[Sunelita Toppo|Sunelita]] {{fhps|m}}
| penaltyscore = 3–4
| penalties2 = {{fhps|g}} [[Purnima Yadav (field hockey)|Purnima]] {{fhps|m}} [[Lalremsiami Hmarzote|Lalremsiami]] {{fhps|g}} [[Victoria Manuele|Manuele]] {{fhps|g}} [[Noor de Baat|De Baat]] {{fhps|m}} [[Valentina Raposo|Raposo]] {{fhps|m}} [[Purnima Yadav (field hockey)|Purnima]] {{fhps|g}} [[Lalremsiami Hmarzote|Lalremsiami]]
| umpires = Kelly Hudson (NZL) Shivani Sharma (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 2 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| score = 2–0
| team2 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6301 Report]
| goals1 = [[Rutuja Pisal|Rutuja]] {{fhgoal|FG|30}} [[Sakshi Rana|Sakshi]] {{fhgoal|FG|54}}
| goals2 =
| umpires = Rachel Williams (ENG) Rama Potnis (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 3 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| score = 1–3
| team2 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6302 Report]
| goals1 = [[Penny Squibb|Squibb]] {{fhgoal|PC|12}}
| goals2 = [[Lola Riera|Riera]] {{fhgoal|PC|13}} [[Jyoti Singh (field hockey)|Jyoti S.]] {{fhgoal|FG|18}} [[Sunelita Toppo|Sunelita]] {{fhgoal|FG|58}}
| umpires = Kelly Hudson (NZL) Deepa (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 4 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|15:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| score = 1–0
| team2 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6303 Report]
| goals1 = [[Agustina Gorzelany|Gorzelany]] {{fhgoal|PC|37}}
| goals2 =
| umpires = Rachel Williams (ENG) Durga Devi (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 5 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| score = 2–1
| team2 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6304 Report]
| goals1 = [[Penny Squibb|Squibb]] {{fhgoal|PC|1}} [[Olivia Shannon|Shannon]] {{fhgoal|PS|39}}
| goals2 = [[Agostina Alonso|Alonso]] {{fhgoal|FG|35}}
| umpires = Rama Potnis (IND) Shivani Sharma (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 6 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| score = 0–0
| team2 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6305 Report]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| penalties1 = [[Purnima Yadav (field hockey)|Purnima]] {{fhps|g}} [[Lalremsiami Hmarzote|Lalremsiami]] {{fhps|m}} [[Victoria Manuele|Manuele]] {{fhps|m}} [[Noor de Baat|De Baat]] {{fhps|g}} [[Sukhveer Kaur|Sukhveer]] {{fhps|m}} [[Noor de Baat|De Baat]] {{fhps|g}} [[Purnima Yadav (field hockey)|Purnima]] {{fhps|g}} [[Lalremsiami Hmarzote|Lalremsiami]] {{fhps|g}} [[Victoria Manuele|Manuele]] {{fhps|g}} [[Sukhveer Kaur|Sukhveer]] {{fhps|g}}
| penaltyscore = 7–6
| penalties2 = {{fhps|m}} [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhps|g}} [[Juana Castellaro|Castellaro]] {{fhps|m}} [[Ishika]] {{fhps|g}} [[Kaitlin Nobbs|Nobbs]] {{fhps|m}} [[Teresa Viana|Viana]] {{fhps|g}} [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhps|g}} [[Kaitlin Nobbs|Nobbs]] {{fhps|g}} [[Juana Castellaro|Castellaro]] {{fhps|g}} [[Teresa Viana|Viana]] {{fhps|m}} [[Ishika]]
| umpires = Rachel Williams (ENG) Neetu Kumari (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 7 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|15:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| score = 2–3
| team2 = [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6306 Report]
| goals1 = [[Agustina Gorzelany|Gorzelany]] {{fhgoal|PC|37}} [[Lalremsiami Hmarzote|Lalremsiami]] {{fhgoal|PC|60}}
| goals2 = [[Sonam (field hockey)|Sonam]] {{fhgoal|FG|10}} [[Penny Squibb|Squibb]] {{fhgoal|PC|50}} [[María Granatto|Granatto]] {{fhgoal|PC|53}}
| umpires = Deepa (IND) Shivani Sharma (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}
----
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 8 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|17:00|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| score = 2–5
| team2 = [[Ranchi Royals]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6307 Report]
| goals1 = [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhgoal|FG|10|FG|58}}
| goals2 = [[Lucina von der Heyde|Von der Heyde]] {{fhgoal|PC|2|PC|47}} [[Sangita Kumari (field hockey)|Sangita]] {{fhgoal|FG|24}} [[Hannah Cotter|Cotter]] {{fhgoal|FG|55|FG|60}}
| umpires = Kelly Hudson (NZL) Neetu Kumari (IND)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}

===Women's Final===
{{fieldhockeybox
| date = 10 January 2026
| time = {{UTZ|19:30|5:30}}
| team1 = [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| score = 1–1
| team2 = [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| report = [https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/matches/6308 Report]
| goals1 = [[Preeti Dubey|Preeti D.]] {{fhgoal|FG|53}}
| goals2 = [[Lalremsiami Hmarzote|Lalremsiami]] {{fhgoal|FG|16}}
| penalties1 = [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet]] {{fhps|g}} [[Ishika (field hockey)|Ishika]] {{fhps|m}} [[Juana Castellaro|Castellaro]] {{fhps|g}} [[Sunelita Toppo|Sunelita]] {{fhps|m}} [[Kaitlin Nobbs|Nobbs]] {{fhps|g}}
| penaltyscore = 3–2
| penalties2 = {{fhps|m}} [[Purnima Yadav (field hockey)|Purnima]] {{fhps|g}} [[Lalremsiami Hmarzote|Lalremsiami]] {{fhps|m}} [[Noor de Baat|De Baat]] {{fhps|m}} [[Victoria Manuele|Manuele]] {{fhps|g}} [[Sukhveer Kaur|Sukhveer]]
| umpires = Rachel Williams (ENG) Kelly Hudson (NZL)
| stadium = [[Jaipal Singh Stadium]], [[Ranchi]]
}}

==Top goalscorers==
{{updated|26 January 2026}}<ref name="MHIL">{{cite web |title=Hero Hockey India League 2025-26 (Men's) - Statistics goals|url=https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/competitions/218|publisher=[[Hockey India]]}}</ref><ref name="WHIL">{{cite web |title=Hero Hockey India League 2025-26 (Women's) - Statistics goals|url=https://hockeyindia.altiusrt.com/index.php/competitions/219/statistics|publisher=[[Hockey India]]}}</ref>
===Men's HIL===
[[File:Tom Boon Belgium Hockey Player (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Tom Boon]], the highest goalscorer of the 2025–26 Men's HIL season.]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1
| align="left"| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Tom Boon]]
| align="left"| [[Ranchi Royals]]
| rowspan="1" | 19
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2
| align="left"| {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Kane Russell]]
| align="left"| [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
| rowspan="1" | 14
|-
| rowspan="1" | 3
| align="left"| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Alexander Hendrickx]]
| align="left"| [[Kalinga Lancers]]
| rowspan="1" | 12
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amandeep Lakra]]
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
| rowspan="2" | 9
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Tomás Domene]]
| align="left"| [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 5
| align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Blake Govers]]
| align="left"| [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
| rowspan="2" | 6
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mandeep Singh (field hockey)|Mandeep Singh]]
| align="left"| [[Ranchi Royals]]
|-
| rowspan="1" | 6
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jugraj Singh (field hockey, born 1996)|Jugraj Singh]]
| align="left"| [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| rowspan="1" | 5
|-
| rowspan="4" | 7
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Singh]]
| align="left"| [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
| rowspan="4" | 4
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jeremy Hayward]]
| align="left"| [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Samuel Ward (field hockey)|Samuel Ward]]
| align="left"| [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Zachary Wallace]]
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | 8
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Abhishek Nain]]
| align="left"| [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| rowspan="5" | 3
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Araijeet Singh Hundal]]
| align="left"| [[Ranchi Royals]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Ky Willott]]
| align="left"| [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tim Brand]]
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Uttam Singh (field hockey)|Uttam Singh]]
| align="left"| [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
|-
| rowspan="13" | 9
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Affan Yousuf]]
| align="left"| [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| rowspan="13" | 2
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Cooper Burns]]
| align="left"| [[Kalinga Lancers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Dilraj Singh
| align="left"| [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gursahibjit Singh]]
| align="left"| [[Kalinga Lancers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jacob Anderson (field hockey)|Jacob Anderson]]
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Jeetpal
| align="left"| [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Karthi Selvam]]
| align="left"| [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalit Upadhyay]]
| align="left"| [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Selvaraj Kanagaraj
| align="left"| [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Sudeep Chirmako
| align="left"| [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shilanand Lakra]]
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sukhjeet Singh]]
| align="left"| [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Tom Sorsby]]
| align="left"| [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
|-
| rowspan="30" | 10
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aditya Lalage]]
| align="left"| [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| rowspan="30" | 1
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Adrohit Ekka
| align="left"| [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Ajeet Yadav
| align="left"| [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amit Rohidas]]
| align="left"| [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Angad Bir Singh]]
| align="left"| [[Kalinga Lancers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Arthur De Sloover]]
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Boby Singh Dhami]]
| align="left"| [[Kalinga Lancers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Christopher Rühr]]
| align="left"| [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Craig Marais (field hockey)|Craig Marais]]
| align="left"| [[Kalinga Lancers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dilpreet Singh|Dilpreet]]
| align="left"| [[Kalinga Lancers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|WAL}} [[Gareth Furlong]]
| align="left"| [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurjant Singh]]
| align="left"| [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Gursewak SIngh
| align="left"| [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[James Albery (field hockey)|James Albery]]
| align="left"| [[Hockey India League|HIL Governing Council]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Ketan Kushwaha
| align="left"| [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Lachlan Sharp]]
| align="left"| [[Ranchi Royals]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Liam Henderson (field hockey)|Liam Henderson]]
| align="left"| [[Kalinga Lancers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lucas Martínez (field hockey)|Lucas Martínez]]
| align="left"| [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Maninder Singh (field hockey)|Maninder Singh]]
| align="left"| [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Manmeet Singh Rai
| align="left"| [[Ranchi Royals]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Nic Woods]]
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Nicolás Keenan]]
| align="left"| [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nilakanta Sharma]]
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Paul-Philipp Kaufmann]]
| align="left"| [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Prabhjot Singh
| align="left"| [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Sam Lane (field hockey)|Sam Lane]]
| align="left"| [[Ranchi Royals]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Talwinder Singh]]
| align="left"| [[Hyderabad Toofans]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Tom Craig (field hockey)|Tom Craig]]
| align="left"| [[Tamil Nadu Dragons]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Tom Grambusch]]
| align="left"| [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vivek Prasad]]
| align="left"| [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|}

===Women's HIL===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
|Rank
!Player
!Team
!Goals
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Agustina Gorzelany]]
| align="left"| [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
| rowspan="1" | 5
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Navneet Kaur (field hockey)|Navneet Kaur]]
| align="left"| [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
| rowspan="2" | 4
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Lucina von der Heyde]]
| align="left"| [[Ranchi Royals]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 3
| align="left"| {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Hannah Cotter]]
| align="left"| [[Ranchi Royals]]
| rowspan="4" | 3
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalremsiami Hmarzote]]
| align="left"| [[Rarh Bengal Tigers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Lola Riera]]
| align="left"| [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Penny Squibb]]
| align="left"| [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 4
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sangita Kumari (field hockey)|Sangita Kumari]]
| align="left"| [[Ranchi Royals]]
| rowspan="2" | 2
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunelita Toppo]]
| align="left"| [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
|-
| rowspan="10" | 5
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Agostina Alonso]]
| align="left"| [[Ranchi Royals]]
| rowspan="10" | 1
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Beauty Dungdung]]
| align="left"| [[Ranchi Royals]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Jyoti Singh (field hockey)|Jyoti Singh]]
| align="left"| [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[María José Granatto]]
| align="left"| [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Olivia Shannon]]
| align="left"| [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Preeti Dubey]]
| align="left"| [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rutuja Pisal]]
| align="left"| [[Ranchi Royals]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sakshi Rana]]
| align="left"| [[Ranchi Royals]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Sonam
| align="left"| [[Soorma Hockey Club]]
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|URU}} [[Teresa Viana]]
| align="left"| [[Delhi SG Pipers]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://hockeyindialeague.com/}}

{{Hockey India League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025-26 Hockey India League}}
[[Category:Hockey India League seasons]]
[[Category:2025 in field hockey|Hockey India League]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:2025–26 Hockey India League]]

2006 ICC Champions Trophy final

2026-04-21T12:14:01Z

WilliamsLin216: added entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
| title = 2006 ICC Champions Trophy Final
| image = Wankhede Mumbai.jpg
| caption = The final was disrupted by rain under lights at the [[Brabourne Stadium]]
| event = [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy]]
| team1 = {{cr|WIN}}
| team1score = 138
| team1overs = 30.4
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| team2score = 116/2
| team2overs = 28.1
| rain = Australia's innings interrupted by rain and reduced to 35 overs with a target of 116
| details = Australia won by 8 wickets ([[Duckworth-Lewis-Stern method|D/L]] method)
| date = 5 November 2006
| stadium = [[Brabourne Stadium]]
| city = [[Mumbai]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Shane Watson]] (Aus)
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
| attendance = 26,000
| television =
| previous = [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy final|2004]]
| next = [[2009 ICC Champions Trophy final|2009]]
|imagesize=250px}}

The final of the [[2006 ICC Champions Trophy]] was played on 5 November 2006 between the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] and [[Australia cricket team|Australia]] at the [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name= "Wisden">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/291600.html|title=Wisden – ICC Champions Trophy, 2006–07|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> Australia qualified into the final by defeating [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in the first semi-final at the [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]] on 1 November 2006. The West Indies made their way into the final after defeating [[South Africa cricket team|South Africa]] in the second semi-final played at [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]] on 2 November 2006. The match was interrupted by rain during the Australian [[innings]]. Australia won the final by 8 wickets applying [[Duckworth–Lewis method]] (D/L method), winning the Champions Trophy for the first time.<ref name="finalreport">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/iccct2006/content/story/266957.html|first=Dileep|last=Premachandran|title=Wisden – Australia score emphatic victory|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=5 November 2006|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> [[Shane Watson]] earned the [[man of the match]] award for his performance in the match. [[Chris Gayle]] was named the man of the series for scoring 474 [[Run (cricket)|runs]] in the tournament.

==Road to the final==

===Semifinals===
The first semi final was played between Australia and New Zealand on 1 November 2006 at the [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Mohali]].<ref name="1stsemifinal">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/6101964.stm|title=Aussies clinch Trophy final spot|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=1 November 2006|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> Australia batted first and scored 240 [[Run (cricket)|runs]] for 9 wickets in 50 overs. [[Ricky Ponting]] and [[Andrew Symonds]] scored 58 runs each. [[Kyle Mills]] took four wickets for 38 runs in 10 overs. In the reply, New Zealand were all out for 206 runs in 46 overs with [[Daniel Vettori]] scoring 79 runs. [[Glenn McGrath]], who took three wickets conceding 22 runs in 10 overs, was given [[man of the match]] award.<ref name="1stsemifinal"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/iccct2006/content/story/266495.html|first=Andrew|last=Millar|title=Australia in final after 34-run win|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=1 November 2006|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/iccct2006/engine/match/249757.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy, 1st Semi Final: Australia v New Zealand at Mohali |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref>

West Indies played South Africa in the second semi-final on 2 November 2006 at the [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]], and defeated them by 6 wickets.<ref name="2ndsemifinal">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/6105632.stm|title=Gayle ton puts Windies into final|publisher=BBC Sport|date=2 November 2006|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> South Africa scored 258 runs for eight wickets in 50 overs with [[Herschelle Gibbs]] scoring 77 runs. [[Dwayne Bravo]] took two wickets for 44 runs in seven overs.<ref name="2ndsemifinal"/> West Indies had lost four wickets before reaching the target in 44 overs. Their highest scorer [[Chris Gayle]]—133 runs [[not out]] from 135 balls—shared an opening partnership of 154 runs with [[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]], who scored 57. South African bowler [[Robin Peterson]] conceded 36 runs in seven overs for taking one wicket. Gayle's performance earned him the man of the match award.<ref name="2ndsemifinal"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/iccct2006/content/story/266641.html|first=S|last=Rajesh|title=Rampant Gayle runs SA to the ground|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=2 November 2006|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/iccct2006/engine/match/249758.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy, 2nd Semi Final: South Africa v West Indies at Jaipur |work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref>

==Match details==
===Match officials===
* '''On-field [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]]''': [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
* '''[[Third umpire]]''': [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ)
* '''Reserve umpire''': [[Mark Benson]] (Eng)
* '''[[Match referee]]''': [[Ranjan Madugalle]] (SL)
* '''[[Toss (cricket)|Toss]]''': West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
===Summary===

[[File:Shane Watson.jpg|thumb|[[Shane Watson]] scored 57 runs [[not out]] and took two wickets in the match.<ref name="Australia">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6119154.stm|title=Ponting delighted by team effort|publisher=BBC Sport|date=5 November 2006|access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref>|alt=portrait of Shane Watson]]

The final of the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy was played between Australia and West Indies in Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai on 5 November 2006.<ref name="BBCFinal">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/6113034.stm|title=Champions Trophy final – Aus v WI|first=Martin|last=Gough|publisher=BBC Sport|date=5 November 2006|access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref> West Indies batted first after winning the toss. Chanderpaul and Gayle opened the [[innings]], shared a partnership of 49 runs in 5.1 overs.<ref name="ESPNcricinfoFinal1">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/iccct2006/engine/match/249759.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy – Final: Australia v West Indies|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref> Chanderpaul scored 27 runs from 18 balls. [[Brett Lee]], who was struck for a six and four fours by Chanderpaul, conceded 36 runs in his opening spell three overs. Gayle scored 37 runs from 27 balls hitting McGrath for 14 runs in three consecutive deliveries including two sixes. McGrath conceded 22 runs in his first two overs, but his next five overs cost just two runs for two wickets. Despite their 80 runs in the first 10 overs, West Indies were all out for 138 runs in 30.4 overs. Their last eight batsmen added just 58 runs to the total; and last five players scored 25 runs in eight overs.<ref name="BBCFinal"/> Australian left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast bowler]] [[Nathan Bracken]] took three wickets for 22 runs in six overs whereas [[Shane Watson]] took two wickets for 11 runs in three overs.<ref name="ESPNcricinfoFinal1"/> Australia started their batting with the early losses of [[Adam Gilchrist]] and captain [[Ricky Ponting]], and were restricted to 13 runs for two wickets in four overs.<ref name="BBCFinal"/> Before the scheduled dinner break, Watson and [[Damien Martyn]] had taken the total to 45 runs in 10 overs. The match was then delayed for two hours due to rain, and the revised target of 116 runs was set in 35 overs applying the [[Duckworth–Lewis method]] (D/L method).<ref name="BBCFinal"/><ref name="ESPNcricinfoFinal2">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/291600.html|title=Final, Australia v West Indies: ICC Champions Trophy, 2006–07|first=Dileep|last=Premachandran|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="ESPNcricinfoFinal3">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/iccct2006/content/story/266957.html|title=Australia score emphatic victory|first=Dileep|last=Premachandran|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref> Australia reached the target in 28.5 overs with Watson and Martyn scoring 57 and 47 runs (both not out) respectively.<ref name="BBCFinal"/><ref name="ESPNcricinfoFinal3"/> West Indian fast bowler [[Ian Bradshaw]] took one wicket for 21 runs in six overs. Watson was given the man of the match award for his all-round performance.<ref name="Australia"/><ref name="ESPNcricinfoFinal2"/> Gayle was named the man of the tournament for scoring 474 runs in eight games including three centuries.<ref name="Windies">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/6119212.stm|title=Lara upbeat over World Cup hopes|publisher=BBC Sport|date=5 November 2006|access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref> West Indies, the winner of the [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy]], were not able to defend the title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/428237.html|title=West Indies win the Champions Trophy, London, 25 September 2004|first=Vaneisa|last=Baksh|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=4 October 2009|access-date=7 October 2014}}</ref> Australia won the ICC Champions Trophy for the first time.<ref name= "TSMH">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/cricket/aussies-claim-elusive-trophy/2006/11/06/1162661575823.html|title=Aussies claim elusive trophy|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|access-date=15 January 2015|date=6 November 2006}}</ref>

{{Limited overs matches
| date = 5 November
| time = 14:30
| daynight = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 138 (30.4 overs)
| score2 = 116/2 (28.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chris Gayle]] 37 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Nathan Bracken]] 3/22 (6 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shane Watson]] 57[[not out|*]] (88)
| wickets2 = [[Ian Bradshaw]] 1/21 (6 overs)
| result = Australia won by 8 wickets [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|(D/L method)]]
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-champions-trophy-2006-07-232694/australia-vs-west-indies-final-249759/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium|Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA)
| motm = [[Shane Watson]] (Aus)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat
| rain = Australia were set a revised target of 116 runs from 35 overs.
| notes =
}}

==Scorecard==

{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{cr|WIN}} batting}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shivnarine Chanderpaul]]|status=b Bracken|runs=27|balls=18|4s=4|6s=1|strike_rate=150.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Chris Gayle]]|status=b Bracken|runs=37|balls=27|4s=6|6s=2|strike_rate=137.02}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ramnaresh Sarwan]]|status=c Hogg b Bracken |runs=7|balls=9|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=77.77}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Dwayne Bravo]]|status=lbw b Hogg|runs=21|balls=47|4s=3|6s=0|strike_rate=44.68}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Brian Lara]] *|status=c †Gilchrist b McGrath|runs=2|balls=18|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=11.11}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Runako Morton]]|status=c †Gilchrist b McGrath|runs=2|balls=9|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=22.22}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Marlon Samuels]]|status=c Ponting b Watson|runs=7|balls=12|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=58.33}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Carlton Baugh]] †|status=lbw b Watson|runs=9|balls=13|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=69.23}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ian Bradshaw]]|status=b Lee|runs=7|balls=15|4s=1|6s=0|strike_rate=46.66}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Jerome Taylor]]|status=not out|runs=5|balls=13|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=38.46}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Corey Collymore]]|status=run out (Symonds)|runs=0|balls=5|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}

{{Cricket match batsman status|player=Extras|status=(lb 5, nb 2, w 7)|runs=14|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player='''Total'''|status=(all out; 30.4 overs)|runs='''138'''|balls=|4s=17|6s=3|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

Fall of wickets: 1/49 (Chanderpaul, 5.1 ov), 2/65 (Sarwan, 7.3 ov), 3/80 (Gayle, 9.4 ov), 4/88 (Lara, 14.5 ov), 5/94 (Morton, 18.2 ov), 6/113 (Samuels, 22.4 ov), 7/125 (Baugh, 24.6 ov), 8/125 (Bravo, 25.1 ov), 9/136 (Bradshaw, 28.6 ov), 10/138 (Collymore, 30.4 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{cr|AUS}} bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Brett Lee]]|overs=7.4|maiden=0|runs=49|wickets=1|econ=6.39|wides=0|no-balls=2}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Nathan Bracken]]|overs=6|maiden=0|runs=22|wickets=3|econ=3.66|wides=3|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Glenn McGrath]]|overs=7|maiden=3|runs=24|wickets=2|econ=3.42|wides=2|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Andrew Symonds]]|overs=3|maiden=0|runs=16|wickets=0|econ=5.33|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Shane Watson]]|overs=3|maiden=0|runs=11|wickets=2|econ=3.66|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Brad Hogg]]|overs=4|maiden=1|runs=11|wickets=1|econ=2.75|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

{{Cricket match batting box begin|title={{cr|AUS}} batting}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Adam Gilchrist]]|status=c Gayle b Bradshaw|runs=2|balls=9|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=22.22}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Shane Watson]]|status=not out|runs=57|balls=88|4s=4|6s=0|strike_rate=64.77}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Ricky Ponting]]|status=lbw b Taylor|runs=0|balls=2|4s=0|6s=0|strike_rate=0.00}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Damien Martyn]]|status=not out|runs=47|balls=71|4s=6|6s=0|strike_rate=66.19}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Michael Hussey]]|status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Andrew Symonds]]|status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Michael Clarke (cricketer)|Michael Clarke]]|status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Brett Lee]]|status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Brad Hogg]]|status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Nathan Bracken]]|status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player=[[Glenn McGrath]]|status=|runs=|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}

{{Cricket match batsman status|player=Extras|status=(lb 4, nb 1, w 5)|runs=10|balls=|4s=|6s=|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match batsman status|player='''Total'''|status=(2 wickets; 28.1 overs)|runs='''116'''|balls=|4s=10|6s=0|strike_rate=}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

Fall of wickets: 1/12 (Gilchrist, 2.6 ov), 2/13 (Ponting, 3.6 ov)

{{Cricket match bowling box begin|title={{cr|WIN}} bowling}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Chris Gayle]]|overs=1|maiden=0|runs=5|wickets=0|econ=5.00|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Jerome Taylor]]|overs=7|maiden=0|runs=42|wickets=1|econ=6.00|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Ian Bradshaw]]|overs=6|maiden=0|runs=21|wickets=1|econ=3.50|wides=1|no-balls=1}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Corey Collymore]]|overs=6|maiden=1|runs=19|wickets=0|econ=3.16|wides=1|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Marlon Samuels]]|overs=5|maiden=0|runs=9|wickets=0|econ=1.80|wides=0|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match bowler status|bowler=[[Ramnaresh Sarwan]]|overs=3.1|maiden=0|runs=16|wickets=0|econ=5.05|wides=2|no-balls=0}}
{{Cricket match box end}}

'''Key'''
* <nowiki>*</nowiki> – [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
* {{dagger}} – [[Wicket-keeper]]
* c ''Fielder'' – the batsman was dismissed by a catch by the named [[Fielding (cricket)|fielder]]
* b ''Bowler'' – the [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] who gains credit for the dismissal
* lbw – the batsman was dismissed [[leg before wicket]]
* Total runs are in the format: ''score/wickets''

==Controversy==

Australia were criticised for pushing [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) President and Minister in the [[Government of India]], [[Sharad Pawar]] off the podium once he presented the trophy to Australian captain Ponting.<ref name="tvnz">{{cite web | url=http://tvnz.co.nz/view/page/411749/883264 | title=Aussie criticised for rude behaviour | access-date=8 March 2011 | date=8 November 2006 | publisher=[[Television New Zealand]]}}</ref> Television replays showed Martyn placing his hand on the minister's shoulder and asking him to move aside, Ponting showing Pawar his forefinger as asking to give him the trophy. [[Indian media]] described Australia as "rude and arrogant".<ref name="Pawar">{{cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/iccct2006/content/story/267095.html | title=Australia under fire for pushing Pawar|agency=Agence France-Presse|author-link=Agence France-Presse| access-date=16 January 2015 | date=7 November 2006 | work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> [[The Times of India]] reported that "Australia showed they aren't exactly polite off it too" while [[Indian Express]] headlined that "this is how champions behave when they get the trophy."<ref name="Pawar"/> Former Indian captain [[Sachin Tendulkar]] called the incident as "unpleasant" and said that "such incidents should be avoided." Indian chief selector [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] reacted that it was a "behavior from uneducated people" and called it "appalling." Pawar, however, recalled the incident "a small thing, stupid thing," and said that he did not "want to react."<ref name="Pawar"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/iccct2006/engine/series/232694.html|title=ICC Champions Trophy, 2006/07 / Results|work=ESPNcricinfo}}
*{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/statistics/4950652.stm|title=ICC Champions Trophy 2006|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=29 October 2006}}

{{ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{International cricket in 2006–07}}

[[Category:ICC Champions Trophy finals]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2006]]
[[Category:2006 ICC Champions Trophy]]
[[Category:Australia–Barbados sports relations]]
[[Category:Australia–Guyana sports relations]]
[[Category:Australia–Jamaica sports relations]]
[[Category:Australia–Trinidad and Tobago sports relations]]
[[Category:Australia in international cricket]]
[[Category:West Indies in international cricket]]

Bediapara, Dum Dum

2026-04-20T06:17:02Z

WilliamsLin216: added new info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Bediapara
|official_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|image_skyline = 30A Bus stand near Bediapara, Dum Dum.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = 30A Bus stand
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = [[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum Junction]]
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
|governing_body = [[South Dumdum Municipality]] [https://www.sddm.ind.in/about]
|established_title = 
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22.6311|N|88.3966|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700077
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
|registration_plate = WB
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
[[File:Bediapara, DumDum.jpg|thumb|Bediapara, DumDum]]
'''Bediapara''' is a locality in [[South Dumdum]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=25 January 2025|archive-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128095658/https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=25 January 2025|archive-date=28 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250128095658/https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.6313|88.3980}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Bediapara
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.6313|88.3980}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

=== Police station ===
Newly established Nagerbazar police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Bediapara areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barrackporecitypolice.in/|title=Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|website=barrackporecitypolice.in|access-date=20 Feb 2025|archive-date=14 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240814175228/http://www.barrackporecitypolice.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Post office ===

Bediapara has a delivery sub post office near Bandhu Mahal Club, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700077 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.postoffices.co.in/westbengal-wb/bediapara-kolkata-77/ | title = Bediapara sub post office | publisher = postoffices.co.in |access-date = 25 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Transport==

=== Railways ===
[[Dum Dum Junction railway station]]
and [[Dum Dum Cantonment railway station|Dum Dum Cantonment railway stations]] are the nearest railway stations.

=== Metro ===
[[Dum Dum metro station]] of [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]] and [[Dum Dum Cantonment metro station]] of [[Yellow Line (Kolkata Metro)|Yellow line]] are the nearest metro stations.

=== Bus ===
Bus route no. 30A which runs from [[Sinthee]] More to [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] serves the area.

==Markets==
Markets in or near Bediapara area are:
*Bandhu Mahal Club Market
*Purba Sinthee Natun Bazar
*S Paul Fish Market
==Notable residents==
* [[Manu Munsi]]<ref name="Anandabazar Patrika: The Artist">{{cite news |title=The Artist (শিল্পী) |newspaper=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |date=2 March 2009 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="Ganashakti: Nirabe Manu Munshi">{{cite news |title=Nirabe Manu Munshi |newspaper=[[Ganashakti]] |date=13 April 2009 |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="Sangbad Pratidin: Proyato Manu Munshi">{{cite news |title=Proyato Manu Munshi |newspaper=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=21 February 2009 |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:North 24 Parganas district]]

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}
* [http://sddm.ind.in/ South Dum Dum Municipality website]
{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

Chintala Venkat Reddy

2026-04-11T06:08:02Z

WilliamsLin216:

{{Short description|Indian organic farmer}}
{{COI|date=March 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chinthala Venkat Reddy
| image = Chintala Venkat Reddy.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950|12|22}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = Alwal, [[Secunderabad]], [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| known_for = soil fertility, soil swapping
| occupation = Innovative Natural Farmer
}}

'''Chintala Venkat Reddy''' (born 22 December 1950) is an [[organic farming|organic farmer]] known for his [[soil management|soil]] and [[nutrient management]] techniques in farming. He is the first independent farmer in India to receive an international [[patent]] for his technique in soil swapping and [[soil fertility]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/a-farmers-record/article3235881.ece | title=A farmer's record | date=6 January 2006 | newspaper=The Hindu | first=K. Srinivas | last=Reddy | accessdate=20 February 2020}}</ref>

He also holds national patents to his name. He does not use [[chemical fertilizer]], [[insecticide]] or [[fungicide]] in the farming of rice, wheat, and vegetables. He has won several awards at State and National level for his organic farming techniques.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/telangana-rolls-out-free-power-for-farm-sector/article22347939.ece 24x7 free power to farm sector goes on stream - The Hindu]</ref> He was awarded a [[Padma Shri]] award in 2020 for his contributions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Borah|first=Prabalika|date=2020-02-17|title=From the soil, for the soil: Padma Shri awardee Chintala Venkat Reddy|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/padma-shri-awardee-chintala-venkat-reddy-keesara/article30840873.ece|access-date=2021-03-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> There is no restriction in using his soil techniques.

==Early life==
Venkat Reddy was born in [[Alwal]] in [[Secunderabad]] to Satyamma and Muthyam Reddy, a farming family.<ref name=":0" /> He is second among three brothers and three sisters. He passed his PUC ([[pre-university course]] or 12th standard) in English medium in Biological sciences near Secunderabad. His elder brother, C. Shankar Reddy was a farmer and his younger brother, [[Chintala Kanaka Reddy]] is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Malkajgiri (Assembly constituency)|Malkajgiri constituency]] in Telangana. He has two daughters, and a son.

==Career==
Venkat Reddy started helping his father on their fields from his school age, with [[milking]] and other farm chores. He discontinued his education after 12th, and started working full-time on their agriculture field in Alwal. He developed a keen interest and became a progressive and resourceful agriculturist. He has a 40-acre farmland in Kundanpally village in [[Keesara]].<ref>[https://telanganatoday.com/a-green-ray-of-hope A green ray of hope]</ref>

For his pioneering work, he was awarded a model farmer several times in the State. He showcased his SM techniques when Presidents of the United States, [[Bill Clinton]] in 2001 and [[George W. Bush]] in 2006 visited [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ryot-to-interact-with-bush/article3158618.ece |title=Ryot to interact with Bush|work=The Hindu|date=23 March 2012|access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref> He gifted 30 kg of Thomson, flame and black seedless grapes to both the presidents.

==Organic farming techniques==
In 1979–80, he entered grape farming. He discovered early in 1982, when [[drought]] hit the region. While digging a well on the field, the soil filled water flowed all through their grape field. Unusually, the harvest doubled. He realized that the soiled water carried natural nutrients to the fields.

In 2003, he piloted his SM technique on one-acre land on [[Paddy (unmilled rice)|paddy]] and wheat, and reaped double the normal harvest. His soil management is based on age old principle that the [[topsoil]] needs to be rejuvenated for depletion of nutrients. Instead of soil rejuvenation, farmers typically use more fertilizer to increase the harvest, which is counter productive.

===Soil preparation===
A trench is dug and [[subsoil]] from a depth of 4 feet, from a [[paddy field]] is scooped up using [[earth mover]]. As paddy roots grow not more than 3 feet deep. The soil mixed with castor cake, is dried in open air during summer months (March, April and May). The dried soil (Bhumi Supposhan) is carefully stored under a [[tarpaulin]], for using all through the year. The sub soil can be put under the drip manually or through the drip, SubSoil mixed with flood water for paddy, or send through Rain pipe. Rain pipe has advantages when lifted up 4 feet above the ground by Y rods as it gives water mixed with sub soil rich in nutrients at regular intervals.

====Soil as pesticide====
The dry soil is filtered and made into a consistent liquid and is sprinkled on the [[Plant stem|stem]], leaves on all crops, 2 times a week. The infested [[Pest (organism)|pest]]s feed on clay-rich soil, as they cannot digest the soil content they die. Infestation of [[mealy bug]], [[aphid]]s, defoliating [[caterpillars]], [[stem borer]] were eradicated.

====Soil Spray as nutrient====
The subsoil can be sprayed, composition differs from crop to crop, and quality of the soil sourced. The plant when it gets the required [[nutrient management|natural nutrients]], the yield is almost double. The grape berry size increased, color and quality improved significantly. Sub soil spray increases the growth very fast and acts as pesticide on rice, wheat and vegetables and all crops. SubSoil spray has paved another revolution in Farming across India.

The technique was replicated to grape farm, yielding similar results. After consistent results, encouraged by scientists he applied for an international and national patent for the technique. The claim has been published by the [[Indian Patent Office]] in June 2012.

===Higher yield with soil fertility===
Increasing the [[soil quality]] it increased the yield by:

* Highest yield of 10.31 tonnes of paddy (BPT 5204 variety) per hectare against average 5 - 6.5 tonnes
* Highest yield of 6.5 tonnes of wheat (Lok 1 variety) per hectare against average 2.5 - 3 tonnes

For grape farming, a yield of 30-32 tonnes of grape per acre was achieved, whereas the average output, who make use of pesticides, fertilisers, gets a yield between 20 and 25 tonnes per acre.

===Black beauty grape variety===
He has an organic grape variety called as black beauty seedless grapes. The yield was 20 to 25 tonnes at his five-acre grape garden in Alwal.

===Subsoil application on cattle===
Venkat Reddy has 20 cows on his farm. He applied the subsoil on his cattle that helped in driving away insects and increased quality of milk and the output.

===Organic brand===
He has an organic brand, ''Venkat Reddy Satyam Mutyam'', for other farmers to use if they use his techniques in farming.

==Study==
The [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]], ANGRAU (now [[Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University|Jayashnakar Agriculture University]]), [[CRIDA]] and [[Dr. YSR Horticultural University]] agriculture scientists monitored the crop yields by using his soil-based technique and certified the efficacy of the technique.

The agriculture scientists were impressed by the and consistent high-yields at lowest cost. [[Government of India]] did a systematic analysis of the [[soil management|Soil Management technique]] under the [[Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana]] or RKVY Scheme, and made a [[publication]].

==Recognition==
* Patent on soil fertilisers, a process to improve nutrient content of the soil in cultivated lands (Soil swapping technique).
* Patent for method of improving [[soil fertility]]
* [[Padma Shri]] award 2020 by Govt. of India<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2020 Announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=197647 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |title=Full list of 2020 Padma awardees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-2020-padma-awardees/article30656841.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 January 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://patents.google.com/patent/EP2272313A1/en Patent EP2272313A1 on Google Patents]
* [http://inclusion.skoch.in/story/556/serving-nation-and-society-856.html Serving nation and society]
* [https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/SSIASTArtOfLiving/soil-management-for-natural-farming Soil management process]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in "Others" Category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Chintala Venkat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Telangana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian farmers]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in other fields]]
[[Category:Organic farmers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian farmers]]

Narendra Nath Dhar Dubey

2026-04-09T09:23:55Z

WilliamsLin216: stub - done

{{Short description|Indian Border Security Force officer}}
{{Tone|date=October 2025|reason=wording is promotional/non-neutral in multiple places}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}

'''Narendra Nath Dhar Dubey''' is a former Deputy Inspector General (DIG) of the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF). He is noted for his role during the insurgency in Kashmir, including leading a 2003 operation in which [[Ghazi Baba]], linked to the 2001 Indian Parliament attack, was killed. His actions have been referenced in connection with the 2025 film [[Ground Zero (2025 film)|Ground Zero]]. For his leadership during the operation, he was awarded India's second highest gallantry award [[Kirti Chakra]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite news |title=He Was At 'Ground Zero' In Kashmir - Inside Story Of Ghazi Baba Encounter |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/he-was-at-ground-zero-in-kashmir-inside-story-of-ghazi-baba-encounter-bsf-nn-dubey-pahalgam-attack-8282097 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250721225204/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/he-was-at-ground-zero-in-kashmir-inside-story-of-ghazi-baba-encounter-bsf-nn-dubey-pahalgam-attack-8282097 |archive-date=21 July 2025 |access-date=20 October 2025 |work=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=news24desk |title=Who Is Narendra Nath Dhar Dubey? Real Life Hero Whose Bravery Gave Inspiration For Emraan Hashmi's Ground Zero News24 - |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/who-is-narendra-nath-dhar-dubey-real-life-hero-whose-bravery-gave-inspiration-for-emraan-hashmis-ground-zero/542191/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandhu |first=Kamaljit Kaur |date=20 March 2018 |title=These paramilitary officers surviving after grievous injuries in encounters is stuff legends are made of |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/these-army-officers-surviving-after-grievous-injuries-in-encounters-is-stuff-legends-are-made-of-1193212-2018-03-20 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Military career==
Dubey served as a Deputy Inspector General in the Border Security Force.<ref>{{Cite web |last=news24desk |title=Who Is Narendra Nath Dhar Dubey? Real Life Hero Whose Bravery Gave Inspiration For Emraan Hashmi's Ground Zero News24 - |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/who-is-narendra-nath-dhar-dubey-real-life-hero-whose-bravery-gave-inspiration-for-emraan-hashmis-ground-zero/542191/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ground Zero: Real-Life Story Of BSF Jawan Narendra Nath Dhar Dubey Who Hunt Down 2001 Parliament Attack Mastermind Ghazi Baba |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/ground-zero-real-life-story-of-bsf-jawan-narendra-nath-dhar-dubey-who-hunt-down-2001-parliament-attack-mastermind-ghazi-baba-10232987 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=www.thedailyjagran.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Ghazi Baba operation===
In the early 2000s, Dubey was posted in Kashmir. He and his team spent two years tracking Ghazi Baba, culminating in an operation in which the militant was killed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2003 BSF Operation Against Gazi Baba: Key to JeM's Decline, Says History Book |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/2003-gazi-baba-killing-reduced-jem-to-an-army-sans-generals-bsf-history-book-3491833 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=7 गोलियां खाने वाले BSF अफसर N N Dhar Dubey की जुबानी Ground Zero की असली कहानी: Crime Branch |url=https://podcasts.aajtak.in/crime/crime-branch/the-real-story-of-ground-zero-from-bsf-officer-n-n-dhar-dubey-survivor-of-7-bullets-crime-branch-2250218-2025-05-27 |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=AajTak Podcast |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomar |first=Nancy |title=Ground Zero के असली हीरो Narendra Nath Dhar Dubey कौन? जिनपर बेस्ड है फिल्म |url=https://hindi.news24online.com/entertainment/who-is-narendra-nath-dhar-dubey-ground-zero-emraan-hashmi/1164597/ |access-date=20 October 2025 |website=News24 Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubey, Narendra Nath Dhar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{law-enforcement-bio-stub}}
{{India-bio-stub}}

List of 2023 box office number-one films in India

2026-04-09T01:42:00Z

WilliamsLin216:

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}

This is a list of films which ranked number one at the weekend [[box office]] for the year [[2023 in film|2023]] in India.

== Number-one films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+2023 Box office number-one films by weekend in India<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Box Office Weekends For 2023 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/by-year/2023/?area=IN |access-date=2022-02-06 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>
!{{abbr|#|Week number}}
!Weekend end date
!Film
!Weekend domestic gross
!Primary language
|-
|1
|8 January 2023
| rowspan="5" |''[[Avatar: The Way of Water]]''
|$2,427,868
| rowspan="16" |[[English language|English]]
|-
|2
|15 January 2023
|$1,057,950
|-
|3
|22 January 2023
|$1,057,950
|-
|4
|29 January 2023
|$225,817
|-
|5
|5 February 2023
|$203,924
|-
|6
|12 February 2023
|''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titantic]]'' (25th Anniversary re-release)
|$315,875
|-
|7
|19 February 2023
| rowspan="4" |''[[Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania]]''
|$3,746,710
|-
|8
|26 February 2023
|$730,533
|-
|9
|5 March 2023
|$367,914
|-
|10
|12 March 2023
|$125,264
|-
|11
|19 March 2023
| ''[[Shazam! Fury of the Gods]]''
|$1,224,489
|-
|12
|26 March 2023
| rowspan="2" | ''[[John Wick: Chapter 4]]''
|$3,649,723
|-
|13
|2 April 2023
|$730,136
|-
|14
|9 April 2023
| rowspan="2" | ''[[The Super Mario Bros. Movie]]''
|$934,370
|-
|15
|16 April 2023
|$647,783
|-
|16
|23 April 2023
| ''[[Evil Dead Rise]]''
|$1,519,164
|-
|17
|30 April 2023
| ''[[Sisu (film)|Sisu]]''
|$282,156
|English{{Br}}[[Finnish language|Finnish]]
|-
|18
|7 May 2023
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3]]''
|$3,672,886
| rowspan="8" | English
|-
|19
|14 May 2023
|$1,454,547
|-
|20
|21 May 2023
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Fast X]]''
|$7,360,726
|-
|21
|28 May 2023
|$2,607,230
|-
|22
|4 June 2023
|$880,144
|-
|23
|11 June 2023
|$309,281
|-
|24
|18 June 2023
| ''[[The Flash (film)|The Flash]]''
|$2,522,941
|-
|25
|25 June 2023
|''[[Elemental (2023 film)|Elemental]]''
|$404,392
|-
|26
|2 July 2023
|''[[Maamannan]]''
|$13,808,113
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|27
|9 July 2023
|''[[Insidious: The Red Door]]''
|$1,653,615
| rowspan="21" |English
|-
|28
|16 July 2023
|''[[Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One|Mission: Impossible - Dead Reckoning Part One]]''
|$9,006,702
|-
|29
|23 July 2023
| rowspan="4" |''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]''
|$7,158,610
|-
|30
|30 July 2023
|$2,904,721
|-
|31
|6 August 2023
|$1,666,049
|-
|32
|13 August 2023
|$606,850
|-
|33
|20 August 2023
|''[[Blue Beetle (film)|Blue Beetle]]''
|$962,138
|-
|34
|27 August 2023
| rowspan="2" |''Oppenheimer''
|$184,540
|-
|35
|3 September 2023
|$113,848
|-
|36
|10 September 2023
|''[[The Nun II]]''
|$2,110,278
|-
|37
|17 September 2023
| rowspan="2" |''[[A Haunting in Venice]]''
|$169,802
|-
|38
|24 September 2023
|$56,759
|-
|39
|1 October 2023
|''[[The Creator (2023 film)|The Creator]]''
|$281,359
|-
|40
|8 October 2023
| rowspan="3" |''[[The Exorcist: Believer]]''
|$709,699
|-
|41
|15 October 2023
|$349,355
|-
|42
|22 October 2023
|$34,997
|-
|43
|29 October 2023
|''[[Five Nights at Freddy's (film)|Five Nights at Freddy's]]''
|$40,024
|-
|44
|5 November 2023
|''The Exorcist: Believer''
|$8,959
|-
|45
|12 November 2023
| rowspan="2" |''[[The Marvels]]''
|$902,564
|-
|46
|19 November 2023
|$219,673
|-
|47
|26 November 2023
|''[[Wish (film)|Wish]]''
|$160,288
|-
|48
|3 December 2023
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|$24,269,782
|[[Hindi]]
|-
|49
|10 December 2023
|''[[The Hunger Games: The Ballad of Songbirds & Snakes]]''
|$11,884
| rowspan="4" |English
|-
|50
|17 December 2023
| rowspan="2" |''Wish''
|$2,301
|-
|51
|24 December 2023
|TBD
|-
|52
|31 December 2023
|''[[Migration (2023 film)|Migration]]''
|$187,032
|}

== Highest-grossing films ==
{{see also|2023 in film#Highest-grossing films}}

=== In-Year Release ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest-grossing films of 2023 by In-year (Only domestic gross collection) release
!Rank
!Title
!Domestic gross
!Primary Language
!{{abbr|Ref|Reference}}
|-
|1
| ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
| {{INR|761.98 crore}}
| rowspan="4" |[[Hindi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-09-07 |title=Jawan Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jawan/box-office/ |access-date=2023-09-12 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
| {{INR|662.33 crore}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 December 2023|title=Animal Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/animal/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=2 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201182330/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/animal/box-office/#bh-movie-box-office|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|3
| ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]''
| {{INR|654.28 crore}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Pathaan Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pathaan/box-office/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=25 January 2023 |access-date=29 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|4
| ''[[Gadar 2]]''
| {{INR|625.54 crore}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gadar 2 Box Office|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gadar-2/box-office/|access-date=2 September 2023|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=11 August 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|5
| ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''
|{{INR|565.42}} crore
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Salaar In OTT: ఓటీటీలోకి సలార్.. ఇవాళ చూస్తారా? |url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/rebel-star-prabhas-movie-salaar-part-1-to-release-in-ott-in-netflix-on-20-1-2024-check-full-details-nk-2363847.html |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=News18 తెలుగు |language=te}}</ref>
|-
|6
| ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''
| {{INR|430 crore}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref>{{cite web |date=4 October 2023 |title=Jailer worldwide closing box office collections: Superstar Rajinikanth film is Biggest Tamil film of All Time |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/jailer-worldwide-closing-box-office-collections-superstar-rajinikanth-film-is-biggest-tamil-film-of-all-time-1248206 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>
|-
|7
| ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]''
| {{INR|417 crore}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=Top highest grossing films in Tamil Nadu: Thalapathy Vijay starrer Leo reigns Top |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-highest-grossing-films-in-tamil-nadu-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-leo-reigns-top-1259038 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|8
| ''[[Tiger 3]]''
|{{INR|346.08}} crore
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|<ref>{{cite web |date=12 November 2023 |title=Tiger 3 Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/tiger-3/box-office/ |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|9
| ''[[The Kerala Story]]''
|{{INR|288.04}} crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-05-05 |title=The Kerala Story: Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/the-kerala-story/box-office/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|10
| ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]''
|{{INR|262.25}} crore
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=21 December 2023 |title=Dunki Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dunki/box-office/ |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+Highest-grossing films by Central Board of Film Certification|Highest-grossing films by [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] rating of 2023
|U
|N/A
|-
|U/A
|''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''
|-
|A
|''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]]''
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian films of 2023]]
* [[List of 2022 box office number-one films in India]]
* [[List of 2024 box office number-one films in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Lists of box office number-one films}}

[[Category:Lists of 2023 box office number-one films|India]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian cinema]]

CSI Ellis Memorial Church

2026-04-06T12:31:42Z

WilliamsLin216: New.

{{One source|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox church
| name = CSI Ellis Memorial Church
| fullname =
| image = CSI Ellis Memorial Church.jpg
| imagesize =
| landscape =
| caption = C.S.I. Ellis Memorial Church
| location = [[Dharapuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|10.7376|77.5435|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin map = India Tamil Nadu
| denomination = [[Church of South India]]
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| website =
| former name = Ellis Memorial Church
| bull date =
| founded date =
| founder = Rev. J.J. Ellis (JJE)
| dedication =
| dedicated date =
| consecrated date =
| cult =
| relics =
| events =
| past bishop =
| people =
| status =
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation = National Shrine<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090227014355/http://www.santhomebasilica.com/history.html National Shrine Status]}}</ref>
| designated date =
| architect =
| architectural type =
| style = [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]
| groundbreaking =
| completed date =
| construction cost =
| closed date =
| demolished date =
| capacity =
| length = {{convert|64|m|ft}}
| width = {{convert|12.2|m|ft}}
| width nave = {{convert|10|m|ft}}
| height =
| diameter =
| other dimensions =
| floor count =
| floor area =
| spire quantity =
| spire height = {{convert|47.2|m|ft}}
| materials =
| parish =
| deanery =
| archdeaconry =
| diocese =
| province =
| presbytery =
| synod =
| circuit =
| district =
| division =
| subdivision =
| archbishop =
| bishop =
| dean =
| subdean =
| provost =
| provost-rector =
| viceprovost =
| canon =
| canonpastor =
| precentor =
| archdeacon =
| prebendary =
| rector =
| vicar =
| curate =
| priest =
| asstpriest =
| minister =
| assistant =
| honpriest =
| deacon =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| abbot =
| chaplain =
| reader =
| organistdom =
| director =
| organist =
| organscholar =
| chapterclerk =
| laychapter =
| warden =
| flowerguild =
| musicgroup =
| parishadmin =
| serversguild =
| logo =
| logosize =
}}

'''Ellis Memorial Church''' is a church affiliated with the [[Church of South India]] in the CSI Compound, [[Dharapuram]] ([[Tamil Nadu]]), [[India]]. It was built in the 19th century by Rev. J. J. Ellis and rebuilt again with the status of a [[cathedral]] by the [[United Kingdom|British]] in 1893. It was designed in the [[Gothic Revival|Neo-Gothic]] style favoured by British architects of the late 19th-century.

==History==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2020}}
Reverend Ellis (also known as J.J.) decided that the best thing for me would be to learn Tamil in [[Dharapuram]] and whenever possible to go out to the villages with him in order to know the background and village life of the children in the boarding school. He built the C.S.I. Ellis Memorial Church in 1929.

In 1813, Methodist people entered the southern part of India by sea, and on February 22, 1913, Mr. Man from Perunkarunai paalayam (near Kaangayam) first accepted Christianity. Now, the congregation is celebrating the 100th year of Gospel in southern India and is preparing to build a Church in Perunkarunai Paalayam. This church is attracting many Christians from nearby areas, and is indeed one of the most important churches during British rule in India according to Historians. This presented an opportunity for the local village, including children, to study English. When Rev. J.J. Ellis left for village visits (generally around 2 pm), Dr. C. Ranjith Dev Inbaseelan would prepare tea and supper picnics which went on until 2 in the morning. Ellis was always up again by 5 a.m. for his essential quiet-time.

After that, Dr Anne Booth Mission Hospital was started in the name of Dr. Anne Booth. It was built mainly for the poor and needy, so now, we have the privilege of conducting the Healing Ministry Week. The theme of the daily devotions, held in the hospital chapel, was "Healing the Broken and the Wounded", which was given by the Christian Medical Association of India.

The congregation conducted the healing sermon on Sunday in collaboration with the local C S I Ellis Memorial Church. The presbyter is in charge of leading the opening prayer in the first and the second service. The rest of the service was led by the Staff of C. S. I., Dr. Anne Booth Mission Hospital, C. S. I. School Of Nursing, and The Bishops College Of Nursing. The whole of the congregation attended these services. These services consisted of the Reverend, Mr.S.Benzly Solomon Raj (the D.C.C. Chairperson), Rev. C.John Dawson (Presbyter), Mr.S.Ilango (Secretary), Mr.S.John Wesley (Treasurer).

The sermon on "Healing the Broken and the Wounded" was given by our Medical Officer Dr D. Pethuru, MD (Comm. Med). He challenged the congregation to actively participate in the healing sermon of the Diocese. Special songs were given by the Hospital choir. A small gist of the infrastructures and facilities were available in our hospital.

The hospital is currently financially self-sufficient as of August 2006, and was given spiritual training regularly to cater to the spiritual need of the patients. The second offertory was taken in both the services for the expenses of Gospel work of the hospital and the spiritual development of the staff.

This is a branch of the CSI Mission General Hospital which is located in [[Urayur, Tiruchirappalli|Prayer, Tiruchirappalli]].

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" style="line-height:130%" widths="165" heights="165">
File:Rev. J. J. Ellis with Family.jpg|Rev. J. J. Ellis and Family
File:Gospel starts spreading.jpg|Gospel Starts spreading in Dharapuram
File:Cross view of Ellis Memorial Church, Dharapuram.jpg|Recent photograph of the Church 'Front View'
File:Straight view of Ellis Memorial Church, Dharapuram.jpg|Straight view of the Church
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Church of South India church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rebuilt churches in India]]

Language family

2026-03-29T04:50:16Z

WilliamsLin216: cleaned up formatting after review

{{short description|Group of languages related through a common ancestor}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
[[File:Primary Human Languages Improved Version.png|thumb|upright=1.8|Map of the main language families of the world|class=skin-invert-image]]

A '''language family''' is a group of [[language]]s related through descent from a common ancestor, called the [[proto-language]] of that family. The term ''family'' is a metaphor borrowed from biology, with the [[tree model]] used in [[historical linguistics]] analogous to a [[family tree]], or to [[phylogenetic tree]]s of taxa used in evolutionary [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomy]]. Linguists thus describe the ''daughter languages'' within a language family as being ''genetically related''.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Bruce M. |last1=Rowe |first2=Diane P. |last2=Levine |title=A Concise Introduction to Linguistics |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34928-0 |pages=340–341 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ePQ5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA340 |access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref> The divergence of a proto-language into daughter languages typically occurs through geographical separation, with different [[regional dialect]]s of the proto-language undergoing different [[language change]]s and thus becoming distinct languages over time.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dimmendaal |first1=Gerrit J. |title=Historical Linguistics and the Comparative Study of African Languages |year=2011 |publisher=John Benjamins |isbn=978-9-027-28722-9 |page=336 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e-PxyCpnnzEC&pg=PA336 |access-date=26 January 2017}}</ref>

One well-known example of a language family is the [[Romance languages]], including [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Romansh language|Romansh]], and many others, all of which are descended from [[Vulgar Latin]].{{refn|group=note|[[Vernacular]] [[Latin]], as opposed to the [[Classical Latin]] used as a literary language.}}<ref name="ethnologue">Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons, and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). [http://www.ethnologue.com ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World''], Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International, 2013.</ref> The Romance family itself is part of the larger [[Indo-European]] family, which includes many other languages native to [[Europe]] and [[South Asia]], all believed to have descended from a common ancestor known as [[Proto-Indo-European]].

A language family is usually said to contain at least two languages, although [[language isolate]]s — languages that are not related to any other language — are occasionally referred to as families that contain one language. Conversely, there is no upper bound to the number of languages a family can contain. Some families, such as the [[Austronesian languages]], contain over 1,000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Family: Austronesian|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/aust1307 |website=Glottolog 5.0 |access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref>

Language families can be identified from characteristics shared amongst their languages. [[Sound change]]s are one of the strongest pieces of evidence that can be used to identify a genetic relationship because of their predictable and consistent nature, and through the [[comparative method]] can be used to reconstruct proto-languages. However, languages can also change through [[language contact]], which can falsely suggest genetic relationships. For example, the [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]], [[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]], and [[Turkic languages]] share many similarities that have led several scholars to believe [[Altaic languages|they were related]]. These supposed relationships were later discovered (in the view of most scholars) to be derived through language contact and thus they are not related through shared ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal |last=De la Fuente |first=José Andrés Alonso |year=2016 |title=Review of Robbeets, Martine (2015): Diachrony of verb morphology. Japanese and the Transeurasian languages |url=https://www.academia.edu/30240029 |journal=Diachronica |volume=33 |issue=4 |pages=530–537 |doi=10.1075/dia.33.4.04alo}}</ref> Eventually though, intense language contact with other language families, and inconsistent changes within the original language family, will obscure inherited characteristics and make it virtually impossible to deduce earlier relationships; even the oldest demonstrable language family, [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]], is far younger than language itself.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Boë |first1=Louis-Jean |display-authors=etal |title=Which way to the dawn of speech?: Reanalyzing half a century of debates and data in light of speech science |journal=Science |date=11 December 2019 |volume=5 |issue=12 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aaw3916 |pmc=7000245 }}</ref>

==Major language families==
{{Main|List of language families}}
[[File:Indo-European Language Family Branches in Eurasia.png|upright=1.8|thumb|Map of the contemporary distribution of the Indo-European languages as primary language families in Eurasia|class=skin-invert-image]]

Estimates of the number of language families in the world may vary widely. According to ''[[Ethnologue]]'' there are 7,151 [[living language|living human language]]s across 142 different language families.<ref>{{cite web|title=How many languages are there in the world?|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/how-many-languages |date=3 May 2016 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en |access-date=26 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=What are the largest language families? |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/largest-families |date=25 May 2019 |website=[[Ethnologue]] |language=en |access-date=3 March 2020}}</ref> [[Lyle Campbell]] (2019) identifies a total of 406 independent language families, including isolates.<ref name="Campbell 2019">{{cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |title=How many language families are there in the world? |journal=Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca "Julio de Urquijo" |publisher=UPV/EHU Press |volume=52 |issue=1/2 |date=2019-01-08 |issn=2444-2992 |doi=10.1387/asju.20195 |page=133|s2cid=166394477 |doi-access=free |hdl=10810/49565 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

''[[Ethnologue]]'' 27 (2024) lists the following families that contain at least 1% of the 7,164 known languages in the world;<ref name="families24">{{Cite web |date=2024-04-13 |title=Welcome to the 24th edition |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/browse/families/ |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref> while ''[[Glottolog]]'' 5.0 (2024) lists the following as the largest families, of 7,788 languages (other than [[sign language]]s, [[pidgin]]s, and [[Unclassified language|unclassifiable languages]]):<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 5.0 - |url=https://glottolog.org/glottolog/family |access-date=2023-06-25 |website=glottolog.org}}</ref>
{{table alignment}}
{|
|valign=top|
{|class="wikitable col2right"
|+Ethnologue 27
!Family!!No. of languages
|-
|[[Niger-Congo languages|Niger–Congo]] ||1,552
|-
|[[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]|| 1,256
|-
|[[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea]]|| 481
|-
|[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]|| 458
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]|| 454
|-
|[[Australian Aboriginal languages|Australian]]|| 384
|-
|[[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]]||382
|-
|[[Nilo-Saharan languages|Nilo-Saharan]]|| 210
|-
|[[Oto-Manguean languages|Otomanguean]]|| 179
|-
|[[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]|| 167
|-
|[[Kra-Dai languages|Kra-Dai]]|| 91
|-
|[[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] ||85
|}
|width=20|
|valign=top|
{|class="wikitable col2right"
|+Glottolog 5.0
!Family!!No. of languages
|-
| [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]|| 1,410
|-
| [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]]|| 1,274
|-
| [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]|| 586
|-
| [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]|| 514
|-
| [[Afro-Asiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] ||381
|-
| [[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea]] ||316
|-
| [[Pama-Nyungan languages|Pama–Nyungan]] ||250
|-
| [[Oto-Manguean languages|Otomanguean]]|| 181
|-
| [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]]|| 158
|-
| [[Tai-Kadai languages|Tai–Kadai]]|| 95
|-
| [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]|| 85
|-
| [[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]] ||77
|}
|}
Language counts can vary significantly depending on what is considered merely a dialect; for example [[Lyle Campbell]] counts only 27 Otomanguean languages, although he, ''Ethnologue'' and ''Glottolog'' also disagree as to which languages belong in the family.

Neither Ethnologue<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sign Language |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/2/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=ethnologue.com}}</ref> nor Glottolog<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pseudo Family: Sign Language |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sign1238 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=glottolog.org}}</ref> list the language families of [[sign language]]s. Of sign language families, the [[Francosign languages|Francosign family]], hosting around 70 languages, is by far the largest and most widespread.

The largest five language families in terms of number of speakers (Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo and Austronesian) make up five-sixths (almost 83.3%) of the world’s population.<ref name=":1" />

== Genetic relationship ==
Two languages have a ''genetic relationship'', and belong to the same language family, if both are descended from a common ancestor through the process of [[language change]], or one is descended from the other.
The term and the process of language evolution are independent of, and not reliant on, the terminology, understanding, and theories related to [[genetics]] in the biological sense, so, to avoid confusion, some linguists prefer the term ''genealogical relationship''.<ref>{{Cite journal| volume=28| issue=1| pages=209–223| last=Haspelmath| first=Martin |author-link=Martin Haspelmath| title=How hopeless is genealogical linguistics, and how advanced is areal linguistics? — Review of Aikhenvald & Dixon (2001): Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance| journal=Studies in Language| date=2004-05-05| doi=10.1075/sl.28.1.10has| url=https://zenodo.org/record/580172}} p. 222.</ref><ref name="francois" />{{rp|184}}

There is a remarkably similar pattern shown by the linguistic tree and the genetic tree of human ancestry<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henn |first1=B. M. |last2=Cavalli-Sforza |first2=L. L. |author-link2=Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza |last3=Feldman |first3=M. W. |author-link3=Marcus Feldman |title=The great human expansion |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=17 October 2012 |volume=109 |issue=44 |pages=17758–17764 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1212380109 |pmc=3497766 |bibcode=2012PNAS..10917758H |pmid=23077256 |jstor=41829755 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
that was verified statistically.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cavalli-Sforza |first1=L. L. |author-link=Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza |last2=Minch |first2=E. |last3=Mountain |first3=J. L. |title=Coevolution of genes and languages revisited |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |date=15 June 1992 |volume=89 |issue=12 |pages=5620–5624 |pmid=1608971 |pmc=49344 |bibcode=1992PNAS...89.5620C |doi=10.1073/pnas.89.12.5620 |jstor=2359705 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Languages interpreted in terms of the putative phylogenetic tree of human languages are transmitted to a great extent vertically (by ancestry) as opposed to horizontally (by spatial diffusion).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gell-Mann |first1=M. |author-link=Murray Gell-Mann |last2=Ruhlen |first2=M. |author-link2=Merritt Ruhlen |title=The origin and evolution of word order |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=10 October 2011 |volume=108 |issue=42 |pages=17290–17295 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1113716108 |bibcode=2011PNAS..10817290G |jstor=41352497 |url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/59840/1/17290.full.pdf |pmid=21987807 |pmc=3198322 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Establishment===
{{main|Comparative method}}
In some cases, the shared derivation of a group of related languages from a common ancestor is directly [[attested language|attested]] in the historical record. For example, this is the case for the [[Romance languages|Romance language family]], wherein [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], and [[French language|French]] are all descended from Latin, as well as for the [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]] language family, including [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]], which have shared descent from [[Proto-Norse language|Ancient Norse]]. Latin and ancient Norse are both attested in written records, as are many intermediate stages between those ancestral languages and their modern descendants.

In other cases, genetic relationships between languages are not directly attested. For instance, the Romance languages and the North Germanic languages are also related to each other, being subfamilies of the [[Indo-European language family]], since both Latin and Old Norse are believed to be descended from an even more ancient language, [[Proto-Indo-European]]; however, no direct evidence of Proto-Indo-European or its divergence into its descendant languages survives. In cases such as these, genetic relationships are established through use of the [[comparative method]] of linguistic analysis.

In order to test the hypothesis that two languages are related, the comparative method begins with the collection of pairs of words that are hypothesized to be [[cognate]]s: i.e., words in related languages that are derived from the same word in the shared ancestral language. Pairs of words that have similar pronunciations and meanings in the two languages are often good candidates for hypothetical cognates. The researcher must rule out the possibility that the two words are similar merely due to chance, or due to one having [[Loanword|borrowed]] the words from the other (or from a language related to the other). Chance resemblance is ruled out by the existence of large collections of pairs of words between the two languages showing similar patterns of phonetic similarity. Once coincidental similarity and [[Loanword|borrowing]] have been eliminated as possible explanations for similarities in sound and meaning of words, the remaining explanation is common origin: it is inferred that the similarities occurred due to descent from a common ancestor, and the words are actually cognates, implying the languages must be related.<ref>{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=Lyle|title=Historical Linguistics|date=2013|publisher=MIT Press}}</ref>

====Linguistic interference and borrowing====
When languages are in [[Language contact|contact with one another]], either of them may influence the other through [[Language transfer#Broader effects of language transfer|linguistic interference]] such as borrowing. For example, [[French language|French]] has influenced [[English language|English]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] has influenced [[Persian language|Persian]], [[German language|German]] has influenced [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Sanskrit]] has influenced [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] has influenced [[Japanese language|Japanese]] in this way. However, such influence does not constitute (and is not a measure of) a genetic relationship between the languages concerned. Linguistic interference can occur between languages that are genetically closely related, between languages that are distantly related (like English and French, which are distantly related [[Indo-European language]]s) and between languages that have no genetic relationship.

===Complications===
Some exceptions to the simple genetic relationship model of languages include [[language isolate]]s and [[Mixed language|mixed]], [[pidgin]] and [[creole language]]s.

Mixed languages, pidgins and creole languages constitute special genetic types of languages. They do not descend linearly or directly from a single language and have no single ancestor.

[[Language isolate|Isolates]] are languages that cannot be proven to be genealogically related to any other modern language. As a corollary, every language isolate also forms its own language family—a genetic family which happens to consist of just one language. One often cited example is [[Basque language|Basque]], which forms a language family on its own; but there are many other examples outside Europe. On the global scale, the site [[Glottolog]] counts a total of 423 language families in the world, including 184 isolates.<ref>Cf. [https://glottolog.org/glottolog/family Language families], [[Glottolog]].</ref>

===Monogenesis===
One controversial theory concerning the genetic relationships among languages is [[Proto-Human language|monogenesis]], the idea that all known languages, with the exceptions of [[creole language|creoles]], pidgins and [[sign language]]s, are descendant from a single ancestral language.<ref>[[Johanna Nichols|Nichols, Johanna]]. Monogenesis or Polygenesis: A Single Ancestral Language for All Humanity? Ch. 58 of ''The Oxford Handbook of Language Evolution'', ed. by [[Maggie Tallerman]] and Kathleen Rita Gibson. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2012. 558–72. Print.</ref> If that is true, it would mean all languages (other than pidgins, creoles, and sign languages) are genetically related, but in many cases, the relationships may be too remote to be detectable. Alternative explanations for some basic observed commonalities between languages include developmental theories, related to the biological development of the capacity for language as the child grows from newborn.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

== Structure of a family ==
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2022}}
A language family is a [[monophyly|monophyletic]] unit; all its members derive from a common ancestor, and all descendants of that ancestor are included in the family. Thus, the term ''family'' is analogous to the biological term ''[[clade]]''. Language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, sometimes referred to as "branches" or "subfamilies" of the family; for instance, the [[Germanic languages]] are a subfamily of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] family. Subfamilies share a more recent common ancestor than the common ancestor of the larger family; [[Proto-Germanic]], the common ancestor of the Germanic subfamily, was itself a descendant of [[Proto-Indo-European]], the common ancestor of the Indo-European family. Within a large family, subfamilies can be identified through "shared innovations": members of a subfamily will share features that represent retentions from their more recent common ancestor, but were not present in the overall proto-language of the larger family.<ref>Krasnoukhova, Olga. “Language Families.” The SAGE Encyclopedia of Human Communication Sciences and Disorders (2019)</ref>

Some [[taxonomy (general)|taxonomists]] restrict the term ''family'' to a certain level, but there is little consensus on how to do so. Those who affix such labels also subdivide branches into ''groups'', and groups into ''complexes''. A top-level (i.e., the largest) family is often called a ''phylum'' or ''stock''. The closer the branches are to each other, the more closely the languages will be related. This means if a branch of a [[proto-language]] is four branches down and there is also a [[sister language]] to that fourth branch, then the two sister languages are more closely related to each other than to that common ancestral proto-language.

The term ''[[macrofamily]]'' or ''superfamily'' is sometimes applied to proposed groupings of language families whose status as phylogenetic units is generally considered to be unsubstantiated by accepted [[historical linguistics|historical linguistic]] methods.

=== Dialect continua ===
{{main|Dialect continuum}}

Some close-knit language families, and many branches within larger families, take the form of [[dialect continuum|dialect continua]] in which there are no clear-cut geographical boundaries that make it possible to unequivocally identify, define, or count individual languages within the family. However, when the differences between the speech of different regions at the extremes of the continuum are so great that there is no [[mutual intelligibility]] between them, as occurs in [[Arabic]], the continuum cannot meaningfully be seen as a single language.

Further, a speech variety may either be considered as a language or as a dialect, depending on social or political considerations. Thus, different sources, especially over time, can give wildly different numbers of languages within a certain family. [[Classification of the Japonic languages|Classifications of the Japonic family]], for example, range from one language (a language isolate with dialects) to nearly twenty—until the classification of [[Ryukyuan language|Ryukyuan]] as separate languages within a [[Japonic language family]] rather than dialects of Japanese, the [[Japanese language]] itself was considered a [[language isolate]] and therefore the only language in its family.

=== Isolates ===
{{main|Language isolate}}
Most of the world's languages are known to be related to others. Those that have no known relatives (or for which family relationships are only tentatively proposed) are called [[language isolate]]s, essentially language families consisting of a single language. There are an estimated 129 language isolates known today.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal|last=Campbell |first=Lyle |date=24 August 2010 |title=Language Isolates and Their History, or, What's Weird, Anyway? |journal=Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |language=en |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=16–31 |doi=10.3765/bls.v36i1.3900 |issn=2377-1666 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An example is [[Basque language|Basque]]. In general, it is assumed that language isolates have relatives or had relatives at some point in their history but at a time depth too great for linguistic comparison to recover them.

A language isolate is classified based on the fact that enough is known about the isolate to compare it genetically to other languages but no common ancestry or relationship is found with any other known language.<ref name=":0" />

A language isolated in its own branch within a family, such as [[Albanian language|Albanian]] and [[Armenian language|Armenian]] within Indo-European, is often also called an isolate, but the meaning of the word "isolate" in such cases is usually clarified with a [[Grammatical modifier|modifier]]. For instance, Albanian and Armenian may be referred to as an "Indo-European isolate". By contrast, so far as is known, the [[Basque language]] is an absolute isolate: it has not been shown to be related to any other modern language despite numerous attempts. A language may be said to be an isolate currently but not historically if related but now extinct relatives are attested. The [[Aquitanian language]], spoken in Roman times, may have been an ancestor of Basque, but it could also have been a sister language to the ancestor of Basque. In the latter case, Basque and Aquitanian would form a small family together. Ancestors are not considered to be distinct members of a family.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

=== Proto-languages ===
{{main|Proto-language}}
A proto-language can be thought of as a mother language (not to be confused with a [[mother tongue]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Bloomfield |first=Leonard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gfrd-On5iFwC |title=Language |year=1994 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=81-208-1196-8}}</ref>) being the root from which all languages in the family stem. The common ancestor of a language family is seldom known directly since most languages have a relatively short recorded history. However, it is possible to recover many features of a proto-language by applying the [[comparative method]], a reconstructive procedure worked out by 19th century linguist [[August Schleicher]]. This can demonstrate the validity of many of the proposed families in the [[list of language families]]. For example, the reconstructible common ancestor of the Indo-European language family is called ''[[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]''. Proto-Indo-European is not attested by written records and so is conjectured to have been spoken before the invention of writing.

==Visual representation==
[[File:20150714040758!Mayan languages tree gl.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|An example of a language tree, containing the Mayan languages]]
A common visual representation of a language family is given by a genetic language tree. The [[tree model]] is sometimes termed a [[dendrogram]] or [[phylogeny]]. The family tree shows the relationship of the languages within a family, much as a family tree of an individual shows their relationship with their relatives. There are criticisms to the family tree model. Critics focus mainly on the claim that the internal structure of the trees is subject to variation based on the criteria of classification.<ref>Edzard, Lutz. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=UAFVgdGljl4C Polygenesis, Convergence, and Entropy: An Alternative Model of Linguistic Evolution Applied to Semitic Linguistics]''. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1998. Print.</ref> Even among those who support the family tree model, there are debates over which languages should be included in a language family. For example, within the dubious [[Altaic language family]], there are debates over whether the [[Japonic]] and [[Koreanic]] languages should be included or not.<ref>Georg, Stefan, Peter A. Michalove, Alexis Manaster Ramer, and Paul J. Sidwell. Telling General Linguists about Altaic. ''Journal of Linguistics'' 35.1 (1999): 65–98. Print.</ref>

The [[wave model]] has been proposed as an alternative to the tree model.<ref name="francois">{{Citation
| last = François
| first = Alexandre
| author-link = Alexandre François
| contribution = Trees, Waves and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification
| editor1-last = Bowern
| editor1-first = Claire
| editor2-last = Evans
| editor2-first = Bethwyn
| title = The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics
| series=
| pages = 161–189
| publisher = Routledge
| place = London
| year = 2014
| isbn = 978-0-41552-789-7
| contribution-url = https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/AlexFrancois_2014_HHL_Trees-waves-linkages_Diversification.pdf
| archive-url = https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00874726v2
| archive-date = 25 August 2015
}}.</ref> The wave model uses [[isogloss]]es to group language varieties; unlike in the tree model, these groups can overlap. While the tree model implies a lack of contact between languages after derivation from an ancestral form, the wave model emphasizes the relationship between languages that remain in contact, which is more realistic.<ref name="francois"/> [[Historical glottometry]] is an application of the wave model, meant to identify and evaluate genetic relations in [[Linkage (linguistics)|linguistic linkages]].<ref name="francois"/><ref>{{Citation
| last1 = Kalyan
| first1 = Siva
| author1-link =
| last2 = François
| first2 = Alexandre
| author2-link =
| contribution = Freeing the Comparative Method from the tree model: A framework for Historical Glottometry
| editor1-last = Kikusawa
| editor1-first = Ritsuko
| editor2-last = Reid
| editor2-first = Laurie
| title = Let's Talk about Trees: Genetic relationships of languages and their phylogenic representation
| series= Senri Ethnological Studies, 98
| pages = 59–89
| publisher = National Museum of Ethnology
| place = Ōsaka
| year = 2018
| isbn =
| contribution-url = https://marama.huma-num.fr/data/Kalyan-Francois_2018_Freeing-Comparative-Method-from-Tree-model.pdf
| ref = KF18
}}.</ref>

== Other classifications of languages ==
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2022}}

=== Sprachbund ===
{{Main|Sprachbund}}

A [[sprachbund]] is a geographic area having several languages that feature common linguistic structures. The similarities between those languages are caused by language contact, not by chance or common origin, and are not recognized as criteria that define a language family. An example of a sprachbund would be the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Joseph |first=Brian |date=2017 |title=The Balkan Sprachbund |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/e-learning/LSAInstitute--BalkanSprachbundSlides.pdf|access-date=2 October 2020 |website=linguisticsociety.org}}</ref>

Shared innovations, acquired by borrowing or other means, are not considered genetic and have no bearing with the language family concept. It has been asserted, for example, that many of the more striking features shared by [[Italic languages]] ([[Latin]], [[Oscan language|Oscan]], [[Umbrian language|Umbrian]], etc.) might well be "[[areal feature]]s". However, very similar-looking alterations in the systems of long vowels in the [[West Germanic languages]] greatly postdate any possible notion of a proto-language innovation (and cannot readily be regarded as "areal", either, since English and continental West Germanic were not a linguistic area). In a similar vein, there are many similar unique innovations in [[Germanic languages|Germanic]], [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] and [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] that are far more likely to be areal features than traceable to a common proto-language. But legitimate uncertainty about whether shared innovations are areal features, coincidence, or inheritance from a common ancestor, leads to disagreement over the proper subdivisions of any large language family.

=== Contact languages ===
{{main|Mixed language|Creole language|Pidgin}}
The concept of language families is based on the historical observation that languages develop [[dialect]]s, which over time may diverge into distinct languages. However, linguistic ancestry is less clear-cut than familiar biological ancestry, in which species do not crossbreed.<ref name="ListNelson-Sathi2014">{{cite journal|last1=List |first1=Johann-Mattis |last2=Nelson-Sathi |first2=Shijulal |last3=Geisler |first3=Hans |last4=Martin |first4=William |title=Networks of lexical borrowing and lateral gene transfer in language and genome evolution |journal=[[BioEssays]] |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=2014 |pages=141–150 |issn=0265-9247 |doi=10.1002/bies.201300096 |pmid=24375688 |pmc=3910147}}</ref> It is more like the evolution of microbes, with extensive [[lateral gene transfer]]. Quite distantly related languages may affect each other through [[language contact]], which in extreme cases may lead to languages with no single ancestor, whether they be [[creole language|creoles]] or [[mixed language]]s. In addition, a number of [[sign language]]s have developed in isolation and appear to have no relatives at all. Nonetheless, such cases are relatively rare and most well-attested languages can be unambiguously classified as belonging to one language family or another, even if this family's relation to other families is not known.

Language contact can lead to the development of new languages from the mixture of two or more languages for the purposes of interactions between two groups who speak different languages. Languages that arise in order for two groups to communicate with each other to engage in commercial trade or that appeared as a result of colonialism are called [[pidgins|pidgin]]. Pidgins are an example of linguistic and cultural expansion caused by language contact. However, language contact can also lead to cultural divisions. In some cases, two different language speaking groups can feel territorial towards their language and do not want any changes to be made to it. This causes language boundaries and groups in contact are not willing to make any compromises to accommodate the other language.<ref>{{cite web|title=Languages in Contact {{!}} Linguistic Society of America |url=https://www.linguisticsociety.org/resource/languages-contact |access-date=2 October 2020 |website=www.linguisticsociety.org}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Comparative linguistics]]
* [[Constructed language]]
* [[Endangered language]]
* [[Extinct language]]
* [[Language death]]
* [[Language isolate]]
* [[List of revived languages]]
* [[Global language system]]
* [[ISO 639-5]]
* [[Linguist List]]
* [[List of language families]]
* [[List of languages by number of native speakers]]
* [[Origin of language]]
* [[Proto-language]]
* [[Proto-Human language]]
* [[Sprachbund]]
* [[Tree model]]
* [[Unclassified language]]
* [[Father Tongue hypothesis]]
* [[Farming/language dispersal hypothesis]]

{{Colend}}
{{clear}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Boas |first=Franz |year=1911 |title=Handbook of American Indian languages |volume=1 |series=Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40 |location=Washington |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]], Bureau of American Ethnology |isbn=0-8032-5017-7}}
* Boas, Franz. (1922). ''Handbook of American Indian languages'' (Vol. 2). Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 40. Washington, D.C.: Government Print Office (Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology).
* Boas, Franz. (1933). ''Handbook of American Indian languages'' (Vol. 3). Native American legal materials collection, title 1227. Glückstadt: J.J. Augustin.
* Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
* Campbell, Lyle; & Mithun, Marianne (Eds.). (1979). ''The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment''. Austin: University of Texas Press.
* Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). ''Languages''. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. {{ISBN|0-16-048774-9}}.
* Goddard, Ives. (1999). ''Native languages and language families of North America'' (rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections). [Map]. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press (Smithsonian Institution). (Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996). {{ISBN|0-8032-9271-6}}.
* Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). ''Ethnologue: Languages of the world'' (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. {{ISBN|1-55671-159-X}}. (Online version: [http://www.ethnologue.com Ethnologue: Languages of the World]).
* Greenberg, Joseph H. (1966). ''The Languages of Africa'' (2nd ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University.
* Harrison, K. David. (2007) ''When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge''. New York and London: Oxford University Press.
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-23228-7}} (hbk); {{ISBN|0-521-29875-X}}.
* Ross, Malcolm. (2005). "[http://rspas.anu.edu.au/linguistics/mdr/Papuan%20Pasts%20paper.pdf Pronouns as a preliminary diagnostic for grouping Papuan languages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040608222723/http://rspas.anu.edu.au/linguistics/mdr/Papuan%20Pasts%20paper.pdf |date=8 June 2004 }}". In: [[Andrew Pawley]], Robert Attenborough, Robin Hide and Jack Golson, eds, ''Papuan pasts: cultural, linguistic and biological histories of Papuan-speaking peoples'' (PDF)
* Ruhlen, Merritt. (1987). ''A guide to the world's languages''. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
* Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). ''Handbook of North American Indians'' (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).
* Voegelin, C. F. & Voegelin, F. M. (1977). ''Classification and index of the world's languages''. New York: Elsevier.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.muturzikin.com/countries.htm Linguistic maps] (from Muturzikin)
* [https://www.ethnologue.com/ Ethnologue]
* [http://multitree.org/ The Multitree Project]
* [http://www.proel.org/index.php?pagina=mundo Lenguas del mundo] (World Languages)
* [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Comparative Swadesh list tables of various language families] (from Wiktionary)
* [http://www.ezglot.com/most-similar-languages.php Most similar languages]

{{Language families}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Language Family}}
[[Category:Historical linguistics]]
[[Category:Language families| ]]
[[Category:Types of groupings]]

Rishi Sunak

2026-03-28T21:08:16Z

WilliamsLin216: add layout also and updated info

{{Short description|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2022 to 2024}}
{{Redirect|Sunak}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = Rishi Sunak
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MP}}
| image = Portrait of Prime Minister Rishi Sunak (cropped).jpg 
| caption = Official portrait, 2022
| office = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| monarch = [[Charles III]]
| deputy = {{plainlist|
*[[Dominic Raab]]
*[[Oliver Dowden]]
}}
| term_start = 25 October 2022
| term_end = 5 July 2024
| predecessor = [[Liz Truss]]
| successor = [[Keir Starmer]]
| office1 = [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]]
| monarch1 = Charles III
| deputy1 = Oliver Dowden
| prime_minister1 = Keir Starmer
| term_start1 = 5 July 2024
| term_end1 = 2 November 2024
| predecessor1 = Keir Starmer
| successor1 = [[Kemi Badenoch]]
| office2 = [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the Conservative Party]]
| deputy2 =
| term_start2 = 24 October 2022
| term_end2 = 2 November 2024{{ref label|Acting|nb}}
| predecessor2 = Liz Truss
| successor2 = Kemi Badenoch
{{collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |Ministerial portfolios {{nobold|2018{{nbnd}}2022}}
| titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office3 = [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]
| primeminister3 = [[Boris Johnson]]
| term_start3 = 13 February 2020
| term_end3 = 5 July 2022
| predecessor3 = [[Sajid Javid]]
| successor3 = [[Nadhim Zahawi]]
| office4 = [[Chief Secretary to the Treasury]]
| primeminister4 = Boris Johnson
| term_start4 = 24 July 2019
| term_end4 = 13 February 2020
| predecessor4 = Liz Truss
| successor4 = [[Steve Barclay]]
| title5 = [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Local Government]]
| primeminister5 = [[Theresa May]]
| term_start5 = 9 January 2018
| term_end5 = 24 July 2019
| predecessor5 = [[Marcus Jones (politician)|Marcus Jones]] (as Minister of State for Housing and Local Government)
| successor5 = [[Jake Berry]] (as Minister of State for Northern Powerhouse and Local Growth)
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}}}
| parliament6 = United Kingdom
| constituency_MP6 = [[Richmond and Northallerton]]
| prior_term6 = [[Richmond (Yorks)]] (2015–2024)
| term_start6 = 7 May 2015
| term_end6 =
| predecessor6 = [[William Hague]]
| successor6 =
| majority6 = 12,185 (25.1%)<ref>{{cite news|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2024/uk/constituencies/E14001444|title = Richmond and Northallerton results|date = 4 July 2024|accessdate = 5 July 2024|work = [[BBC News]]}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|05|12}}
| birth_place = [[Southampton]], Hampshire, England
| party = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Akshata Murty]]|2009}}
| children = 2
| relatives = {{plainlist|
* [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] (father-in-law)
* [[Sudha Murty]] (mother-in-law)
* [[Rohan Murty]] (brother-in-law)
}}
| education = [[Winchester College]]
| alma_mater = [[Lincoln College, Oxford]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Stanford University]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])
| website = {{URL|rishisunak.com}}
| module = {{Listen voice|filename=Rishi Sunak's first speech as prime minister.ogg|description=Sunak's first speech as prime minister|recorded=25 October 2022}}
| footnotes = n.b. {{note|Acting||Acting: 24 July – 2 November 2024}}
| alt = Rishi Sunak
| signature = Rishi Sunak signature.svg
}}

'''Rishi Sunak'''{{efn|Pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɪ|ʃ|i|_|ˈ|s|uː|n|æ|k|audio=Rishi Sunak Pronunciation.ogg}} {{respell|RISH|ee|_|SOO|nak}}.<ref name="Rishi-Collins English Dictionary 2023">{{cite web |date=6 June 2023 |title=rishi |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/rishi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428052456/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/rishi |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sunak |url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sunak |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025203727/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sunak |archive-date=25 October 2022 |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]]}}</ref>}} (born 12 May 1980) is a British politician who served as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] and [[Leader of the Conservative Party (UK)|Leader of the Conservative Party]] from 2022 to 2024. Following his defeat to [[Keir Starmer]]'s [[Labour Party (United Kingdom)|Labour Party]] in the [[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024 general election]], he became [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]], serving in this role from July to November 2024. He previously held two [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]] positions under [[Boris Johnson]], latterly as [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] from 2020 to 2022. Sunak is the [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Richmond and Northallerton]], previously [[Richmond (Yorks)]], since 2015.


Sunak was born in [[Southampton]] to parents of Indian descent who immigrated to Britain from East Africa in the 1960s. He was educated at [[Winchester College]], studied [[philosophy, politics and economics]] at [[Lincoln College, Oxford]], and earned a [[Master of Business Administration]] degree from [[Stanford University]] in California as a [[Fulbright Scholar]]. During his time at Oxford, Sunak joined the Conservatives. After graduating, he worked for [[Goldman Sachs]] and later as a partner at two [[hedge fund]] firms. Sunak was elected to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] at the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]]. As a [[backbencher]], he supported the successful campaign for [[Brexit]] in the [[2016 European Union membership referendum]]. He was appointed to the junior ministerial position of [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Local Government]] by [[Theresa May]] in 2018 and was appointed to the cabinet-attending role of [[Chief Secretary to the Treasury]] by Johnson in 2019.


In 2020, Sunak was promoted to Chancellor of the Exchequer. During [[Chancellorship of Rishi Sunak|his time in the post]], Sunak was prominent in the [[British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic|government's financial response]] to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]] and its [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|economic impact]], including the [[Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme|furlough]] and [[Eat Out to Help Out]] schemes and the [[United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis|cost-of-living crisis]]. As chancellor, Sunak received high approval and popularity ratings in the early stages of the pandemic, although his popularity later declined amid the cost-of-living crisis of 2022. He resigned as chancellor in July 2022 amid [[July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis|a government crisis]], and lost the subsequent [[July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election|party leadership election]] to [[Liz Truss]]. After spending the whole duration of the [[premiership of Liz Truss]] on the backbenches, Sunak was elected unopposed in the [[October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election|leadership election]] to succeed Truss; aged 42 at the time he became prime minister, Sunak became the youngest prime minister since [[the Earl of Liverpool]] in 1812.


During [[Premiership of Rishi Sunak|his premiership]], Sunak attempted to improve the economy and stabilise national politics. He outlined five key priorities: halving inflation, growing the economy, cutting debt, reducing [[National Health Service]] waiting lists, and stopping [[English Channel migrant crossings (2018–present)|small-boat crossings of the English Channel]] by enacting the [[Rwanda asylum plan]]. On foreign policy, Sunak authorised [[United Kingdom and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|foreign aid and weapons shipments]] to [[Ukraine]] in response to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of the country]], and pledged support for [[Israel]] after the [[October 7 attacks]] which began the [[Gaza war]] whilst later [[Calls for a ceasefire during the Gaza war|calling for a ceasefire]] in the [[Gaza Strip]]. He did not avert further unpopularity for the Conservatives, reflected in the party's poor performances in the [[2023 United Kingdom local elections|2023]] and [[2024 United Kingdom local elections|2024 local elections]]. Sunak called a general election for July 2024 despite being widely expected to call the election in the autumn; the Conservatives lost this election in a landslide to the opposition [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] led by [[Keir Starmer]], ending 14 years of Conservative government.


After leaving the prime minister's office, Sunak became Leader of the Opposition and remained Conservative leader for nearly four months while the [[2024 Conservative Party leadership election (UK)|leadership election]] to replace him took place, and formed a [[Shadow Cabinet of Rishi Sunak|shadow cabinet]]. He was succeeded by [[Kemi Badenoch]], his [[Shadow Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government|Shadow Housing Secretary]]. He remains a backbench MP, and may take some outside work that is publicly reported. In 2025 he also took a position as a part-time senior advisor, with one of his previous employers, [[Goldman Sachs]], with some limits on his [[lobbying]] abilities.
{{TOC limit}}

== Early life and education (1980–2001) ==
Rishi Sunak was born on 12 May 1980 in [[Southampton General Hospital]] in [[Southampton]], Hampshire,<ref name="Hooker">{{cite news |last1=Hooker |first1=Lucy |last2=Espiner |first2=Tom |date=10 July 2020 |title=Rishi Sunak: The 'whatever it takes' chancellor |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51490893 |access-date=10 July 2020 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213142047/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51490893 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rishi Sunak's Southampton childhood described in Lord Ashcroft biography |url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/18865935.amp/ |access-date=26 October 2022 |work=Daily Echo |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024165656/https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/18865935.amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Punjabi diaspora|East African-born]] [[Hindu]] parents<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63345272.amp|date=24 October 2022|title=Rishi Sunak: A quick guide to the UK's new prime minister|access-date=26 April 2023|publisher=[[BBC News]]|quote=His parents came to the UK from east Africa and are both of Indian origin. Mr Sunak was born in Southampton in 1980, where his father was a GP and his mother ran a pharmacy.|archive-date=25 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425234311/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63345272.amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sunak_Print">{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=Theprint |date=19 July 2022 |title=Punjab ancestry, Oxford graduate, 'proud Hindu' – all eyes on Rishi Sunak in UK PM race |url=https://theprint.in/world/punjab-ancestry-oxford-graduate-proud-hindu-all-eyes-on-rishi-sunak-in-uk-pm-race/1045990/ |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=ThePrint |archive-date=11 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111062923/https://theprint.in/world/punjab-ancestry-oxford-graduate-proud-hindu-all-eyes-on-rishi-sunak-in-uk-pm-race/1045990/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Palod |first=Anjali |date=10 July 2022 |title=Punjab to London Via Africa: All you need To know about Rishi Sunak's family |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/world/all-you-need-to-know-about-rishi-sunaks-family-history |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=TheQuint |archive-date=10 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110131300/https://www.thequint.com/news/world/all-you-need-to-know-about-rishi-sunaks-family-history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rishis">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c2qql1wk794o|website=bbc.co.uk|first=Becky|last=Morton|year=2024|publisher=[[BBC News]]|title=I went without Sky TV as a child, says Sunak|quote="There'll be all sorts of things that I would've wanted as a kid that I couldn't have. Famously, Sky TV, so that was something that we never had growing up actually"|access-date=13 June 2024|archive-date=13 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613194206/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c2qql1wk794o|url-status=live}}</ref> of the [[Khatri]]<ref>{{cite news |title= KT traces Rishi Sunak's roots: When the family called Pakistan home|url= https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/asia/kt-traces-rishi-sunaks-roots-when-the-family-called-pakistan-home-in-1935%3famp=1|access-date= 30 October 2022|work= Khaleej Times|date= 27 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Explained: How Rishi Sunak is connected with 'India and Pakistan'?|url= https://www.livemint.com/news/world/explained-how-rishi-sunak-is-connected-with-both-india-and-pakistan-11666756704160.html|access-date= 29 September 2025|work= Khaleej Times|date= 26 October 2022}}</ref> community.

His father was born in the [[Kenya Colony]] in 1949, and was a general practitioner in the National Health Service (NHS).<ref name="Sunak_Print2">{{cite web |last1=Team |first1=Theprint |date=19 July 2022 |title=Punjab ancestry, Oxford graduate, 'proud Hindu' – all eyes on Rishi Sunak in UK PM race |url=https://theprint.in/world/punjab-ancestry-oxford-graduate-proud-hindu-all-eyes-on-rishi-sunak-in-uk-pm-race/1045990/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111062923/https://theprint.in/world/punjab-ancestry-oxford-graduate-proud-hindu-all-eyes-on-rishi-sunak-in-uk-pm-race/1045990/ |archive-date=11 November 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=ThePrint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Ngila |first=Faustine |date=28 October 2022 |title=With Rishi Sunak, east Africa is having another Obama moment |url=https://qz.com/east-africa-is-having-another-obama-moment-1849714121 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611214359/https://qz.com/east-africa-is-having-another-obama-moment-1849714121 |archive-date=11 June 2024 |accessdate=3 July 2024 |publisher=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak is the first British Prime-minister of Asian origin |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/10/24/rishi-sunak-is-the-first-british-prime-minister-of-asian-origin// |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210135649/https://www.africanews.com/2022/10/24/rishi-sunak-is-the-first-british-prime-minister-of-asian-origin/ |archive-date=10 December 2023 |accessdate=3 July 2024 |publisher=Africanews}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak, Man With Kenyan Roots, Set To Be Next UK Prime Minister |url=https://www.citizen.digital/news/rishi-sunak-man-with-kenyan-roots-set-to-be-next-uk-prime-minister-n308055 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024133128/https://www.citizen.digital/news/rishi-sunak-man-with-kenyan-roots-set-to-be-next-uk-prime-minister-n308055 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |accessdate=3 July 2024 |publisher=Citizen Digital}}</ref> Sunak's mother was born in the [[Tanganyika Territory]] (modern-day [[Tanzania]]), and was a pharmacist who owned the Sunak Pharmacy in Southampton between 1995 and 2014, and has a degree from [[Aston University]].<ref name="Tatler2">{{cite news |last=Judah |first=Ben |date=27 May 2020 |title=Take a Chancellor on me: Inside the world of Rishi Sunak |url=https://www.tatler.com/article/rishi-sunak-chancellor-of-the-exchequer-feature |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628095646/https://www.tatler.com/article/rishi-sunak-chancellor-of-the-exchequer-feature |archive-date=28 June 2020 |access-date=26 June 2020 |work=Tatler}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Stearn |first=Emily |date=25 October 2022 |title=Will Rishi Sunak put community pharmacy's 'needs above politics'? |url=https://www.chemistanddruggist.co.uk/CD136493/Will-Rishi-Sunak-put-community-pharmacys-needs-above-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105105318/https://www.chemistanddruggist.co.uk/CD136493/Will-Rishi-Sunak-put-community-pharmacys-needs-above-politics |archive-date=5 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022 |publisher=Chemist + Druggist}}</ref> His paternal grandfather Ramdas Sunak had migrated from [[Gujranwala]] (located in present-day [[Pakistan]]), to the Kenyan capital of [[Nairobi]] in 1935, while his maternal grandfather, Raghubir Berry, grew up in [[Ludhiana]] (located in present-day [[India]]), before eventually moving to Tanzania as an engineer.<ref name="Sunak_Print" /><ref>{{cite web |title=KT traces Rishi Sunak's roots: When the family called Pakistan home |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/asia/kt-traces-rishi-sunaks-roots-when-the-family-called-pakistan-home-in-1935 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027095817/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/asia/kt-traces-rishi-sunaks-roots-when-the-family-called-pakistan-home-in-1935 |archive-date=27 October 2022 |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anjum |first1=Faisal |last2=Ahmed |first2=Munir |date=26 October 2022 |title=Pakistanis hope Sunak will push India on Kashmir resolution |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/pakistanis-hope-sunak-will-push-india-on-kashmir-resolution/2022/10/26/efebdeb6-553b-11ed-ac8b-08bbfab1c5a5_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rishi Sunak's 'overjoyed' Indian relatives celebrate his victory |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/2022/10/28/rishi-sunaks-overjoyed-indian-relatives-celebrate-his-victory/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105020246/https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/2022/10/28/rishi-sunaks-overjoyed-indian-relatives-celebrate-his-victory/ |archive-date=5 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022 |publisher=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)]]}}</ref> Both Gujranwala and Ludhiana were part of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]] of [[British Raj|British India]] at the time. Both of Sunak's parents had moved to the UK in 1966.<ref name="Sunak_Print" /><ref name="Business2">{{cite news |last=Puri |first=Anjali |date=10 August 2015 |title=UK Cabinet member Rishi Sunak on being British, Indian & Hindu at same time |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-rishi-sunak-115080601060_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726105820/https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-rishi-sunak-115080601060_1.html |archive-date=26 July 2019}}</ref> While in the UK, they met and eventually married in 1977.<ref name="Sunak_Print" />{{Rishi Sunak sidebar}}Sunak lived in [[Portswood]] but moved to [[Bassett, Southampton|Bassett]], after the birth of his younger brother and sister.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2022 |title=Everything you need to know about Rishi Sunak amid Prime Minister bid |url=https://www.countytimes.co.uk/news/23073604.rishi-sunak-profile-everything-know-former-chancellor/ |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=County Times |language=en}}</ref> He attended Stroud School, a [[Preparatory school (United Kingdom)|preparatory school]] in [[Romsey]], and later studied at [[Winchester College]] as a dayboy, becoming [[head boy]] of the college.<ref>{{cite web |title=The rise of Rishi Sunak, the most popular politician in Britain today |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/long-reads/rishi-sunak-profile-winchester-akshata-murthy-chancellor-a9525996.html |website=[[The Independent]] |date=8 April 2022 |access-date=4 January 2023 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104141425/https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/long-reads/rishi-sunak-profile-winchester-akshata-murthy-chancellor-a9525996.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Edwardes">{{cite news|last=Edwardes|first=Charlotte|date=1 August 2020|title=Meet the chancellor: the real Rishi Sunak, by the people who know him best|work=The Times|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/meet-the-chancellor-the-real-rishi-sunak-by-the-people-who-know-him-best-q5lk3qf8l|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911224110/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/meet-the-chancellor-the-real-rishi-sunak-by-the-people-who-know-him-best-q5lk3qf8l|archive-date=11 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph" /> He worked as a waiter, at the curry house Kuti's Brasserie in Southampton, during his summer holidays.<ref name="Tatler">{{cite news |last=Judah |first=Ben |date=27 May 2020 |title=Take a Chancellor on me: Inside the world of Rishi Sunak |work=Tatler |url=https://www.tatler.com/article/rishi-sunak-chancellor-of-the-exchequer-feature |access-date=26 June 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628095646/https://www.tatler.com/article/rishi-sunak-chancellor-of-the-exchequer-feature |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Murphy |first=Michael |date=4 January 2023|title=Rishi Sunak's ex-boss at Indian restaurant puts business into liquidation |work=The Daily Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2023/01/04/rishi-sunaks-ex-boss-indian-restaurant-puts-business-liquidation/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105062508/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2023/01/04/rishi-sunaks-ex-boss-indian-restaurant-puts-business-liquidation/ |url-status=live|url-access =subscription}}</ref> He read [[philosophy, politics and economics]] at [[Lincoln College, Oxford]], graduating with a [[British undergraduate degree classification#First-class honours|first]] in 2001.<ref name="Telegraph" /><ref name="whoswho">{{cite book |title=Sunak, Rt Hon. Rishi (born 12 May 1980) |url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-283888 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213151328/https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-283888 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=1 October 2019 |publisher=[[A & C Black]]|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U283888 |isbn=978-0-19-954088-4 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> During his time at university, he undertook an internship at [[Conservative Campaign Headquarters]] and joined the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref name="Edwardes" /> In 2006 Sunak earned a [[Master of Business Administration]] degree from [[Stanford University]] as a [[Fulbright Scholar]].<ref name="whoswho" /><ref name="econindia">{{cite news |date=9 May 2015 |title=Sudha-Narayana Murthy's son-in-law Rishi Sunak wins polls as Conservative party member |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/sudha-narayana-murthys-son-in-law-rishi-sunak-wins-polls-as-conservative-party-member/articleshow/47209420.cms |url-status=live |access-date=9 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512011704/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/sudha-narayana-murthys-son-in-law-rishi-sunak-wins-polls-as-conservative-party-member/articleshow/47209420.cms |archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=The Guardian|last=Beckett|first=Lois |date=5 August 2022|title=Rishi who? Sunak says Stanford business school changed his life, but few remember him|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/aug/05/rishi-sunak-stanford-business-school-few-remember |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901194311/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/aug/05/rishi-sunak-stanford-business-school-few-remember |archive-date=1 September 2023|access-date=1 June 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Sunak is the eldest of three siblings.<ref>{{cite news |date=24 October 2022 |title=Spotlight on Rishi Sunak's family as they prepare to enter No 10 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/oct/24/spotlight-on-rishi-sunaks-family-as-they-prepare-to-enter-no-10 |access-date=25 October 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119063614/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/oct/24/spotlight-on-rishi-sunaks-family-as-they-prepare-to-enter-no-10 |url-status=live }}</ref> His brother is a psychologist and his sister works in New York as chief of strategy and planning at Education Cannot Wait, the United Nations Global Fund for Education in Emergencies and Protracted Crises.<ref name="Edwardes" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.educationcannotwait.org/about-us/the-ecw-team|title=The ECW Team|accessdate=12 July 2022|publisher=Education Cannot Wait|archive-date=21 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621190540/https://www.educationcannotwait.org/about-us/the-ecw-team|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Business career (2001–2015) ===
Sunak worked as an analyst for the [[investment bank]] [[Goldman Sachs]] between 2001 and 2004.<ref name="whoswho" /><ref name="Business">{{cite news |date=8 May 2015 |title=Quite positive that Rishi will do well as a MP, says Murthy |work=Business Standard |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/quite-positive-that-rishi-will-do-well-as-a-mp-says-murthy-115050800943_1.html |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102233041/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/quite-positive-that-rishi-will-do-well-as-a-mp-says-murthy-115050800943_1.html |archive-date=2 January 2016}}</ref> He then worked for [[hedge fund]] management firm [[The Children's Investment Fund Management]] (TCI), becoming a partner in September 2006.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hutchings |first=William |date=24 January 2007 |title=TCI adds four partners |url=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/tci-adds-four-partners-20070124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725051540/https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/tci-adds-four-partners-20070124 |archive-date=25 July 2019 |access-date=1 October 2019 |work=[[Financial News]]}}</ref> He left in November 2009<ref>{{cite web |title=Mr Rishi Sunak |url=https://register.fca.org.uk/s/individual?id=003b000000LVKnuAAH |publisher=[[Financial Conduct Authority|FCA]] |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-date=9 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409204228/https://register.fca.org.uk/s/individual?id=003b000000LVKnuAAH |url-status=live }}</ref> to join former colleagues in California at a new hedge fund firm, Theleme Partners, which launched in October 2010 with $700 million under management (equivalent to {{nowrap|${{Inflation|US|700|2010|fmt=c}} million}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}).<ref>{{cite news |date=7 February 2012 |title=Ex-TCI star emerges at rival |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/37c77240-50e8-11e1-8cdb-00144feabdc0 |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921065205/https://www.ft.com/content/37c77240-50e8-11e1-8cdb-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=21 September 2019 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=25 October 2010 |title=Star analyst's new fund raises $700m |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/75c1e2da-dfb3-11df-bed9-00144feabdc0 |url-status=live |access-date=1 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725053502/https://www.ft.com/content/75c1e2da-dfb3-11df-bed9-00144feabdc0 |archive-date=25 July 2019 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tomorrow's Titans |url=https://thehedgefundjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/THFJ-Tomorrows-Titans-survey.pdf |access-date=1 October 2019 |work=The Hedge Fund Journal |page=9 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009125539/https://thehedgefundjournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/THFJ-Tomorrows-Titans-survey.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> At both hedge funds, his boss was [[Patrick Degorce]].<ref name="The Guardian Feb 2020">{{cite news |last1=Partington |first1=Richard |title=New chancellor Rishi Sunak challenged over hedge fund past |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/14/new-chancellor-rishi-sunak-challenged-over-hedge-fund-past |access-date=6 August 2022 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806123536/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/14/new-chancellor-rishi-sunak-challenged-over-hedge-fund-past |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunak was also a director of the investment firm Catamaran Ventures, owned by his father-in-law, the Indian businessman [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] of [[Infosys]], between 2013 and 2015.<ref name="Business" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Sood |first=Varun |date=12 February 2019 |title=Narayana Murthy far behind Azim Premji in family office stakes |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/narayana-murthy-far-behind-azim-premji-in-family-office-stakes-1549917473062.html |access-date=1 October 2019 |publisher=Livemint |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009125540/https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/narayana-murthy-far-behind-azim-premji-in-family-office-stakes-1549917473062.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Backbencher (2015–2018) ===
Sunak was selected as the Conservative candidate for [[Richmond (Yorks)]] in October 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://conservativehome.com/2014/10/18/rishi-sunak-selected-for-richmond/|title=Rishi Sunak selected for Richmond|publisher=ConservativeHome|date=18 October 2014|accessdate=17 September 2023|last=Hill|first=Henry|archive-date=25 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325042602/https://conservativehome.com/2014/10/18/rishi-sunak-selected-for-richmond/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://members.parliament.uk/member/4358/electionresult|title=Last election result|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=17 September 2023|archive-date=28 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028141148/https://members.parliament.uk/member/4358/electionresult|url-status=live}}</ref> The seat was previously held by [[William Hague]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Times Guide to the House of Commons 2019|date=2020|isbn=978-0-00-839258-1 |location=Glasgow |publisher=HarperCollins |page=310|last1=Brunskill |first1=Ian }}</ref> In the same year Sunak was head of the [[Black and Minority Ethnic]] (BME) Research Unit of the conservative think tank [[Policy Exchange]], for which he co-wrote a report on BME communities in the UK.<ref name="PE">{{cite web |title=A Portrait of Modern Britain |url=https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/a-portrait-of-modern-britain.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213210952/https://policyexchange.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/a-portrait-of-modern-britain.pdf |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=20 February 2020 |publisher=Policy Exchange |page=2}}</ref> He was elected as MP for the constituency at the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]] with a majority of 19,550 (36.2%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Richmond (Yorks) |url=https://electionresults.parliament.uk/election/2015-05-07/results/Location/Constituency/Richmond%20(Yorks) |access-date=1 October 2019 |work=UK Parliament |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201009125543/https://electionresults.parliament.uk/election/2015-05-07/results/Location/Constituency/Richmond%20%28Yorks%29 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the 2015–2017 Parliament he was a member of the [[Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Select Committee]].<ref name="parlbio">{{cite web |title=Rt Hon Rishi Sunak MP |url=https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/rishi-sunak/4483 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731113418/https://www.parliament.uk/biographies/commons/rishi-sunak/4483 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |access-date=1 October 2019 |work=UK Parliament}}</ref> [[File:Official portrait of Rishi Sunak crop 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Official MP portrait, 2017|left]]Sunak supported the successful campaign to leave the [[European Union]] in the [[2016 European Union membership referendum]], criticising the EU's immigration laws: "We are discriminating against countries with whom we have ties of history, language and culture"<ref name="leave">{{cite web |date=22 June 2016 |title=EU vote: Where the cabinet and other MPs stand |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-35616946 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171003020914/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-35616946 |archive-date=3 October 2017 |access-date=1 October 2019 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> That year, he wrote a report for the [[Thatcherite]] think tank [[Centre for Policy Studies]] supporting the establishment of [[free ports]] after [[Brexit]], and the following year wrote a report advocating the creation of a retail bond market for [[small and medium-sized enterprises]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Armitage |first=Jim |date=19 February 2020 |title=Business focus: Fears grow over new Chancellor's tax-lite free ports push |work=[[Evening Standard]] |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/business/business-focus-fears-grow-over-new-chancellors-taxlite-free-ports-push-a4366221.html |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009125557/https://www.standard.co.uk/business/business-focus-fears-grow-over-new-chancellors-taxlite-free-ports-push-a4366221.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sunak |first=Rishi |date=November 2017 |title=A New Era for Retail Bonds |url=https://www.cps.org.uk/files/reports/original/171116092827-ANewEraforRetailBonds.pdf |access-date=20 February 2020 |publisher=[[Centre for Policy Studies]] |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201009125602/https://www.cps.org.uk/files/reports/original/171116092827-ANewEraforRetailBonds.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sunak |first=Rishi |date=21 November 2017 |title=A better Budget way for SMEs to access cash for growth |work=[[Yorkshire Post]] |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/opinion/columnists/rishi-sunak-a-better-budget-way-for-smes-to-access-cash-for-growth-1-8868258 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220162750/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/opinion/columnists/rishi-sunak-a-better-budget-way-for-smes-to-access-cash-for-growth-1-8868258|archive-date=20 February 2020}}</ref> Following Cameron's resignation, Sunak endorsed [[Michael Gove]] in the [[2016 Conservative Party leadership election]], and later endorsed successful candidate [[Theresa May]] after Gove was eliminated in the second round of voting.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Riley-Smith |first1=Ben |title=Door open for Michael Gove as Rishi Sunak builds 'government of all the talents' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2022/10/24/door-open-michael-gove-rishi-sunak-builds-government-talents/ |access-date=5 November 2025 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk |date=24 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=It is Sunak's Time: Political Timing in UK Politics – International Association for Political Science Students |url=https://iapss.org/it-is-sunaks-time-political-timing-in-uk-politics/ |access-date=5 November 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Sunak was re-elected at the [[Richmond (Yorks) (UK Parliament constituency)#Elections in the 2010s|2017 general election]] with an increased majority of 23,108 (40.5%).<ref>{{cite web |title=Richmond (Yorks) |url=https://electionresults.parliament.uk/election/2017-06-08/results/Location/Constituency/Richmond%20(Yorks) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113041036/http://electionresults.parliament.uk/election/2017-06-08/results/Location/Constituency/Richmond%20(Yorks) |archive-date=13 January 2019 |access-date=1 October 2019 |work=UK Parliament}}</ref> In the same year, Sunak wrote a paper for Policy Exchange on the importance and fragility of the UK's undersea infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jackson |first1=Mark |date=4 December 2017 |title=Report Warns UK Undersea Fibre Optic Data Links Vulnerable to Attack |url=https://www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2017/12/report-warns-uk-undersea-fibre-optic-data-links-vulnerable-attack.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720010752/https://www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2017/12/report-warns-uk-undersea-fibre-optic-data-links-vulnerable-attack.html |archive-date=20 July 2018 |website=ISPreview UK |quote=A successful large-scale attack upon UK undersea cable infrastructure, whether at sea or on land, is an existential threat to our security.}}</ref> Sunak was re-elected at the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]] with an increased majority of 27,210 (47.2%).<ref>{{cite news |title=Richmond (Yorks) |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000895 |url-status=live |access-date=13 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726183856/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/constituencies/E14000895 |archive-date=26 July 2019}}</ref> Following boundary changes in the [[2024 United Kingdom general election|2024 general election]], Sunak won the seat of [[Richmond and Northallerton]], which replaced his former seat of Richmond (Yorks), with a majority of 23,059 (51.4).<ref>{{cite news |last=Nierenberg |first=Amelia |date=5 July 2024 |title=Rishi Sunak Hangs On to His Seat in Parliament |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/04/world/europe/sunak-wins-election-uk.html |access-date=9 July 2024 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Local government under-secretary (2018–2019) ===
Sunak was appointed to a junior ministerial position in May's [[Second May ministry|second government]] as [[Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Local Government]] in the [[2018 British cabinet reshuffle|2018 cabinet reshuffle]].<ref name="parlbio" /> Sunak voted for May's [[Brexit withdrawal agreement]] [[Parliamentary votes on Brexit|on all three occasions]], and voted against a [[Proposed referendum on the Brexit withdrawal agreement|second referendum on any withdrawal agreement]]. May's withdrawal agreement was rejected by Parliament three times, leading to May announcing her resignation in May 2019.<ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2019 |title=How MPs voted on May's withdrawal deal defeat |work=Financial Times |url=https://ig.ft.com/brexit-exit-deal-vote/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902092554/https://ig.ft.com/brexit-exit-deal-vote/ |archive-date=2 September 2019 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Sunak supported [[Boris Johnson]]'s successful bid to succeed May in the [[2019 Conservative Party leadership election]] and co-wrote an article with fellow MPs [[Robert Jenrick]] and [[Oliver Dowden]] to advocate for Johnson during the campaign in June.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sunak |first1=Rishi |last2=Jenrick |first2=Robert |last3=Dowden |first3=Oliver |date=5 June 2019 |title=The Tories are in deep peril. Only Boris Johnson can save us |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/the-tories-are-in-deep-peril-only-boris-johnson-can-save-us-3xq9lrvr3 |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103100034/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-tories-are-in-deep-peril-only-boris-johnson-can-save-us-3xq9lrvr3 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zeffmann |first1=Henry |last2=Elliott |first2=Francis |date=5 June 2019 |title=Moderates back Boris Johnson to be next prime minister |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/moderates-back-boris-johnson-to-be-next-prime-minister-vk2n72psm |url-status=live |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709210809/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/moderates-back-boris-johnson-to-be-next-prime-minister-vk2n72psm |archive-date=9 July 2019 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

=== Chief secretary to the Treasury (2019–2020) ===
Sunak was appointed to the senior cabinet role of [[chief secretary to the Treasury]] by Johnson, serving under [[Sajid Javid]].<ref>{{cite web |date=30 July 2019 |title=Full list of new ministerial and government appointments: July 2019 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/full-list-of-new-ministerial-and-government-appointments-july-2019 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804043111/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/full-list-of-new-ministerial-and-government-appointments-july-2019 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |access-date=1 October 2019 |work=gov.uk}}</ref> He became a member of the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] the next day.<ref>{{cite web |year=2019 |title=Orders Approved and Business Transacted at the Privy Council Held by the Queen at Buckingham Palace on 25th July 2019 |url=http://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/2019-07-25-List-of-Business.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730112009/http://privycouncil.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/2019-07-25-List-of-Business.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2019 |access-date=30 July 2019 |publisher=Privy Council Office |page=1}}</ref> During the 2019 general election, Sunak represented the Conservatives in debates.

=== Chancellor of the Exchequer (2020–2022) ===
{{Main|Chancellorship of Rishi Sunak}}

[[File:Rishi Sunak (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Sunak in a public information film about [[COVID-19]], April 2020]]
In the weeks leading up to [[2020 British cabinet reshuffle|Johnson's first cabinet reshuffle]] in February 2020, a number of briefings in the press had suggested that a new economic ministry led by Sunak might be established, to reduce the power and political influence of the Treasury.<ref>{{cite news |last=Parker |first=George |date=25 December 2019 |title=Johnson's 'favourite minister' tipped to run super-ministry |url=https://www.ft.com/content/35e7bf74-1521-11ea-9ee4-11f260415385 |newspaper=Financial Times |access-date=28 May 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609215019/https://www.ft.com/content/35e7bf74-1521-11ea-9ee4-11f260415385 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Balls |first=Katy |date=13 February 2020 |title=Is Sajid Javid at war with No. 10? |url=https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2020/02/is-sajid-javid-at-war-with-no-10/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213123641/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2020/02/is-sajid-javid-at-war-with-no-10/ |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=25 October 2022 |newspaper=The Spectator}}</ref> By February 2020, it was reported that Javid would remain in his role as Chancellor and that Sunak would stay on as Chief Secretary to the Treasury, in order to "keep an eye" on Javid.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Rowena |date=5 February 2020 |title=Ministers jostle as Johnson plans long-awaited reshuffle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/05/johnson-loyalists-to-be-rewarded-in-long-awaited-reshuffle |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=28 May 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609222424/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/05/johnson-loyalists-to-be-rewarded-in-long-awaited-reshuffle |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 13 February 2020, the day of the reshuffle, Javid resigned as chancellor, following a meeting with Johnson. During the meeting, Johnson had offered to allow Javid to keep his position on the condition that he dismiss all his advisers at the Treasury and replace them with ones selected by 10 Downing Street.<ref name="JavResign">{{cite news |date=13 February 2020 |title=Cabinet reshuffle: Sajid Javid resigns as chancellor |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-51491662 |website=BBC News |access-date=13 February 2020 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213120158/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-51491662 |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon resigning, Javid told the [[Press Association]] that "no self-respecting minister would accept those terms".<ref>{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Rowena |date=13 February 2020 |title=Sajid Javid resigns as chancellor amid Johnson reshuffle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/13/sajid-javid-resigns-as-chancellor-amid-boris-johnson-reshuffle |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=13 February 2020 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213121054/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/13/sajid-javid-resigns-as-chancellor-amid-boris-johnson-reshuffle |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=13 February 2020 |title=Sajid Javid quits as British Chancellor |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2020/0213/1115043-sajid-javid-quits-as-british-chancellor/ |website=RTÉ |access-date=28 May 2020 |archive-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502031342/https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2020/0213/1115043-sajid-javid-quits-as-british-chancellor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunak was promoted to chancellor to replace Javid as part of Johnson's first cabinet reshuffle later that day.<ref>{{cite web |date=13 February 2020 |title=Cabinet reshuffle: Sajid Javid resigns as chancellor |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-51491662 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213120158/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-51491662 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="javidguardian">{{cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Rowena |last2=Stewart |first2=Heather |last3=Walker |first3=Peter |date=13 February 2020 |title=Sajid Javid resigns as chancellor amid Johnson reshuffle |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/13/sajid-javid-resigns-as-chancellor-amid-boris-johnson-reshuffle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213121054/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/feb/13/sajid-javid-resigns-as-chancellor-amid-boris-johnson-reshuffle |archive-date=13 February 2020 |access-date=13 February 2020 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

==== COVID-19 pandemic ====
{{Further|British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic#Financial response}}
In response to the first confirmed [[COVID-19]] cases in January 2020, Sunak introduced advice for travellers coming from affected countries in late January and February 2020, and began [[contact tracing]], although this was later abandoned.<ref name="Kobie">{{Cite magazine |last=Kobie |first=Nicole |date=15 February 2020 |title=This is how the UK is strengthening its coronavirus defences |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/coronavirus-uk-response |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302194615/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/coronavirus-uk-response |archive-date=2 March 2020 |access-date=2 March 2020 |magazine=Wired UK |issn=1357-0978}}</ref> There were further societal restrictions on the public as [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|the virus spread across the country in the following weeks]], initially resisting more stringent measures introduced elsewhere in [[COVID-19 pandemic in Europe|Europe]] and [[COVID-19 pandemic in Asia|Asia]].<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Alwan |first1=Nisreen A |last2=Bhopal |first2=Raj |last3=Burgess |first3=Rochelle A |last4=Colburn |first4=Tim |last5=Cuevas |first5=Luis E |last6=Smith |first6=George Davey |last7=Egger |first7=Matthias |last8=Eldridge |first8=Sandra |last9=Gallo |first9=Valentina |last10=Gilthorpe |first10=Mark S. |last11=Greenhalgh |first11=Trish |date=17 March 2020 |title=Evidence informing the UK's COVID-19 public health response must be transparent |journal=The Lancet |volume=395 |issue=10229 |pages=1036–1037 |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30667-x |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=7270644 |pmid=32197104 |doi-access=free}}</ref> On 23 March 2020, as [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 had become a pandemic]] and began rapidly spreading across the country, Sunak became prominent in [[British government response to the COVID-19 pandemic|the government's response to the pandemic]] and its [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|economic impact]]. On 20 March 2020, Sunak gave a statement on COVID-19, saying:<ref>{{cite web |last=Pagano |first=Maggie |date=20 March 2020 |title=The Chancellor: "We will be judged by our capacity for compassion" |url=https://reaction.life/the-chancellor-we-will-be-judged-by-our-capacity-for-compassion/ |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=Reaction }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Now, more than any time in our history, we will be judged by our capacity for compassion. Our ability to come through this, won't just be down to what government or businesses do, but by the individual acts of kindness that we show each other. When this is over, we want to look back on this moment and remember the many small acts of kindness done by us and to us. We want to look back on this time and remember how we thought first of others and acted with decency. We want to look back on this time and remember how, in the face of a generation-defining moment, we undertook a collective national effort – and we stood together. It's on all of us.}}

==== Furlough scheme ====
{{Main|Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme}}

[[File:Boris_Johnson_Covid-19_Presser_(50462222663).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Sunak at a press conference on COVID-19, October 2020]]
Sunak introduced a programme providing £330 billion in emergency support for businesses,<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Chancellor unveils £350bn lifeline for economy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51935467 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317174307/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51935467 |archive-date=17 March 2020 |access-date=18 March 2020 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> as well as the [[Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme|Coronavirus Job Retention]] [[furlough]] scheme for employees. This was the first time a British government had created such an employee retention scheme.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Government to pay up to 80% of workers' wages |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51982005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506114627/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-51982005 |archive-date=6 May 2020 |access-date=20 March 2020 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="partington">{{cite news |last=Partington |first=Richard |date=20 March 2020 |title=UK government to pay 80% of wages for those not working in coronavirus crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/mar/20/government-pay-wages-jobs-coronavirus-rishi-sunak |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320180824/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/mar/20/government-pay-wages-jobs-coronavirus-rishi-sunak |archive-date=20 March 2020 |access-date=20 March 2020 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> The scheme was introduced on 20 March 2020 as providing grants to employers to pay 80% of a staff wage and employment costs each month, up to a total of £2,500 per person per month.<ref name="partington" /> The cost was estimated at £14 billion a month to run.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Partington |first1=Richard |date=12 May 2020 |title=UK furlough scheme extended until end of October |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/may/12/uk-furlough-scheme-extended-rishi-sunak-coronavirus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526083910/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/may/12/uk-furlough-scheme-extended-rishi-sunak-coronavirus |archive-date=26 May 2020 |access-date=4 February 2021 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

The furlough scheme initially ran for three months and was backdated to 1 March. Following a three-week extension of the countrywide lockdown the scheme was extended by Sunak until the end of June 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52323918|title=Government extends furlough scheme to pay staff|date=17 April 2020|publisher=BBC News|access-date=4 February 2021|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521031219/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52323918|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Elliott |first=Larry |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/17/uk-government-extends-coronavirus-furlough-scheme-until-end-of-june |title=UK government extends furlough scheme until end of June |date=17 April 2020 |work=The Guardian |access-date=20 April 2020 |archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420040528/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/17/uk-government-extends-coronavirus-furlough-scheme-until-end-of-june |url-status=live }}</ref> At the end of May, Sunak extended the scheme until the end of October 2020. The decision to extend the job retention scheme was made to avoid or defer mass redundancies, company bankruptcies and potential unemployment levels not seen since the 1930s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/may/02/business-leaders-extend-furlough-to-avoid-millions-of-job-losses|title = Business leaders: Extend furlough to avoid millions of job losses|newspaper = The Guardian|date = 2 May 2020|last1 = Helm|first1 = Toby|last2 = Inman|first2 = Phillip|access-date = 4 February 2021|archive-date = 26 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526192838/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/may/02/business-leaders-extend-furlough-to-avoid-millions-of-job-losses|url-status = live}}</ref> In March 2021, Sunak announced that the scheme had been extended once more until September 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2021 |title=Furlough support scheme to be extended until September |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56259094 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302222210/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56259094 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=2 March 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

==== Eat Out to Help Out ====
{{Main|Eat Out to Help Out}}

In July 2020, Sunak unveiled a plan for a further £30 billion of spending which included a [[Stamp duty in the United Kingdom|stamp duty]] holiday, a cut to [[Value-added tax in the United Kingdom|value-added tax]] (VAT) for the hospitality sector, a job retention bonus for employers and the Eat Out to Help Out scheme,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Inman |first1=Phillip |last2=Proctor |first2=Kate |date=8 July 2020 |title=Rishi Sunak unveils stamp duty holiday and hospitality VAT cut |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jul/08/rishi-sunak-unveils-stamp-duty-holiday-and-hospitality-vat-cut-furloughed-coronavirus |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=23 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200723175955/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/jul/08/rishi-sunak-unveils-stamp-duty-holiday-and-hospitality-vat-cut-furloughed-coronavirus |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=8 July 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Chancellor Rishi Sunak unveils £30bn plan to save jobs |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-53268594 |access-date=23 July 2020 |publisher=BBC News |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719150218/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-53268594 |url-status=live }}</ref> aimed at supporting and creating jobs in the [[Hospitality industry in the United Kingdom|hospitality industry]]. The government subsidised food and soft drinks at participating cafes, pubs and restaurants at 50%, up to £10 per person. The offer was available from 3 to 31 August on Monday to Wednesday each week.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eat Out to Help Out launches today – with government paying half on restaurant bills|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/eat-out-to-help-out-launches-today-with-government-paying-half-on-restaurant-bills|date=3 August 2020|access-date=22 December 2020|website=gov.uk|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123115026/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/eat-out-to-help-out-launches-today-with-government-paying-half-on-restaurant-bills|url-status=live}}</ref> In total, the scheme subsidised £849 million in meals.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 November 2020|title=Businesses claimed £849m through Eat Out to Help Out scheme for 160 million meals|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/eat-out-help-scheme-business-restaurants-meals-hmrc-b1761566.html|access-date=22 December 2020|work=The Independent|last=Ng|first=Kate|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125101940/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/eat-out-help-scheme-business-restaurants-meals-hmrc-b1761566.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Patrick Vallance]] and [[Chris Whitty]] were not informed of the scheme.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |title=Covid inquiry: Johnson surprised 'eat out to help out' not cleared by scientists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/dec/07/covid-inquiry-johnson-surprised-eat-out-to-help-out-not-cleared-by-scientists |access-date=22 June 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=7 December 2023}}</ref> Some considered the scheme to be a success in boosting the hospitality industry,<ref>{{cite web |last=Barrie |first=Josh |date=9 September 2020 |title=Eat Out to Help Out scheme has already made back half the money the Government spent on it |url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/food-and-drink/eat-out-to-help-out-scheme-money-government-saved-jobs-restaurants-640942 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101080803/https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/food-and-drink/eat-out-to-help-out-scheme-money-government-saved-jobs-restaurants-640942 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=22 December 2020 |website=[[i (British newspaper)|i]] }}</ref> whilst others disagreed.<ref>{{cite news |last=Inman |first=Phillip |date=1 October 2020 |title='Eat out to help out' did not boost hospitality sector finances – poll |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/oct/01/eat-out-to-help-out-failed-boost-finances-uk-hospitality-industry |url-status=live |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201221112432/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/oct/01/eat-out-to-help-out-failed-boost-finances-uk-hospitality-industry |archive-date=21 December 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Eat Out to Help Out scheme had a 'limited effect on the UK's restaurants and cafes' |date=10 February 2021 |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2021/b-Feb-21/Eat-Out-to-Help-Out-scheme-had-a-limited-effect-on-the-UK%27s-restaurants-and-cafes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225114630/https://www.lse.ac.uk/News/Latest-news-from-LSE/2021/b-Feb-21/Eat-Out-to-Help-Out-scheme-had-a-limited-effect-on-the-UK%27s-restaurants-and-cafes |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=23 November 2022 }}</ref> A 2020 study found that the scheme contributed to a rise in COVID-19 infection, which Johnson acknowledged but the Treasury rejected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/news/30-10-20-eat_out_to_help_out_scheme_drove_new_covid_19_infections_up_by_between_8_and_17_new_research_finds/|title='Eat Out to Help Out' scheme drove new COVID-19 infections up by between 8 and 17%, new research finds.|date=30 October 2020|accessdate=31 January 2023|publisher=University of Warwick|archive-date=17 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201217045624/https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/research/centres/cage/news/30-10-20-eat_out_to_help_out_scheme_drove_new_covid_19_infections_up_by_between_8_and_17_new_research_finds/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="bl-20201004">{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Tim |date=4 October 2020 |title=Boris Johnson Says 'Eat Out' Drive May Have Spread Covid in U.K. |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-04/boris-johnson-says-eat-out-drive-may-have-spread-covid-in-u-k |access-date=18 July 2021 |archive-date=18 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718235514/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-10-04/boris-johnson-says-eat-out-drive-may-have-spread-covid-in-u-k |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/oct/30/treasury-rejects-theory-eat-out-to-help-out-caused-rise-in-covid|work=The Guardian|title='Eat out to help out' may have caused sixth of Covid clusters over summer|date=30 October 2020|accessdate=31 January 2023|last=Hern|first=Alex|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131114323/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2020/oct/30/treasury-rejects-theory-eat-out-to-help-out-caused-rise-in-covid|url-status=live}}</ref> It was later said by Vallance during the [[UK COVID-19 Inquiry|COVID-19 Inquiry]] that Sunak had not informed medical advisers of the scheme until it was announced, whereas written evidence from Sunak said that the scheme had been discussed with medical advisers, including Vallance, and they had not objected.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/boris-johnson-bamboozled-by-covid-science-claims-sir-patrick-vallance-13012223|title='Rishi thinks just let people die': Dominic Cummings' claim revealed in Sir Patrick Vallance's COVID diary|work=Sky News|first=Jennifer|last=Scott|date=20 November 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201063639/https://news.sky.com/story/boris-johnson-bamboozled-by-covid-science-claims-sir-patrick-vallance-13012223|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Cost of living crisis and energy crisis ====
{{Main|2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis|2021 United Kingdom natural gas supplier crisis}}

[[File:Rishi Sunak Official Cabinet Portrait, September 2021 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.75|Official cabinet portrait, September 2021]]
Amid the rising [[2021–present United Kingdom cost-of-living crisis|cost of living]] and [[2021 United Kingdom natural gas supplier crisis|energy]] crises, Sunak intensified efforts to respond to the crisis in May 2022, with a £5 billion [[Windfall tax (United Kingdom)|windfall tax]] on energy companies to help fund a £15 billion support package for the public. The package included every household getting a £400 discount on energy bills, which would be in addition to a £150 council tax refund the government had already ordered. For about 8 million of the UK's lowest income households, a further £650 payment was announced. Additionally, pensioners or those with disability would qualify for extra payments, on top of the £550 that every household gets, and the £650 they would receive if they had a low income.<ref name="numbers">{{cite web |last1=Partington |first1=Richard |last2=Kirk |first2=Ashley |date=3 February 2022 |title=In numbers: what is fuelling Britain's cost of living crisis? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/feb/03/in-numbers-britains-cost-of-living-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203083943/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2022/feb/03/in-numbers-britains-cost-of-living-crisis |archive-date=3 February 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=The editorial board |date=27 May 2022 |title=A striking U-turn to alleviate the UK cost of living crisis |url=https://www.ft.com/content/05e49e39-a569-4346-88b9-4543ec9efbe1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527171709/https://www.ft.com/content/05e49e39-a569-4346-88b9-4543ec9efbe1 |archive-date=27 May 2022 |access-date=12 June 2022 |work=[[Financial Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Clinton |first=Jane |date=10 June 2022 |title=How will the £650 one-off payment be paid? If you should apply for cost of living support and who is eligible |work=[[i (British newspaper)|i]] |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/consumer/how-apply-for-650-one-off-payment-paid-who-cost-living-help-1679452 |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610094451/https://inews.co.uk/news/consumer/how-apply-for-650-one-off-payment-paid-who-cost-living-help-1679452 |archive-date=10 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Daniel |date=15 June 2022 |title=Millions to get first cost-of-living payment from 14 July |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-61802109 |access-date=15 June 2022 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=14 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614235125/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-61802109 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Budgets ====
{{Main|2020 United Kingdom budget|March 2021 United Kingdom budget|October 2021 United Kingdom budget}}

[[File:Budget_Day_2021_(51633616891).jpg|alt=Sunak in a dark blue suit standing in front of the black door of 11 Downing Street, holding a small red suitcase at arm's length.|thumb|Sunak holding the [[Red box (government)|budget box]] the day of the [[October 2021 United Kingdom budget|October 2021 budget]]]]Sunak presented his first budget, Delivering on Our Promises to the British People, on 11 March 2020. It was scheduled to be followed by another budget in the autumn, but in September 2020 he announced that budget would be scrapped because of the COVID-19 pandemic, stating "now is not the right time to outline long-term plans – people want to see us focused on the here and now".<ref>{{cite web |date=11 March 2020 |title=Budget 2020: Chancellor pumps billions into economy to combat coronavirus |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-51835306 |access-date=11 March 2020 |website=BBC News |quote=The chancellor will deliver another Budget in the Autumn, with measures aimed at preparing the UK economy for post-Brexit trading arrangements with the EU.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2020 |title=Covid crisis forces Autumn Budget to be scrapped |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-54267795 |access-date=23 September 2020 |website=BBC News}}</ref> Instead, additional statements were given by the chancellor in both [[July 2020 United Kingdom summer statement|summer]] and [[September 2020 United Kingdom Winter Economy Plan|autumn]].

The Winter Economy Plan was delivered by Sunak on 24 September 2020. The purpose of the statement was to announce measures aimed at further helping to promote economic recovery following the impact of COVID-19. The plan aimed to further promote economic recovery while preserving jobs and businesses which were considered viable. After a [[The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (England) (No. 4) Regulations 2020|second lockdown in England]] on 31 October 2020, the programme was extended several times, until 30 September 2021.<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2021 |title=Furlough support scheme to be extended until September |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56259094 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302222210/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-56259094 |archive-date=2 March 2021 |access-date=2 March 2021 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

The July 2020 summer statement (also known as the coronavirus mini-budget) was delivered by Sunak on 8 July 2020. The purpose of the statement was to announce measures aimed at helping to promote economic recovery following the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The statement was delivered to the House of Commons, where Sunak unveiled a spending package worth £30bn. Concerns were subsequently raised by organisations including [[HM Revenue and Customs]] and the [[Institute for Fiscal Studies]] about the statement's impact, as well as its cost-effectiveness, while at least one major retailer declined to take advantage of a financial bonus scheme intended for rehiring employees placed on furlough during the pandemic.

In his March 2021 budget, Sunak emphasized the effect the COVID-19 pandemic has had on the economy, with 700,000 people losing their jobs, the economy shrinking by 10% (the largest fall in 300 years), and the highest borrowing outside wartime.<ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=3 March 2021 |title=UK Budget 2021: the chancellor's speech in full |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2f1829d4-89e5-4b58-9394-28da615cc0ae |access-date=4 March 2021 |website=www.ft.com }}</ref><ref name="Part">{{cite news |last1=Partington |first1=Richard |last2=Allegretti |first2=Aubrey |date=3 March 2021 |title=Rishi Sunak flags tax rises in budget as total Covid spending tops £400bn |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/mar/03/rishi-sunak-tax-rises-budget-total-covid-support-spending-tops-400bn |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305182620/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/mar/03/rishi-sunak-tax-rises-budget-total-covid-support-spending-tops-400bn |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=6 March 2021 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> The budget included an increase in the rate of corporation tax from 19% to 25% in 2023, a five-year freeze in the tax-free personal allowance and the higher rate income tax threshold, and the extension of the furlough scheme until the end of September.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 March 2021 |title=Budget 2021: Key points at-a-glance |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-56266773 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192146/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-56266773 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |access-date=6 March 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Sunak was the first Chancellor to raise the [[United Kingdom corporation tax|corporation tax rate]] since [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]'s [[Denis Healey]] in 1974.<ref name="Part" />

In October 2021, Sunak made his third and final budget statement, which included substantial spending promises related to science and education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Autumn budget 2021: Rishi Sunak unveils new spending pledges including £5bn for health research and innovation and £3bn for skills education |url=https://news.sky.com/story/autumn-budget-2021-rishi-sunak-unveils-new-spending-pledges-including-5bn-for-health-research-and-innovation-and-3bn-for-skills-education-12442957 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024080053/https://news.sky.com/story/autumn-budget-2021-rishi-sunak-unveils-new-spending-pledges-including-5bn-for-health-research-and-innovation-and-3bn-for-skills-education-12442957 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref> The budget increased in-work support through the [[Universal Credit]] system by increasing the work allowances by £500 a year, and reducing the post-tax deduction taper rate from 63% to 55%.<ref name="politics-20211027">{{cite news |last1=Verma |first1=Hamant |last2=Crozier |first2=George |date=27 October 2021 |title=Low Incomes Tax Reform Group: Good news for some UC claimants – but the detail is key |url=https://www.politics.co.uk/opinion-former/press-release/2021/10/27/low-incomes-tax-reform-group-good-news-for-some-uc-claimants-but-the-detail-is-key/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028120812/https://www.politics.co.uk/opinion-former/press-release/2021/10/27/low-incomes-tax-reform-group-good-news-for-some-uc-claimants-but-the-detail-is-key/ |archive-date=28 October 2021 |access-date=28 October 2021 |website=politics.co.uk}}</ref> £560 million of investment was announced for the [[Levelling Up White Paper]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1 February 2022 |title=Areas with weak education targeted for levelling up |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/education-60213729 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201135608/https://www.bbc.com/news/education-60213729 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Many of the announcements to be made in the budget were previewed before budget day, drawing criticism and anger from the House of Commons. In response to the criticism, Sunak said the budget "begins the work of preparing for a new economy".<ref name="BBC News-2021">{{cite news |date=27 October 2021 |title=Budget 2021: Sunak promises new post-Covid economy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-59052997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026232546/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-59052997 |archive-date=26 October 2021 |accessdate=27 October 2021 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

Sunak made what would ultimately be his final budget, his spring statement, on 23 March 2022. He cut [[fuel duty]], removed VAT on energy saving equipment (such as solar panels and insulation) and reduced national insurance payments for small businesses and, while continuing with a [[Health and Social Care Levy|planned national insurance rise]] in April, he promised to align the primary threshold with the basic personal income allowance as of July. He also promised a reduction in [[Income Tax in the United Kingdom|income tax]] in 2024. Sunak also provided some funding which was intended to help vulnerable people cope with the cost of living.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 March 2022 |title=Spring Statement: Rishi Sunak seeks to combat cost-of-living squeeze |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-60848315 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324002010/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-60848315 |archive-date=24 March 2022 |access-date=24 March 2022 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

==== Other actions ====
[[File:Commemorative_coin_marking_Mahatma_Gandhi’s_remarkable_life_unveiled_for_the_first_time.jpg|thumb|Sunak in November 2021, holding a [[commemorative coin]] of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]]]
Sunak hosted a [[G7]] summit in London in June 2021.<ref name="g7summit2">{{cite news |last=Partington |first=Richard |date=7 June 2021 |title=G7 tax reform: what has been agreed and which companies will it affect? |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/07/g7-tax-reform-what-has-been-agreed-and-which-companies-will-it-affect |url-status=live |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160859/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/07/g7-tax-reform-what-has-been-agreed-and-which-companies-will-it-affect |archive-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> A tax reform agreement was signed, which in principle sought to establish a [[global minimum tax]] on multinationals and online technology companies.<ref name="g7summit2" /> In October 2021, the [[OECD]] signed an accord to join the tax reform plan.<ref>{{cite news |last=Partington |first=Richard |date=8 October 2021 |title=OECD deal imposes global minimum corporate tax of 15% |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/oct/08/oecd-deal-imposes-global-minimum-corporate-tax-of-15 |url-status=live |access-date=25 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025095416/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2021/oct/08/oecd-deal-imposes-global-minimum-corporate-tax-of-15 |archive-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> Later that month, Sunak attended [[COP26]] in Glasgow.<ref name="RSCO_12">{{cite news |last=Ferguson |first=Emily |date=3 November 2021 |title=COP26: Rishi Sunak unveils commitment from companies managing $130 trillion to fight climate change |newspaper=[[i (newspaper)|i]] |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/cop26-rishi-sunak-unveils-130-trillion-commitment-to-help-developing-nations-fight-climate-change-1281644 |access-date=26 October 2022 |publisher=[[Associated Newspapers Limited]] |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026144842/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/cop26-rishi-sunak-unveils-130-trillion-commitment-to-help-developing-nations-fight-climate-change-1281644 |url-status=live }}</ref> During his speech given on 3 November, he said that he felt optimism despite daunting challenges and that by bringing together finance ministers, businesses and investors, COP26 could begin to deliver targets from the [[Paris Agreement]].<ref name="RSCO_22">{{cite web |date=3 November 2021 |title=COP26 Finance Day speech |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/cop26-finance-day-speech |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=gov.uk |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026035350/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/cop26-finance-day-speech |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Resignation ====
{{Main|Chris Pincher scandal|July 2022 United Kingdom government crisis}}

[[File:Chancellor_announces_additional_support_to_protect_businesses.jpg|left|thumb|Sunak (right) pictured with [[Boris Johnson]] (left), March 2020]]
On 5 July 2022, Sunak and Javid resigned almost simultaneously amid a scandal surrounding the [[Chris Pincher scandal|sexual harassment allegations]] against [[Chris Pincher]], which arose after it was revealed that Johnson had promoted Pincher to the position of Deputy Chief Whip while knowing of the allegations beforehand.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cowburn |first=Ashley |date=5 July 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak resigns as chancellor in devastating blow to Boris Johnson |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/rishi-sunak-resigns-chancellor-boris-johnson-b2116399.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705174013/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/rishi-sunak-resigns-chancellor-boris-johnson-b2116399.html |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=6 July 2022 |work=The Independent}}</ref> Sunak was the second of 61 Conservative MPs to resign during the government crisis.<ref name="resign22">{{cite web |date=5 July 2022 |title=Sunak and Javid quit cabinet as PM admits Pincher mistake |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-62048657 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705170956/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-politics-62048657 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |access-date=5 July 2022 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> He was succeeded as chancellor by [[Nadhim Zahawi]]. Following the resignations of Sunak and Javid, numerous junior ministers and among the [[parliamentary private secretary]] (PPS) also resigned, most of whom cited a lack of honesty and integrity on the part of Johnson. In the following 24 hours, 36 MPs resigned from their roles in government and Johnson announced his resignation. In his resignation letter Sunak said:

{{Blockquote|text=The public rightly expect government to be conducted properly, competently and seriously. I recognise this may be my last ministerial job, but I believe these standards are worth fighting for and that is why I am resigning. It has become clear to me that our approaches are fundamentally too different. I am sad to be leaving Government but I have reluctantly come to the conclusion that we cannot continue like this.}}

=== Conservative leadership bids ===
{{Main|July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election|October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election}}

[[File:Ready for Rishi logo - blue.png|thumb|Sunak's leadership bid logo]]On 8 July 2022, Sunak announced his candidacy in the [[July–September 2022 Conservative Party leadership election|leadership election]] to replace Johnson.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stewart |first1=Heather |last2=Mason |first2=Rowena |last3=Walker |first3=Peter |title=Rishi Sunak to stand for Conservative party leader |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/08/rishi-sunak-to-stand-for-conservative-party-leader |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=The Guardian |date=8 July 2022 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708230639/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/jul/08/rishi-sunak-to-stand-for-conservative-party-leader |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunak launched his campaign in a video posted to social media, writing that he would "restore trust, rebuild the economy and reunite the country".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Sophie |title=Boris Johnson resigns: Rishi Sunak launches bid to become next prime minister |url=https://news.sky.com/story/rishi-sunak-announces-conservative-leadership-bid-following-boris-johnsons-resignation-12648312 |access-date=18 July 2022 |publisher=[[Sky News]] |date=8 July 2022 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708233909/https://news.sky.com/story/rishi-sunak-announces-conservative-leadership-bid-following-boris-johnsons-resignation-12648312 |url-status=live }}</ref> He said that his values were "patriotism, fairness, hard work",<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Sophie |title=Rishi Sunak and other Conservative hopefuls announce leadership bids to replace Boris Johnson – with more expected this weekend |url=https://news.sky.com/story/first-conservative-hopefuls-announce-leadership-bids-with-more-expected-this-weekend-12648506 |access-date=18 July 2022 |publisher=[[Sky News]] |date=9 July 2022|archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709023425/https://news.sky.com/story/first-conservative-hopefuls-announce-leadership-bids-with-more-expected-this-weekend-12648506 |url-status=live }}</ref> and pledged to "crack down on gender neutral language".<ref>{{cite news |last=Diver |first=Tony |date=9 July 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak pledges to protect women's rights in first leadership policy pitch |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2022/07/09/rishi-sunak-pledges-protect-womens-rights-first-leadership-policy/ |access-date=9 July 2022 |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709184715/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2022/07/09/rishi-sunak-pledges-protect-womens-rights-first-leadership-policy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> During the campaign, Sunak pledged to included tax cuts only when inflation was under control, scrapping of the 5% VAT rate on household energy for one year, introducing a temporary £10 fine for patients who fail to attend GP appointments, capping of refugee numbers, and a tightening of the definition of asylum.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/tory-leadership-race-what-have-rishi-sunak-and-liz-truss-pledged-for-the-country-12664313|title=Tory leadership race: What have Rishi Sunak and Liz Truss pledged for the country?|publisher=Sky News|date=3 August 2022|last=Brown|first=Faye|access-date=7 August 2022|archive-date=5 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805222622/http://news.sky.com/story/tory-leadership-race-what-have-rishi-sunak-and-liz-truss-pledged-for-the-country-12664313|url-status=live}}</ref> On 20 July, Sunak and Foreign Secretary [[Liz Truss]] emerged as the final two candidates in the contest on 20 July to be put forward to the membership for the final leadership vote. He had received the most votes in each of the series of MP votes with Sunak receiving 137 to Truss's 113 in the final round.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/ng-interactive/2022/jul/18/tory-leadership-election-full-results|title=How Truss beat Sunak: round by round Tory leadership results|newspaper=The Guardian|first1=Seán|last1=Clarke|first2=Anna |last2=Leach|date=21 July 2022|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806220641/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/ng-interactive/2022/jul/18/tory-leadership-election-full-results|url-status=live}}</ref> Sunak opposed Truss' economic plans and predicted they would result in economic damage, saying "Liz, we have to be honest. Borrowing your way out of inflation isn't a plan, it's a fairytale." A spokesperson for Sunak later said: "The reality is that Truss cannot deliver a support package as well as come good on £50bn worth of unfunded, permanent tax cuts in one go. To do so would mean increasing borrowing to historic and dangerous levels, putting the public finances in serious jeopardy and plunging the economy into an inflation spiral."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Riley-Smith |first1=Ben |last2=Turner |first2=Camilla |date=15 July 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak attacks Liz Truss's 'fairytale' economic plan in Tory leadership debate |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2022/07/15/rishi-sunak-attacks-liz-truss-fairy-tale-economic-plan-tory/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=The Telegraph |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

In the membership vote, Truss received 57.4% of the vote, making her the new leader.<ref name="membervote">{{cite news |date=5 September 2022 |title=How Liz Truss won the Conservative leadership race |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-60037657 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=5 September 2022 |archive-date=5 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905091715/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-60037657 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunak responded by offering his support to Truss, saying "It's right we now unite behind the new PM, Liz Truss, as she steers the country through difficult times."<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 September 2022 |title=Conservatives are one family; time to unite behind Truss: says Sunak after defeat in UK leadership race |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/conservatives-are-one-family-time-to-unite-behind-truss-says-sunak-after-defeat-in-uk-leadership-race/articleshow/94008859.cms?from=mdr |access-date=13 July 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He spent the duration of [[Truss's premiership]] on the backbenches. As Sunak predicted, Truss announced [[September 2022 United Kingdom mini-budget|large-scale tax cuts and borrowing in a mini-budget]] on 23 September, which was widely criticised and – after it rapidly led to financial instability – largely reversed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marsh |first=David |date=22 June 2023 |title=Britain's failed attempt at monetary and fiscal exceptionalism |journal=The Economist's Voice |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=119–130 |doi=10.1515/ev-2023-0021 |doi-access=free |issn=1553-3832 }}</ref> She announced her resignation on 20 October 2022 amid [[October 2022 United Kingdom government crisis|a government crisis]], triggering a [[October 2022 Conservative Party leadership election|leadership contest]].<ref>{{cite news |date=21 October 2022 |title=A billionaire, a former magician's assistant and … Boris? These are the contenders to replace Liz Truss |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-22/boris-rishi-or-penny-emerge-as-contenders-to-replace-truss/101560978 |access-date=22 October 2022 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022003217/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-10-22/boris-rishi-or-penny-emerge-as-contenders-to-replace-truss/101560978 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 22 October, it was reported that Sunak had the required number of supporters—100 members of the House of Commons—to run in the ballot on 24 October. The total number of MPs who publicly declared support passed 100 on the afternoon of 22 October.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 October 2022 |title=Tory leadership live: Rishi Sunak passes threshold of 100 supporters as Kemi Badenoch gives her backing |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2022/oct/22/boris-johnson-rishi-sunak-penny-mordaunt-conservative-tory-leadership-liz-truss-latest-politics-live |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022072133/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2022/oct/22/boris-johnson-rishi-sunak-penny-mordaunt-conservative-tory-leadership-liz-truss-latest-politics-live |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 October, Sunak declared that he would stand for election.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 October 2022|title=Rishi Sunak enters race to replace Liz Truss as UK prime minister|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/oct/23/rishi-sunak-race-replace-liz-truss-uk-prime-minister-conservative-leadership-former-chancellor|access-date=23 October 2022|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023185105/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/oct/23/rishi-sunak-race-replace-liz-truss-uk-prime-minister-conservative-leadership-former-chancellor|url-status=live}}</ref> After Johnson ruled himself out of the race and [[Penny Mordaunt]] withdrew her candidacy, Sunak was announced as the new leader on 24 October.<ref>{{cite news |last=Picheta |first=Rob |title=Rishi Sunak set to be UK's next prime minister |url=https://www.cnn.com/uk/live-news/uk-prime-minister-announcement-monday-gbr-intl/index.html |access-date=24 October 2022 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024095635/https://www.cnn.com/uk/live-news/uk-prime-minister-announcement-monday-gbr-intl/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Premiership (2022–2024) ==
{{Main|Premiership of Rishi Sunak}}

[[File:Trooping the Colour 2024 (GovPM 09).jpg|thumb|right|The Sunak family in Downing Street (on the [[King's Official Birthday]], 15 June 2024).]]
As the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons, Sunak was appointed as prime minister by [[Charles III]] on 25 October 2022, becoming the first [[British Asian]] to take the office. At 42, Sunak became the youngest prime minister since [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool]], in 1812.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nevett |first=Joshua |date=25 October 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak calls for stability and unity as he wins contest to be PM |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-63375281 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025133419/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-63375281 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |access-date=10 December 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In his first speech as prime minister, Sunak said that Truss "was not wrong" to want to improve growth and that he "admired her restlessness to create change", and added that "some mistakes were made", and that he was elected as party leader, and prime minister, in part to fix them.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Nevett |first=Joshua |date=25 October 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak vows to fix Liz Truss's mistakes in first speech as PM |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-63388007 |access-date=29 July 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref> He said, "I will place economic stability and confidence at the heart of this government's agenda.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/prime-minister-rishi-sunaks-statement-25-october-2022|title=Rishi Sunak's first speech as Prime Minister: 25 October 2022|date=25 October 2022|website=GOV.UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-63386413|title=Rishi Sunak's first speech as UK prime minister in full|work=BBC News |date=25 October 2022}}</ref>

=== Cabinet ===
{{Main|Sunak ministry}}

[[File:The formal full cabinet portrait (53614511381).jpg|thumb|Sunak with [[Sunak ministry|his Cabinet]], 9 January 2024]]
Sunak selected his cabinet ministers after his appointment as prime minister. [[Jeremy Hunt]] was appointed [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]], and [[Dominic Raab]] was also re-appointed as deputy prime minister and Justice Secretary, he later resigned from these roles in April 2023 and was replaced by Oliver Dowden. [[James Cleverly]] was appointed [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]] with [[Suella Braverman]] as [[Home Secretary]]. [[Ben Wallace (politician)|Ben Wallace]] was appointed [[Secretary of State for Defence]]. [[Michael Gove]] was appointed [[Levelling Up Secretary]], [[Grant Shapps]] was appointed as [[Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy]], and Penny Mordaunt became Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the council. Other key appointments included [[Simon Hart]] as [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury]] and [[Chief Whip]] of the House of Commons, [[Nadhim Zahawi]] as [[Chairman of the Conservative Party]], Oliver Dowden as [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]], [[Thérèse Coffey]] as [[Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|Environment Secretary]], [[Mel Stride]] as [[Work and Pensions Secretary]] and [[Mark Harper]] as Transport Secretary.<ref>{{cite news |date=27 October 2022 |title=No 10 backs Suella Braverman amid MI5 leak row |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-63410737 |access-date=10 May 2023 |publisher=BBC News |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510154450/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-63410737 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Reshuffles ====
{{Main|February 2023 British cabinet reshuffle|November 2023 British cabinet reshuffle}}

[[File:Prime_Minister's_Questions,_7_February_2024_06.jpg|right|thumb|Sunak speaking during [[Prime Minister's Questions]], 7 February 2024]]
Sunak's [[February 2023 British cabinet reshuffle|first cabinet reshuffle in February 2023]] saw a significant restructuring of [[Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom|government departments]]. New departments included those for [[Department for Business and Trade|Business and Trade]], [[Department for Energy Security and Net Zero|Energy Security and Net Zero]], and [[Department for Science, Innovation and Technology|Science, Innovation and Technology]]. The [[Department for International Trade]] and the [[Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy]] were split and merged into other departments. Ministers who joined the cabinet in the first reshuffle included [[Greg Hands]] took over as chairman from Zahawi, though later resigned and replaced by [[Richard Holden (British politician)|Richard Holden]]. [[Lucy Frazer]] became [[Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport]] taking over from Donelan. [[Rachel Maclean (politician)|Rachel Maclean]] left the backbenches and joined the [[Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities]].<ref name="auto2">{{cite news |last=Sparrow |first=Andrew |date=7 February 2023 |title=Rishi Sunak to hold limited cabinet shuffle – UK politics live |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/live/2023/feb/07/rishi-sunak-to-hold-limited-cabinet-shuffle-zahawi-dominic-raab-uk-politics-live |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name="auto12">{{cite book |last1=Sunak |first1=Rishi |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1134989/Making_Government_Deliver_for_the_British_People.pdf |title=Making Government Deliver for the British People |date=7 February 2023 |publisher=UK Government |access-date=7 February 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207214106/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1134989/Making_Government_Deliver_for_the_British_People.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunak's [[November 2023 British cabinet reshuffle|last cabinet reshuffle in November 2023]] saw the return of former prime minister David Cameron to government following a seven-year absence from frontline politics, replacing James Cleverly as foreign secretary. It also saw the departures of Braverman and Coffey from government and Hands from the cabinet, and the appointment of [[Laura Trott (politician)|Laura Trott]] as [[Chief Secretary to the Treasury]].<ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Faye |last2=Baker |first2=Tim |date=13 November 2023 |title=James Cleverly replaces Suella Braverman as home secretary after PM sacks her in reshuffle |url=https://news.sky.com/story/suella-braverman-sacked-as-home-secretary-13003852 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113085201/https://news.sky.com/story/suella-braverman-sacked-as-home-secretary-13003852 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |website=Sky News}}</ref><ref name="LifePeer2">{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |date=13 November 2023 |title=He's not an MP, so how can David Cameron return to the cabinet? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/nov/13/hes-not-an-mp-so-how-can-david-cameron-return-to-the-cabinet |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113124859/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/nov/13/hes-not-an-mp-so-how-can-david-cameron-return-to-the-cabinet |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Landler |first=Mark |author-link=Mark Landler |date=13 November 2023 |title=At a Time of War, Cameron Brings Experience but Also a Checkered Past |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/13/world/europe/david-cameron-return-uk-government.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113133046/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/13/world/europe/david-cameron-return-uk-government.html |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== Foreign policy ===
{{Main|List of international prime ministerial trips made by Rishi Sunak}}

[[File:President_Joe_Biden_meets_with_Prime_Minister_Rishi_Sunak_in_the_Oval_Office.jpg|thumb|Sunak with US President [[Joe Biden]] at the [[White House]], 8 June 2023]]In February 2023, Sunak negotiated a proposed agreement with the EU on [[Northern Ireland]]'s trading arrangements which was published as the [[Windsor Framework]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Campbell |first=John |date=28 February 2023 |title=Brexit: What does Windsor Framework mean for business? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-64793597 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228070536/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-64793597 |archive-date=28 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> On 27 February, Sunak delivered a statement to the House of Commons, saying that the proposed agreement "protects Northern Ireland's place in our Union.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sunak |first=Rishi |date=27 February 2023 |title=PM statement to the House of Commons: 27 Feb 2023 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-to-the-house-of-commons-27-feb-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227214212/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-to-the-house-of-commons-27-feb-2023 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |access-date=28 February 2023 |website=[[gov.uk]]}}</ref> On 22 March, the date of the parliamentary vote, 22 Conservative MPs and six DUP MPs voted against the government legislation.<ref name=":0d2">{{cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title='Not true' Brexit deal was propped up by Labour, Rishi Sunak insists after Tory rebellion led by Boris Johnson |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/rishi-sunak-brexit-deal-passes-commons-2226166 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322222208/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/rishi-sunak-brexit-deal-passes-commons-2226166 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=23 March 2023 |website=[[i (newspaper)|i]]}}</ref> The vote ultimately passed by 515 votes to 29.<ref name=":0d2" />

==== Immigration ====
{{Main|Rwanda asylum plan}}

[[File:Rishi Sunak holds a press conference on the Rwanda asylum plan, 22 April 2024.jpg|thumb|Sunak holds a press conference on the [[Rwanda asylum plan]], 22 April 2024.]]
[[File:Prime Minister Rishi Sunak meets Rwandan President Kagame (52870735268).jpg|thumb|Sunak meeting Rwandan president [[Paul Kagame]] in Downing Street]]
In 2019 the Conservative Party and [[Boris Johnson]] pledged to reduce net migration below 250,000 per year, but Sunak said in 2023 that the priority was not to reduce legal immigration but to stop [[Illegal immigration to the United Kingdom|illegal immigration]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rishi Sunak refuses to stick to Boris Johnson's pledge on bringing net migration below 250,000 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/rishi-sunak-refuses-to-commit-to-cutting-net-migration-to-level-set-in-2019-tory-manifesto-12883019 |work=Sky News |date=18 May 2023}}</ref> Nearly 30,000 undocumented migrants crossed the Channel in small boats to the UK in 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=UK: Nearly 30,000 migrants crossed Channel in 2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/uk-nearly-30000-migrants-crossed-channel-in-2023/a-67871435 |work=Deutsche Welle |date=1 February 2024}}</ref> Long-term [[Modern immigration to the United Kingdom|net migration to the United Kingdom]] (the number of people immigrating minus the number emigrating) reached a record high of 764,000 in 2022,<ref>{{cite news |title=UK Migration Data Leave Sunak Under Pressure on Key Pledge |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-23/migration-to-uk-falls-from-record-in-election-boost-for-sunak |work=Bloomberg |date=23 May 2024}}</ref> with legal immigration at 1.26 million and emigration at 493,000.<ref>{{cite news |title=Net migration drops to 685,000 after hitting record levels, as even more arrived in UK last year than previously thought |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/net-migration-drops-to-685-000/ |date=23 May 2024 |work=[[LBC]]}}</ref> Of the 1,218,000 legal migrants coming to the UK in 2023, only 10% were EU Nationals.<ref>{{cite news |title=Migration: How many people come to the UK and how are the salary rules changing? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-48785695 |work=BBC News |date=23 May 2024}}</ref>

Sunak continued the [[Rwanda asylum plan]] to have asylum seekers and illegal immigrants sent to [[Rwanda]] for processing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Rowena |date=30 November 2023 |title=Rishi Sunak says he 'inherited' very high immigration from Boris Johnson |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/nov/30/rishi-sunak-says-he-inherited-very-high-immigration-from-boris-johnson |access-date=4 December 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204004716/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/nov/30/rishi-sunak-says-he-inherited-very-high-immigration-from-boris-johnson |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sunak |first=Rishi |date=23 July 2022 |title=Our asylum system is broken. This is my ten-point plan to fix it |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/07/23/asylum-system-broken-ten-point-plan-fix/ |access-date=26 October 2022 |issn=0307-1235 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026174629/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/07/23/asylum-system-broken-ten-point-plan-fix/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After the plan was blocked by the [[Court of Appeal (England and Wales)|UK's Court of Appeal]] in June 2023 due to concerns over international law and the possibility of [[refoulement]] (persecution of those sent to Rwanda), Sunak vowed to appeal against the verdict to the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Supreme Court]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rwanda-judgment-ruling-court-appeal-migration-b2366343.html|title=Suella Braverman's plan to deport asylum seekers to Rwanda ruled unlawful by Court of Appeal|work=The Independent|date=29 June 2023|access-date=29 June 2023|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629091342/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rwanda-judgment-ruling-court-appeal-migration-b2366343.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 15 November 2023, the Supreme Court upheld the ruling and declared the plan unlawful.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bancroft |first1=Holly |title=Sunak's Rwanda plan in tatters after Supreme Court rules it unlawful |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rwanda-deal-supreme-court-rishi-sunak-b2446992.html |access-date=15 November 2023 |work=The Independent |date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115102325/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rwanda-deal-supreme-court-rishi-sunak-b2446992.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In response, Sunak sent Cleverly to Rwanda to negotiate a treaty with Rwanda focused on preventing refoulement which must now be ratified by the British and Rwandan Parliaments.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/rwanda-kigali-lord-reed-james-cleverly-unhcr-b2458713.html|title=Will the new Rwanda treaty see flights get off the ground?|work=The Independent|first=Flora|last=Thompson|date=5 December 2023|access-date=5 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205213620/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/rwanda-kigali-lord-reed-james-cleverly-unhcr-b2458713.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The government also introduced the [[Safety of Rwanda (Asylum and Immigration) Bill]], emergency legislation giving ministers the power to disapply sections of the [[Human Rights Act 1998]] and certain aspects of international law in order to allow them to declare Rwanda a safe country according to UK law.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-67641805|title=New Rwanda bill gives ministers power to disregard some human rights law|publisher=BBC News|date=6 December 2023|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=6 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206175932/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-67641805|url-status=live}}</ref> The bill was criticised by many on the right of the party for not going far enough, resulting in the resignation of the minister for immigration, Robert Jenrick.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-67640833|title=Robert Jenrick resigns as immigration minister over Rwanda legislation|publisher=BBC News|date=6 December 2023|access-date=6 December 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207041253/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-67640833.amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 12 December 2023 Sunak secured a government majority of 44 for the Safety of Rwanda Bill, despite the opposition of all other parties and abstentions from members of the [[European Research Group]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Becky|last=Morton|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-67698672|title=Rishi Sunak sees off Tory rebellion in Rwanda bill vote|publisher=BBC|date=12 December 2023|access-date=12 December 2023|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212213707/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-67698672.amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Russia and Ukraine ====
{{Main|United Kingdom and the Russian invasion of Ukraine}}

[[File:Prime Minister Rishi Sunak meets Volodymyr Zelenskyy - 52899900249.jpg|thumb|Sunak with Ukrainian President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]] at [[Chequers]], May 2023]]
Following the [[2022 missile explosion in Poland|15 November missile explosion in Poland]], Sunak met US President [[Joe Biden]] and delivered a speech about it.<ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2022 |title=Readout of President Joe Biden's Meeting with Prime Minister Rishi Sunak of the United Kingdom |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/11/16/readout-of-president-joe-bidens-meeting-with-prime-minister-rishi-sunak-of-the-united-kingdom/ |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=The White House |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119205208/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/11/16/readout-of-president-joe-bidens-meeting-with-prime-minister-rishi-sunak-of-the-united-kingdom/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sunak later met Ukrainian President [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]], and pledged to give Ukraine £50 million in aid. After meeting Zelenskyy, Sunak said: "I am proud of how the [[United Kingdom and the Russian invasion of Ukraine|UK stood with Ukraine]] from the very beginning. And I am here today to say the UK and our allies will continue to stand with Ukraine, as it fights to end this barbarous war and deliver a just peace."<ref>{{cite news |date=19 November 2022 |title=Ukraine war: Rishi Sunak visits President Zelensky in Kyiv as he pledges £50m in aid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63687045 |access-date=20 November 2022 |publisher=BBC News |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120000037/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63687045 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sunak visited Ukraine on 12 January 2024 to sign a new U.K.-Ukraine Agreement on Security Cooperation with Zelenskyy promising £2.5 billion in military aid to Ukraine, including long-range missiles, artillery ammunition, air defence and maritime security, in addition to £200 million to be spent on military drones, making the UK the largest deliverer of drones to Ukraine out of any nation according to Downing Street.<ref name=":72">{{cite news |date=12 January 2024 |title=Russia attacks 'arrogant British' after Sunak visits Ukraine to announce new aid |url=https://news.sky.com/story/rishi-sunak-unveils-2-5bn-of-support-to-ukraine-ahead-of-surprise-visit-13046583 |access-date=12 January 2024 |publisher=Sky News |archive-date=12 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112123640/https://news.sky.com/story/rishi-sunak-unveils-2-5bn-of-support-to-ukraine-ahead-of-surprise-visit-13046583 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Israel and Palestine ====
{{Main|United Kingdom support for Israel in the Gaza war}}

[[File:The Prime Minister meets the Prime Minister of Israel (53269898255).jpg|thumb|Sunak with Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] in [[Jerusalem]], 19 October 2023]]
In October 2023, Hamas [[October 7 attacks|led a surprise attack on Israel]] that [[Gaza war|devolved into a war]] and a growing [[Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present)|humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip]]. Sunak pledged the [[United Kingdom support for Israel in the Gaza war|UK's support for Israel]] and declared that Israel "has an absolute right to defend itself".<ref name=":82">{{cite news |title=Rishi Sunak says Israel has an 'absolute right to defend itself' against Hamas attack |url=https://news.sky.com/story/rishi-sunak-says-israel-has-an-absolute-right-to-defend-itself-against-hamas-attack-12979101 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007195903/https://news.sky.com/story/rishi-sunak-says-israel-has-an-absolute-right-to-defend-itself-against-hamas-attack-12979101 |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref> Sunak backed calls for humanitarian pauses to allow for aid to be brought into Gaza, although he initially rejected calls for a full ceasefire as he argued that this would only benefit Hamas.<ref name=":92">{{cite news |date=25 October 2023 |title=Rishi Sunak backs calls for humanitarian pauses in Israel-Hamas war |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-67218948 |access-date=19 December 2023 |publisher=BBC News |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218183257/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-67218948 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Israel used British-supplied weapons in the war.<ref>{{cite news |title=UK's Rishi Sunak faces growing pressure to stop arms sales to Israel |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/4/uks-rishi-sunak-faces-growing-pressure-to-stop-arms-sales-to-israel |work=Al Jazeera |date=4 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Why a majority of Britons want the U.K. to halt arms exports to Israel |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/04/04/1242745977/uk-israel-arms-sales |work=[[NPR]] |date=4 April 2024 |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603170440/https://www.npr.org/2024/04/04/1242745977/uk-israel-arms-sales |url-status=live }}</ref> However, Sunak later condemned the high number of [[Casualties of the Gaza war|civilian casualties]] in Gaza and called for a "sustainable ceasefire" in which all Israeli hostages were returned to Israel, attacks against Israel ceased and humanitarian aid was allowed into Gaza.<ref name=":102">{{cite news |date=19 December 2023 |title=Rishi Sunak piles pressure on Israel as he calls for Gaza ceasefire: 'Too many civilians have died' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/rishi-sunak-israel-gaza-ben-wallace-b2465937.html |access-date=19 December 2023 |work=The Independent |location=London |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218220210/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/rishi-sunak-israel-gaza-ben-wallace-b2465937.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His government supported the [[two-state solution]] as a resolution to the conflict.<ref>{{cite web |last=Merrick |first=Jane |date=16 October 2023 |title=Rishi Sunak calls for Middle East peace process and two-state solution amid Israel-Hamas war |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/rishi-sunak-calls-for-middle-east-peace-process-to-be-reinvigorated-amid-israel-hamas-conflict-2691449 |website=inews |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=1 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101132537/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/rishi-sunak-calls-for-middle-east-peace-process-to-be-reinvigorated-amid-israel-hamas-conflict-2691449 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Forrest |first=Adam |date=14 December 2023 |title=Rishi Sunak backs two-state solution after Israeli ambassador says 'absolute no' to plan |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/rishi-sunak-israel-palestine-gaza-b2464002.html |website=The Independent |location=London |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220213409/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/rishi-sunak-israel-palestine-gaza-b2464002.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

When the [[International Criminal Court]] prosecutor [[Karim Ahmad Khan]] announced that he would seek to charge Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] with war crimes, Sunak criticised the move as "unhelpful" and accused Khan of drawing a moral equivalence between Israel and Hamas.<ref>{{cite news |last=Keate |first=Noah |date=21 May 2024 |title=UK's Sunak slams ICC arrest warrant for Netanyahu |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-rishi-sunak-slams-icc-arrest-warrant-for-benjamin-netanyahu-no-moral-equivalance/ |newspaper=Politico |access-date=3 July 2024 |archive-date=20 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620122028/https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-rishi-sunak-slams-icc-arrest-warrant-for-benjamin-netanyahu-no-moral-equivalance/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Local election results ===
{{see also|2023 United Kingdom local elections|2024 United Kingdom local elections|Leadership approval opinion polling for the 2024 United Kingdom general election#Rishi Sunak}}
[[File:Prime Minister campaigns in Selby (53031710063).jpg|thumb|Sunak campaigning in July 2023]]Sunak was faced with the task of rebuilding the Conservatives' reputation which had been significantly damaged by the [[Premiership of Boris Johnson#Scandals|controversies and scandals of the previous year]] and the Truss ministry. While their poll ratings recovered slightly over the following months, it still wasn't enough to bring them back to pre-Truss levels. Sunak contested his first [[2023 United Kingdom local elections|local elections]] as leader on 4 May 2023, where the Conservatives suffered heavy losses. Two months later, on 20 July 2023, they lost two seats in by-elections; [[2023 Selby and Ainsty by-election|one]] to Labour and [[Somerton and Frome (UK Parliament constituency)|one]] to the Liberal Democrats. Their fortunes remained unchanged throughout policy changes of the following year, such as the shelving of the [[HS2]] northern phase in October. The Conservatives lost two further seats in by-elections on 15 February 2024.

In March 2024, there were suggestions that Sunak could face a leadership challenge before the upcoming [[2024 United Kingdom general election|general election]] — which was expected within the calendar year — if the Conservatives perform poorly at the [[2024 United Kingdom local elections|local elections]] on 2 May.<ref>{{cite web |last=Langford |first=Richard Vaughan, Eleanor |date=19 March 2024 |title=Sunak safe until May but MPs ready to act if local elections end in 'bloodbath' |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/rishi-sunak-safe-mps-ready-local-election-bloodbath-2964426 |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=inews.co.uk }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Langford |first=Hugo Gye, Eleanor |date=17 March 2024 |title=Tories turn on each other over 'insane' plotting to oust Rishi Sunak |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/tories-turn-on-each-other-insane-plot-oust-rishi-sunak-2961348 |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=inews.co.uk }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Crerar |first1=Pippa |last2=Stacey |first2=Kiran |date=18 March 2024 |title=Penny Mordaunt's Tory leadership rivals blamed for coup plot rumours |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/mar/18/penny-mordaunt-tory-leadership-rivals-blamed-for-coup-plot-rumours |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Sunak however said he would resist a challenge, even if that ends up being the case.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cowburn |first=Ashley |date=20 March 2024 |title=Sunak insists he'll still be PM after May even if local elections are a shocker |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/rishi-sunak-insists-hell-still-32401459 |access-date=25 July 2024 |website=The Mirror }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |last2=Courea |first2=Eleni |date=20 March 2024 |title=Rishi Sunak urges his MPs to present unified front before local elections |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2024/mar/20/rishi-sunak-urges-his-mps-to-present-unified-front-before-local-elections |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> As predicted, 2 May saw grim showing for the Conservatives, who suffered their worst local election results since [[1996 United Kingdom local elections|1996]]. Additionally, they lost another seat to Labour in the [[Blackpool South by-election]], and narrowly lost the [[2024 West Midlands mayoral election|West Midlands mayoral election]] in a knife-edge vote. Sunak's premiership was described as more stable than that of his two predecessors, while still not being able to represent a turnaround for the Conservatives.<ref>{{cite news |last=Landler |first=Mark |date=22 May 2024 |title=Sunak Announces U.K. Elections for July 4, Months Earlier Than Expected |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/22/world/europe/uk-election-sunak-politics.html |access-date=25 July 2024 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

=== 2024 general election and resignation ===
{{main|2024 United Kingdom general election}}

On the afternoon of 22 May 2024, Sunak announced that he had asked the King to call a general election for 4 July 2024, surprising his own MPs.<ref>{{cite news |date=23 May 2024 |title=How Rishi Sunak sprung general election surprise on Tories |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9rr73w103vo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526205032/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9rr73w103vo |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=27 May 2024 |work=BBC News }}</ref> Though Sunak had the option to wait until December 2024 to call the election, he said that he decided on the date because he believed that the economy was improving, and that "falling inflation and net migration figures would reinforce the Conservatives' election message of 'sticking to the plan'".<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 May 2024 |title=Rishi Sunak and Keir Starmer kick off election campaigns |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/may/22/rishi-sunak-will-call-general-election-for-july-in-surprise-move-sources |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523061012/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/may/22/rishi-sunak-will-call-general-election-for-july-in-surprise-move-sources |archive-date=23 May 2024 |work=The Guardian |access-date=22 May 2024}}</ref>

Sunak sought to rebuild the Conservative's reputation following a slump in popularity after the short-lived Truss ministry and a slew of controversies including Partygate that irreparably damaged Johnson's ministry,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dalton |first1=Jane |last2=James |first2=Liam |last3=Middleton |first3=Joe |date=11 January 2023 |title=Boris Johnson's biggest scandals: a timeline |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-controversies-timeline-why-resign-b2260174.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704210525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/boris-johnson-controversies-timeline-why-resign-b2260174.html |archive-date=4 July 2024 |access-date=30 June 2024 |website=The Independent }}</ref> through campaigning on stabilising the economy, the Rwanda asylum plan, further strengthening the [[State Pension]], and introducing [[Conscription in the United Kingdom#Support for reintroduction of conscription|National Service]]. He released the Conservative manifesto ''[[Clear Plan. Bold Action. Secure Future.]]'' on 11 June, addressing the economy, taxes, welfare, expanding free childcare, education, healthcare, environment, energy, transport, and crime.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 June 2024 |title=Rishi Sunak: Tory manifesto will include tax cuts |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722v3w66nwo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610181908/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c722v3w66nwo |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Conservative manifesto 2024: summary of the key policies |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/conservative-party-manifesto-key-policies-rishi-sunak-general-election-9zvjqvttp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611082242/https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/conservative-party-manifesto-key-policies-rishi-sunak-general-election-9zvjqvttp |archive-date=11 June 2024 |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=www.thetimes.com }}</ref> Sunak stated during the general election campaign that if his party lost the election he intended to remain as a backbench MP for the next 5 years.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 June 2024 |title=Sunak Vows to Stay as MP for 5 Years If Tories Lose UK Election |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-06-14/sunak-vows-to-stay-as-mp-for-5-years-if-tories-lose-uk-election |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=Bloomberg.com }}</ref> On 6 June 2024, the 80th anniversary of [[D-Day]], Sunak was heavily criticised for leaving commemoration events early to do an interview with ITV,<ref>{{cite news |last=Badshah |first=Nadeem |date=6 June 2024 |title=Rishi Sunak criticised for leaving D-day event early 'to record ITV interview' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/07/rishi-sunak-criticised-for-leaving-d-day-event-early-to-record-itv-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609160612/https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/07/rishi-sunak-criticised-for-leaving-d-day-event-early-to-record-itv-interview |archive-date=9 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Steerpike |date=6 June 2024 |title=Why did Sunak leave the D-Day commemorations early? |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-did-rishi-leave-the-d-day-commemorations-early/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607001103/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/why-did-rishi-leave-the-d-day-commemorations-early/ |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=The Spectator}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=D-Day absence an extraordinary own goal from the Conservatives |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4nnz0w41kvo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608074131/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4nnz0w41kvo |archive-date=8 June 2024 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=BBC News}}</ref> including by veterans.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=Furious veterans unimpressed with Sunak's apology for skipping D-Day event |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rishi-sunak-d-day-apology-veterans-b2558634.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607192453/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/rishi-sunak-d-day-apology-veterans-b2558634.html |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Chantler-Hicks |first=Lydia |date=7 June 2024 |title=D-Day veteran accuses Sunak of 'letting down country' by leaving Normandy ceremony |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/rishi-sunak-d-day-conservatives-general-election-nigel-farage-b1162908.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608041017/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/rishi-sunak-d-day-conservatives-general-election-nigel-farage-b1162908.html |archive-date=8 June 2024 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=Evening Standard}}</ref> Sunak apologised three times over the following week.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cherry |first=Stephen |date=12 June 2024 |title=Rishi Sunak's D-Day apology reveals the limits of saying sorry |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/comment/2024/06/rishi-sunaks-d-day-apology-reveals-limits-saying-sorry |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=New Statesman}}</ref>

Labour won a landslide victory in the general election, ending 14 years of Conservative government. A record number of Conservative MPs either [[List of MPs who stood down at the 2024 United Kingdom general election|stood down]] or [[List of MPs who lost their seat in the 2024 United Kingdom general election|lost their seats at the election]]. Three Cabinet members stood down and eight full members and four who attended Cabinet lost their seats, the highest number of sitting cabinet seat losses in history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election results: Most significant things that happened overnight – what to know |url=https://news.sky.com/story/election-key-moments-farage-wins-shapps-loses-and-starmer-mobbed-by-supporters-13165924 |access-date=5 July 2024 |website=Sky News }}</ref> Sunak conceded the election on 5 July. In his resignation speech before tending his resignation to the King, Sunak apologised to Conservative voters and candidates for the party's heavy defeat, and announced his intention to resign as party leader once a new leader is elected. He also offered support to the incoming prime minister [[Keir Starmer]], saying he was "a decent, public-spirited man" he respected and expressed hope he would be successful.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 July 2024 |title=Rishi Sunak's final speech as Prime Minister: 5 July 2024 |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/rishi-sunaks-final-speech-as-prime-minister-5-july-2024 |access-date=5 July 2024 |website=GOV.UK }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=When does Starmer move into Number 10 – and when will we know who's in his cabinet? |url=https://news.sky.com/story/general-election-sir-keir-starmer-will-be-our-new-pm-but-what-happens-next-13156545 |access-date=5 July 2024 |website=Sky News }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=To all the Conservative candidates and campaigners who worked tirelessly but without success, I am sorry that we could not deliver what your efforts deserved. It pains me to think how many good colleagues, who contributed so much to their communities and our country, will now no longer sit in the House of Commons. I thank them for their hard work, and their service. Following this result, I will step down as party leader, not immediately, but once the formal arrangements for selecting my successor are in place. It is important that after 14 years in government the Conservative Party rebuilds, but also that it takes up its crucial role in Opposition professionally and effectively.}}

== Post-premiership (2024–present) ==

=== Leader of the Opposition (July–November 2024) ===
{{Main|Shadow Cabinet of Rishi Sunak}}

[[File:Prime Minister Rishi Sunak leaves 10 Downing Street (53836772719).jpg|thumb|Sunak and his wife, [[Akshata Murty]], leaving [[Downing Street]]]]
After Starmer succeeded Sunak as prime minister, Sunak immediately became [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]] and formed his [[Shadow Cabinet of Rishi Sunak|shadow cabinet]] on 8 July.<ref name="LBC2">{{Cite news |last=Kelly |first=Kieran |date=8 July 2024 |title=Richard Holden quits as Tory party chairman as Rishi Sunak unveils shadow cabinet |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/richard-holden-quit-tory-party-chairman-rishi-sunak-shadow-cabinet/ |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=LBC News}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite news |last=Craig |first=Jon |date=8 July 2024 |title=Sunak names shadow cabinet |url=https://news.sky.com/story/election-results-labour-keir-starmer-prime-minister-tory-reform-lib-dem-latest-news-12593360?postid=7943427 |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=Sky News}}</ref>

Most members of Sunak's cabinet heading into the 2024 general election were given the same portfolios in the shadow cabinet, including former chancellor Jeremy Hunt, who became [[shadow chancellor]], and former home secretary James Cleverly, who became [[shadow home secretary]].<ref name=":03"/> Former foreign secretary David Cameron chose to retire from frontline politics, with his former deputy [[Andrew Mitchell]] becoming [[shadow foreign secretary]] instead.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hymas |first=Charles |date=8 July 2024 |title=David Cameron to step back from frontline politics |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2024/07/08/politics-election-keir-starmer-tories-latest-news/#1720456456221 |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> Richard Holden resigned as [[Chairman of the Conservative Party|party chairman]], and was succeeded by [[Richard Fuller (Conservative politician)|Richard Fuller]] in an interim capacity outside shadow cabinet.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK's Sunak appoints 'shadow' cabinet after historic election loss | Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uks-sunak-appoints-shadow-cabinet-after-historic-election-loss-2024-07-08/ |website=[[Reuters]]|date=8 July 2024 |last1=M |first1=Muvija }}</ref>

Sunak appointed new officeholders to the portfolios held by the eleven cabinet ministers who lost their seats in the election, including [[Edward Argar]], who became [[Shadow Secretary of State for Justice|shadow justice secretary]] after the outgoing justice secretary [[Alex Chalk]] lost his seat, as well as [[Helen Whately]], who became [[shadow transport secretary]] after the outgoing transport secretary [[Mark Harper]] also lost his seat.<ref name="LBC2"/> Among other noteworthy appointments, [[Kemi Badenoch]] became the [[Shadow Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government|shadow housing, communities and local government secretary]] and former deputy prime minister Oliver Dowden became [[Deputy Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|deputy leader of the opposition]].<ref name="LBC2" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Muvija |first=M. |date=8 July 2024 |title=UK's Sunak appoints 'shadow' cabinet after historic election loss |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uks-sunak-appoints-shadow-cabinet-after-historic-election-loss-2024-07-08 |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

Sunak remained leader until his successor, Kemi Badenoch, was elected in the [[2024 Conservative Party leadership election]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Courea |first1=Eleni |last2=Walker |first2=Peter |date=5 July 2024 |title=Rishi Sunak resigns as Tory leader as well as PM after election defeat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/article/2024/jul/05/rishi-sunak-to-resign-as-tory-leader-as-well-as-pm-after-election-defeat |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 July 2024 |title=Rishi Sunak accepts responsibility for historic Tory defeat |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd1xnzlzz99o |access-date=5 July 2024 |website=BBC News }}</ref> after which he returned to the backbenches. Responding to the [[2024 State Opening of Parliament]], Sunak said his party would not oppose the government "for the sake of it", but would hold them to account on their election promises. On proposals to change planning laws, Sunak said that though such changes were needed "a system that does not allow local people to have a say will damage public consent for more housing in the long term".<ref name=Growth>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c903d09jwk7o |title=Starmer pledges growth with building and rail reforms |date=17 July 2024 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=17 July 2024}}</ref> While he respected Starmer's decision to scrap the Rwanda asylum plan, Sunak said that there needed to be an alternative deterrent, otherwise "a large number of those who crossed the Channel illegally will end up remaining here".<ref name="Hardman">{{cite web |last=Hardman |first=Isabel |date=17 July 2024 |title=Rishi Sunak looks much happier in opposition |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/rishi-sunak-looks-much-happier-in-opposition/ |access-date=22 July 2024 |website=The Spectator }}</ref>

In that same speech, Sunak summarized the rapid trajectory of his political career:

{{Blockquote|text=On the Government benches life comes at you fast.

Soon, you might be fortunate enough to be tapped on the shoulder and be offered a junior ministerial role, then you'll find yourself attending cabinet, then in the cabinet and then when the prime minister's position becomes untenable you might end up being called to the highest office.

And, before you know it, you have a bright future behind you and you're left wondering whether you can credibly be an elder statesman at the age of 44.<ref name="Hardman" />}}

===Other activities===

In January 2025, he became a visiting fellow at the [[Hoover Institution]] of [[Stanford University]],<ref name="Telegraph Hoover">{{cite news |last=Martin |first=Daniel |date=21 January 2025 |title=Sunak takes new part-time job in California |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2025/01/21/sunak-takes-new-part-time-job-in-california/ |access-date=1 February 2025 |work=The Telegraph |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> a distinguished fellow at the [[Blavatnik School of Government]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gudge |first=Ethan |date=22 January 2025 |title=Former PM Sunak takes up Oxford and Stanford roles |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cvgl7823ezqo |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2025 |title=Former UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak to join Blavatnik School of Government's World Leaders Circle |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2025-01-22-former-uk-prime-minister-rishi-sunak-join-blavatnik-school-government-s-world |access-date=1 March 2025 |website=University of Oxford}}</ref> and signed as an exclusive speaker with the [[Washington Speakers Bureau]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Rishi Sunak and David Cameron to cash in with US speaking gigs |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/rishi-sunak-and-david-cameron-to-cash-in-with-us-speaking-gigs/ |website=Politico Europe |date=4 February 2025 |access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref> In March 2025, Sunak and his wife [[Akshata Murty]] founded a charity called The Richmond Project which aims to improve the numeracy skills of schoolchildren and adults.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Warnes |first=William |date=1 March 2025 |title=Sunak and wife Murty unveil new charity focused on tackling numeracy problems |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/akshata-murty-north-yorkshire-richmond-northallerton-oxford-b2707116.html |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=The Independent}}</ref>

In July 2025, Sunak took up a position as a senior adviser at [[Goldman Sachs]]. With this appointment, [[Advisory Committee on Business Appointments|ACOBA]] has restricted him for a year from lobbying the government and influencing policy, and advising [[Investment fund|investment funds]] and foreign governments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2025 |title=Rishi Sunak appointed as senior adviser at Goldman Sachs |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/politics/uk-politics/rishi-sunak-goldman-sachs-latest/ |access-date=8 July 2025 |website=LBC |language=en}}</ref>

Sunak became a paid advisor to both [[Microsoft]] and artificial intelligence start-up [[Anthropic]] in October 2025; the appointments were again subject to ACOBA restrictions.<ref name="MicrosoftOct25">{{cite web |last1=McArthur |first1=Tom |last2=Francis |first2=Sam |title=Sunak joins Microsoft and AI firm as paid adviser |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/clyqe22pz81o |website=BBC News |access-date=10 October 2025 |date=9 October 2025}}</ref> Sunak stated he would donate his earnings from the roles to a charity he had founded.<ref name="MicrosoftOct25" />

== Political positions ==
{{Main|Political positions of Rishi Sunak}}

[[File:Levelling up - Sunak and Hunt.jpg|thumb|Sunak and [[Jeremy Hunt]] holding a [[Levelling-up policy of the Conservative government|Levelling Up]] sign, January 2023]]
Sunak has been described as a moderate within his party with a [[technocratic]] or managerial leadership style.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rishi Sunak, a very Tory kind of technocrat |url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2023/04/13/rishi-sunak-a-very-tory-kind-of-technocrat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710154707/https://www.economist.com/britain/2023/04/13/rishi-sunak-a-very-tory-kind-of-technocrat |archive-date=10 July 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> According to [[Euronews]], Sunak is "frequently perceived as a pragmatist and as belonging to the centre-ground of the Conservative Party".<ref name="Carlo-20222">{{cite web |last=Carlo |first=Andrea |date=24 October 2022 |title=Who is soon-to-be UK PM Rishi Sunak and what does he stand for? |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/10/24/rishi-sunak-who-is-the-uks-next-prime-minister-and-what-are-his-policies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922225400/https://www.euronews.com/2022/10/24/rishi-sunak-who-is-the-uks-next-prime-minister-and-what-are-his-policies |archive-date=22 September 2023 |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=euronews}}</ref> He opposed [[Trussonomics|the economic policies of Truss]],<ref name="Carlo-20222" /> and although described as a fellow [[Thatcherite]], he is viewed as less [[economically liberal]] than Truss.<ref name="Dutton-20222">{{cite web |last=Dutton |first=Jack |date=24 October 2022 |title=What are Rishi Sunak's political beliefs? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/what-are-rishi-sunaks-political-beliefs-1754164 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024234340/https://www.newsweek.com/what-are-rishi-sunaks-political-beliefs-1754164 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=Newsweek}}</ref>

In April 2023, Sunak's perception as a centrist contrasted with descriptions of his government's policies on transgender and migration issues as being [[socially conservative]], with Jessica Elgot of ''[[The Guardian]]'' describing Sunak as "perhaps the most socially conservative PM of his generation".<ref>{{cite news |last=Elgot |first=Jessica |date=18 April 2023 |title=Why Rishi Sunak may be the most socially conservative PM of his generation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/apr/18/why-rishi-sunak-is-perhaps-the-most-socially-conservative-pm-of-his-generation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427101706/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/apr/18/why-rishi-sunak-is-perhaps-the-most-socially-conservative-pm-of-his-generation |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=27 April 2023 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Robert Shrimsley of the ''[[Financial Times]]'' described Sunak as someone whose "easy manner, career in global finance and ethnic background might suggest a more cosmopolitan conservative", even though he is socially conservative and pragmatic.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 April 2023 |title=Rishi Sunak's big idea is a nation that is more like him |url=https://www.ft.com/content/94807927-34b5-4f73-8661-e9af8f4e0abe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427101707/https://www.ft.com/content/94807927-34b5-4f73-8661-e9af8f4e0abe |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=27 April 2023 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> Meanwhile, the ''[[New Statesman]]'' described Sunak as uneasily straddling both [[liberal-conservative]] and [[national-conservative]] instincts.<ref>{{cite web |date=19 April 2023 |title=The new Tory tribes |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/new-statesman-view/2023/04/the-new-tory-tribes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427101706/https://www.newstatesman.com/new-statesman-view/2023/04/the-new-tory-tribes |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=New Statesman}}</ref> In July 2023, ''[[The Economist]]'' described him as "the most right-wing Conservative prime minister since [[Margaret Thatcher]]".<ref>{{cite news |title=No, really. Rishi Sunak is a right-winger |url=https://www.economist.com/britain/2023/07/27/no-really-rishi-sunak-is-a-right-winger |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809124702/https://www.economist.com/britain/2023/07/27/no-really-rishi-sunak-is-a-right-winger |archive-date=9 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

== Public image ==
Following his appointment as chancellor, Sunak arrived in public discourse from relative obscurity.<ref name="Sharma-2020">{{cite web |title=Rishi Sunak: Who Is the UK Chancellor and Why Is His Nickname 'Dishi Rishi'? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/rishi-sunak-chancellor-dishy-rishi/ |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=VICE |last=Sharma |first=Ruchira |date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403152651/https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7ed3e/rishi-sunak-chancellor-dishy-rishi |url-status=live }}</ref> Some political commentators saw Sunak's appointment as signalling the end of the Treasury's independence from Downing Street, with Robert Shrimsley, chief political commentator of the ''[[Financial Times]]'', arguing that "good government often depends on senior ministers – and the Chancellor in particular – being able to fight bad ideas".<ref>{{cite news |last=Shrimsley |first=Robert |date=13 February 2020 |title=Johnson has backed Cummings over his chancellor — and there will be a cost |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f1e8b996-4e59-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531232147/https://www.ft.com/content/f1e8b996-4e59-11ea-95a0-43d18ec715f5 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |access-date=28 May 2020 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>

In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, he was popular by the standards of British politics, described by one analyst as having "better ratings than any politician since the heydays of Tony Blair".<ref name="Walker-2022a">{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Ben |date=30 March 2022 |title=Has Rishi Sunak's bubble burst? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/polling/2022/03/has-rishi-sunaks-bubble-burst |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=New Statesman |archive-date=2 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402083625/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/polling/2022/03/has-rishi-sunaks-bubble-burst |url-status=live }}</ref> Various polls showed Sunak remained overwhelmingly popular among Conservative supporters and many other Britons throughout 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last=Curtis |first=Chris |date=10 July 2020 |title=Sunak is most popular Chancellor in 15 years |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2020/07/10/sunak-most-popular-chancellor-15-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403152431/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2020/07/10/sunak-most-popular-chancellor-15-years |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=YouGov}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Robertson |first=Harry |date=25 September 2020 |title=Poll says Rishi Sunak the most popular chancellor in 40 years |url=https://www.cityam.com/rishi-sunak-most-popular-chancellor-since-1970s/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403152431/https://www.cityam.com/rishi-sunak-most-popular-chancellor-since-1970s/ |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=City A.M.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Eaton |first=George |date=11 January 2021 |title=Why Rishi Sunak can't escape blame for the Covid-19 crisis |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2021/01/why-rishi-sunak-can-t-escape-blame-covid-19-crisis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403154154/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2021/01/why-rishi-sunak-can-t-escape-blame-covid-19-crisis |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=New Statesman}}</ref> In an [[Ipsos MORI]] poll in September 2020, Sunak had the highest satisfaction score of any British chancellor since Labour's Denis Healey in April 1978, and was widely seen as the favourite to become the next Conservative leader.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hall |first=Macer |date=26 September 2020 |title=Rishi Sunak next Prime Minister? Popularity surging for Chancellor as Covid sparks rally |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/1340222/Rishi-sunak-popularity-next-prime-minister-chancellor-coronavirus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417215327/https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/1340222/Rishi-sunak-popularity-next-prime-minister-chancellor-coronavirus |archive-date=17 April 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/ipsos-mori-political-monitor-rishi-sunak-has-highest-satisfaction-ratings-chancellor-denis-healey|title=Ipsos MORI Political Monitor – Rishi Sunak has highest satisfaction ratings for a Chancellor since Denis Healey in 1978.|publisher=Ipsos MORI|date=25 September 2020|access-date=2 October 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001172555/https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/ipsos-mori-political-monitor-rishi-sunak-has-highest-satisfaction-ratings-chancellor-denis-healey|url-status=live}}</ref> Sunak developed a [[cult following|cult media following]], with jokes and gossip about his attractiveness widespread on social media and in magazines, gaining the nickname "Dishy Rishi".<ref>{{cite web |date=17 April 2020 |title=Rishi Sunak: Who Is the UK Chancellor and Why Is His Nickname 'Dishy Rishi'? |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/rishi-sunak-chancellor-dishy-rishi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403152651/https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7ed3e/rishi-sunak-chancellor-dishy-rishi |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bell |first=Poorna |date=9 April 2020 |title=The 'Dishy Rishi' outpouring is about one thing: unconscious bias |url=https://inews.co.uk/opinion/the-dishy-rishi-outpouring-is-about-one-thing-unconscious-bias-416643 |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=i |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403152429/https://inews.co.uk/opinion/the-dishy-rishi-outpouring-is-about-one-thing-unconscious-bias-416643 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Walker |first=Ben |date=30 March 2022 |title=Has Rishi Sunak's bubble burst? |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/polling/2022/03/has-rishi-sunaks-bubble-burst |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402083625/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/polling/2022/03/has-rishi-sunaks-bubble-burst |archive-date=2 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=New Statesman}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=23 January 2022 |title='Dishy Rishi': A Rising Star In The Conservative Party |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/international/dishy-rishi-a-rising-star-in-the-conservative-party-news-46772 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123174350/https://www.outlookindia.com/international/dishy-rishi-a-rising-star-in-the-conservative-party-news-46772 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=Outlook India}}</ref>

Public attitudes towards Sunak remained broadly positive in 2021,<ref>{{cite news |last=Pedley |first=Keiran |date=15 February 2021 |title=Rishi Sunak: The most popular chancellor since Healey – but will it last? |work=The Times |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/rishi-sunak-the-most-popular-chancellor-since-healey-but-will-it-last-2cl36dcb7 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504033723/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/rishi-sunak-the-most-popular-chancellor-since-healey-but-will-it-last-2cl36dcb7 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 October 2021 |title=How Rishi pipped Boris to the post: the UK's most popular politicians in 2021 |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/politics/953417/the-five-most-popular-political-figures-in-the-uk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401144652/https://www.theweek.co.uk/news/politics/953417/the-five-most-popular-political-figures-in-the-uk |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=The Week UK}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Balls |first=Katy |date=22 March 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak's popularity test |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/rishi-sunak |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325184724/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/rishi-sunak |archive-date=25 March 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=The Spectator}}</ref> though his popularity declined steadily over time.<ref name="Walker-2022a" /> By early 2022, with the cost of living becoming a growing focus of public concern, Sunak's response as chancellor was perceived as inadequate and he received some of his lowest approval ratings, which continued as the Sunak family's financial affairs came under scrutiny.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 April 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak's hopes of becoming prime minister are over, say top Tories |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/apr/09/rishi-sunaks-hopes-of-becoming-prime-minister-are-over-say-top-tories |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409222104/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/apr/09/rishi-sunaks-hopes-of-becoming-prime-minister-are-over-say-top-tories |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=The Observer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=6 April 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak's net favourability down 24pts in two weeks since spring statement |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/04/06/rishi-sunaks-net-favourability-down-24pts-two-week |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410082254/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/04/06/rishi-sunaks-net-favourability-down-24pts-two-week |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |website=yougov.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Ben |date=24 April 2022 |title=Why Rishi Sunak's Spring Statement has gone down badly with voters |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/polling/2022/03/why-rishi-sunaks-spring-statement-has-gone-down-badly-with-voters |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=New Statesman |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403155656/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/polling/2022/03/why-rishi-sunaks-spring-statement-has-gone-down-badly-with-voters |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McCallig |first=Elaine |date=29 March 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak's popularity has hit an all-time low after the spring statement |url=https://www.indy100.com/politics/rishi-sunak-popularity-rating-low |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=indy100 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401152944/https://www.indy100.com/politics/rishi-sunak-popularity-rating-low |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ibbetson |first=Connor |date=25 March 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak's favourability drops to new low following spring statement |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/03/25/rishi-sunaks-favourability-drops-new-low-following |access-date=3 April 2022 |work=YouGov |archive-date=4 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404135309/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/03/25/rishi-sunaks-favourability-drops-new-low-following |url-status=live}}</ref> By the time he resigned as chancellor in July 2022, Sunak's approval ratings slightly recovered.<ref>{{cite web |title=How well or badly is Rishi Sunak doing as Chancellor of the Exchequer? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/rishi-sunak-approval-rating |access-date=23 November 2022 |website=yougov.co.uk |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123174341/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/rishi-sunak-approval-rating |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2022, following his appointment as prime minister, Sunak's personal favourability ratings increased.<ref>{{cite web |title=Favourability boost for Sunak as he enters Number 10 {{!}} YouGov |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/10/25/favourability-boost-sunak-he-enters-number-10 |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=yougov.co.uk |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122210838/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/10/25/favourability-boost-sunak-he-enters-number-10 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 October 2022 |title=Sunak Gets Personal Poll Bounce Just After Government Approval Ratings Hit The Floor |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/rishi-sunak-poll-bounce-gov-approval-rating-at-record-low_uk_635a650fe4b0cf522df56a54 |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=HuffPost |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122210841/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/rishi-sunak-poll-bounce-gov-approval-rating-at-record-low_uk_635a650fe4b0cf522df56a54 |url-status=live}}</ref> By July 2023, Sunak's approval ratings had decreased back to a similar level to when he resigned as chancellor.<ref>{{cite news |last=Forrest |first=Adam |date=14 July 2023 |title=Rishi Sunak hits lowest approval rating since he quit as chancellor |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/sunak-starmer-tories-labour-poll-ratings-b2375394.html |access-date=15 July 2023 |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714222045/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/sunak-starmer-tories-labour-poll-ratings-b2375394.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''[[New Statesman]]'' named him as the second most powerful right-wing figure of 2023, behind only [[Nigel Farage]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last=Statesman |first=New |date=27 September 2023 |title=The New Statesman's right power list |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2023/09/the-new-statesmans-right-power-list |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214100018/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk-politics/2023/09/the-new-statesmans-right-power-list |archive-date=14 December 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=New Statesman}}</ref> By his resignation as prime minister in July 2024, he had his lowest approval ratings to date.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General election 2024: Rishi Sunak's 'unfavourable' rating at highest ever {{!}} YouGov |url=https://yougov.co.uk/politics/articles/49733-general-election-2024-rishi-sunaks-unfavourable-rating-at-highest-ever |access-date=8 July 2024 |website=yougov.co.uk }}</ref> Following the 2024 general election, Sunak received praise for being gracious in defeat, with some commentators recommending for the Conservatives to keep him on as leader.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 July 2024 |title=Rishi Sunak was gracious in defeat – the Conservatives should keep him on as leader |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/rishi-sunak-commons-starmer-speaker-opposition-b2576777.html |access-date=13 July 2024 |website=The Independent }}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tv/news/rishi-sunak-mps-commons-speech-b2576673.html |title=Watch: Rishi Sunak gives gracious first speech as leader of opposition in Commons |date=9 July 2024 |access-date=13 July 2024 |via=www.independent.co.uk}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
[[File:Prime Minister Rishi Sunak attends Coronation Big Lunch (52877779154) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Sunak with his family celebrating the [[Coronation of Charles III and Camilla]], May 2023]]
In August 2009, Sunak married [[Akshata Murty]], the daughter of [[N. R. Narayana Murthy]] and [[Sudha Murty]]. His father-in-law is the founder of the technology company [[Infosys]], in which Murty owns a stake,<ref name="Telegraph" /><ref>{{cite news |date=7 April 2022 |title=Akshata Murty: Rishi Sunak's wife and richer than the Queen |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/apr/07/akshata-murty-who-is-rishi-sunak-wife |first=Rupert|last= Neate|access-date=7 April 2022 |work=The Guardian |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407113714/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/apr/07/akshata-murty-who-is-rishi-sunak-wife |url-status=live}}</ref> while his mother-in-law is a prolific Indian author and educator.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudha Murty Profile – Write India Season 2 Author |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/writeindia/season-2/writeindiaauthor/57083841.cms |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |language=en}}</ref> Sunak and Murty met while studying at [[Stanford University]] in the US, and he proposed to her on a cliff near the [[Ritz-Carlton Half Moon Bay]].<ref name="Ross">{{cite news |last1=Ross |first1=Martha |title=Stanford alum Rishi Sunak recalls when he couldn't afford luxury Half Moon Bay stay |url=https://www.siliconvalley.com/2023/02/06/rishi-sunak-recalls-when-he-couldnt-afford-luxury-half-moon-bay-stay/ |access-date=9 December 2024 |work=SiliconValley.com |date=7 February 2023}}</ref> They have two daughters: the first born in 2011 and the second in 2013.<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Amit |date=20 October 2014 |title=Murthy son-in-law gets Hague's seat |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/murthy-son-in-law-gets-hagues-seat/cid/1586703 |access-date=1 October 2019 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009125619/https://www.telegraphindia.com/world/murthy-son-in-law-gets-hagues-seat/cid/1586703 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="econindia" /> In November 2020, Sunak was reported by ''[[The Guardian]]'' to have not declared a significant amount of his wife and family's financial interests on the register of ministers' interests, including a combined £1.7{{nbsp}}billion shareholding in Infosys. Ministers are required to declare interests that are "relevant" to their responsibilities and "which might be thought to give rise to a conflict" with their public duties.<ref name="Gintersts">{{cite news |last1=Garside |first1=Juliette |date=27 November 2020 |title=Huge wealth of Rishi Sunak's family not declared in ministerial register |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/nov/27/huge-wealth-of-sunaks-family-not-declared-in-ministerial-register |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128212910/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2020/nov/27/huge-wealth-of-sunaks-family-not-declared-in-ministerial-register |archive-date=28 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> The independent adviser on ministers' interests investigated and concluded that Sunak had not broken any rules.<ref>{{cite news |last=Elgot |first=Jessica |date=27 April 2022 |title=Huge wealth of Rishi Sunak's family not declared in ministerial register |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/apr/27/sunak-cleared-in-financial-affairs-investigation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710131105/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/apr/27/sunak-cleared-in-financial-affairs-investigation |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=10 July 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Payne |first1=Adam |last2=Smith |first2=Beckie |date=28 April 2022 |title=Sunak cleared of ministerial code breach over tax affairs |url=https://www.civilserviceworld.com/professions/article/sunak-cleared-of-ministerial-code-breach-over-tax-affairs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710131101/https://www.civilserviceworld.com/professions/article/sunak-cleared-of-ministerial-code-breach-over-tax-affairs |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=Civil Service World |publisher=Merit Group}}</ref>

In early 2022, newspapers reported that Murty had [[List of people with non-domiciled status in the UK|non-domiciled status]], meaning she did not have to pay [[Taxation in the United Kingdom|tax]] on income earned abroad while living in the UK.<ref name="Walker-2022b">{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |last2=Makortoff |first2=Kalyeena |last3=Wearden |first3=Graeme |last4=Elgot |first4=Jessica |last5=Neate |first5=Rupert |date=7 April 2022 |title=Akshata Murty may have avoided up to £20m in tax with non-dom status |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/apr/07/rishi-sunaks-wife-says-its-not-relevant-to-say-where-she-pays-tax-overseas |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407152909/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/apr/07/rishi-sunaks-wife-says-its-not-relevant-to-say-where-she-pays-tax-overseas |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> The status cost approximately £30,000 to secure, and allowed her to avoid paying an estimated £20 million in UK taxes.<ref name="Walker-2022b" /><ref>{{cite news |date=7 April 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak faces questions over wife Akshata Murty's non-dom tax status |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-61017993 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406234410/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-61017993 |archive-date=6 April 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> On 8 April Murty issued a statement saying that she would pay UK taxes on her global income, and that she regretted the issue had become "a distraction for [her] husband". An inquiry was set up to identify the source of the leak regarding her tax status.<ref>{{cite news |last=Acres |first=Tom |date=10 April 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak: Whitehall inquiry launched into leak of chancellor's wife's tax status |url=https://news.sky.com/story/rishi-sunak-whitehall-inquiry-launched-into-leak-of-chancellors-wifes-tax-status-12586858 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708230553/https://news.sky.com/story/rishi-sunak-whitehall-inquiry-launched-into-leak-of-chancellors-wifes-tax-status-12586858 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |access-date=20 April 2022 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref> Reporting around this time also revealed that Sunak had continued to hold United States' [[green card|permanent resident]] (green card) status he had acquired in the 2000s until 2021, including for 18 months after he was made chancellor, which required filing annual US tax returns.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 April 2022 |title=Chancellor Rishi Sunak held US green card until last year |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-61044847 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414231139/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-61044847 |archive-date=14 April 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=8 April 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak admits holding a US green card for more than a year as chancellor |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-04-08/rishi-sunak-admits-holding-a-us-green-card-for-more-than-a-year-as-chancellor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422014840/https://www.itv.com/news/2022-04-08/rishi-sunak-admits-holding-a-us-green-card-for-more-than-a-year-as-chancellor |archive-date=22 April 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=ITV News}}</ref> An investigation into both his wife's tax status and his residency status found that Sunak had not broken any ministerial rules.<ref>{{cite news |last=Payne |first=Adam |date=27 April 2022 |title=Ethics Adviser Clears Rishi Sunak Over Tax Affairs And Green Card |url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/article/rishi-sunak-cleared-over-us-green-card-by-independent-adviser |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427191836/https://www.politicshome.com/news/article/rishi-sunak-cleared-over-us-green-card-by-independent-adviser |archive-date=27 April 2022 |access-date=8 July 2022 |work=PoliticsHome}}</ref>

Sunak and Murty live in [[Kirby Sigston]], near [[Northallerton]], North Yorkshire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Me |url=https://www.rishisunak.com/about-me |access-date=31 August 2025 |website=Rishi Sunak |language=en}}</ref> They own several other homes, including a [[mews]] house in [[Earl's Court]] in central London; a flat on the [[Old Brompton Road]] in [[South Kensington]]; and a penthouse apartment on [[Ocean Avenue (Santa Monica)|Ocean Avenue]] in [[Santa Monica, California]].<ref>{{cite web | last1=Tognini | first1=Giacomo |title=Inside The Fortune Of Britain's New Prime Minister Rishi Sunak And His Wife, Akshata Murthy |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2022/10/25/inside-the-fortune-of-britains-new-prime-minister-rishi-sunak-and-his-wife-akshata-murthy/?sh=2629a6f7ad1b |access-date=25 October 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025072832/https://www.forbes.com/sites/giacomotognini/2022/10/25/inside-the-fortune-of-britains-new-prime-minister-rishi-sunak-and-his-wife-akshata-murthy/?sh=2629a6f7ad1b |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 August 2021 |title=Chancellor Rishi Sunak has new pool, gym and tennis court approved |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-58345526 |url-status=live |access-date=29 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829085842/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-58345526 |archive-date=29 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Gadher |first1=Dipesh |title=New chancellor Rishi Sunak adds Downing Street address to his bulging property portfolio |website=[[The Times]] |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/new-chancellor-rishi-sunak-adds-downing-street-address-to-his-bulging-property-portfolio-vtpzmvzcf |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709105558/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/new-chancellor-rishi-sunak-adds-downing-street-address-to-his-bulging-property-portfolio-vtpzmvzcf |archive-date=9 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Edwardes" /><ref name="observer-20220403">{{cite news |last=Neate |first=Rupert |date=3 April 2022 |title=Sunaks' £5m Santa Monica flat offers sun, sea … and a pet spa |newspaper=The Observer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/apr/03/sunaks-5m-santa-monica-flat-offers-sun-sea-and-a-pet-spa |url-status=live |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403101913/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/apr/03/sunaks-5m-santa-monica-flat-offers-sun-sea-and-a-pet-spa |archive-date=3 April 2022}}</ref> In April 2022, it was reported that Sunak and Murty had moved out of the flat above 10 Downing Street to a newly refurbished west London home for domestic reasons.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/rishi-sunak-moves-belongings-out-of-downing-street-says-report-122041000385_1.html|title=Rishi Sunak moves belongings out of Downing Street, says report|date=10 April 2022|work=Business Standard|access-date=20 April 2022|archive-date=18 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418134620/https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/rishi-sunak-moves-belongings-out-of-downing-street-says-report-122041000385_1.html/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-04-09/chancellor-rishi-sunak-and-family-to-spend-less-time-at-downing-street|title=Chancellor Rishi Sunak and family 'to spend less time at Downing Street'|date=9 April 2022|work=ITV News|access-date=20 April 2022|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421062654/https://www.itv.com/news/2022-04-09/chancellor-rishi-sunak-and-family-to-spend-less-time-at-downing-street|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2022, the Sunaks resumed residence of their former official home at 10 Downing Street, this time as prime minister and reversing the trend started in 1997 of prime ministers living in the four-bedroom flat above [[11 Downing Street]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Wingate |first=Sophie |date=29 October 2022 |title=Removal vans in Downing Street as Rishi Sunak moves in |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/rishi-sunak-downing-street-london-chequers-treasury-b1036170.html |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=Evening Standard |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322174749/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/rishi-sunak-downing-street-london-chequers-treasury-b1036170.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 October 2022 |title=Living in Downing Street: Rishi Sunak and family move back in |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63404315 |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322174749/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63404315 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 October 2022 |title=Rishi has multi-million-pound pads, but he's the first PM since John Major to live in 10 Downing Street's flat |url=https://www.tatler.com/article/will-rishi-sunak-be-the-first-pm-to-shun-downing-street |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=Tatler |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322174750/https://www.tatler.com/article/will-rishi-sunak-be-the-first-pm-to-shun-downing-street |url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2023, Sunak and his family quietly left the UK for 10 days in Santa Monica for his first holiday in almost four years, where they visited the [[Santa Monica Pier]] and [[Disneyland]], and attended one of the concerts of [[The Eras Tour]] by [[Taylor Swift]].<ref name="Landler">{{cite news |last1=Landler |first1=Mark |title=Rishi Sunak's Vacation: Taylor Swift and Disneyland. (The Rest Is a Secret.) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/16/world/europe/uk-rishi-sunak-vacation.html |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=The New York Times |date=16 August 2023 |page=A4}}</ref>
[[File:Sue Gray report Fig 3 (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Sunak at the gathering on Johnson's birthday that breached COVID-19 regulations, June 2020]]
In April 2022, amid the [[Partygate]] scandal, Sunak was issued a [[fixed penalty notice]] by the police who believed he had committed offences under COVID-19 regulations by attending a birthday gathering for Boris Johnson on 19 June 2020. The police also issued 125 fixed penalty notices to 82 other individuals, including Johnson and his wife [[Carrie Symonds]], who all apologised and paid the penalties.<ref>{{cite news |date=8 July 2022 |title=Ex-Chancellor Rishi Sunak launches bid to be Conservative leader |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-62099272 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708152408/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-62099272 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |access-date=9 July 2022 |publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 May 2022 |title=Boris Johnson will not face a further Partygate fine, says No 10 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-61508110 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024140237/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-61508110 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=24 October 2022 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> After receiving the penalty notice, Sunak said he was "extremely and sincerely sorry" for the hurt caused by him attending the party, and that he respected the police's decision to give him a fine.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cordon |first=Gavin |date=21 April 2022 |title=Rishi Sunak says he is 'sincerely sorry' for breach of lockdown rules |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/rishi-sunak-boris-johnson-imf-washington-b995530.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026210556/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/rishi-sunak-boris-johnson-imf-washington-b995530.html |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=20 November 2022 |website=Evening Standard}}</ref> In January 2023, Sunak was issued a fixed penalty notice by [[Lancashire Constabulary]] after a social media video of him failing to wear a [[seat belt]] in a moving vehicle was published.<ref name=":2">{{cite news |date=20 January 2023 |title=Rishi Sunak fined for not wearing seatbelt in back of car |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-64353054 |access-date=26 January 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> After Johnson, he became the second Prime Minister found to have broken the law in office.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bruce |first1=Andy |last2=Suleiman |first2=Farouq |date=January 20, 2023 |title=Sunak fined by police for failing to wear seat belt |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-pm-sunak-gets-fined-by-police-failing-wear-seatbelt-2023-01-20/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127035442/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-pm-sunak-gets-fined-by-police-failing-wear-seatbelt-2023-01-20/ |archive-date=27 January 2026 |access-date=27 January 2026 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Sunak apologised for the incident and said he made a "brief error of judgment".<ref>{{cite news |last=Rawlinson |first=Kevin |date=19 January 2023 |title=Police looking into Sunak's failure to wear a seatbelt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/jan/19/sunak-apologises-for-failing-to-wear-seatbelt-while-filming-in-car |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

Sunak is a [[teetotaller]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Peter |title=Trouble brewing: Rishi Sunak heckled on pint-pulling photo op |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2023/aug/01/trouble-brewing-rishi-sunak-heckled-on-pint-pulling-photo-op |website=The Guardian |date=August 2023 |access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref> He stated in 2022 that he had seven dental fillings due to excessive consumption of [[Coca-Cola]] when he was younger, and expressed a strong preference for [[Mexican Coke]].<ref>{{cite news |title=10 things you may not know about Rishi Sunak |first=Martin |last=Belam |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/aug/05/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-rishi-sunak |newspaper=The Guardian |date=5 August 2022 |access-date=25 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024161129/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/aug/05/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-rishi-sunak |url-status=live }}</ref> He was previously a governor of the [[East London Science School]].<ref name="PE" /> Sunak has a [[Labrador Retriever|Labrador]] called Nova and is a cricket and horse racing enthusiast.<ref name="Roberts">{{cite news|last=Roberts|first=Lizzie|date=1 July 2021|title=Watch out Dilyn, Rishi Sunak's got a new pup in town|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2021/07/01/watch-dilyn-rishi-sunaks-got-new-pup-town/|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|access-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109235015/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2021/07/01/watch-dilyn-rishi-sunaks-got-new-pup-town/|archive-date=9 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Carr |first1=D. |title=Chancellor Rishi Sunak 'understands that racing is very important' |url=https://www.racingpost.com/news/chancellor-rishi-sunak-understands-that-racing-is-very-important/430330 |access-date=24 October 2022 |newspaper=[[Racing Post]] |date=28 March 2020 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024034336/https://www.racingpost.com/news/chancellor-rishi-sunak-understands-that-racing-is-very-important/430330 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rishi Sunak: 10 things to know about the Indian-origin UK PM contender |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/international/world-news-politics/rishi-sunak-10-things-to-know-about-the-indian-origin-uk-pm-contender-1155567.html |access-date=24 October 2022 |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=21 October 2022 |quote=On his website, Sunak lists his hobbies as keeping fit, soccer, cricket and the movies. |archive-date=23 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023221913/https://www.deccanherald.com/international/world-news-politics/rishi-sunak-10-things-to-know-about-the-indian-origin-uk-pm-contender-1155567.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As chancellor, Sunak rose early for a daily [[Peloton Interactive|Peloton]] workout and was a fan of fitness instructor [[Cody Rigsby]]. Sunak is a close friend of ''[[The Spectator]]''{{'s}} former political editor [[James Forsyth (journalist)|James Forsyth]], whom he has known since their school days. Sunak was the best man at Forsyth's wedding to the journalist [[Allegra Stratton]], and they are godparents to each other's children.<ref name="Edwardes" /> He appointed Forsyth as his political secretary in December 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/dec/24/rishi-sunak-hires-journalist-james-forsyth-as-political-secretary|work=The Guardian|title=Rishi Sunak hires journalist James Forsyth as political secretary|date=24 December 2022|accessdate=30 December 2022|last=Savage|first=Michael|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229114045/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/dec/24/rishi-sunak-hires-journalist-james-forsyth-as-political-secretary|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sunak is a steadfast [[Southampton F.C.]] fan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65585908|publisher=BBC News|title=Prime Minister Rishi Sunak sees Southampton relegated from Premier League|date=13 May 2023|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2023|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605142814/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-65585908}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/southampton-hiroshima-rishi-sunak-premier-league-prime-minister-b1082235.html|work=Evening Standard|title=Rishi Sunak hopes Southampton will 'bounce back' from relegation|date=19 May 2023|url-status=live|access-date=5 June 2023|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605141312/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/southampton-hiroshima-rishi-sunak-premier-league-prime-minister-b1082235.html}}</ref> When asked what his ideal job would be if he was not a politician, he replied that if he could "run Southampton Football Club" he would be a "very happy man".<ref name="The Independent">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/tv/news/football-southampton-rishi-sunak-sport-b2136271.html|work=The Independent|title=Rishi Sunak says he would like to run Southampton Football Club|accessdate=5 June 2023|url-status=live|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605142813/https://www.independent.co.uk/tv/news/football-southampton-rishi-sunak-sport-b2136271.html}}</ref>

Sunak is a Hindu and identifies as British Indian, stating that he is "thoroughly British" but with an Indian religious and cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web |last=Puri |first=Anjali |date=7 August 2015 |title=UK Cabinet member Rishi Sunak on being British, Indian & Hindu at same time |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-rishi-sunak-115080601060_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=1 October 2019 |archive-date=26 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726105820/https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-rishi-sunak-115080601060_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> He took his oath as an MP at the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] on the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.<ref name="Business2" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Hundal |first=Sunny |date=23 June 2017 |title=Democracies can be strengthened by equal representation in Parliament |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/democracies-can-be-strengthened-by-equal-representation-in-parliament/story-hvt8P6KiFaf6Q2JQJ5CHQL.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114010314/https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/democracies-can-be-strengthened-by-equal-representation-in-parliament/story-hvt8P6KiFaf6Q2JQJ5CHQL.html |archive-date=14 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Sonwalkar |first=Prasun |date=18 December 2019 |title=Indian-origin lawmakers Alok Sharma, Rishi Sunak take oath on Bhagwad Gita in UK's House of Commons |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/indians-abroad/alok-sharma-rishi-sunak-take-oath-on-bhagwad-gita-in-uk-s-house-of-commons/story-hNqAVICJawgjQMYg4QnffN.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200112152212/https://www.hindustantimes.com/indians-abroad/alok-sharma-rishi-sunak-take-oath-on-bhagwad-gita-in-uk-s-house-of-commons/story-hNqAVICJawgjQMYg4QnffN.html |archive-date=12 January 2020}}</ref> During the [[coronation of Charles III]], Sunak gave a reading from the [[Epistle to the Colossians]] – Colossians 1:9–17.<ref>{{cite news |title= Rishi Sunak Reads From Bible At UK's Multi-Faith King Charles III Coronation Event |publisher= [[NDTV]] |location= New Delhi |date= 6 May 2023 |accessdate= 6 May 2023 |url= https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/proud-expression-of-our-traditions-rishi-sunak-at-king-charles-iii-coronation-4011002 |quote= Britain's Prime Minister Rishi Sunak read from the biblical book of Colossians at the coronation of King Charles III in keeping with the tradition of British Prime Ministers giving readings at state occasions. |archive-date= 6 May 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230506160637/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/proud-expression-of-our-traditions-rishi-sunak-at-king-charles-iii-coronation-4011002 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= PM Rishi Sunak to read from biblical book at King Charles III's Coronation |date= 6 May 2023 |accessdate= 6 May 2023 |newspaper= [[The Economic Times]] |location= [[Mumbai]], India |url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pm-rishi-sunak-to-read-from-biblical-book-at-king-charles-iiis-coronation/articleshow/100022243.cms |quote= The Archbishop of Canterbury has selected a new Epistle for this Coronation, which will be Colossians 1:9–17. |archive-date= 5 May 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230505212114/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/pm-rishi-sunak-to-read-from-biblical-book-at-king-charles-iiis-coronation/articleshow/100022243.cms |url-status= live }}</ref> After the [[murder of George Floyd]] by police officer [[Derek Chauvin]], Sunak said he had also faced racism in his life.<ref name="Dutton-20222"/>

Speaking about his childhood during the 2024 general election campaign, Sunak said his parents "wanted to put everything into our education and that was a priority" and that he did not have [[Sky UK|Sky TV]] growing up.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Rishi Sunak: I went without Sky TV as a child |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2qql1wk794o |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=BBC News }}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* {{flag|Ukraine}}
** [[File:Order of Liberty (Ukraine) ribbon bar.svg|70px]] [[Order of Liberty (Ukraine)| Member of the Order of Liberty]] (2024)

== See also ==

* [[Electoral history of Rishi Sunak]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|refs=

}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Bale |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Bale |year=2023 |title=The Conservative Party After Brexit: Turmoil and Transformation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IqqzEAAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Polity Press]] |isbn=978-1-5095-4601-5 |lccn=2022948488 |oclc=1509546014 |access-date=16 April 2024 |archive-date=4 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504192049/https://books.google.com/books?id=IqqzEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|d=Q20055561|c=Category:Rishi Sunak|q=Rishi Sunak|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=Author:Rishi Sunak|species=no}}
* {{Official website}}
{{UK MP links |parliament=rishi-sunak/4483 |publicwhip=Rishi_Sunak |theywork=rishi_sunak}}
* {{C-SPAN|100752}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPdpemrGmg8 Final Speech as Prime Minister after July 4, 2024 election] on [[The Guardian]]

{{Rishi Sunak}}
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Assam Gramin Bank

2026-03-28T17:50:47Z

WilliamsLin216:

{{Short description|Regional Rural Bank in Assam, India}}
{{morefootnotes|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Assam Gramin Bank
| former_name = Assam Gramin Vikash Bank (2006–2025)
| logo = AGB logo.png
| logo_size =
| caption =
| native_name = '''অসম গ্রামীণ বেংক'''
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| type = [[Regional Rural Bank]]
| traded_as =
| predecessor = Pragjyotish Gaonlia Bank (1976) Lakhimi Gaonlia Bank (1980) Cachar Gramin Bank (1981) Subansiri Gaonlia Bank (1982) Langpi Dehangi Rural Bank (1982)
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2006|01|12}}
| founder =
| defunct = 
| hq_location =
| location_city = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| area_served = [[Assam]]
| key_people = {{ubl|Vinay Kumar (Chairman)|Ugresh Kumar (General Manager)|Shri Lingaraj Luha (General Manager)}}
| industry = [[Financial]] [[Regional Rural Bank]]s
| products = [[Credit card]]s, [[Retail banking|consumer banking]], [[Commercial bank|corporate banking]], [[Financial services|finance and insurance]], [[investment banking]], [[mortgage loan]]s, [[private banking]], [[private equity]], [[wealth management]]
| production =
| services = {{Unbulleted list|[[Financial services]]|[[Banking]]}}
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of India]] (50%)
[[Government of Assam]] (15%)
[[Punjab National Bank]] (35%)
| num_locations = 473
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|https://agvb.bank.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Assam Gramin Bank'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://agvb.bank.in/ |title= Assam Gramin Bank}}</ref> ('''AGB''') is an Indian [[Regional Rural Bank]] (RRB) in [[Assam]] established on 1 April 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.staffnews.in/2020/10/merger-of-regional-rural-banks-seven-rrbs-into-three-reserve-bank-of-india-notification.html|title=Regional Rural Bank {{!}} Merger of regional rural bank|date=29 October 2020}}</ref> The bank was formed by the amalgamation of Assam Gramin Vikash Bank and Langpi Dehangi Rural Bank. It currently has 473 branches in [[Assam]].It is under the [[ownership]] of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]. It is sponsored by [[Punjab National Bank]] & is jointly Owned by the Government of India, Government of Assam and Punjab National Bank. According to Notification No. S.O. 4831(E), the '''Assam Gramin Vikash Bank''' has been renamed as '''Assam Gramin Bank'''. On the request of its sponsor [[Punjab National Bank]] (PNB).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gazette Notification|url=https://egazette.gov.in/WriteReadData/2025/267093.pdf |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=egazette.gov.in}}</ref>

== History ==

As part of the restructuring process initiated in 2005, RRBs sponsored by the same banks were amalgamated to improve operational efficiency.
'''Pragjyotish Gaonlia Bank''' was the first RRB established in Assam on July 6, 1976. It was sponsored by United Bank of India.

=== Assam Gramin Vikash Bank (2006-2019) ===
'''Assam Gramin Vikash Bank''' was a [[Regional Rural Bank]] headquartered in [[Guwahati]], [[India]].
Govt. of India vide Notification No. F.1. (25)/2005 dated 12 January 2006 established it as a [[Regional Rural Bank]] as per Regional Rural Banks Act of 1976. By amalgamation, on 12 January 2006, of the following 4 banks, '''Pragjyotish Gaonlia Bank''' (Estd. 06-07-1976), '''Lakhimi Gaonlia Bank''' (Estd. 29-07-1980), '''Cachar Gramin Bank''' (Estd. 31-03-1981) and '''Subansiri Gaonlia Bank''' (Estd. 30-03-1982) sponsored by [[United Bank of India]], to participate more energetically, in the upliftment and development of Rural Farm Sector and Rural Non-Farm Sector. It was under the [[ownership]] of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]].

=== Langpi Dehangi Rural Bank (1982-2019) ===
'''Langpi Dehangi Rural Bank (LDRB)''' was an Indian rural bank (RRB). It was created on 27 January 1982 under Section 3 (1) of Regional Rural Bank Act 1976. under the sponsorship of the [[State Bank of India]]. The Head office of the Bank was situated at [[Diphu]], the district headquarters of [[Karbi Anglong]] District.

The bank’s primary area of operation consists of the Karbi Anglong and [[Dima Hasao]] districts in the state of [[Assam]]. It was the sole independent RRB in those districts. The Bank had a total network of 59 branches: 33 branches in Karbi Anglong District, 16 branches in West Karbi Anglong and 10 branches in Dima Hasao.

:On 22 February 2019, through Gazette Notification No. 855, the Government of India has amalgamated [[Assam Gramin Vikash Bank]] sponsored by [[United Bank of India]] and [[Langpi Dehangi Rural Bank]] sponsored by [[State Bank of India]] into a single Regional Rural Bank named [[Assam Gramin Vikash Bank]]. This new entity is sponsored by [[United Bank of India]], and its head office is located in [[Guwahati]]. [[Assam Gramin Vikash Bank]] ('''AGVB''') has come into existence from 1 April 2019 with its strong network of 473 branches. Further after amalgamation of [[United Bank of India]] with [[Punjab National Bank]], the sponsorship of the bank has gone to [[Punjab National Bank]] w.e.f 1 April 2020.

On 23 October 2025, [[Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]] announce the renaming of several [[Regional Rural Bank]]s (RRBs) to simplify their names and align them with their states. Changes include '''Assam Gramin Vikash Bank''' becoming [[Assam Gramin Bank]] and several others being renamed after requests from their sponsor banks. The functional jurisdiction and operations of these banks remain unchanged.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Renames Multiple Regional Rural Banks Across India |url=https://thekanal.in/en-IN/details/government-renames-multiple-regional-rural-banks-across-india-10547 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=thekanal.in}}</ref>

== Bank structure ==
The bank has three tier structure consisting of Head Office at Adam's Plaza,1st and 2nd Floor, Christianbasti,Guwahati, 9(nine) Regional offices and 463 branches. They are: [[Nalbari]], [[Golaghat]], [[Lakhimpur district|Lakhimpur]], [[Guwahati]], [[Dibrugarh]], [[Kokrajhar]], [[Silchar]], [[Tezpur]] and [[Diphu]]. Among these offices there are 463 branches operation across all 34 districts of Assam through which the bank is serving its customers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agvbank.co.in/contact.php|title=Contacts Assam Gramin Bank |publisher=agvbank.co.in |date= 2016-10-22|access-date=2016-10-22}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[List of banks in India]]
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Regional Rural Bank]]
* [[Indian Financial System Code]]
* [[List of largest banks]]
* [[List of companies of India]]
* [[Make in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://agvb.bank.in/ Official site]

{{Banking in India}}

[[Category:Regional rural banks of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Assam]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Banks established in 2006]]
[[Category:Banks established in 2019]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2006]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2019]]
[[Category:Economy of Guwahati]]
[[Category:Punjab National Bank]]

{{asia-bank-stub}}

M. M. Hassan

2026-03-28T00:01:27Z

WilliamsLin216: brief add structure based on references and updated info

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Indian patronymic|Hassan|Malik Mohammed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. M. Hassan
| image = M.M_Hassan,_Kerala_politician.jpg
| caption = Former [[Minister (government)|Minister]] in the [[Government of Kerala]]
| office1 = [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee|Kerala Predesh Congress Committee]] President
| term_start1 = 25 March 2017
| term_end1 = 18 September 2018
| predecessor1 = [[V. M. Sudheeran]]
| successor1 = [[Mullappally Ramachandran]]
| office2 = [[Niyamasabha|Minister of Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Kazhakkoottam (State Assembly constituency)|Kazhakkoottam]]
| term_start2 = 1980
| term_end2 = 1987
| predecessor2 = Kaniapuram Ramachandran Nair
| successor2 = Prof. Nabeesa Ummal
| constituency3 = Trivandrum West
| term_start3 = 1987
| term_end3 = 1996
| constituency4 = [[Kayamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kayamkulam]]
| term_start4 = 2001
| term_end4 = 2006
| predecessor4 = [[G. Sudhakaran]]
| successor4 = [[C. K. Sadasivan]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|5|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| citizenship =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse = Smt. A. K. Rahia
| children = One daughter
| parents = Shri M. Malik Mohammed and Smt. A. Fathima Beevi
| residence = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Laws]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = [[Advocate]]
| known_for =
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Malik Mohammed Hassan''' (born 14 May 1947) is a leader of the [[Indian National Congress]], a former [[Minister (government)|Minister]] in the [[Government of Kerala]] and also former president of [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee|KPCC]] .<ref name="stateofkerala">{{cite web|url=http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/hassan.php|title=M.M. HASSAN :: STATE OF KERALA|accessdate=28 August 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510024715/http://www.stateofkerala.in/niyamasabha/hassan.php|archivedate=10 May 2010}}</ref> He has served the Kerala Legislative Assembly for over two decades as part of the INC. Being a strong orator and a respected parliamentarian recognised among his peers for his integrity and an inspirational leader accepted by the public, he has always been considered as a true leader who upheld the concept of secularism and nationalism.

Mr. Hassan is currently serving as the UDF Convenor. He was elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly 5 times, twice from the Kazhakootam constituency (1980–82 and 1982–87) and twice from Trivandrum West (1987–91 and 1991–96). In 2001-06, he also represented the Kayamkulam constituency in the Kerala Legislative Assembly. He served as the Minister for Information and Parliamentary Affairs in the Ministry headed by A.K. Antony from 2001 to 2004.

Mr. Hassan is notable for his initiatives such as the NORKA Roots started in 2002 and the Janasree Sustainable Development Mission started in 2009. On 25 March 2017 he was elected as the president of the KPCC, and served until 18 September 2018.

Mr. Hassan is also the founding director of Jai Hind TV channel which played a key role in INC communication strategy.

== Biography ==
Hassan was born on 14 May 1947 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. He was introduced to active politics through the [[Kerala Students Union]] (KSU) and became its state president. He was then elected as the senate member and [[Chairman]] of the [[University of Kerala|Kerala University Union]].

He was elected from the [[Kazhakootam]] constituency to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] in the 1980 and 1982 elections, and re-elected from [[Trivandrum]] West in the 1987 and 1991 general elections. In 2001, he represented the [[Kayamkulam]] constituency in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] and served as the Minister for Information and [[Parliamentary Affairs]] in the Ministry headed by [[A. K. Antony]] from 2001 to 2004.<ref name="stateofkerala" /> He also held the portfolio of Minister for Non-Resident Keralites' Affairs in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]].

On 25 March 2017 he became president of the [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=M M Hassan takes charge as interim KPCC President|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/m-m-hassan-takes-charge-as-interim-kpcc-president-1.1825938|access-date=2020-09-13|website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref> and served until 18 September 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Outgoing KPCC president MM Hassan may contest Lok Sabha polls from Wayanad|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/sep/21/outgoing-kpcc-president-mm-hassan-may-contest-lok-sabha-polls-from-wayanad-1874976.html|access-date=2020-09-13|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

He is an LLB degree holder.<ref name="hindu_aug04">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/11/stories/2004031103810500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040414092815/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/11/stories/2004031103810500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2004|title=Hassan takes up expatriates' problems|date=11 March 2004|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=28 August 2010}}
</ref>

== Early life and education ==
{{More citations needed|section|date=March 2026}}
In his school days, Hassan was one of the most active members of Akhila Kerala BalaJana Sakhyam, one of the biggest Children's organizations in Asia conducted by Malayala Manorama, where he was elected as the ‘League of Petty Officers’. This was the point where Hassan realised his leadership and mentoring abilities and he was able to formulate opinions and views about society. With the confidence that he gained over time and with his innate oratory skills, Hassan became a prominent member of KSU in college and was elected as the Kerala Student Union President and later became the University Union Chairman. In 1969, during EMS ministry, he was elected as a Student Representative to the Senate in Kerala University. That was a first-time in Asia and he was one among the first 3 members. Mr Hassan's integrity and commitment paved the way in becoming the President of KSU and later Youth Congress State Secretary, in a very short span of time. In 1980, after completing his education, he was elected as Kazhakootam Constituency MLA and was also the District Congress President in Trivandrum. Later, in 2017 Mr. Hassan became the KPCC President. Hassan was born on 14 May 1947 in Thiruvananthapuram. He is married to Rahia A.K and has a daughter Nisha Safeer.

=== Positions held ===
{| class="wikitable"
|UDF Convenor
|Oct 2020–2025
|-
|KPCC President
|Mar 2017- Sept 2018
|-
|Chairman
|Media Committee, KPCC
|-
|Founder & Chairman
|Janasree Sustainable Development Mission
|-
|Founder & Chairman
|Non-Resident Keralites Affairs
|-
|Minister For Information, Parliamentary Affairs & Non- Resident Keralites Affairs (NORKA)
|2001- 2004, Govt Of Kerala
|-
|Chairman of Norka- Roots
|2004-2006
|-
|Elected To Kerala Legislative Assembly 5 Times
|Kazhakootam constituency (1980-1982 and 1982–1987)

Trivandrum West (1987-1991 and 1991–1996)

Kayamkulam constituency (2001)
|-
|General Secretary Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee (KPCC)
|1994-2001
|-
|Chief Whip Of Opposition Parties
|1987-1991
|-
|Secretary, Congress Legislature Party, Kerala Legislative Assembly
|1991-1996
|-
|DCC President
|1987 -1991
|-
|Chairman Nehru Centre, Trivandrum
|1978 onwards
|-
|Youth Congress State General Secretary
|1975 - 1978
|-
|State President – Kerala Students Union
|1973
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.socialpulse.com/MM_Hassan MM Hassan profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305094512/http://www.socialpulse.com/MM_Hassan |date=5 March 2012 }}

{{United Democratic Front (Kerala) |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hassan, M. M.}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayali politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1980–1982]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Presidents of Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]

Kadavanthra

2026-03-26T12:28:09Z

WilliamsLin216:

{{Multiple issues|
{{External links|date=April 2023}}
{{Overly detailed|date=April 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kadavanthra
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]]
| image_skyline = Manorama junction, Kadavanthra.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Junction]] in 2011
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|58|0|N|76|18|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5522
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 682020
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = KL-07
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kadavanthra''' is a [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|commercial hub]] in downtown [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. It is bounded by the [[S.A Road]] to the east ([[MG Road, Kochi|MG Road]]-side) and the Giri Nagar canal in the west. KADAVANTHRA is a major commercial centre of Kochi, and a prime residential area. It is also well known for the Pilgrim Centre of Saint Joseph. In recent years, the ward has undergone rapid development to become one of Kochi's highest-valued regions.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://housing.com/kadavanthra-kochi-overview-P6gar1mdg0tdon08t | title=Kadavanthra, Kochi | Kadavanthra Map, Pros & Cons, Photos, Reviews and Property Insights }}</ref>

The [[S.A Road]] and [[Kaloor]]-Kadavanthra Road are the Kadavanthra's main [[Arterial road|arterial roads]], S.A Road connects two icons [[Vyttila|Vyttila interchange]] in the west and MG Road in east.
Kaloor-Kadavanthra arterial road connects Kaloor at the North and Kadavanthra downtown at South. Kadavanthra is close to the Chilavannur Lake, which lies to its east, and the Ponneth Bhagavathy Temple.

== Surroundings ==
Kadavanthra Junction is a major [[Intersection (road)|intersection]] in Kochi, one of the busiest in the city. The junction facilitates Kadavanthra Metro Station, catering to passengers for [[Panampilly Nagar]]/Kadavanthra area.

The junction is an intersection of Kochi City's main arterial [[S.A Road|Sahodaran Ayyappan Road]] (east-west) with arterial [[Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road]] (north-south) and ''[[K. P. Vallon|K.P.Vallon]] Road'' (north-south). This junction enhances rail connectivity from M.G Road to Vytilla Mobility Hub.

Kadavanthra is part of Kochi's [[central business district]] located in central Kochi area. It is notable as home for the headquarters of the [[Greater Cochin Development Authority]], the statutory body overseeing the development of the [[Kochi|city of Kochi]]. NIA ([[National Investigation Agency]]) is also located in Kadavanthra. The Kochi Metro Kadavanthra station is situated in front of GCDA lawns. Kendriya Vidyalaya (KV), Soften Technologies, Bhavans Vidya Mandir and St Josephs Upper Primary School are located in this area.

The region is an emerging commercial high street with branded retail stores and many 3- and 5-star hotels. Housing colonies include [[Panampilly Nagar]], Giri Nagar, [[Gandhi Nagar, Kochi|Gandhi Nagar]] and Jawahar Nagar.
[[File:St.Joseph's Church, Kadavanthra.jpg|thumb|alt=text|St.Joseph's Miraculous Shrine [[Syro-Malabar|Syrian Catholic Church]]]]
[[File:St.Sebastian's Church Kadavanthra Re.JPG|thumb|alt=text|St.Sebastian's Latin Catholic Church]]
[[File:Little Flower Church Kadavanthra Kochi.JPG|thumb|right|alt=text|Little Flower Church Kadavanthra]]
It is close to the [[Ernakulam Junction|South Railway Station]], with easy access to [[Kaloor]], [[Vyttila]] and [[Cochin International Airport]]. [[Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road]] links northern and southern parts of Kochi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Kadavanthra-56121.htm |title=Kadavanthra in Kochi India |publisher=India9.com |date=2005-06-22 |access-date=2014-03-12}}</ref> Kadavanthra became a major hub following the completion of [[Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road]]. The presence of the [[Ernakulam]] Junction Railway Station and residential colonies raise real estate prices. Kadavanthra provides access to Cochin Shipyard and the naval base. It provides alternate access to Atlantis via Railway gate or [[Thevara]] Junction, thus avoiding the usually busy M.G Road.

'''The St. Joseph's Shrine Kadavanthra'''

St. Joseph’s Shrine Church, Kadavanthra is a Catholic parish church located in Kadavanthra, Kochi, Kerala, India. The church was established and consecrated on 24 December 1972. Dedicated to Saint Joseph, it serves as an important spiritual centre for the faithful and is widely regarded as a prominent shrine of St. Joseph in Kochi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LP School is under construction |url=https://sjck.org/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250228074853/https://sjck.org/ |archive-date=2025-02-28 |access-date=2026-02-28 |website=www.sjck.org |language=en}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2026}}

The church is especially known for the strong devotion to St. Joseph among people from various parts of Kochi city. Every Wednesday, large numbers of devotees gather at the shrine to participate in special prayers, novenas, and Holy Mass offered in honour of St. Joseph. The weekly Wednesday devotions attract people irrespective of caste or creed, reflecting the inclusive and communal spirit of the shrine.

The annual feast of St. Joseph is celebrated grandly from 20 April to 1 May each year. On 30 April, the statue of St. Joseph is ceremoniously taken from the chapel and placed in front of the church under a floral-decorated pandal for public veneration. The celebrations culminate on 1 May with the annual town procession, in which a large crowd participates.

In addition, the Nercha Sadhya (devotional feast) in honour of St. Joseph is observed annually on 19 March, drawing many faithful and visitors to the shrine.<ref>www.sjck.org</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=March 2026}}

== Facilities ==
Major centres in and around Kadavanthra include:

* [[Kadavanthra metro station]].
* Enforcement Directorate ,Kochi Office
* St Joseph's Shrine Church Kadavanthra
*[[Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium|The Regional Sports Centre (RSC) Rajiv Gandhi International Indoor Stadium]]
*The Greater [[Cochin]] Development Authority (GCDA)
*Statue of [[Sahodaran Ayyappan]] in the [[S.A Road]].
*[[National Investigation Agency]].
*Office of [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] (KSEB)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.kseb.in/locate-kseb-office.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126034043/http://www.kseb.in/locate-kseb-office.html| archive-date=26 November 2010 | title=Locate KSEB Office | publisher=KSEB | access-date=10 February 2019 }}</ref>
*Office of the Housing Development Authority in [[Panampilly Nagar]]
*The Kadavanthra Post Office<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Speed_Post_Directory/KERALA.pdf |title=List of speed post centres in Kochi|publisher=Indiapost.gov.in|access-date=2014-03-12}}</ref> on Cheruparambath Road
*The Passport office in Panampilly Nagar<ref>[http://passport.gov.in/cochin.html Regional Passport Office, Panampilly Nagar]{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221041541/http://passport.gov.in/cochin.html|date=21 December 2010}}</ref>
*Panampilly Nagar has a separate post office<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapost.gov.in/Pdf/Speed_Post_Directory/KERALA.pdf |title=Kerala : Alappuzha-Kochi |publisher=Indiapost.gov.in |access-date=2014-03-12}}</ref>
*Supplyco of the Civil Supplies Department, Government of Kerala in Gandhinagar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supplycokerala.com/ |title=SUPPLYCO-The Kerala State Civil Supplies Corporation Ltd |publisher=Supplycokerala.com |date=2013-07-26 |access-date=2014-03-12}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_civilsupplies/civilsupply.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110108035347/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_civilsupplies/civilsupply.htm|date=8 January 2011}}</ref>
*Kadavanthra Janamytri [[Police Station]]
*[[Fire Station]]
*[[BSNL]] office
* Indra Gandhi Co-operative Hospital
*Akshaya Hospital
*Giridhar Hospital
*Lotus Eye Hospital
*Kendriya Vidyalaya (Central School)
*Office of Health Inspector
*[[Elamkulam, Kochi|Elamkulam]] village office
*The Vijaya Hospital<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vijaya-ivf.com/ |title=Fertility Clinic IVF Cochin | Endoscopic Centre Kerala-Vijaya |publisher=Vijaya-ivf.com |access-date=2014-03-12}}</ref>
*Central Bank of India in Kallelil Building.

== Location ==
{| style="right; margin:0 0 0 0;"
|Located near Ernakulam Jn Railway Station.
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Place around Kadavanthra'''
|Northwest = [[Ravipuram]]
|North = Kaloor-Kadavanthra Road -
[[Kaloor]]
|Northeast = [[Vennala]]
|West = [[M.G.Road]]
|Centre = Kadavanthra
|East = [[Vyttila]]
|Southwest = [[Thevara]]
|South = [[Maradu]]
|Southeast = [[Thrippunithura]]
}}
|}

==References==
{{commons category|Kadavanthra}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Kochi}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kochi]]
[[Category:Bharatpedia external links cleanup from June 2018]]

Devrukhe Brahmin

2026-03-26T11:56:17Z

WilliamsLin216: New.

{{Short description|Maharashtrian Brahmin sub-caste}}
'''Devrukhe Brahmins''' are one of the sub-[[caste]]s of Marathi speaking Brahmins like the Deshastha, Chitpavan and Karhade Brahmins.

==Introduction==
The Devrukhe Brahmins are also called "''Devarshi Brahmins''". Bombay{{Clarify|reason=who specifically in Bombay?|date=September 2025}} published a 16-page pamphlet in Marathi giving information about their community.<ref>{{cite book|title=Survey of Material in Marathi on the Economic and Social History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EobAAAAMAAJ|author=V. D. Divekar|publisher=Bharata Itihasa Samshodhaka Mandala|year=1981|page=59|quote=(c)Devarshis On the Devarshi or Devrukhe Brahmans, there is a small pamphlet (16 pages) brought out by the Devrukhe Brahman Samiti, Bombay: Devarshi urf Devrukhe Brahman yanchee mahitee, (Bombay, 1926).}}</ref>

=== Origins ===
Tracing the origins of Devrukhe Brahmins, it leads to one of the oldest Marathi speaking Brahmins in Maharashtra–Deshastha Brahmin, residents of Desha i.e. over the [[Western Ghat]]s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} During the end of 15th century–a period marked by famine and turmoils of Mughal rule, many Brahmin families descended the Western Ghats and settled near [[Sangameshwar]]–[[Devrukh]], [[Ratnagiri]]. Later they were called as ''Devrukhe Brahmins''. They follow the same traditions as of other Maharashtrian Brahmins along with the influences that may have resulted due to migration near Ratnagiri. {{citation needed|date=December 2023}}

==Intercaste disputes==
In 1583, The Chitpavans challenged the Brahmin status of "Konkana Devarshi Brahmins". This issue reached Kashi Pandits, they did not affirm nor reject the Brahmin status as the detailed scenario of this Brahmins were not traceable. The author mentions the incidence where the local Brahmins denied to dine With devrukhe. In 1657, the Kashi Pandits were referred regarding the ritual status of Devarshi/Devrukhe, this time the Kashi Pandits granted them Brahmins status. In 1723, During Peshwa rule, the Brahmins ritual status of Devrukhe was challenged by local Brahmins. They were declared unfit to dine with the Brahmins comparing them with "devarastriyas", the decision was headed by pandits of Satara and local Adavaitha mutt.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=O'Hanlon |first=Rosalind |date=2010 |title=Letters Home: Banaras pandits and the Maratha regions in early modern India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27764655 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=201–240 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X09990229 |jstor=27764655 |issn=0026-749X}}</ref> In 1749, Devrukhe consulted Pandits of [[Varanasi|Kashi]] who visited Maharashtra, Pandits declared them as Brahmins as Kashi Pandits were highest authority for decisions related to varnas.<ref name=":0" />

==See also==
* [[Hinduism]]
* [[Indian caste system]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Brahmin communities of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Vegetarian communities]]

Free trade agreements of India

2026-03-24T07:27:15Z

WilliamsLin216: put up new entry

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}

[[India]] is party to [[free trade agreement]]s (FTAs) and other trade agreements with many countries and [[trade bloc]]s, and is negotiating with many others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU and India conclude landmark Free Trade Agreement |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/https:////ec.europa.eu//commission//presscorner//detail//en//ip_26_184 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=European Commission - European Commission}}</ref>
[[File:Free Trade Regions of India.svg|thumb|{{Legend|#000|India}}{{Legend|#393|Free-trade areas}}{{Legend|#90ee90|Agreement under negotiation}}|400x400px]]

The negotiations for the Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement between India and the [[United Arab Emirates]] were completed in 88 days, which was the shortest time span for any free trade agreement signed by India.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=ANI |title=India UAE Trade: India-UAE trade deal to be operationalised from May 1: Piyush Goyal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/india-uae-trade-deal-to-be-operationalised-from-may-1-piyush-goyal/articleshow/90515162.cms|date=29 March 2022 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Overview ==
There are different types of trade agreements that enable preferential market access between India and signatory countries or trade blocs - [[Preferential trading area|preferential trade agreements]] (PTA), free trade agreements (FTA), and Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreements (CECA) and Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreements (CEPA).<ref name="FAQ">{{cite web |title=FAQ on FTA |url=https://commerce.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/FAQ_on_FTA_9April2014.pdf |website=Department of Commerce |access-date=5 April 2022 |date=9 April 2014}}</ref>

A preferential trade agreement (PTA) involves two or more partners agreeing to reduce tariffs on an agreed number of tariff lines (products). The list of products on which the partners agree to reduce duty is called the [[Whitelisting|positive list]]. In general, PTAs do not cover substantially all trade. The India [[Mercosur]] Preferential Trade Agreement is an example of a PTA.<ref name="FAQ"/>

A free trade agreement (FTA) also involves reducing or eliminating tariffs on items traded between the partner countries; however each maintains individual tariff structure for non-members. The key difference between an FTA and a PTA is that PTAs have a positive list of products on which duty is to be reduced, while an FTA uses a [[Blacklisting|negative list]] on which duty is not reduced or eliminated. Thus, compared to a PTA, FTAs are generally more ambitious in coverage of tariff lines on which duty is to be reduced. The India Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement is an example of an FTA.<ref name="FAQ"/>

Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) and Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) are agreements which consist of an integrated package on goods, services and investment, as well as [[trade facilitation]] and rule-making in areas such as [[intellectual property]], [[government procurement]], [[technical standards]] and sanitary and [[Phytosanitary certification|phytosanitary]] issues. The India Korea CEPA is one such example and it covers a broad range of other areas such trade facilitation, customs cooperation, investment, competition, intellectual property rights etc. CECA/CEPAs are more comprehensive and ambitious than FTAs in terms of coverage of areas and the type of commitments. While a traditional FTA focuses mainly on goods, a CECA/CEPA provides holistic coverage of many areas like services, investment, competition, government procurement, disputes etc. Further, a CECA/CEPA looks deeper into the regulatory aspects of trade than an FTA. Due to this, it encompasses [[mutual recognition]] agreements (MRAs) that cover the regulatory regimes of the partners. An MRA recognises different regulatory regimes of partners on the presumption that they achieve the same end objectives.<ref name="FAQ"/>

== Bilateral agreements ==
[[File: India-FTA-2.svg|thumb|{{Centre|Bilateral Trade Agreements of India}}
{{Legend|#000|India}}{{Legend|#1b4f72ff|CEPA/CETA/CECPA}}{{Legend|#2874A6|CECA/ECTA}}
{{Legend|#5DADE2|FTA}}
{{Legend|#AED6F1|PTA}}
{{Legend|#f4d03fff|Under Negotiation}}
|480x480px]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Country
!Agreement name
!Type
!Signed
!Effective
!Ref.
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}
|Afghanistan–India Preferential Trade Agreement
|PTA
|6 March 2003
|13 May 2003
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=India-Afghanistan PTA |url=https://commerce.gov.in/international-trade/trade-agreements/trade-agreements-2/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Department of Commerce |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India-Afghanistan Preferential Trading Agreement Free Trade Agreement |url=https://aric.adb.org/fta/india-afghanistan-preferential-trading-agreement |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=aric.adb.org}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}
|[[Australia–India Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement]]
|CECA
|2 April 2022
|29 December 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=India, Australia sign FTA, trade likely to 'double in 5 yrs, generate 1 mn jobs' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-australia-ink-economic-cooperation-and-trade-pact-to-boost-ties-7849230/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India-Australia FTA kicks off, nearly 96% exports get free access |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/india-australia-trade-agreement-kicks-off-nearly-96-exports-get-free-access-9778731.html |website=Moneycontrol |date=29 December 2022 |access-date=30 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
|Chile–India Preferential Trade Agreement
|PTA
|8 March 2006
|11 September 2007
|<ref name="AR2122" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=India-Chile Preferential Trading Agreement Free Trade Agreement |url=https://aric.adb.org/fta/india-chile-preferential-trading-agreement |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=aric.adb.org}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
|India–Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
|CEPA
|16 February 2011
|1 August 2011
|<ref name="AR2122" />
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|[[India–Malaysia Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement]]
|CECA
|8 February 2011
|1 July 2011
|<ref name="AR2122" />
|-
|{{flag|Mauritius}}
|India–Mauritius Comprehensive Economic Cooperation and Partnership Agreement
|CECPA
|22 February 2021
|1 April 2021
|<ref name="AR2122" />
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|India–New Zealand Free Trade Agreement
|FTA
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=India and New Zealand conclude Free Trade Agreement Negotiations on Financial Services, a part of Annex to the Trade in Services Chapter|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2207641&reg=3&lang=2|website=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=7 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PIB Headquarters |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?id=156654&NoteId=156654&ModuleId=3&reg=3&lang=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102192105/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?id=156654&NoteId=156654&ModuleId=3&reg=3&lang=1 |archive-date=2 January 2026 |access-date=2026-01-24 |website=www.pib.gov.in |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Oman}}
|India–Oman Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
|CEPA
|18 December 2025
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=India and Oman sign Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA)|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2205889&reg=3&lang=2|website=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=22 December 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[India–Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement]]
|CECA
|29 June 2005
|1 August 2005
|<ref name="AR2122" />
|-
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|[[India–South Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement]]
|CEPA
|7 August 2009
|1 January 2010
|<ref name="AR2122" />
|-
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|India–Sri Lanka Free Trade Agreement
|FTA
|28 December 1998
|1 March 2000
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Free Trade Agreement |url=https://www.nsez.gov.in/Resources/Trade/FTAs.pdf |website=Noida Special Economic Zone |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630162734/https://www.nsez.gov.in/Resources/Trade/FTAs.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|India–Thailand Free Trade Agreement
|FTA
|9 October 2003
|1 September 2006
|<ref name="AR2122">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2021-2022 |url=https://commerce.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/English-Annual-Report-2021-22-Department-of-Commerce.pdf |website=Department of Commerce |access-date=5 April 2022 |pages=80–109}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|India–United Arab Emirates Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
|CEPA
|18 February 2022
|1 May 2022
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is India – UAE CEPA, how it will benefit both economies? |url=https://gulfnews.com/special-reports/what-is-india--uae-cepa-how-it-will-benefit-both-economies-1.1645252081334 |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=gulfnews.com |date=19 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Suneja |first=Kirtika |title=India-UAE free trade pact comes into force |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-uae-free-trade-pact-comes-into-force/articleshow/91236888.cms |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[India–United Kingdom Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement]]
|CETA
|24 July 2025
|
|<ref>{{cite press release|author1=Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street|author1-link=Prime Minister's Office (United Kingdom)|author2=[[HM Treasury]]|author3=[[Cabinet Office]]|last4=Starmer|first4=Keir|author4-link=Keir Starmer|date=23 July 2025|title=Prime Minister secures thousands of British jobs and £6 billion in investment and export wins as historic trade deal with India signed|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/prime-minister-secures-thousands-of-british-jobs-and-6-billion-in-investment-and-export-wins-as-historic-trade-deal-with-india-signed|website=GOV.UK|access-date=24 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723214313/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/prime-minister-secures-thousands-of-british-jobs-and-6-billion-in-investment-and-export-wins-as-historic-trade-deal-with-india-signed|archive-date=23 July 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Pickard|first1=Jim|last2=Reed|first2=John|date=24 July 2025|title=Keir Starmer and Narendra Modi to sign UK-India trade deal|url=https://www.ft.com/content/d08628d3-c02a-4541-8a42-de7616c40717|location=[[London]]; [[New Delhi]]|website=[[Financial Times]]|url-access=subscription|access-date=24 July 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723231301/https://www.ft.com/content/d08628d3-c02a-4541-8a42-de7616c40717|archive-date=23 July 2025|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|United States}}
|[[India–United States Bilateral Trade Agreement]]
|BTA
|TBA
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-03 |title=India-US trade deal: Hope and uncertainty as Trump cuts tariffs |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpwnlwj80p8o |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|}

=== Under negotiation ===
* {{flag|Bangladesh}} (CEPA)<ref name="AR2122" />
* {{flag|Canada}} (CEPA)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-12 |title=India, Canada formally agree to step up talks over FTA |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/india-canada-formally-agree-to-step-up-talks-over-fta-101647045171794.html |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* {{flag|Chile}} (CEPA)<ref>{{Cite web |title=India, Chile Sign Terms For Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/india-chile-sign-terms-for-comprehensive-economic-partnership-agreement-556278 |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>
* {{flag|Israel}} (FTA)<ref name="AR2122" />
* {{flag|Peru}} (FTA)<ref name="AR2122" />
* {{flag|South Africa}} (CEPA)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/trade-deals-india-exploring-renewed-negotiations-with-new-zealand-south-africa-for-new-fta-deals-11719386100973.html|title=Trade deals: India exploring renewed negotiations with New Zealand, South Africa for new FTA deals | Mint|access-date=2024-06-30|archive-date=2024-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628060707/https://www.livemint.com/economy/trade-deals-india-exploring-renewed-negotiations-with-new-zealand-south-africa-for-new-fta-deals-11719386100973.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Multilateral agreements ==
[[File:Multilateral Trade Agreements of India.svg|thumb|{{Centre|Multilateral Trade Agreements of India}}
{{Legend|#000|India}}{{Legend|#2E86C1|India–EU FTA (2026)}}{{Legend|#0047AB|India–EFTA TEPA (2024)}}{{Legend|#008B45|ASEAN–India CECA (2009) / AIFTA (2015)}}
{{Legend|#8E44AD|India–MERCOSUR PTA (2009)}}
{{Legend|#E67E22|SAFTA (2006)}}
{{Legend|#34495E|APTA (1975)}}
|480x480px]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Countries/Trading Bloc
!Agreement name
!Type
!Signed
!Effective
!Ref.
|-
|{{ubl
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|{{flag|China}}
|{{flag|Laos}}
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|{{flag|South Korea}}
|{{flag|Sri Lanka}}
}}
|[[Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement]]
|PTA
|1975 (revised November 2005)
|17 July 1976 (revised 1 September 2006)
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | {{flag|ASEAN}}
|[[ASEAN–India Free Trade Area|ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement]]
|rowspan="3" | CECA
|13 August 2009
|1 January 2010
|<ref name="AR2122" />
|-
|[[ASEAN–India Free Trade Area|ASEAN-India Trade in Services Agreement]]
|November 2014
|1 July 2015
|<ref name="AR2122" /><ref name="AIFTA">{{cite web |title=ASEAN-India Free Trade Area (AIFTA) |url=https://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/2015/October/outreach-document/Edited%20AIFTA.pdf |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=ASEAN}}</ref>
|-
|[[ASEAN–India Free Trade Area|ASEAN-India Investment Agreement]]
|November 2014
|1 July 2015
|<ref name="AR2122" /><ref name="AIFTA" />
|-
|41 countries
|[[Global System of Trade Preferences among Developing Countries|Global System of Trade Preferences]]
|PTA
|13 April 1988
|19 April 1989
|
|-
|{{flag|Mercosur}}
|India–Mercosur Preferential Trade Agreement
|PTA
|25 January 2004
|1 June 2009
|<ref name="AR2122" />
|-
|[[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]]
|[[South Asian Free Trade Area|South Asia Free Trade Agreement]]
|FTA
|6 January 2004
|1 January 2006
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|EFTA logo.svg}} [[European Free Trade Association]]
|[[India–EFTA Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement]]
|TEPA
|10 March 2024
|1 October 2025
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Welcome to department of commerce, Government of India |title=Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement between the Government of the Republic of India and the Governments of EFTA States - Mcommerce |url=https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/trade-agreements/india-efta-tepa/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251114023856/https://www.commerce.gov.in/international-trade/trade-agreements/india-efta-tepa/ |archive-date=14 November 2025 |access-date=2026-01-23 |work=Mcommerce |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|European Union}}
|[[India–European Union Free Trade Agreement]]
|FTA
|27 January 2026
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-11 |title=EU-India |url=https://policy.trade.ec.europa.eu/eu-trade-relationships-country-and-region/countries-and-regions/india/eu-india-agreements_en |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=policy.trade.ec.europa.eu |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|GCC}}
|[[India–Gulf Cooperation Council Free Trade Agreement]]
|FTA
|2026 (Tentative)
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=India, GCC Agree To Pursue Free Trade Agreement; Resume Talks: Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/business/india-gcc-agree-to-pursue-free-trade-agreement-resume-talks-piyush-goyal-news-239938 |website=Outlook |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== Under negotiation ===
* {{flagicon image|BIMSTEC flag.png}} [[BIMSTEC]] (FTA)<ref name = "dezshira">{{Cite web |title=India's Trade Agreements - At a Glance |url=https://www.dezshira.com/library/infographic/india-s-trade-agreements-at-a-glance-7754.html |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.dezshira.com|date=11 January 2018 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Eurasian Economic Union}} (FTA)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/india-russia-led-eaeu-nations-to-begin-negotiations-on-fta-soon/article67679210.ece | title=India, Russia-led Eurasian bloc to begin negotiations on FTA soon | date=27 December 2023 }}</ref>
* [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA]] (FTA)<ref name="dezshira" />
* {{flagicon image|Southern African Customs Union logo.png}} [[Southern African Customs Union]] (PTA)<ref name="AR2122" />

=== Abandoned proposals ===
* [[Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Rcep Trade Agreement: India decides to opt out of RCEP, says key concerns not addressed |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-decides-to-opt-out-of-rcep-says-key-concerns-not-addressed/articleshow/71896848.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=5 November 2019 |access-date=5 April 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Duty Free Tariff Preference]]

== References ==
{{GODL-India-text|title=[https://commerce.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/FAQ_on_FTA_9April2014.pdf Free Trade Agreements Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)]}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Free trade agreements}}

[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:Free trade agreements of India| ]]

R. Kesavan Nair

2026-03-22T14:59:24Z

WilliamsLin216: improved intro additionally and updated info

{{Short description|Former professor of surgery at Medical College in Kerala, India}}
{{no footnotes|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. R. Kesavan Nair
| image = RKesavan_nair.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1910|9|06}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2005|6|30|1910|9|06}}
| death_place = Thiruvananthapuram
| title = Superintendent, Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram
| term = 1954–1962
| spouse = Sarojini Amma
}}
'''Dr R Kesavan Nair''' (valia Kesavan Nair) was the Professor of Surgery at [[Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]] and the first Superintendent of the Medical College Hospital. He is Kerala's First civil surgeon. He along with [[C.O. Karunakaran|Dr. C.O. Karunakaran]] was the founding fathers of the first Medical College in Kerala.

Dr. Nair graduated in Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery from [[Madras Medical College]] in 1937. He later joined as the Chief of Surgery in General Hospital, [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. Later on he went abroad for further training and was the first person from Travancore to get a degree of [[FRCS|Fellow of Royal College of Surgeons]] (in 1930). When Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru commissioned the Medical College hospital in Thiruvananthapuram in 1954, he was appointed as the Chief Surgeon and Superintendent of the hospital the post he held till 1962. In 1962, he joined [[Calicut Medical College]] and later retired as the Principal of [[Kottayam Medical College]] in 1966. He also served as the President of Travancore-Cochin Medical Council and member of [[Medical Council of India]].

The road from Medical College junction to [[Murinjapalam]] is to be named in his honour{{when|date=January 2011}}.

== Quotes ==
* "Many of my friends and patients have asked if doctors would become hard-hearted seeing the pain and agony of patients. In reality, doctors learn to hide their worries, otherwise there will not be anyone to console the patients and their families."

== See also ==
* [[Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/1637 Article from ''Yentha.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115103832/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/4/1637 |date=15 November 2010 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nair, R. Kesavan}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]

Namdhari FC

2026-03-21T08:24:44Z

WilliamsLin216: info

{{Short description|Indian association football based in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Namdhari
| image = Namdhari FC logo.svg
| upright = 1.2
| fullname = Namdhari Football Club
| nickname = ''The Namdharis''
| short name = NFC
| founded = {{start date and age|2018}} (as ''Namdhari Football Academy'')<ref>{{cite web|title=Namdhari Football Club from Punjab to bid for a spot in I-League 2023-24|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-namdhari-football-club-punjab-bid-spot-i-league-2023-24|work=www.sportskeeda.com|date=2 May 2023|access-date=24 August 2024}}</ref>
| ground = Namdhari Stadium
| capacity = 2,000
| owner = Namdhari Seeds
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Harpreet Singh
| league = [[Indian Football League]]
| season = {{Indian football updater|Namdhari2}}
| position = {{Indian football updater|Namdhari3}}
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _redshoulders
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FFFFFF
| body1 = FFFFFF
| rightarm1 = FFFFFF
| shorts1 = FFFFFF
| socks1 = FFFFFF
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 = _whitecollar
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
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| body3 = FF8000
| rightarm3 = FF8000
| shorts3 = 000000
| socks3 = FF8000
| website = {{URL|https://namdharisports.in/}}
}}

'''Namdhari Football Club''' is an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Bhaini Ala|Bhaini Sahib]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Part of the [[sports club|multi-sports]] Namdhari Sports Academy, the club competes in the [[Indian Football League]], the second division of the [[Indian football league system]] and the [[Punjab State Super League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=33rd JCT Punjab State Super Football League 2019|url=http://www.indiafooty.com/33nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-2019-20/|work=indiafooty.com|date=15 September 2019|access-date=5 September 2021|archive-date=31 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031121805/http://www.indiafooty.com/33nd-jct-punjab-state-super-football-league-2019-20/}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1046003829039353856|user=minervapunjabfc|title=A quick look at the latest #PunjabFootballLeague table 📈 #chakdephatte|date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203043137/https://twitter.com/minervapunjabfc/status/1046003829039353856|archive-date=3 December 2021|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[field hockey]] team, ''Namdhari XI'' was first formed in 1975.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-07-20|title=Namdhari Hockey|work=www.srisatgurujagjitsingh.com|url=https://www.srisatgurujagjitsingh.com/?page_id=626|access-date=2024-08-24}}</ref> In 2004, the Namdhari Sports Academy was built in Sri Bhaini Sahib, near Ludhiana. With growing interest in football, the Namdharis established its first football academy in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-20 |title=Famous hockey club Namdhari XI now eyes football glory, hires coach from Serbia |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/famous-hockey-club-namdhari-xi-now-eyes-football-glory-hires-coach-from-serbia/articleshow/77061722.cms |access-date=2023-07-03 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703144427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/famous-hockey-club-namdhari-xi-now-eyes-football-glory-hires-coach-from-serbia/articleshow/77061722.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=फुटबॉल टूर्नामेंट:नामधारी अकादमी ने माहिलपुर को 2–1 और जेसीटी ने मिनर्वा अकादमी को 4–3 से हराया |date=3 July 2023 |language=hi |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/punjab/nawanshahr/news/namdhari-academy-beat-mahilpur-2-1-and-jct-beat-minerva-academy-4-3-130645657.html |website=bhaskar.com |publisher=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=3 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230703144429/https://www.bhaskar.com/amp/local/punjab/nawanshahr/news/namdhari-academy-beat-mahilpur-2-1-and-jct-beat-minerva-academy-4-3-130645657.html |trans-title=Football Tournament: Namdhari Academy beat Mahilpur 2–1 and JCT beat Minerva Academy 4–3. |location=Banga City }}</ref>

In their [[I-League]] debut season, the club was managed by Spanish tactician [[Francesc Bonet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://technosports.co.in/churchill-brothers-fc-francesc-bonet-head-coach/|date=28 January 2024|access-date=28 January 2024|website=technosports.co.in|publisher=Techno Sports India|first1=Ankush|last1=Mallick|title=Churchill Brothers FC Announce Francesc Bonet as Head Coach for the Remainder of the I-League 2023–24 Season|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128135556/https://technosports.co.in/churchill-brothers-fc-francesc-bonet-head-coach/|archive-date=28 January 2024}}</ref> Currently the Argentine Fernando David Capobianco is in charge of the team as head coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/i-league-2024-25-a-glance-at-all-12-contenders/|title=I-League 2024–25: A glance at all 12 contenders|publisher=I-League|first1=Akhil|last1=Rawat|location=New Delhi|date=21 November 2024|access-date=25 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241121123324/https://i-league.org/i-league-2024-25-a-glance-at-all-12-contenders/|archive-date=21 November 2024}}</ref> In the 2024–25 season, the club ended their league campaign in seventh place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/ileague-2024-25-finale-points-table-win-i-league-churchill-brothers-vs-inter-kashi-scenarios-isl-promotion/article69419562.ece|title=I-League 2024–25 final points table: Which team getting ISL promotion, which teams are relegated?|location=Chennai|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=Sportstar|date=6 April 2025|access-date=7 April 2025|archive-date=7 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407102125/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/ileague-2024-25-finale-points-table-win-i-league-churchill-brothers-vs-inter-kashi-scenarios-isl-promotion/article69419562.ece}}</ref>

== Club crest and kits ==
The primary colour of Namdhari Football club has been white with red stripes from its debut I-League season

=== Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors ===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"
|-
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
|2023—present
|SPS Hospitals<ref>{{Cite web|first1=Rahul|last1=Saha|url=https://sportskhabri.com/i-league-commercial-guide-a-complete-list-of-the-2023-24-i-league-team-sponsors/|title=I-league Commercial Guide: A Complete List of the 2023/24 I-League Team Sponsors|date=3 November 2023|access-date=26 September 2021|website=sportskhabri.com|publisher=Sports Khabri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103074811/https://sportskhabri.com/i-league-commercial-guide-a-complete-list-of-the-2023-24-i-league-team-sponsors/|archive-date=3 November 2023}}</ref>
|Namdharis
|-
|}

== Stadiums ==
The home stadium of Namdhari FC in its inaugural I-League season is '''Namdhari stadium''' located in [[Bhaini Ala|Bhaini Sahib]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].

== Players ==
=== First-team squad ===
{{updated|March 2026}}
{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Nishan Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Balkaran Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=4|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Manbir Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Akashdeep Singh Kahlon]]}}
{{Fs player|no=6|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Gurshan Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Manvir Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=8|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Chanpreet Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=9|nat=GHA|pos=FW|name=Najib Fuseini}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Dharmpreet Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Karandeep Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Seilenthang Lotjem|other=on loan from [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Ajmer Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Adersh Mattummal}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Emanuel Lalchhanchhuaha}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=SEN|pos=FW|name=[[Abdoulaye Diallo (footballer, born 1996)|Abdoulaye Diallo]]}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Jaskaranpreet Singh|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=GHA|pos=MF|name=Francis Addo}}
{{Fs player|no=21|nat=SRB|pos=FW|name=Milos Gordic}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Niraj Kumar}}
{{Fs player|no=24|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Aatma Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=25|nat=GHA|pos=DF|name=[[Moro Lamine|Lamine Moro]]}}
{{Fs player|no=29|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Karan Kumar Sharma}}
{{Fs player|no=32|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=Kamalpreet Singh Grewal}}
{{Fs player|no=33|nat=IND|pos=MF|name=Seigougin Chongloi}}
{{Fs player|no=36|nat=IND|pos=DF|name=[[Mohammad Sajid Dhot]]}}
{{Fs player|no=37|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=[[Bidyashagar Singh Khangembam|Bidyashagar Singh]]}}
{{Fs player|no=55|nat=IND|pos=GK|name=Jaita Singh}}
{{Fs player|no=84|nat=IND|pos=FW|name=Bhupinder Singh}}
{{fs end}}

==Personnel==
===Current technical staff===
{{updated|25 August 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background: text-align:center;"|Role
!style="background: text-align:center;"|Name
|-
|Head coach
|{{flagicon|IND}} Harpreet Singh
|-
|Assistant coach
|
|-
|Team manager
|{{flagicon|THA}} Pramukh Sethapanpanich
|-
|Assistant team manager
|{{flagicon|IND}} Jodhbir Singh
|}

==Records and statistics==
{{updated|19 March 2026}}
===Season by season===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center"
! rowspan="2" |Season
! colspan="9" |League
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Domestic cup(s)
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Top scorer(s)
|-
!Division
!{{tooltip|Pld|Games played}}
!{{tooltip|W|Games won}}
!{{tooltip|D|Games drawn}}
!{{tooltip|L|Games lost}}
!{{tooltip|GF|Goals for}}
!{{tooltip|GA|Goals against}}
!{{tooltip|Pts|Points}}
!{{tooltip|Pos|Position}}
|-
! colspan="10" |I-League
!'''[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]'''
!'''[[Durand Cup]]'''
!Player(s)
!Goals
|-
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
|2nd
|24
|7
|6
|11
|29
|40
|27
|10th
| rowspan="2" | ''Did not participate''
| rowspan="2" | ''Did not participate''
|align="left" |{{flagicon|IND}} [[Harmanpreet Singh (footballer)|Harmanpreet Singh]]<hr>{{flagicon|IND}} Akashdeep Singh
|5
|-
|[[2024–25 I-League|2024–25]]
|2nd
|22
|8
|5
|9
|28
|30
|29
|7th
|align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Dé (footballer, born 1998)|Dé]]
|12
|-
! colspan="10" |Indian Football League
!
!
!
!
|-
|[[2025–26 I-League|2025–26]]
|2nd
|4
|0
|3
|1
|5
|6
|3
|–
|''Did not participate''
|[[2025 Durand Cup#Group stage|Group stage]]
|align="left" |{{flagicon|BRA}} Dé<hr>{{flagicon|IND}} Manvir Singh
|2
|}

===Managerial record===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!Win%
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|[[Francesc Bonet]]
|align=left|{{ESP}}
|align=left|6 October 2023
|align=left|25 November 2023
{{WDL|5|1|1|3|for=4|against=9}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Harpreet Singh ''(interim)''
|align=left|{{IND}}
|align=left|26 November 2023
|align=left|14 December 2023
{{WDL|4|0|1|3|for=3|against=7}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Harpreet Singh
|align=left|{{IND}}
|align=left|15 December 2023
|align=left|31 May 2024
{{WDL|15|6|4|5|for=22|against=24}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Fernando Capobianco
|align=left|{{ARG}}
|align=left|25 September 2024
|align=left|31 December 2024
{{WDL|6|2|2|2|for=5|against=5}}
|-
|scope=row style=text-align:left|Harpreet Singh
|align=left|{{IND}}
|align=left|1 January 2025
|align=left|''present''
{{WDL|23|8|6|9|for=34|against=34}}
|}

==Honours==
*'''[[Punjab State Super Football League]]'''
**Champions (1): 2023–24<ref>{{cite web |title=Punjab State Super Football League |url=https://theawayend.co/punjab-state-super-football-league/ |website=The Away End |access-date=18 December 2023 |archive-date=31 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031122019/https://theawayend.co/punjab-state-super-football-league/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of football clubs in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Namdhari FC]]
[[Category:Football clubs in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:I-League clubs]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 1976]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Mumtaz Mahal

2026-03-20T20:19:59Z

WilliamsLin216: adjust structure for accuracy

{{Short description|Empress of the Mughal Empire from 1628 to 1631}}
{{other uses}}
{{redirect|Arjumand Banu|the Bangladeshi politician|Arjumand Banu (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| consort = yes
| name = Mumtaz Mahal
| title = [[List of Mughal empresses|Empress consort]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]
| image = Portrait of Mumtaz Mahal on Ivory (cropped).jpg
| caption = Portrait of Mumtaz Mahal on ivory, 17th{{nbh}}century, held at the [[Lahore Museum]] in [[Lahore]], Pakistan
| succession = [[Padshah Begum]]
| reign = 19 January 1628 – 17 June 1631
| predecessor = [[Nur Jahan]]
| successor = [[Jahanara Begum]]
| birth_name = Arjumand Banu Begum
| birth_date = 27 April 1593
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1631|6|17|1593|4|27|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Burhanpur]], Mughal Empire
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Shah Jahan]]|1612}}
| issue = {{plain list|
* [[Hur-ul-Nisa Begum]]
* [[Jahanara Begum]]
* [[Dara Shikoh]]
* [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]]
* [[Roshanara Begum]]
* [[Aurangzeb]]
* [[Murad Bakhsh]]
* [[Gauhar Ara Begum]]
}}
| issue-link = #Issue
| issue-pipe = among others...
| full name =
| house = [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] ''(by marriage)''
| father = [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]
| mother = Diwanji Begum
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tajmahal.gov.in/the-cause-of-the-taj.aspx|title= The Cause of The Taj:: Mumtaz Mahal|author= |date= |website= [[Taj Mahal|Taj Mahal Official Website]]|publisher= [[Uttar Pradesh Tourism]]|access-date= 3 September 2023|quote= She was religiously a Shi'a Muslim.|archive-date= 19 June 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230619054239/https://www.tajmahal.gov.in/the-cause-of-the-taj.aspx|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last= Khan|first= Hamza|date= |title= Now, Shias assert claim to Taj Mahal|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/now-shias-assert-claim-to-taj-mahal/|work= [[The Indian Express]]|location= [[Lucknow]]|access-date= 3 September 2023|archive-date= 3 September 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230903151831/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/now-shias-assert-claim-to-taj-mahal/|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last= Srivastava|first= Piyush|date= 27 November 2014|title= Battle for Taj Mahal continues between Shia and Sunni sect leaders|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/azam-khan-takers-for-taj-mahal-despite-waqf-board-shoddy-record-228773-2014-11-26|work= [[India Today]]|location= [[Lucknow]]|access-date= 3 September 2023|archive-date= 3 September 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230903150327/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/azam-khan-takers-for-taj-mahal-despite-waqf-board-shoddy-record-228773-2014-11-26|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last= Shaikh|first= Ayesha|date= 24 November 2014|title= Who is the rightful claimant to Taj Mahal?|url= https://tribune.com.pk/story/796413/who-is-the-rightful-claimant-to-taj-mahal?amp=1|work= [[The Express Tribune]]|location= |access-date= 3 September 2023|archive-date= 4 September 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230904070723/https://tribune.com.pk/story/796413/who-is-the-rightful-claimant-to-taj-mahal?amp=1|url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last= DHNS|first= |date= 24 November 2014|title= After Sunnis, now Shias too claim Taj Mahal|url= https://www.deccanherald.com/india/after-sunnis-now-shias-too-2226647|work= [[Deccan Herald]]|location= |access-date= 3 September 2023|archive-date= 3 September 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230903210923/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/story/india%2Fafter-sunnis-now-shias-too-2226647|url-status= live}}</ref>
| burial_place = [[Taj Mahal]], [[Agra]], Uttar Pradesh, India
}}

'''Mumtaz Mahal''' ({{IPA|fa|mum.ˈtɑːz ma.ˈhal}}; {{lit|The Exalted One of the Palace}}; born '''Arjumand Banu Begum'''; 27 April 1593 – 17 June 1631)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pickthall |first1=Marmaduke William |last2=Asad |first2=Muhammad |title=Islamic Culture |date=1 January 1975 |volume=49 |page=196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=839CAAAAYAAJ&q=17+april+1593 |access-date=13 April 2017 |publisher=Islamic Culture Board |language=en |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830141305/https://books.google.com/books?id=839CAAAAYAAJ&q=17+april+1593 |url-status=live }}</ref> was the [[List of Mughal empresses|empress consort of Mughal Empire]] from 1628 to 1631 as the chief consort of the fifth [[Mughal emperor]], [[Shah Jahan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lach|first1=Donald F.|last2=Kley|first2=Edwin J. Van|title=Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 2, South Asia|date=1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226466972|page=689|language=en}}</ref> The [[Taj Mahal]] in [[Agra]], often cited as one of the [[Wonders of the World]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Tillotson|first1=Giles|title=Taj Mahal|date=2008|publisher=Profile Books|location=London|isbn=9781847652478|page=11}}</ref> was commissioned by her husband to act as her tomb.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Phillips|editor1-first=Rhonda|editor2-last=Roberts|editor2-first=Sherma|title=Tourism, Planning, and Community Development Community Development – Current Issues Series|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135711887|page=128}}</ref>

Mumtaz Mahal was born Arjumand Banu Begum in Agra to a family of [[Persian people|Persian]] [[nobility]]. She was the daughter of [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]], a wealthy Persian noble who held high office in the Mughal Empire, and the niece of Empress [[Nur Jahan]], the chief consort of Emperor [[Jahangir]] and the power behind the emperor.<ref name="Thackeray" /> Arjumand Banu was married at the age of 19 on 10 May 1612 or 16 June 1612 to Prince Khurram,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Inayat|title=The Shahjahannama|publisher=Oxford Library Press|year=1990|pages=6|translator-last=Fuller|translator-first=A. R.}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Emperor|first=Jahangir|title=Jahangirnama|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; Oxford University Press|year=1999|isbn=9780195127188|location=Washington D. C; New York|pages=137|translator-last=Thackston|translator-first=W. M.}}</ref> later known by his regnal name Shah Jahan, who conferred upon her the title "Mumtaz Mahal" {{lit|The Exalted One of the Palace}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Akbar S. |title=Islam Today a Short Introduction to the Muslim World |date=2009 |publisher=I.B. Tauris & Co. |location=London |isbn=9780857713803 |page=94}}</ref> Although [[betrothed]] to Shah Jahan since 1607,{{sfn|Tillotson|2012|p=20}} she ultimately became his second wife in 1612.{{sfn|Tillotson|2012|p=3}}{{sfn|Tillotson|2012|p=27}} Mumtaz and her husband had 14 children, including [[Jahanara Begum]] (Shah Jahan's favorite daughter),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Richards|first1=J.F.|title=Mughal empire|date=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, Eng.|isbn=9780521566032|page=126|edition=Transferred to digital print.}}</ref> and the Crown prince [[Dara Shikoh]], the [[heir-apparent]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Balabanlilar|first1=Lisa|title=Imperial Identity in the Mughal Empire: Memory and Dynastic Politics in Early Modern South and Central Asia|date=2015|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9780857732460|page=131|language=en}}</ref> anointed by his father, who temporarily succeeded him until deposed by Mumtaz Mahal's sixth child, [[Aurangzeb]], who ultimately succeeded his father as the sixth Mughal emperor in 1658.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Esposito|first1=John L.|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199757268|page=29|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=aurangzeb+sixth|language=en|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830141818/https://books.google.com/books?id=E324pQEEQQcC&q=aurangzeb+sixth|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mumtaz Mahal died in 1631 in [[Burhanpur]], [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] (present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]) during the birth of her 14th child, a daughter named [[Gauhar Ara Begum]].<ref name="Kumar2014">{{cite journal |last=Kumar |first=Anant |date=January–June 2014 |title=Monument of Love or Symbol of Maternal Death: The Story Behind the Taj Mahal |url=http://www.casereportswomenshealth.com/article/S2214-9112(14)00003-4/pdf |journal=Case Reports in Women's Health |publisher=Elsevier |volume=1 |pages=4–7 |doi=10.1016/j.crwh.2014.07.001 |access-date=21 December 2015|doi-access=free }}</ref> Shah Jahan had the Taj Mahal built as a tomb for her, which is considered to be a monument of undying love. As with other Mughal royal ladies, no contemporary likenesses of her are accepted, but imagined portraits were created from the 19th century onwards.

==Family and early life==
Mumtaz Mahal was born as Arjumand Banu on 27 April 1593<ref name=":3">Mullah Muhammad Saleh Kamboh: Shah Jahan-Nama, Lahore, 2013, p. 159</ref> in [[Agra]] to [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]{{sfn|Tillotson|2012|p=20}} and his wife Diwanji Begum, the daughter of a [[Persian people|Persian]] noble, Khwaja Ghias-ud-din of [[Qazvin]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Moin-ud-din|title=The Taj and Its Environments: With 8 Illus. from Photos., 1 Map, and 4 Plans |date=1924 |publisher=R. G. Bansal |page=101}}</ref> Asaf Khan was a wealthy Persian noble who held high office in the Mughal Empire. His family had come to India impoverished in 1577, when his father [[Mirza Ghias Beg]] (popularly known by his title of I'timad-ud-Daulah),{{sfn|Tillotson|2012|p=194}} was taken into the service of Emperor [[Akbar]] in Agra.<ref name="Thackeray">{{cite book |editor1=Frank W. Thackeray |editor2=John E. Findling |title=Events that formed the modern world: from the European Renaissance through the War on Terror |date=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=9781598849011 |page=254}}</ref>

Asaf Khan was also the older brother of Empress [[Nur Jahan]], making Mumtaz a niece, and later, a step daughter-in-law of Nur Jahan, the chief consort of Emperor [[Jahangir]], Shah Jahan's father.<ref name="persian.packhum.org">{{Cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702015%26ct%3D304%26rqs%3D181 |title=Abu Fazl 'Allami, ''Áín i Akbarí'' |access-date=1 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226220706/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D00702015%26ct%3D304%26rqs%3D181 |archive-date=26 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Her older sister, Parwar Khanum, married Sheikh Farid, the son of Nawab [[Qutubuddin Koka]], the governor of [[Badaun]], who was also the emperor Jahangir's foster brother.<ref>{{cite news |title= Waqf board handles Muslim rulers' property |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Waqf-board-handles-Muslim-rulers-property-/articleshow/6668877.cms |newspaper= The Times of India |date= 2 October 2010 |access-date= 30 June 2011 |archive-date= 30 August 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230830141819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Waqf-board-handles-Muslim-rulers-property-/articleshow/6668877.cms |url-status= live }}</ref> Mumtaz also had a brother, [[Shaista Khan]], who served as the governor of [[Bengal]] and various other provinces in the empire during Shah Jahan's reign.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ball|first1=Valentine|title=Tavernier's travels in India between years 1640–1676 : being a narrative of the six voyages of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier to the east – especially to India, translated from the original French edition of 1676, with a biographical sketch of the author, notes, appendices, & c.|date=2007|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788120615670|page=245|edition=2nd}}</ref>

Mumtaz was remarkable in the field of learning and was a talented and cultured lady.<ref name="Nath1990">{{cite book |last1=Nath |first1=Renuka |title=Notable Mughal and Hindu women in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D. |date=1990 |publisher=Inter-India Publ. |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788121002417 |page=115 |edition=1st}}</ref> She was well-versed in [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], and could compose poems in the latter.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Sudha |title=The Status of Muslim Women in Medieval India |date=2016 |publisher=Sage Publications |location=India |isbn=9789351505655 |language=en |quote=Mumtaz Mahal was equally adept in Persian and Arabic as well as in writing poetry, besides being a patron of the learned and scholars.}}</ref><ref name="Nath1990" /> She was reputed to have a combination of modesty and candor, a woman warmly straightforward yet bemusedly self-possessed. Early in adolescence, she attracted the attention of important nobles of the realm. Jahangir must have heard about her, since he readily consented to Shah Jahan's engagement with her.<ref name=Hansen>{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Waldemar |title=The peacock throne : the drama of Mogul India |date=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=9788120802254 |page=38 |edition=1st Indian ed., repr.}}</ref>

==Marriage==
[[File:Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal.jpg|left|thumb|Posthumous painting of [[Shah Jahan]] and Mumtaz Mahal]]
Mumtaz Mahal was betrothed to Shah Jahan around 5 April 1607,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Khan|first=Inayat|title=The Shahjahannama|publisher=Oxford Library Press|year=1990|pages=5|translator-last=Fuller|translator-first=A. R.}}</ref> when she was 14 years old and he was 15. They were, however, married five years after their betrothal on 10 May 1612 or 7 June 1612 in Agra.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> After their wedding celebrations, Shah Jahan, "finding her in appearance and character elect among all the women of the time", gave her the title ''Mumtaz Mahal'' ({{langx|fa|{{nq|ممتاز محل}}||lit=the exalted one of the Palace}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pant|first1=Chandra|title=Nur Jahan and Her Family|date=1978|publisher=Dandewal Publishing House|page=112|language=en}}</ref><ref name="K18">Koch, p. 18.</ref> During the intervening years between their betrothal and marriage, Shah Jahan had married his first wife, Princess [[Kandahari Begum]] in 1610 and in 1617, after marrying Mumtaz, took a third wife, [[Izz-un-Nissa Begum]] (titled Akbarabadi Mahal),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sarker|first1=Kobita|title=Shah Jahan and his paradise on earth : the story of Shah Jahan's creations in Agra and Shahjahanabad in the golden days of the Mughals|date=2007|publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co. |location=Kolkata |isbn=9788170743002 |page=38|edition=1. publ.}}</ref> the daughter of a prominent Mughal courtier.{{sfn|Tillotson|2012|p=21}}{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=308}} According to the official court historians, both the marriages were political alliances.{{sfn|Tillotson|2012|p=21}}

By all accounts, Shah Jahan was so taken with Mumtaz that he showed little interest in exercising his [[polygamous]] rights with his two other wives, other than dutifully siring a child with each.<ref name=Koch2006>{{cite book|last1=Koch|first1=Ebba|title=The complete Taj Mahal and the riverfront gardens of Agra|date=2006|publisher=Bookwise (India) Pvt. Ltd.|page=18|language=en}}</ref> According to the official court chronicler, Motamid Khan, as recorded in his ''Iqbal Namah-e-Jahangiri'', the relationship with his other wives "had nothing more than the status of marriage. The intimacy, deep affection, attention and favour which Shah Jahan had for Mumtaz exceeded what he felt for his other wives."<ref name="K18"/><ref>Qazwini. fol. 233a translated by Begley and Desai (1984), p. 14.</ref> Likewise, Shah Jahan's historian Inayat Khan commented that 'his whole delight was centered on this illustrious lady [Mumtaz], to such an extent that he did not feel towards the others [i.e. his other wives] one-thousandth part of the affection that he did for her.'{{sfn|Tillotson|2012|p=30}}

Mumtaz had a loving marriage with Shah Jahan. Even during her lifetime, poets would extol her beauty, grace, and compassion. Despite her frequent pregnancies, Mumtaz travelled with Shah Jahan's entourage throughout his earlier military campaigns and the subsequent rebellion against his father. She was his constant companion and trusted confidant, leading court historians to go to unheard lengths to document the intimate and erotic relationship the couple enjoyed. In their 19 years of marriage, they had 14 children together (eight sons and six daughters),{{sfn|Tillotson|2012|p=30}} seven of whom died at birth or at a very young age.<ref name="Kumar2014"/>
[[File:Tasawir 10.jpg|left|thumb|A painting of a Mughal [[Harem]], likely depicting Mumtaz Mahal. c. 17th century]]

==Mughal empress==
[[File:Mumtaz Mahal.jpg|thumb|17th-18th century portrait of Mumtaz Mahal.]]
Upon his accession to the throne in 1628 after subduing his half-brother, [[Shahryar Mirza]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shujauddin|first1=Mohammad|last2=Shujauddin|first2=Razia|title=The Life and Times of Noor Jahan|date=1967|publisher=Caravan Book House|location=Lahore|page=121|language=en}}</ref> Shah Jahan designated Mumtaz as his chief empress with the title of [[Padshah Begum]] '(First Lady or Queen of the Great)', 'Malika-i-Jahan' ("Queen of the World"){{sfn|Findly|1993|p=39}} and 'Malika-uz-Zamani' ("Queen of the Age")<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=Jaswant Lal|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|date=1986|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=9788120710153|page=425|language=en}}</ref> and 'Malika-i-Hindustan ("Queen of the Hindustan").{{sfn|Findly|1994|p=39}} Mumtaz's tenure as empress was brief, spanning only three years due to her untimely death. Nonetheless, Shah Jahan bestowed her with magnanimous luxuries. She was also the only wife of Shah Jahan to be addressed as ''"Hazrat"'' being the mother of the heir apparent. For example, no other empress' residence was as decorated as Khas Mahal (part of [[Agra Fort]]), where Mumtaz lived with Shah Jahan. It was decorated with pure gold and precious stones and had rose-water fountains of its own. Each wife of the Mughal emperor was given a regular monthly allowance for her ''gastos'' (housekeeping or travelling expenses); the highest such allowance on record is the one million [[rupees]] per year given to Mumtaz Mahal by Shah Jahan. Apart from this income, he gave her a lot of high-income lands and properties.{{sfn|Findly|1993|p=320}}

Shah Jahan consulted Mumtaz in both private matters and the affairs of the state, and she served as his close confidant and trusted adviser and because of this, she had enormous political power. Like her predecessor and aunt Nur Jahan, Mumtaz sat next to the emperor in the [[Divan (architecture)|Hall]] of Private Audience and Hall of Public Audience. She was hidden behind a curtain; if she did not agree with something, she would place her hand on his back, out of sight. At her intercession, he forgave enemies or commuted death sentences.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hansen|first1=Waldemar|title=The peacock throne: the drama of Mogul India.|date=1972|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|location=Delhi|isbn=812080225X|page=93|edition=1. Indian ed., repr.}}</ref> His trust in her was so great that he gave her the highest honour of the land – his imperial seal, the Mehr Uzaz,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arya |first1=Somraj |title=100 Years Life Sketch: Pathway to Spiritual Journey|date=2013|publisher=Trafford Publishing |isbn=9781490719603 |page=121 |language=en}}</ref> which validated imperial decrees and nothing could be done without her consent.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Smith|editor-first1=Bonnie G. |title=Women's history in global perspective: volume 2|date=2005|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana|isbn=9780252072499|page=109}}</ref> Mumtaz was portrayed as having no aspirations to political power, in contrast to her aunt, Empress [[Nur Jahan]], the chief consort of Emperor Jahangir, who had wielded enormous power and considerable influence in the previous reign.<ref name="K19">Koch, p. 19.</ref>

An uncontested and great influence on him, often intervening on behalf of the poor and destitute, she also enjoyed watching elephant and combat fights{{clarify|date=June 2018|reason=What is a "combat fight"? A duel?}} performed for the court. Mumtaz also patronized a number of poets, scholars and other talented persons. A noted [[Sanskrit]] poet, Vansidhara Mishra, was the Empress's favorite.<ref name="Nath1990" /> On the recommendation of her principal lady-in-waiting, Sati-un-Nissa, Mumtaz Mahal provided pensions and donations to the daughters of poor scholars, theologians, and pious men.<ref name=Wade98>{{cite book|last1=Wade|first1=Bonnie C.|title=Imaging sound: an ethnomusicological study of music, art, and culture in Mughal India|date=1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=9780226868400|page=[https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn00wade/page/16 16]|url=https://archive.org/details/imagingsoundethn00wade/page/16}}</ref> It was quite common for women of noble birth to commission architecture in the Mughal Empire, so Mumtaz devoted some time to a riverside garden in Agra, which is now known as Zahara Bagh. It is the only architectural foundation that can be connected to her patronage.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Salma K. Jayyusi |editor2=Renata Holod |editor3=Antillio Petruccioli |editor4=André Raymond |title=The city in the Islamic world|url=https://archive.org/details/cityislamicworld00jayy |url-access=limited |date=2008|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004162402|page=[https://archive.org/details/cityislamicworld00jayy/page/n591 571]}}</ref>

== Death and aftermath==
[[File:Taj Mahal 2, Agra, India.jpg|thumb|A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the [[Taj Mahal]] is the final resting place of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan.]]

Mumtaz Mahal died from [[postpartum hemorrhage]] in [[Burhanpur]] on 17 June 1631<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1='Inayat |last2=Begley |first2=Wayne Edison |title=The Shah Jahan nama of 'Inayat Khan: an abridged history of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, compiled by his royal librarian : the nineteenth-century manuscript translation of A.R. Fuller (British Library, add. 30,777) |date=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=647 |isbn=9780195624892 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_BtAAAAMAAJ&q=mumtaz+mahal+17+june+1631 |language=en |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830142322/https://books.google.com/books?id=n_BtAAAAMAAJ&q=mumtaz+mahal+17+june+1631 |url-status=live }}</ref> while giving birth to her 14th child, after a prolonged labor of around 30 hours.<ref name="Kumar2014" /><ref name=":3" /> She had been accompanying her husband while he was fighting a campaign in the [[Deccan Plateau]]. Her body was temporarily buried at [[Burhanpur]] in a walled pleasure garden known as Zainabad originally constructed by Shah Jahan's uncle [[Prince Daniyal|Daniyal]] on the bank of the [[Tapti River]].<ref>Preston, p. 171.</ref> The contemporary court chroniclers paid an unusual amount of attention to Mumtaz Mahal's death and Shah Jahan's grief at her demise. In the immediate aftermath of his bereavement, the emperor was reportedly inconsolable.<ref name="k20">Koch, p. 20.</ref> Apparently, after her death, he went into secluded mourning for a year.<ref name="k20"/> When he appeared again, his hair had turned white, his back was bent, and his face worn.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Begley|first=Wayne E.|title=The Myth of the Taj Mahal and a New Theory of Its Symbolic Meaning |url=http://www.collegeart.org/pdf/artbulletin/Art%20Bulletin%20Vol%2061%20No%201%20Begley.pdf|journal=The Art Bulletin|volume=61}}</ref> Mumtaz's eldest daughter, [[Jahanara Begum]], gradually brought her father out of grief and took her mother's place at court.<ref>{{cite book |author=Annemarie Schimmel |others=translated by Corinne Attwood; edited by Burzine K. Waghmar; with a foreword by Francis Robinson |title=The empire of the Great Mughals : history, art and culture |date=2005 |publisher=Sang-E-Meel Pub. |location=Lahore |isbn=9781861891853 |page=[https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/151 151] |edition=Revised |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne/page/151 }}</ref>

Mumtaz Mahal's personal fortune (valued at 10 million rupees) was divided by Shah Jahan among Jahanara Begum, who received half, and the rest of her surviving children.<ref>Preston, p. 175.</ref> Burhanpur was never intended by her husband as his wife's final resting spot. As a result, her body was disinterred in December 1631 and transported in a golden casket escorted by her son Shah Shuja, the deceased empress's head lady-in-waiting, and the distinguished courtier [[Wazir Khan (Lahore)|Wazir Khan]], back to Agra.<ref>Preston, p. 176.</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Koch|first=Ebba|title=The complete Taj Mahal : and the riverfront gardens of Agra|date=2006|publisher=Thames & Hudson|others=Richard André. Barraud|isbn=978-0-500-34209-1|location=London|pages=45|oclc=69022179}}</ref> There, it was interred in a small building on the banks of the Yamuna River. Shah Jahan stayed behind in Burhanpur to conclude the military campaign that had originally brought him to the region. While there, he began planning the design and construction of a suitable mausoleum and funerary garden in Agra for his wife. It was a task that would take 22 years to complete, the [[Taj Mahal]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Britannica Student Encyclopedia|date=2014|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.|location=Chicago|isbn=9781625131720|page=11}}</ref>

=== Taj Mahal ===
{{Main|Taj Mahal}}
[[File:Cenotaph of Shah Jahan.jpg|thumbnail|Cenotaph of Mumtaz Mahal|left]]
The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan to be built as a mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal. It is seen as an embodiment of undying love and marital devotion. English poet [[Edwin Arnold|Sir Edwin Arnold]] describes it as "Not a piece of architecture, as other buildings are, but the proud passion of an emperor's love wrought in living stones." The beauty of the monument is also taken as a representation of Mumtaz Mahal's beauty and this association leads many to describe the Taj Mahal as feminine.{{sfn|Tillotson|2012|p=4}} Since Muslim tradition forbids elaborate decorations on graves, the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan are placed in a relatively plain crypt beneath the inner chamber with their faces turned to the right and towards [[Mecca]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Greatest Wonders of the World|last=Khatri|first=Vikas|publisher=V S Publishers|year=2012|isbn=978-9381588307|pages=128}}</ref>

[[Names of God in Islam|The Ninety Nine Names of God]] are found as calligraphic inscriptions on the sides of the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal in the crypt including, "O Noble, O Magnificent, O Majestic, O Unique, O Eternal, O Glorious...".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tajmahal.org.uk/calligraphy.html|title=Taj Mahal Calligraphy|website=Taj Mahal|access-date=27 November 2016|archive-date=1 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201090324/http://www.tajmahal.org.uk/calligraphy.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There are many theories about the origin of the name of this tomb and one of them suggests that 'Taj' is an abbreviation of the name Mumtaz. European travelers, such as [[François Bernier]], who observed its construction, were among the first to call it the Taj Mahal. Since they are unlikely to have come up with the name, they might have picked it up from the locals of Agra, who called the Empress 'Taj Mahal', and thought the tomb was named after her. Shah Jahan had not intended to entomb another person in the Taj Mahal;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ruggles |first1=D. Fairchild |author-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles |title=Islamic gardens and landscapes |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicgardensla0000rugg |url-access=registration |date=2008 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |isbn=9780812207286 |page=[https://archive.org/details/islamicgardensla0000rugg/page/117 117]}}</ref> however, [[Aurangzeb]] had Shah Jahan buried next to the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal rather than build a separate tomb for his father.{{sfn|Tillotson|2012|p=40}}{{sfn|Tillotson|2012|p=69}} This is evident from the asymmetrical placement of Shah Jahan's grave on one side of his wife's grave which is in the centre.{{sfn|Tillotson|2012|p=71}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Diana|last2=Preston|first2=Michael|title=Taj Mahal : passion and genius at the heart of the Moghul empire|date=2007|publisher=Walker & Co.|location=New York|isbn=9780802715111|page=[https://archive.org/details/tajmahalpassiong00pres/page/268 268]|edition=1st U.S.|url=https://archive.org/details/tajmahalpassiong00pres/page/268}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
[[File:Mumtaz Mahal with attendant.jpg|thumb|Mumtaz Mahal with attendant c.1860]]

===Astronomy===
*A crater was named in her honour on [[List of geological features on 433 Eros|asteroid 433 Eros]], along with another one after her husband.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Bergeron|editor-first1=Jacqueline|title=Reports on Astronomy Transactions of the International Astronomical Union Volume XXIIA|date=1994|publisher=Springer Netherlands|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9789401111003|page=599}}</ref>
*A [[List of craters on Venus|crater]] on the planet [[Venus]] is named after her.

=== Literature ===

* A cat named after Mumtaz Mahal ("Princess Arjumand")<ref>{{Cite book|last=Willis|first=Connie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hS258VQ2rH4C&q=princess+arjumand+mahal&pg=PT97|title=To Say Nothing of the Dog|date=2013|publisher=Orion|isbn=978057513113-2|pages=97|language=en|quote=Tossie? "Then who's Princess Arjumand?" I said. "Her cat. It's named after the Indian maharani they named the Taj Mahal after, though one would think it would be called the Taj Arjumand in that case.|access-date=23 September 2021|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830142425/https://books.google.com/books?id=hS258VQ2rH4C&q=princess+arjumand+mahal&pg=PT97|url-status=live}}</ref> plays a major role in [[Connie Willis]]'s 1997 novel ''[[To Say Nothing of the Dog]]''.
*Arjumand Banu (Mumtaz Mahal) is a principal character in [[Indu Sundaresan]]'s novel ''The Feast of Roses'' (2003) and its sequel, ''Shadow Princess'' (2010), begins with her death.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2010/nov/22/a-whiff-of-the-glorious-past-204961.html |work=New Indian Express |date=22 November 2010 |author=Nithya Expresso |title=A whiff of the glorious past |access-date=26 April 2019 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426104039/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2010/nov/22/a-whiff-of-the-glorious-past-204961.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Mumtaz Mahal is a main character in Sonja Chandrachud's novel ''Trouble at the Taj'' (2011). She appears in the book as a ghost.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2013/mar/04/review-trouble-at-the-taj-sonja-chandrachud |work=The Guardian |date=4 March 2013 |author=Krazy Kesh |title=Trouble at the Taj by Sonja Chandrachud – review |access-date=26 April 2019 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426102900/https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2013/mar/04/review-trouble-at-the-taj-sonja-chandrachud |url-status=live }}</ref>
*In John Shors' novel ''Beneath a Marble Sky'' (2013), Mahal's daughter, Princess Jahanara, tells the extraordinary story of how the Taj Mahal came to be, describing her own life as an agent in its creation and as a witness to the fateful events surrounding its completion.<ref>{{cite book |title=Beneath a Marble Sky|isbn=978-0929701974 |last1=Shors |first1=John |date=2013 |publisher=McPherson }}</ref>
*Manahil Bandukwala's debut poetry collection ''Monument'' (2022) is a conversation with Mumtaz Mahal. It explores themes of love, monumentalisation, legacy, family, and empire.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2022 |title=Monument |author=Manahil Bandukwala |publisher=Brick Books |url=https://www.brickbooks.ca/shop/monument-by-manahil-bandukwala/ |access-date=28 February 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830142327/https://www.brickbooks.ca/shop/monument-by-manahil-bandukwala/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Films===
*''Mumtaz Mahal'' is a 1926 Indian silent film by [[Homi Master]].<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696}}</ref>
*Actress Enakshi Rama Rau played the role of Mumtaz Mahal in ''[[Shiraz (film)|Shiraz]]'' (1928).
*''[[Mumtaz Mahal (film)|Mumtaz Mahal]]'', a 1944 Indian film was based on her life.
*Actress [[Suraiya]] played the role of young Mumtaz Mahal in [[Nanubhai Vakil]]'s film ''[[Taj Mahal (1941 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' (1941).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Raheja|first1=Dinesh|title=Suraiya: a success story|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/apr/15dinesh.htm|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=12 April 2017|archive-date=13 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113201356/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/apr/15dinesh.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Mumtaz Mahal was portrayed by actress Nasreen in [[Abdul Rashid Kardar]]'s film ''[[Shahjehan]]'' (1946).<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kardar|first1=Abdul Rashid|title=Shahjehan|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038931/|website=[[IMDb]]|access-date=12 April 2017|date=1 January 2000|archive-date=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413070653/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0038931/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*''Mumtaz Mahal'' is a 1957 Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama film by Ram Daryani, starring [[Veena (actress)|Veena]] in the titular role.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999"/>
*[[Bina Rai]] portrayed Mumtaz Mahal in M. Sadiq's film ''[[Taj Mahal (1963 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' (1963).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kaur|first1=Devinder Bir|title=Bewitching Bina|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091220/spectrum/main7.htm|access-date=12 April 2017|work=The Tribune|date=20 December 2009|archive-date=13 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413071037/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091220/spectrum/main7.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Zeba (actress, born 1945)|Zeba]] played the role of Mumtaz Mahal in S. T. Zaidi's ''[[Taj Mahal (Pakistani film)|Taj Mahal]]'' (1968).
*''Shahzadi Mumtaz'', an Indian film starring [[Ashokan (actor)|Asokan]] and Shakuntala released in 1977.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999"/>
*Purnima Patwardhan portrayed her role in the 2003 Indian historical drama film, ''Taj Mahal: A Monument of Love''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taj Mahal – A Monument of Love |date=2003 |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8b848486 |website=[[BFI]] |language=en |access-date=3 March 2021 |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415085408/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b8b848486 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Sonya Jehan]] portrayed Mumtaz Mahal in [[Akbar Khan (director)|Akbar Khan]]'s film ''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite news|title=Finding the protagonists|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/17/stories/2002121700010400.htm|access-date=12 April 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 December 2002}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
*Suhani Juneja played the role of young Arjumand Banu Begum in the second season of the popular webseries [[Taj: Divided by Blood|''Taj: Divided by Blood'']] on [[Zee5]].

===Other===
*Mumtaz Mahal was the inspiration behind the popular [[Guerlain]] perfume [[Shalimar (perfume)|Shalimar]] (1921).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lvmh.com/news-documents/news/guerlain-recounts-the-enchanting-legend-of-shalimar/ |work=lvmh.com |title=Guerlain recounts the enchanting Legend of Shalimar |date=30 August 2013 |access-date=26 April 2019 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426102512/https://www.lvmh.com/news-documents/news/guerlain-recounts-the-enchanting-legend-of-shalimar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Issue==
{{Hidden top
| title='''Children of Mumtaz Mahal'''
| titlestyle= text-align:center; background: #CCDDCC; border:1px solid black
}}
{| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
! width=20% | Name !! width=100px | Portrait !! Lifespan !! Notes
|-
| '''[[Hur-ul-Nisa Begum]]''' 
||
||30 March 1613 – 5 June 1616
||Died of [[smallpox]] at the age of 3.<ref name="Moosvi">{{cite book|last1=Moosvi|first1=Shireen|title=People, taxation, and trade in Mughal India|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780195693157|page=115}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Jahanara Begum]]''' ''Padshah Begum''
|| [[File:Jahanara 1635.jpg|100px]]
||23 March 1614 – 16 September 1681
||Shah Jahan's favourite and most influential daughter. Jahanara became the First Lady ([[Padshah Begum]]) of the Mughal Empire after her mother's death, despite the fact that her father had three other consorts. She died unmarried.
|-
| '''[[Dara Shikoh]]''' ''Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba, Jalal ul-Kadir, Sultan Muhammad Dara Shikoh, Shah-i-Buland Iqbal''
|| [[File:Dara Shikoh.jpg|100px]]
|| 20 March 1615 – 30 August 1659
|| The eldest son and [[heir-apparent]]. He was favoured as a successor by his father, Shah Jahan, and his elder sister, Princess Jahanara Begum, but was defeated and later killed by his younger brother, Prince Muhiuddin (later the Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]), in a bitter struggle for the imperial throne. He married and had issue.
|-
| '''[[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]]''' 
|| [[File:Sháh Shujáʿ (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|| 23 June 1616 – 7 February 1661
|| He survived in the war of succession. He married and had issue.
|-
| '''[[Roshanara Begum]]''' ''Padshah Begum''
|| [[File:Raushanara.jpg|100px]]
|| 3 September 1617 – 11 September 1671
|| She was the most influential of Shah Jahan's daughters after Jahanara Begum and sided with Aurangzeb during the war of succession. She died unmarried.
|-
| '''[[Aurangzeb]]''' ''Mughal emperor''
|| [[File:Aurangzeb reading the Quran.jpg|100px]]
|| 3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707
|| Succeeded his father as the sixth Mughal emperor after emerging victorious in the war of succession that took place after Shah Jahan's illness in 1657. He married and had issue.
|-
| '''Izad Bakhsh''' 
||
|| 18 December 1619 – February/March 1621<ref name=Sarker07>{{cite book|last1=Sarker|first1=Kobita|title=Shah Jahan and his paradise on earth : the story of Shah Jahan's creations in Agra and Shahjahanabad in the golden days of the Mughals|date=2007|publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co.|location=Kolkata|isbn=9788170743002|page=40|edition=1. publ.}}</ref>
|| Died in infancy.
|-
| '''Surayya Banu Begum''' 
||
|| 10 June 1621 – 28 April 1628<ref name="Sarker07" />
|| Died of [[smallpox]] at the age of 7.<ref name="Moosvi" />
|-
| '''Unnamed son''' 
||
|| 1622
|| Died soon after birth.<ref name="Sarker07" />
|-
| '''[[Murad Bakhsh]]''' 
||[[File:Murád Baxsh.jpg|100px]]
|| 8 October 1624 – 14 December 1661
|| He was executed in 1661 as per Aurangzeb's orders.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Rapson |editor-first1=Edward James |title=The Cambridge History of India |date=1962 |publisher=CUP Archive |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA228 |language=en |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830142333/https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA228 |url-status=live }}</ref> He married and had issue.
|-
| '''Lutf Allah''' 
||
|| 4 November 1626 – 13 May 1628<ref name="Sarker07" />
|| Died at the age of one and a half years.<ref name="Moosvi" />
|-
| '''Daulat Afza''' 
||
|| 8 May 1628 – 13 May 1629<ref name="Desai89">{{cite book |others=Compiled and translated by W.E. Begley and Z.A. Desai |title=Taj Mahal: the illumined tomb: an anthology of seventeenth-century Mughal and European documentary sources|date=1989|publisher=Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=9780295969442|page=23}}</ref>
|| Died in infancy.
|-
| '''Husn Ara Begum''' 
||
|| 23 April 1630 – 1631<ref name="Sarker07" />
|| Died in infancy.
|-
| '''[[Gauhar Ara Begum]]''' 
||
|| 17 June 1631 – 1706
|| Mumtaz died while giving birth to her on 17 June 1631 in [[Burhanpur]]. She died unmarried.
|-
|}
{{hidden bottom}}

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #f9v;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Mumtaz Mahal'''
|2= 2. [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]
|3= 3. Diwanji Begum
|4= 4. [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg|I'timad-ud-Daulah]]
|5= 5. [[Asmat Begam]]
|6= 6. Ghiyas ud-din 'Ali Asaf Khan
|7=
|8= 8. [[Khvajeh Mohammad-Sharif|Khwaja Muhammad Sharif]]
|9= 9. Unnamed wife (daughter of 12)<ref>Sunita Sharma, ''Veil, Sceptre and Quill: Profiles of Eminent Women, 16th–18th Centuries'' (2004), p. 45</ref>
|10= 10. Ala-ud-Daula Aqa Mulla (son of 12)<ref>{{harvtxt|Shujauddin|1967|p=1}}</ref>
|11=
|12= 12. Aqa Mulla Dawatdar [[Qazvin|Qazwini]]<ref>{{harvtxt|Ahmad|1924|p=101}}</ref>
|13=
|14=
|15=
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last = Koch | first = Ebba | title = The Complete Taj Mahal: And the Riverfront Gardens of Agra | year = 2006 | type = Hardback | edition = 1st | publisher = Thames & Hudson Ltd | isbn = 0500342091 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/completetajmahal0000koch/page/288 288 pages] | url = https://archive.org/details/completetajmahal0000koch/page/288 }}
* {{cite book| last = Preston | first = Diana & Michael | title = A Teardrop on the Cheek of Time | year = 2007| type = Hardback| edition = 1st|publisher = Doubleday | location = London | isbn = 978-0385609470| pages = 354 pages }}
*{{cite book|last1=Tillotson|first1=Giles|title=Taj Mahal|date=2008|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=978-0674063655}}
*{{cite book|last=Banks Findley|first=Ellison|year=1993|title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India|location=Oxford, UK|publisher=Nur Jahan : Empress of Mughal India|isbn=978-0195074888|ref=Findly}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://tajmahalfacts.com/mumtaz-mahal.html Mumtaz Mahal]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mumtaz Mahal}}
[[Category:1593 births]]
[[Category:1631 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths in childbirth]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Agra]]
[[Category:Taj Mahal]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Wives of Shah Jahan]]
[[Category:17th-century Iranian people]]
[[Category:17th-century Iranian women]]
[[Category:Mothers of Mughal emperors]]

Love (2004 film)

2026-03-16T16:12:41Z

WilliamsLin216:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Love
|image =
|caption =
|director = [[Rajendra Singh Babu]]
|producer = Rajendra Singh Babu
|writer = Rajendra Singh Babu
|narrator =
|starring = [[Mohanlal]] [[Aditya (actor)|Aditya]] [[Rakshita]]
|music = [[Anu Malik]]
|cinematography = [[Ajayan Vincent]]
|editing = S. Manohar
|studio = S. V. R. Movies Pvt Ltd.
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|2004|7|9|df=y|ref1=}}
|runtime = 165 minutes
|country = India
|language = Kannada
|budget =
}}

'''''Love''''' is a 2004 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film]] written, directed and produced by [[Rajendra Singh Babu]]. The film stars [[Aditya (actor)|Aditya]], making his debut, and [[Rakshita]] in lead roles, while [[Amrish Puri]] and [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] feature in supporting roles. This was also [[Mohanlal]] debut in Kannada, and features him in a guest role. The film features soundtrack composed by [[Bollywood]] composer [[Anu Malik]], marking his debut in [[Kannada cinema]]. [[A. R. Rahman]]'s [[Airtel]] jingle was featured and composed bit songs in the film by himself. The film was dubbed and released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Prema Nagar'' and in [[Malayalam]] as ''Aey Taxi''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/excuse-me-exceeds-all-expectations-kannada-top-films/949/story.htm|title='Excuse Me' exceeds all expectations - Kannada Top Films|last=Vijayasarathy|first=R. G.|date=17 July 2004|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=Nowrunning}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=August 2019}}
The story is about the romantic relationship between Vicky and Ganga that begins from [[Varanasi|Kashi]] and then travels to [[Dubai]]. Tragedy starts with Jai Jagadish and ends with Saligrama Oberoi. Ganga, who mistakes Vikram to be a womaniser, understands his character when he saves her from a fire accident. They become lovers, but things change when a mysterious woman enters their lives.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as Mohan Nair (cameo appearance)
* [[Aditya (actor)|Aditya]] as Vikram "Vicky"
* [[Rakshitha]] as Ganga
* [[Amrish Puri]] as Saligrama Oberoi
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Nachiyappa
* [[Jai Jagadish]] as Jai
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Venu
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Kotta Nembu
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Sumathi
* [[Sadashiva Brahmavar|Brahmavar]] as Shiva
* [[Komal Kumar]] as Antony
* [[Suman Setty]] as Manish
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Sridevi
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Vishwa
}}

==Production==
[[Mohanlal]] made his [[Kannada cinema]] debut in a cameo appearance through this film, as a taxi driver.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/mohan-lal-makes-his-debut-in-kannada-film/articleshow/266127.cms|title=Mohan Lal makes his debut in Kannada film|date=4 November 2003|work=[[The Times of India]]|last=Kulkarni|first=Bhumika}}</ref> The film was shot in locations such as [[Allahabad]] and [[Varanasi]], a month long shoot was conducted in [[Dubai]] from November 2003. Mohanlal joined the film in November in Dubai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohanlal ventures into Kannada films|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Mohanlal-ventures-into-Kannada-films/articleshow/228693.cms|accessdate=21 August 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=Times News Network|date=11 October 2003}}</ref> The film was written, directed and produced by [[Rajendra Singh Babu]]. His son [[Aditya (actor)|Aditya]] made his acting debut with the film in the leading role.<ref>{{cite web|author=Press Trust of India|author-link=Press Trust of India|title=Mohanlal's first Kannada film|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/nov/06news.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|accessdate=21 August 2019|date=6 November 2003}}</ref> The film was launched at 25 February 2003 at Windsor Manor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/auditya.html|title='SON' RISES|website=Chitraloka|access-date=7 September 2025|date=25 February 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031217135143/http://www.chitraloka.com/sections/action_cut/auditya.html|archive-date=17 December 2003}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Love
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|05|20}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music of the film was composed by veteran [[Bollywood]] music composer [[Anu Malik]], making his debut in Kannada cinema. The makers also used [[A. R. Rahman]]'s [[Airtel]] jingle was featured in the original soundtrack album and composed bit song and tunes in the movie by himself.<ref>{{Citation|last=Raaga.com|title=Songs Download, Hindi MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Hindi Songs - Raaga.com - A World Of Music|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/moviedetail.asp?mid=k0000042|language=en|accessdate=2018-05-29}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline ='' Love''
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Twinkle Twinkle
| lyrics1 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| music1 = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Lakshmi
| length1 = 1:19
| title2 = Elu Bannada
| lyrics2 = K. Kalyan
| music2 = [[Anu Malik]]
| extra2 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length2 = 5:01
| title3 = L.O.V.E. ge Jaari Bidde
| lyrics3 = K. Kalyan
| music3 = Anu Malik
| extra3 = Sonu Nigam, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length3 = 6:16
| title4 = Jil Jil
| lyrics4 = K. Kalyan
| music4 = A. R. Rahman
| extra4 = Lakshmi
| length4 = 1:06
| title5 = Maargayare
| lyrics5 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| music5 = Anu Malik
| extra5 = KK, Kalpana, Nalini, Joly Mukherji
| length5 = 5:18
| title6 = Jil Jil
| lyrics6 = K. Kalyan
| music6 = A. R. Rahman
| extra6 = Rajesh Krishnan, Lakshmi
| length6 = 1:49
| title7 = L.O.V.E. ge Jaari Bidde
| lyrics7 = K. Kalyan
| music7 = Anu Malik
| extra7 = Sonu Nigam
| length7 = 1:16
| title8 = Hey Jambada Koli
| extra8 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| lyrics8 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| length8 = 4:40
| title9 = Jil Jil
| lyrics9 = K. Kalyan
| music9 = A. R. Rahman
| extra9 = Rajesh Krishnan
| length9 = 1:06
| title10 = Are Jamu Jamu
| lyrics10 = K. Kalyan
| music10 = Anu Malik
| extra10 = Sonu Nigam
| length10 = 5:44
| title11 = Airtel Tune
| lyrics11 = A. R. Rahman
| music11 = A. R. Rahman
| extra11 = A. R. Rahman
| length11 = 0:57
}}

Telugu dubbed version is titled ''Prema Nagar''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Prem Nagar (2004) - Anu Malik|url=http://mio.to/album/Prem+Nagar+(2004)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227031539/http://mio.to/album/Prem+Nagar+%282004%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2014|language=en|accessdate=2018-05-29}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Prema Nagar'' (Telugu version)
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Yedu Rangula Prema
| lyrics1 = [[Veturi]]
| extra1 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Jhamu Jhamu
| lyrics2 = Viswa
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Chorus
| length2 =
| title3 = Brahma Manadesi
| lyrics3 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra3 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Mehboob
| length3 =
| title4 = L.O.V.E ke
| extra4 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| lyrics4 = Veturi
| length4 =
| title5 = Maargayare
| extra5 = KK, Jolly Mukkerjee, Kalpana
| lyrics5 = Vishwa
| length5 =
| title6 = Airtel Jingle
| extra6 = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| lyrics6 = A. R. Rahman
| length6 =
}}

The Malayalam dubbed version was titled ''Aey Taxi''.<ref>{{Citation|last=Raaga.com|title=Aye Taxi Songs Download, Aye Taxi Malayalam MP3 Songs, Raaga.com Malayalam Songs - Raaga.com - A World Of Music|url=http://play.raaga.com/malayalam/album/Aye-Taxi-songs-M0003226|language=en|accessdate=2018-05-29}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Aey Taxi'' (Malayalam version)
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Margayare
| lyrics1 = Mankombu
| extra1 = [[Jolly Mukherjee (singer)|Jolly Mukherjee]], [[M. G. Sreekumar]], Ranjini Jose
| length1 = 5:18
| title2 = Elu Varnam
| lyrics2 = Mankombu
| extra2 = M. G. Sreekumar, Jyotsana
| length2 = 4:49
| title3 = Ambadi Kemi
| lyrics3 = Mankombu
| extra3 = M. G. Sreekumar
| length3 = 4:55
| title4 = Twinkle Twinkle
| extra4 = M. G. Sreekumar, [[Swapna (singer)|Swapna]]
| lyrics4 = Mankombu
| length4 = 1:20
| title5 = Jolly Jolly
| extra5 = M. G. Sreekumar
| lyrics5 = Mankombu
| length5 = 5:44
| title6 = Yuvagaledhel
| extra6 = M. G. Sreekumar
| lyrics6 = Mankombu
| length6 = 1:06
| title7 = L. O. V. E
| extra7 = M. G. Sreekumar, RimiTomy
| lyrics7 = Mankombu
| length7 = 8:03
| title8 = Manasu Manasu
| extra8 = M. G. Sreekumar, Swapna
| lyrics8 = Mankombu
| length8 = 1:49
| title9 = Airtel Jingle
| extra9 = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| lyrics9 = A. R. Rahman
| length9 = 1:06
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Love'' was released on 9 July 2004. The film was dubbed and released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Prema Nagar'' and in [[Malayalam]] as ''Hey Taxi''.

The reviewer for ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' called the film "a disappointing fare" and criticized its plot. Of the acting performances, they wrote, "Actingwise, Adithya has put in good efforts. There is nothing much to say about Rakshitha's performance as she has done similar roles earlier. Arun Sagar in the role of Amrish Puri's son is wasted." The reviewer concluded writing, "Camerawork gets noticed particularly in Banaras and Dubai desert scenes. Anu Malik's musical score has nothing new. The only songs by A R Rahman's were good."<ref>{{cite web |title=Love |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july112004/mr4.asp |publisher=Deccan Herald |accessdate=9 October 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825221943/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/july112004/mr4.asp |archivedate=25 August 2004 |date=11 July 2004}}</ref> ''Sify'' wrote "This is a big budget film shot in the picturesque locales of Varanasi, Dubai and other exotic locations on a lavish scale. The songs, cinematography and actions are well conceived but the director has not given any importance to the story which is predictable and banal".<ref>{{cite web|work=Sify|title=Love|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13519357&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050111204421/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13519357&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-date=11 January 2005}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|10833600}}

{{Rajendra Singh Babu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Love}}
[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajendra Singh Babu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:2004 romance films]]

Himsagar Express

2026-03-16T04:48:37Z

WilliamsLin216: slightly adjusted details for consistency and corrected details

{{Italic title}}{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width =
| name = Himsagar Express
| image = Himsagrr.jpg
| image_width = 300
| caption = Himsagar Express At [[Mathura Junction railway station]]
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status =
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1984|10|03}}
| last =
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra}} (SVDK)
| stops = 63
| end = {{stnlnk|Kanyakumari}} (CAPE)
| distance = {{convert|3790|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 68 hrs 30 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| trainnumber = 16317 / 16318
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| access =
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| speed = {{convert|66|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Himsagar Express (Jammu Tawi - Kanyakumari) Route map.jpg|250px|Himsagar Express (Jammu Tawi–Kanyakumari) route map]]
| map_state =
}}

The 16317 / 16318 '''Himsagar Express''' is a weekly [[Express trains in India|Express]] train of the [[Indian Railways]] running between India's southern most operational railway station of [[Kanyakumari]] to India's Northern Most Operational and connected railway station(as of March 2024) of [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. It is currently the [[Longest train services|35th longest-distance train service of world]] and [[Longest train services of Indian Railways|third-longest-distance train]] on the [[Indian Railways]] in terms of distance and time, surpassed by the [[Dibrugarh–Kanyakumari Vivek Express|22503/04 Dibrugarh-Kanyakumari Vivek Express]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram–Silchar Superfast Express|12507/08 Aronai Superfast Express]] . In 73 hours, the train covers a distance of 3790 km at a speed of 52 km/h, and transverses twelve of India's states halting at a total of 73 stations.<ref>{{cite web |last=India Rail Info |title=Himsagar Express/16318/ SVDK to CAPE/Timetable |url=https://www.confirmtkt.com/train-schedule/16318 |accessdate=20 August 2013 |publisher=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==History==
Krishnagiri MP Dr. P. V. Periasamy's demand promoted national integration from Kanyakumari to Kashmir through direct train service on 19-03-1979 in parliament.<ref>https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2126/1/lsd_06_07_19-03-1979.pdf Page no. 150</ref> The proposals to extend 131/132 Jayanti Janata Express to and from Thiruvananthapuram and 125/126 Karnataka Kerala Express to and from Kanyakumari and Jammu Tawi have been earlier examined at length and not found feasible. However, possibility of extending 131/132 Jayanti Janata Express to and from Kanyakumari in the South and to Jammu Tawi in the North on once-a-week basis is under examination; and if found feasible would provide a direct train between Jammu Tawi and Kanyakumari interalia serving Thiruvananthapuram with Delhi by this service.<ref>. https://164.100.77.150/bitstream/123456789/410458/1/PQ_114_13061980_U327_p114_p114.pdf </ref>

==Route==
16317/18 Himsagar Express runs via following stations and states with stoppages listed in bold:

'''TAMIL NADU'''
# '''{{rws|Kanniyakumari}}''' (Starts)
# {{rws|Nagercoil}}
# [[Kuzhithura, Kanyakumari|Kulitturai]]
# '''{{rws|Coimbatore Junction}}'''
# {{rws|Tiruppur}}
# {{rws|Erode Junction}}
# {{rws|Salem Junction}}
# {{rws|Jolarpettai Junction}}
# {{rws|Katpadi Junction}}

'''KERALA'''
# '''{{rws|Thiruvananthapuram Central}}'''
# {{rws|Kollam Junction}}
# [[Kayamkulam]]
# {{rws|Chengannur}}
# {{rws|Tiruvalla}}
# {{rws|Kottayam}}
# '''{{rws|Ernakulam Town}}'''
# {{rws|Aluva}}
# {{rws|Thrissur}}
# [[Ottappalam]]
# {{rws|Palakkad Junction}}

'''ANDHRA PRADESH'''
# {{rws|Chittoor}}
# '''{{rws|Tirupati}}'''
# '''{{rws|Renigunta Junction}}'''
# {{rws|Gudur Junction}}
# {{rws|Nellore}}
# {{rws|Ongole}}
# {{rws|Tenali}}
# '''{{rws|Vijayawada Junction}}'''

'''TELANGANA'''
# '''{{rws|Khammam}}'''
# '''{{rws|Warangal}}'''
# {{rws|Ramagundam}}

'''MAHARASHTRA'''
# '''{{rws|Balharshah Junction}}'''
# {{rws|Chandrapur}}
# '''{{rws|Sewagram Junction}}'''
# '''{{rws|Nagpur Junction}}'''

'''MADHYA PRADESH'''
# '''{{rws|Itarsi Junction}}'''
# '''{{rws|Bhopal Junction}}'''
# '''{{rws|Gwalior}}'''

'''RAJASTHAN'''
# {{rws|Dholpur}}

'''UTTAR PRADESH'''
# {{rws|Jhansi Junction}}
# '''{{rws|Agra Cantonment}}'''
# {{rws|Faridabad}} Haryana

'''DELHI'''
# '''{{rws|Hazrat Nizamuddin}}'''
# '''{{rws|New Delhi}}'''
# {{rws|Shakurbasti}}

'''HARYANA'''

# [[Bahadurgarh]]
# '''{{rws|Rohtak Junction}}'''
# {{rws|Jind Junction}}
# [[Narwana]]
# [[Tohana]]
# {{rws|Jakhal Junction}}

'''PUNJAB'''
# [[Lehragaga]]
# [[Sunam]]
# [[Sangrur]]
# {{rws|Dhuri Junction}}
# [[Malerkotla]]
# [[Ahmedgarh]]
# [[Kila Raipur]]
# '''{{rws|Ludhiana Junction}}'''
# {{rws|Phillaur Junction}}
# {{rws|Phagwara Junction}}
# '''{{rws|Jalandhar Cantonment}}'''
# [[Urmar Tanda]]
# [[Dasuya]]
# [[Mukerian]]
# '''{{rws|Pathankot Cantonment}}'''

'''JAMMU KASHMIR'''
# [[Kathua]]
# [[Samba, Jammu and Kashmir|Samba]]
# '''{{rws|Jammu Tawi}}'''
# [[Udhampur]]
# '''{{rws|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra}}''' (Ends)

==Traction==

Both trains are hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Erode|Erode Loco Shed]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Royapuram|Royapuram Loco Shed]] based [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from CAPE to SVDK.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GdMK_HNpqZw&t=31s | title=🚂HIMSAGAR EXPRESS TRAVEL VLOG PART1!!! Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra to Kanyakumari | Naveen Kumar | via=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

== Coach composition==

The train has 20 [[LHB coach]]es comprising two Second AC (2AC), Six Third AC (3AC), six [[Couchette car|Sleeper class]] (SL), two Unreserved coaches (UR/GS), two Luggage rakes (SLR) and one [[Pantry car]] (PC).{{efn|The coach composition is subject to change.}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:black;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:darkgreen;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:darkgreen;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lime;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightpink;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:violet;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:skyblue;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:yellow;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:blue;"| 20
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] || EOG || UR || A1 || A2 || B6 || B5 || B4 || B3 || B2 || B1 || M1 || PC || S6 || S5 || S4 || S3 || S2 || S1 || UR ||GSLRD
|-
|}

==See also==

* [[Vivek Express]]
* [[Navyug Express]]
* [[Longest train services]]
* [[Longest train services of Indian Railways]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/train/himsagar-express-16318-jat-to-cape/630/81/1010 Himsagar Express Route]

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Southern India}}
{{Express trains running through Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Himsagar Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Kanyakumari]]
[[Category:Transport in Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Haryana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1984]]

Bhitargaon, Raebareli

2026-03-06T06:16:12Z

WilliamsLin216: added new page

{{other uses|Bhitargaon}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhitargaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Bhītargāon
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Khiron block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Bhitargaon (#567) in Khiron CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.298087|N|80.972506|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geographic Names Search WebApp }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 13.181
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10841
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhitargaon''' is a village in [[Khiron]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=244–61 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> Located some 14 km from [[Lalganj, Uttar Pradesh|Lalganj]], the tehsil headquarters,<ref name="Census 1981"/> Bhitargaon consists of several hamlets clustered together by the main [[Raebareli]]-[[Unnao]] road.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=159–60 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.17389/page/n175 |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, it has a population of 10,841 people, in 1,976 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> The village has a temple to [[Anandi Devi]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> A [[mela]] called the Anandi-ka-Mela<ref name="Census 1961"/> is also held in her honour<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> annually on [[Chaitra]] Badi 8 and [[Jyaistha]] Sudi 2.<ref name="Census 1961"/> The Anandiganj bazar in Bhitargaon hosts markets twice weekly,<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> on Tuesdays and Fridays.<ref name="Census 1961"/> The main trade is in cloth and vegetables.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

==History==
The 1901 census recorded Bhitargaon's population as 4,198 people, including a Muslim minority of 517.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> The village was then divided into 10 [[mahalla|mahal]]s; 4 of them were held by [[Janwar Rajputs|Janwar]] [[zamindar]]s and the rest were held in either [[Imperfect pattidari tenure|imperfect pattidari]] or joint zamindari tenure by [[Brahmin]], [[Kayasth]], or Janwar landowners.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Bhitargaon as comprising 12 hamlets, with a total population of 4,715 people (2,419 male and 2,296 female), in 944 households and 864 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=168–9, 175, lxiv-lxv of section "Dalmau Tahsil", cxxiii, cxxv |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 3,231 [[acre]]s and it had a post office and a [[grain mill]] at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/> Average attendance of the Anandi-ka-Mela was about 300 and attendance of the twice-weekly market was around 400.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Bhitargaon as having a population of 6,407 people, in 1,224 households, and having an area of 1,307.56 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=126–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=10 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

== Archaeology ==
During an archaeological survey of Raebareli district in the late 1990s, archaeologists D. P. Tewari and Anoop Kumar Singh found [[redware]] and [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brickbat brickbats] at Bhitargaon, which they dated tentatively to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] to early medieval period.<ref name="Indian Archaeology 1998-99">{{cite book |editor1-last=Misra |editor1-first=R.C. |title=Indian Archaeology 1998-99 — A Review |date=2004 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |url=https://archive.org/details/indianarchaeology199899areview_421_b/mode/2up |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>{{rp|200}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

Priyamulla Sophia

2026-03-03T21:08:14Z

WilliamsLin216: general improved lead based on references and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Priyamulla Sophia
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[A. Vincent]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Muttathu Varkey]] [[Thoppil Bhasi]] (dialogues)
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Priyamalini]] [[Vincent]] [[Janardanan]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = Venkit, Suryaprakash<ref>{{Cite web|title=Priyamulla Sophia| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXpnTur_uL4| date=15 September 2025}} </ref>
| editing = G.Venkitaraman<ref>{{Cite web|title=Priyamulla Sophia| url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXpnTur_uL4| date=15 September 2025}} </ref>
| studio = Thrupthi Films
| distributor = Thrupthi Films
| released = {{Film date|1975|09|19|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Priyamulla Sophia''''' is a 1975 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by [[A. Vincent]]. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Priyamalini]], [[Vincent (actor)|Vincent)]] and [[Janardanan]]. The film's score was composed by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=596|title=Priyamulla Sophia|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?2387|title=Priyamulla Sophia|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/priyamulla-sophia-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917114656/http://spicyonion.com/title/priyamulla-sophia-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 September 2016|title=Priyamulla Sophia|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]]
*Priyamalini
*[[Vincent (actor)|Vincent]]
*[[Janardanan]]
*[[KPAC Sunny]]
*[[KPAC Lalitha]]
*[[Prema (Malayalam actress)|Prema]]
*[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]]
*[[Reena (actress)|Reena]]
*[[Adam Ayub]] (Actor)
*[[Mallika Sukumaran]]
*[[Oduvil Unnikrishnan]]
*[[Nellikode Bhaskaran]]
*[[Adoor Pankajam]]
*[[P. K. Abraham]]
*[[Philomina]]
*[[T. R. Omana]]
*[[T.S.Muthaiah]]
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]]
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title= കൊട്ടാരക്കരയോടൊപ്പം ആവേണ്ട ആദ്യാഭിനയം പി.ജെ ആന്റണിയോടൊപ്പം ആയതിനു പിന്നില്‍ |author=Adam Ayub|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/column/wide-angle-25-244854 |website=MediaOne|date=7 February 2024 }} </ref>
*James <ref>{{Cite news|title=ശിവാജി, രജനീകാന്ത് ആയിമാറിയപ്പോള്‍; അപൂര്‍വ രാഗങ്ങളുടെ അനാവരണം|author=Adam Ayub| url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/column/wide-angle-part-26-246354 | publisher=Media One|date=23 February 2024}} </ref>

{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] with lyrics by [[Vayalar]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aadamo Havvayo" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[Vayalar]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Ayyedi Maname" || [[C. O. Anto]] || Vayalar ||
|-
| 3 || "Onnurangoo" || [[P. Madhuri]] || Vayalar ||
|-
| 4 || "Oshaana Oshaana" || Chorus, Manoharan, [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]] || Vayalar ||
|-
| 5 || "Vedanakal Thalodi" || P. Madhuri || Vayalar ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0281096|Priyamulla Sophia}}

[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Vincent]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Manu (film)

2026-03-03T17:49:03Z

WilliamsLin216: cleanup section as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Telugu film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manu
| image = Manu (film).jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Phanindra Narsetti
| producer = Srujan Yarabolu
| writer = Phanindra Narsetti
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Raja Goutham]]
*[[Chandini Chowdary]]
}}
| music = Naresh Kumaran
| cinematography = Vishwanath Reddy Chelumalla
| editing = Phanindra Narsetti
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|9|7}}
| runtime = 180 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Manu''''' is a 2018 Indian Telugu language [[experimental film|experimental]] [[romance film|romantic]] [[art film]] directed by debutant Phanindra Narsetti. The film stars [[Raja Goutham]] and [[Chandini Chowdary]]. The film, banked on [[crowdfunding]], released to average reviews. However, the film is praised for its unique story-telling, direction, production design, music, colour correction, costumes, but criticised the film's excessive length, unnecessary detailing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/080718/manu-is-a-suspense-thriller.html|title=Manu is a suspense thriller|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=8 July 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Raja Goutham]] as Manu
*[[Chandini Chowdary]] as Neela<ref>https://telanganatoday.com/there-was-no-need-for-glycerin-chandini-chowdary {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
*Aberaam Varma as Ranga
*Mohan Bhagat as Antony
*John Kottoly as Akbar<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/manu-fame-john-kottoly-passes-away-telugu-film-fraternity-offers-condolences/articleshow/73702583.cms|title='Manu' fame John Kottoly passes away; Telugu film fraternity offers condolences|newspaper=The Times of India|date=28 January 2020|accessdate=30 May 2021}}</ref>
*Appaji Ambarisha Darbha as Rudraprathap
*Srikanth as Amar
}}

== Production ==
[[Raja Goutham]] okayed the film after watching the Phanindra Narsetti's short films ''Madhuram'' and ''Backspace'' and listening to his script narration.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-09-05 |title=Raja Goutham said yes to Phanindra Narsetti's 'Manu' because he was impressed by the story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raja-goutham-said-yes-to-phanindra-narsettis-manu-because-he-was-impressed-by-the-story/articleshow/65683479.cms |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> [[Chandini Chowdary]] was cast to play the other lead role.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/chandini-chowdarys-manu-trailer-release-shows-on-august-12/articleshow/65348850.cms|title=Chandini Chowdary's 'Manu' trailer release shows to be held on August 12|website=The Times of India |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/raja-goutham-and-chandini-chowdarys-manu-gets-its-certification/articleshow/65697207.cms|title=Raja Goutham and Chandini Chowdary's 'Manu' gets its certification!|website=The Times of India |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita }}</ref> The film was set in the 1980s and Chowdary played an English woman in the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/280717/chandini-chowdary-sports-an-english-look.html|title=Chandini Chowdary sports an English look|first=Sashidhar|last=Adivi|date=28 July 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The film is a crowdfunded venture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/sep/05/chandini-chowdhury-pins-high-hopes-on-manu-7737.html|title=Chandini Chowdhury pins hopes on Manu|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "If only it had been less indulgent, ''Manu'' would have been worthwhile".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/phanindra-narsettis-manu-is-a-mixed-bag-of-riddles/article24893839.ece|title='Manu' is a mixed bag of riddles|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 September 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "''Manu'' had all the ingredients to be a rewarding experience, though it falls short of being one".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/manu/movie-review/65705864.cms|title=Manu Movie Review {2.5/5}: Manu is one film where its form takes precedence over content|newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film two out of five stars and noted that "An interesting plot and good screenplay could have perhaps salvaged this film. While Manu starts off on a promising note, the director hasn’t been able to see it through till the end".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/100918/replete-with-plot-holes.html|title=Replete with plot-holes|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=10 September 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|6615648}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 thriller films]]
[[Category:2018 Telugu-language films]]

Sunshine Music Tours and Travels

2026-03-02T10:06:31Z

WilliamsLin216: slightly enhance citations to improve readability additionally and improved wording

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sunshine Music Tours & Travels
| image = Sunshine Music Tours & Travels official poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Shailendra Singh (director)|Shailendra Singh]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Hayre Entertainment
* [[Percept Picture Company|Percept Pictures]]
}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Shailendra Singh
* Sehaj K Maini
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sunny Kaushal]]
* Ashrut Abhinan Jain
* Jaswinder Singh
* Suhas Joshi
* Himayat Sayed
* Divya Jyotee Sharma
* Subha Rajput
* Nida Chakaborty
* Deepak Kalra
}}
| music = Adam Avil Eddie Avil
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|09|02}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Sunshine Music Tours And Travels''''' is a 2016 Indian [[road film|road]] [[comedy-drama]] film, directed by [[Shailendra Singh (director)|Shailendra Singh]] (in his directorial debut) and produced by Hayre Entertainment and [[Percept Picture Company]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Shailendra Singh: My directorial debut has everything I've looked for in a Bollywood film|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shailendra-Singh-My-directorial-debut-has-everything-Ive-looked-for-in-a-Bollywood-film/articleshow/53276679.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> The film revolves around the story of two young boys who are chasing their dreams and take up a road journey from Kashmir to Goa along with several strangers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunshine Music Tours and Travels trailer: Will this trip be really hatke?|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/sunshine-music-tours-and-travels-trailer-will-this-trip-be-really-hatke-1360611/|publisher=www.india.com|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> The film features an ensemble cast of debutantes, including [[Sunny Kaushal]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Shailendra Singh to launch Sunny Kaushal in his directorial debut Sunshine Music Tours and Travels|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/20477643|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720175347/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/more/news/view/id/20477643|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 July 2016|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> The film was shot in Kashmir, Delhi, Jaipur, Ahmedabad and Goa, while using real time footage of the Sunburn festival of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dreaming of Sunburn|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hyderabad-Tab/2016-07-28/Dreaming-of-Sunburn/245300|publisher=www.thehansindia.com|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sunny Kaushal]] as Sunburn
* Ashrut Abhinan Jain as Rajma Romeo
* [[Farrhana Bhatt|Farhana Bhatt]] as Kashmiri actress
* Jaswinder Singh as Sr. Sodhi
* Suhas Joshi as Peter Baba
* Himayat Sayed as Driver
* Divyajyotee Sharma as Pushpa
* [[Subha Rajput]] as Loveleen
* Nida Chakaborty as Kiran
* Deepak Kalra as Karan the Blogger
* Mayank Kalra as Pratab Singh Thakur
* Sooraj Ohri as Ayushmaan Singh
* Ruchi malviya as DJ Aman
* Poonam Gurung as Kara
* Ajit Singh Arora as Jr. Sodi
* Sundip Ved as Arjun Kamthe
* Ketan Raste as Cop
* Sanjay Kota as Ghungru

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunshine Music Tours and Travels}}
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy-drama films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

ITF Bengaluru Open

2026-02-28T08:59:54Z

WilliamsLin216: Made Pg

{{More footnotes needed|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox ITF Women's Circuit Tournament
| type = itf women's circuit
| name = ITF Bengaluru Open
| current = 2026 ITF Bengaluru Open
| event name = ITF Bengaluru Open
| location = [[Bengaluru]], India
| venue = Karnataka State Lawn Tennis Association
| category = [[ITF Women's Circuit]]
| surface = [[Hard court|Hard]]
| draw = 32S/32Q/16D
| prize money = $100,000
}}

The '''ITF Bengaluru Open''' is a tournament for professional female [[tennis]] players played on outdoor [[Hard court]]s. The event is classified as a $100,000 [[ITF Women's Circuit]] tournament and has been held in [[Bengaluru]], India, since 2024.

== Past finals ==

=== Singles ===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!Year
!width="200"|Champion
!width="200"|Runner-up
!width="175"|Score
|-
| [[2026 ITF Bengaluru Open – Singles|2026]] || {{flagicon|BEL}} '''[[Hanne Vandewinkel]]''' || {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Adkar]] || 6–0, 6–1
|-
| [[2025 ITF Bengaluru Open – Singles|2025]] || {{flagicon|GER}} '''[[Tatjana Maria]]''' || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Léolia Jeanjean]] || 6–7(0–7), 6–3, 6–4
|-
| 2024 || {{flagicon|LAT}} '''[[Darja Semeņistaja]]''' || {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Carole Monnet]] || 6–1, 3–0 ret.
|}

=== Doubles ===
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!Year
!width="200"|Champions
!width="200"|Runners-up
!width="175"|Score
|-
| [[2026 ITF Bengaluru Open – Doubles|2026]] || {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Misaki Matsuda]]''' {{flagicon|JPN}} '''[[Eri Shimizu]]''' || {{flagicon|INA}} [[Priska Madelyn Nugroho|Priska Nugroho]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Raina]] || 6–4, 3–6, [10–5]
|-
| [[2025 ITF Bengaluru Open – Doubles|2025]] || {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Jessie Aney]]''' {{flagicon|USA}} '''[[Jessica Failla]]''' || {{flagicon|}} [[Amina Anshba]] {{flagicon|}} [[Elena Pridankina]] || 6–2, 4–6, [10–6]
|-
| 2024 || {{flagicon|ITA}} '''[[Camilla Rosatello]]''' {{flagicon|LAT}} '''[[Darja Semeņistaja]]''' || {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Li Yu-yun]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Eri Shimizu]] || 3–6, 6–2, [10–8]
|}

== External links ==
* [https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/w100-bengaluru/ind/2025/w-itf-ind-2025-002/draws-and-results// W100 Bengalaru]
* [https://www.kslta.com/tournament/677 Website]

{{ITF Women's Circuit}}

[[Category:ITF Women's World Tennis Tour]]
[[Category:Hard court tennis tournaments]]
[[Category:Tennis tournaments in India]]

Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala

2026-02-26T13:47:51Z

WilliamsLin216:

{{short description|State-run university in Kerala}}
{{About|the university in Kerala|other universities|Mahatma Gandhi University (disambiguation){{!}}Mahatma Gandhi University}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU)
| native_name =
| image_name = Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala Logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = [[Emblem]] of Mahatma Gandhi University
| motto = Vidyayā Amṛtamaśnute ([[Sanskrit]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mgu.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18&Itemid=537|title=MG university|last=cosmic|website=www.mgu.ac.in}}</ref>
| mottoeng = Knowledge makes one immortal
| established = {{start date and age|1983|10|2}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[State university (India)|State University]]
| vice_chancellor = Dr. C. T. Aravinda Kumar
| chancellor = [[Governor of Kerala]]
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[National Board of Accreditation|NBA]], [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| affiliation = [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]]
| students = 1,28,000+|
| city = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| campus = [[Suburb]]
| website = {{url|https://mgu.ac.in}}
}}

'''Mahatma Gandhi University''' ('''MGU'''), commonly referred to as '''MG University''', is a [[state ownership|state owned]] [[public university]] headquartered in [[Kottayam]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India. It was established on 2 October 1983 on [[Gandhi Jayanti]] day.<ref name="gupta2006">{{cite book
|last1=Gupta
|first1=Ameeta
|last2=Kumar
|first2=Ashish
|title=Handbook of Universities
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rs-jsaPenxYC&pg=PA532
|year=2006
|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors
|location=New Delhi
|isbn=978-81-269-0608-6
|pages=532–536}}</ref>

Mahatma Gandhi University (formerly Gandhiji University) has been approved by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC) and accredited with the highest grade of 'A++ (CGPA - 3.61) by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] of India. The university has 31 departments of teaching and research and around 260 affiliated colleges spread over five districts in central Kerala.

In March 2025, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam has been awarded the prestigious Category 1 Grade by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-22 |title=MGU awarded UGC Category 1 Grade |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mgu-awarded-ugc-category-1-grade/article69361723.ece |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This recognition granted MGU extensive autonomy to launch new initiatives and establish institutions without prior UGC approval, making it the first university in the state to achieve this distinction.

==Academics==
The University offers a diverse array of programs at the Undergraduate, Postgraduate, M Phil, and Doctoral levels through its 30 University Departments, 1 International and Inter-University Centre, 7 Inter-University Centres, 9 Inter School Centres, 1 National Centre, 3 International Centres, 79 Government/Aided Affiliated Colleges including 14 Autonomous Colleges, 194 Unaided Affiliated Colleges, and 225 Recognised Research Centres. It provides education in both interdisciplinary and traditional fields such as Science, Social Science, and Humanities, as well as in professional areas including Management, Technology, Legal Studies and Pedagogy etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programmes |url=https://www.mgu.ac.in/academics/programmes/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=MG University |language=en}}</ref>

The University is well-known for its extensive range of specialisations available for various Undergraduate, Postgraduate, and Professional programs through its affiliated colleges. There are 50 specialisations for the Bachelor of Arts (B.A), 39 for the Bachelor of Science (B.Sc), 17 for the Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com), 33 for the Master of Arts (M.A), 51 for the Master of Science (M.Sc), and 5 for the Master of Commerce (M.Com) programs. Average annual student enrolment is around 40,000.<ref name="gupta2006" />

Currently, MGU provides research programs in forty different fields through both its research centres and its own schools. Additionally, it collaborates with internationally renowned research institutions, including the Max Plank Institute of Technology in Germany, Brown University in the United States, California Institute of Technology in the United States, the University of Toronto in Canada, Catholic University in Belgium, the Institute of Political Studies in France, the University of Paris, and Swinburne University in Australia. Collaboration extends to student and faculty exchange, joint research projects, and shared facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.mgu.ac.in/about/ |access-date=2025-05-14 |website=MG University |language=en}}</ref>

At the national level, MGU works with agencies like UGC, DST, CSIR and others on funded research. The Erudite Scholar in Residence Program was also started to give students the chance to have a deeper understanding of their field of study. Several Nobel Laureates are invited to engage directly with the students.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.mgu.ac.in/about/ |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=MG University |language=en}}</ref>

Notably, MGU is the only state university in Kerala to have obtained UGC approval for conducting online degree programmes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-27 |title=MGU to offer online courses along with regular programmes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mgu-to-offer-online-courses-along-with-regular-programmes/article69381504.ece |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Currently, MGU offers online programmes such as MBA, M.A. in English, B.Com (Honours) and M.Com through its Centre for Distance and Online Education (CDOE).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-26 |title=MGU expands online learning options |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mgu-expands-online-learning-options/article68800174.ece |access-date=2025-05-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
|THE_W_2024=401-500|
|THES_A_2024 = 134|
|NIRF_O_2024=67|NIRF_U_2024=37}}

The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF), 2024 ranked Mahatma Gandhi University 37th among top universities and 67th in the overall category in India.<ref name="Rankings_NIRF_O_2024" />

The [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|Times Higher Education]] (THE), London has ranked Mahatma Gandhi University amongst the top 500 universities in the World in THE World University Rankings 2025.<ref name="Times Higher Education Ranking">{{cite web |title=Times Higher Education Ranking |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/mahatma-gandhi-university |website=Times Higher Education |access-date=6 May 2025}}</ref>

In the Times Higher Education Asia University Rankings 2025, Mahatma Gandhi University has been placed at the 4th position among all Indian Universities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Manorama News |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2025/04/26/mahatma-gandhi-university-top-5-asia.html |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=Malayala Manorama}}</ref>

MGU was awarded the Chancellor’s Prize for The Best University in Kerala thrice in 2016, 2018 & 2020 making it the first university in the state to achieve this feat.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |title=Chancellor's Award |url=https://www.kshec.kerala.gov.in/index.php/activities/ongoing/chancelllor-s-award |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228023726/https://kshec.kerala.gov.in/index.php/activities/ongoing/chancelllor-s-award |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=2025-05-08 |language=en-gb |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the Times Higher Education (THE) Young University Rankings 2024, Mahatma Gandhi University had topped the list of Indian universities, ranking 81st globally. The ranking lists the world's best universities that are 50 years old or younger.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-16 |title=Times Young University Rankings: MGU tops among Indian varsities |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/times-young-university-rankings-mgu-tops-among-indian-varsities/article68182742.ece |access-date=2025-05-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 2021, Mahatma Gandhi University was ranked third in Atal ranking by the Union Ministry of Education for innovation and entrepreneurship among Indian Universities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2021-12-30 |title=Mahatma Gandhi University placed 3rd in Atal ranking on innovation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mahatma-gandhi-university-placed-3rd-in-atal-ranking-on-innovation/article38071893.ece |access-date=2025-05-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Administration==
Prof. C. T. Aravinda Kumar serves as the Vice-Chancellor of the University. The registrar is Prof. (Dr.) Bismi Gopalakrishnan and Dr. Sreejith C. M. holds the charge of Controller of Examinations.

The university is funded by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] and the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref name="gupta2006" /> It is a member of the [[Association of Indian Universities]] and the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]].<ref name="gupta2006" /> Association of Commonwealth Universities represents over 480 universities from [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries.

==Affiliated colleges==

{{main|List of colleges affiliated with Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala}}

==Location==
The university campus is located in the Priyadarsini Hills, Athirampuzha 12 Km from [[Kottayam]] Railway Station and 4 Km from [[Ettumanoor]]. To reach the campus, take deviation from M.C. Road at Ettumanoor or Gandhi Nagar. The nearest airport is [[Cochin International Airport]] situated at Nedumbassery, [[Cochin]] which is about 79 Km away. Private buses to [[Ernakulam]] starting from the Nagampadom bus stand at the northern end of the railway platform at Kottayam passes through the university.

==Schools and Departments ==
1. School of Behavioural Science (SoBS)

2. School of Bio-Science (SBS)

3. School of Chemical Science (SCS)

4. School of Computer Sciences (SoCS)

5. School of Social Sciences (SSS)

6. School of Environmental Science (SES)

7. School of Gandhian Thought and Development Studies (SGTDS)

8. School of Indian Legal Thought (SILT)

9. School of International Relations & Politics (SIRP)

10. Department of Printing & Publishing

11. School of Letters (SOL)

12. School of Pedagogical Sciences (SPS)

13. School of Physical Education & Sports Science (SPESS)

14. School of Pure and Applied Physics (SPS)

15. School of Management & Business Studies (SMBS)

16. School of Distance & Online Education (CDOE)

17. Department of Lifelong Learning and Extension (DLLE)

18. School of Tourism Studies (STS)

19. School of Mathematics and Statistics (SMS)

20. School of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

21. School of Nano-science and Nanotechnology

22. School of Energy Materials

23. School of Food Science And Technology

24. School of Data Analytics

25. School of Gender Studies

26. School of Polymer Science and Technology

27. Department of Geology

28. K. N. Raj School of Economics

29. Institute for Integrated Programmes and Research in Basic Sciences (IIRBS)

30. The Institute for Multidisciplinary Programmes in Social Sciences (IMPSS)

31. Directorate for Applied Short-term Programmes (DASP)

32. University Employment Information and Guidance Bureau

33. Civil Service Institute (CSI)

<big>Inter-School /Inter-University /National /International Centres</big>

1. Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre (AMMRC)

2. National Institute of Plant Science Technology (NIPST)

3. Institute of Research in Learning Disability (IRLD)

4. University Centre for International Co-operation (UCIC)

5. Institute for Contemporary Chinese Studies (ICCS)

6. Centre for Yoga and Naturopathy (CYN)

7. Business Innovation and Incubation Centre (BIIC)

8. Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facilities (SAIF)

9. Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IIUCNN)

10. International Centre for Polar Studies (ICPS)

11. International Centre for Ultrafast Studies (ICUS)

12. Inter University Centre for Organic Farming and Sustainable Agriculture (IUCOFSA)

13. Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development (ACESSD)

14. Inter University Centre for Disability Studies (IUCDS)

15. Inter University Centre for Social Science Research and Extension (IUCSSRE)

16. The Inter University Instrumentation Centre (IUIC)

17. Inter University Centre for Biomedical Research and Super Speciality Hospital (IUCBR & SSH)

18. Inter University Centre for Studies in Science of Music (IUCSSM)

== Notable alumni ==


{{alumni|date=July 2022}}
* [[Karunakaran Babu]]
* [[George Kurian (politician)]]
* [[P. K. Biju]]
* [[Linto Joseph]]
* [[Kauser Edappagath|Dr. Justice Kauser Edappagath]]
* [[Kurian Joseph]]
* [[Srikant Murali]]
* [[Surabhi Lakshmi]]
* [[Aprem Mooken]]
* [[Nayanthara]]
* [[B. Kemal Pasha]]
* [[Kandathil Sebastian]]
* [[K. M. Tharakan]]
* [[Stanley George]]
* [[Venu Rajamony]]
* [[Vijilesh Karayad]]
* [[Eldhose Kunnappilly]]

==See also==

* [[Rajan Gurukkal]]
*[http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/ Mahatma Gandhi University Library]
*[https://mguscc.home.blog/ Mahatma Gandhi University Staff Cricket Club]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.mgu.ac.in Mahatma Gandhi University: Website of Mahatma Gandhi University]

{{Universities in Kerala}}
{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord|9|39|35.7|N|76|31|49.6|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Dubai]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kottayam]]
[[Category:Universities in Kerala]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1983]]

Rajgarh Laxmangarh Assembly constituency

2026-02-18T12:17:25Z

WilliamsLin216:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajgarh Laxmangarh
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-68-Rajgarh Laxmangarh.svg
| mla = Mange Lal Meena
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Alwar district|Alwar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:264846}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 68
}}
'''Rajgarh Laxmangarh Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Alwar district|Alwar]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It is a segment of [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency]]. It came into existence in 2008 when electoral map of India was redrawn. Until then there was [[Rajgarh, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Rajgarh]] in Rajasthan assembly.

Rajgarh- Laxmangarh (ST) Assembly constituency Area -
1. Tehsil Rajgarh (Partly) – (I) ILRC Machari (II) ILRC Pinan (III) ILRC Reni (IV) ILRC Dhigawara (V) ILRC Rajgarh (Partly) – (i) Municipal Board Rajgarh (ii) PC Rajgarh-A (iii) PC Rajgarh (B) (iv) PC Alei 2. Tehsil Laxmangarh (Partly) – (I) ILRC Laxmangarh (II) ILRC Bichgaon (III) ILRC Mojpur

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
* Before 2008 : Seat did not exist. See : [[Rajgarh (Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Suraj Bhan Dhanka
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Golma Devi Meena]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/rajgarh-laxmangarh.html|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Rajgarh-Laxmangarh Assembly Constituency}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Johari Lal Meena]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Mangelal Meena]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2008 Vidhan Sabha===
* Suraj Bhan Dhanka (SP) : 45,002 votes <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/2008-election-results.html|title=2008 elections}}</ref>
* Johri Lal (INC) : 44,065

===2013 Vidhan Sabha===
* Golma (NPP) : 64,926 votes <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/2013-election-results.html|title= 2013 elections}}</ref>
* Surajbhan Dhanka (SP) : 56,798

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Rajgarh Laxmangarh<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Johari Lal Meena]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
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|change =
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{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Alwar district]]
* [[Rajgarh, Rajasthan]]
* [[Rajgarh, Madhya Pradesh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.83|75.03|display=title}}

[[Category:Alwar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Shaku Atre

2026-02-11T07:16:58Z

WilliamsLin216: starting new data

{{Short description|Indian data scientist (1940–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shaku Atre
| image = Shaku Atre in 2016.jpg
| caption = Shaku Atre in 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date text|1940}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| birth_name = Shakuntala Atre
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|11|02|1940}}
| death_place = [[New York, New York]], U.S.
| education = [[University of Poona]] [[University of Heidelberg]]
| occupation = Scientist, businesswoman
}}
'''Shakuntala "Shaku" Atre''' (1940 – November 2, 2024) was an Indian data scientist and an American business woman. After a fourteen-year career with [[IBM]], she began her own firm and became widely regarded as an expert on business technology and database use. Atre is best known for her books ''Database: Structured Techniques for Design, Performance and Management: With Case Studies'' (1980), one of the first books written on managing databases, and her co-authored book ''Business Intelligence Roadmap'', written with Larissa Moss. She has served as an [[adjunct professor]] of [[data science]] at [[University of Pune]] and at several institutions in the United States. Her works have been used as university textbooks.<ref name="Iacuessa 2002" >{{cite news |last1=Iacuessa |first1=Michael |title=Organization Woman: New Book Covers Care, Feeding of Data |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/101432242/new-book-covers-care-feeding-of-data/ |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |date=10 December 2002 |location=Santa Cruz, California |page=30 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Byte |date=1980 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=197 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Halper |first1=Stanley D. |title=Handbook of EDP Auditing |date=1985 |publisher=Warren, Gorham & Lamont |isbn=978-0-88712-267-5 |page=2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Conley |editor1-first=Diane |title=Peterson's Annual Guides to Graduate Study |date=1981 |publisher=Peterson's Guides, Incorporated |isbn=978-0-87866-218-0 |page=372 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chernow |first1=Barbara Ann |last2=Vallasi |first2=George A. |last3=Durbin |first3=Paul T. |last4=Kaplan |first4=Fred |last5=Charney |first5=Maurice |last6=Kaufman |first6=Paula T. |title=The Reader's Adviser: A Layman's Guide to Literature |date=1986 |publisher=R.R. Bowker |isbn=978-0-8352-2149-8 |page=149 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of EDP Auditing: Cumulative supplement |date=1988 |publisher=Warren, Gorham & Lamont |isbn=978-0-7913-0198-2 |page=51 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Atre was born in 1940 in India into a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] family, and grew up in [[Panvel]], a village near [[Mumbai]].{{sfn|Moss|Atre|2003|p=iv}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Atre |first1=Shaku |title=Memoirs |url=https://www.worldwomanwarrior.com/memoirs/ |website=worldwomanwarrior.com |date=11 February 2016 |access-date=10 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421035510/https://www.worldwomanwarrior.com/memoirs/ |archive-date=21 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> She earned a [[Master of Science]] from the [[University of Poona]], studying mathematics and statistics.<ref name="Catalog 1983">{{cite book |title=Catalog: 1981-1983 |url=http://bulletin.engineering.nyu.edu/mime/media/15/703/Catalog+1981-1983.pdf |date=1983 |chapter=Computer Science: Adjunct Faculty |page=89 |publisher=[[New York University Tandon School of Engineering|Polytechnic Institute of New York]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427220042/http://bulletin.engineering.nyu.edu/mime/media/15/703/Catalog+1981-1983.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2021 |location=Brooklyn, New York |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Snyders 1984" >{{cite journal |last1=Snyders |first1=Jan |title=Create That Opportunity: An Interview with Shaku Atre, President of Atre International Consultants, Inc. |journal=Infosystems |date=October 1984 |volume=31 |issue=10 |page=104 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infosystems_1984-10_31_10/page/n119/mode/1up |access-date=11 May 2022 |publisher=Hitchcock Publishing Co. |location=Wheaton, Illinois |issn=0364-5533}}</ref> During her education, she also studied languages, gaining proficiency in speaking five different languages.<ref name="Iacuessa 2002" /> Atre went on to begin her graduate studies in mathematics and physics at the [[University of Heidelberg]], writing her thesis on astronomy.<ref name="Catalog 1983" /><ref name="Snyders 1984" /><ref name="Daily Item">{{cite news |title=Dinner Meeting |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/101501187/the-daily-item/ |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=[[The Journal News|The Daily Item]] |date=4 February 1982 |location=Port Chester, New York |page=31 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> Because she needed to make large scale calculations to develop her thesis, she began studying computer programming, which led to an interest in the field of computer technology.<ref name="Snyders 1984" /><ref name="Stoltenberg">{{cite journal |last1=Stoltenberg |first1=John |title=Turning Problems into Profits |journal=[[Working Woman (magazine)|Working Woman]] |date=May 1988 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=63–64, 68–69 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_working-woman_1988-05_13_5/page/n70/mode/1up |access-date=11 May 2022 |publisher=Hal Publications |location=New York, New York |issn=0145-5761}}</ref> During her studies, she was hired by [[IBM]] in 1967. When her student visa expired three and a half years later, Atre and her husband immigrated to the United States.<ref name="Iacuessa 2002" /><ref name="Snyders 1984" />

== Career ==
When they arrived in [[New York City]] in 1971, IBM had implemented a hiring freeze, but Atre was able to convince them she was not a new hire because she had worked for the company in Germany.<ref name="Iacuessa 2002" /><ref name="Stoltenberg" /> They put her on staff as a systems programmer<ref name="Iacuessa 2002" /> and she worked for the company for the next ten years, moving up the ladder from installation and technical support, to trainer in IBM's Systems Institute, to branch office systems engineer and finally, as a program manager for international product releases.<ref name="Iacuessa 2002" /><ref name="Snyders 1984" />{{#tag:ref|Michael Iacuessa in his 2002 article says she worked for IBM for a decade. Both the ''Daily Item'' (1982) and Iacuessa in his 2001 article state it was 14 years;<ref name="Daily Item" /><ref name="Iacuessa 2001" >{{cite news |last1=Iacuessa |first1=Michael |title=Web Design Company CEO Finds Best of Both Worlds Here |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77921973/santa-cruz-sentinel/ |access-date=10 May 2022 |work=[[Santa Cruz Sentinel]] |date=14 March 2001 |location=Santa Cruz, California |page=29 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> however, because she was already consulting in 1982, the fourteen year figure indicates her cumulative history including her work in Germany.<ref name="Snyders 1984" /><ref name="Daily Item" />|group="Notes"}} During her tenure at IBM, from 1977 to 1981, she served as one of the referees for the company’s ''Systems Journal'', selecting which articles would be peer-reviewed for the publication.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Referees |journal=IBM Systems Journal |date=1981 |volume=20 |issue=3 |page=365 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ibm-systems-journal_1981_20_3/page/n98/mode/1up |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=International Business Machines Corporation |location=Yorktown Heights, New York |doi=10.1147/sj.203.0365 |issn=0018-8670}}</ref> In 1980, she published ''Data Base: Structured Techniques for Design, Performance, and Management with Case Studies'', which would be used as a university textbook. It was translated into several different languages and had sold more than 150,000 copies within its first two decades of publication.<ref name="Iacuessa 2002" /> During this period, she also began teaching as an adjunct professor at various universities, including the [[New York University Tandon School of Engineering|Polytechnic Institute of New York]].<ref name="Catalog 1983" /><ref name="Radding 1988">{{cite journal |last=Radding |first=Alan |title=The Education of an Expert |journal=[[Computerworld]] |date=2 May 1988 |volume=22 |issue=18 |page=74 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1988-05-02_22_18/page/n89/mode/1up |access-date=11 May 2022 |publisher=C W Communications Inc. |location=Framingham, Massachusetts |issn=0010-4841}}</ref>

In the last quarter of 1981, Atre left IBM and began operating her own business consulting firm and working part-time managing long-distance telephone databases for [[AT&T]].<ref name="Iacuessa 2002" /><ref name="Snyders 1984" /><ref name="Daily Item" /><ref name="Stoltenberg" /> The following year, she began writing articles for ''[[Computerworld]]'', which in 2003 would become a regular column for the magazine.<ref name="Iacuessa 2002" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Atre |first=S. |title=End-User Designed/Driven Data Bases |journal=[[Computerworld]] |date=1 September 1982 |volume=17 |issue=35a |pages=61–63 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1982-09-01_16_35a/page/61/mode/1up |access-date=11 May 2022 |publisher=C W Communications Inc. |location=Framingham, Massachusetts |issn=0010-4841}}</ref> Her book ''Data Base Management Systems for the Eighties'' was published in 1983, and provided a discussion of eight different data systems, comparing features and business applications to assist readers in analyzing which systems best met their needs.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Data Dictionary, DBMS Guides Out from QED |journal=[[Computerworld]] |date=21 March 1983 |volume=17 |issue=12 |page=28 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1983-03-21_17_12/page/28/mode/1up |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=C W Communications Inc. |location=Framingham, Massachusetts |issn=0010-4841}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=QED Sciences Releases Reports on Software |journal=[[Computerworld]] |date=28 March 1983 |volume=17 |issue=13 |page=31 |url=https://archive.org/details/computerworld1713unse/page/n30/mode/1up |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=C W Communications Inc. |location=Framingham, Massachusetts |issn=0010-4841}}</ref> From 1984, her expert opinion of various data systems was regularly sought by trade magazines, such as ''Infosystems'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Snyders |first1=Jan |title=Let's Talk DBMS |journal=Infosystems |date=December 1984 |volume=31 |issue=12 |pages=36, 38, 40 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infosystems_1984-12_31_12/page/n36/mode/1up |access-date=11 May 2022 |publisher=Hitchcock Publishing Co. |location=Wheaton, Illinois |issn=0364-5533}}</ref> ''MIS Week'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Conlon |first1=Theresa |title='Ramis/PC Workstation' Bows |journal=MIS Week |date=16 March 1987 |volume=8 |issue=11 |page=35 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_mis-week_1987-03-16_8_11/page/35/mode/1up |access-date=11 May 2022 |publisher=Fairchild Publications |location=New York, New York |issn=0199-8838}}</ref> ''Network World'',<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cummings |first1=Joanne |title=Analysts Contemplate Office of the Future |journal=Network World |date=11 January 1993 |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=95 |url=https://archive.org/details/networkworld102unse/page/95/mode/1up |access-date=11 May 2022 |publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG Communications]] |location=Framingham, Massachusetts |issn=0887-7661}}</ref> and ''Software News'', among others.<ref name="Radding 1988" /><ref>{{cite journal |title=Update on Mid-Range DBMS Players |journal=Software News |date=November 1987 |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=64, 66–67 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_software-magazine_1987-11_7_12/page/n65/mode/1up |access-date=11 May 2022 |publisher=Sentry Publishing Company Inc. |location=Westborough, Massachusetts |issn=0279-9782}}</ref>

In 1988, Atre sold her firm, Atre International Consultants, of [[Rye, New York]] to Computer Assistance, Inc. of [[Hartford, Connecticut]]. She was retained as president of Atre International, which operated as a branch of Computer Assistance, and became a consultant to the fifteen other national branches of the firm.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Computer Assistance Buys Atre |journal=[[Computerworld]] |date=25 January 1988 |volume=22 |issue=4 |page=30 |url=https://archive.org/details/computerworld224unse/page/30/mode/1up |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=C W Communications Inc. |location=Framingham, Massachusetts |issn=0010-4841}}</ref> The firm was acquired by [[PricewaterhouseCoopers|Coopers Lybrand]] in 1989<ref name="Iacuessa 2002" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Jim |title=CA Uncovers Details of Its Distributed DBMS Strategy |journal=Network World |date=18 September 1989 |volume=6 |issue=37 |page=7 |url=https://archive.org/details/networkworld637unse/page/7/mode/1up |access-date=11 May 2022 |publisher=[[International Data Group|IDG Communications]] |location=Framingham, Massachusetts |issn=0887-7661}}</ref> and the following year, she negotiated a joint-venture with Intec, Inc. a software firm from Mumbai to develop utilities and training programs for use with [[Windows 3.x|Windows 3]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Bride |first1=Ed |display-authors=et al |title=Atre, Indian Firm Form Joint Venture |magazine=[[Software Magazine]] |date=November 1991 |volume=11 |issue=13 |page=14 |publisher=Rockport Custom Publishing, LLC |location=Beverly, Massachusetts |id={{Gale|A11505323}}}}</ref> In 1991, Atre published ''Distributed Databases, Cooperative Processing, and Networking'', which became the basis for a series of seminars of the same name, which she presented at the [[TTI/Vanguard|Technology Transfer Institute]] in 1992.{{sfn|Atre|1991}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=Explaining Emerging Database Technologies |journal=[[Network World]] |date=12 October 1992 |volume=9 |issue=41 |page=51 |url=https://archive.org/details/networkworld941unse/page/51/mode/1up |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=C W Communications Inc. |location=Framingham, Massachusetts |issn=0887-7661}}</ref> She became a contributing editor to the journal ''DBMS'' in 1994.<ref>{{cite journal |title=DBMS |journal=DBMS |date=October 1994 |volume=7 |issue=11 |page=12 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_dbms_1994-10_7_11/page/12/mode/1up |access-date=11 May 2022 |publisher=[[Miller Freeman, Inc.]] |location=San Francisco, California |issn=1041-5173}}</ref>

In 1998, Atre relocated to [[Santa Cruz, California]], where her son had begun a web-based business, using her name-recognition in the industry to start his firm. From her new location, Atre operated both Atre Group, Inc. and Atre Associates.<ref name="Iacuessa 2001" /> In 2003, she co-authored with Larissa Moss the book, ''Business Intelligence Roadmap: The Complete Project Lifecycle for Decision-Support Applications'', which became frequently cited for its practical advice to business managers on how to integrate strategic company goals and varied business applications through database management.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Serghie |first1=Dan |last2=Balan |first2=Ana Maria |title=Business Intelligence Systems in the business strategy - an approach to the Romanian reality |journal=Studies and Scientific Researches |date=2010 |volume=15 |issue=Economic |page=453 |url=http://www.bursedoctorale.ro/public/documente/articole/1329841732_Balan%20_Serghie%20.pdf |access-date=10 May 2022 |publisher=Alma Mater Publishing House for the [[Vasile Alecsandri University of Bacău|Vasile Alecsandri University]] |location=Bacău, Romania |issn=2066-561X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bustamante Martínez |first1=Alexander Armando |display-authors=et al |title=Soluciones de inteligencia de negocios en la práctica: apoyo a la toma de decisiones en proyectos educativos para población infantil vulnerable en el caribe Colombiano |journal=UIS Ingenierías |date=December 2011 |volume=10 |issue=2 |page=126 |url=http://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistauisingenierias/article/download/125-135/3145/ |access-date=10 May 2022 |trans-title=Business Intelligence Solutions in Practice: Support for Decision-Making in Educational Projects for Vulnerable Children in the Colombian Caribbean |publisher=Facultad de Ingenierías Fisicomecánicas de [[Universidad Industrial de Santander]] |location=Bucaramanga, Colombia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416102010/http://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/revistauisingenierias/article/download/125-135/3145/ |archive-date=16 April 2018 |language=Spanish |issn=1657-4583 |oclc=8207461276 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Loshin |first1=David |title=Business Intelligence: The Savvy Manager's Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLv2Vj2QmL4C&pg=PA53 |date=2012 |publisher=[[Morgan Kaufmann Publishers]] |location=Waltham, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-12-385890-0 |page=53 |edition=2nd}}</ref> That same year, Atre and Robert Blumberg, president of Blumberg Consulting, were hired by ''DM Review'' magazine to publish a five-part series of articles on business intelligence. The articles were designed to give information to business managers on how [[unstructured data]] could be transformed into usable content for their industries.<ref>{{cite news |title=Atre, Blumberg to Publish Series in DM Review |work=[[PR Newswire]] |date=23 January 2003 |id={{Gale|A132128916}}}}</ref>

Atre died on November 2, 2024, at the age of 83–84.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-19 |title=Shakuntala Atre Obituary - New York, NY (1940-2024) |url=https://www.santacruzsentinel.com/obituaries/shakuntala-atre-new-york-ny/ |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=Santa Cruz Sentinel |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
* {{cite book |ref=none|last1=Atre |first1=S. |title=Data Base: Structured Techniques for Design, Performance, and Management with Case Studies |date=1980 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-471-05267-8}}
* {{cite book |ref=none |last1=Atre |first1=Shaku |title=Data Base Management Systems for the Eighties |date=1983 |publisher=QED Information Sciences |location=Wellesley, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-89435-053-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Atre |first1=Shaku |title=Distributed Databases, Cooperative Processing, and Networking |date=1991 |edition=1st |publisher=[[McGraw Hill Education|McGraw-Hill]] |location=New York, New York |isbn=978-0-8306-2554-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Moss |first1=Larissa Terpeluk |last2=Atre |first2=Shaku |title=Business Intelligence Roadmap: The Complete Project Lifecycle for Decision-Support Applications |date=2003 |publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]] |location=Boston, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-201-78420-6}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=Notes}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Atre, Shakuntala}}
[[Category:1940 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Heidelberg University alumni]]
[[Category:Women data scientists]]
[[Category:Data scientists]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:People from Panvel]]
[[Category:20th-century American women scientists]]
[[Category:American people of Marathi descent]]
[[Category:IBM Women]]
[[Category:IBM employees]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]

Kalidas Roy

2026-02-07T23:18:16Z

WilliamsLin216: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kalidas Roy
| image = KalidasRoyPic.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 22 June 1889
| birth_place = Karui village, Barddhaman, [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_date = 25 October 1975
| death_place = [[Tollygunge]],
[[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| other_names =
| occupation = Poet,Teacher
| years_active =
| known_for = Poetry
| notable_works =
}}
'''Kalidas Roy''' (1889–1975) was a poet of the [[Tagore]] era of [[Bengali literature]] and a teacher. He was born in [[Karui]] village of [[Bardhaman]] (now [[Purba Bardhaman district]]) at West Bengal in a Vaidya ([[Baidya]]) family and was from the family lineage of the [[Vaishnava]] poet, Lochan Dash. His father was Jogendranarayan Roy. He wrote in both [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]. He was the first Head master of [[Ulipur M.S. High School & College]], which one of the oldest school of [[Bangladesh]].He died in the city of [[Calcutta]](Modern day Kolkata).

==Career==
He earned his first degree from the Krishnanath College, Berhampore, Bengal Presidency, then affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]]. Later he studied for his MA examinations in philosophy from the [[Scottish Church College]].<ref>''Some Alumni of Scottish Church College'' in ''175th Year Commemoration Volume''. Scottish Church College, April 2008, p. 589</ref>

During his teaching career, Roy taught in various institutions like Barisha High School (South 24 Parganas, near Kolkata) and Mitra Institution, Bhowanipore Branch, Kolkata, where he served as the Assistant Headmaster.

He was one of the poets of the [[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] era of Bengali literature. His poetry was specially influenced by Vaishnava thoughts. He wrote 19 books of verses. His famous poems include ''Chhatradhara'' (The Stream of Students), which describes a teacher's appreciation of his interaction with students, and ''Triratna'' (The Three Jewels). In addition to poetry, he also translated Sanskrit works and made critical reviews of books.

In Kolkata he lived in a house near Tollygunge, which he christened as "Sandhyar Kulai" (Evening Abode). He died on 25 October 1975.

==Bibliography==
A few of his books of poetry are:

*Parnaput
*Ritu Mangal
*Kisholoy
*Brojobenu
*Boikali
*Lajanjali
*Ballari
*Aharan
*Aharani
*Khudkunra
*Rashkadombo
*Purnahuti
*Haimanti
*Chittachita

==Awards==
*Kavishekhar (The Chief/Topmost Poet, 1920), awarded by Bangiya Sahita Parishad, Rangpur
*Jagattarini Swarna Padak (Gold Medal, 1953), from the University of Calcutta
*Sarojini Swarna Padak (Gold Medal), from the University of Calcutta
*Ananda Purashkar (1963) awarded by Anandabazar Group
*Rabindra Purashkar (1968), awarded by for his poetry called "Purnahuti"
*Deshikottam (1970), awarded by the [[Visva Bharati University]]
*Hony. D.Litt. (1972) from the [[Rabindra Bharati University]]
*Hony. D.Litt. (1976, posthumous) from the [[University of Burdwan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Kalidas}}
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Bengali-language poets]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rabindra Puraskar]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian textbook writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Purba Bardhaman district]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

2024 Indian heat wave

2026-02-06T21:49:06Z

WilliamsLin216: added a article

{{Short description|Natural disaster}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox heat event
| title = 2024 Indian heat wave
| pushpin_map = {{Location map many
|India
|width = 240
|float = center
|caption =
|alt =
|relief =
|AlternativeMap =
|pushpin_map_caption= }}
| start_date = April 2024 – June 2024
| areas = India
| highest_temp_c = 50.5
| highest_temp_location = [[Churu district|Churu]], Rajasthan
| fatalities = 219+
| hospitalizations = 40,000+
}}

From April 2024 to June 2024,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Sahana |date=2024-05-17 |title=India reels under a third straight year of severe heatwaves |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d44151-024-00071-1 |journal=Nature India |language=en |doi=10.1038/d44151-024-00071-1}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=Priyanka |date=2024-09-03 |title=The climate drivers behind southwest India's intensifying heat waves |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2024/09/the-climate-drivers-behind-southwest-indias-intensifying-heat-waves/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Mongabay-India |language=en-US}}</ref> a severe and long [[heat wave]] affected [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacob |first=Charmaine |date=2024-06-14 |title=In pictures: India records 'longest' heatwave, Delhi faces water crisis |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/06/14/pictures-india-records-longest-heatwave-delhi-faces-water-crisis.html |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> The heat wave occurred during the Indian [[summer]] or pre-monsoon, which typically lasts from March to June, with peak temperatures in April and May. The year marked the third consecutive year of [[List of Indian heat waves|extreme heat waves]] in the country, a trend partly attributed to climate change.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

[[Churu district|Churu]] district in [[Rajasthan]] recorded a temperature of {{cvt|50.5|C|F}}, the highest in India in eight years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-28 |title=Rajasthan’s Churu records 50.5 degree celsius, becomes hottest city in India |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/rajasthans-churu-records-50-5-degree-celsius-becomes-hottest-city-in-india/3505391/ |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629150125/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/rajasthans-churu-records-50-5-degree-celsius-becomes-hottest-city-in-india/3505391/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A temperature of 52.9 °C was recorded in Mungeshpur, Delhi, and was initially thought to be record-breaking. However, it was later found to be approximately 3 °C too high due to a faulty sensor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaushik |first=Krishn |date=June 2, 2024 |title=Delhi's record 52.9C temperature reading was wrong by three degrees, India says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-says-delhis-record-529-celsius-temperature-last-week-was-wrong-by-3-c-2024-06-01/ |access-date=June 29, 2024 |website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-01 |title=Delhi weather station that recorded 52.9°C had '3°C sensor error': Union Minister |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/delhi-mungeshpur-record-high-temperature-2546684-2024-06-01 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630081343/https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/delhi/story/delhi-mungeshpur-record-high-temperature-2546684-2024-06-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Casualties==
As of 3 June 2024, there were a total of 219 deaths reported from the heat wave,<ref name="TOI"/> and 25,000 others suffered from heatstroke.<ref name="REUTERS">{{cite news|title=Indian heatwave kills dozens over summer, media says nearly 25,000 fall ill|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/heat-wave-kills-least-56-india-nearly-25000-heat-stroke-cases-march-may-2024-06-03/|date=3 June 2024|access-date=3 June 2024|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> The deaths include 33 workers who were stationed on election duty during the seventh and last phase of the [[2024 Indian general elections]].<ref name="ID">{{cite news|title=India’s deadly heat kills over 200 people, including dozens of poll workers as elections wrap up|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/india-heatwaves-deaths-election-2024-b2555692.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=3 June 2024|access-date=3 June 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603132740/https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/india-heatwaves-deaths-election-2024-b2555692.html|url-status=live}}</ref> There were 147 reported deaths in the state of [[Odisha]], and 12 more in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|title=8 more Odisha, Rajasthan deaths push heatstroke toll to 219|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-more-odisha-rajasthan-deaths-push-heatstroke-toll-to-219/articleshow/110678504.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=3 June 2024|access-date=3 June 2024}}</ref>

In [[Rajasthan]], temperatures reached {{cvt|50|C|F}} in [[Churu district|Churu]], [[Sirsa]] and [[Phalodi]], while Delhi's [[Mungeshpur]], [[Narela]] and [[Najafgarh]] also neared 50 °C on 28 May.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mufti |first=Ifrah |date=2024-05-29 |title=Delhi records highest-ever temperature of 52.9 Celsius, IMD issues red alert for Wednesday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/May/29/delhi-records-highest-ever-temperature-of-499-celsius |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616093154/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2024/May/29/delhi-records-highest-ever-temperature-of-499-celsius |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-30 |title=Heatwave alert: These Indian cities surpass 50 degrees Celsius in 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/heatwave-alert-these-indian-cities-surpass-50-degrees-celsius-in-2024/articleshow/110551491.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629150125/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/heatwave-alert-these-indian-cities-surpass-50-degrees-celsius-in-2024/articleshow/110551491.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> There were more than twice as many heatwave days recorded in northwestern and eastern parts of the country than usual, mainly due to fewer non-monsoon thundershowers and warm winds blowing from neighbouring arid regions into India.<ref name="REUTERS"/> IMD data showed that Delhi recorded its warmest night ever at a minimum temperature of 35.2 °C (95.36 °F).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stuti Mishra |date=2024-06-21 |title=Rise in night temperatures amid relentless heatwave leaves India sleepless |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/india-heatwaves-2024-night-temperatures-delhi-b2566414.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref>

Indian authorities reported over 40,000 cases of heatstroke through the country during the heat wave.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Patel |first1=Shivam |last2=Agarwala |first2=Tora |title=India reports over 40,000 suspected heatstroke cases over summer |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/unrelenting-heatwave-kills-five-indian-capital-2024-06-19/ |access-date=20 June 2024 |work=Reuters |date=19 June 2024}}</ref>

==Impact==
Due to the intense heat increasing water consumption and lowering river levels, [[New Delhi]] suffered a water crisis, requiring water tankers to be driven into distribution points in order to provide hydration to citizens whose taps ran dry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zargar |first=Arshad R. |date=2024-06-03 |title=At least 50 deaths blamed on India heat wave in just a week as record temperatures scorch the country - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/india-record-heat-wave-temperatures-deaths-mount-delhi-water-crisis/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

The intense, prolonged increase in temperature caused many manufacturing companies to lower working hours during the month of May, contributing to a national three-month low in the rate of increase in new orders.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhoot |first=Vikas |date=2024-06-03 |title=Heatwave and poll effects drag factory output, new orders to 3-month low in May |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/heatwave-and-poll-effects-drag-factory-output-new-orders-to-3-month-low-in-may/article68245520.ece |access-date=2024-06-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
Due to increased usage of electricity for cooling, the All India Power Engineers Federation warned of potential blackouts and loss of power on 18 June 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhillon |first1=Amrit |title=Indian engineers warn of prolonged blackouts amid searing heatwave |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/jun/18/india-engineers-blackouts-heatwave-north |access-date=19 June 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=18 June 2024}}</ref>

== Measures and preparedness actions ==
The NDMA and IMD are rolling out Heat Action Plans in 23 states, including early‑warning systems, district vulnerability maps and special guidance for outdoor workers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Nov 28, 2024 |title=Unstarred Question No. 359: Deaths due to heat waves |url=https://moes.gov.in/sites/default/files/RS-English-359-28-11-2024.pdf |website=Ministry of Earth Sciences}}</ref> The central health ministry has asked states to improve monitoring of heat‑related illnesses, strengthen reporting via the IHIP and train health‑care workers in diagnosing and treating heat‑illness.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 27, 2025 |title=Health ministry urges states to strengthen action plans against heat-related illnesses |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/health-ministry-urges-states-to-strengthen-action-plans-against-heat-related-illnesses/3790292/? |work=Financial Express}}</ref> Authorities introduced “heat‑stroke rooms” in hospitals for rapid‑cooling treatment and organised a whole‑of‑government approach to emergency cooling, but the scale of actual implementation remains uncertain.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Facing Record Number of Heatwave-Related Deaths – India Takes Closer Look at Prevention with Public Health Measures |url=https://healthpolicy-watch.news/hundreds-die-in-indias-record-breaking-heatwaves-despite-warnings-and-urgent-advisories/ |website=Health Policy Watch}}</ref> In New Delhi, the 2025 Heat Action Plan includes installing about 3,000 water‑coolers across the city, shaded footpaths, “cool” roofs and special heat‑wave wards in hospitals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 24, 2025 |title=What Delhi govt’s 2025 Heat Action Plan promises & what it misses |url=https://theprint.in/environment/what-delhi-govts-2025-heat-action-plan-promises-what-it-misses/2601632/? |work=The Print}}</ref> Some states are using the State Disaster Mitigation Fund to build cooling shelters, upgrade infrastructure and set up early‑warning systems for heat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 20, 2025 |title=How Extreme Heat is Impacting India |url=https://www.ceew.in/publications/mapping-climate-risks-and-impacts-of-extreme-heatwave-disaster-in-indian-districts? |website=Council on Energy, Environment and Water}}</ref> During peak heat, some states also reduced outdoor working hours and set up rehydration stations in markets and public areas.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 12, 2025 |title=Beating the heat? India’s fight against heatwaves is on but without a long-term plan |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/beating-the-heat-indias-fight-against-heatwaves-is-on-but-without-a-long-term-plan/amp_articleshow/121804738.cms? |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Heat wave|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian heat wave, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 heat waves]]
[[Category:2024 disasters in India|Heat wave]]
[[Category:Heat waves in India|2024]]
[[Category:May 2024 in India]]
[[Category:June 2024 in India]]

History of the Indian National Congress

2026-02-06T08:38:24Z

WilliamsLin216: formatting fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|thumb|The present flag of the party]]
[[File:1931 Flag of India.svg|thumb|The flag was adopted in 1931 and used by the [[Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]] during the Second World War]]
[[File:Marche sel.jpg|thumb|Mahatma Gandhi with Congress activists during the Salt March]]
The [[Indian National Congress]] was established when 72 representatives from all over the country met at [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in 1885. Prominent delegates included [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], [[Surendranath Banerjee]], [[Badruddin Tyabji]], [[Pherozeshah Mehta]], [[W. C. Banerjee]], [[S. Ramaswami Mudaliar]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rzWKAAAAMAAJ&q=Rao+Bahadur+Savalai+Mudaliar |title=The Encyclopaedia of Indian National Congress: 1885–1890, The founding fathers | author=A. Moin Zaidi |year=1976 |page=609 |language=en }}</ref> [[S. Subramania Iyer]], and [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]]. The Englishman [[Allan Octavian Hume]], a former British civil servant, was one of the founding members of the Indian National Congress.

==Formation and early days (1885–1905)==
{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}[[File:A O Hume.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Allan Octavian Hume]]

Retired British [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]] (ICS) officer [[Allan Octavian Hume]] founded the Indian National Congress in order to form a platform for civil and political dialogue among educated Indians. After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], control of India was transferred from the [[British East India Company|East India Company]] to the [[British Empire]]. British-controlled India, known as the [[British Raj]], or just the Raj, worked to try to support and justify its governance of India with the aid of English-educated Indians, who tended to be more familiar with and friendly to British culture and political thinking. Ironically, a few of the reasons that the Congress grew and survived, particularly in the 19th century era of undisputed British dominance or [[hegemony]], was through the patronage of British authorities and the rising class of Indians and Anglo-Indians educated in the English language-based British tradition.{{citation needed| date=April 2014}}

Hume embarked on an endeavor to get an organization started. He began by reaching-out to selected alumni of the [[University of Calcutta]]. In an 1883 letter, he wrote that, <blockquote>Every nation secures precisely as good a Government as it merits. If you the picked men, the most highly educated of the nation, cannot, scorning personal ease and selfish objects, make a resolute struggle to secure greater freedom for yourselves and your country, a more impartial administration, a larger share in the management of your own affairs, then we, your friends, are wrong and our adversaries right, then are Lord Ripon's noble aspirations for your good fruitless and visionary, then, at present at any rate all hopes of progress are at an end[,] and India truly neither desires nor deserves any better Government than she enjoys.<ref name="pattabhi1935">{{Citation | title=The History of the Indian National Congress | author=B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya | year=1935 | publisher=Working Committee of the Congress | url=https://archive.org/details/TheHistoryOfTheIndianNationalCongress |page=12}}</ref></blockquote>

In May 1885, Hume secured the [[viceroy#British India|viceroy]]'s approval to create an "Indian National Union", which would be affiliated with the government and act as a platform to voice Indian public opinion. Hume and a group of educated Indians came together on 12 October and published "An Appeal from the People of India to the Electors of Great Britain and Ireland" which asked British voters in the [[1885 United Kingdom general election|1885 British general election]] to support candidates sympathetic to the positions of Indians. These included opposition to taxation of India to finance British campaigns in Afghanistan, and support for legislative reform in India.<ref name="riddick2006">{{Citation | title=The History of British India: a chronology | author=John F. Riddick | year=2006 | publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group | isbn=0-313-32280-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=April 2014}} The appeal however, was a failure, and was interpreted by many Indians as "a rude shock, but a true realization that they had to fight their battles alone."<ref name="yasin1996">{{Citation | title=Emergence of nationalism, Congress, and separatism | author=Madhvi Yasin | year=1996 | publisher=Raj Publications | isbn=81-86208-05-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NiJuAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=April 2014}}

On 28 December 1885, the Indian National Congress was founded at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay, with 72 delegates in attendance. Hume assumed office as the General Secretary, and [[Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee]] of Calcutta was elected president.<ref name="riddick2006" />{{Page needed|date=April 2014}} Besides Hume, two additional British members (both Scottish civil servants) were members of the founding group, [[William Wedderburn]] and Justice (later, Sir) [[Sir John Jardine, 1st Baronet|John Jardine]]. The other members were mostly Hindus from the [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] and [[Madras Presidency|Madras Presidencies]].<ref name="riddick2006" />{{Page needed|date=April 2016}} {{clarify|date=November 2018|reason=So, who were the "Hindu" members? The names of the Brits are important, but not the Indians? Whole thing seems written from very British POV, seems a bit backwards.}}

'''Policies of Indian National Congress during 1885–1905'''

Between 1885 and 1905, the Indian National Congress passed several resolutions in its annual sessions. Through the resolutions, the humble demands made by Congress included civil rights, administrative, constitutional and economic policies. A look at the resolution passed on these methods would be given an idea the directions of Congress programs were taking.

a) Civil Rights: The Congress leaders realized the value of freedom of speech and press, the right to organize processions, meetings and similar other rights.

b) Administrative: The Congress leaders urged the government to remove certain administrative abuses and run public welfare measures. They put emphasis on the appointment of Indians in the government services. Specific proposals are made to open agricultural banks for the relief of peasantry. The Congress leaders also raised the voice of protest against the discriminatory laws enacted by the government.

c) Constitutional: The humble demand made by the early Congress leaders in respect to constitutional matters were: to increase the power of legislative councils; to include elected Indian representatives. It must be mentioned here that the British government of India paid scant regard to the above demands made by Congress.

d) Economic: In the economic sphere, Congress blamed the economic policies of the British government that resulted in rising property prices and other economic issues which affected the Indian people. The Congress also put forward certain specific suggestions for the economic improvement of the country and her people. These included the introduction of modern industry, Indianization of public services, etc. The Congress also demanded the abolition of salt tax for the benefit particularly of the poor section of the people

===Economic policy===

The INC's economic policies include:
* Resetting economic policies to reiterate the advantages of an open market economy
* Supporting wealth creation
* Reducing inequality between the rich, the middle classes, and the poor
* Accelerating growth driven by the private and viable public sector enterprises

===Foreign policy===
Even before [[independence of India]], the [[Indian National Congress]] had well articulated [[foreign policy]] positions. In the words of [[Rejaul Karim Laskar]], a scholar of [[Indian foreign policy]] and an ideologue of [[Indian National Congress]], "Right after the establishment of the Indian National Congress, it started articulating its views on foreign affairs. In its first session in 1885, the Indian National Congress deplored the annexation of upper Burma by British Indian Government ."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Laskar|first1=Rejaul Karim|title=India's Foreign Policy: An Introduction|date=2013|publisher=Paragon International Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-83154-06-7|page=5}}</ref>

===Muslim response===
Many Muslim community leaders, like the prominent educationalist [[Syed Ahmed Khan]], viewed the Congress negatively, owing to its membership being dominated by Hindus.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Z9ODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|title=Discovery of Prehistory Ancient India: Krishna & Radha|first=Dr Jagat K.|last=Motwani|year=2018|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=9781532037900|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Hindu]] community and religious leaders were also averse, seeing the Congress as supportive of European cultural invasion.<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20078547|title=On the Origins of the Indian National Congress: A Case Study of Cross-Cultural Synthesis|author=Hanes, W. Travis|year=1993|journal=Journal of World History|volume=4|issue=1|pages=69–98|jstor=20078547}}</ref>

The ordinary people of India were not informed of or concerned about its existence on the whole, for Congress never attempted to address the issues of poverty, lack of health care, social oppression, and the prejudiced negligence of the people's concerns by the British government. The perception of bodies like the Congress was that of an elitist, then educated and wealthy people's institution.<ref name="auto"/>

===Rise of Indian nationalism===
[[File:1st INC1885.jpg|right|300px|thumb|First session of Indian National Congress, Bombay, 28–31, December, 1885]]
The first spurts of nationalistic sentiment that rose amongst Congress members were when the desire to be represented in the bodies of government, to have a say, a vote in the lawmaking and issues of administration of India. Congressmen saw themselves as loyalists, but wanted an active role in governing their own country, albeit as part of the Empire.<ref name="auto1"/>

This was personified by [[Dadabhai Naoroji]], considered by many as the eldest Indian statesman. Naoroji went as far as contesting, successfully, an election to the British House of Commons, becoming its first Indian member. That he was aided in his campaign by young, aspiring Indian student activists like [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], describes where the imagination of the new Indian generation lay.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52829458|title=The Grand Old Man of India who became Britain's first Asian MP|publisher=BBC News|date=4 July 2020}}</ref>

[[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] was among the first Indian nationalists to embrace ''[[swaraj]]'' as the destiny of the nation. Tilak deeply opposed the British colonial education system in India which he thought ignored and defamed India's culture, history, and values, defying and disgracing the Indian culture. He resented the denial of freedom of expression for nationalists and the lack of any voice or role for ordinary Indians in the affairs of their nation. For these reasons, he considered ''swaraj'' as the natural and only solution: the abandonment of all things British, which would protect the Indian economy from economic exploitation and gradually lead to eventual Indian independence. He was backed by rising public leaders like [[Bipin Chandra Pal]] and [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Aurobindo Ghose]], [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]] who held the same point of view. Under them, India's four great states —Madras, Bombay, Bengal, and Punjab region shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2qFYxtq3GYC&pg=PA55|title=Freedom Fighters of India (in Four Volumes)|first=M. G.|last=Agrawal|date=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=9788182054684|via=Google Books}}</ref>

The moderates, led by [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Pherozeshah Mehta]], and Dadabhai Naoroji, held firm to calls for negotiations and political dialogue. Gokhale criticized Tilak for encouraging acts of violence and disorder. The Congress of 1906 did not have public membership, and thus Tilak and his supporters were forced to leave the party.<ref>The moderates, led by [[Gopal Krishna Gokhale]], [[Pherozeshah Mehta]], and Dadabhai Naoroji, held firm to calls for negotiations and political dialogue. Gokhale criticized Tilak for encouraging acts of violence and disorder. The Congress of 1906 did not have public membership, and thus Tilak and his supporters were forced to leave the party.</ref>

With Tilak's arrest, all hopes for an Indian offensive were stalled. The Congress lost credit with the people. Muslims formed the All India Muslim League in 1906, considering the Congress as completely unsuitable for Indian Muslims.<ref name="auto1"/>

==World War I: The Battle for the Soul==
[[File:Annie Besant.png|thumbnail|right|Annie Besant was by far the most prominently involved European in the Indian struggle.]]

When the British entered the [[British Indian Army]] into [[World War I]], it provoked the first definitive, nationwide political debate of its kind in India. Voices calling for political independence grew in number.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/indian-soldiers-world-war-one-germany-british-army-1026848-2017-07-28|title=World War I: Role of Indian Army in Britain's victory over Germany|date=28 July 2017|website=India Today}}</ref>

The divided Congress re-united in the pivotal [[Lucknow]] session in 1916, with the efforts of Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/968926/the-tilak-jinnah-pact-embodied-communal-harmony-that-is-much-needed-in-modern-day-india|title=The Tilak-Jinnah pact embodied communal harmony that is much needed in modern-day India|first=Sudheendra|last=Kulkarni|work=Scroll.in}}</ref> Tilak had considerably moderated his views and now favoured political dialogue with the British. He, along with the young [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and Mrs. [[Annie Besant]] launched the [[Home Rule Movement]] to put forth Indian demands for ''Home Rule'' —Indian participation in the affairs of their own country —a precursor to ''Swaraj''. The All India Home Rule League was formed to demand dominion status within the Empire.<ref name="auto2"/>

But another Indian man with another way was destined to lead the Congress and the Indian struggle. [[Mohandas Gandhi]] was a lawyer who had successfully led the struggle of Indians in South Africa against South African discriminatory laws. Returning to India in 1915, Gandhi looked to Indian culture and history, the values and lifestyle of its people to empower a new revolution, with the concept of non-violence, [[civil disobedience]], he coined a term, ''[[Satyagraha]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/the-making-of-gandhi-in-south-africa-and-after-852712.html|title=The making of Gandhi in South Africa and after|date=23 June 2020|work=Deccan Herald}}</ref>

===Champaran and Kheda===
{{main|Champaran Satyagraha|Kheda Satyagraha}}
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, who later on became more popular as Mahatma Gandhi, had success in defeating the British in Champaran and Kheda, giving India its first victory in the struggle for freedom.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/gandhi-fought-the-british-with-weapons-of-truth-non-violence/article29577336.ece|title=Gandhi fought the British with weapons of truth, non-violence|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 October 2019}}</ref> Then Indian National Congress had supported that movement; Indians gained confidence in the working of that organization that the British could be thwarted through that organization, and millions of young people from across the country flooded into Congress membership.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

===Battle for the Soul===
A whole class of political leaders disagreed with Gandhi. [[Bipin Chandra Pal]], [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], [[Annie Besant]], [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] all criticized the idea of civil disobedience. But Gandhi had the backing of the people and a whole new generation of Indian nationalists.<ref name="auto2">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=M.K. | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian War of Independence, 1857–1947: Birth of Indian National Congress : establishment of Indian National Congress | publisher=Anmol Publications| year=2009 | isbn=978-81-261-3745-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IlYwAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>

In a series of sessions in 1918, 1919 and 1920, where the old and the new generations clashed in famous and important debates, Gandhi and his young supporters imbued the Congress rank-and-file with passion and energy to combat British rule directly.<ref name="auto2"/> With the tragedy of the 1919 [[Amritsar Massacre]] and the riots in Punjab, Indian anger and passions were palpable and radical.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Prakash|first=Gyan|date=2019-04-13|title=Opinion {{!}} The Massacre That Led to the End of the British Empire|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/13/opinion/1919-amrtisar-british-empire-india.html|access-date=2021-08-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> With the election of Mohandas K. Gandhi to the presidency of the Indian National Congress, the battle of the party's soul was won, and a new path to India's destiny was forged.<ref name="auto2"/>

Lokmanya Tilak, whom Gandhi had called ''The Father of Modern India'' died in 1920, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale had died four years earlier.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7yKAAAAMAAJ&q=Lokmanya+Tilak,+whom+Gandhi+had+called+The+Father+of+Modern+India+died+in+1920,+and+Gopal+Krishna+Gokhale+had+died+four+years+earlier.|title = Indian Political Parties|year = 1984|publisher = Meenakshi Prakashan}}</ref> [[Motilal Nehru]], [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and some other stalwarts backed Gandhi as they were not sure that they can lead the people like Tilak and Gokhale. Thus it was now entirely up to Gandhi's Congress to show the way for the nation.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

==The Mahatma Gandhi era==
[[File:Mahadev Desai and Gandhi 2 1939.jpg|right|thumb|210px|Mohandas Gandhi gave rise to a whole new generation of nationalists, and a whole new form of revolution.]]Gandhiji dominated the Indian freedom struggle from 1919 to 1948. That is why this period is known as the Gandhian era in Indian history. During this time, Mahatma Gandhi dominated the Indian National Congress, which in turn was at the forefront of the Indian freedom struggle.

Gandhi joined in 1915 and left the Indian National Congress in 1923.

==Expansion and re-organization==
Few years after the World War, the Congress expanded considerably, owing to public excitement after Gandhi's success in Champaran and Kheda. A whole new generation of leaders arose from different parts of India, who were committed Gandhians [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]], [[Narhari Parikh]], [[Mahadev Desai]] —as well as hot-blooded nationalists aroused by Gandhi's active leadership —[[Chittaranjan Das]], [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], [[S. Srinivasa Iyengar|Srinivasa Iyengar]].{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

Gandhi transformed the Congress from an elitist party based in the cities, to an organization of the people:{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
*Membership fees were considerably reduced.
*Congress established a large number of state units across India —known as ''Pradesh Congress Committees'' —based on its own configuration of India's states on basis of linguistic groups. PCCs emerged for ''[[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Gujarat]]'' —states that did not yet exist and were spread over hundreds of princely states outside [[British India]].
*All former practices distinguishing Congressmen on basis of caste, ethnicity, religion and sex were eliminated —all-India unity was stressed.
*Native tongues were given official use and respect in Congress meetings —especially ''[[Urdu language|Urdu]]'' renamed by Gandhi as ''[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]'', which was adopted for use by the All India Congress Committee.
*Leadership posts and offices at all levels would be filled by elections, and not by appointments. This introduction of democracy was vital in rejuvenating the party, giving voice to ordinary members as well as valuable practice for Indians in democracy.
*Eligibility for leadership would be determined by how much social work and service a member had done, not by his wealth or social standing.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

===Social development===
During the 1920s, M.K. Gandhi encouraged tens of thousands of Congress volunteers to embrace a wide variety of organized tasks to address major social problems across India. Under the guidance of Congress committees and Gandhi's network of ashrams in [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]] and [[Tamil Nadu]], the Congress attacked:{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
*[[Untouchability]] and caste discrimination
*Alcoholism
*Unhygienic conditions and lack of sanitation
*Lack of health care and medical aid
*[[Purdah]] and the oppression of women
*Illiteracy, with the organization of national schools and colleges
*Poverty, with proliferating [[khadi]] cloth, [[cottage industries]]
This profound work by M. K. Gandhi impressed the people of India particularly, formations of ashrams, that in later period he was mentioned as Mahatma, Great soul, by way of honor, by people of India.

==Ascendance to power (1937–1942)==
{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}[[File:Katni1.jpg|left|thumb|350px| An old building in [[Katni]] commemorating [[Swaraj|India's freedom]], with statues of [[Nehru]], [[Gandhi]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] ]]

Under the [[Government of India Act 1935]], the Congress first tasted political power in the [[Indian Provincial Elections, 1937|provincial elections of 1937]]. It performed extraordinarily well, coming to power in eight of the eleven provinces where elections were held. Its internal organization bloomed in the diversity of political attitudes and ideologies. The focus would change slightly from the single-minded devotion to complete independence, to also entertaining excitement and theorizing about the future governance of the nation. However, when the Viceroy Lord Linlithgow declared India a belligerent in [[World War II]] without any consultation with the elected representatives of the people, the Congress ministries resigned.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

The radical followers of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], believers in socialism and active revolution would ascend in the hierarchy with Bose's 1938 election to the Congress presidency.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

===Traditionalists===
According to one approach, the traditionalist point of view, though not in a political sense, was represented in Congressmen like Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, C. Rajagopalachari, Purushottam Das Tandon, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Maulana Azad, who were also associates and followers of Gandhi. Their organizational strength, achieved through leading the clashes with the government, was undisputed and proven when despite winning the 1939 election, Bose resigned from the Congress presidency because of the lack of confidence he enjoyed amongst national leaders. A year earlier, in the 1938 election, however, Bose had been elected with the support of Gandhi. Differences arose in 1939 on whether Bose should have a second term. Jawaharlal Nehru, who Gandhi had always preferred to Bose, had had a second term earlier. Bose's own differences centred on the place to be accorded to non-violent as against revolutionary methods. When he set up his Indian National Army in South-east Asia during the Second World War, he invoked Gandhi's name and hailed him as the Father of The Nation.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}
It would be wrong to suggest that the so-called traditionalist leaders looked merely to the ancient heritage of Indian, Asian or, in the case of Maulana Azad and [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], Islamic civilization for inspiration. They believed, along with educationists like Zakir Husain and E W Aryanayakam, that education should be imparted in a manner that enables the learners also to be able to make things with their own hands and learn skills that would make them self-supporting. This method of education was also adopted in some areas in Egypt. (See Reginald Reynolds, Beware of Africans). Zakir Husain was inspired by some European educationists and was able, with Gandhi's support, to dovetail this approach to the one favoured by the Basic Education method introduced by the Indian freedom movement. They believed that the education system, economy and social justice model for a future nation should be designed to suit the specific local requirements. While most were open to the benefits of Western influences and the socio-economic egalitarianism of socialism, they were opposed to being defined by either model.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

==The Final Battles==


The last important episodes in the Congress involved the final step to independence, and the division of the country on the basis of religions.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

===Quit India===
{{See also|Quit India Movement}}

[[Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari]], the prominent leader from [[Tamil Nadu]] resigned from the Congress to actively advocate supporting the British war effort. It was started in 1942.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

===Indian National Army Trials===
During the [[INA trials]] of 1946, the Congress helped to form the [[INA Defence Committee]], which forcefully defended the case of the soldiers of the [[Azad Hind]] government. The committee declared the formation of the Congress's defence team for the INA and included famous lawyers of the time, including [[Bhulabhai Desai]], [[Asaf Ali]], and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Quit India Bill passed on 8 Aug 1942.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

===Royal Indian Navy Mutiny===
Some members of the Congress initially supported the sailors who led the [[Royal Indian Navy Mutiny]]. However, they withdrew support at the critical juncture, as the mutiny failed.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

===Partition of India===
{{Main|Opposition to the partition of India}}
Within the Congress, the Partition was opposed by [[Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan]], [[Saifuddin Kitchlew]], [[Dr. Khan Sahib]] and Congressmen from the provinces that would inevitably become parts of Pakistan. [[Maulana Azad]], an Indian Islamic scholar, [[opposition to the partition of India|opposed partition]] in principle, but did not wish to impede the national leadership; preferred to stay with Indian side. {{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

==1947–1952: transformation==



===Constitution===
In the Assembly and Constitution debates, the Congress attitude was marked by inclusiveness and liberalism. The Government appointed some prominent Indians who were Raj loyalists and liberals to important offices, and did not adopt any punitive control over the Indian civil servants who had aided the Raj in its governance of India and suppression of nationalist activities.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

A Congress-dominated Assembly adopted [[B.R. Ambedkar]], a fierce Congress critic as the chairman of the Constitution draft committee. [[Syama Prasad Mookerjee]], a [[Hindu Mahasabha]] leader became the Minister for Industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, the barrister who founded Bharatiya Janta Party |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/remembering-shyama-prasad-mukherjee-the-founder-of-bharatiya-jana-sangh-that-later-became-bharatiya-janta-party-1563356-2019-07-06 |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=India Today |date=6 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

The Congress stood firm on its fundamental promises and delivered a Constitution that abolished untouchability and discrimination based on caste, religion or gender. Primary education was made a right, and Congress governments made the [[zamindar]] system illegal, created minimum wages and authorized the right to strike and form labor unions.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

===Leadership change===
In 1947, the Congress presidency passed upon [[Jivatram Kripalani]], a veteran Gandhian and ally of both Nehru and Patel. India's duumvirate expressed neutrality and full support to the elected winner of the 1947, 1948 and 1949 presidential races.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

However, a tug of war began between Nehru and his socialist wing, and Patel and Congress traditionalists broke out in 1950's race. Nehru lobbied intensely to oppose the candidacy of [[Purushottam Das Tandon]], whom he perceived as a [[Hindu]] revivalist with "problematic" views on Hindu-Muslim relations. Nehru openly backed Kripalani to oppose Tandon, but neglected courtesy to Patel upon the question.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

With Patel's tacit support (especially in Patel's home state of [[Gujarat]], where due to Patel's work, Kripalani received not one vote) Tandon won a tight contest, and Nehru threatened to resign. With Patel's convincing, Nehru did not quit.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

However, with Patel's death in 1950, the balance shifted permanently in Nehru's favor. Kripalani, C. Rajagopalachari and Tandon were marginalized, and the Congress Party's election fortunes began depending solely on Nehru's leadership and popularity. With the 1952 election sweep, the Congress became India's main political party.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

== Nehru and Shastri era (1952–1966) ==
{{see also|Premiership of Lal Bahadur Shastri}}
[[File:Nehrucon.jpg|thumb|alt=See caption |[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] signing the [[Constitution of India|Indian Constitution]], c. 1950]]
From 1951 until his death in 1964, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] was the paramount leader of the party. Congress gained power in landslide victories in the general elections of 1951–52, 1957, and 1962.<ref name=career>{{cite web|title=Nehru Years in Indian Politics|url=http://www.sps.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/38480/WP16_Suranjan_Das.pdf|website=sps.ed.ac.uk|publisher=School of Social and Political Science, Edinburgh|access-date=23 June 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105051/http://www.sps.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/38480/WP16_Suranjan_Das.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> During his tenure, Nehru implemented policies based on [[import substitution industrialisation]], and advocated a [[mixed economy]] where the government-controlled [[public sector]] co-existed with the [[private sector]].<ref name="economic policy">{{cite web|title=Economic Ideology of Jawaharlal Nehru|url=http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1964_16/29-30-31/economic_ideology_of_jawaharlal_nehru.pdf|website=www.epw.in|publisher=Economic and Political Weekly|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> He believed the establishment of basic and heavy industries was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy.<ref name=career /> The Nehru government directed investment primarily into key public sector industries—steel, iron, coal, and power—promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies.<ref name="economic policy" /> Nehru embraced secularism, [[socialistic]] economic practices based on state-driven industrialisation, and a [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned]] and non-confrontational foreign policy that became typical of the modern Congress Party.<ref name=root>{{cite news|title=History of Indian Economy Part II|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-why-jawaharlal-nehru-is-the-root-cause-of-indias-economic-troubles-1564479|access-date=23 June 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|agency=DNA|date=11 July 2011}}</ref> The policy of non-alignment during the [[Cold War]] meant Nehru received financial and technical support from both the [[Eastern Bloc|Eastern]] and [[Western Bloc]]s to build India's industrial base from nothing.<ref name=movement>{{cite news|title=Nehru: Founding member of The non-aligned movement|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/574242.stm|website=news.bbc.co.uk|publisher=[[BBC|The British Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=Non-Aligned>{{cite web|title=History and Evolution of Non-Aligned Movement|url=http://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?20349/History+and+Evolution+of+NonAligned+Movement|website=mea.gov.in|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, [[Government of India]]|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref>

During his period in office, there were four known assassination attempts on Nehru.<ref name="Sahgal2010">{{cite book|author=Nayantara Sahgal|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: Civilizing a Savage World|url={{Google books|KycnN-MlfY4C|page=PA58|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08357-2|page=58}}</ref> The first attempt on his life was during partition in 1947 while he was visiting the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–2010)|North-West Frontier Province]] in a car. The second was by a knife-wielding rickshaw-puller in Maharashtra in 1955.<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite book|author=Nayantara Sahgal|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: Civilizing a Savage World|url={{Google books|KycnN-MlfY4C|page=PA58|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date= 2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08357-2|page=60}}</ref> A third attempt happened in [[Bombay Presidency|Bombay]] in 1956.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite book|author=Nayantara Sahgal|title=Jawaharlal Nehru: Civilizing a Savage World|url={{Google books|KycnN-MlfY4C|page=PA58|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08357-2|page=61}}</ref> The fourth was a failed bombing attempt on railway tracks in Maharashtra in 1961.<ref name="Sahgal2010" /> Despite threats to his life, Nehru despised having excess security personnel around him and did not like his movements to disrupt traffic.<ref name="Sahgal2010" /> [[K. Kamaraj]] became the president of the [[All India Congress Committee]] in 1963 during the last year of Nehru's life.<ref name=life>{{cite web|title=K. Kamaraj – Life History|publisher=The Perun Thalaivar organization|url=http://www.perunthalaivar.org/english/life-history/|website=www.perunthalaivar.org|access-date=23 June 2014|archive-date=5 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705202836/http://www.perunthalaivar.org/english/life-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prior to that, he had been the chief minister of [[Tamil Nadu|Madras state]] for nine years.<ref name=Kingmakers>{{cite web|title=The Syndicate: Kingmakers of India |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2003/fjul2003/f150720031.html|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=Press Information Bureau: [[Government of India]]|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> Kamaraj had also been a member of "the syndicate", a group of right wing leaders within Congress. In 1963 the Congress lost popularity following the defeat in the Indo-Chinese war of 1962. To revitalise the party, Kamaraj proposed the [[Kamaraj Plan]] to Nehru that encouraged six Congress chief ministers (including himself) and six senior cabinet ministers to resign to take up party work.{{sfn|Mahendra Prasad Singh|1981|p=46}}<ref name="Jeyaraman2013">{{cite book|author=Bala Jeyaraman|title=Kamaraj: The Life and Times of K. Kamaraj|url={{Google books|BqWeAwAAQBAJ|page=PT55|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=2013 |publisher=Rupa Publications |isbn=978-81-291-3227-7|pages=55–56}}</ref><ref name="Gehlot1991">{{cite book|author=N. S. Gehlot|title=The Congress Party in India: Policies, Culture, Performance|url={{Google books|06HLD2_3Qj4C|page=PA177|plainurl=yes}} |year=1991|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-306-8|page=180}}</ref>
[[File:Congress Party old symbol.png|thumb|Congress party election symbol (1952–1969)]]

In 1964, Nehru died because of an [[aortic dissection]], raising questions about the party's future.<ref name=death>{{cite news|title=The death of Nehru|work=The Guardian|publisher=The Guardian archive|date=28 May 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/may/28/death-of-nehru-archive-1964|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Nehru death">{{cite web|title=Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964) |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/nehru_jawaharlal.shtml|website=bbc.co.uk|publisher=[[BBC|The British Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Nehru dies">{{cite news|title=1964: Light goes out in India as Nehru dies|publisher=[[BBC|The British Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/27/newsid_3690000/3690019.stm |website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> Following the death of Nehru, [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] was appointed as the interim prime minister on 27 May 1964, pending the election of a new parliamentary leader of the Congress party who would then become prime minister.<ref name="Interim PM">{{cite web |title=Shri Gulzari Lal Nanda |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-gulzari-lal-nanda-2/ |publisher=PMO India |access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref> During the leadership contest to succeed Nehru, the preference was between Morarji Desai and Lal Bahadur Shashtri. Eventually, Shashtri was selected as the next parliamentary leader thus the Prime Minister. Kamaraj was widely credited as the "kingmaker" in for ensuring the victory of [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] over Morarji Desai.{{sfn|Mahendra Prasad Singh|1981|p=42}}

As prime minister, Shastri retained most of members of Nehru's [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India|Council of Ministers]]; [[T. T. Krishnamachari]] was retained as [[Finance Minister of India]], as was Defence Minister [[Yashwantrao Chavan]].<ref name="PradhanGodbole1999">{{cite book|author1=R. D. Pradhan|author2=Madhav Godbole|title=Debacle to Revival: Y. B. Chavan as Defence Minister, 1962–65|url={{Google books|9vDvpB_sqB0C|page=PA15|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=1999|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1477-5|page=17}}</ref> Shastri appointed [[Swaran Singh]] to succeed him as [[External Affairs Minister]].<ref name="Affairs2008">{{cite book|author=Arvind Panagariya Professor of Economics and Jagdish Bhagwati Professor of Indian Political Economy Columbia University School of International & Public Affairs|title=India: The Emerging Giant: The Emerging Giant|url={{Google books|6eO1-yP7o4MC|page=PA27|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-804299-0|page=27}}</ref> [[Lal Bahadur Shastri|Shastri]] appointed [[Indira Gandhi]], Jawaharlal Nehru's daughter and former party president, [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting]].<ref name=ministry>{{cite web|title=History and Politics of India|url=https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Indira.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991112105947/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Indira.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 1999|website=socialsciences.ucla.edu|publisher=UCLA Division of Social Sciences|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> Gulzarilal Nanda continued as the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]].<ref name="home affairs">{{cite web|title=Biography of Gulzarilal Nanda |url=http://pmindia.gov.in/pm_gulzari.html |website=pmindia.gov.in|publisher=Prime Minister's Office |access-date=23 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828142039/http://pmindia.gov.in/pm_gulzari.html |archive-date=28 August 2012 }}</ref> As [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], Shastri continued Nehru's policy of [[Non-aligned Movement|non-alignment]],<ref name="NarayanShastri2006">{{cite book|author1=Narayan Agrawal Narayan|author2=Lal Bahadur Shastri|author3=Vivek Misra|author4=Subha Ravi|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri, Churn of Conscience|url={{Google books|Lwoae1jbcc0C|page=PA100|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2006|publisher=Eternal Gandhi|isbn=978-81-231-0193-4|page=88}}</ref> but built closer relations with the [[Soviet Union]]. In the aftermath of the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, and the formation of military ties between China and Pakistan, Shastri's government expanded the defence budget of India's armed forces. He also promoted the White Revolution—a national campaign to increase the production and supply of milk by creating the [[National Dairy Development Board]].<ref name=Revolution>{{cite web|title=The White Revolution: A beginning|url=http://www.unicef.org/india/media_2643.htm|website=unicef.org|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|access-date=23 June 2014|archive-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085943/http://www.unicef.org/india/media_2643.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965 occurred during Shastri's tenure.<ref name="Dasgupta1970">{{cite book|author=Jyotirindra Dasgupta|title=Language Conflict and National Development: Group Politics and National Language Policy in India|url={{Google books|qGACL5YJRjEC|page=PA237|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=1970|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01590-6|page=237}}</ref><ref name=conflict>{{cite journal|title=The Madras anti-Hindi agitation|journal=Pacific Affairs|volume=39|issue=1/2|pages=19–36|publisher=Digital library of academic journals|jstor=2755179|last1=Forrester|first1=Duncan B.|year=1966|doi=10.2307/2755179}}</ref>

Shastri became a national hero following victory in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]].<ref name=war>{{cite web|title=The Indo-Pakistan war of 1965|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/book/1965-indo-pakistan-war|website=indiannavy.nic.in|publisher=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> His slogan, "[[Jai Jawan Jai Kisan]]" ("Hail the soldier, Hail the farmer"), became very popular during the war.<ref name=slogan>{{cite news|title=Life of Lal Bahadur Shastri|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/life-of-lal-bahadur-shastri-to-be-captured-on-celluloid-113032600267_1.html|access-date=23 June 2014|work=[[Business Standard]]|agency=Ananda Bazar Patrika (ABP) Group|publisher=[[ABP Group|Ananda Publishers]]|date=26 March 2013}}</ref> On 11 January 1966, a day after signing the [[Tashkent Declaration]], Shastri died in Tashkent, reportedly of a heart attack; but the circumstances of his death remain mysterious.<ref name=controversy>{{cite web|title=Controversial death of Shastri|url=http://www.wikileaks-forum.com/india/68/dead-silence-on-the-killers-and-contract-killers-of-lal-bahadur-shastri/8620/|website=wikileaks-forum.com|publisher=Wikileaks Forum|access-date=23 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501224743/http://www.wikileaks-forum.com/india/68/dead-silence-on-the-killers-and-contract-killers-of-lal-bahadur-shastri/8620/|archive-date=1 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="diminutive leader">{{cite web|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri's death in Tashkent|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/thereporters/soutikbiswas/2009/08/was_mr_shastri_murdered.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817235300/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/legacy/thereporters/soutikbiswas/2009/08/was_mr_shastri_murdered.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 August 2014|website=bbc.com|publisher=BBC|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref><ref name=Shashtri>{{cite web|title=Lal Bahadur Shastri |url=https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Shastri.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000422080114/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Shastri.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2000|website=socialsciences.ucla.edu/|publisher=UCLA Division of Social Science|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> After Shastri's death, Congress elected [[Indira Gandhi]] as leader over [[Morarji Desai]]. Once again, [[K. Kamaraj]] was instrumental in achieving this result. The differences among the top leadership of the Congress regarding the future of the party during resulted in the formation of several breakaway parties such as [[Orissa Jana Congress]], [[Bangla Congress]], [[Utkal Congress]], and, [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]].

== Indira era (1966–1984) ==
{{See also|The Emergency (India)|Assassination of Indira Gandhi|Indian general election, 1977|1984 anti-Sikh riots}}
[[File:Indira and Nixon.JPG|thumb|upright|left|[[Indira Gandhi]] with U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]], 1971]]
In 1967, following a poor performance in the [[1967 Indian general election]], [[Indira Gandhi]] started moving toward the political left. In mid-1969, she was involved in a dispute with senior party leaders on several issues. Notably—her support for the independent candidate, [[V. V. Giri]], rather than the official Congress party candidate, [[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]], for the vacant post of the [[president of India]]{{sfn|Mahendra Prasad Singh|1981|pp=65–80}}<ref>Hardgrave, R. L., 1970. "The Congress in India: Crisis and Split". ''Asian Survey'', 10(3), pp. 256–262.</ref> and Gandhi's abrupt nationalisation of the 14 biggest banks in India. Later in the year, the Congress party president, [[S. Nijalingappa]], expelled her from the party for indiscipline.<ref name=socialism>{{cite news |title=March to socialism under Prime Minister Indira Gandhi|work=[[The Economic Times]]|agency=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|date=24 August 2011}}</ref><ref name=expelled>{{cite news|title=1969: S. Nijalingappa expelled Indira Gandhi from the Party|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20070702-1969-congress-splits-748296-2007-07-01|access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[India Today]]|publisher=Aroon Purie|date=2 July 2007}}</ref> Mrs. Gandhi as a counter-move launched her own faction of the INC. It was also known as Congress (R).{{efn|The "R" stood for Requisition or Ruling}} The original party then came to be known as [[Congress (O)|Indian National Congress (O)]].{{efn|The "O" stands for organisation/Old Congress.}} Its principal leaders were Kamraj, Morarji Desai, Nijalingappa and [[S. K. Patil]] who stood for a more right-wing agenda.<ref name="book">{{cite book|last=Sanghvi|first=Vijay |title=The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandh|year=2006|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7835-340-1|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npdqD_TXucQC&q=%22indira+gandhi%22+cow++calf+symbol&pg=PA77}}</ref> The split occurred when a united opposition under the banner of [[Samyukt Vidhayak Dal]], won control over several states in the [[Hindi Belt]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npdqD_TXucQC&q=%22indira+gandhi%22+cow++calf+symbol&pg=PA77|title=The Congress, Indira to Sonia Gandhi |first=Vijay|last=Sanghvi|date=2006|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=9788178353401|via=Google Books}}</ref> Indira Gandhi, on the other side, wanted to use a populist agenda in order to mobilise popular support for the party.<ref name=book /> Her faction, called Congress (R), was supported by most of the Congress MPs while [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|the original party]] had the support of only 65 MPs.<ref name="Rosser">{{Cite book|publisher = MIT Press| pages = 468–470| url={{Google books|y3Mr6TgalqMC|page=PA470|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=978-0-262-18234-8| last1=Rosser| first1=J. Barkley| last2=Rosser| first2=Marina V.| title=Comparative Economics in Transforming the World Economy| year=2004}}</ref> In the All India Congress Committee, 446 of its 705 members walked over to Indira's side. This created a belief among Indians that Indira's Congress was the Real Congress (INC-R). The "Old Congress" retained the party symbol of a pair of bullocks carrying a yoke while Indira's breakaway faction was given a new symbol of a cow with a suckling calf by the Election Commission as the party election symbol.
{{quote box|bgcolor=#CCDDFF|width=25%|align=right|quote="India might be an ancient country but was a young democracy and as such should remain vigilant against the domination of few over the social, economic or political systems. Banks should be publicly owned so that they catered to not just large industries and big businesses but also agriculturists, small industries and entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the private banks had been functioning erratically with hundreds of them failing and causing loss to the depositors who were given no guarantee against such loss."|source=—Gandhi's remarks after the nationalisation of private banks.<ref name="Quote">{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Vandana |title='We simply don't have time': Read Indira Gandhi's letters defending bank nationalisation |url=https://theprint.in/politics/letters-indira-gandhi-defending-bank-nationalisation/17110/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=ThePrint |agency=Printline Media Pvt. Ltd |date=November 16, 2017}}</ref>}}
In the mid-term parliamentary elections held in 1971, the Gandhi-led Congress (R) won a landslide victory on a platform of progressive policies such as the elimination of poverty ({{lang|hi|[[Garibi Hatao]]}}).<ref name="1971 result">{{cite web|title=General Elections, India, 1971: Statistical report |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> The policies of the Congress (R) under Gandhi before the 1971 elections included proposals to abolish the [[Privy Purse in India|Privy Purse]] to former rulers of the [[Princely states]], and the 1969 [[Nationalization|nationalisation]] of India's 14 largest banks.<ref name=nationalisation>{{cite news|title=Economic Milestone: Nationalisation of Banks (1969)|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/independence-day-special/economic-milestone-nationalisation-of-banks-(1969)/38415/1|access-date=17 September 2015 |work=[[Forbes India]]|date=17 September 2015}}</ref> The 1969 attempt by Indira Gandhi government to abolish privy purse and the official recognition of the titles did not meet with success. The constitutional Amendment bill to this effect was passed in Lok Sabha, but it failed to get the required two-thirds majority in the Rajya Sabha. However, in 1971, with the passage of the [[Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|Twenty-sixth Amendment]] to the Constitution of India, the privy purses were abolished.

Due to [[Sino-Indian War]] 1962, India faced a huge budgetary deficit resulting in its treasury being almost empty, high inflation, and dwindling forex reserves. The brief War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the [[Indian Army]]. The government found itself short of resources to fund the Third Plan (1961–1966). [[Subhadra Joshi]] a senior party member, proposed a non-official resolution asking for the nationalisation of private banks stating that nationalisation would help in mobilising resources for development.<ref name="Bank Act">{{cite web |title=The Defining Event |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/content/PDFs/90069.pdf |publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]] |access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> In July 1969, Indira Gandhi through the ordinance nationalised fourteen major private banks.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChrzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA20 |title=Banking Awareness |date=2017 |publisher=Arihant Publications (India) Ltd. |page=20 |isbn=978-93-11124-66-7}}</ref> After being re-elected in 1971 on a campaign that endorsed nationalisation, Indira Gandhi went on to nationalise the coal, steel, copper, refining, cotton textiles and insurance industries. The main reason was to protect employment and the interest of the organised labour.<ref name="Bank Act" />
[[File:Congress Loksabha seats all time.png|thumb|alt= INC seasts in lower house of Indian parliament|Congress Loksabha seats all time]]

On 12 June 1975, the [[Allahabad High Court|High Court of Allahabad]] declared Indira Gandhi's election to the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of India's parliament, void on the grounds of electoral malpractice.<ref name=emergency>{{cite web|title=The Emergency, and Indian democracy|url=https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Indira.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991112105947/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Indira.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 November 1999|website=sscnet.ucla.edu|publisher=UCLA Division of Social Science|access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> However, Gandhi rejected calls to resign and announced plans to appeal to the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]. In response to increasing disorder and lawlessness, Gandhi's ministry recommended that President [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]] declare a [[State of Emergency in India|State of Emergency]], based on the provisions of [[Part Eleven of the Constitution of India|Article 352]] of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Emergency papers found |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/Emergency-papers-found/articleshow/20839450.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=6 June 2018 |date=30 June 2013}}</ref> During the nineteen-month emergency, widespread oppression and abuse of power by Gandhi's unelected younger son and political heir [[Sanjay Gandhi]] and his close associates occurred.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ghildiyal|first=Subodh |title=Cong blames Sanjay Gandhi for Emergency 'excesses'|date=29 December 2010|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cong-blames-Sanjay-Gandhi-for-Emergency-excesses/articleshow/7181279.cms|access-date=30 January 2014 |url-status=live|archive-date=28 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828145401/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-29/india/28661327_1_slum-clearance-sanjay-gandhi-sterilization|journal=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Express News Service|title=Emergency 'propagandist' who banned Kishore Kumar songs |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/emergency-propagandist-who-banned-kishore-kumar-songs/1127804/ |access-date=17 January 2014|newspaper=Indian Express|date=11 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="The Life of Indira Gandhi">{{cite journal |last=Dasgupta |first=Swapan |title=The Life of Indira Gandhi |date=July 1985 |volume=7 |issue=3 |journal=Third World Quarterly |department=Book Reviews |doi=10.1080/01436598508419863 |pages=731–778}}</ref> Implemented on 25 June 1975, the Emergency officially ended on 21 March 1977.<ref name=proved>{{cite news| author=Inder Malhotra|title=What Prime Minister Indira Gandhi's Emergency proved for India|date=23 June 2010 |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/column/inder-malhotra-on-35-years-after-the-emergency/20100623.htm |access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> All political prisoners were released and fresh elections for the Lok Sabha were called.<ref name=union>{{cite web|title=Indian general election, 1977|url=http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/INDIA_1977_E.PDF |website=ipu.org|publisher=Inter-Parliamentary Union|access-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> In [[1977 Indian general election|parliamentary elections]] held in March, the Janata alliance of anti-Indira opposition parties won a landslide victory over Congress, winning 295 seats in the Lok Sabha against Congress's 153. Gandhi lost her seat to her Janata opponent [[Raj Narain]]. On 2 January 1978, she and her followers seceded and formed a new opposition party, popularly called Congress (I)—the "I" signifying Indira. During the next year, her new party attracted enough members of the legislature to become the official opposition.<ref name="Basu2016">{{cite book|last1=Basu |first1=Manisha |title=The Rhetoric of Hindutva|year=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-14987-8 |pages=73– |url={{Google books|E7gtDQAAQBAJ |page=PA73|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> In November 1978, Gandhi regained a parliamentary seat. In January 1980, following a [[1980 Indian general election|landslide victory]] for Congress (I), she was again elected prime minister.<ref name="1980 report">{{cite web |title=Statistical report general elections, 1980 |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |access-date=25 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014}}</ref> The national election commission declared Congress (I) to be the real Indian National Congress for the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 general election]]. However, the designation '''I''' was dropped only in 1996.<ref name="Basu2016" /><ref name="1980 report" />

Gandhi's premiership witnessed increasing turmoil in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], with demands for Sikh autonomy by [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale]] and his militant followers.<ref name=operation>{{cite news|title=Operation Blue Star 1984|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-7-things-you-need-to-know-about-operation-blue-star-1993952|access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|agency=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|publisher=Deepak Rathi|date=6 June 2014}}</ref> In 1983, Bhindranwale with his armed followers headquartered themselves in the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] in [[Amritsar]] and started accumulating weapons.<ref name="telegraph report">{{cite news|title=1984: Operation Blue Star|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10881115/Operation-Blue-Star-How-an-Indian-army-raid-on-the-Golden-Temple-ended-in-disaster.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10881115/Operation-Blue-Star-How-an-Indian-army-raid-on-the-Golden-Temple-ended-in-disaster.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=25 June 2014|work=[[The Daily Telegraph (UK)|The Daily Telegraph]]|date=6 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In June 1984, after several futile negotiations, Gandhi ordered the [[Indian Army]] to enter the Golden Temple to establish control over the complex and remove Bhindranwale and his armed followers. This event is known as [[Operation Blue Star]].<ref name="blue star">{{cite news|title=Operation Blue Star|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/operation-blue-star-the-untold-story/article4798102.ece|access-date=25 June 2014|work=The Hindu|date=10 June 2013}}</ref> On 31 October 1984, two of Gandhi's bodyguards, [[Satwant Singh]] and [[Beant Singh (assassin)|Beant Singh]], [[assassination of Indira Gandhi|shot her]] with their service weapons in the garden of the prime minister's residence in response to her authorisation of Operation Blue Star.<ref name="telegraph report" /> Gandhi was due to be interviewed by British actor [[Peter Ustinov]], who was filming a documentary for Irish television.<ref name=assassination>{{cite news|title=1984: Indian prime minister shot dead|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/31/newsid_2464000/2464423.stm|access-date=23 June 2014|work=[[BBC News]]|date=31 October 1984}}</ref> Her assassination prompted the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]], during which 3,000–17,000 people were killed.<ref name=violence>{{cite news|title=Violence follows Gandhi killing|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news|work=[[BBC News]]|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="SAGE">{{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Paul |title=The Sage Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives |date= 2016 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-1483359885 |page=433 |quote=around 17,000 Sikhs were burned alive or killed}}</ref><ref name="telegraph">{{cite news |last1=Nelson |first1=Dean |date=30 January 2014 |title=Delhi to reopen inquiry in to massacre of Sikhs in 1984 riots |website=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10607451/Delhi-to-reopen-inquiry-in-to-massacre-of-Sikhs-in-1984-riots.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/10607451/Delhi-to-reopen-inquiry-in-to-massacre-of-Sikhs-in-1984-riots.html |archive-date=12 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jagdish Tytler's role in 1984 anti-Sikh riots to be re-investigated |url=http://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/jagdish-tytlers-role-in-1984-anti-sikh-riots-to-be-re-investigated-518648 |access-date=3 May 2016 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Rajiv Gandhi and Rao era (1984–1998) ==
{{See also|Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War|Economic liberalisation in India}}
[[File:The Prime Minister Shri Rajiv Gandhi addressing the Special Session of the United nations on Disarmament, in New York in June, 1988 (1).jpg|thumb|right|alt=refer caption|[[Rajiv Gandhi]] addressing the Special Session of the United Nations on Disarmament, in New York City in June 1988]]
In 1984, Indira Gandhi's son [[Rajiv Gandhi]] became nominal head of Congress, and went on to become prime minister upon her assassination.<ref name="pm rajiv">{{cite web|title=Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, complete profile |url=http://pmindia.gov.in/pm_rajiv.html |website=pmindia.gov.in|publisher=Prime Minister's Office |access-date=23 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901121841/http://pmindia.gov.in/pm_rajiv.html |archive-date=1 September 2012 }}</ref> In December, he led Congress to a landslide victory, where it secured 401 seats in the legislature.<ref name="1984 election result">{{cite web|title=India General or the 8th Lok Sabha Election Results – 1984|url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1984-election-results.html|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> His administration took measures to reform the government bureaucracy and liberalise the country's economy.<ref name=tenure>{{cite news|title=Resurgent India|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hamid-ansari-launches-book-resurgent-india-glimpses-of-rajiv-gandhi-vision-of-india-1955270|access-date=23 June 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=22 January 2014}}</ref> Rajiv Gandhi's attempts to discourage separatist movements in Punjab and Kashmir backfired. After his government became embroiled in several financial scandals, his leadership became increasingly ineffectual.<ref name=movements>{{cite news|title=Rajiv Gandhi and the story of Indian modernization|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/NYPeyCrc6NyfwmlxqjtumJ/Rajiv-Gandhi-and-the-story-of-Indian-modernization.html|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=19 May 2013 |type=Opinion |access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> Gandhi was regarded as a non-abrasive person who consulted other party members and refrained from hasty decisions.<ref name=consult>{{cite web|title=Rajiv Gandhi, History and Politics|url=https://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Rajiv.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000226203915/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/southasia/History/Independent/Rajiv.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2000|website=UCLA, Division of Social Sciences|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref> The [[Bofors scandal]] damaged his reputation as an honest politician, but he was posthumously cleared of bribery allegations in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3458319.stm |title=Rajiv Gandhi cleared over bribery |work=BBC News |date=4 February 2004 |access-date=7 March 2010}}</ref> On 21 May 1991, Gandhi was killed by a bomb concealed in a basket of flowers carried by a woman associated with the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Tamil Tigers]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|title=The assassination of Rajiv Gandhi|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CzdoMbYnb7w |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/CzdoMbYnb7w| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|author=NDTV India|website = YouTube|access-date=21 June 2014|author-link = NDTV India | date=10 July 2013 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> He was campaigning in Tamil Nadu for upcoming parliamentary elections. In 1998, an Indian court convicted 26 people in the conspiracy to assassinate Gandhi.<ref name=kiled>{{cite news|title=Rajiv Gandhi assassination case|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Rajiv-Gandhi-assassination-case-SC-stays-release-of-4-convicts-issues-notice-to-Tamil-Nadu-govt/articleshow/31089717.cms|access-date=21 June 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 February 2014}}</ref> The conspirators, who consisted of Tamil militants from Sri Lanka and their Indian allies, had sought revenge against Gandhi because the Indian troops he sent to Sri Lanka in 1987 to help enforce [[Indo-Sri Lanka Accord|a peace accord]] there had fought with Tamil Militant guerrillas.<ref name="RajuRaju2008">{{cite book|author1=D. R. Kaarthikenyan, Radhavinod Raju|author2=Radhavinod Raju|title=Rajiv Gandhi Assassination|url={{Google books|7MqfCkBGdQ8C|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|year=2008|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-3265-0|pages=89–91}}</ref><ref name=Murder>{{cite news|title=SC refers Rajiv Gandhi killers' release case to Constitution Bench|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/rajiv-gandhi-assassination-case-supreme-court/|access-date=21 June 2014|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=25 April 2014}}</ref>
[[File:Visit of Narasimha Rao, Indian Minister for Foreign Affairs, to the CEC.jpg|thumb|Visit of Narasimha Rao, to the CEC]]
Rajiv Gandhi was succeeded as party leader by [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], who was elected prime minister in June 1991.<ref name=rao>{{cite web|title=PV Narasimha Rao Biography |url=http://pmindia.nic.in/pm_narasimha.html |website=Website of the Prime Minister of India |access-date=23 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227115219/http://pmindia.nic.in/pm_narasimha.html |archive-date=27 December 2012 }}</ref> His rise to the prime ministership was politically significant because he was the first holder of the office from South India. After the election, he formed minority government. Rao himself not contested elections in 1991, but after he was sworn in a prime minister, he won in a by-election from [[Nandyal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nandyal]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="Rao AP Won">{{cite news |last1=Lakshman |first1=Ganesh |title=Nandyal bypoll: It was P V Narasimha Rao's backyard when he ... |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/it-was-p-v-narasimha-raos-backyard-when-he-was-the-pm/articleshow/60168304.cms |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=[[The Times Group]] |date=22 August 2017}}</ref> His administration oversaw major [[Economic liberalisation in India|economic change]] and experienced several home incidents that affected India's national security.<ref name="Reforming">[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4120429.stm "Narasimha Rao – a Reforming PM"]. ''[[BBC News]]'' (23 December 2004). Retrieved 2 March 2007.</ref> Rao, who held the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Industries portfolio]], was personally responsible for the dismantling of the [[Licence Raj]], which came under the purview of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.<ref name="DNAArticle">Arvind Kumar, Arun Narendhranath (3 October 2001). [http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_india-must-embrace-unfettered-free-enterprise_1594401 "India must embrace unfettered free enterprise"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312095826/http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column_india-must-embrace-unfettered-free-enterprise_1594401 |date=12 March 2013 }}. ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]''.</ref> He is often called the "father of Indian economic reforms".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071106123253/http://www.voanews.com/tibetan/archive/2004-12/a-2004-12-23-2-1.cfm "PV Narasimha Rao Remembered as Father of Indian Economic Reforms"]. ''[[VOA News]]'' (23 December 2004). </ref><ref name="Narasimha Rao was father of economic reform: Pranab">{{cite news|title=Narasimha Rao led India at crucial juncture, was father of economic reform: Pranab|access-date=25 January 2013|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Narasimha-Rao-led-India-at-crucial-juncture-was-father-of-economic-reform-Pranab/articleshow/17831434.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520071110/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-31/india/36078990_1_economic-reforms-president-pranab-mukherjee-finance-minister|url-status=live|archive-date=20 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 31 December 2012}}</ref>

Future prime ministers [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and Manmohan Singh continued the economic reform policies begun by Rao's government. Rao accelerated the dismantling of the Licence Raj, reversing the socialist policies of previous governments.<ref name=reinvention>{{cite news |title=PV Narasimha Rao reinvented India|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/lifestyle/pv-narasimha-rao-reinvented-india-so-why-is-he-the-forgotten-man-1.455990/|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|date=19 May 2012 |location=Abu Dhabi|access-date=23 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="policies by rao">{{cite web|title=Foreign Policies of India's Prime Ministers|url=http://www.transnational-perspectives.org/transnational/articles/article495.pdf|website=Transnational Organization|access-date=23 June 2014|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714230255/http://www.transnational-perspectives.org/transnational/articles/article495.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He employed Manmohan Singh as his finance minister to begin a historic economic change. With Rao's mandate, Singh launched India's [[globalisation]] reforms that involved implementing [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) policies to prevent India's impending [[1991 India economic crisis|economic collapse]].<ref name="DNAArticle" /> Rao was also referred to as ''[[Chanakya]]'' for his ability to push tough economic and political legislation through the parliament while he headed a minority government.<ref name="frontline">{{cite journal |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20050114008013000.htm&date=fl2201/&prd=fline& |title=Obituary: A scholar and a politician|author=V. Venkatesan |journal=Frontline |volume=22 |issue=1 |date=1–14 January 2005 |access-date=30 March 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140517195129/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20050114008013000.htm&date=fl2201/&prd=fline& |archive-date=17 May 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tlca.com/adults/obit-pvn.html "PV Narasimha Rao Passes Away"]. Retrieved 7 October 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071101063203/http://www.tlca.com/adults/obit-pvn.html |date=1 November 2007 }}</ref>

By 1996, the party's image was suffering from allegations of corruption, and in elections that year, Congress was reduced to 140 seats, its lowest number in the Lok Sabha to that point. Rao later resigned as prime minister and, in September, as party president.<ref name=resign>{{cite web|author=ABP News|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee's 13-day govt.|date=December 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ4F8KNB3ao |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/eQ4F8KNB3ao| archive-date=11 December 2021 |url-status=live|publisher=YouTube|access-date=24 June 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He was succeeded as president by [[Sitaram Kesri]], the party's first non-[[Brahmin]] leader.<ref name=Kesari>{{cite news|title=The Sitaram Kesri case|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-the-sitaram-kesri-case-how-dynasty-trumped-ethics-1564149|access-date=23 June 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=10 July 2011}}</ref> During the tenure of both Rao and Kesri, the two leaders conducted internal elections to the Congress working committees and their own posts as party presidents.<ref name="MitraEnskat2004">{{cite book|author1=Subrata Kumar Mitra|author2=Mike Enskat|author3=Clemens Spiess|title=Political Parties in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dObxI9xahSYC&pg=PR7|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-96832-8|pages=42–43}}</ref>

== INC (1998–present) ==
[[File:The President Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam authorizing the Prime Minister designate Dr. Manmohan Singh to form the next Government in New Delhi on May 19, 2004.jpg|thumb|250px|right|11th [[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] authorizing the Prime Minister designate [[Manmohan Singh]] to form the next Government in New Delhi on 19 May 2004]]
The [[1998 Indian general election|1998 general elections]] saw Congress win 141 seats in the Lok Sabha, its lowest tally until then.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2145_98.htm|title=India Parliamentary Chamber: Lok Sabha|website=[[Inter-Parliamentary Union]]|access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> To boost its popularity and improve its performance in the forthcoming election, Congress leaders urged [[Sonia Gandhi]], Rajiv Gandhi's widow, to assume leadership of the party.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1998/01/31/another-gandhi-comes-to-congress-partys-aid/6dd58f02-b8d2-4a1e-b6ee-32e6f26cefcf/|title=Another Gandhi Comes to Congress Party's Aid |last=Cooper|first=Kenneth J.|date=31 January 1998|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> She had previously declined offers to become actively involved in party affairs and had stayed away from politics.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19950131-sonia-gandhi-emerges-as-cynosure-of-all-eyes-could-play-pivotal-role-in-party-politics-808336-1995-01-31|title=Sonia Gandhi emerges as cynosure of all eyes, could play pivotal role in party politics|first1=M. |last1=Rahman|date=31 January 1995|magazine=India Today}}</ref> After her election as party leader, a section of the party that objected to the choice because of her Italian ethnicity broke away and formed the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP), led by [[Sharad Pawar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/21/world/congress-party-expels-3-who-opposed-gandhi.html|title=Congress Party Expels 3 Who Opposed Gandhi|first=Celia W.|last=Dugger|newspaper=The New York Times |date=21 May 1999}}</ref>
Sonia Gandhi struggled to revive the party in her early years as its president; she was under continuous scrutiny for her foreign birth and lack of political acumen. In the snap elections called by the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) government in 1999, Congress's tally further plummeted to just 114 seats.<ref name="negi" /> Although the leadership structure was unaltered as the party campaigned strongly in the assembly elections that followed, Gandhi began to make such strategic changes as abandoning the party's 1998 Pachmarhi resolution of ''ekla chalo'' (go it alone) policy, and formed alliances with other like-minded parties. In the intervening years, the party was successful at various legislative assembly elections; at one point, Congress ruled 15 states.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://hindustantimes.com/india-news/sonia-gandhi-s-19-years-as-congress-president-from-husband-rajiv-s-death-to-son-rahul-s-elevation/story-nmW3hNiG2zDo6abGYc38YO.html|title=Sonia Gandhi's 19 years as Congress president: From husband death to son Rahul's elevation|last=Naqshbandi|first=Aurangzeb|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=16 December 2017|date=4 March 2018}}</ref>

=== UPA governments (2004–2014) ===
For the 2004 general election, Congress forged alliances with regional parties including the NCP and the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/14congress.htm|title=The mathematics of politics|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=4 March 2018|date=16 May 2004}}</ref> The party's campaign emphasised social inclusion and the welfare of the common masses{{emdash}}an ideology that Gandhi herself endorsed for Congress during her presidency{{emdash}}with slogans such as {{lang|hi|Congress ka haath, aam aadmi ke saath}} ("Congress hand in hand with the common man"), contrasting with the NDA's "[[India Shining]]" campaign.<ref name="negi">{{cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/sonia-gandhis-legacy-she-reinvented-herself-to-fight-off-challenges-but-also-had-her-share-of-failures-1606229.html|title=Sonia Gandhi's Legacy: She Reinvented Herself to Fight Off Challenges but also Had Her Share of Failures|last=Negi|first=Saroj|work=CNN-News18|access-date=2 March 2018|date=16 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sonia-gandhi-congress-president-rahul-gandhi-politics-4983911/|title=Sonia Gandhi retires as Congress president, to remain active in politics|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=15 December 2017|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/as-sonia-gandhi-makes-way-4984673/ |title=As Sonia Gandhi makes way|last=Chowdhary|first=Neerja|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 December 2017|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> The Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) won 222 seats in the new parliament, defeating the NDA by a substantial margin. With the subsequent support of the communist front, Congress won a majority and formed a new government.<ref name="Naqshbandi">{{cite news|url=http://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sonia-gandhi-s-19-years-as-congress-president-from-husband-rajiv-s-death-to-son-rahul-s-elevation/story-nmW3hNiG2zDo6abGYc38YO.html |title=Sonia Gandhi's 19 years as Congress president: From husband Rajiv's death to son Rahul's elevation|last=Naqshbandi|first=Aurangzeb|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=16 December 2017|access-date=20 December 2017}}</ref> Despite massive support from within the party, Gandhi declined the post of prime minister, choosing to appoint [[Manmohan Singh]] instead.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-election-gandhi/sonia-gandhi-keeps-congress-hopes-alive-in-india-polls-idUSTRE53D1XH20090414 |title=Sonia Gandhi keeps Congress hopes alive in India polls|last=Chandra|first=Rina|work=Reuters|date=14 April 2009|access-date=19 December 2017}}</ref> She remained as party president and headed the [[National Advisory Council]] (NAC).<ref>{{cite news|title=Hands-on influence for Sonia Gandhi as NAC head|url=http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/bwgztbqFBjfiC4WnGGye3H/Handson-influence-for-Sonia-Gandhi-as-NAC-head.html|access-date=17 August 2016|last=Mathew|first=Liz|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]]|date=30 March 2010}}</ref>

During its first term in office, the UPA government passed several social reform bills. These included an [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act|employment guarantee]] bill, the [[Right to Information Act]], and a [[Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act|right to education]] act. The NAC, as well as [[Left Front (West Bengal)|the Left Front]] that supported the government from the outside, were widely seen as being the driving force behind such legislation. The Left Front withdrew its support of the government over disagreements about the U.S.–India Civil Nuclear Agreement. Despite the effective loss of 62 seats in parliament, the government survived the trust vote that followed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manmohan survives trust vote|url=http://specials.indiatoday.com/trustvote/|work=India Today|access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref> In the Lok Sabha elections held soon after, Congress won 207 seats, the highest tally of any party since 1991. The UPA as a whole won 262, enabling it to form a government for the second time. The social welfare policies of the first UPA government, and the perceived divisiveness of the BJP, are broadly credited with the victory.<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Bidwai|first=Praful|title=Reading the Verdict|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=archiveSearch&aid=20090619261209100&ais=12&avol=26|magazine=Frontline|access-date=6 January 2014}}</ref>

=== Defeats at national level (2014–present) ===
By the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, the party had lost much of its popular support, mainly because of several years of poor economic conditions in the country, and growing discontent over a series of corruption allegations involving government officials, including the [[2G spectrum case]] and the [[Indian coal allocation scam]].<ref name=2G>{{cite news|title=2G spectrum scam|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/what-is-the-2g-scam-all-about-102224-2012-10-19|access-date=22 June 2014|work=India Today|date=19 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=coal>{{cite news|title=Coal Block Allocations Scam|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-what-is-the-indian-coal-allocation-scam-1828830|access-date=22 June 2014|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=30 April 2013}}</ref> Congress won only 44 seats in the [[Lok Sabha]], compared to the 336 of the BJP and its allies<ref name=performance>{{cite news|title=List of Congress winners|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lok-sabha-election-results-list-of-congress-winners/472493-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519170158/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lok-sabha-election-results-list-of-congress-winners/472493-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 May 2014|access-date=22 June 2014|work=[[CNN-IBN]]|date=17 May 2014}}</ref> The UPA suffered heavy defeat, which was its worst-ever performance in a national election with its vote share dipping below 20 per cent for the first time.<ref name=result>{{cite news|title=Congress Vote Share Dips Below 20 Per Cent for First Time|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/article/election-2014/election-results-2014-congress-vote-share-dips-below-20-per-cent-for-first-time-526000|access-date=22 June 2014|work=[[NDTV India]]|date=17 May 2014}}</ref> [[Narendra Modi]] succeeded Singh as prime minister as the head of the [[National Democratic Alliance]]. Sonia Gandhi retired as party president in December 2017, having served for a record nineteen years. She was succeeded by her son [[Rahul Gandhi]], who was elected unopposed in the 2017 INC presidential election.<ref name="Naqshbandi" />
[[File:The Minister of State for Railways, Shri Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury addressing at the presentation of the National Awards for Outstanding Service in Railways, in Mumbai on April 16, 2013.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Lok Sabha Opposition leader|[[Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury]], INC's leader of the Lok Sabha from 2019 to 2024]]
Rahul Gandhi resigned from his post after the [[2019 Indian general election]], due to the party's dismal performance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rahul-gandhi-resignation-what-next-1561338-2019-07-03|title=Rahul Gandhi has resigned. For real. What next?|newspaper=India Today|access-date=14 July 2019|agency=Ist}}</ref> Following Gandhi's resignation, party leaders began deliberations for a suitable candidate to replace him. The Congress Working Committee met on 10 August to make a final decision on the matter and passed a resolution asking Sonia Gandhi to take over as interim president until a consensus candidate could be picked.<ref name="2019 president">{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cwc-chooses-sonia-gandhi-as-interim-chief-of-congress/articleshow/70623767.cms|title=CWC chooses Sonia Gandhi as interim chief of Congress|work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|date=11 August 2019|access-date=14 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rahul-had-said-no-gandhi-but-congress-goes-back-to-sonia-gandhi/articleshow/70625074.cms | title=Rahul had said 'no Gandhi', but Congress goes back to Sonia Gandhi | work=[[The Times of India]] | date=11 August 2019 | access-date=11 August 2019}}</ref> [[Rahul Gandhi]] is the [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]].<ref name="Pioneer">{{cite news |title=Chowdhury to stay as leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/india/chowdhury-to-stay-as-leader-of-opposition-in-lok-sabha.html |access-date=18 January 2022 |work=The Pioneer |date=15 July 2021}}</ref> [[Gaurav Gogoi]] is deputy leader in Lok Sabha.<ref>{{cite news |title=Congress appoints Gaurav Gogoi as deputy leader in Lok Sabha, Ravneet Bittu as whip |url=https://theprint.in/politics/congress-appoints-gaurav-gogoi-as-deputy-leader-in-lok-sabha-ravneet-bittu-as-whip/490567/ |access-date=18 January 2022 |work=ThePrint |date=27 August 2020}}</ref> Based on an analysis of the candidates' poll affidavits, a report by the National Election Watch (NEW) and the [[Association for Democratic Reforms]] (ADR) says that, the Congress has highest [[Defection|political defection]] since 2014. According to the report, a total of 222 electoral candidates have left the Congress to join other parties during polls held between 2014 and 2021, whereas 177 MPs and MLAs quit the party.<ref name="Analysis">{{cite news |last1=Joy |first1=Shemin |title=Congress has lost six governments to BJP since PM Narendra Modi assumed power in 2014 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/national-politics/congress-has-lost-six-governments-to-bjp-since-pm-narendra-modi-assumed-power-in-2014-954411.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Deccan Herald|agency=The Printers, Mysore |date=23 February 2021}}</ref> Defection resulted loss of its established governments in [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (UT), and [[Manipur]].
[[File:Bharat_Jodo_Yatra.webp|thumb|[[Bharat Jodo Yatra]] was a march led by Rahul Gandhi from the southern tip of India, to its northernmost territory.]]
In September 2022, the party launched the [[Bharat Jodo Yatra]], a [[padayatra]] from the southern tip of India at Kanyakumari to the northernmost territory of Kashmir, led by Rahul Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-30 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra: Rahul Gandhi's unity march ends in Kashmir |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64449569 |access-date=2023-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Yasir |first=Sameer |date=2022-12-03 |title=Why Is This Man With the Famous Name Walking 2,000 Miles Across India? |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/03/world/asia/india-rahul-gandhi.html |access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In October, the working committee held the [[2022 Indian National Congress Presidential Election|2022 INC Presidential Election]]. Sonia Gandhi and Rahul Gandhi both declined to contest, and [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] and [[Shashi Tharoor]] emerged as the main contenders. Kharge secured 84.14% of the votes, becoming the first non-Gandhi president in 24 years.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=2022-10-19 |title=India's Congress party appoints first non-Gandhi president in 24 years |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/19/india-congress-party-appoints-first-non-gandhi-president-in-24-years |access-date=2023-12-24 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In July 2023, the congress, along with 25 political parties made an opposition unity alliance named the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] (known by its backronym as the I.N.D.I.A. alliance) for the [[2024 Indian general election|2024 general election]] against the NDA government. The alliance includes major national and regional parties such as the [[Trinamool Congress]], [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]], and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]].

== See also ==
* [[Indian nationalism]]
* [[Indian independence movement]]
* [[Satyagraha]]
* [[Gandhism]]
* [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |author=Mahendra Prasad Singh |year=1981 |title=Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969 |url={{Google books|UOQRWuMXyRMC |page=PA42 |plainurl=yes}} |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-140-9}}

== Further reading ==
* ''Patel: A Life'' [[Rajmohan Gandhi]]
* ''My Autobiography, or The Story of My Experiments with Truth'', [[M.K. Gandhi]]
* ''Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel'', [[Narhari Parikh]]

{{Indian independence movement}}
{{Indian National Congress}}
{{Bal Gangadhar Tilak}}
{{Gandhi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of the Indian National Congress}}
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:History of the Indian National Congress| ]]
[[Category:History by political party|Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:History of political parties in India|National Congress]]

Air India One

2026-02-01T12:50:05Z

WilliamsLin216: expanded content

{{short description|Call sign of the aircraft carrying the Prime Minister or the President of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox aircraft
| name = India One
| logo = Air India One Livery.png
| logo_size = 270px
| image = Air India One Chennai.png
| image_caption = (Above) Livery of India One, (Below) An India One [[Boeing 777-300ER]] (K7066)
| aircraft_type = [[Air transports of heads of state and government]]
| owners = [[Government of India]]
| primary_user = {{ubl|[[President of India]]|[[Prime Minister of India]]}}
| more_users = {{ubl|[[Vice President of India]]}}
| number_built = 2
| in_service = October 2020
}}
'''India One''' (formerly Air India One; also referred to as '''AI1''', '''AIC1''' or '''INDIA 1''')<ref name="ie2010">{{cite news |last1=Nayyar |first1=Dhiraj |title=Air India One, Seat No 59G |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/air-india-one-seat-no-59g/ |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=26 September 2010 |language=en}}</ref> is the [[air traffic control]] [[call sign]] of any Special Extra Section Flight (SESF) operated by the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) for the [[President of India|President]], the [[Vice President of India|Vice-President]] or the [[Prime Minister of India]].

The [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] and the [[Air HQ Communication Squadron, Indian Air Force|AHQCS]], based at the [[Palam Air Force Station]], [[Delhi Cantonment|Delhi Cantt]], [[New Delhi]], [[India]] are responsible for coordinating and carrying out the missions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AirHQ Communications Squadron, Indian Air Force - Database|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/AHQ%20Comm%20Sqn|access-date=25 September 2021|website=Bharat Rakshak|language=en-gb}}</ref>

==History==
Previously, [[Air India One]] was one of two dual-use civilian [[Air India]] [[Boeing 747-400|Boeing 747-400s]].

In 2016, two [[Boeing 777-300ER|Boeing 777-300ERs]] were purchased as SESF (VVIP transport).<ref>{{Cite news|last=Raj|first=Ashoke|date=14 August 2020|title=Contingents of Air India, IAF, govt officials and security personnel leave for US to collect VVIP aircraft 'Air India One'|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/contingents-of-air-india-iaf-govt-officials-and-security-personnel-leave-for-us-to-collect-vvip-aircraft-air-india-one20200814180112/|access-date=25 September 2021|work=ANI News}}</ref> The new aircraft, with specially designed liveries, entered service in October 2020, replacing the Boeing 747-400s operated for the missions by [[Air India]]. Unlike the 747s which were [[commercial aircraft]], the newly inducted aircraft are military vessels formally owned and operated by the [[Indian Air Force]]. They bear no [[Air India]] markings and have no commercial dual-use. However, under a special contract, they will be maintained by Air India Engineering Services Limited (AIESL), which has experience maintaining the Boeing 777 series aircraft for Air India's commercial fleet.

The aircraft are fitted with encrypted satellite communication facilities and advanced [[navigation aid]]s, an advanced [[missile warning system]], a missile deflecting shield and [[electronic countermeasures]] so as to provide protection from any ground-based or airborne threats and flares and glares for misleading the missile. They are capable of long-range travel removing the need for [[Aerial refueling|air-to-air refuelling]] (which is a feature on the [[VC-25A]]s though they have not been used at all in their service) . The 777-300ERs’ onboard electronics include about 238 miles of wiring (twice the amount found in a normal 777). The heavy shielding is crucial to protect the wiring and crucial electronics from the [[electromagnetic pulse]] associated with a nuclear blast.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Know about Air India One! (Air India 1 – AI 1)|url=https://aviationthrust.com/know-about-air-india-one-air-india-1-ai-1/|access-date=19 November 2015|website=Aviation Thrust|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813025957/https://aviationthrust.com/know-about-air-india-one-air-india-1-ai-1/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 February 2019 |title=$190 mn missile shield for Air India One |url=https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/india/2019/02/08/air-india-missile-defence.html |access-date=8 August 2025 |website=www.manoramayearbook.in |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Air India One 737.jpg|thumb|An [[Indian Air Force]] BBJ 737, which was used as Air India One for domestic and short-distance travels before Boeing 777-300ER (India One)]]
At a Boeing facility in [[Fort Worth]], Texas, two ex- Air India aircraft (VT-ALV and VT-ALW, now registered as K7066 and K7067 respectively) were specially outfitted with missile defence and countermeasures dispensing systems, including large aircraft infrared countermeasures [[Common Infrared Countermeasures program#Large Aircraft Infrared Countermeasures (LAIRCM)|(LAIRCM)]] self-protection suites (SPS).

On India One flights, the President is designated as ''VIP-1'', the Vice-President as ''VIP-2'', and the Prime Minister as ''VIP-3''. The BBJs have a four class configuration. For VIPs 1, 2 and 3, an executive enclosure in the aircraft includes an office and a bedroom. All other passengers aboard India One are required to wear colour-coded identity cards at all times. Members of the official delegation (at the rank of [[Joint Secretary to the Government of India]] and above) are tagged in purple and sit in first class. Personnel of the [[Special Protection Group]] are also tagged in purple to provide proximate security to the Prime Minister, and may carry close combat weapons for the duration of flights. Accompanying officials (passengers of rank below Joint Secretary) are tagged in pink, and sit in business class equivalent seats. Support staff, including cooks and butlers, and other security personnel (not including the [[Special Protection Group]]) are tagged in red, while journalists in the press pool are tagged in yellow. Both red and yellow-tagged passengers sit in economy class equivalent seats.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayyar |first1=Dhiraj |title=Air India One, Seat No 59G - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/air-india-one-seat-no-59g/687970/0 |access-date=4 October 2020 |work=Indian Express |date=26 September 2010}}</ref>

While [[Union Council of Ministers|Union ministers]] and senior staff officers of the Indian Armed Forces may use smaller aircraft for official travel, the 777-300ERs are exclusively used by the President, the Vice-President and the Prime Minister of India.<ref name="th2009">{{cite news|date=1 April 2009|title=India's own Air Force One takes to the skies|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200904011612.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=9 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214104/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200904011612.htm|archive-date=26 September 2011}}</ref><ref name="tfe2005">{{cite news|date=21 September 2005|title=VVIPs get their special jets|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/vvips-get-their-special-jets/146415/1|work=Financial Express|access-date=8 April 2011}}</ref> Additional [[Indian Air Force]] VIP Aircraft such as the [[Boeing 737 Next Generation|B737 BBJ]] and [[Embraer ERJ family|ERJ-135]] are also used by many government dignitaries (including the Prime Minister) for domestic and international medium-haul travel.

== List of other VIP aircraft used by the Government of India ==
The [[Indian Air Force]] has a fleet of six [[Boeing 737|Boeing 737s]] (Business Boeing Jets (BBJ)). Three named and three unnamed for Domestic and International travel of VIPs.

* K5012 : 36106 - Rajdoot
* K5013 : 36107 - Rajhans
* K5014 : 36108 - Rajkamal
* K2412 : MSN 23036
* K2413 : MSN 23037
* K3187 : MSN 20483

Rajdoot is used by the Prime Minister and the other two Rajkamal and Rajhans are used by the President and the Vice-President respectively. {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

For visiting military areas or places with no aeroplane landing facilities, IAF's [[Mil Mi-17]] are used. A proposal to purchase [[AgustaWestland AW101|AugustaWestland AW101]] as executive helicopters was [[2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal|cancelled in 2013]] following bribery and corruption charges against [[Leonardo (company)|Finmeccanica.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harikumar |first=A. |date=25 March 2013 |title=Bribes were taken in the VVIP helicopter deal, admits AK Antony |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chopper-scam-helcopter-deal-was-tainted-admits-ak-antony-156967-2013-03-24 |access-date=19 October 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2014 |title=Rs 3,600 crore VVIP chopper deal with AgustaWestland scrapped in view of bribery allegations |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rs-3600-crore-vvip-chopper-deal-with-agustawestland-scrapped-in-view-of-bribery-allegations/articleshow/28238060.cms |access-date=19 October 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Other than these, IAF has four VIP [[Embraer Legacy 600]] that are used by the Home, the Finance, the Defence and the External Affairs ministers of India respectively. {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

* Meghdoot (K601) - [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Minister of Home Affairs]] {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
* Vayudoot (K602) - [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Minister of External Affairs]] {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
* Nabhdoot (K603) - [[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]] {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}
* Gagandoot (K604) - [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] {{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

The rest of [[Union Council of Ministers|cabinet ministers]], [[speaker of the Lok Sabha]], deputy ministers ''(junior and [[ministers of state]]'') travel in Air India Business class. It is the same for high ranking bureaucrats and Supreme Court judges.

== See also ==
*[[Air Headquarters Communication Squadron]]
*[[Air transports of heads of state and government]]

==References==
{{commons category}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Presidential aircraft]]
[[Category:Air transport of heads of state]]
[[Category:Call signs]]
[[Category:Boeing 747]]
[[Category:Boeing 777]]

Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020–21

2026-01-31T07:13:15Z

WilliamsLin216: quick update

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020–21
| team1_image = Flag of Australia.svg
| team1_name = Australia
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 27 November 2020
| to_date = 19 January 2021
| team1_captain = [[Tim Paine]] (Tests) [[Aaron Finch]], [[Matthew Wade]] (ODIs & T20Is)<ref name="Finch" group="n">[[Matthew Wade]] captained Australia for the 2nd T20I.</ref>
| team2_captain = [[Virat Kohli]], [[Ajinkya Rahane]]<ref name="Kohli" group="n">[[Ajinkya Rahane]] captained India for the last three Test matches.</ref>
| no_of_tests = 4
| team1_tests_won = 1
| team2_tests_won = 2
| team1_tests_most_runs = [[Marnus Labuschagne]] (426)
| team2_tests_most_runs = [[Rishabh Pant]] (274)
| team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Pat Cummins]] (21)
| team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Mohammed Siraj]] (13)
| player_of_test_series = [[Pat Cummins]] (Aus)
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 1
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Aaron Finch]] (249)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Hardik Pandya]] (210)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Adam Zampa]] (7)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] (4) [[Mohammed Shami]] (4)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] (Aus)
| no_of_twenty20s = 3
| team1_twenty20s_won = 1
| team2_twenty20s_won = 2
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Matthew Wade]] (145)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Virat Kohli]] (134)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Mitchell Swepson]] (5)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[T. Natarajan]] (6)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Ind)
}}
The [[India national cricket team|India cricket team]] toured Australia from November 2020 to January 2021 to play four [[Test cricket|Tests]], three [[One Day International]]s (ODIs) and three [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref name="Nat">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/cricket/complete-schedule-of-indian-cricket-team-in-2020-including-the-all-important-tour-of-australia-and-t20-world-cup-1.957676 |title=Complete schedule of Indian cricket team in 2020 including the all-important tour of Australia and T20 World Cup |work=The National |access-date=30 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1878727 |title=India tour of Australia dates confirmed |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> The Test series formed part of the inaugural [[2019–2021 World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]], and the ODI series formed part of the inaugural [[2020–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League|ICC Cricket World Cup Super League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/742337 |title=Schedule for inaugural World Test Championship announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=11 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2018/06/20/6dc2c8d4-e1a5-4dec-94b4-7121fab3cd7f/ICC_Tours.pdf |title=Men's Future Tours Programme |access-date=11 October 2019 |work=International Cricket Council |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711080228/https://icc-static-files.s3.amazonaws.com/ICC/document/2018/06/20/6dc2c8d4-e1a5-4dec-94b4-7121fab3cd7f/ICC_Tours.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In February 2020, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) announced that they wanted to play one of the Test matches as a [[day/night cricket|day/night]] fixture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/28714863/india-play-day-night-test-australia-ahmedabad-england |title=India to play day-night Test in Australia, Ahmedabad likely to host pink-ball Test against England |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 February 2020}}</ref> On 22 October 2020, the tour was approved by the [[Government of New South Wales|NSW Government]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/india-quarantine-approval-sydney-nsw-canberra-border-gavakaskar-international-summer-schedule/2020-10-22 |title=NSW approves India, Aussie IPL stars' quarantine plans |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> with [[Sydney]] and [[Canberra]] confirmed as the hosts of the [[Limited overs cricket|limited overs matches]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30165849/india-tour-australia-gets-government-green-light-sydney,-canberra-host-white-ball-leg |title=India tour of Australia gets government green light; Sydney, Canberra to host white-ball leg |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 October 2020}}</ref> Four days later, [[Cricket Australia]] confirmed the fixtures for the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30205172/india-australia-schedule-confirmed-adelaide-hosts-day-night-test,-hope-25,000-mcg |title=India-Australia schedule confirmed; Adelaide hosts day-night Test, hope of 25,000 at MCG |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> On 9 November 2020, the BCCI announced that India's captain [[Virat Kohli]] had been granted [[Parental leave|paternity leave]], and left the tour after the first Test match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bcci-grants-paternity-leave-to-virat-kohli-india-captain-to-return-from-australia-tour-after-first-test/story-Sx3XKUP9Y8PaI4tyb3kzmM.html |title=Virat Kohli to return from Australia tour after first Test as BCCI grants Team India captain paternity leave |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> [[Ajinkya Rahane]] led the Indian team in Kohli's absence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12344/12128409/virat-kohli-will-miss-final-three-tests-of-indias-series-in-australia-after-being-granted-paternity-leave |title=Virat Kohli will miss final three Tests of India's series in Australia after being granted paternity leave |work=Sky Sports |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref>

Australia won the first and second ODI matches to take a lead in the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/australia-india-second-odi-live-stream-scores-highlights-report-kohli-finch-bumrah-starc/2020-11-29 |title=Smith stars as Aussies smash, then soar to ODI series victory |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref> India won the third ODI match by 13 runs,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19846/report/1223957/australia-vs-india-3rd-odi-cricket-world-cup-super-league |title=Hardik, Jadeja, Bumrah end India's ODI rut, avert series sweep against Australia |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 December 2020}}</ref> with Australia winning the series 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/australia-india-third-odi-live-stream-scores-video-highlights-report-kayo-fox/2020-12-02 |title=Australia chase falls short as India avoid the sweep |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref> India also won the first and second T20I matches, winning the T20I series with a game to spare. This series victory made [[Virat Kohli]] the first captain to win a T20I series in both Australia and England.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/australia-india-second-t20-scg-highlights-kohli-pandya-wade-smith-maxwell-live-scores/2020-12-06 |title=Nerveless Pandya steers India home to clinch series |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref> Australia won the third and final match by 12 runs, with India winning the series 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/australia-india-third-t20-scg-highlights-kohli-pandya-wade-smith-maxwell-finch-live-scores/2020-12-08 |title=Aussies withstand Indian onslaught to claim T20I thriller |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref>

In the first Test, India were bowled out for 36 runs in the second innings,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/55375248 |title=Australia v India: Virat Kohli's team bowled out for 36 in Adelaide defeat |work=BBC Sport |date=19 December 2020 |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> their [[List of India Test cricket records#Fewest runs in an innings|lowest team total]] in a Test match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-1st-test-adelaide-india-s-lowest-test-score-how-virat-kohli-co-crumbled-to-36-all-out-1244673 |title=India's lowest Test score – how Virat Kohli & Co crumbled to 36 all out |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> Australia went on to win the match by eight wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-australia-shoaib-akhtar-says-india-lost-first-test-because-of-pink-ball-australia-batting-weak-1755069-2021-01-01 |title=India vs Australia: Australia's bowling good but India lost 1st Test because of pink ball – Shoaib Akhtar |work=India Today |date=January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref> India then won the second Test by the same margin to level the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/12174602/india-thrash-australia-by-eight-wickets-in-second-test-to-draw-level-at-1-1-in-four-match-series |title=India thrash Australia by eight wickets in second Test to draw level at 1–1 in four-match series |work=Sky Sport |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref> The third Test ended in a draw, with the series remaining at 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/55615317 |title=Australia v India: Tourists draw thrilling third Test to keep series level |work=BBC Sport |date=11 January 2021 |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref> India won the fourth and final Test match by three wickets, to win the series 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/australia-india-day-five-fourth-test-gabba-brisbane-scorecard-highlights-live-weather-updates/2021-01-19 |title=Indian summer! Gabba streak ends with classic Test win |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref>

It was the 10th time Australia lost a test series on home soil outside [[The Ashes]]<ref name="England" group="n">[[England cricket team|England]] achieved this in [[English cricket team in Australia in 1882–83|1882–83]], [[English cricket team in Australia in 1884–85|1884–85]], [[English cricket team in Australia in 1886–87|1886–87]], [[English cricket teams in Australia and New Zealand in 1887–88|1887–88]], [[English cricket team in Australia in 1894–95|1894–95]], [[English cricket team in Australia in 1903–04|1903–04]], [[English cricket team in Australia in 1911–12|1911–12]], [[English cricket team in Australia in 1928–29|1928–29]], [[English cricket team in Australia in 1932–33|1932–33]], [[English cricket team in Australia in 1954–55|1954–55]], [[English cricket team in Australia in 1970–71|1970–71]], [[English cricket team in Australia in 1978–79|1978–79]], [[English cricket team in Australia in 1986–87|1986–87]] and [[English cricket team in Australia in 2010–11|2010–11]].</ref>, [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1979–80|West Indies in 1979–80]], [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1984–85|West Indies in 1984–85]], [[New Zealand cricket team in Australia in 1985–86|New Zealand in 1985–86]], [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1988–89|West Indies in 1988–89]], [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1992–93|West Indies in 1992–93]], [[South African cricket team in Australia in 2008–09|South Africa in 2008–09]], [[South African cricket team in Australia in 2012–13|South Africa in 2012–13]], [[South African cricket team in Australia in 2016–17|South Africa in 2016–17]] and [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 2018–19|India in 2018–19]].
==Background==
In April 2020, [[Kevin Roberts (cricketer)|Kevin Roberts]], CEO of [[Cricket Australia]] looked at "creative" solutions for the tour due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/kevin-roberts-addresses-cricket-australia-response-to-coronavirus-india-kohli-bbl-stand-down/2020-04-21 |title=Roberts, CA mull 'creative' solutions for next summer |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> These included the possibility of playing five Test matches instead of four,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/cricket-australia-chief-hints-at-five-test-series-against-india/story-hxh0dqMX6fKV5aVzFUecfM.html |title=Cricket Australia chief hints at five-Test series against India |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> and to play all the Test matches [[Behind closed doors (sport)|behind closed doors]] at the [[Adelaide Oval]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29075530/cricket-australia-mulls-five-india-tests-closed-doors |title=Cricket Australia mulls five India Tests behind closed doors |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> The Australian government was also looking at applying international travel exemptions to allow the tour to happen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29091871/india-tour-australia-travel-exemptions-considered |title=India tour of Australia travel exemptions to be considered |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref> The following month, the BCCI confirmed that they were willing to put players in a two-week quarantine period to ensure that the tour goes ahead.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29149045/india-ready-two-week-quarantine-make-australia-tour-happen |title=BCCI says India ready for two-week quarantine to make Australia tour happen |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=8 May 2020 |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/india-tour-of-australia-2020-2021-quarantine-lockdown-t20-world-cup-tests-odis/2020-05-08 |title=India will quarantine to ensure tour proceeds: BCCI |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref> Kevin Roberts later added that there is a "nine out of 10" chance of the tour taking place.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29207281/cricket-australia-chief-india-tour-nine-10-chance-taking-place |title=Cricket Australia chief: India tour 'nine out of 10' chance of taking place |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=22 May 2020 |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/cricket-australia-england-tour-odi-t20-september-kevin-roberts-ecb-covid19/2020-05-22 |title=Australian hopes rise for England tour, India Tests |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref> The Test series was scheduled to start in December 2020, with the first Test in Brisbane.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29227718/adelaide-host-india-pink-ball-test-december |title=Adelaide to host India for pink-ball Test in December |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref> The ODI series was scheduled to start in January 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/australia/cricket-australia-vs-india-test-fixtures-202019-bordergavaskar-schedule-revealed/news-story/6aaa0460bd256437c3f3a1c9cac3799e |title=Gabbatoir returns, India to play day-nighter as Test schedule burns Perth |work=Fox Sports |date=27 May 2020 |access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref> On 28 May 2020, Cricket Australia confirmed all of the fixtures for the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/cricket-australia-international-schedule-2020-21-india-new-zealand-west-indies-zimbabwe-afghanistan/2020-05-28 |title=CA announces an international schedule for 2020–21 |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29233514/australia-scheduled-return-action-odis-zimbabwe |title=Australia scheduled to return to action with ODIs against Zimbabwe |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> The following day, Kevin Roberts stated that the number of Test venues could be reduced to one or two grounds, depending on any travel restrictions imposed due to the virus.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1224015.html |title='Very high risk' of men's T20 World Cup taking place on schedule – Cricket Australia chief executive |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 May 2020}}</ref>

Originally, the tour was also going to start with three [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches, commencing on 11 October 2020, ahead of the then scheduled 2020 ICC Men's T20 World Cup.<ref name="Nat"/> However, in July 2020, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) confirmed that the tournament had been postponed [[2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|until 2021]], due to the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1733341 |title=Men's T20 World Cup postponement FAQs |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref> As a result, the T20I matches were postponed,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29604924/tournament-hubs,-afghanistan-test-boxing-day-where-does-australia-summer-stand? |title=Tournament hubs, Afghanistan Test and Boxing Day: where does the Australia summer stand? |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> after they clashed with the revised fixtures for the [[2020 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/australia-vs-india-t20-series-postponement-october-indian-premier-league-ipl-2020-uae-schedule-covid-19/article32265589.ece |title=Australia vs India T20I series set to be postponed to avoid IPL clash |work=SportStar |date=4 August 2020 |access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> Despite a [[COVID-19 pandemic in Australia#August 2020|lockdown in Melbourne]] in August 2020, Cricket Australia said they would do everything they can to ensure the [[Boxing Day Test]] goes ahead as planned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29618915/australia-v-india-do-everything-play-boxing-day-test-mcg,-says-ca-ceo |title=Australia v India: 'Will do everything we can' to play Boxing Day Test at MCG, says CA CEO |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/nick-hockley-boxing-day-test-melbourne-mcg-t20-world-cup-final-2022-2021-india-australia/2020-08-08 |title=CA eager to make the MCG roar again |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref> Cricket Australia were also looking at a revised schedule for the tour, including playing all the limited-overs matches before the Test series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29666123/india-start-australia-tour-white-ball-cricket,-not-tests |title=India could start Australia tour with white-ball cricket, not Tests |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> On 20 August 2020, [[Sourav Ganguly]], president of the BCCI, said that India's senior men's team would travel to Australia to fulfil their [[Future Tours Programme]] (FTP) commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29715376/sourav-ganguly-commits-india-hosting-england-february-2021 |title=Sourav Ganguly commits to India hosting England in February 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

In September 2020, Cricket Australia were looking at further contingency plans for the tour, including moving venues if needed, and the possibility of replacing the Test match in [[Brisbane]] with [[Limited overs cricket|white-ball]] fixtures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29827870/australia-v-india-2020-21-western-australia-quarantine-snub-forces-india-tour-east |title=Western Australia quarantine snub forces India tour to the east |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=7 September 2020}}</ref> It was later announced that no matches of any form of cricket would be played in Perth, due to a major quarantine breach by then-[[Sydney Swans]] player [[Elijah Taylor (Australian footballer)|Elijah Taylor]] during the [[2020 AFL season]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/cricket/cricket-elijah-taylor-covid-breach-set-to-cost-perth-international-cricket-this-summer/news-story/8e89a1985f47e470eaefeef550cf53e4|title=Cricket: Elijah Taylor COVID breach set to cost Perth international cricket this summer|publisher=Daily Telegraph|first=Robert|last=Craddock|date=6 September 2020|access-date=6 September 2020}}</ref>

In October 2020, an updated tour itinerary was published, with the ODIs taking place in [[Brisbane]], the T20Is taking place in [[Adelaide]], and the day/night Test match also taking place in Adelaide.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30052809/australia-vs-india-test-series-start-pink-ball-game-adelaide |title=Australia vs India Test series to start with pink-ball game in Adelaide |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 October 2020}}</ref> Cricket Australia also confirmed that the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] and the [[Manuka Oval]] in [[Canberra]] were part of their contingency plan to host the [[Limited overs cricket|limited overs matches]] of the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30146189/australia-vs-india-2020-21-india-quarantine-sydney-canberra |title=India could quarantine in Sydney or Canberra during Australia tour in November |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30152508/india-tour-australia-2020-21-sydney-canberra-firming-host-india-odis-t20is |title=Sydney and Canberra firming to host India ODIs and T20Is |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

In October 2020, plans began to emerge to allow crowds back into venues, with Australia slowly coming out of COVID-19 restrictions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30195016/australia-v-india-2020-21-victoria-premier-very-confident-boxing-day-crowd-mcg |title=Victoria Premier 'very confident' over Boxing Day crowd at MCG |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref> The following month, Cricket Australia confirmed the ground capacities for each match on the tour,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30288955/australia-vs-india,-2020-21-ground-capacities-confirmed-australia-india-matches- |title=Ground capacities confirmed for Australia-India matches |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref> with the possibility of more tickets being made available closer to the start of each match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/australia-india-tickets-price-on-sale-date-time-20-21-season-sydney-adelaide-brisbane-melbourne-test/2020-11-10 |title=Get your tickets: Fans' guide with all you need to know |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=10 November 2020}}</ref>

In late December 2020, there was a COVID-19 outbreak in [[Sydney]], prompting tighter restrictions in [[New South Wales]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-vs-india-1st-test-adelaide-cricket-australia-on-alert-after-sydney-covid-19-outbreak-1244497 |title=Cricket Australia on alert after Sydney Covid-19 outbreak |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> As a result, Cricket Australia looked at the contingency of swapping the venues of the third and fourth Tests in Sydney and Brisbane respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-vs-india-2020-21-sydney-and-brisbane-test-switch-among-cricket-australia-contingency-plans-1244754 |title=Sydney and Brisbane Test switch among Cricket Australia contingency plans |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Other scenarios that Cricket Australia were looking at was to host the last two Tests in Sydney, to avoid travel between states,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-vs-india-2020-21-dual-sydney-tests-among-ca-s-contingency-scenarios-1244984 |title=Dual Sydney Tests among CA's contingency scenarios |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> or to host the second and third Tests in Melbourne.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-vs-india-sydney-holds-onto-third-test-as-cricket-australia-plays-waiting-game-1245044 |title=Sydney holds onto third Test as Cricket Australia plays waiting game |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 December 2020}}</ref> On 29 December 2020, Cricket Australia confirmed that Sydney would host the third Test as scheduled.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/covid19-outbreak-mcg-scg-melbourne-sydney-third-test-location-australia-india/2020-12-29 |title=SCG gets green light to host annual Pink Test |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=29 December 2020}}</ref> On 4 January 2021, the crowd capacity of the Sydney Cricket Ground was reduced from 50% to 25%.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/55527309| title= Australia v India: Sydney Cricket Ground cuts crowd capacity to 25%| work=[[BBC Sport]]| date=4 January 2021| access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|Tests
!colspan=2|ODIs
!colspan=2|T20Is
|-
! {{cr|AUS}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/australia-test-squad-selections-india-series-green-pucovski-abbott-burns-tour-games/2020-11-12 |title=Pucovski, Green headline Test and Australia A squads |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref>
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-vs-australia-test-series-squads-announced-t20s-odis-kl-rahul-hardik-pandya-varun-chakravarthy/article32943538.ece |title=India squads for tour of Australia: Rohit Sharma not part of India squads to tour Down Under |work=Sport Star |date=26 October 2020 |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
! {{cr|AUS}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/australia-odi-t20-squad-india-tour-white-ball-teams-finch-smith-warner-maxwell-starc-cummins-2020/2020-10-29 |title=Green in gold: Young gun picked to face India |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30196657/rishabh-pant-omitted-india-white-ball-squads,-varun-chakravarthy-t20i-squad |title=Rishabh Pant omitted from India's white-ball squads, Varun Chakravarthy in T20I squad |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=26 October 2020 |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
! {{cr|AUS}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30213755/australia-v-india-2020-21-cameron-green-earns-australia-call-moises-henriques-returns-three-years |title=Cameron Green earns Australia call-up, Moises Henriques returns after three years |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref>
! {{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-tour-of-australia-rohit-sharma-ishant-sharma-not-part-of-india-squad/story-TiCqtmkq15lQ8szIoV5tZM.html |title=Indian team for Australia series: Rohit Sharma not named in squads for all formats due to injury concern, Varun Chakravarthy included for T20Is |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Tim Paine]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]], [[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Pat Cummins]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Sean Abbott]]
* [[Joe Burns (cricketer)|Joe Burns]]
* [[Cameron Green]]
* [[Marcus Harris (cricketer)|Marcus Harris]]
* [[Josh Hazlewood]]
* [[Travis Head]]
* [[Moises Henriques]]
* [[Marnus Labuschagne]]
* [[Nathan Lyon]]
* [[Michael Neser]]
* [[James Pattinson|<s>James Pattinson</s>]]
* [[Will Pucovski]]
* [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]
* [[Mitchell Starc]]
* [[Mitchell Swepson]]
* [[Matthew Wade]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
|
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]] ([[captain (cricket)#captain|c]])<ref name="c" group="n">Virat Kohli was the captain for the first Test while Ajinkya Rahane was the captain for the rest of the series.</ref>
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[captain (cricket)#captain|c]])<ref name="c" group="n">Virat Kohli was the captain for the first Test while Ajinkya Rahane was the captain for the rest of the series.</ref>
* [[Rohit Sharma]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Mayank Agarwal]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[T. Natarajan]]
* [[Rishabh Pant]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]]
* <s>[[KL Rahul]]</s>
* [[Wriddhiman Saha]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Navdeep Saini]]
* [[Mohammed Shami]]
* [[Prithvi Shaw]]
* [[Mohammed Siraj]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Hanuma Vihari]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
* [[Umesh Yadav]]
|
* [[Aaron Finch]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Pat Cummins]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Sean Abbott]]
* [[Ashton Agar]]
* [[Alex Carey (cricketer)|Alex Carey]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Cameron Green]]
* [[Josh Hazlewood]]
* [[Moises Henriques]]
* [[Marnus Labuschagne]]
* [[Glenn Maxwell]]
* [[Daniel Sams]]
* <s>[[Kane Richardson]]</s>
* [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]
* [[Mitchell Starc]]
* [[Marcus Stoinis]]
* [[Andrew Tye]]
* [[Matthew Wade]]
* [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
* [[Adam Zampa]]
|
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]], [[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mayank Agarwal]]
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Shubman Gill]]
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[T. Natarajan]]
* [[Manish Pandey]]
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Navdeep Saini]]
* [[Sanju Samson]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mohammed Shami]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
* [[Kuldeep Yadav]]
|
* [[Aaron Finch]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* <s>[[Pat Cummins]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])</s>
* [[Sean Abbott]]
* <s>[[Ashton Agar]]</s>
* [[Alex Carey (cricketer)|Alex Carey]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* <s>[[Cameron Green]]</s>
* [[Josh Hazlewood]]
* [[Moises Henriques]]
* [[Marnus Labuschagne]]
* [[Nathan Lyon]]
* [[Glenn Maxwell]]
* [[Daniel Sams]]
* <s>[[Kane Richardson]]</s>
* [[D'Arcy Short]]
* [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]]
* [[Mitchell Starc]]
* [[Marcus Stoinis]]
* [[Mitchell Swepson]]
* [[Andrew Tye]]
* [[Matthew Wade]]
* <s>[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]</s>
* [[Adam Zampa]]
|
* [[Virat Kohli]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[KL Rahul]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]], [[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mayank Agarwal]]
* [[Jasprit Bumrah]]
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
* [[Deepak Chahar]]
* <s>[[Varun Chakravarthy]]</s>
* [[Shikhar Dhawan]]
* [[Shreyas Iyer]]
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]
* [[T. Natarajan]]
* [[Manish Pandey]]
* [[Hardik Pandya]]
* [[Navdeep Saini]]
* [[Sanju Samson]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mohammed Shami]]
* [[Washington Sundar]]
* [[Shardul Thakur]]
|}

On 26 October 2020, India named their squad for the tour, with [[Kamlesh Nagarkoti]], [[Kartik Tyagi]], [[Ishan Porel]] and [[T. Natarajan]] named as additional bowlers to travel with the team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2020/news/147414/team-india-s-t20i-odi-and-test-squads-for-tour-of-australia-announced |title=Team India's T20I, ODI and Test squads for Tour of Australia announced |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> [[Rohit Sharma]] and [[Ishant Sharma]] were not named in India's squads, after both players suffered injuries during the [[2020 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/indian-cricket-board-announces-squads-for-test-odi-and-t20i-series-in-australia-rohit-sharma-not-named-2316071 |title=BCCI Announces Squad For India's Tour Of Australia, Rohit Sharma Not Named |work=Sports NDTV |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref> [[KL Rahul]] was named as the [[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vice-captain]] of India for the [[Limited overs cricket|limited overs matches]], in place of Rohit Sharma.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1877380 |title=India name squads for Australia tour |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref>

On 9 November 2020, the BCCI made several updates for the squads for the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2020/news/147420/updates-india-s-tour-of-australia |title=Updates- India's Tour of Australia |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> [[Virat Kohli]] was granted [[Parental leave|paternity]] leave to leave the squad after the first Test match,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/cricket/virat-kohli-granted-paternity-leave-while-rohit-sharma-returns-to-test-squad-for-australia-tour-1.1108542 |title=Virat Kohli granted paternity leave while Rohit Sharma returns to Test squad for Australia tour |work=The National |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> and Rohit Sharma was added to India's Test squad for the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30284064/virat-kohli-play-only-one-test-australia,-rohit-sharma-added-squad |title=Virat Kohli to return after first Test in Australia, Rohit Sharma added to squad |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> T. Natarajan was added to India's T20I squad, replacing [[Varun Chakravarthy]] who was ruled out due to an injury,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/kohli-to-go-on-paternity-leave-after-1st-australia-test-rohit-included-for-tests-varun-chakravarthy-injured/article33058416.ece |title=Kohli to go on paternity leave after 1st Australia Test; Rohit included for Tests, Varun Chakravarthy injured |work=The Hindu |date=9 November 2020 |access-date=9 November 2020 |last1=Karhadkar |first1=Amol }}</ref> and [[Sanju Samson]] was added to India's ODI squad as an extra wicket-keeper.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/114841/virat-kohli-to-return-home-after-adelaide-test-rohit-sharma-added-to-test-squad-india-tour-of-australia |title=Kohli to return home after Adelaide Test; Rohit added to Test squad |work=CricBuzz |date=9 November 2020 |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> Kamlesh Nagarkoti, one of the four additional bowlers named for the tour, was also ruled out due to the management of his workload.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/india/virat_kohli_paternity_leave_india_test_series_australia.html |title=Virat Kohli granted paternity leave to exit India Test series in Australia as Rohit Sharma returns |work=The Cricketer |access-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> On 12 November 2020, the Indian squad arrived in [[Sydney]] to begin a two-week long quarantine period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30302824/australia-vs-india-2020-21-indians-land-sydney-go-quarantine |title=Indians land in Sydney and go into quarantine |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref> On 24 November 2020, the BCCI confirmed that Ishant Sharma and Rohit Sharma had been ruled out of the first two Test matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30377226/australia-vs-india-ishant-sharma,-rohit-sharma-ruled-first-two-tests |title=Ishant Sharma, Rohit Sharma ruled out of first two Tests |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=24 November 2020}}</ref> On 26 November 2020, T. Natarajan was added to India's squad for the ODI series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-tour-of-australia/india-vs-australia-odi-series-sydney-t-natarajan-added-to-squad-rohit-sharma-ishant-fitness/article33188496.ece |title=AUS vs IND: T Natarajan added to India's squad for Australia ODI series |work=Sport Star |date=26 November 2020 |access-date=26 November 2020}}</ref> Natarajan was named as cover for [[Navdeep Saini]], who was suffering with a back [[spasm]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30394428/aus-vs-ind-2020-21-t-natarajan-added-india-odi-squad-cover-navdeep-saini |title=T Natarajan added to India ODI squad as cover for Navdeep Saini |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=26 November 2020 |access-date=26 November 2020}}</ref> Later the same day, the BCCI also confirmed that Ishant Sharma had been ruled out of the tour due to injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30394556/aus-vs-ind-2020-21-ishant-sharma-ruled-australia-tour,-rohit-sharma-contention |title=Ishant Sharma ruled out of Australia tour, Rohit Sharma still in contention |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=26 November 2020 |access-date=26 November 2020}}</ref>

In November 2020, [[Kane Richardson]] was withdrawn from Australia's ODI and T20I squads, after he opted to stay at home with his newborn son.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30339044/australia-vs-india-2020-21-kane-richardson-miss-limited-overs-series-india-andrew-tye-called-up |title=Kane Richardson to miss limited-overs series against India, Andrew Tye called |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref> [[Andrew Tye]] was named as Richardson's replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/australia-change-to-odi-t20-squad-india-kane-richardson-aj-andrew-tye-darcy-short/2020-11-18 |title=COVID chaos forces changes to Aussie ODI, T20 squad |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref> On 30 November 2020, [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] was ruled out of the remaining limited-overs games after suffering a groin injury in the second ODI.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30418928/australia-vs-india-2020-21-david-warner-test-fitness-race-pat-cummins-rested-remaining-limited-overs-matches |title=David Warner in Test fitness race, Pat Cummins rested for remaining limited-overs matches |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> Subsequently, [[D'Arcy Short]] was named as Warner's replacement in the T20I series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/115060/darcy-short-replaces-injured-warner-for-t20is-cummins-rested |title=D'Arcy Short replaces injured Warner for T20Is; Cummins rested |work=CricBuzz |date=30 November 2020 |access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> Additionally, [[Pat Cummins]] was rested for the remainder of the white-ball matches to prepare for the Test series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/david-warner-groin-injury-odi-t20-tests-australia-india-darcy-short-pat-cummins-mitch-marsh/2020-11-30 |title=Warner, Cummins to miss remaining limited-overs games |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=30 November 2020}}</ref> [[Ashton Agar]] was ruled out of Australia's squad for the T20I series due to an injury, with [[Mitchell Swepson]] replacing him.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/mitch-swepson-matthew-wade-cameron-green-toss-teams-australia-india-first-t20i-canberra-highlights/2020-12-04 |title=Swepson shock as Aussies bowl first in opening T20I |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>

On 4 December 2020, India's [[Ravindra Jadeja]] suffered a concussion during the first T20I match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-tour-of-australia/ravindra-jadeja-india-australia-concussion-shardul-thakur-t20-squad-canberra-cricket-news/article33253179.ece |title=Ravindra Jadeja ruled out of T20I series, Shardul Thakur in |work=Sport Star |date=4 December 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> He was ruled out of the rest of the T20I series, with [[Shardul Thakur]] named as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30449664/india-tour-australia-2020-21-aus-vs-ind-concussion-rules-ravindra-jadeja-rest-t20i-series |title=Concussion rules Ravindra Jadeja out of rest of T20I series |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=4 December 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref> The following day, [[Cameron Green]] was released from Australia's T20I squad, with [[Nathan Lyon]] named as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/nathan-lyon-australia-t20-squad-off-spinner-india-scg-squad-cameron-green-aaron-finch/2020-12-05 |title=Lyon in, Green out of Aussie T20 squad |work=Cricket Network |access-date=5 December 2020}}</ref> On 6 December 2020, [[Mitchell Starc]] withdrew from Australia's squad for the rest of the T20I series for personal reasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/mitchell-starc-australia-india-withdraw-personal-family-reasons-t20-series-scg-sydney/2020-12-06 |title=Starc withdraws from Aussie squad for personal reasons |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref>

On 9 December 2020, David Warner was ruled out of Australia's squad for the first Test in Adelaide, due to an injury.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/david-warner-australia-test-squad-adelaide-injury-injury/2020-12-09 |title=Warner ruled out of Adelaide Test |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref> On 12 December 2020, [[Marcus Harris (cricketer)|Marcus Harris]] was added to Australia's squad,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/marcus-harris-opener-test-squad-addition-australia-adelaide-injuries-warner-pucovski-india/2020-12-12 |title=Harris called up to Aussie Test squad, Pucovski ruled out |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref> after [[Will Pucovski]] was ruled out of the first Test in Adelaide due to a concussion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-vs-india-concussed-will-pucovski-out-of-adelaide-test-marcus-harris-named-replacement-1243579 |title=Concussion rules Will Pucovski out of Adelaide Test; Marcus Harris named replacement |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref> On 14 December 2020, [[Sean Abbott]] was ruled out of Australia's squad for the first Test due to an injury,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/moises-henriques-australia-test-squad-inclusion-india-series-adelaide-sean-abbott-calf-strain/2020-12-14 |title=Henriques in, Abbott out of Australia Test squad |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=14 December 2020}}</ref> with [[Moises Henriques]] named as Abbott's replacement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-2020-21-moises-henriques-added-to-australia-squad-for-first-test-sean-abbott-ruled-out-1243784 |title=Moises Henriques added to Australia's squad for first Test, Sean Abbott ruled out |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 December 2020}}</ref> On 23 December 2020, Cricket Australia confirmed that both David Warner and Sean Abbott had also been ruled out of the second Test.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-vs-india-2nd-test-melbourne-david-warner-ruled-out-of-boxing-day-test-1244972 |title=David Warner ruled out of Boxing Day Test |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 December 2020}}</ref> On 30 December 2020, [[Joe Burns (cricketer)|Joe Burns]] was dropped from Australia's squad for the third and fourth Tests,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/joe-burns-dropped-for-final-two-tests-david-warner-will-pucovski-included-in-squad-1245884 |title=Joe Burns dropped for final two Tests; David Warner, Will Pucovski included in squad |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> with David Warner, Will Pucovski and Sean Abbott returning to the Test squad.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/australia-test-squad-update-joe-burns-david-warner-will-pucovski-sydney-third-test-india-changes/2020-12-30| title= Burns dropped as Warner, Pucovski return for Aussies |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> On 4 January 2021, James Pattinson was ruled out of the third Test, and was not replaced in Australia's squad.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/australia/cricket-australia-vs-india-third-test-2021-team-news-injury-latest-james-pattinson-david-warner-sydney-scg/news-story/8d13c23416bcba41507a78a602e06a36|title=Aussie quick ruled out of third Test at SCG following nasty fall at home |work=Fox Sports |date=4 January 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> Will Pucovski was ruled out of Australia's squad for the fourth Test due to a shoulder injury, with Marcus Harris named as his replacement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-vs-india-4th-test-brisbane-will-pucovski-ruled-out-of-final-test-marcus-harris-recalled-1247734 |title=Will Pucovski ruled out of final Test, Marcus Harris recalled |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref>

On 11 December 2020, the BCCI confirmed that Rohit Sharma had passed a fitness assessment, and would be available for selection for the last two Test matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-2020-21-rohit-sharma-cleared-to-join-india-squad-for-last-two-tests-in-australia-1243485 |title=Rohit Sharma clears fitness assessment, set to join India squad for last two Tests in Australia |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref> On 19 December 2020, [[Mohammed Shami]] was ruled out of India's squad for the last three Tests, after suffering a fractured arm in the first Test.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-australia-mohammed-shami-ruled-out-of-remaining-three-tests-due-to-fractured-arm/story-x53IGTnJfuj4ISattpezPI.html |title=India vs Australia: Mohammed Shami ruled out of remaining three Tests due to fractured arm |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> [[T. Natarajan]] was added to India's squad ahead of the third Test match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/t-natarajan-to-make-test-debut-kl-rahul-to-return-india-pondering-multiple-changes-in-scg-report/700788 |title=T Natarajan to make Test debut, KL Rahul to return; India pondering multiple changes in SCG |work=Times Now |date=30 December 2020 |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> [[Umesh Yadav]] was ruled out of India's squad for the last two Tests, due to a calf injury.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-vs-india-2020-21-umesh-yadav-ruled-out-of-test-series-with-calf-injury-1245954 |title=Umesh Yadav ruled out of Test series with calf injury |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref> [[Shardul Thakur]] was also added to India's squad for the last two Test matches, replacing Mohammed Shami.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-vs-india-t-natarajan-replaces-umesh-yadav-in-india-s-squad-for-last-two-australia-tests-1245995 |title=T Natarajan replaces Umesh Yadav in India's squad for last two Tests in Australia |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref> On 2 January 2021, Rohit Sharma was named the vice-captain of India's squad for the last two Test matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/t-natarajan-india-vs-australia-test-series-umesh-yadav-replacement-7128831/ |title=T Natarajan roped in, Rohit Sharma named vice-captain in India's Test squad |work=Indian Express |date=2 January 2021 |access-date=2 January 2021}}</ref> On 5 January 2021, KL Rahul was ruled out of the last two Test matches due to a wrist sprain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-2020-21-kl-rahul-ruled-out-of-series-with-wrist-sprain-1246321/ |title=KL Rahul ruled out of series with wrist sprain |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 January 2021}}</ref> Ravindra Jadeja, Ravichandran Ashwin and Hanuma Vihari were both ruled out of the fourth Test due to injuries they sustained in the third Test.<ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Priyam |title=Massive Blow For Team India As Ravindra Jadeja Ruled Out Of The Border–Gavaskar Trophy With A Dislocated Thumb: Reports |url=https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket-news/massive-blow-for-team-india-as-ravindra-jadeja-ruled-out-of-the-border-gavaskar-trophy-with-a-dislocated-thumb-reports/ | work = Cricket Addictor |date=9 January 2021 | access-date=9 January 2021|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vihari, Jadeja ruled out of last Test against Australia |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/cricket/vihari-jadeja-ruled-out-of-last-test-against-australia-938048.html |work = Deccan Herald | access-date=12 January 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Jasprit Bumrah]] was also ruled out of India's squad for the fourth Test, following an abdominal strain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/115685/injured-bumrah-set-to-miss-brisbane-test |title=Injured Bumrah set to miss Brisbane Test |work=CricBuzz |date=12 January 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref> On 12 January 2021, Washington Sundar was added to India's squad for the fourth Test, replacing Ravindra Jadeja.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/sports/washington-sundar-to-make-his-test-debut-at-gabba-brisbane-set-to-make-indias-playing-xi-4th-test-vs-australia-report-4326542/ |title=Washington Sundar to Make His Test Debut at Gabba, Brisbane; Set to Make India's Playing XI 4th Test vs Australia |work=India.com|access-date=12 January 2021}}</ref>

==Tour matches==
Two three-day tour matches were played in Sydney,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/australia-india-schedule-tests-odi-t20-international-fixture-dates-venues-tickets-border-gavaskar/2020-10-28 |title=It's on! Dates, venues for India tour confirmed |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref> with both matches having [[First-class cricket|first-class status]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/australia-a-india-tour-match-live-stream-how-to-watch-broadcast-scores-highlights-squads/2020-12-05 |title=Watch a free live stream of Australia A v India games |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=8 December 2020}}</ref> The second match was a [[day/night cricket|day/night]] fixture in preparation for the first Test.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/justin-langer-australia-test-squad-india-covid-injuries-tour-match-cummins-hazlewood-starc-warner/2020-12-07 |title=Injuries, tight schedule may force Test re-think |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=7 December 2020}}</ref>

{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 6–8 December 2020
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 9/247[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (93 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 117[[not out|*]] (242)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[James Pattinson]] 3/58 (19 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 9/306[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (95 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Cameron Green]] 125[[not out|*]] (202)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 3/48 (20 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 9/189[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (61 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 54[[not out|*]] (100)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mark Steketee]] 5/37 (15 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 1/52 (15 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Marcus Harris (cricketer)|Marcus Harris]] 25[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 1/14 (4 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1237425.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Drummoyne Oval]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Shawn Craig]] (Aus) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Cameron Green]] (Australia A)
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 11–13 December 2020
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 194 (48.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 55[[not out|*]] (57)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jack Wildermuth]] 3/13 (8 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 108 (32.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Alex Carey (cricketer)|Alex Carey]] 32 (38)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Navdeep Saini]] 3/19 (5.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 4/386[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (90 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Hanuma Vihari]] 104[[not out|*]] (194)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mark Steketee]] 2/54 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 4/307 (75 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Jack Wildermuth]] 111[[not out|*]] (119)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 2/58 (13 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1237417.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Gerard Abood]] (Aus) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Patrick Rowe (cricketer)|Patrick Rowe]] made his first-class debut after replacing [[Cameron Green]] as a concussion for Australia A on day 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-a-v-indians-2020-21-cameron-green-injury-scare-as-allrounder-struck-on-the-head-1243494 |title=Cameron Green injury scare as allrounder struck on the head |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=11 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Harry Conway]] (Australia A) was replaced by [[Mark Steketee]] on day 2, after suffering a concussion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/tour-match-steketee-replaces-conway-after-pacer-gets-hit-on-head20201212085307/ |title=Tour match: Steketee replaces Conway after pacer gets hit on head |work=ANI News |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226005624/https://aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/tour-match-steketee-replaces-conway-after-pacer-gets-hit-on-head20201212085307/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 November 2020
| time = 14:40
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 6/374 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aaron Finch]] 114 (124)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 3/59 (10 overs)
| score2 = 8/308 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 90 (76)
| wickets2 = [[Adam Zampa]] 4/54 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 66 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1223955.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Aaron Finch]] (Aus) scored his 5,000th run in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/finch-becomes-2nd-fastest-australian-to-smash-5000-runs-in-odi20201127111117/ |title=Finch becomes 2nd fastest Australian to smash 5,000 runs in ODI |work=ANI News |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205025152/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/finch-becomes-2nd-fastest-australian-to-smash-5000-runs-in-odi20201127111117/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Hardik Pandya]] (Ind) scored his 1,000th run in ODIs,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/india-tour-of-australia/hardik-pandya-australia-india-sydney-odi-shikhar-dhawan-steve-smith-cricket-news/article33192840.ece |title=Hardik Pandya completes 1,000 ODI runs |work=Sport Star |date=27 November 2020 |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/hardik-pandya-creates-history-becomes-fastest-indian-to-score-1000-odi-runs/687713 |title=Hardik Pandya creates history, becomes fastest Indian to score 1000 ODI runs |work=Times Now News |date=28 November 2020 |access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref>
* World Cup Super League points: Australia 10, India −1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1917176 |title=India fined for slow over rate in the first ODI against Australia |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="PointsInd" group="n">India were deducted one WCSL point for bowling a slow [[over-rate]].</ref>
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 November 2020
| time = 14:40
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 4/389 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 104 (64)
| wickets1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 1/24 (4 overs)
| score2 = 9/338 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 89 (87)
| wickets2 = [[Pat Cummins]] 3/67 (10 overs)
| result = Australia won by 51 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1223956.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Gerard Abood]] (Aus) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) played in his 250th ODI.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/virat-kohli-records-250th-appearance-which-indian-captain-has-played-most-odi-matches-for-men-in-blue/688111 |title=Virat Kohli records 250th appearance: Which Indian captain has played most ODI matches for Men In Blue? |work=Times Now News |date=29 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref>
* This was the highest total for Australia against India in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/aus-vs-ind-in-numbers-australia-s-top-five-drives-hosts-to-highest-odi-total-against-india-668110 |title=AUS vs IND: Australia's top five drives hosts to highest ODI total against India – In Numbers |work=India TV |date=29 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2020}}</ref>
* World Cup Super League points: Australia 10, India 0.
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 December 2020
| time = 14:40
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 5/302 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hardik Pandya]] 92[[not out|*]] (76)
| wickets1 = [[Ashton Agar]] 2/44 (10 overs)
| score2 = 289 (49.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aaron Finch]] 75 (82)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 3/51 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 13 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1223957.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Manuka Oval]], [[Canberra]]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Cameron Green]] (Aus) and [[T. Natarajan]] (Ind) both made their ODI debuts.
* [[Virat Kohli]] (Ind) scored his [[List of players who have scored 10,000 or more runs in One Day International cricket|12,000th run in ODI cricket]], breaking [[Sachin Tendulkar]]'s record for the fastest to 12,000 runs in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/australia-vs-india-virat-kohli-breaks-sachin-tendulkar-record-fastest-12000-odi-runs-1745920-2020-12-02|title=Canberra ODI: Virat Kohli breaks Sachin Tendulkar's record for fastest to 12000 runs in ODI cricket |work=India Today |date=2 December 2020 |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref>
* World Cup Super League points: India 10, Australia 0.
}}

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 December 2020
| time = 19:10
| night = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 7/161 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[KL Rahul]] 51 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Moises Henriques]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 7/150 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aaron Finch]] 35 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 11 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1223952.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Manuka Oval]], [[Canberra]]
| umpires = [[Shawn Craig]] (Aus) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Ind)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[T. Natarajan]] (Ind) made his T20I debut.
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]] was replaced by [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] after [[Substitute (cricket)#Concussion substitute|suffering a concussion]] during India's batting innings.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/justin-langer-david-boon-angry-india-concussion-substitute-ravindra-jadeja-yuzvendra-chahal/2020-12-04 |title=Jadeja subbed out in unusual circumstances |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Ind) was the first concussion substitute to be named [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|man of the match]] in an international cricket match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/30447740/aus-vs-ind-1st-t20i-yuzvendra-chahal-comes-concussion-sub-ravindra-jadeja |title=Yuzvendra Chahal: concussion substitute for Ravindra Jadeja, also Man of the Match |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=4 December 2020 |access-date=4 December 2020}}</ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 December 2020
| time = 19:10
| night = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 5/194 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Matthew Wade]] 58 (32)
| wickets1 = [[T. Natarajan]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 4/195 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 52 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Mitchell Swepson]] 1/25 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1223953.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Hardik Pandya]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Daniel Sams]] (Aus) made his T20I debut.
* [[Matthew Wade]] captained Australia for the [[List of Australia national cricket captains#Twenty20 International captains|first time in T20Is]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/australia-captain-matthew-wade-debut-daniel-sams-marcus-stoinis-returns-second-t20-india-scg/2020-12-06 |title=Wade to skipper, Sams debuts as Aussie ring changes |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=6 December 2020}}</ref>
}}

===3rd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 December 2020
| time = 19:10
| night = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 5/186 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Matthew Wade]] 80 (53)
| wickets1 = [[Washington Sundar]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 7/174 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Virat Kohli]] 85 (61)
| wickets2 = [[Mitchell Swepson]] 3/23 (4 overs)
| result = Australia won by 12 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1223954.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Gerard Abood]] (Aus) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mitchell Swepson]] (Aus)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Test series==
{{main|Border–Gavaskar Trophy}}

===1st Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–21 December 2020<ref name="Days" group="n">While five days of play were scheduled for each Test, the first Test reached a result in three days and the second Test reached a result in four days.</ref>
| daynight = Yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 244 (93.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 74 (180)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Mitchell Starc]] 4/53 (21 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 191 (72.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Tim Paine]] 73[[not out|*]] (99)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 4/55 (18 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 36 (21.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Mayank Agarwal]] 9 (40)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 5/8 (5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 2/93 (21 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Joe Burns (cricketer)|Joe Burns]] 51[[not out|*]] (63)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 1/16 (6 overs)

| result = Australia won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1223869.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Adelaide Oval]], [[Adelaide]]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Tim Paine]] (Aus)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Cameron Green]] (Aus) made his Test debut.
* [[Mayank Agarwal]] (Ind) scored his 1,000th run in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/mayank-agarwal-becomes-third-fastest-indian-to-score-1000-test-runs-india-australia-530011.html |title=Mayank Agarwal Becomes Third-Fastest Indian To Score 1000 Test Runs |work=India Times |date=19 December 2020 |access-date=15 December 2021}}</ref>
* [[Pat Cummins]] (Aus) took his 150th wicket in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2020/dec/19/india-slump-to-new-low-as-australia-cruise-to-victory-in-first-test |title=India slump to new low as Australia cruise to victory in first Test |work=The Guardian |date=19 December 2020 |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Josh Hazlewood]] (Aus) took his 200th wicket in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12175/12166962/india-all-out-for-36-their-lowest-ever-test-score-as-australia-romp-to-victory-in-series-opener |title=India all out for 36 – their lowest-ever Test score – as Australia romp to victory in series opener |work=Sky Sports |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref>
* India recorded their [[List of India Test cricket records#Team scoring records|lowest team total]] in Tests and the [[List of Test cricket records#Team scoring records|joint-fourth lowest]] overall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2020/dec/19/india-records-lowest-score-in-test-cricket-with-369-australia-needs-90-runs-to-win-2238400.html#:~:text=India%20was%20bundled%20out%20for,cricket%20against%20England%20in%201974. |title=India records lowest score in Test cricket with 36/9, Australia needs 90 runs to win |work=Indian Express |date=19 December 2020 |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> It was the first instance in Tests when all 11 batsmen, and extras, did not cross single-figures in an innings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-1st-test-adelaide-stats-india-hit-record-low-with-36-all-out-1244674 |title=India hit record low with 36 all out |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: Australia 30, India 0.
}}

====Day One====
[[Prithvi Shaw]] was [[bowled]] by [[Mitchell Starc]] with the second [[Delivery (cricket)|ball]] of the match.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of India vs Australia 1st Test 2020 – Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-australia-2020-21-1223867/australia-vs-india-1st-test-1223869/full-scorecard|access-date=19 December 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> India consolidated by batting slowly, even as multiple chances were created but not taken by the Australians<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=As it happened: Australia vs India, 1st Test, Adelaide, day 1|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/as-it-happened-australia-vs-india-1st-test-adelaide-day-1-1244466|access-date=19 December 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>—Pujara had chances while on 0, 2 and 4, all evading [[Fielding (cricket)|fielders]]. India lost Agarwal with a ball from Cummins that nipped between bat and pad.<ref name=":1" /> Kohli and Pujara were [[not out]] at the lunch break, with India 2/41 after 25 [[over (cricket)|overs]], Pujara 17 and Kohli 5.<ref name=":0" /> India continued to bat slowly until tea, even after losing Pujara for 43 from 160 balls, India were 3/107 at the tea break.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=18 December 2020|title=Cricket: Australia vs India Test, Adelaide, Day 1 news, score, Cheteshwar Pujara, Virat Kohli, Cameron Green debut, Mitchell Starc|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/australia/cricket-australia-vs-india-test-adelaide-day-1-news-score-cheteshwar-pujara-virat-kohli-cameron-green-debut-mitchell-starc/news-story/9f6b5d3fee656810b5a3395d881399b0|access-date=19 December 2020|website=Fox Sports|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Just after 9pm, Rahane drove the ball to [[Fielding (cricket)#Fielding position names and locations|mid-off]] and called a run, but sent Kohli back leaving him stranded in the middle of the pitch. Hazlewood fielded the ball and Lyon broke the [[Stump (cricket)|stumps]], with Kohli being [[run out]] for 74.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Rahane followed shortly after as he was dismissed [[Leg before wicket|lbw]] to Starc for 42 off 92 balls.<ref name=":2" /> Vihari was soon dismissed by Hazlewood, also by lbw, for 16 runs.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Wu|first=Andrew|date=17 December 2020|title=Australia vs India first test LIVE updates: Day one from Adelaide Oval|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/australia-v-india-first-test-day-one-live-updates-from-adelaide-oval-20201217-p56oci.html|access-date=19 December 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref> After India were ahead for most of the day, Australia were now even or just in front, with India 6/233 at stumps.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 December 2020|title=Late wickets see Australia edge a competitive day one of Adelaide Test|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-17/australia-india-play-out-competitive-day-one-in-adelaide/12993590|access-date=19 December 2020|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref>

====Day Two====
India lost their seventh wicket without adding to their overnight score, Ashwin dismissed by Cummins on the 3rd ball of the day.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|last1=Oval|first1=Geoff Lemon at Adelaide|last2=Heinrich|first2=Scott|last3=Lemon|first3=Geoff|date=18 December 2020|title=Australia v India: first Test, day two – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2020/dec/18/australia-cricket-vs-india-first-test-live-2020-cricket-international-aus-v-ind-series-match-game-start-time-teams-latest-scores-day-night-adelaide-oval-latest-updates--day-two?page=with%3Ablock-5fdac4378f083336cbf772be|access-date=19 December 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Saha flashed at a wide ball from Starc the next over, but all he could manage was an edge through to Paine behind the stumps.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> The Indian tail lasted only a few more overs, with Starc and Cummins claiming the final two wickets of Yadav for 6 and Shami for a duck.<ref name=":0" /> India was all out for 244, adding only 11 to their overnight score.

Australia, like India, batted slowly with four consecutive maidens at the start of the innings.<ref name=":4" /> Wade, who was only 8 off 50 balls, was deceived by Bumrah as he fell over his front pad and was trapped in front, a DRS review doing nothing to help his cause.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|last1=Oval|first1=Geoff Lemon at Adelaide|last2=Heinrich|first2=Scott|last3=Heinrich|first3=Scott|last4=Lemon|first4=Geoff|date=18 December 2020|title=Australia v India: first Test, day two – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2020/dec/18/australia-cricket-vs-india-first-test-live-2020-cricket-international-aus-v-ind-series-match-game-start-time-teams-latest-scores-day-night-adelaide-oval-latest-updates--day-two?page=with%3Ablock-5fdc630d8f08f114e00be790|access-date=19 December 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Australia was 1/16 after 14.1 overs.<ref name=":0" /> Burns was lbw to Bumrah on the final ball of his next over, which was again reviewed but showed the ball crashing into the stumps.<ref name=":5" /> Labuschagne and Smith were at the wicket. Labuschagne was given three chances with two drops by Bumrah and Shaw.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wu|first=Andrew|date=18 December 2020|title=Australia vs India first Test LIVE updates: Day two from Adelaide Oval|url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/cricket/australia-vs-india-first-test-live-updates-day-two-from-adelaide-oval-20201218-p56oqe.html|access-date=19 December 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en}}</ref> Shortly after the Shaw drop, Smith was almost runout at the non-striker's end as he was sent back by Labuschagne. However his luck ran out as he edged one from Ashwin to first slip, scoring just 1 from 29 balls as India dried up his scoring. Australia was 3/45 from 27 overs.<ref name=":0" /> Head and Green were skittled by Ashwin for low scores as Australia struggled to 5/92 from 48 overs at tea, Labuschagne was 46* and Paine was 9*.<ref name=":0" /> Labuschagne perished soon after tea but Paine rescued Australia's innings slightly as the tail wagged, dragging Australia to 191 from 72.1 overs, Paine stranded on 73* from 99 balls.<ref name=":0" /> Australia had 6 overs to bowl at the Indian openers, and managed to capture Shaw's wicket in the 4th over for 4. India sent out Bumrah as a [[Nightwatchman (cricket)|nightwatchman]], India 1/9 at stumps with a lead of 62.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Oval|first1=Geoff Lemon at Adelaide|last2=Heinrich|first2=Scott|last3=Heinrich|first3=Scott|date=18 December 2020|title=Australia v India: first Test, day two – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2020/dec/18/australia-cricket-vs-india-first-test-live-2020-cricket-international-aus-v-ind-series-match-game-start-time-teams-latest-scores-day-night-adelaide-oval-latest-updates--day-two|access-date=19 December 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

====Day Three====
A remarkable spell of fast bowling followed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/sports/hazlewood-comes-out-of-the-shadows-with-stunning-adelaide-spell-idUSKBN28U01U/ |title=Hazlewood comes out of the shadows with stunning Adelaide spell |work=Reuters |access-date=17 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1946207 |title=Cricket fraternity reacts to Australia's 'unreal' performance |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=20 December 2020}}</ref> Bumrah was caught and bowled by Cummins in the second over of the day for 2.<ref name=":6"/> India was now 2/15.<ref name=":0" /> Pujara was removed for an eight-ball duck the next over by Cummins.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=19 December 2020|title=Australia cruises to victory in Adelaide after demolishing India for 36|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-19/australia-vs-india-first-test-day-three-live-scores-cricket-blog/13000722|access-date=19 December 2020|website=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}</ref> Hazlewood continued, taking Agarwal for 9 and Rahane in the following over, completing a double-wicket maiden. The collapse continued as Kohli came to the wicket and scored a flashy four through gully but as he tried to repeat it, the ball caught the edge and was caught at gully by the debutant Green.<ref name=":6" /> India was 6/19 with a lead of just 72. Saha was caught by Labuschagne at midwicket for 4 in the 19th over,<ref name=":0" /> the replacement Ashwin being removed for a golden duck, both by Hazlewood. Vihari was taken by Hazlewood in the 21st over taking the score to 9/31.<ref name=":0" /> Cummins bowled the next over and hit Shami on his bowling arm. He tried to continue after being treated, but left the field and retired hurt. It was later revealed he had suffered a fractured wrist after undergoing scans.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Shami suffers wrist fracture, set to miss remainder of Test series; Siraj in line for debut|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/shami-suffers-wrist-fracture-set-to-miss-remainder-of-test-series-siraj-in-line-for-debut/articleshow/79816565.cms|access-date=19 December 2020}}</ref> India had been bowled out for 36, their lowest in an innings of a Test match. This was the first time in an innings no batsman or extras had reached double figures.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stats – India hit record low with 36 all out|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-1st-test-adelaide-stats-india-hit-record-low-with-36-all-out-1244674|access-date=19 December 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

Australia had been set 90 to win. Australia had 5 overs before the lunch break and reached the interval without losing a wicket, 0/15.<ref name=":0" /> The openers Burns and Wade reached 70 but then Wade was dismissed in a bizarre runout where the ball bounced off short leg's protective pad, Saha collecting it and flicking it through his legs to dislodge the bails.<ref name=":7"/> Labuschagne came to the crease and tried to attack Ashwin, top edging a hit over midwicket, caught by Agarwal at mid on.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|last1=Oval|first1=Geoff Lemon at Adelaide|last2=Lemon|first2=Geoff|date=19 December 2020|title=India record lowest Test score as Australia romp to victory: day three – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2020/dec/19/australia-cricket-vs-india-first-test-live-2020-cricket-international-aus-v-ind-series-match-game-start-time-teams-latest-scores-day-night-adelaide-oval-latest-updates-day-three|access-date=19 December 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In what would be the final over of the match, Smith came to the wicket and scored a single off his first ball.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get Ball by Ball Commentary of India vs Australia, India in Australia, 1st Test |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-australia-2020-21-1223867/australia-vs-india-1st-test-1223869/ball-by-ball-commentary|access-date=21 December 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Umesh bowled wide to Burns and he hit it through the slips cordon for 4. Burns, looking for his 50, hit the ball down to the fine leg fence, Vihari dropping the catch on the boundary, thus causing the ball to fly over for 6, Burns finishing on 51* along with Smith 1*, Australia winning by 8 wickets.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" />

===2nd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 26–30 December 2020<ref name="Days" group="n"/>
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 195 (72.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Marnus Labuschagne]] 48 (132)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 4/56 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 326 (115.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 112 (223)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Nathan Lyon]] 3/72 (27.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 200 (103.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Cameron Green]] 45 (146)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 3/37 (21.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 2/70 (15.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 35[[not out|*]] (36)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Mitchell Starc]] 1/20 (4 overs)

| result = India won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1223870.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], [[Melbourne]]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (Ind)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shubman Gill]] and [[Mohammed Siraj]] (Ind) both made their Test debuts.
* This was the 100th Test match to be played between the two teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-2nd-test-2020-21-stats-a-century-of-tests-advantage-australia-but-india-catching-up-1245125 |title=A century of Tests: Advantage Australia, but India catching up |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=25 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind) played in his 50th Test.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/hidden-in-plain-sight-ravindra-jadeja-the-batsman/story-NGRIi0ABWsUHWRrF9NGMEK_amp.html|title=Hidden in plain sight, Ravindra Jadeja the batsman|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=29 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Mitchell Starc]] (Aus) took his 250th wicket in Tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/mitchell-starc-fifth-fastest-australian-bowler-to-take-250-test-wickets/699531 |title=Mitchell Starc fifth-fastest Australian bowler to take 250 Test wickets |work=[[Times Now]]|date=27 December 2020 |access-date=27 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Tim Paine]] (Aus) became the fastest wicket-keeper to take 150 dismissals in Tests, in terms of matches played (33).<ref>{{cite news |title=Tim Paine beats Quinton de Kock to become fastest wicket-keeper to effect 150 dismissals in Tests |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/tim-paine-beats-quinton-de-kock-to-become-fastest-wicket-keeper-to-effect-150-dismissals-in-tests/699532 |access-date=27 December 2020 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=27 December 2020}}</ref>
* [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (Ind) was the first recipient of the [[Mullagh Medal|Johnny Mullagh Medal]] for being the Player of the Match in the [[Boxing Day Test]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ajinkya-rahane-becomes-first-recipient-of-johnny-mullagh-medal-at-mcg-7126030/ |title=Ajinkya Rahane becomes first recipient of Mullagh Medal at MCG |work=The Indian Express |date=30 December 2020 |access-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: India 30, Australia −4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1958151 |title=Australia fined for slow over-rate in second Test against India |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=29 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="PointsAus" group="n">Australia were deducted four WTC points for bowling a slow [[over-rate]].</ref>
}}

====Day One====
Burns fell for a 10-ball duck in the fifth over of the match.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Australia vs India 2nd Test 2020 – Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-australia-2020-21-1223867/australia-vs-india-2nd-test-1223870/full-scorecard|access-date=30 December 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Labuschagne came to the crease and put on a small partnership with Wade, but was broken in the 13th over, when Wade skied a pull shot off Ashwin, dismissed for 30.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite news|last1=MCG (earlier)|first1=Geoff Lemon at the|last2=Howcroft (now)|first2=Jonathan|last3=Lemon|first3=Geoff|date=26 December 2020|title=Australia v India: second Test, day one – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2020/dec/26/australia-cricket-vs-india-boxing-day-second-test-day-one-live-2020-international-aus-v-ind-series-match-game-start-time-teams-latest-scores-mcg-latest-updates?page=with%3Ablock-5fe3ef438f08da4121f4ce06|access-date=30 December 2020|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Smith came and went quickly for a duck in the 15th over.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Australia were 3/38. Labuschagne and Head put on an 86 run partnership before Head edged to gully off Bumrah for 38.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> Labuschagne topscored with 48. The lower order managed to get Australia to 195 after 72.3 overs. Australia had 11 overs to bowl to India, and Starc managed to get Agarwal for a duck on the sixth ball of the innings.<ref name=":8" /> India were 1/36 at stumps, trailing by 159.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-26 |title=Rishabh Pant's input helps Ashwin get Matthew Wade's wicket |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/rishabh-pant-stump-mic-ashwin-matthew-wade-wicket-7121142/ |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

====Day Two====
Gill lost his wicket in the 22nd over after making 45 from 65 deliveries.<ref name=":8" /> Pujara followed in the 24th over for 17 from 70 deliveries, both wickets being taken by Pat Cummins. India were 3/90 after 37 overs at lunch; Rahane was on 10 and Vihari on 13. Lyon got Vihari on 21 in the 45th over. Pant made 29 at a strike rate of 72.50 as India reached 5/189 at tea. Jadeja then combined with Rahane as they accelerated in the final session of the day to take India to 5/277 with Rahane ending the day on 104*, and Jadeja 40*.<ref name=":8" />

====Day Three====
Rahane was run out by Labuschagne combining with Tim Paine at the stumps for 112. Jadeja was removed by Starc for 57, and India were 7/306. The tail folded in the next nine overs. India had added just 49 runs in the session, as they were bowled out for 326, creating a first-innings lead of 131.<ref name=":8" /> Australia came out to bat after lunch and Burns again fell cheaply to Yadav in the 4th over, however Yadav left soon after with muscle pain and left India with a bowler down.<ref>{{cite web|title=Umesh Yadav taken for scans after straining calf muscle|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-2nd-test-umesh-yadav-injures-calf-muscle-and-goes-for-scans-1245574|access-date=30 December 2020|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> Labuschagne offered some resistance but edged a ball from Ashwin to Rahane at slip, making 28 runs.<ref name=":8" /> Australia were 2/65 at tea, Wade was on 27 and Smith was on 6. In the final session, Smith was dismissed for 8, bowled behind his legs by Bumrah causing Australia to be 3/71 after 32.2 overs. Wade fell for 40 in the 44th over, and Head followed shortly after for 17 in the 47th over. Australian captain Paine was controversially given out by the third umpire after the on field umpire ruled not out in the 48th over, falling for 1.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 December 2020|title=Paine calls out 'frustrating' hypocrisy|url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/cricket/australian-batsman-matthew-wade-calls-out-drs-inconsistency-in-boxing-day-test/news-story/65eaef732cfb8fda2e2d016c08bff7f4|access-date=31 December 2020|website=NewsComAu|language=en}}</ref> Australia ended the day at 6/133, a lead of 2 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-australia-2020-21-1223867/australia-vs-india-2nd-test-1223870/match-report-3 | title=India in complete control as Australia drag MCG scrap to fourth day| work= ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 December 2020}}</ref> Green and Cummins were 17* and 15* respectively.

====Day Four====
The final day of the game ended just after lunch with India achieving victory by eight wickets. Green and Cummins initially resisted the Indian attack, however Cummins fell for 22 to a Bumrah bouncer, and Green, batting with the tail, was caught in the same way as the last match—a mistimed pull shot caught at midwicket.<ref name=":8" /> Australia quickly folded for 200, setting India a target of 70 to win. India in their second innings lost Agarwal and Pujara to low scores but captain Rahane and Gill finished on 27* and 35*, achieving the target in 15.5 overs, to level the series 1–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-australia-2020-21-1223867/australia-vs-india-2nd-test-1223870/match-report| title= Ajinkya Rahane's India wrap up famous Boxing Day victory |work = ESPNcricinfo |access-date= 30 December 2020}}</ref>

===3rd Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 7–11 January 2021
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 338 (105.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 131 (226)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 4/62 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 244 (100.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shubman Gill]] 50 (101)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Pat Cummins]] 4/29 (21.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 6/312[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (87 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Cameron Green]] 84 (132)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Navdeep Saini]] 2/54 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 5/334 (131 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rishabh Pant]] 97 (118)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 2/39 (26 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1223871.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sydney Cricket Ground]], [[Sydney]]
| umpires = [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] (Aus)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = 35 overs were lost on day 1 due to rain.
| notes = [[Will Pucovski]] (Aus) and [[Navdeep Saini]] (Ind) both made their Test debuts.
* [[Claire Polosak]] (Aus) became the first female to officiate in a men's Test match as [[fourth umpire]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian female umpire's 'courage' in David Warner scolding on historic day |url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/cricket/australian-female-umpire-claire-polosak-makes-history-at-scg-test/news-story/c9af709d1cbc6bb7b386de7de516099e |access-date=7 January 2021 |website=News.com.au}}</ref>
* [[Cheteshwar Pujara]] (Ind) scored his 6,000th run in Tests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheteshwar Pujara becomes 11th Indian to cross 6000-run mark in Test cricket|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/cheteshwar-pujara-becomes-11th-indian-to-cross-6000-run-mark-in-test-cricket/article33547199.ece|access-date=11 January 2021 |work=The Hindu|date=11 January 2021 }}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: Australia 10, India 10.
}}

====Day One====
Warner was gone in the fourth over of the match for 5 runs, edging to Pujara in the slips off Siraj. Labuschagne came out to bat and joined the debutant opening batsman Pucovski. Australia was 1/21 in the 8th over, when play was stopped one ball into the over due to rain. Lunch was taken early, as 35 overs were lost due to rain. The covers were cleared before tea,<ref name=":02">{{Cite news|title=Debutant Pucovski helps Australia take early control in crunch India Test|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/other-sports/debutant-pucovski-helps-australia-take-early-control-in-crunch-india-test-1.4452255|access-date=12 January 2021|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}</ref> and Pucovski was dropped on 26 and 32 by Rishabh Pant<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|last1=Lemon (earlier)|first1=Geoff|last2=Heinrich (later)|first2=Scott|last3=Heinrich|first3=Scott|date=7 January 2021|title=Australia v India: third Test, day one – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2021/jan/07/australia-v-india-third-test-day-one-live|access-date=12 January 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> before reaching his maiden half century off 97 balls. Australia was 1/93 from 31 overs at tea with Pucovski on 54* and Labuschagne on 34*. Pucovski fell for 62, ending a 100-run stand. Australia was 2/106. Smith came to the wicket, as Labuschagne brought up his 50 off 108 balls, with six fours. Australia ended the day on 2/166 with Labuschagne on 67* and Smith on 31*.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Australia vs India 3rd Test 2020 – Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-australia-2020-21-1223867/australia-vs-india-3rd-test-1223871/full-scorecard|access-date=12 January 2021|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref> Australia was generally considered on top at stumps.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 January 2021|title=Cricket Australia vs India, third Test at SCG 2021, day one, analysis, video, highlights: Steve Smith returns, Will Pucovski|url=https://www.foxsports.com.au/cricket/australia/cricket-australia-vs-india-third-test-at-scg-2021-day-one-analysis-video-highlights-steve-smith-returns-will-pucovski/news-story/f9e5d3969c3be23a0f2490b2d0e5bb18|access-date=12 January 2021|website=Fox Sports|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Australia seize control of crucial SCG Test|url=https://wwos.nine.com.au/cricket/australia-vs-india-live-score-third-test-vodafone-test-series-2020-results-news/7414dbf0-bc4d-4213-aa1b-dfa6d90657c7|access-date=12 January 2021|website=wwos.nine.com.au|date=7 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

====Day Two====
Rain delays continued, as Australia reached 200 in the 69th over.<ref name=":22" /> Labuschagne fell shortly after for 91, caught by Rahane at slip from the bowling of Jadeja.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=Australia 'just in front' in gripping Sydney Test|url=https://wwos.nine.com.au/cricket/australia-vs-india-live-score-third-test-vodafone-test-series-2020-results-news/1160d28f-4529-4223-a558-42cce0bc9036|access-date=12 January 2021|website=wwos.nine.com.au|date=8 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Smith received little support from the rest of the team as Australia collapsed to lose its final eight wickets for 130 runs.<ref name=":10" /> Green, Cummins and Lyon were all dismissed for ducks. Despite this, Smith made his 27th Test hundred batting with the tail, but was finally run out for 131 off 226 balls.<ref name=":22" /> India came out to bat and the opening pair of Gill and Rohit Sharma put on 70 before Sharma was caught and bowled by Hazlewood for 26, on the final ball of the 27th over. Gill fell shortly after for 50, being caught at gully by Green off the bowling of Cummins. India finished the day on 2/96 from 45 overs, erasing Australia's lead to 242 runs at stumps.<ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Heinrich (later)|first1=Scott|last2=Lemon (earlier)|first2=Geoff|last3=Heinrich|first3=Scott|date=8 January 2021|title=Australia v India: third Test, day two – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2021/jan/08/australia-v-india-third-test-day-two-live|access-date=12 January 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Pujara was 9* and Rahane was 5*.

====Day Three====
Rahane was bowled by Cummins for 22 from 70 balls in the 55th over. Pujara anchored the innings, adding 50 off 176 balls as India collapsed from 3/142 to 244 all out,<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|last1=Lemon|first1=Geoff|last2=Howcroft|first2=Jonathan|last3=Howcroft|first3=Jonathan|last4=Howcroft|first4=Jonathan|date=9 January 2021|title=Australia v India: third Test, day three – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2021/jan/09/australia-v-india-third-test-day-three-live|access-date=12 January 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> as Vihari, Ashwin and Bumrah were all run out. Australia had a first innings lead of 94. Australia had 29 overs to bat out in the final session. Pucovski was caught behind off Siraj for 10 in the sixth over, and Warner fell in the tenth over, leg before wicket to Ashwin for 13. Australia was 2/35 but Smith and Labuschagne partnered together to a stand of 68 at stumps, Australia was 2/103 from 29 overs, and Labuschagne was 47* while Smith was 29*. Australia led by 197.<ref name=":11" />

====Day Four====
Labuschagne again fell short of a hundred as he was caught behind off Saini for 73. Smith, Green and Paine batted Australia to a lead of 406, as they made 81, 84 and 39* respectively. India had a target of 407 to win the match in four sessions. India had another promising first wicket stand, until Gill was claimed for 31 in the 23rd over by Hazlewood. Sharma's wicket was claimed by Cummins in the 31st over as he attempted a pull shot but was caught at backward square leg by Starc.<ref name=":22" /> India was 2/98 from 34 overs at stumps, with Pujara on 9* and Rahane 4*.

====Day Five====
India required 309 on the final day. Rahane was caught by Wade at short leg off the bowling of Lyon in the second over of the day. India was 3/102. Pant was sent out at number five and put on a 148-run partnership with Pujara before Pant fell for 97 in the 80th over. Pujara was bowled by Hazlewood in the 89th over. Vihari and Ashwin survived the rest of the overs without too much trouble, as India played the match out for a draw. They did have a scare in the 123rd over, as Starc caught the edge of Vihari's bat, but the chance was dropped by the keeper Paine.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Lemon (earlier)|first1=Geoff|last2=Howcroft (later)|first2=Jonathan|last3=Howcroft|first3=Jonathan|date=11 January 2021|title=Australia and India draw third Test – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/live/2021/jan/11/australia-v-india-third-test-day-five-live|access-date=12 January 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The chance of the match ending in a win for either team was dropping at this point, as the five wickets for Australia and 88 runs proved too difficult for either team to manage. Vihari finished with 23* (161) and Ashwin was 39* (128).

===4th Test===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 15–19 January 2021
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 369 (115.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Marnus Labuschagne]] 108 (204)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[T. Natarajan]] 3/78 (24.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 336 (111.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 67 (115)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 5/57 (24.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 294 (75.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 55 (74)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 5/73 (19.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 7/329 (97 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 91 (146)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Pat Cummins]] 4/55 (24 overs)

| result = India won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1223872.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[The Gabba]], [[Brisbane]]
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Rishabh Pant]] (Ind)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain = No play was possible after tea on day 2 due to rain.
| notes = [[T. Natarajan]] and [[Washington Sundar]] (Ind) both made their Test debuts.
* [[Nathan Lyon]] (Aus) played in his [[List of cricketers who have played 100 Tests|100th Test]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/australia-vs-india-brisbane-test-nathan-lyon-100-tests-pitch-curator-story-1759233-2021-01-15|title=Brisbane Test: Australia off-spinner Nathan Lyon completes 100 Test matches|work=[[India Today]]|date=15 January 2021 |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref>
* [[Mohammed Siraj]] (Ind) took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in Tests.<ref name="Sirajfive">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/australia-vs-india-mohammed-siraj-5-wicket-haul-brisbane-test-elite-list-top-bowling-1760124-2021-01-18|title=Brisbane Test: Mohammed Siraj enters elite list with 5-wicket haul, tops India bowling charts in maiden series|work=[[India Today]]|date=18 January 2021 |access-date=18 January 2021}}</ref>
* [[Rishabh Pant]] (Ind) scored his 1,000th run in Tests, the fastest by an Indian wicket-keeper.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishabh Pant notches up 1000 Test runs, breaks MS Dhoni's record as Brisbane Test sees thrilling finale|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-rishabh-pant-reaches-1000-runs-in-tests-breaks-record-set-by-ms-dhoni-as-india-stay-on-course-for-historic-win-in-brisbane-test-vs-australia-2868987|access-date=19 January 2021 |work=Daily News & Analysis}}</ref>
* This was Australia's first loss in a Test match at the Gabba [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1988–89#1st Test|in 32 years]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/india-vs-australia-4th-test-brisbane-rishabh-pant-fortress-gabba-record-win-border-gavaskar-trophy-101611036424292.html |title=India vs Australia: First time in 32 years – Team India breach 'Fortress Gabba' |work=[[Hindustan Times]]| access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref> and India became the first Asian team to win a Test match at this ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/115798/stats-india-become-first-asian-side-to-win-at-the-gabba |title= India becomes first Asian side to win at the Gabba |work=CricBuzz |date= 19 January 2021 | access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref>
* World Test Championship points: India 30, Australia 0
}}

====Day One====
The start of the game saw a massive difference in terms of experience between the two sides. Indian bowlers had a combined total of 13 wickets, with T Natarajan and Washington Sundar making their debuts following injuries to Bumrah and Ashwin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-4th-test-stats-australia-with-1033-wickets-in-the-xi-india-with-13-1247900| title=Stats – Australia with 1033 wickets in the XI; India with 13 | work= ESPNcricinfo| access-date= 27 February 2021}}</ref> However, this did not deter the Indian bowling who started with the session by dismissing both Warner and [[Marcus Harris (cricketer)|Marcus Harris]] in the first hour. This was followed by determined batting by Smith and Labuschagne. Labuschagne finally got his much deserved century late in the day with Australia ending on 5/274. India suffered further injury setbacks when Navdeep Saini left the field owing to groin pain.

====Day Two====
Day two started with India fighting back and dismissing Paine early. Some lower order resistance resulted in Australia reaching 369 before being dismissed at the stroke of lunch. India lost Gill early in their reply. However, Rohit Sharma and Pujara steadied the innings. However, Sharma fell due to his intention to attack Nathan Lyon, who was playing his 100th Test.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-4th-test-brisbane-nathan-lyon-s-plan-just-trumped-the-rohit-sharma-method-1248047| title=Reckless Rohit? Not really, Lyon's plan just trumped his method | work= ESPNcricinfo| date=16 January 2021 | access-date= 27 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-4th-test-brisbane-nathan-lyon-from-groundsman-to-100-tests-for-australia-1247651 | title=Nathan Lyon: From groundsman to 100 Tests for Australia | work= ESPNcricinfo| access-date= 27 February 2021}}</ref> Rain wiped out the last session and India finished the day on 2/62.

====Day Three====
Day three started with Pujara and Rahane leading India's reply. However, Pujara was dismissed by Hazlewood. Rahane fell soon after and with Mayank Agarwal, playing in middle order and Pant falling in the second session India were in trouble at 6/186. This was followed by the most enterprising partnership of the match with debutant Washington Sundar and [[Shardul Thakur]], playing only his second Test, counter punching.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-4th-test-brisbane-washington-sundar-beating-the-big-boys-since-sixth-grade-1248238 |title=Washington Sundar, beating the big boys since sixth grade | work= ESPNcricinfo| access-date= 27 February 2021}}</ref> They both scored sixties and with their 123 run partnership made sure India got as close to Australia's total as possible. Australia ended the day on 0/21.

====Day Four====
Day four started with Warner and Harris leading the charge for Australia. Runs were scored fairly easily before Thakur got Harris out after an opening wicket partnership of 89 runs. Warner was soon dismissed by Sundar with Australia ending on 4/149 at Lunch. The post-lunch session saw Green and Smith consolidate Australia's position before Smith was dismissed for 55 by Siraj. Rain caused early tea with Australia on 7/243. Post tea session saw Siraj get his maiden five-wicket haul as Australia were finally dismissed for 294 setting India a target of 328 runs, or bat out 114 overs.<ref name="Sirajfive" /> India ended the day on 0/4 as rain brought an early end to proceedings.

====Day Five====
India lost Rohit Sharma early on the last day. This was however followed by a 114 run partnership between Gill and Pujara as India set out to chase the target. Gill was dismissed for 91. Rahane hit a quickfire 24 off 22 balls, as India ended the second session on 183/3, meaning they required 145 runs of 37 overs. The post-tea session saw Pant ignite this test match as he in combination with Pujara led India's reply.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/australia-vs-india-shubman-gill-cheteshwar-pujara-and-rishabh-pant-showcase-india-s-batting-riches-1248505 |title=Gill, Pujara, Pant showcase India's batting riches | work= ESPNcricinfo|date=19 January 2021 | access-date= 27 February 2021}}</ref> Pujara fell for 56 immediately after new ball was taken. This was followed by Mayank Agarwal failing for the second time in the match. However, Pant led the charge as India reached the final target with three overs left in the day. The win has been regarded as India's greatest overseas triumph and meant Australia lost a Test at the Gabba for the first time [[West Indian cricket team in Australia in 1988–89|since 1988]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/aus-vs-ind-4th-test-brisbane-stats-india-breach-the-gabba-fortress-1248481 |title=Stats – India breach the Gabba fortress | work= ESPNcricinfo| access-date= 27 February 2021}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In 2022, [[Voot]] released a four-episodes documentary miniseries on India's Test series victory called ''Bandon Mein Tha Dum'' (translation : The Boys Had Guts) directed by [[Neeraj Pandey]] and narrated by [[Jimmy Shergill]].<ref>{{Cite web |title="Body Blows Motivated Me To Do Better": Cheteshwar Pujara On Gabba Test |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/body-blows-motivated-me-to-do-better-cheteshwar-pujara-on-gabba-test-3032543 |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> It featured interviews of [[Ajinkya Rahane]], [[Cheteshwar Pujara]], [[Ravichandran Ashwin]], [[Rishabh Pant]], [[Hanuma Vihari]], [[Mohammad Siraj]], [[Washington Sundar]], [[Tim Paine]], [[Pat Cummins]], and several cricket journalists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bandon Mein Tha Dum: Neeraj Pandey announces series on India's historic triumph over Australia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/bandon-mein-tha-dum-neeraj-pandey-announces-series-on-indias-historic-triumph-over-australia/articleshow/91963002.cms |access-date=2022-06-16 |website=The Times of India |date=2 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/series/1223867.html Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of Australia}}
{{International cricket in 2020–21}}
{{2019–2021 ICC World Test Championship}}
{{2020–23 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in Australia in 2020-21}}
[[Category:2020 in Australian cricket]]
[[Category:2021 in Australian cricket]]
[[Category:2020 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2020–21]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Australia]]

Shravanabelagola Assembly constituency

2026-01-30T21:47:35Z

WilliamsLin216:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shravanabelagola
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 193
| map_image = 193-Shravanabelagola constituency.svg
| map_caption = Map of Shravanabelagola Assembly constituency
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Hassan district|Hassan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hassan Lok Sabha constituency|Hassan]]
| established = 1956
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:205242}} (2023)<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[C. N. Balakrishna]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = C. S. Putte Gowda
}}

[[File:193 SHRAVANABELAGOLA AC 2018.pdf|thumb|Shravanabelagola Assembly constituency]]

'''Shravanabelagola Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Hassan district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATISTICAL REPORTS OF GENERAL ELECTION TO STATE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (VIDHANSABHA) |url=https://eci.gov.in/past-elections-statistics/}}</ref>

=== Mysore State ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|colspan=4 |Before 1956: ''Constituency did not exist. See [[Channarayapatna Assembly constituency|Channarayapatna]]''
|-
|[[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|N. G. Narasimhegowda
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|rowspan=2|S. Shivappa
|-
|[[1967 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
|[[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|[[H. C. Srikantaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|}

=== Karnataka ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
|rowspan=2|[[H. C. Srikantaiah]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|N. Gangadhar
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|N. B. Nanjappa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|C. S. Putte Gowda
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|H. C. Srikantaiah
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|rowspan=2|C. S. Putte Gowda
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|dab=y|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
|[[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan="3" |[[C. N. Balakrishna]]
|-
|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-election-2023-result-bjp-congress-jds-candidates-winners-list-live-news-updates-11683786118237.html|title=Winners of 2023 Karnataka election |website=Livemint|date=13 May 2023 }}</ref><ref name="2023 Karnataka Election Result - Shravanabelagola">{{cite news |title=2023 Karnataka Election Result - Shravanabelagola |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10193.htm?ac=193 |access-date=1 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401142304/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10193.htm?ac=193 |archive-date=1 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="Shravanabelagola Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |title=Shravanabelagola Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/shravanabelagola-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99188909.cms |access-date=1 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=6 May 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[C. N. Balakrishna]]
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 85,668
|percentage = 48.93
|change = -14.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = M. A. Gopalaswamy
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 79,023
|percentage = 45.14
|change = +13.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = C. R. Chidhananda
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 5,648
|percentage = 3.23
|change = -1.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 667
|percentage = 0.38
|change = -0.16
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 6,645
|percentage = 3.79
|change = -27.90
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 175,067
|percentage = 85.3
|change = +2.60
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="Shravanabelagola Constituency Election Results 2018">{{cite news |title=Shravanabelagola Constituency Election Results 2018 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/shravanabelagola-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99188909.cms |accessdate=14 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=6 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409172316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/shravanabelagola-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99188909.cms |archivedate=9 April 2025}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[C. N. Balakrishna]]
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 1,05,516
|percentage = 63.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. S. Puttegowda
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 52,504
|percentage = 31.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shivananje Gowda
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 7,506
|percentage = 4.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 906
|percentage = 0.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 53,012
|percentage = 31.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,67,261
|percentage = 82.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3784-karnataka-2013/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2013 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[C. N. Balakrishna]]
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 87,185
|percentage = 55.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. S. Puttegowda
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 63,043
|percentage = 40.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. N. Manjunath Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,981
|percentage = 1.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 24,142
|percentage = 15.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,55,814
|percentage = 82.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. S. Puttegowda
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 65,726
|percentage = 49.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[H. C. Srikantaiah]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 56,280
|percentage = 42.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anand Shivappa
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 3,782
|percentage = 2.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,446
|percentage = 7.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,32,467
|percentage = 75
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. S. Puttegowda
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 70,461
|percentage = 52.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = H. S. Vijaykumar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 35,585
|percentage = 26.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. N. Chandregowda
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 13,505
|percentage = 10.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Devaraje Gowda
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,484
|percentage = 4.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 34,876
|percentage = 26.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,33,184
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (Secular)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1999 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[H. C. Srikantaiah]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 65,624
|percentage = 51.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. S. Puttegowda
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 42,576
|percentage = 33.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = H. S. Srikantaiah
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 14,034
|percentage = 10.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 23,048
|percentage = 17.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,28,545
|percentage = 73.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1994 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. S. Puttegowda
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 66,906
|percentage = 53.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[H. C. Srikantaiah]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 45,871
|percentage = 36.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. V. Rajappa
|party = Karnataka Congress Party
|votes = 5,686
|percentage = 4.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = N. Gangadhar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 5,258
|percentage = 4.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 21,035
|percentage = 16.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,25,565
|percentage = 76.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1989 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = N. B. Nanjappa
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 62,350
|percentage = 56.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. S. Puttegowda
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 41,711
|percentage = 38.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Devaraje Gowda
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 4,595
|percentage = 4.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20,639
|percentage = 18.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,09,710
|percentage = 75.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1985 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = N. Gangadhar
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 44,522
|percentage = 51.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = N. B. Nanjappa
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 39,155
|percentage = 45.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = B. R. Chidambara
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 2,912
|percentage = 3.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5,367
|percentage = 6.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 86,589
|percentage = 74.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[H. C. Srikantaiah]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 41,164
|percentage = 55.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = N. Gangadhar
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 29,662
|percentage = 39.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 11,502
|percentage = 15.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 74,488
|percentage = 75.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress (I)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1978 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[H. C. Srikantaiah]]
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|votes = 43,045
|percentage = 60.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = N. Gangadhar
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 25,440
|percentage = 35.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,605
|percentage = 24.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 70,861
|percentage = 78.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser = Independent politician
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1972 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[H. C. Srikantaiah]]
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 30,308
|percentage = 60.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sakuntalamma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 18,174
|percentage = 36.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 12,134
|percentage = 24.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 49,934
|percentage = 66.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent politician
|loser = Praja Socialist Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Mysore Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = S. Shivappa
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|votes = 30,637
|percentage = 64.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[H. C. Srikantaiah]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 16,798
|percentage = 35.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 13,839
|percentage = 29.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 47,435
|percentage = 74.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Praja Socialist Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1962 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = S. Shivappa
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|votes = 21,136
|percentage = 62.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = L. Lakkappa
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 12,483
|percentage = 37.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 8,653
|percentage = 25.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 33,619
|percentage = 70.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Praja Socialist Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1957 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election]]: Shravanabelagola}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = N. G. Narasimhegowda
|party = Praja Socialist Party
|votes = 16,923
|percentage = 57.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = L. Lakkappa
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 7,086
|percentage = 24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = S. Shivappa
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 4,980
|percentage = 16.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 9,837
|percentage = 33.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 29,526
|percentage = 68.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Praja Socialist Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:193 SBELAGOLA CON VIL.jpg|Hobli & Village Map of Shravanabelagola Assembly constituency, Channarayapatna Taluk
File:193 SBELAGOLA LAC1.jpg|Village Map of Shravanabelagola Assembly constituency, Channarayapatna Taluk
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hassan district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|12.85|76.48|display=title}}

[[Category:Hassan district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Mysore State]]

Langat Singh College

2026-01-22T17:07:19Z

WilliamsLin216: typo fix

{{Short description|Degree College in Muzaffarpur, Bihar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Langat Singh College
| image_name = Langat_Singh_College.png
| caption =
| motto =
| type = [[Public College]]
| established = 1899
| principal = O.P Roy<ref>{{cite web|title=Principal's Desk|url=https://www.lscollege.ac.in/principal_desk.php|website=www.LSCollege.ac.in|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref>
| location = Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India
| affiliations = [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.lscollege.ac.in}}
}}
'''Langat Singh College''', commonly known as '''L.S.College''', previously known as Bhumihar Brahmin college,<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-langat-singh-jayanti-found-primary-education-itself-the-example-of-higher-education-presented-in-muzaffarpur-22100082.html]</ref> is a college in [[Muzaffarpur]], in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It was established on 3 July 1899,<ref name=his>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lscollege.ac.in/history|title=History|date=2017-04-14|website=Langat Singh College, Muzaffarpur|language=en|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> and is one of the city's oldest colleges.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110722/jsp/bihar/story_14258673.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112254/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110722/jsp/bihar/story_14258673.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2013 |title=College eyes monument tag |publisher=TelegraphIndia.com |date=22 July 2011 |access-date=16 September 2013}}</ref> It is named after its founder Langat Singh. It is affiliated to [[Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University | url=http://www.brabu.net/constituent_college.php}}</ref> and offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses in science and arts.

On 10 December 2014, NAAC accredited college by A grade.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/LS-College-Muzaffarpur-awarded-NAAC-A-grade/articleshow/45515228.cms|title=LS College, Muzaffarpur awarded NAAC 'A' grade - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/muz-college-ready-to-host-600-ncc-cadets/articleshow/72098548.cms|title=Muzaffarpur college ready to host 600 NCC cadets|date=18 November 2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/muzaffarpur/1279937|title=मुजफ्फरपुर : ऑक्सफोर्ड विवि की तर्ज पर बने लंगट सिंह काॅलेज स्थित वेधाशाला का अस्तित्व समाप्ति की ओर|website=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News|language=hi|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/muzaffarpur-civic-body-apathy-worsens-ls-college-sewage-problem/articleshow/62922284.cms|title=sewage issue: Muzaffarpur civic body apathy worsens Langat Singh College sewage problem|date=15 February 2018|first=Faryal|last=Rumi |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-24}}</ref>

The college has a huge and magnificent building incorporating the feature of Indo-Sarcenic architectural style. It was modelled after [[Balliol College]] of Oxford.

== History==
Langat Singh initially participated in the [[Bhumihar|Bhumihar Brahmin Mahasabha]] in 1895. His donation of one lakh rupees to the Mahasabha led to the establishment of a college in Muzaffarpur. The Bhumihar Brahmin Collegiate School and Bhumihar Brahmin College's foundation was laid on July 3, 1899, and it is presently known as LS College<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/bihar/muzaffarpur-langat-singh-jayanti-found-primary-education-itself-the-example-of-higher-education-presented-in-muzaffarpur-22100082.html]</ref>.The College was founded in 1899 in the backdrop of emerging Indian nationalism by broader community support.<ref name=his/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9GbCwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Langat+Singh+College%22+-Bharatpedia&pg=PA183|title=World List of Universities 1977–78 / Liste Mondiale des Universites|date=2016-02-19|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-03491-8|language=fr}}</ref> Babu Langat Singh played the most prominent part in its establishment. In 1900, the college was affiliated to [[Calcutta University]]. It was declared a Government College in 1915 and subsequently affiliated to [[Patna University]] in 1917. In 1952, Bihar University was bifurcated from Patna University<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.brabu.net/history.php|title=Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar|website=www.brabu.net|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref> and L.S. College was affiliated to it. Subsequently, in 1960, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar [[Bihar University]] was established with headquarters at Muzaffarpur, and the college was then affiliated to it. The post-graduate Departments of Bihar University split from this institution in 1979. In 1984 post-graduate studies of various streams were restored.

Notable faculty members include [[Rajendra Prasad]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.culturalindia.net/leaders/rajendra-prasad.html|title=Dr. Rajendra Prasad was a political leader and the first President of India|website=www.culturalindia.net|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> [[J.B. Kripalani]] and [[Ramdhari Singh Dinkar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anubhuti-hindi.org/gauravgram/dinker/index.htm|title=Ramdhari Singh Dinker - Hindi ke Chhayavadi Kavi|website=www.anubhuti-hindi.org|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>

==Astronomical observatory==
The [[observatory]], the first of its kind in eastern India, was established in the Langat Singh College in 1916 to impart astronomical knowledge to the students in detail. The initiative for the establishment of this observatory was taken by Romesh Chandra Sen of the college. Later, a [[planetarium]], probably the first in India, was also set up in the college in 1946. Both the observatory as well as the planetarium functioned satisfactorily up to the early 1970s but started declining gradually over time. The observatory interacted with the Astronomical Observatory of the [[Presidency University, Kolkata]].

In August 2022, several Indian media house reported that the astronomical observatory of Langat Singh College was included on the [[UNESCO]] list of endangered heritage observatories of the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/century-old-bihar-college-astronomical-lab-on-unesco-list/articleshow/93308904.cms|title=Century-old Bihar college astronomical lab on Unesco list}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zee News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/muzaffarpur/unesco-added-astronomy-of-langat-singh-college-in-heritage-list-of-endangered-observatories/1292322}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar’s Langat Singh College astronomy lab included in the Unesco heritage list |url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/bihars-langat-singh-college-astronomy-lab-included-in-the-unesco-heritage-list/}}</ref> UNESCO later clarified that the astronomical observatory at the college has not been inscribed on its list of endangered heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A 106-year-old astronomical observatory in Bihar not on endangered heritage list: UNESCO |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/a-106-year-old-astronomical-observatory-in-bihar-not-on-endangered-heritage-list-unesco/article65749408.ece/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO says observatory in Bihar college not included in world heritage list |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/unesco-says-observatory-in-bihar-college-not-included-in-world-heritage-list-101660031882706.html}}</ref> although it is listed as a heritage observatory on portal to the heritage of astronomy managed by [[UNESCO]] in partnership with [[World Heritage Centre]] and [[International Astronomical Union]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Category of Astronomical Heritage: tangible immovable - Langat Singh College Observatory in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India |url=https://www3.astronomicalheritage.net/index.php/show-entity?identity=217&idsubentity=1%C2%A0}}</ref>

== Notable alumni ==
* [[Ajit Anjum]]
*[[Dhanush Chandra Gautam]]
* [[Rama Kishore Singh]]
* [[Kameshwar Paswan]]
* [[Achyutanand Singh]]
* [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]
* [[Sanjeev K Jha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|http://lscollege.ac.in }}

{{Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar Bihar University]]
[[Category:Education in Muzaffarpur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bihar]]
[[Category:1899 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1899]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Muzaffarpur]]

Mody University of Science and Technology

2026-01-20T11:34:36Z

WilliamsLin216: small cleaned up lead based on references additionally and fixed typos

{{Short description|University in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Mody University of Science and Technology
| native_name =
| image = Mody University logo.png
| image_size =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = Nurturing Excellence In Women.
| mottoeng =
| established = 1998
| closed =
| type = [[Private university|Private]]
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman = Shri R P Mody
| chancellor =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| president =
| rector =
| principal =
| head_label =
| head =
| faculty =
| staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[Lakshmangarh, Sikar, Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| campus = Urban, {{convert|265|acre}}
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
|sports_nickname =
| mascot =
|athletics_affiliations =
| accreditation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/deemeduniversitylist.aspx?id=29&Unitype=4 |title=Deemed University Directory, University Grants Commission, India|publisher=ugc.ac.in |access-date=2013-03-01}}</ref>
| website = {{url|http://www.modyuniversity.ac.in/}}
| footnotes =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.63015|75.031944|region:IN-RAJ_type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| former_name = Mody University
}}

'''Mody University of Science and Technology''', formerly '''Mody Institute''', is a private women's university located in [[Lakshmangarh]] in the state of [[Rajasthan]], India. It was established in 1998 by R P Mody, an industrialist and philanthropist.

==Admissions==
The admission is based on MU-SAT (Mody University Scholarship cum Admission test)/All India Rank/ State level Tests.

==Academics==
The institute offers undergraduate programs leading to a [[Bachelor of Technology]], [[Bachelor of Arts]], [[Bachelor of Design]], [[Bachelor of Commerce]], [[Bachelor of Science]] degree and postgraduate programs leading to [[Master of Technology]], [[Master of Arts]], [[Master of Commerce]], [[Master of Science]] degree.

==Faculties==
Mody University has seven faculties. Each faculty has its own administration structure:<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculties List of MUST |url=https://www.modyuniversity.ac.in/faculty/ |url-status=live |access-date=2026-01-20 |publisher=modyuniversity.ac.in}}</ref>
*School of Engineering and Technology
*School of Law
*School of Business
*School of Design
*School of Liberal Arts and Sciences
*School of Pharmacy
*School of Etiquette & Finishing Skills

==Campus==
The campus is spread over an area of over {{convert|265|acre|km2}} full of greenery with a wide variety of trees and other plants. In a survey 96 species of birds (certified by an [[Ornithology|ornithologist]] from [[WWF-India]]) and 16 species of butterflies (certified by [[lepidopterists]] from [[WWF-India]]) have been identified.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mitsuniversity.ac.in/Display_Campus.aspx|title=MITS campus|publisher=mitsuniversity.ac.in|access-date=2013-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207092337/http://www.mitsuniversity.ac.in/Display_Campus.aspx|archive-date=7 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The large campus has a beautiful meditation structure by the name of 'Tapovan' and a Students Auditorium for student's extracurricular activities. Along with these, the campus also has a beautiful Student's Mess for hostelers. The student's mess is Asia's second-largest with 1800 dining capacity.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/Oo7Bn4PhARs Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190312195429/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oo7Bn4PhARs&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oo7Bn4PhARs| title = Campus Infrastructure and Facilities at Mody University | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Student life==
Mody University provides on-campus residential facilities to its students, research scholars, faculty members, and many of its staff. The institute has sports facilities for indoor as well as outdoor games. Sports facilities include [[yoga]], [[Equestrianism|equestrian]], running tracks, pole vault, high jump, long and triple jump, tennis court, cricket, hockey, football, volleyball, basketball, badminton, table tennis, carom, chess.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mody University Facilities |url=https://admission.aglasem.com/mody-university/}}</ref>

==Spirituality==
'Tapovan' is an on-site facility that encompasses a 'Yagna-Shala', a meditation hall and a temple spread over 8 acres. At Yagna-Shala, 7 different kinds of Yagnas are performed from 6 a.m. to 7 a.m.; each for the seven days of the week.
The temple remains open from 5 a.m. to 11 a.m. and from 5 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. Grand celebrations are organized on the occasions of Ram Navmi, Janmashtami, Diwali, and other major festivals. The meditation hall, with a sitting arrangement for around 200 people, is open for everyone. Yoga classes are conducted regularly. Academic courses in Sanskrit and Vedic Astrology are offered for students who wish to pursue higher education in this sphere.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.modyuniversity.ac.in/ Official Web Page]
* [http://fet.modyuniversity.ac.in/ School of Engineering & Technology]
* [http://fasc.modyuniversity.ac.in/ School of Arts Science & Commerce]
* [http://fms.modyuniversity.ac.in/ School of Business Economics and Management]
* [http://fol.modyuniversity.ac.in/ School of Law and Governance ]
* [http://www.modyuniversity.ac.in/ School of Design]
* [http://www.modyschool.ac.in/ Mody School] - Sister organization of Mody University
{{Universities in Rajasthan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Women's engineering colleges in India]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Women's universities and colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Education in Sikar district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1998]]
[[Category:1998 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Piety

2026-01-18T21:44:09Z

WilliamsLin216:

{{Short description|Religious devotion or spirituality}}
{{other uses}}
[[File:British - Piety - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|"Piety", [[Dulwich Picture Gallery]]]]'''Piety''' is a [[virtue]] which may include [[religion|religious devotion]] or [[spirituality]]. A common element in most conceptions of piety is a duty of respect. In a religious context, piety may be expressed through pious activities or devotions, which may vary among countries and cultures.

== Etymology ==
The word piety comes from the [[Latin]] word {{lang|la|[[Pietas (virtue)|pietas]]}}, the noun form of the adjective {{lang|la|pius}} (which means "devout" or "dutiful"). English literature scholar [[Alan Jacobs (academic)|Alan Jacobs]] has written about the origins and early meaning of the term:<ref>{{Cite web|first=Alan|last=Jacobs|date=2022-03-31|title=Recovering Piety|url=https://comment.org/recovering-piety/|access-date=2023-04-23|website=Comment Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref>
{{quote|It is not, in its origin, a Christian word. The Roman poet [[Virgil]] calls his hero {{lang|la|pius [[Aeneas]]}}, says that he is a {{lang|la|pietāte virum}}, but we might well mislead readers were we to say "pious Aeneas" or a "pious man." For his character is unmarked by the smarmy religiosity we typically associate with the word "pious." Aeneas is {{em|devoted}} to his mission, is {{em|faithful}} to the call of the gods on his life. He is willing to sacrifice his own interests to those greater interests, especially to the founding of the great city of Rome. He binds his will and his heart to that task. This is what it means to be {{lang|la|pius}}.}}

==Classical interpretation==
{{lang|la|Pietas}} in traditional Latin usage expressed a complex, highly valued [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] virtue; a man with {{lang|la|pietas}} respected his responsibilities to gods, country, parents, and kin.<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{citation|author=[[Cicero]]|title=Nature of the Gods|at=I.116}}
|2={{citation|author=[[Cicero]]|title=On Rhetorical Invention|at=II.66}}
}}</ref> In its strictest sense it was the sort of love a son ought to have for his father. [[Aeneas]]'s consistent [[Epithet#Literature|epithet]] in [[Virgil]] and other Latin authors is {{lang|la|pius}}, a term which connotes reverence toward the gods and familial dutifulness. At the fall of Troy, Aeneas carries to safety his father, the lame [[Anchises]], and the [[Lares]] and [[Penates]], the statues of the household gods.

In addressing whether children have an obligation to provide support for their parents, [[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]] quotes, [[Cicero]], "...piety gives both duty and homage": "duty" referring to service, and "homage" to reverence or honor."<ref>{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Aquinas|author-link=Thomas Aquinas|title=Summa Theologiae|chapter=Secunda Secundae|at=[https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3101.htm Question 101: Piety]; Article 2}}</ref> [[Filial piety]] is central to Confucian [[role ethics|ethics]];<ref name="Chang">{{cite book|last1=Chang|first1=Wonsuk|last2=Kalmanson|first2=Leah|title=Confucianism in Context: Classic Philosophy and Contemporary Issues, East Asia and Beyond|year=2010|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-3191-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_UC1mvUKaU8C&pg=PA68 68]}}</ref> reverence for parents is considered in Chinese ethics the prime virtue and the basis of all right human relations.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://dwillard.org/articles/christ-centered-piety|last=Willard|first=Dallas|chapter=Christ-Centered Piety|title=Where Shall My Wond'ring Soul Begin?: The Landscape of Evangelical Piety and Thought|location=Grand Rapids, Mich.|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.|year=2000|pages=27–36}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2023}}

==As a virtue==
In [[Roman Catholicism|Catholicism]], [[Eastern Orthodoxy]], [[Lutheranism]], and [[Anglicanism]], piety is one of the [[seven gifts of the Holy Spirit]]. "It engenders in the soul a filial respect for God, a generous love toward him, and an affectionate obedience that wants to do what he commands because it loves the one who commands."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=33735|title=Gift of Piety|website=Catholic Dictionary}}</ref> [[Pope Gregory I]], in demonstrating the interrelationship among the gifts, said "Through the [[Fear of God|fear of the Lord]], we rise to piety, from piety then to knowledge..."<ref>{{citation|author=[[Pope Gregory I]]|title=Homiliae in Hiezechihelem Prophetam|at=II 7,7|orig-year=593}}</ref>

[[Thomas Aquinas|Aquinas]] spoke of piety in the context of one's parents and country, and given the obligation to accord each what is rightfully due them, related it to the cardinal virtue of justice. (By analogy, rendering to God what is due him, Aquinas identified as the virtue of religion, also related to justice.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.english.op.org/godzdogz/the-life-of-virtue-piety| last=Pearson|first=Gregory|title=The Life of Virtue—Piety|website=Godsdogz|date=17 July 2009}}</ref>) Professor [[Richard McBrien]] said piety "is a gift of the Holy Spirit by which we are motivated and enabled to be faithful and respectful to those—ultimately, God—who have had a positive, formative influence on our lives and to whom we owe a debt of gratitude,"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catholiccourier.com/articles/piety-refers-to-more-than-devotional-practices|last=McBrien|first=Richard|title=Piety refers to more than devotional practices|website=Catholic Courier|date=21 December 2009}}</ref> and requires one to acknowledge, to the extent possible, the sources of those many blessings through words and gestures great and small.

Piety belongs to the [[Religion (virtue)|virtue of Religion]], which theologians put among the moral virtues, as a part of the [[Cardinal virtues|cardinal virtue]] [[Justice (virtue)|Justice]], since by it one tenders to God what is due to him.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12748a.htm|last=Delany|first=Joseph|chapter=Virtue of Religion|title=The Catholic Encyclopedia|volume=12|location=New York|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|year=1911}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The gift of piety perfects the virtue of justice, enabling the individual to fulfill his obligations to God and neighbor, and to do so willingly and joyfully. By inspiring a person with a tender and filial confidence in God, the gift of piety makes them joyfully embrace all that pertains to His service.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07409a.htm|last=Forget|first=Jacques|chapter=Holy Ghost|title=The Catholic Encyclopedia|volume=7|location=New York|publisher=Robert Appleton Company|year=1910}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

[[John Calvin]] said, "I call ‘piety’ that reverence joined with love of God which the knowledge of his benefits induces. For until [people] recognize that they owe everything to God, that they are nourished by his fatherly care, that he is the Author of their every good, that they should seek nothing beyond him—they will never yield him willing service."<ref>{{multiref2
|1={{cite book|last=Calvin|first=John|title=[[Institutes of the Christian Religion]]|year=1536|at=I.ii.1}}
|2={{cite web|url=https://www.thebanner.org/features/2011/01/piety-and-religion|last=Cooper|first=Dale|title=Piety and Religion|website=The Banner|publisher=Christian Reformed Church in North America|date=January 18, 2011}}
}}</ref> Bishop [[Pierre Whalon]] says that "Piety, therefore, is the pursuit of an ever-greater sense of being in the presence of God."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://anglicansonline.org/resources/essays/whalon/piety.html|last=Whalon|first=Pierre W.|title=Piety|website=Anglicans Online|date=March 4, 2003}}</ref>

The Gift of Piety is synonymous with of filial trust in God.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.orlandodiocese.org/the-gift-of-piety-synonym-of-filial-trust-in-god/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125003207/https://www.orlandodiocese.org/the-gift-of-piety-synonym-of-filial-trust-in-god/|archive-date=2021-01-25|title=The Gift of Piety: Synonym of Filial Trust in God|website=Diocese of Orlando}}</ref> Through piety, a person shows reverence for God as a loving Father, and respect for others as children of God.

[[Pope John Paul II]] defined piety as "the gift of reverence for what comes from God," and related it to his earlier lectures on the Theology of the Body.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dphx.org/tob-tuesdays-27/|last=Zeno|first=Katrina J.|title=Reverent Eros and the Gift of Piety|website=Diocese of Phoenix|date=June 5, 2019}}</ref> In a General Audience in June 2014, [[Pope Francis]] said, "When the Holy Spirit helps us sense the presence of the Lord and all of his love for us, it warms our heart and drives us almost naturally to prayer and celebration."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.catholicsun.org/2014/06/04/pope-piety-is-embracing-god-others-with-real-love-not-fake-devotion/|last=Glatz|first=Carol|title=Pope: Piety is embracing God, others with real love, not fake devotion|website=The Catholic Sun|publisher=Catholic News Service|date=June 4, 2014}}</ref> "Piety", said [[Pope Francis]], points up "our friendship with God." It is a gift that enables people to serve their neighbor "with gentleness and with a smile."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catholiccourier.com/articles/why-the-gift-of-piety-is-more-than-it-may-seem|last=Gibson|first=David|title=Why the gift of piety is more than it may seem|website=Catholic Courier|publisher=Catholic News Service|date=February 13, 2020}}</ref>

==Piety and devotion ==
{{Main|Popular piety}}
Expressions of piety vary according to country and local tradition. "Feast days", with their preparations for various religious celebrations and activities, have forged traditions peculiar to communities. Many pious exercises are part of the cultic patrimony of particular Churches or religious families.<ref name=Directory>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/ccdds/documents/rc_con_ccdds_doc_20020513_vers-direttorio_en.html|author=Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments|title=Directory on popular piety and the Liturgy|location=Vatican City|date=December 2001}}</ref>{{rp|at=§§7, 20}} Devotions help incorporate faith into daily life.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catholicphilly.com/2017/10/catholic-spirituality/devotions-and-popular-piety-bring-faith-into-everyday-life/|title=Devotions and popular piety bring faith into everyday life|website=CatholicPhilly|publisher=Catholic News Service|date=October 13, 2017}}</ref>

{{quote|Popular piety "...manifests a thirst for God which only the simple and poor can know. It makes people capable of generosity and sacrifice even to the point of heroism, when it is a question of manifesting belief. It involves an acute awareness of profound attributes of God: fatherhood, providence, loving and constant presence. It engenders interior attitudes rarely observed to the same degree elsewhere: patience, the sense of the cross in daily life, detachment, openness to others, devotion. By reason of these aspects, we readily call it "popular piety," that is, religion of the people, rather than religiosity.|[[Pope Paul VI]]<ref>{{citation|author=[[Pope Paul VI]]|title=Evangelii nuntiandi|date=December 8, 1975|at=§48|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana}}</ref>}}

{{quote|They are the manifestation of a theological life nourished by the working of the Holy Spirit who has been poured into our hearts (cf. {{Bibleverse|Romans|5:5}}).|[[Pope Francis]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/apost_exhortations/documents/papa-francesco_esortazione-ap_20131124_evangelii-gaudium.html#The_evangelizing_power_of_popular_piety|author=[[Pope Francis]]|date=November 24, 2013|title=Evangelii gaudium|at=§125|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana}}</ref>}}

While acknowledging that Anglican piety took the forms of more frequent communion and liturgical observances and customs, [[Ronald Williams (bishop)|Bishop Ronald Williams]] spoke for increased reading of the Bible.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://churchsociety.org/docs/churchman/074/Cman_074_2_Williams.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804122109/https://churchsociety.org/docs/churchman/074/Cman_074_2_Williams.pdf|archive-date=2019-08-04|last=Williams|first=Ronald|title=The Bible and Anglican Piety|journal=The Churchman|year=1960|page=91}}</ref>{{Importance inline|reason=|date=September 2023}}

In the Methodist Church, works of piety are a means of grace. They can be personal, such as reading, prayer, and meditation; or communal, such as sharing in the sacraments or Bible study.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.umc.org/en/content/the-wesleyan-means-of-grace|title=The Wesleyan Means of Grace|website=United Methodist Church}}</ref> For Presbyterians, piety refers to a whole realm of practices—such as worship, prayer, singing, and service—that help shape and guide the way one's reverence and love for God are expressed; and "the duty of the Christian to live a life of piety in accordance with God’s moral law".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/essay/presbyterian-theology/|last=Pipa|first=Joseph|title=Presbyterian Theology|website=The Gospel Coalition}}</ref>

The veneration of sacred images belongs to the nature of Catholic piety, with the understanding that "the honour rendered to the image is directed to the person represented".{{r|Directory|at=§18}}

== See also ==
*[[Catholic devotions]]
*[[Affective piety]]
*[[Plato]]'s dialogue [[Euthyphro]], in which Socrates seeks a definition of piety
*[[Hasid]] (the Hebrew term)
*[[Islamic views on piety]]
*[[Pietism]] in the Lutheran Church

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.ncregister.com/news/saints-teach-us-piety-by-their-example|last=Shea|first=Mark|title=Saints Teach Us Piety by Their Example|website=National Catholic Register|date=September 15, 2013}}

{{Virtues}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ethical principles]]
[[Category:Personality traits]]
[[Category:Religious practices]]
[[Category:Spirituality]]
[[Category:Virtue]]

Khadermoh

2026-01-18T08:52:14Z

WilliamsLin216: Made New Article

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khadermoh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|33|58|57|N|74|53|57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Jammu and Kashmir}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pulwama district|Pulwama]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.45
| area_footnotes =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 45.37%
| blank3_name_sec1 = Distance from Pulwama
| blank3_info_sec1 = {{convert|14.6|km|mi}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Distance from Srinagar
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|19.5|km|mi}}
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 235 householders
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|Kashmiri]]<ref name="OfficialLang">{{cite web |url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2020/222037.pdf |title=The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020 |publisher=The Gazette of India|date=27 September 2020 |access-date=27 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020 | work=Rising Kashmir | date=23 September 2020 | url=http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | access-date=30 May 2021 | archive-date=24 September 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141909/http://risingkashmir.com/news/parliament-passes-jk-official-languages-bill-2020 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN Code
| postal_code = 192301
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Khadermoh''' is a village located in [[Pulwama district]] in Indian union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/rws/Physical/Rep_ListOfHabitationCoveredPopulation.aspx?Condition=8oEAlv2zQlJooCVbFPR7og%3D%3D&Stateid=yYR%2BaKSkRts%3D&StateName=WnDkXXGG7DfCRzL86M0imSGSDkJghC4%2B&BlockId=rv7zif4VMn23f4Z4VMidEw%3D%3D&BlockName=yZ%2Fdp5EVDystZntVFPHLjQ%3D%3D&Cat=JydHMe5vpIsLm7kqFmyMKQ%3D%3D&FYear=0zPe5AvQTU38ml3lHhoixw%3D%3D&M=3SF6adRVTpM%3D&Districtid=08dnp0kA6gk%3D&DistrictName=diz2N6WZTdo%3D |title=List of Habitations in Minority Blocks with 100% Population Coverage (upto the end of January during 2010-2011) |website=indiawater.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]], [[Government of India]] }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://diragrikmr.nic.in/assets/files/LGPulwama.pdf |title=Microsoft Word - LGDPULWAMA |website=diragrikmr.nic.in |publisher=Department of Agriculture Kashmir |date=22 March 2018 |access-date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510213904/http://www.diragrikmr.nic.in/assets/files/LGPulwama.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> At a distance of 14.6 km, its district headquarters and administrative units are located in Pulwama via [[Pampore]] - [[Kakapora]] Road and Pulwama-Srinagar Road that connects ''Khadermoh'' village to state capital [[Srinagar]] which is situated 19.5 km away via [[National Highway 44|NH44]] and NH1.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/dir/Khadermoh,+192121/Srinagar/@34.0330098,74.7810188,12z/am=t/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x38e18bbc39732e7b:0x950f428823be4dcf!2m2!1d74.8989541!2d33.9824874!1m5!1m1!1s0x38e1855686e3c5ef:0x66244b7cc1e305c6!2m2!1d74.7972825!2d34.0836708!3e0 |title=Khadermoh to Srinagar |website=google.co.in/maps |publisher=[[Google Maps]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://kashmirreader.com/2018/03/22/skylight-hr-sec-school-pampore-holds-plantation-drive/ |title=Skylight Hr Sec School Pampore holds plantation drive |website=kashmirreader.com |publisher=[[Kashmir Reader]] |date=22 March 2018 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Population==
As per [[2011 Census of India]], there are 1528 citizens residing in Khadermoh village, of which 760 are males and 768 are females. The male literacy rate is 56.2% while female literacy rate is 34.6%. The overall literacy rate recorded was 45.37%, compared to J&K.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/3098-khadermoh-jammu-and-kashmir.html |title=Khadermoh Population - Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir |website=censusindia.co.in |publisher=Census 2011 India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Pulwama district}}

[[Category:Villages in Pulwama district]]

{{JammuKashmir-geo-stub}}

Oddanchatram railway station

2026-01-12T08:48:23Z

WilliamsLin216:

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Oddanchatram
| name_lang =
| native_name = ஒட்டன்சத்திரம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| symbol =
| symbol_location =
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Regional rail]] and [[Light rail]] Station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Oddanchatram railway station (March 2024).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| other_name =
| address = Dindigul-Palani road, [[Oddanchatram]], [[Dindigul district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] PIN-624619
| borough =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|29|05.8|N|77|44|45.9|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| grid_name =
| grid_position =
| elevation = {{convert|300|m}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]]
| manager =
| transit_authority =
| line =
| distance =
| platforms = 3
| tracks = 4
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure =
| depth =
| levels =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| architect =
| architectural_style =
| status = Functioning
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = ODC
| zone = [[Southern Railway zone]]
| division = {{abbrlink|Madurai|Madurai railway division}}
}}
| iata =
| zone =
| classification =
| website =
| opened = 
| opening =
| closed = 
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| former =
| original =
| pregroup =
| postgroup =
| prenational =
| years =
| events =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_rank =
| services =
| other_services =
| other_services_collapsible =
| other_services_header =
| other_services2 =
| other_services2_collapsible =
| other_services2_header =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom =
}}
{{Pollachi–Dindigul branch line}}

'''Oddanchatram railway station''' (station code: ODC) is an [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Madurai railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=4 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref> It serves the town of [[Oddanchatram]], located in [[Dindigul district]] of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="annual_earnings">{{cite web |title=Annual Originating Passengers & Earnings for the year 2022-23 |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1707457097521-Originating%202022-23.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=6 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405104303/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1707457097521-Originating%202022-23.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2024 |page=1}}</ref>

== Electrification ==

On 13 September 2022, Palani – Dindigul Junction CRS inspection was conducted and soon this stretch consisting of these stations, Chattrapatti, Oddanchatram and Akkaraipatti will be converted from single-diesel Line to single-electric line, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-13 |title=Inspection of Dindigul - Palani electrified railway line underway |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/inspection-of-dindigul-palani-electrified-railway-line-underway/article65885428.ece |access-date=2022-09-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnbosco |first=Arockiaraj |date=September 13, 2022 |title=Speed trial held on electrified Dindigul – Palani railway line {{!}} Madurai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/speed-trial-held-on-electrified-dindigul-palani-railway-line/articleshow/94181848.cms |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2022-09-22 |title=Railways to run trains via Pollachi, Dindigul from September 24 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/railways-to-run-trains-via-pollachi-dindigul-from-september-24/article65922153.ece |access-date=2022-09-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Performance and earnings ==

For the FY 2022–23, the annual earnings of the station was {{INRConvert|22134316}} and daily earnings was {{INRConvert|60642}}. For the same financial year, the annual passenger count was 117,255 and daily count was 321. While, the footfall per day was recorded as 614.<ref name="annual_earnings" />

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Railway stations in Tamil Nadu}}

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

[[Category:Madurai railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dindigul district]]

Dhaniakhali (community development block)

2026-01-01T03:18:13Z

WilliamsLin216:

{{short description|Community development block in Hooghly, West Bengal}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhaniakhali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Dhonekhali
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Dhaniakhali in Hooghly (West Bengal).svg
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.97|N|88.10|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 275.68
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 16
| population_total = 320,534
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712302 (Dhaniakhali) 712303 (Gurap) 712301 (Bhandarhati)
| area_code = +91 3213
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-15, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-16, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-18
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 75.66%
| website = {{URL|hooghly.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]], [[Arambag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambag]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Dhanekhali (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhanekhali]], [[Tarakeswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tarakeswar]]
}}

'''Dhaniakhali''' (also spelled '''Dhanekhali''') is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Chinsurah subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The place has lent its name to the [[Tant saree|''tant'' (handloom) sari]] it produces.

==Overview==
The Dhaniakhali CD Block is part of the Hooghly-Damodar Plain, one of the three natural regions in the district of the flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] plains that forms part of the [[Ganges Delta|Gangetic Delta]]. The region has many depressions which receive water from the surrounding lands during the rainy season and discharge the water through small channels.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physigraphy, Page 17|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 14 June 2017 }}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Map of hooghly district .jpg|thumb|500 px|left|Map of Hooghly district showing CD blocks and municipal areas]]
Dhanekhali is located at {{coord|22.97|N|88.10|E|format=dms|}}.
[[File:Dhaniakhali CD block map.svg|thumb|right|Map of Dhaniakhali CD block showing GP areas]]

Dhaniakhali CD Block is bounded by [[Pandua (community development block)|Pandua]] CD Block, in a part of the north and a part of the east, [[Polba Dadpur]] CD Block in a major portion of the east, [[Haripal (community development block)|Haripal]] and [[Tarakeswar (community development block)|Tarakeswar]] CD Blocks, in the south and [[Pursurah (community development block)|Pursurah]] CD Block and [[Jamalpur (community development block)|Jamalpur]] CD Block, in Bardhaman district, in the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hooghly.gov.in/map.htm | title = Map of Hooghly district | work = District Profile | publisher = Hooghly district administration | access-date = 20 May 2016 | archive-date = 16 May 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160516062503/http://www.hooghly.gov.in/map.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

It is located 36 km from [[Chinsurah]], the district headquarters.

Dhaniakhali CD Block has an area of 275.68 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 18 [[gram panchayat]]s, 264 gram sansads (village councils), 214 [[mouza]]s and 214 inhabited villages. [[Dhaniakhali#Police station|Dhaniakhali]] and [[Gurap#Police Station|Gurap]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 16 October 2018 }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at Dhaniakhali.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Map of Hooghly district with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/dhaniakhali.html | title = Dhaniakhali | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 6 June 2017 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Dhaniakhali block/ panchayat samiti are: Belmuri, Bhanderhati I, Bhanderhati II, Bhastara, Dasghara I, Dasghara II, Dhaniakhali I, Dhaniakhali II, Gopinathpur I, Gopinathpur II, Gurap, Gurbari I, Gurbari II, Khajurdaha-Milki, Mandra, Parambua-Sahabazar, Somaspur I and Somaspur II.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Hooghly – Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2016}}</ref>

==Demographics==
===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Dhaniakhali CD Block had a total population of 320,534, all of which were rural. There were 160,789 (50%) males and 159,745 (50%) females. Population below 6 years was 31,228. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 105,811 (33.01%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 45,715 (14.26%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 26 May 2016}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Dhaniakhali block had a total population of 293,305, out of which 148,265 were males and 145,040 were females. Dhaniakhali block registered a population growth of 13.86 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for Hooghly district was 15.72 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url= http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 – Hooghly district |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211036/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_12.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date=2011-01-20 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

Large (4,000+ population) villages in Dhaniakhali CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Srikrishnapur (10,345), Shrirampur (4,170), Gopinagar (5,424), Mandara (7,610), Bhandarhati (6,928), Samaspur (4,113), Gurap (7,856), Bhastara (5,084) and Cheragram (4,328).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Dhaniakhali CD Block include (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Dhaniakhali]] (3,738).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per the 2011 census the total number of literates in Dhaniakhali CD Block was 218,902 (75.66% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 119,539 (82.51% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 99,363 (68.79% of the female population over 6 years). The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 13.72%.<ref name=census2011/>

As per the 2001 census, Dhaniakhali block had a total literacy of 48.55 per cent. While male literacy was 68.42 per cent, female literacy was 46.07 per cent.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hooghlyzp.org/html/dhaniakhali.html | title = Dhaniakhali | work= Local Self-government| access-date = 4 August 2011 | publisher = Hooghly Zilla Parishad}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Hooghly district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Dhaniakhali CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|80.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|16.34}}
{{bar percent|Other (tribal religion)|maroon|2.58}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.23}}
}}

As per the 2011 census, majority of the population of the district belong to the Hindu community with a population share of 82.9% followed by Muslims at 15.8%. The percentage of the Hindu population of the district has followed a decreasing trend from 87.1% in 1961 to 82.9% in the latest census 2011. On the other hand, the percentage of Muslim population has increased from 12.7% in 1961 to 15.8% in 2011 census.<ref name=census2>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Religion, Mother-tongue Pages 50-51|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

In 2011 census Hindus numbered 259,152 and formed 80.85% of the population in Dhaniakhali CD Block. Muslims numbered 52,384 and formed 16.34% of the population. Others numbered 8,998 and formed 2.81% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Dhaniakhali CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 91.16 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 7.63 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.21 |color3 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 91.16% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 7.63% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
As per poverty estimates obtained from household survey for families living [[Below Poverty Line (India)|below poverty line]] in 2005, [[rural poverty]] in Dhaniakhali CD Block was 31.85%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |title = District Human Development Report: Hooghly |work = Table 2.38: Empirical Measurement of Rural Poverty in Hooghly 2005, page 89 |publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011 |access-date = 14 June 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170807182323/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Hooghly.pdf |archive-date = 7 August 2017 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Dhaniakhali CD Block'''
|value1 = 17.50
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 53.71
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.80
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 25.00
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Dhaniakhali CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 17.50%, agricultural labourers 53.71%, household industry workers 3.80% and other workers 25.00%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web| url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.7, 17.2, 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use| publisher= Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 October 2018}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 214 inhabited villages in Dhaniakhali CD Block. 100% villages have power supply. 85 villages have more than one source of drinking water (tap, well, tube well, hand pump), 55 villages have only tube well/ borewell and 73 have only hand pump. 19 Villages have post offices, 30 villages have sub post offices and 9 villages have post and telegraph offices. 186 villages have landlines, 113 villages have public call offices and 176 villages have mobile phone coverage. 56 villages have pucca roads and 47 villages have bus service (public/ private). 27 villages have agricultural credit societies, 15 villages have commercial/ co-operative banks and 12 villages have bank ATMs.<ref name=censushandbook>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Appendices to Village Directory, 2009, Pages 775-779|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 1 June 2017 }}</ref>

===Agriculture===
This is a rich agricultural area with several cold storages.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | title= List of functioning Cold Storage of West Bengal District wise as on 18.01.07 | publisher= West Bengal State Marketing Board | access-date= 28 January 2009 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122084728/http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | archive-date= 22 January 2009 | url-status= dead }}</ref> Though rice is the prime crop of the district, the agricultural economy largely depends on potato, jute, vegetables, and orchard products. Vegetable is a prize crop in the blocks of Haripal, Singur, Chanditala, Polba and Dhaniakhali being grown in a relay system throughout the year. Though potato is cultivated in all the blocks of this district Dhaniakhali, Arambagh, Goghat, Pursurah, Haripal, Polba-Dadpur, Tarakeswar, Pandua and Singur contributed much of its production of this district.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://hooghly.nic.in/AGRI-INTEN.HTM | title= Intensive cropping with remarkable feature of Hooghly District | access-date= 28 January 2009 | url-status= dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110716220215/http://hooghly.nic.in/AGRI-INTEN.HTM | archive-date= 16 July 2011 | df= dmy-all }}</ref>

Some of the primary and other ''hats'' or markets in the Dhaniakhali block area are at: Belmuri, Gopinagar, Hazipur, Kananadi, Bhastara, Chowghata, Sahabazar, Dashghara, and Gurap.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/hooghly.html | title = Primary Hats/Markets of District | publisher = West Bengal State Marketing Board | work = Hooghly | access-date = 29 January 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090707074955/http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/bazar/hooghly.html | archive-date = 7 July 2009 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Important Handicrafts of Hooghly District
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
*'''Zari Work on Sari''' - Pandua, Pursurah, Jangipara, Tarakeswar and other blocks - 3,000 families involved
*'''Chikon Embroidery''' – Babnan, Pandua, Singur - 2,500 families involved
*'''Silk and Cotton Printing''' – Serampore (Chanditala) - 300 families involved
*'''Brass and Bell Metal''' – Manikpat, Goghat, Arambagh - 150 families involved
*'''Conch Shell''' – Pandua, Khanakul, Makla, Chandannagar
*'''Jute Diversified Product''' – Baidyabati, Mogra
*'''Terracota''' – Chinsurah, Chandannagar, Baidyabati, Mogra
Source:District [[Human Development Report]] 2010: Hooghly P. 67
|}

The [[Tebhaga movement]] launched in 1946, in 24 Parganas district, aimed at securing for the share-croppers a better position within the existing land relation structure. Although the subsequent Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 7 August 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013-14, persons engaged in agriculture in Dhaniakhali CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 8.94%, patta (document) holders 6.64%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 3.46%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 21.47% and agricultural labourers 59.49%.<ref name=handbook2014/>
Dhaniakhali CD Block had 192 fertiliser depots, 56 seed stores and 63 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in 2013-14.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, Dhaniakhali CD Block produced 50,670 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop from 18,893 hectares, 13,300 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 4,489 hectares, 84 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 34 hectares, 83 tonnes of wheat from 40 hectares, 25,499 tonnes of jute from 1,311 hectares and 95,184 tonnes of potatoes from 5,800 hectares. It also produced oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Dhaniakhali CD Block was 24,640 hectares, out of which 17,370 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 3,390 hectares by tank water, 450 hectares by river lift irrigation, 640 hectares by deep tube wells and 2,790 hectares by shallow tube wells.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Industry===
Pailan Group's Ascon Agro has set up a Rs 500 million potato flakes plant at Dhaniakhali. The potato plant, built on {{convert|65|acre|m2}}, has a capacity of 3,600 tons per annum. The project, with Export Oriented Unit-Special Economic Zone status, used machinery imported from The Netherlands and would employ 1500 people.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/pailan-potato-flakes-unit-launched/02/51/300584/ | title = Pailan potato flakes unit launched | publisher = Business Standard, 8 October 2007 | access-date = 29 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080409/jsp/business/story_9112927.jsp | archive-url =https://archive.today/20130203140142/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080409/jsp/business/story_9112927.jsp | url-status =dead | archive-date =3 February 2013 | title = SPS Group acquires 55% of Pailan arm | publisher =The Telegraph, 9 April 2008 | access-date = 29 January 2009 | location=Calcutta, India | date=9 April 2008}}</ref>

===Textiles===
According to ''[[The Hindu Business Line]]'', "The Bengal cotton [[sari]] is a fashion statement, wherever it is worn" and have a market all over the country.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.blonnet.com/life/2004/11/05/stories/2004110500070100.htm
| title = The itinerant saree seller | publisher =The Hindu Business Line, 5 November 2004 | access-date = 29 January 2009}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' says that Dhaniakhali, [[Shantipur]] and [[Phulia]] are well–known for the traditional handloom saris of West Bengal. "In Dhaniakhali block every household has at least one loom. The sari produced here is named after the place".<ref name=Times>{{cite news | url =http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/42349490.cms | title = Bengal govt spins a woeful pattern for weavers | publisher = Times of India, 18 May 2001| access-date = 29 January 2009 | date=18 May 2001}}</ref> The material for the Dhaniakhali sari is somewhat coarse and heavier than other textiles from Bengal but suits the middle class budget and as such is popular.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://indiwo.in.com/india/guides/apparel-beautyfashion/buying-the-right-cotton-saree/11531/1 | title =Indiwo.in.com For the Indian woman Buying the Right Cotton ... | access-date =29 January 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090822164154/http://indiwo.in.com/india/guides/apparel-beautyfashion/buying-the-right-cotton-saree/11531/1 | archive-date =22 August 2009 | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/03/26/stories/2007032603191500.htm
| title = Bengal saree expo in the Capital | publisher =The Hindu Business Line, 26 March 2007 | access-date = 29 January 2009}}</ref> An ordinary Dhaniakhali sari takes a minimum of two days (10–12 hours each day), to be woven, and the weaver collects [[Rs.]] 50 for it. It sells for Rs. 100 in the market. The most exotic ones take four to five days to weave, fetches the weaver Rs. 450, and is sold for Rs. 800.<ref name=Times/>

The weaving of [[Jamdani]] saris originated in [[Dhaka]] in Bangladesh. Dhakai jamdani was famous among the aristocratic ladies in olden days. Places like Shantipur, Dhaniakhali, [[Begampur]] and Farasdanga started producing the jamdani saris, after the partition of India.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://worldoftheindianwoman.blogspot.com/2008/12/jamdani-gorgeous-saris-of-bengal.html | title = World Of The Indian Woman: Jamdani: The gorgeous saris of Bengal | access-date = 29 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.indianwomenclothing.com/indian-sarees/jamdani-sarees.html | title = Jamdani Sarees | access-date = 29 January 2009}}</ref>

In earlier days Dhaniakhali also produced superfine [[dhoti]]s but has switched over to saris as per changes in market demand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.craftandartisans.com/textiles-of-west-bengal.html | title = Textiles of West Bengal, Craft and Artisans of India | access-date = 29 January 2009}}</ref> Now, they also want to weave material for [[Salwar kameez|salwar-kurtas]] in order to cater to the needs of the changing market.<ref name=Times/>

''The Times of India'' reports that the weavers of Dhaniakhali have been facing financial problems. More than half are members of a co-operative, Dhaniakhali Union Tant Silpi Samabaya Samity. The rest who operate through ''mahajans'' (middlemen or money-lenders) have a tough time. It is not that the saris are not selling, but the trouble is that they are not being paid in time by the state government-run emporia, who are the main buyers. It is difficult to function without cash since the raw material provided by the cooperative to the weavers cannot be bought on credit.<ref name=Times/>

[[Mamata Banerjee]], the West Bengal chief minister, generally wears only Dhaniakhali [[tant sari]] and has become a popular 'brand ambassador'.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mukherjee Pandey|first=Jhimli|title=The 'Mamata Saree' in hot demand|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-25/india/29581530_1_sarees-designs-weavers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419120518/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-25/india/29581530_1_sarees-designs-weavers|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 May 2016}}</ref>

===Banking===
In 2013-14, Dhaniakhali CD Block had offices of 25 commercial banks and 1 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin bank]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

==Transport==
Dhaniakhali CD Block has 1 ferry service and 5 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

The Howrah–Bardhaman chord, a shorter link to Bardhaman from Howrah than the [[Howrah–Bardhaman main line]], was constructed in 1917.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | title = The Chronology of Railway development in Eastern Indian | publisher = railindia | access-date = 2011-11-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080316015721/http://www.irfca.org/~mrinal/chronology.html | archive-date = 16 March 2008 | url-status = dead }}</ref> There are stations at Belmuri, Dhaniakhali (halt), Sibaichandi, Hajigarh and Gurap .<ref>{{cite web | url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/howrah-barddhaman-jn-chord-local-36811/14441/1/2 | title = 36811 Howrah Bardhaman Jn Chord Local | work= Time Table| access-date = 8 June 2017 | publisher = indiarailinfo}}</ref>

[[Dhaniakhali railway station]] on the [[Howrah-Bardhaman chord]] was inaugurated in December 2003.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040109/asp/calcutta/story_2765623.asp | archive-url= https://archive.today/20120914124847/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040109/asp/calcutta/story_2765623.asp | url-status= dead | archive-date= 14 September 2012 | title= After fog, frenzy stalls trains - Mob blocks rail tracks with halt demand, schedules thrown awry | publisher=The Telegraph, 9 January 2004 | access-date=28 January 2009 | location=Calcutta, India | date=9 January 2004}}</ref> It is {{convert|49|km}} from [[Howrah Station]]<ref>Eastern Railway local time table</ref> and is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway#Howrah Eastern Section|Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.

There are two main bus stoppages, Madan Mohan Tala bus stop and Cinematala bus stop. Daily road transportation takes place through numerous bus routes which connect Dhaniakhali with Chinsurah - Tarakeswar - Haripal. It also connects with the Kolkata-Delhi [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] (old no. 2) at '''Maheswarpur''', 8 km towards Chinsurah.

The Kolkata-Delhi [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]]/ Durgapur Expressway passes through this CD Block.<ref name="renumber">{{cite web|url=http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|title=Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways|publisher=[[Department of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=10 February 2017|location=New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201124738/http://dorth.gov.in/writereaddata/sublinkimages/finaldoc6143316640.pdf|archive-date=1 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013-14, Dhaniakhali CD Block had 199 primary schools with 18,168 students, 19 middle schools with 1,276 students, 19 high schools with 10,938 students and 22 higher secondary schools with 25,681 students. Dhaniakhali CD Block had 1 general college with 1,273 students and 507 institutions for special and non-formal education with 8,927 students<ref name=handbook2014/>

In Dhaniakhali CD Block, amongst the 214 inhabited villages, 34 had no school, 44 had more than 1 primary school, 115 had at least 1 primary school, 65 had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 35 had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref name=censushandbook/>

[[Sarat Centenary College]] was established at Dhaniakhali in 1978.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/alphareco_college.php?resultpage=4&st=S | title = Colleges | publisher = University Grants Commission | access-date = 29 January 2009}}</ref>

Dhaniakhali Mahamaya Vidyamandir is one of the best higher secondary schools in that area. It has Science, Arts as well as Commerce stream.

Little magazine-Lipika is one of the oldest little magazines published from Somospur.

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Dhaniakhali CD Block had 1 rural hospital, 6 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 6 private nursing homes with total 77 beds and 12 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 57 family welfare subcentres. 7,112 patients were treated indoor and 322,441 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Dhaniakhali CD Block has Dhaniakhali Rural Hospital (with 30 beds) at [[Dhaniakhali]], Bhandarhati [[Primary Health Centre (India)|Primary Health Centre]] (with 10 beds), Chopa PHC (with 10 beds), Gurup PHC at PO Palashi (with 10 beds), Porabazar PHC (with 6 beds) and Khejurdaha-Milki PHC at PO Bhastara (with 10 beds).<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 July 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

There is a 30 bed hospital operated by the local [[Lions Club]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.hooghly.gov.in/public_doc/Hooghly%20Health%20Profile%202013.pdf| title = Private Hospitals in Hooghly district| work = The list includes Nursing Homes also, but below we are giving only Hospitals| publisher = Hooghly district administration| access-date = 17 July 2017| archive-date = 17 May 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170517085300/http://www.hooghly.gov.in/public_doc/Hooghly%20Health%20Profile%202013.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Dhaniakhali CD Block is one of the areas of Hooghly district where ground water is affected by high level of [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]]. The [[World Health Organization|WHO]] guideline for arsenic in drinking water is 10 mg/ litre, and the Indian Standard value is 50 mg/ litre. In Hooghly district, 16 blocks have arsenic levels above WHO guidelines and 11 blocks above Indian standard value. The maximum concentration in Dhaniakhali CD Block is 225 mg/litre.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )| publisher = SOES| work = Hugli| access-date = 3 June 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170524133243/http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb8.htm| archive-date = 24 May 2017| url-status = dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}
{{Commons category|Maps of Hooghly District}}
{{Hooghly topics}}
{{Craft centres in West Bengal}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Chinsurah subdivision]]

Bimol Akoijam

2025-12-30T14:41:27Z

WilliamsLin216:

{{Short description|Indian academic and politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2024
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Rajkumar Ranjan Singh]]
| constituency2 = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biography/5788?from=members
}}
'''Angomcha Bimol Akoijam''' is Indian academic, filmmaker and politician, from [[Imphal]],[[Manipur]].<ref>
{{cite news |title=Manipur Congress selects candidates for two seats |newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 March 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/manipur-congress-identifies-two-lok-sabha-candidates/article67981082}}
</ref> He is an associate professor at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]'s School of Social Sciences,<ref name="JNU bio">
{{Cite web |title=Angomcha Bimol Akoijam {{!}} Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University |url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/content/bimol |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=www.jnu.ac.in}}
</ref>
and a [[public intellectual]].<ref name="NDTV bio"/> He was elected to the [[18th Lok Sabha]] from [[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Inner Manipur constituency]] in Manipur in the [[2024 Indian general election]] as a member of the [[Indian National Congress ]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lakshman |first=Abhinay |date=2024-06-06 |title=Clear message that Manipur, its people cannot be taken for granted: JNU professor Bimol Akoijam after results |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/clear-message-that-manipur-its-people-cannot-be-taken-for-granted-jnu-professor-bimol-akoijam-after-results/article68256510.ece |access-date=2024-06-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bimol Akoijam belongs to the [[Meitei people|Meitei community]], of [[Manipur]].<ref name="Lalmin Kipgen">
{{Cite web |date=2023-06-16 |title=Disinformation as a Tool in Manipur Conflict - The Shillong Times |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/06/16/disinformation-as-a-tool-in-manipur-conflict/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=theshillongtimes.com |language=en-US}}
</ref>
He was born {{circa|1967}}. He has received MA and PhD in [[psychology]].<ref name="NDTV bio"/> His specialisation is stated to be social and political psychology and cultural studies.<ref name="JNU bio"/>

== Academic career ==
Akoijam taught at [[Delhi University]] and the [[Centre for the Study of Developing Societies]] (CSDS). As of 2024, he was an associate professor at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]].<ref name="NDTV bio"/>

Akoijam is said to be a keen explorer of cinema, and served as a jury member in film festivals. He made a documentary ''Lang-Goi Challabee'' (Paradise Under Siege) in 2004, and the [[feature film]] ''Karigee Kirunee Nungsiradee'' (Why Be Afraid, If You Love) in 2014.<ref name="NDTV bio">
{{cite news |title=5 Points About Angomcha Bimol Akoijam, Congress's Inner Manipur Candidate |newspaper=NDTV News |date=30 March 2024 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lok-sabha-elections-2024-5-points-about-akoijam-bimol-angomcha-congresss-inner-manipur-candidate-5292039 }}
</ref>

According to [[Scopus]] database, Bimol Akoijam has 1 publication and zero citation.<ref>https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57127326900 </ref> However, there are a few publications by Akoijam on the [[Google Scholar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Scholar |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,5&q=Angomcha+Bimol+Akoijam&btnG= |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=scholar.google.com}} </ref>
=== Public intellectual ===
According to [[NDTV|NDTV News]], Akoijam has long been involved in public issues and democratic movements. He is often seen in the media speaking about issues related to rights and governance.<ref name="NDTV bio"/>

During the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|ethnic violence]] in the state of [[Manipur]] between the majority [[Meitei people|Meitei]] community of Manipur and the [[Kuki-Zo people|Kuki-Zo]] tribals, he was very vocal against the way the conflict was handled by the central and state governments.<ref name="DH Apr 2024">
{{Cite web |title=There is politics involved in the way Manipur situation was handled: Bimol Akoijam |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/manipur/there-is-politics-involved-in-the-way-manipur-situation-was-handled-bimol-akoijam-2967175 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}
</ref>

But he was often heard absolving the state government and chief minister, claiming that he was being held as a "scapegoat".<ref>
Javed Parvesh, [https://www.theweek.in/theweek/current/2024/04/20/inner-manipur-jnu-professor-and-congress-candidate-angomcha-bimol-akoijam-interview.html 'Biren Singh is a scapegoat': Akoijam], The Week, 28 April 2024.
</ref><ref>
Abhinay Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/clear-message-that-manipur-its-people-cannot-be-taken-for-granted-jnu-professor-bimol-akoijam-after-results/article68256510.ece Clear message that Manipur, its people cannot be taken for granted: JNU professor Bimol Akoijam after results], The Hindu, 6 June 2024.
</ref>

He has held the [[Indian Army]] and [[Assam Rifles]] accountable, saying that they were seen as being hand-in-glove with the "Kuki militant groups", and that they need to win back the trust of the [[Meitei people]].<ref name="ITNE Jun 2023">
{{Cite web |date=2023-06-30 |title=How Meira Paibis, Manipur’s women vigilante groups, have made Indian army ‘helpless’ |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/manipur/story/how-meira-paibis-manipurs-women-vigilante-groups-have-made-indian-army-helpless-606745-2023-06-30 |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}
</ref>
He has also blamed the national media of India, saying they were biased against the Meitei community, and led a research study that claimed to document such bias.<ref>
[https://thefrontiermanipur.com/national-media-reportage-of-manipur-conflict-violates-pci-norms-says-research-report/ National Media Reportage Of Manipur Conflict Violates PCI Norms, Says Research Report], The Frontier Manipur, 4 January 2024.
</ref>

== Political career ==
Akoijam entered politics after witnessing the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|ethnic violence]] in the state of [[Manipur]]. He had become well known in Manipur for being one of the few academics to raise concerns about ethnic tensions and issues of rights and governance since the conflict began.<ref name="NDTV bio" /><ref>
{{cite news |title=JNU Professor Akoijam Bimol, Alfred Kanngam Are Congress Candidates for Manipur's 2 Lok Sabha Seats |newspaper=NDTV News |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jnu-professor-akoijam-bimol-angomcha-alfred-kanngam-arthur-are-congress-candidates-for-manipurs-2-lok-sabha-seats-5290747}}
</ref>

He was elected as the candidate of the [[Indian National Congress]] from [[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Inner Manipur]] in the [[2024 Indian general election]]. He also had the joint approval and backing of the ten parties in the INC-led alliance in Manipur.<ref>
{{cite news |title=Manipur: Congress-led 10-party alliance announced candidates for two Lok Sabha seats |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=22 March 2024 |last1=Singh |first1=Bikash |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/manipur-congress-led-10-party-alliance-announced-candidates-for-two-lok-sabha-seats/articleshow/108715867.cms }}
</ref> Akoijam Bimol won the Lok Sabha seat from [[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Inner Manipur]] seat with a majority of 1,09,801 votes, breaking electoral records set in [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ECI |first=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |date=5 Jun 2024 |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS141.htm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khumukcham |first=Rinku |date=2024-06-04 |title=Congress sweeps Manipur Lok Sabha Polls: Akoijam Bimol wins Inner Manipur with record margin, Alfred K Arthur takes Outer Manipur |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/congress-sweeps-manipur-lok-sabha-polls-akoijam-bimol-wins-inner-manipur-with-record-margin-alfred-k-arthur-takes-outer-manipur/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WH7Sk9KOD84 ‘Modi Epitomises the Fault-Line Between North East And Rest of India; His Deliberate Silence Hurts’], The Wire (via YouTube), 9 June 2023.
* Bimol Akoijam et al. [https://mapaal.org/ 'National' media and the Manipur Mayhem], Media and Policy Analysis and Advocacy Loisang, 2024.
*[https://www.eastmojo.com/opinion/2024/07/02/opinion-will-prof-akoijam-strengthen-the-idea-of-united-manipur-unlikely/ Opinion: Will Prof Akoijam strengthen the idea of united Manipur? Unlikely]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akoijam, Bimol}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian psychologists]]
[[Category:Manipur academics]]
[[Category:Political psychologists]]
[[Category:Social psychologists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Appani Sarath

2025-11-07T20:02:17Z

WilliamsLin216: added stub

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Appani Sarath
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Sarath
| birth_name = Sarath Kumar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|12|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|dancer|producer|scriptwriter}}
| years_active = 2017–present
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
| notable_works = {{Unbulleted_list|''[[Angamaly Diaries]]''|''[[Auto Shankar (web series)|Auto Shankar]]''}}
}}

'''''Sarath Kumar''''', popularly known by his stage name '''''Appani Sarath''''', was born on April 15, 1992, in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. He came into the limelight after portraying the character of Appani Ravi in ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]'', directed by [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]], which gained him instant popularity. He also appeared in the famous "Jimikki Kammal" song from the movie ''[[Velipadinte Pusthakam]]''.

==Career==
{{Cleanup section|date=February 2024|reason=Unreferenced material}}
His journey into the world of art and entertainment commenced at the age of 5 when he began his acting career as a child artist in professional dramas, participating in numerous festivals and dramas in Kerala, and also as a part of the Thiruvananthapuram Kalamandiram Nataka Sangham. He showcased his talent across various domains of performing arts, including monoact, drama, music, and dance.

After completing his higher secondary studies, Sarath became actively involved in Kerala's theatrical landscape, collaborating with renowned cultural organisations like Thiruvananthapuram Abhinaya and Kavalam Narayana Panicker's Sopanam. After graduating from Indira Gandhi University, he also served as a mime and drama teacher in schools and colleges, nurturing budding talents in the realm of performing arts. Sarath's dedication and passion for drama led him to become a founder of the Thiruvananthapuram Comedians troupe, where he honed his skills further.

He became famous for his involvement in left-wing politics and the Shastra Sahitya Parishad's street dramas, and later made his mark in the art and culture scene by performing various street plays in Kerala through the street drama group

The play ''Cyclist'', performed at Kaladi Sri Shankaracharya Sanskrit University, became a hit and was later performed at many venues in Kerala. After that, he joined the same university for his post-graduation in drama. On this occasion, he acted in many plays and directed in his own style, taking inspiration from Narendra Prasad's play ''Friday''. During his PG studies, he participated in a film audition held in college as part of a group and was selected. That was the great movie ''Angamaly Diaries'', where he started his film career from drama, as Appani Ravi in ''Angamaly Diaries''.

Sarath's portrayal of Appani Ravi in ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]'' brought him instant fame, paving the way for further opportunities in both Malayalam and Tamil cinema. He went on to deliver notable performances in films like ''[[Velipadinte Pusthakam]]'', ''[[Pokkiri Simon]]'', and Sachin. His versatility as an actor was showcased in Tamil films such as ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]'' and ''[[Sandakozhi 2]]''.

In addition to his success in films, Sarath made waves in the digital space with his portrayal of the infamous serial killer Auto Shankar in the ZEE5 series ''[[Auto Shankar (TV series)|Auto Shankar]]'', and he played the role of Kannan in the Pan-Indian Sundari series for HR OTT.

==Filmography==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2017 || ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]'' || Appani Ravi || rowspan="4" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Velipadinte Pusthakam]]'' || Franklin ||
|-
| ''[[Pokkiri Simon]]'' || Love today Ganesh ||
|-
| ''[[Paipin Chuvattile Pranayam]]'' || Keedam ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2018 || ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]'' || Chinnappadasan's son-in-law || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Sandakozhi 2]]'' || Pechi's brother || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Contessa (film)|Contessa]]'' || Chandu || rowspan="5" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Sachin (film)|Sachin]]'' || Kudiyan Jose ||
|-
| ''Ikkayude Sakadam'' || Auto driver ||
|-
| 2020 || ''Love FM'' || Ghazal ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Malik (film)|Malik]]'' || Shibu ||
|-
|| ''[[Naan Mirugamaai Maara]]'' || Durai || Tamil ||
|-
| 2022 || ''Kakkipada'' || Ameer || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=People with petty minds on Censor Board is destroying Malayalam cinema: 'Kakkipada' director |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/01/17/kakkipada-shebi-chowghat-censor-board-decision-malayalam-cinema.html |access-date=2023-04-17 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2023 || ''[[Lovefully Yours Veda]]'' || Kanimangalam Stephen ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebration of 90's campus; Lovefully Yours Veda trailer is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/23/celebration-of-90s-campuslovefully-yours-veda-trailer-is-here-40277.html |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thugs (film)|Thugs]]'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Amala (2023 film)|Amala]]'' || Basil|| rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-09 |title=Anarkali Marikar starrer 'Amala' movie teaser released; promises an intriguing plot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/anarkali-marikar-starrer-amala-movie-teaser-released-promises-an-intriguing-plot/articleshow/100070961.cms |access-date=2024-02-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kirkkan]]'' || Sharon ||<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=പ്രേക്ഷകരെ ത്രില്ലടിപ്പിച്ചും ചിന്തിപ്പിച്ചും 'കിർക്കൻ'; റിവ്യൂ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2023/07/21/kirkkan-movie-review.html |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Regina (2023 film)|Regina]]'' || Rajesh || Tamil ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunainaa's Regina gets an OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jul/23/sunainaas-regina-gets-an-ott-release-date-45889.html |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Antony (2023 film)|Antony]]'' || Keecheri Simon || rowspan=2 | Malayalam ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antony teaser has both Joju George and Kalyani Priyadarshan flexing muscles |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/18/antony-teaser-has-both-joju-george-and-kalyani-priyadarshan-flexing-muscles-48739.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024 || ''Swargathile Katturumbu'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-06-16 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Swargathile Katturumbu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jun/16/dhyan-sreenivasans-swargathile-katturumbu-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Alangu]]''
|Philip
|Tamil
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-12-11 |title=Alangu Trailer: Story of labourers caught in inter-state strife |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Dec/11/alangu-trailer-story-of-labourers-caught-in-inter-state-strife |access-date=2024-12-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Web series===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Auto Shankar (web series)|Auto Shankar]]'' || [[Auto Shankar]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[ZEE5]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Auto Shankar will reveal some surprising facts: Appani Sarath |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/dec/21/auto-shankar-will-reveal-some-surprising-facts-1914426.html |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''Pan Indian Sundari'' || Kannan || [[Malayalam]] || Highrich OTT<ref>{{Cite web |title='Pan Indian Sundari' teaser: Bheeman Raghu and Sunny Leone appear as Jayan and Sheela!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pan-indian-sundari-teaser-bheeman-raghu-and-sunny-leone-appear-as-jayan-and-sheela/articleshow/106505273.cms |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Channel!!class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|2023
|[[Mizhirandilum (TV series)|Mizhirandilum]]
|Cameo as Himself||rowspan="2" |Malayalam|| [[Zee Keralam]]||Soap opera
|-
|2025-present
|[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 7|Bigg Boss 7]]
|Contestant|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Reality show<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 7: Confirmed list of contestants who are set to enter the Mohanlal-hosted show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-7-contestants-list-with-photos-confirmed-list-of-contestants-of-bigg-boss-malayalam-7/photostory/123071490.cms |access-date=2025-08-03 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
|-
| rowspan=5| 2017
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best actor in a Negative role - Malayalam
| ''[[Angamaly Diaries]]''
| rowspan=4 {{won}}
|-
| [[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| Best Newcomer Actor
| rowspan=4| ''[[Velipadinte Pusthakam]]''
|-
| [[Asianet Film Awards]]
| Best New Face Male
|-
| [[Asiavision Awards]]
| New Sensation in acting
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam]]
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm8837262|Appani Sarath}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarath, Appani}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:1992 births]]

Dabhoi Assembly constituency

2025-09-21T22:30:10Z

WilliamsLin216: Article.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dabhoi
| mla = [[Shailesh Sotta]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chhota Udaipur Lok Sabha constituency|Chhota Udaipur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:232674}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 140
}}

'''Dabhoi''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Vadodara district|Vadodara]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly Constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Dabhoi Taluka
# Vadodara Taluka (Part) Villages – Ankhol, Khatamba, Bhayli, Raypura, Gokalpura, Samiyala, Bil, Timbi, Dangiwada, Pansoli, Shankarpura, Jobantekri, Ratanpur, Vadadla, Talsat, Chapad, Maretha, Chikhodara, Alhadpura, Navapura, Tatarpura, Sultanpura, Diwalipura, Hetampura, Kelanpur, Dhaniyavi, Vora Gamdi, Mujar Gamdi, Alamgir, Khalipur, Varnama, Sundarpura, Shahpura, Hansajipura, Raghavpura, Samaspura, Patarveni, Rabhipura, Fatepura, Kajapur, Hansapura, Mastupur Gamdi, Kandkoi, Meghakui, Salad, Ajitpura, Dolatpura, Ramnath, Rasulpur, Runvad, Samsabad
# Vadodara Taluka (Part) - Vadodara Municipal Corporation (Part) Ward No. – Kalali (OG) 18

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
*1998 - [[Siddharth Patel]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*2002 - Prof. Chandrakant Motibhai Patel, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2007 - [[Siddharth Patel]], [[Indian National Congress]]
*2012 - Balkrushnabhai Patel, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Shailesh Sotta|Mehta Shaileshbhai Kanaiyalal (Shailesh Sotta)]]<ref name=election2017/> || rowspan="2" |
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2022]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shailesh Sotta]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 88846
|percentage = 52.01
|change = +3.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Balkrishnabhai Naranbhai Patel (Dholar)|party=Indian National Congress|votes=68370|percentage=40.02|change=-6.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ajitsinh Parsottamdas Thakor|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=7911|percentage=4.63|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=11.99|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=170821|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017]]: Dabhoi<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Shailesh Sotta]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 77,945
|percentage = 48.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Siddharth Patel]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=75,106|percentage=46.69|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,839|percentage=1.77|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,60,857|percentage=79.68|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Balkrushnabhai Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 70833
|percentage = 49.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Siddharth Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 65711
|percentage = 45.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 5122
|percentage = 3.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 143972
|percentage = 77.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prof. Chandrakant Motibhai Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 48,305
|percentage = 52.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Siddharth Patel]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 31,558
|percentage = 34.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 18.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 91,169
|percentage = 69.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|

|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Vadodara district]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|22.13|73.42|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Vadodara district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]

No. 200 Squadron IAF

2025-08-27T21:57:12Z

WilliamsLin216: Created Basic Info W/ Infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = No. 200 Squadron
| image =
| caption =
| dates = 4 December 2014{{ndash}}present
| country = India
| allegiance =
| branch =
| type =
| role = [[Airborne early warning and control]]
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Bathinda Air Force Station|Bathinda AFS]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| garrison_label =
| nickname = "Netra"
| patron =
| motto = ''Uttipth Jayat Shatruon'' Extended victory over enemies
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| disbanded = 
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label = 
| aircraft_attack =
| aircraft_bomber =
| aircraft_electronic =
| aircraft_fighter =
| aircraft_recon =
| aircraft_trainer =
| aircraft_transport = [[Embraer ERJ family|ERJ-145I AEW&CS]]
}}

'''No. 200 Squadron''' is a unit of the [[Indian Air Force]] assigned to [[Western Air Command (India)|Western Air Command]] based out of [[Bathinda Air Force Station|Bathinda AFS]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. The squadron participates in electronic intelligence, reconnaissance, [[Airborne early warning and control]] operations.<ref name=BRakshak>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/Units/200+Sqn|title=No.200 squadron, IAF|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

==Aircraft==
*[[Embraer ERJ family|ERJ-145I]] [[DRDO AEW&CS|AEW&C]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/india/india-air-force|title=Indian Air Force|publisher=Orbats|access-date=23 November 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons|200]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 2014]]
{{improve categories|date=December 2023}}

Akhil Bharatiya Kshatriya Mahasabha

2025-07-25T22:57:51Z

WilliamsLin216: put up a post

{{short description|Indian social community organisation}}
{{Pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Infobox organization
| image =
| motto =
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1897|10|19}}
| type = [[Rajput|Rajput Community Organization]]
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
| key_people = Mahender Singh Tanwar (National President)
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| subsidiaries =
| affiliations = [[Rajputs]]
| name = Akhil Bharatiya Kshatriya Mahasabha
| abbreviation = ABKM
| website =
| region = [[India]]
| founder = [[Balwant Singh of Awagarh|Raja Balwant Singh of Awaghar]]
| membership =
| founding_location =
}}
'''Akhil Bharatiya Kshatriya Mahasabha''', also known as '''All India Kshatriya Mahasabha''', was founded in the year 1897.<ref name=z/> The organization was formed to promote, protect, and fight for rights and interests of the [[Rajput]] community of the Indian society.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Secret Life of Another Indian Nationalism |author=Shail Mayaram |year=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1108832571 |page=201 |quote=Two Rajput associations were particularly prominent, the Rajput Kshatriya Mahasabha and the Akhil Bhartiya Kshatriya Mahasabha then lead by the Alwar Maharaja. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWtYEAAAQBAJ&dq=Akhil+bhartiya+kshatriya+mahasabha+rajput&pg=PA201}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rajput bodies in game of one-upmanship over stalling of Bhansali's film Padmavati |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=22 February 2017 |quote=ABKM, which claims to be the oldest and biggest organisation of Rajputs with many erstwhile royals as its state presidents, plans to launch nationwide protests in the third week of March from Rewa in Madhya Pradesh, followed by Patna on April 2.|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rajput-bodies-in-game-of-one-upmanship-over-stalling-of-bhansali-s-film-padmavati/story-bx4b1qJRpsceScZVm769KJ.html}}</ref><ref name=f>{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Sambodh |title=Female Infanticide and Child Marriage |date=2007 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-316-0112-9 |page=252 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=do_aAAAAMAAJ&q=all+india+kshatriya+mahasabha+- |access-date=17 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early years==
After the [[Revolt of 1857]], many [[Taluqdar]]s and Rajput Estate Holders who supported the revolutionists or participated with them were compromised. The British impounded many of their lands and properties and they were taxed with heavy fines. [[Raja Hanumant Singh]], the Chief of [[Kalakankar]], was one such Taluqdar, who was dispossessed of his many properties for supporting the Revolt of 1857.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Gautam |title=1857 THE UPRISING |year=2008 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-81-230-2299-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5jcDQAAQBAJ&dq=hanumant+singh+kalakankar&pg=PT112 |access-date=5 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Raja Hanumant Singh believed a pan-India organization was necessary to correct the injustice faced by their community. He founded the association in 1857 with other [[Taluqdar]]s of [[Oudh]] and named it the ''Ram Dal.'' It was renamed ''Kshatriya Hitkarni Sabha'' in 1860. The association was formed to protect and fight for rights and interests of Rajput communities. In 1897, ''Kshatriya Mahasabha'' became the successor to the ''Kshatriya Hitkarni Sabha'', under the leadership of [[Balwant Singh of Awagarh|Raja Balwant Singh of Awagarh]] with Thakur Umarao Singh of [[Feroz Shah Kotla|Kotla]], [[Raja Rampal Singh]] of Kalakankar, and [[Uday Pratap Singh of Bhinga|Raja Uday Pratap Singh]] of [[Bhinga]]. Akhil Bhartiya Kshatriya Mahasabha came into existence on 19 Oct 1897, creating a platform to promote the cause of the Kashatriyas and [[Rajput]]s<ref name=rs/><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Social Research |date=1984 |page=76 |publisher=Council of Social and Cultural Research, Bihar. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSrlAAAAMAAJ&q=Akhil+Bharatiya+Kshatriya+Mahasabha+member+strength |access-date=4 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

A newsletter called ''Rajput Monthly'' was launched in 1898. The association had its first conference in the [[Rajput]] Boarding House at Agra. [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Sir Pratap Singh of Jammu & Kashmir]] sponsored the launching of an [[Urdu]] publication called the ''Rajput Gazette'' as a fortnightly from [[Lahore]].<ref name=z>{{cite book |last1=Maṇḍāvā |first1=Devīsiṅgha |title=Kshatriya śākhāoṃ kā itihāsa |date=1998 |publisher=Kavi Prakāśana |isbn=978-81-86436-11-0 |pages=184, 190, 296 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=--4rAAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE |access-date=4 January 2021 |language=hi}}</ref> In the early 1900s, [[princely states]] rulers and large [[zamindar]]s started various schools and colleges in their territories, giving preference to students of the Kshatriya community.<ref>{{cite book |title=Government Gazette: The United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1910 |page=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aGQY7fzh0sC&dq=kshatriya+hitkarini+sabha&pg=PA144 |access-date=6 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pradesh (India) |first1=Uttar |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Varanasi |date=1965 |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |page=373 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQVDAAAAYAAJ&q=kshatriya+hitkarini+sabha |access-date=6 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

After independence of India in 1947, the situation changed dramatically for the upper Kshatriya caste and its influential members. The [[princely states]] were merged into the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]], [[Zamindari]] was also abolished, and the association was directionless. In 1955, the association was revived at a meeting in [[Ujjain]] under [[Ram Narayan Singh|Babu Ram Narayan]], a prominent Rajput politician from Bihar, who was elected its president the association got fresh leadership.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} The centenary celebration of the association was held in 1987 at [[New Delhi]] under president-ship of [[Digvijaysinhji Prajapsinhji Jhala|Raja Digvijaysinhji Prajapsinhji Jhala]].<ref name="rs" /><ref name="z" />

==Activities==

===Re-conversion of Muslim Rajputs===
In 1922 under chairmanship of [[Nahar Singh of Shahpura|Raja Nahar Singh]], the organization decided to bring four lakh-converted [[Muslim Rajputs]] back into the [[Hindu]] fold by way of a purification ritual.<ref name=brm/><ref name="s">{{cite book |last1=Sraddhananda |first1=Swami |title=Hindu Sangathan: Saviour of the Dying Race |date=1926 |publisher=Shraddhananda |pages=119–121 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiK2IEeNUX4C&dq=all+india+kshatriya+mahasabha&pg=PA120 |access-date=17 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The historic meeting where the decision was taken was held at [[Agra]] on 31 December 1922.<ref name=brm/> Later on, under guidance of [[Madan Mohan Malviya]], thousands were brought back in to the Hindu fold after [[Ritual purification|purification]].<ref name=brm>{{cite book |title=भारत रत्न महामना |date=2015 |publisher=बालमुकुन्द पाण्डेय, देवेन्द्र कुमार शर्मा · 2015 |page=85 |isbn=9789350729885 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcAjDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA88 |access-date=4 January 2021}}</ref> Inspired by this pioneering effort of the Kshatriya Mahasabha, [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha]] (which was founded by Madan Mohan Mavaiy) also passed similar resolution a few months later to bring back converted Muslims into the Hindu fold by purification rites.<ref>{{cite book |title=भारतीय पुनर्जागरण और मदनमोहन मालवीय |year=1981 |publisher=Viśvavidyālaya Prakāśana |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jm8eAAAAMAAJ&q=Akhil+Bharatiya+Kshatriya+Mahasabha+AND+HINDU+MAHASABHA |access-date=7 January 2021 |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="s"/>

===Role in Resolution of Jagirdari Act===

During 1952–1954, the organization played a pivotal role in respect to the ''Jagirdari Case''. They filed writs in the [[Supreme Court of India]] with respect to the Resumption of Jagirdari Act. The Supreme Court of India accepted the role of Mahasabha as a central co-ordinator in the case. The Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], advised [[Govind Vallabh Pant]], the earstwhile Chief Minister of Uttar Paradesh, to negotiate with Akhil Bharatiya Kshatriya Mahasabha to end the stalemate.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wiener |first1=Myron |title=State Politics in India |date=8 December 2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-7914-4 |pages=353–354–355 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VErWCgAAQBAJ&dq=all+india+kshatriya+mahasabha+supreme+court&pg=PA354 |access-date=17 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Pant |first1=Govind Ballabh |last2=Nanda |first2=Bal Ram |title=Selected Works of Govind Ballabh Pant |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565120-1 |pages=118–120, 386 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yVuAAAAMAAJ&q=pant+kshatriya+mahasabha |access-date=20 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rudolph |first1=Susanne Hoeber |last2=Rudolph |first2=Lloyd I. |title=Essays on Rajputana: Reflections on History, Culture, and Administration |date=1984 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |pages=53–58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Djabj9gefZ0C&dq=pant+kshatriya+mahasabha&pg=PA58 |access-date=20 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Demanding Reservation on Economic Basis===
In 1980, the organization demanded that [[Reservation in India|reservation]] should be given on economic basis rather than on caste basis.<ref name=j/> Again in the year 2001, a memorandum containing lacs of signatures was submitted to Hon'ble President of India through District Collectors, demanding reservation on economic basis rather than on caste basis.<ref name=j>{{cite news|title=Kshatriya Mahasabha opposes caste-based quota|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111108/harplus.htm#3|access-date=25 August 2016|agency=The Tribune Chandigarh|date=7 November 2015}}</ref> A nationwide [[rath yatra]] from [[Jammu]] to [[Kanyakumari]] demanding reservation on economic basis rather than on caste basis was flagged off in October 2010, which ended in March 2011.

===Successful agitation for declaration of birthday of Maharana Pratap as public holiday===
In 2013, Akhil Bharatiya Kshatriya Mahasabha started an agitation and demanded Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, [[Akhilesh Yadav]], to announce a public holiday on 9 May, the birthday of legendary warrior [[Maharana Pratap]], similar to [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], where 9 May is a public holiday.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://upnewslive.com/?p=41212.|title = 7 सूत्रीं मांगों को लेकर क्षत्रिय महासभा ने उत्तर प्रदेश के मुख्यमंत्री अखिलेश यादव को एक पत्र भेजा । | UP News Live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/metro/lucknow/other-news/akhil-bhartiya-chhtriya-parishad-demandedholiday-on-maharana-pratap-jayanti-in-up/amp_articleshow/19970153.cms|title = यूपी में महाराणा प्रताप जयन्ती पर छुट्टी घोषित करने की मांग}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/article/article1-story-331936.html|title=मुख्यमंत्री से महाराणा प्रताप जयन्ती पर छुटटी की मांग}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news//article1-story-169644.html|title = महाराणा प्रताप की जयंती पर सार्वजनिक अवकाश की मांग}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur-9332680.html|title=महाराणा प्रताप जयंती पर घोषित हो अवकाश}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/Lucknow-58162-124|title=महाराणा की जयंती पर आज छुट्टी की मांग}}</ref> After continuous efforts of two years, the Uttar Pradesh government in 2015 declared Maharana Pratap Jayanti a public holiday on 9 May every year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.primarykamaster.com/2015/05/9_6.html?m=1|title = महाराणा प्रताप की जयंती 9 मई को सार्वजनिक अवकाश घोषित| newspaper=प्राइमरी का मास्टर ● कॉम | Primary Ka Master | Basic Shiksha News | बेसिक शिक्षा | Shikshamitra }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.patrika.com/lucknow-news/lucknow-akhilesh-government-declared-a-holiday-to-jayanti-of-the-maharana-pratap-1032438/ |title=Lucknow: Akhilesh Government Declared a Holiday to Jayanti of the Maharana Pratap - अखिलेश सरकार ने घोषित की महाराणा प्रताप जयंती पर छुट्टी | Patrika News |access-date=2020-12-23 |archive-date=2021-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210106163457/https://m.patrika.com/lucknow-news/lucknow-akhilesh-government-declared-a-holiday-to-jayanti-of-the-maharana-pratap-1032438/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=जनसंदेश न्यूज नेटवर्क |url=http://www.jansandesh.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B2/2034 |title=स्वाभिमान एवं सम्मान के लिये हो एकजुट हो क्षत्रिय -हरिवंश सिंह – JanSandesh |publisher=Jansandesh.com |date=2015-07-25 |accessdate=2022-08-11}}</ref>

===Raising Issues of Atrocities on Rajputs===
The organization today is active in raising issues related to the Thakur and Rajput community. For example, in 2004, they launched a major campaign for release of various Thakur caste members jailed by the [[Mayavati]] government.<ref>{{cite book|title=The State, Democracy and Anti-Terror Laws in India By Ujjwal Kumar Singh|date=2007|isbn=9788178299556|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HeCGAwAAQBAJ&q=Akhil+Bharatiya+Kshatriya+Mahasabha&pg=PA243|access-date=25 August 2016|last1=Singh|first1=Ujjwal Kumar}}</ref> The organization has a strong presence in [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rāya |first1=Omaprakāśa |title=Bharat Ki Chunavi Rajniti Ke Badalte Ayam |date=2006 |publisher=Viśvavidyālaya Prakāśana |isbn=978-81-7124-492-8 |pages=289 90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lcFLAQAAIAAJ&q=Akhil+Bharatiya+Kshatriya+Mahasabha |access-date=4 January 2021 |language=hi}}</ref>

The organization is known for taking up the rights, issues, and cases related to Rajput and Kshatriya members on its own or together with other Kshatriya organizations in India like [[Karni Sena]], Hadoti Mahasabha.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Magazines |first1=Delhi Press |title=Satyakatha: June 2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GhBfDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA14 |access-date=4 January 2021 |publisher=Delhi Press |date=1 June 2018 |language=hi}}</ref>

===Publication of books===
The organization also helps publish research books on Rajput history and kings, like [[Prithiviraj Chauhan]] and [[Maharana Pratap]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Talbot |first1=Cynthia |title=The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Cauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000 |date=2016 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-11856-0 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3DjCgAAQBAJ&dq=Akhil+Bharatiya+Kshatriya+Mahasabha&pg=PA22 |access-date=4 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Social Research |date=1984 |pages=76 77 78 |publisher=Council of Social and Cultural Research, Bihar. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SSrlAAAAMAAJ&q=Akhil+Bharatiya+Kshatriya+Mahasabha |access-date=4 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The ''Kshtra Dharma'' magazine published by the organization has been edited by historians like [[Raghuvir Sinh]]<ref name=rs>{{cite book |last1=Sinh |first1=Raghubir |title=Patra dastāveza: prasiddha itihāsakāra Ḍ̂ā. Raghubīrasiṃhajī Sītāmau evaṃ sāhityakāra Saubhāgyasiṃhajī Śekhāvata ke patra |year=2002 |publisher=Mahārājā Mānasiṃha Pustaka Prakāśa Śodha Kendra |pages=xi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0oI_AAAAMAAJ&q=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE |access-date=4 January 2021 |language=hi}}</ref> and Hindu saints like [[Krishnananda Saraswati]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Samaura |first1=Bhamvara Simha |title=Yugantarakari Sannyasi |date=1993 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7315-059-3 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YPETJ2WREAsC&dq=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE&pg=PA20 |access-date=4 January 2021 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Past Presidents==
Several have headed the organization since its inception:<ref name=KM>[http://akhilbharatiyakshatriyamahasabha.com/ Akhil Bharatiya Kshatriya Mahasabha website]</ref>
*[[Balwant Singh of Awagarh|Raja Balwant Singh]] of [[Awagadh]] - 1897
*[[Raja Rampal Singh|Maharaja Sahab Rampal Singh]] of [[Kalakankar]] - 1899
*[[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Maharaja Sir Partap Singh]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu & Kashmir]] - 1902 & 1913
*[[Pratap Singh of Idar|Lt. Col. Partap Singh of Idar]] - 1903
*[[Ganga Singh|General Maharaja Sir Ganga Singh of Bikaner]] - 1904
*[[Raja]] Kaushal Kishor Singh of [[Majhauli|Manjholi]] - 1906
*[[Raja Pratap Bahadur Singh]] of [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh|Partapgarh]] -1907
*[[Jashwant Singh II|Maharaja Sir Jaswant Singh]] of [[Sailana]] - 1911
*[[Dileep Singh|Maharaja Dhalip Singh]] of [[Sailana]] - 1920
*[[Nahar Singh of Shahpura|Maharajadhiraj Sir Nahar Singhji of Shahapura]] - 1922
*[[Rao Gopal Singh Kharwa|Rao Sahab Gopal Singh Kharwa]] of [[Ajmer]] - 1924
*[[Jai Singh Prabhakar|Maharaja Sawaj Jai Singhji]] of [[Alwar]] - 1925
*[[Sajjan Singh of Ratlam|Maharaja Sahab Sajjan Singh of Ratlam]] - 1929
*[[Dileep Singh|Maharaja Dhalip Singh]] of [[Sailana]] - 1930
*[[Maharaja]] Ram Singh of [[Orchha State|Orchha]] - 1933
*Kunwar Saheb Sir Vijay Partap Singh of [[Bagla]] -1940
*[[Maharaja]] Ram Ranvijay Partap Singh Bahadur of [[Dumraon Raj|Dumraon]] - 1941
*Maharaja Kumar Vijay Anand of [[Motihari]] - 1942
*[[Kamakhya Narain Singh|Raja Kamakhya Narayan Singh]] of [[Ramgarh Raj|Ramgarh]] - 1942 & 1953
*[[Yadvendra Singh Judeo|Maharaja Yadvendra Singh Judeo]] of [[Panna, Madhya Pradesh|Panna]] - 1946
*[[Tej Singh Prabhakar Bahadur|Maharaja Sawai Tej Singh]] of [[Alwar]] - 1947
*Thakur Sahab Col. Maan Singhji Bhati of [[Jodhpur]] - 1948
*[[Babu Ram Narayan Singh]] of [[Hazaribagh]] - 1955
*[[Laxman Singh|Maharawal Lakshman Singh]] of [[Dungarpur]] - 1960
*[[कुंवर श्रीपाल सिंह|Raja Shripal Singh]] of [[जौनपुर जिला|Singramau]], [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] - 1986
*[[Digvijaysinh Jhala|Raja Dr. Digvijay Singhji]] of [[Wankaner]] - 1997
* Sh. Mahender Singh Tanwar - 2019

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]
[[Category:1897 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian caste movements]]