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Religious policy of the Mughals after Akbar

2026-05-07T09:44:14Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Started New Pg.

{{Short description|Religious policy of the Mughal emperors after Akbar}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=April 2024}}
{{Original research|date=April 2024}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}

[[File:AbulFazlPresentingAkbarnama.jpg|thumb|[[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l-Fazl]], one of the disciples of Din-i-Ilahi, presenting ''[[Akbarnama]]'' to [[Akbar]], Mughal miniature.]]

==Jahangir==
When [[Jahangir]] ascended the throne there was a hope among theologians that Akbar's policies of ''[[Din-i Ilahi|Ṣulḥ-i-kul]]'' will be brought to an end. Jahangir's initial ''farmans'' (royal decrees) presented an indication of the conversion of the Mughal Empire into a truly [[Islamic]] empire. He asked the [[Ulema]] to prepare a set of distinctive appeals to the god, which might be easy to remember, as he wanted to repeat them while using his rosary. He also met the pious and religious persons on Fridays and distributed the alms and gifts to the dervishes. But in no way Jahangir was an orthodox though he often showed the incidents of narrow mindedness. Jahangir was habitual of drinking; he writes in his memoirs to have reduced the intake of distilled spirit from 20 cups to five cups after his accession to the throne and that too at night.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&pg=PT310|title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls|author=Abraham Eraly|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2007|isbn=978-93-5118-093-7|access-date=2020-09-23}}</ref> Meanwhile, he also used to invite his nobles while drinking and music and dance were common in his courts. All these practices were considered as un-Islamic for the orthodox Ulemas.<ref name="Itinerant">{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VHTQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159|title=The Emperor Jahangir: Power and Kingship in Mughal India|author=Lisa Balabanlilar|chapter=10.The Itinerant King|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|year=2020|isbn=978-1-83860-045-7|access-date=2020-09-23}}</ref>

He is said to have prohibited cow slaughter in [[Punjab]] and extended it to the [[Gujarat]], though there is also a view that this was done for few years actually due to scarcity of cattle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugxFjVDk3I8C&pg=PA192 |title=Nur Jahan: Empress of Mughal India |date=1993-03-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-536060-8 |page=192 |language=en}}</ref> The various Hindu festivals were celebrated in the court and he himself used to participate in them and carried out distribution of gifts. But there are many incidents which presents an opposite view of his religious ecclesiasticism. The war against [[Mewar]] was declared as ''[[Jihad]]''. The Mughal army while marching towards Mewar destroyed many Hindu temples but Jahangir had warned strictly to prince [[Shah Jahan|Khurram]] to treat Rana [[Amar Singh I]] as a friend if he prepares to submit. Thus, when Rana submitted and sued for peace he was given an honourable treatment by Shah Jahan (Khurram) and marble statues of Rana Amar Singh I and [[Karan Singh II|Karan Singh]] were installed at the Jahangir's Agra Palace.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Asher |first1=Catherine B. |last2=Talbot |first2=Cynthia |title=India before Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GEWAwAAQBAJ&dq=rana+submitted&pg=PA208 |year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-91561-8 |quote=“Rana Amar Singh's literal submission before the prince. The most powerful gesture though was the installation of marble statues of the subjugated Rana and his son outside Jahangir's Agra palace, to serve as constant reminders.” (page-208) }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Eraly |first1=Abraham |title=Emperors Of The Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Moghuls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h7kPQs8llvkC&dq=marble+statues+of+khurram+and%C2%A0&pg=PT379 |year=2007 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-93-5118-093-7 |quote=“When he returned to Agra, Jahangir commemorated his victory over Mewar by installing full-size marble statues of Amar Singh and Karan Singh in the garden below the jharokha balcony of his citadel.” }}</ref>

In 1621, the Kangra campaign was also declared as a Jihad though from the side of the Mughals, Hindu Raja Bikramjit commanded it. Jahangir while his visit to Haridwar founded that Hindus who renounced the worldly life were seeking pleasure on the path of god here and he distributed gifts to them. In [[Ajmer]] also, he distributed gifts and money to entire village of [[Pushkar]], while the [[Varaha]] image of [[Vishnu]] was ordered to be broken. In his reign, people like [[Vir Singh Bundela]] erected grand temples at [[Mathura]]. Jahangir himself visited Brindawan and distributed alms to the ''[[Matha]]s'' of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya sect]]. According to Historian R.P. Tripathi, he was less tolerant than Akbar but more than Shah Jahan on the ground of religion.<ref name="Itinerant"/>

There are incidents, when he showed his narrow level of tolerance, and inflicted heavy penalties upon some of the notable people. In the case of [[Guru Arjun Dev]], Jahangir saw his support of Khusrau as treason. Jahangir is said to have inflicted heavy dues upon him, and the excessive torture inflicted upon him to realise the dues, led to loss of his life. He also imprisoned his son and successor, Guru Hargovind. The Emperor also penalised many leading Muslims upon his disagreement to some of their views. The notable [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint, [[Ahmad Sirhindi|Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi]], once remarked that he once came closed to the god than the [[Caliph]]s in his dreams, and was punished by the Emperor, as he strongly refuted his claims. Another Sufi called Shaikh Nizam Thanesari was banished to [[Mecca]], on the charge of accompanying [[Khusrau Mirza]] for some distance. He started a practice of rewarding the pious and knowledgeable person after testing their knowledge and economic condition every day. He ordered such people to be brought before him and after their personal examination he forwarded monetary and other support to them, but this practice was restricted to Muslims only.<ref name="Itinerant"/>

Jahangir found more satisfaction in the theory of ''[[Vedanta]]'', which he called ''Science of [[Tasawwuf]]''. He became an admirer of Jadrup Gosain, who according to him had mastered this science, and used to live in a hole in a mountain. Jahangir walked barefooted to see him, and on meeting with him, he was impressed with his knowledge and simplicity. He wanted to invite him to Agra but was alarmed by the orthodox elements. Later, Jadrup Gosain moved to Mathura, where Jahangir met him twice. He also dismissed the brother-in-law of Nur Jahan, Hakim Beg, from the governorship of Mathura as he disrespected Gosain. Jahangir also hosted [[Brahmin]]s in his court and often used to listen to them as for example, a Brahmin from [[Gujarat]] who accompanied Ramdas Kachhwaha used to present his discourse upon sanctity of Cows and the story of Dadhichi, a sage who offered his bones for the cause of world.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8ceDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64|title=Culture of Encounters: Sanskrit at the Mughal Court|author=Audrey Truschke|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2016|isbn=978-93-85890-81-9|access-date=2020-09-23}}</ref>

Ahmad Sirhindi continues his religious discourses by writing a large number of letters to the nobles, with particularly towards Shaikh Farid Murtaza Khan, a [[Bakhshi (Mughal Empire)|Mir Bakshi]] official, to convince the emperor about this religious issue.<ref name="pol">{{cite journal |author1=Irfan Habib |title=The Political Role of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi and Shah Waliullah |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1960 |volume=23 |pages=209–223 |jstor=44304065 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44304065 |access-date=6 March 2024 |language=En |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>
It is also known through his letter correspondence with the imperial government figures, that Ahmad Sirhindi were routinely attend the court debates to counteract some religious beliefs and doctrines which prevalent in the court.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Hasan Murtaza |title=7. Letters of Sheikh Ahmad. (A New Source of Historical Study) [1563—1624 A. D.] |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1946 |volume=9 |pages=273–281 |jstor=44137073 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44137073 |language=En |quote=n : It v as written from the Imperial Camp. It shows that the Imam was held in esteem in the Imperial Court, used to attend it daily and by his daily debates there used to counter-act the beliefs and doctrines pre- valent in court. /It almost gives a list of the beliefs and doctrines which were discussed, criticised and ridiculed in the Court. T}}</ref> In the process, it is recorded from these correspondence which compiled in 1617, that Farid Murtaza Khan took Ahmad Sirhindi advices regarding this matter.<ref name=pol /> His efforts influenced [[Abul Fazl]], protegee of emperor Akbar, to support Ahmad Sirhindi in effort to convince [[Jahangir]], successor of Akbar, to reverse the policies of Akbar of tolerating Hindus in Mughal court.<ref name="The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5; John F. Richards; 1993">{{cite book |author1=John F. Richards |title=The Mughal Empire Part 1, Volume 5 |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521566032 |pages=98–100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC |access-date=4 December 2023 |language=En |format=Paperback}}</ref>

[[Yohanan Friedmann]] has noted that according to many modern historians and thinkers, the puritanical though of Ahmad Sirhindi has inspired the religious orthodoxy of emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name="The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought; Gerhard Bowering, Mahan Mirza, Patricia Crone">{{cite book |author1=Gerhard Bowering |author2=Mahan Mirza |author3=Patricia Crone |title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691134840 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q1I0pcrFFSUC |access-date=6 March 2024 |language=En |format=Hardcover}}</ref>{{sfn|Malik|Zubair|Parveen|2016|p=162-163}} This was noted by how Ahmad Sirhindi manage to influence the successor of emperor Akbar, starting from Jahangir, into reversing Akbar policies such as lifting marriage age limits, mosque abolishments, and ''[[Hijri year|Hijra]]'' methodology revival which abandoned by his father.{{sfn|Malik|Zubair|Parveen|2016|p=158-161}} It is noted by historians that this influence has been significantly recorded during the conquest of [[Kangra district|Kangra]] under Jahangir, that at the presence of Ahmad Sirhindi who observed the campaign, the Mughal forces had the Idols broken, a cow slaughtered, [[Khutbah]] sermon read, and other Islamic rituals performed.{{sfn|Malik|Zubair|Parveen|2016|p=159-161}} Further mark of Jahangir departure from Akbar secular policy were recorded Terry, a traveller, who came and observed India region between 1616 and 1619, where he found the mosques full of worshippers, the exaltation of Quran and Hadith practical teaching, and the complete observance of [[Fasting during Ramadan]] and [[Eid al-Fitr]] celebrations.{{sfn|Malik|Zubair|Parveen|2016|p=159-161}}

==Shah Jahan==
To some extent, the reign of Shah Jahan saw a shift from the liberal policies. In the sixth regnal year, he announced that the [[Temple]]s, whose foundation has been laid in the reign of Jahangir, but hadn't been completed yet, should be destroyed or the project to be stopped altogether. He however allowed those Temples, which were completed before his accession to throne to survive. The zeal for the revival of Islam was witnessed in the Emperor's preference of showing the Islam as a dominant religion, which led to establishment of grand [[Mosque]]s like [[Jama Masjid]] at [[Delhi]] and [[Taj Mahal]] at [[Agra]].
These monuments were commensurate with the Islamic idea of [[paradise]]. Meanwhile, two strong currents of "orthodoxy" and "liberalism" were running during his reign. While the banner of liberalism was in the hands of [[Dara Shukoh]] and [[Jahanara Begum|Jahanara]], Sheikh Abdul Haq and Sheikh [[Ahmad Sirhindi]] were the leaders of orthodox section. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi urged the Emperor to impose ''[[Jizya]]'' upon the non Muslims, and declared Both Hindus and [[Shia]] Muslim to be heretics (''Kafir'') in his pamphlet. He was in favour of strict enforcement of the injunctions of the ''[[Sharia]]''.<ref name="chandra">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_jLQcTEm3gC&pg=PA99|title=Composite Culture in a Multicultural Society|author=Bipan Chandra |author2=Sucheta Mahajan |publisher=Pearson Education India|year=2007|page=99|isbn=978-81-317-0628-2|access-date=2020-09-23}}</ref>
[[File:Dara Shikoh With Mian Mir And Mulla Shah.jpg|thumb|left|'''Dara Shikoh''' (with [[Mian Mir]] and [[Mullah Shah Badakhshi]]), ca. 1635]]
Shah Jahan joined neither of this religious current and while proclaiming the state to be an Islamic one, he never refrained from the liberal policies completely. He also took the form of a staunch Muslim emperor at times and it was witnessed during the Bundela rebellion, when Temple built by Vir Singh Bundela at Orchha was destroyed by the Mughal forces. Shah Jahan supported some of the wealthy [[Jain]] merchants and offered them land and other sort of assistance. Thus, Shantidas was granted land in [[Ahmedabad]], where he built a temple. No step was taken to prohibit him from doing so until [[Aurangzeb]] was posted as a governor of [[Gujarat]] and the Temple was forcibly converted into a Mosque. Later, on a complaint made by Shantidas and due to a decree of a leading [[Qadi|Qazi]] that banishing someone from his personal possession is against the Islamic jurisprudence, Shah Jahan restored the Temple to him.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lz3gNDMbWEC&pg=PA104|title=Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective: With Special Reference to Shroffs of Gujarat, 17th to 19th Centuries|author=Makrand Mehta|publisher=Academic Foundation|year=1991|isbn= 81-7188-017-7|access-date=2020-09-23}}</ref>

As an Emperor, Shah Jahan didn't allow the orthodox elements to dominate and except few incidents of narrow mindedness like in the reign of Jahangir, the Empire as a whole ran with support of heterogeneous nobility in which Hindus were given proper representation. He was also fond of music and dance like Jahangir, and [[Dhrupad]] was his favourite musical form. In his reign, Hindu musician Jagannath was given the title of ''Maha Kavi Rai'' (great poet).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmaItUIsB2AC&pg=PA151|title=Poetry of Kings: The Classical Hindi Literature of Mughal India|author=Allison Busch|publisher=Oxford University Press|place=USA|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19-976592-8|access-date=2020-09-24}}</ref> Shah Jahan is said to have banned mix marriages in [[Kashmir]] which implied Muslim girls to took up the custom and religion of their Hindu husbands. The letters which Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and Sheikh Abdul Haq wrote to him presents a glossary of demands from the part of orthodox elements to put heavy restrictions upon Hindus.<ref name="chandra"/> Shah Jahan also came into conflict with [[Sikh]] [[Guru Hargobind]] which resulted in [[Battle of Kartarpur]], after which Guru took shelter in the Kashmir hills.<ref>{{cite book |author=HS Syan|year=2013|title=Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century|publisher=IB Tauris|isbn=978-1-78076-250-0| pages=48–49, 98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C&pg=PA48}}</ref> But above all these liberal elements were still active in the empire with [[Mian Mir]] and his successor [[Mullah Shah Badakhshi]], who were mentor of Dara Shukoh propagating idea of mutual co-existence.<ref>Hanif, N. (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=O3GXOqPa67MC Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: South Asia].'' Sarup & Sons, New Delhi. {{ISBN|8176250872}}. pp. 205–209.</ref>

==Aurangzeb==
Aurangzeb's religious policies are one of the most debated topic than those of other Mughal rulers. Some historians like [[Jadunath Sarkar]] consider his religious stand to be full of bigotry and religious intolerance, while others like [[Shibli Nomani|Shibli Naumani]] describes it as a matter of political expediency. [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]] explains it neutrally, while not going in the debate of "for" and "against". Some of the Aurangzeb's policy can be seen as a direct attack on Hindus while others could be seen as need of time. In the initial years of his reign, Aurangzeb floated the ''farmans'' which called for banning of practices like ''Jharokha Darshan''; ''Tula Dan'' (weighing the Emperor against the gold and silver) which was started by Akbar. Also, later in life, he even recommended the weighing rites to his grandson [[Bidar Bakht]].<ref name="Truschke">{{Cite book |last=Truschke |first=Audrey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGwlDgAAQBAJ&q=aurangzeb+the+man+and+the+myth |title=Aurangzeb: The Man and the Myth |date=2018-02-01 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-0-14-343967-7 |language=en}}</ref> He also prohibited inscribing ''Khutba'' (Islamic verses) on coins and reimposed [[Jizya]] on non-Muslims which was abolished by Akbar. Aurangzeb also ordered all the newly built Temples to be destroyed while the older ones were prohibited from being repaired. He also ordered the governor of Gujarat to prohibit the Hindus from celebrating the festival like [[Holi]] and [[Diwali]] outside the ''[[marketplace|Bazaar]]s'' of Ahmedabad.<ref name="Aurangzeb">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGwlDgAAQBAJ|title=Aurangzeb: The Man and the Myth|author=Audrey Truschke|publisher=Random House India|year=2018|isbn=978-0-14-343967-7|access-date=2020-09-24}}</ref>

There are a set of his royal orders which could be seen as a direct attempt to harass Hindus and to portray him as an ideal Islamic ruler. During his governorship of Gujarat, Aurangzeb publicly desecrated newly built "Chintaman Temple", by killing a cow in its premise and converting it into Mosque. Other steps like demolition of [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] and imposing a duty of 5% on Hindu traders as compared to 2.5% on Muslims, were equally controversial. He banned music in the royal court which affected not only Hindus but Muslim musicians as well. He is said to have reduced ''Rahdari'' (road tax) and other duties which he found illicit. Aurangzeb's reimposition of ''Jizya'' is explained by later historians as the attempt to rally Muslims together, specifically the orthodox ones in a war against [[Maratha]]s and [[Rajput]] kingdoms and also against the Deccani Sultanates which had sided with the heretics.<ref name="Aurangzeb"/>

He banned singing in his royal court, but not the playing of musical instruments. Indeed, he was proficient in playing the [[Veena]]. A large number of treatise on music were written during his reign.<ref>{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |title=History of Medieval India (800-1700) |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-medieval-india-800-1700_202303/page/323/mode/1up |year=2007 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |page=323}}</ref> He is also said to have banned Muharram procession (a Shia tradition) in all provinces after violent clashes took place during one such procession. According to Chandra, the stand of Aurangzeb can be described as the stand of a person who due to remorse of his deeds, took shelter in the shell of religion. The number of Hindus in mansab was not reduced as compared to his predecessors{{citation needed|date=May 2025}} and he sought to maintain good relations with the Rajputs. [[Jai Singh I]] remained his close companions and he even pitted him against numerous [[Hindu king]]s including [[Shivaji]].<ref name="Chandra satish">{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |title=History of Medieval India (800-1700) |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-medieval-india-800-1700_202303/page/323/mode/1up |year=2007 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 |pages=250, 357}}</ref> Even during war of succession, more Rajputs backed Dara, while more Marathas backed Aurangzeb.<ref name="Truschke"/>

==See also==
* [[Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Malik |first1=Adnan |last2=Zubair |first2=Muhammad |last3=Parveen |first3=Uzman |title=Effects of social reforms of shaykh Ahmad sirhindi (1564-1624) on muslim society in the sub continent |journal=Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities |date=2016 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=155–164 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/MALEOS-28 |access-date=9 March 2024 |publisher=[[University of Karachi]] |doi=10.46568/jssh.v55i2.70 |language=En|doi-access=free }}

[[Category:Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]

Sirkazhi

2026-05-07T03:37:32Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Created a data

{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sirkazhi
| settlement_type = Town in [[Mayiladuthurai district]]
| image_skyline = Sattainathar temple Sirkazhi 17.jpg
| image_alt = A lozenge-shaped tower tapering towards the top. It is covered in carvings including human figures and has an ornamental roof. It has a temple tank in the foreground
| image_caption = A view of temple tower of [[Sattainathar Temple, Sirkazhi|Sattainathar Temple]] located in the centre of the town
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chola Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.239|79.736|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt = A map showing the location of Sirkazhi in Tamil Nadu, India.
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| leader_title = Municipal Chairman
| leader_name = Vacant
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 13.21
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 4
| population_total = 34,927
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 609110
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = (91) 4364
| registration_plate = TN-82-Z
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest town
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Mayiladuthurai]], Chidambaram
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Sirkazhi''' ({{IPA|ta|ˈsiːɾkaːɻiː|}}), also spelled as '''Sirkali''' and '''Siyali''', is a selection grade municipal town in [[Mayiladuthurai district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It is located {{convert|13|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} from the coast of the [[Bay of Bengal]], and {{convert|250|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the state capital [[Chennai]]. Sirkazhi was a part of [[Thanjavur district]] until 1991, later becoming part of [[Nagapattinam district]] until 2020 and has since been part of [[Mayiladuthurai district]]. The town covers an area of {{convert|13.21|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} and in 2011 had a population of 34,927. It is administered by a [[Local administration in Tamil Nadu#Urban Local Bodies|second grade municipality]]. Sirkazhi is part of the [[Cauvery Delta|Cauvery delta region]] and agriculture is the major occupation. Roads are the main means of transportation; the town has {{convert|51.47|km|mi|abbr=on}} of district roads, including a national highway.

The town is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled by the [[Medieval Cholas]], [[Later Cholas]], [[Pandyan dynasty|Later Pandyas]], the [[Vijayanagar Empire]], the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Marathas]] and the [[British Raj|British]]. The [[Tamil Trinity|Tamil trinity]] of Carnatic music; [[Arunachala Kavi]]rayar (1711–78), [[Muthu Thandavar]] (1525–1600) and [[Marimutthu Pillai]] (1712–87), originated from Sirkazhi. The Saiva saint [[Sambandar|Tirugnanasambandar]], foremost of the Saiva Nayanars, was born here in the seventh century. [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]] Kaliyan (Thirumangai) was born in Thirukuraiyalur near Sirkazhi. The history of the town is centred on the [[Sattainathar Temple, Sirkazhi|Sattainathar Temple]], which is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Shiva]]. The history of the town is also associated with Rajarajeshwari – Angalaparameshwari Temple, which is dedicated to the goddess [[Mahadevi|Adi shakti]], who is believed to be most powerful form, located in the south of Kalumalaiyar river. When the goddess takes on the forceful form, she is known as "Shri Kali" or "Pechi amma" or " Angali" which forms the basis for the town's name as "Sirkali".

==Etymology and origin==
[[File:Thirukkadaiyur Gopuram Appar.JPG|left|thumb|200px|A temple relief depicting Appar bearing Sambandar's palanquin|alt=A sculpture depicting a person is a palanquin carried by others.]] In ancient times, this town had twelve different names, including Brahmapuram, Venupuram, Thonipuram, Kazhumalam, Pugali, Sirkazhiswaram Shri Kali and [[Kazheesirama Vinnagaram]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas, Volume 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FdIkaccgneAC&q=vamana&pg=PA1337|last=Parmeshwaranand|first=Swami|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2001|isbn=9788176252263|ref=Parmeshwaranand}}</ref>{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009}}{{sfn|Pillai|1904|p=91}} According to Hindu legend, during one of the biggest deluges that submerged the planet earth, Hindu god [[Shiva]] is said to have carried the [[Kalā|64 arts]] on a raft (called ''Thoni'' in Tamil). The presiding deity in the temple, Shiva, is thus called "Thoniappar" (the one who carried the raft) and the region is called "Thonipuram".{{sfn|Ayyar|1991| p=244}}{{sfn|Ayyar|1991| p=42}}{{sfn|V.K.|2007|p=45}}{{sfn|Pillai|1904|p=91}} The Hindu god [[Brahma]] is believed to have worshiped Shiva here, giving the name "Bhrahmapureeswarar" (the one worshipped by Brahma) and so the region is also referred as "Brahmapureeswaram".{{sfn|Director of Census operations|1991|p=55}}{{sfn|Pillai|1904|p=91}}

Shiva is believed to have quelled the arrogance of Hindu god Brahma, after showing his dominance over the three worlds and hence got the name "Sattainathar" here. The town is thus called "Sattainathapuram", which in modern times, is a suburb within Sirkazhi. The town was known as "Kalumalam" during the early Chola period.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1911|p=92}} [[Sambandar|Thirugnanasambandar]], the seventh century Saiva [[nayanars|nayanar]], as an infant is believed to have been fed with the milk of wisdom by the divine mother [[Parvati]] on the banks of the temple tank. The child Sambandar started singing the anthology of ''[[Tevaram]]'' hymns from then on, commencing with "Todudaiya Seviyan". Sambandar refers the town as "Kazhi" in his verses.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991| p=244}}{{sfn|Ayyar|1991| p=42}}{{sfn|V.K.|2007|p=45}}{{sfn|Pillai|1904|p=91}} It was called Shiyali during [[British Raj|British rule]], and after [[India's independence|Independence]], it was renamed "Sirkazhi".{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009}}

==History==
The earliest mention of Sirkazhi is found in the history of the Chola king [[Kocengannan]] from the [[Sangam Age]] (3rd century BCE to 4th century CE), who is believed to have won a bloody battle here.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1911|p=96}} During the 7th–8th century, there were widespread disputes between the Hindu sects of [[Saivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. Tirugnanasambandar and Thirumangai Alvar, belonging to Saivism and Vaishnavism, respectively, and both natives of Sirkazhi, had disputes over their religious compositions and theologies during the period.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1911|p=413}} The Chola Kings ruled over the region for more than four centuries, from 850 to 1280, and were temple patrons. There are 41 inscriptions from the Chola kings in the temple that record various gifts like land, sheep, cow and oil to the temple.{{sfn|Director of Census operations|1991|p=55}}

The region fell under the control of [[Pandyas]] in 1532 and later became part of the [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]].{{sfn|V.|1942| pp= 62–65}} The region was conquered in 1674 by [[Ekoji I]] (1675–84), the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Maratha]] enemy of the [[Nawab]] of [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] and half-brother of [[Shivaji]] (1674–80).{{sfn|Mitchell|1995| p=91}} The town and the region became part of the British [[East India Company]] during the mid-18th century. [[Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)|Tanjore district]] was constituted in 1799 when the [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Thanjavur Maratha]] ruler [[Serfoji II]] (1798–1832) ceded most of his kingdom to the British East India Company in return for his restitution on the throne.{{sfn|W.|2002|pp=140–151}} After India's independence, Sirkazhi continued to be a part of [[Thanjavur district]] until 1991, when it became part of Nagapattinam district until March 2020.{{sfn|About the town|2011}}
Currently Sirkazhi is part of the newly created [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]] district.

==Geography==
Sirkazhi is located at {{Coord|11.23|N|79.73|E|}}, on the eastern flank of the Kumbakonam-Shiyali ridge, which runs along the [[Kollidam River]].{{sfn|Micropalaeontology| 1972| pp= 31}} Sirkazhi has an average elevation of {{convert|5.18|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level and is located at {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} west of [[Bay of Bengal]].{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=20–21}} It is located {{convert|95|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-east of [[Thanjavur]], {{convert|24|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Mayiladuthurai]] and {{convert|20|km|mi}} south of [[Chidambaram]].{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=20–21}}

The town experiences long summers and short winters,{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=20–21}}and receives an average yearly rainfall of {{convert|1250|mm|in|abbr=on}}, mainly from the north-east monsoon between October and December.{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=20–21}} Its close proximity to the sea means that Sirkazhi receives more rainfall than neighbouring towns.{{sfn|W.|2002|p=151}} Sirkazhi is part of the [[Cauvery delta]] region and has irrigation channels, called the [[Kollidam, Mayiladuthurai|Kollidam]] channels, which carry water from the rivers and provide a rich deposit of fertile silt before reaching the sea.{{sfn|W.|2002|p=151}} The soil is black and contains fertile alluvial sediment.{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=20–21}} The area's main crop is [[Paddy field|rice]]; other crops grown in the area are [[coconut]], [[tamarind]] and [[neem]].{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=20–21}} The landscape mostly consists of plain lands with fields and small portions of scrub jungle.{{sfn|W.|2002|p=133}} [[Antelope]], [[spotted deer]], [[wild hog]], [[jackal]] and [[Red fox|fox]] are present in the jungles and outlying areas of the town.{{sfn|W.|2002|p=133}} [[Crow]] and ordinary game birds are found in large numbers in the town.{{sfn|W.|2002|p=151}}

The [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] was an undersea, [[megathrust earthquake]] that occurred on 26 December 2004, with an [[epicentre]] off the west coast of [[Sumatra]], Indonesia, triggering a series of devastating [[tsunami]]s along coastal fringes of the Indian Ocean.{{sfn|Karan|Subbiah|2011|p=70}} Nagapattinam district was the most affected part of Tamil Nadu, accounting for 6,064 off the 8,009 casualties in the state.{{sfn|Karan|Subbiah|2011|p=77}} Sirkazhi remained mostly unaffected by the tsunami, but the groundwater quality deteriorated where aquifers were close to the water bodies.{{sfn|Sm.|2006|p=133}} There was heavy salt water intrusion inland.{{sfn|Sm.|2006|p=133}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|86.91}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|9.46}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|2.16}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.02}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.46}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.33}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.63}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.04}}}}

{{Historical populations
|align = right
|state=collapsed
|1961|19531
|1971|22711
|1981|25508
|1991|28959
|2001|32228
|2011|34927
|footnote=Sources:
* 1961 – 1971{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=25–27}}
* 1981 – 2001:{{sfn|Sirkazhi population|2011}}
* 2011:{{sfn|Sirkazhi 2011 census}}
}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Sirkali had a population of 34,927 with a sex-ratio of 1,028 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.{{sfn|National Sex Ratio 2011}} A total of 3,367 were under the age of six, constituting 1,740 males and 1,627 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 23.21% and 0.13% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 81.5%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.{{sfn|National Sex Ratio 2011}} The town had a total of 8,756 households. There were a total of 11,476 workers, comprising 352 cultivators, 1,398 main agricultural labourers, 150 in house hold industries, 7,681 other workers, 1,895 marginal workers, 88 marginal cultivators, 809 marginal agricultural labourers, 77 marginal workers in household industries and 921 other marginal workers.{{sfn|Sirkazhi 2011 census}}

As per the religious census of 2011, Sirkazhi had 86.91% [[Hindus]], 9.46% [[Muslims]], 2.16% [[Christians]], 0.02% [[Sikhs]], 0.46% [[Buddhists]], 0.33% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.63% following other religions and 0.04% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.{{sfn|Religious census|2015}}

In 1981, there were 15 notified slums accommodating 4,499 persons, constituting 17.64% of the population. In 2001, there were still 15 slums accommodating 7,533 persons, constituting 23.37% of the population.{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=25–27}} The slum area has remained static at {{convert|39.45|acre|sqkm|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=25–27}} The town has a residential area of {{convert|2.79|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} (20.96%), commercial area of {{convert|0.4|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} (3.04%), industrial area of {{convert|0.58|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} (4.39%), public & semi public area of {{convert|1.29|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} (9.66%) and undeveloped area of {{convert|8.23|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} (38.05%).{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=28–29}}

==Economy and transport==
The service sector provides most employment in the town. Limited agriculture is carried out; the main crop is [[Rice#Harvesting, drying and milling|paddy]] rice.{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=28–29}} During the British Raj, Sirkazhi was known for mats made with a kind of [[cyperus]].{{sfn|Hunter|1908|p=163}}{{sfn|Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|1926|pp=50–51}} The headquarters of the [[taluka]] and [[Local bodies in Tamil Nadu|panchayat union administration]], and many government offices are located in the town.{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=28–29}} There are no major industries within the town, except for several rice mills.{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=28–29}} Sirkazhi has many Hindu temples, which draw in tourism activity.{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=28–29}} Sirkali Coop Urban Bank, founded on 23 April 1918 is the oldest bank in Sirkali. All major [[List of banks in India#Public sector banks (PSBs)|nationalised banks]] and private banks have branches in the town,{{sfn|Sirkazhi town Banks|2011}} and all have [[Automated teller machine|atms]].{{sfn|Sirkazhi town Banks|2011}}

The National highway NH-32 connects Chennai and Thoothukudi through [[Chidambaram]], [[Cuddalore]] and [[Nagapattinam]] passes through Sirkazhi. Sirkazhi has outer bypass road to ease the transport of heavy vehicles in the town. Sirkazhi municipality has {{convert|51.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} of roads: {{convert|18.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} of BT roads, {{convert|30.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} of cement roads, {{convert|2.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} of water-bound [[macadam]] surface and {{convert|0.6|km|mi|abbr=on}} of other roads.{{sfn|Sirkazhi roads|2011}} [[Bullock cart]]s are the traditional mode of transport; as late as the 1950s, landlords and rich farmers travelled mostly by bullock carts except on rare, long journeys, which they undertook by buses or motor vehicles.{{sfn|Gough| 1981| p= 6}} Buses are the main mode of public transport from Sirkazhi. The municipality operates a B-Class bus stand with 36 bays that accommodate local and intercity buses.{{sfn|Sirkazhi bus|2011}} The buses are operated by [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]], connecting the town to [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Karaikkal]] and other cities in Tamil Nadu.{{sfn|Sirkazhi bus|2011}}

Nearest major junction of [[Mayiladuthurai Junction railway station|Mayiladuthurai]], the [[Sirkazhi railway station|Sirkazhi's railway station]] is on the main line between Chennai and [[Trichy]] via [[Cuddalore]] and Chidambaram.{{sfn|''The Hindu''|25 July 2010}} Daily express trains connect major cities in Tamil Nadu like [[Chennai]], [[Madurai]] and [[Trichy]],{{sfn|Train information|2012}}{{sfn|''The Hindu''|25 July 2010}} and weekly express trains connect Tirupathi, [[Varanasi]], [[Tiruchendur]] and [[Bhubaneswar]].{{sfn|Train information|2012}}{{sfn|''The Hindu''|25 July 2010}} There are also daily passenger trains to Mayiladuthurai, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Villupuram]] and [[Bangalore]] daily.{{sfn|Train information|2012}} The nearest airport is [[Tiruchirapalli Airport]] which is {{convert|160|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Sirkazhi.{{sfn|Sirkazhi transport|2011}}

==Education and utility services==
[[File:Lutheran-Mission Central-School in Sirkazhi.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Opening ceremony 1896 of the Lutheran Mission Central-School in Sirkazhi|alt=A group of students seated with a building in the background.]]

The first English school in the town was the Leipzig Evangelical Lutheran Mission School, which was opened by the [[Lutheran]] Mission in 1896. The Lutheran mission was the earliest Protestant mission founded in Tanjore (present-day Thajavur) by [[Christian Friedrich Schwarz|Rev. C.V. Schwartz]] in 1778 to promote Christian knowledge in the region.{{sfn|Hunter|1908|p=163}}{{sfn|Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|1926|pp=226–227}} Of the 32 schools in Sirkazhi, there are nine municipal schools.{{sfn|Sirkazhi schools|2011}} There are three higher secondary schools, three middle schools, fourteen primary schools and three matriculation schools in the town. There are two arts and science colleges, BEST College of Arts and Science and Vivekananda College of Arts and Science. Srinivasa Subbaraya Polytechnic College (locally called Puttur Polytechnic) is located in [[Puttur, Sirkazhi|Puttur]], {{convert|7|km|mi}} from Sirkali.{{sfn|Sirkazhi schools|2011}}

Electricity supply to the town is regulated and distributed by the Sirkazhi Circle of [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB).{{sfn|TNEB region details|2011}} Water supply is provided by the Sirkazhi municipality from the Kollidam river; it is distributed through five water tanks which supply 2 million (two million) litres a day.{{sfn|Sirkazhi water supply|2011}} Push carts and tricycles are used to collect solid waste, which is deposited in marsh lands located outside the town.{{sfn|Waste management programme|2011}} Sirkazhi municipality is implementing underground drainage and the current sewerage system is through septic tanks and public conveniences.{{sfn|Sirkazhi sewarage|2011}} Roadside drains carry away untreated sewage, which is released into the sea or accumulates in low-lying areas.{{sfn|Sirkazhi sewarage|2011}}

Sirkazhi comes under the Sirkazhi Telecom Circle of the [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL), India's state-owned telephone and internet services provider. BSNL also provides a [[broadband internet]] service{{sfn|BSNL|2011}} The town has a government hospital, 12 private hospitals, clinics and medical shops.{{sfn|Sirkazhi hospitals|2011}}

==Municipal administration and politics==
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:220"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Municipality Officials'''
|-
|align="center"| Chairman||J. Eraiezhil{{sfn|Sirkazhi Municipality chairman|2011}}
|-
|align="center"|Commissioner||S. Maharajan{{sfn|Sirkazhi Municipality Commissioner|2011}}
|-
|align="center"|Vice-chairman||K. Tamilselvam{{sfn|Sirkazhi Municipality vice-chairman|2011}}
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Elected Members'''
|-
|align="center"|Member of Legislative Assembly||[[M. Panneerselvam (Sirkazhi MLA)|M. Panneerselvam]]
|-
|align="center"|Member of Parliament||[[S . Ramalingam .]]{{sfn|MP of Mayiladuthurai|2019}}
|}
During the British Raj, Shiyali (present-day Sirkazhi) was the headquarters of a separate administrative division, or taluka.{{sfn|Hunter|1908|p=163}} In 1972 the town was declared a third grade municipality,{{sfn|About the town|2011}} and was upgraded to a second grade municipality in 1980.{{sfn|Sirkazhi Municipality features|2011}} The municipality has 24 wards, each of which has an elected councillor.{{sfn|Citizen's charter of Sirkazhi Municipality|2011}} The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, engineering, revenue, public health, town planning and IT,{{sfn|Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|2006}} which are controlled by a Municipal Commissioner, who is the supreme executive head.{{sfn|Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|2006}} Legislative powers are vested in a body of 24 members, one for each of the 24 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson, who is assisted by a deputy.{{sfn|Economic and political weekly|1995}} On the revenue administration side, Sirkazhi is a taluka headquarters having three revenue villages: Kavilancheri, Sirkazhi and Thadalan.{{sfn|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009|pp=20–21}}{{sfn|About the municipality|2011}}{{sfn|Nagapattinam district profile|2011}}{{sfn|Nagapattinam district local administration|2011}}

For the purposes of state government, Sirkazhi is part of the [[Sirkazhi (State Assembly Constituency)|Sirkazhi assembly]] constituency, which elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years.{{sfn|List of Assembly constituencies|2010}} The constituency is reserved for [[Scheduled Caste]] (SC) candidates.{{sfn|List of Assembly constituencies|2010}} Since 2011 the MLA of the constituency is M. Sakthi from the ADMK.{{sfn|MLA of Sirkazhi|2016}}

In the national parliament, Sirkazhi is a part of the [[Mayiladuthurai (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

Law and order in Sirkazhi is maintained by the Mayiladuthurai sub-division of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]], headed by a Deputy Superintendent of Police.{{sfn|Sirkazhi district police|2011}} There is a police station in the town.{{sfn|Sirkazhi police|2011}} There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division, headed by a Superintendent of Police.{{sfn|Sirkazhi district police|2011}}

==Culture==
[[File:Kazheesirama Vinnagaram2.jpg|200x200px|right|Gopuram of Kazheesirama Vinnagaram|thumb|alt=A large, multi-level building with a central doorway and an ornamental roof.]]

The [[Sattainathar Temple, Sirkazhi|Bhramapureeswarar temple]], also called Sattainathar temple, is an ancient temple complex dedicated to Shiva, and has three Shiva shrines.{{sfn|Kodayanallur Vanamamalai|2001|p=47}} The temple is mentioned in the Saiva canonical work, ''Tevaram'', by [[Thirugnana Sambanthar]], [[Tirunavukkarasar]] and [[Sundarar]], the foremost Saivite saints of 7th–8th century CE and is classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]''.{{sfn|Kodayanallur Vanamamalai|2001|p=47}} There is a separate shrine for Sambandar celebrating the miracle of [[Parvathi]] suckling the child Sambandar when he was crying for milk.{{sfn|Kodayanallur Vanamamalai|2001|p=47}}{{sfn|Anantharaman|2006|p=46}} Shiva is worshipped in three different forms; the Shivalingam (Bhrammapureeswarar), Uma Maheswarar (Toniappar) at the middle level, and [[Bhairava]]r (Sattanathar) at the upper level.{{sfn|Anantharaman|2006|p=46}} The original temple was enlarged during the period of [[Kulothunga Chola I]], Vikrama Chola, [[Kulothunga Chola II]] and [[Kulothunga Chola III]] (as in Chidambaram – 11th through the 13th centuries). Every year in the Tamil month of [[Chithirai]] (April – May), a 10-day festival is celebrated.{{sfn|Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|1926|pp=50–51}}

[[Kazheesirama Vinnagaram]] temple, also called Thadalan Koil, is dedicated to Vishnu in the form of Trivikrama.{{sfn|Ayyar|1991| p=535}} Sirkazhi is base to the outlying places like [[Poompuhar]], and the temples [[Sayavaneswarar Temple|Thirusaikkadu]], [[Pallavaneswarar Temple|Thiruppallavaneeswaram]], [[Valampurinathar Temple|Melapperumpallam]], [[Nagannathaswamy Temple, Keezhaperumpallam|Keezhaperumpallam]], [[Swetharanyeswarar Temple|Thiruvengadu]] and Thirunangur.{{sfn|Sirkazhi – Places of interest|2011}} [[Thirukkavalampadi]], [[Thiruvanpurushothamam]], [[Thiruarimeya Vinnagaram]], [[Thiruchsemponsey]], [[Thirumanimadam]], [[Thiruvaikunda vinnagaram]], [[Thiruthevanartthogai]], [[Thiruthetriyambalam]], [[Thirumanikkoodam]], [[Annan Koil]] and [[Thiruppaarththanpalli]] are eleven Vishnu temples, called [[Nangur Vishnu Temples|Nangur Divya Desams]] revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', located in the outskirts of Sirkazhi.{{sfn|Kodayanallur Vanamamalai|2001|p=5}} The annual Garudasevai festival held during January attracts thousands of pilgrims.{{sfn|Kodayanallur Vanamamalai|2001|p=5}}

Tamil Isai Moovar (meaning Tamil trinity of Carnatic music) namely, [[Arunachala Kavi]]rayar (1711–1778), [[Muthu Thandavar]] (1525–1600) and [[Marimutthu Pillai]] (1712–1787) originated from Sirkazhi.{{sfn|Historical moments|2011}} A [[Tamil Trinity Memorial Hall|memorial hall]] was constructed in honor of the Tamil Isai Moovar, in Sirkazhi. Arunachala composed devotional songs, including ''Sirkazhi Sthalapuranam'' and ''Sirkazhi Kovai'', eulogising the town.{{sfn|Ramaswamy| 2007| p= 21}} [[S. R. Ranganathan]], considered to be the father of [[library science]] in India, is from Sirkazhi.{{sfn|Historical moments|2011}} [[Padma Shri]] [[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], a leading vocalist in [[Carnatic music|Carnatic Music]] and a [[playback singer]] for [[Tamil cinema]] and devotional songs was also born in Sirkazhi.

==See also==
*[[Erukkur]]
*[[Chindhaaththirai Matha Shrine, Erukkur]]

==Notes==
* {{Note|a}} The municipalities in Tamil Nadu are graded special, selection, grade I and grade II based on income and population. While "grade II" is the official classification, all the municipal websites use "second grade".
* {{Note|b}} The census details of small towns for 2011 are yet to be published in census website. The municipal website provides the totals alone.

==Citations==
{{Reflist
| colwidth = 20em
| refs =
}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|20em}}
* {{cite news|title= Trains to stop at Sirkazhi station|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article532665.ece|work=The Hindu|date=25 July 2010|access-date=26 June 2012| ref = {{sfnRef|''The Hindu''|25 July 2010}} }}
* {{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Sirkali|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=692843|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi 2011 census}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|ref={{sfnRef|National Sex Ratio 2011}}}}
*{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015|ref={{sfnRef|Religious census|2015}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Nagapattinam district profile|url=http://www.nagapattinam.tn.nic.in/history.html|publisher=Nagapattinam district administration|year=2011|access-date = 26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Nagapattinam district profile|2011}} }}
* {{cite web|title=Nagapattinam district local administration|url=http://www.nagapattinam.tn.nic.in/la.html|publisher=Nagapattinam district administration|year=2011|access-date = 26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Nagapattinam district local administration|2011}} }}
* {{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/sirkazhi-sy/6875|title=Train information|publisher=Indian Rail info|access-date=4 November 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Train information|2012}}}}
* {{cite web|title=Nagapattinam district police|url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/PDFS/Nagapatinam.pdf|pages=1–16|publisher=Tamil Nadu Police|year=2011|access-date = 26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi district police|2011}} }}
* {{cite web|title=Sirkazhi sewarage|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_sewerage.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=26 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi sewarage|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628093239/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_sewerage.htm|archive-date=28 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Sirkazhi police|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/ser_police.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi police|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628011313/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/ser_police.htm|archive-date=28 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Historical moments|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/abc_historical.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Historical moments|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629003916/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/abc_historical.htm|archive-date=29 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Sirkazhi bus|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_busstand.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi bus|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629004014/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_busstand.htm|archive-date=29 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Sirkazhi – Places of interest|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/abc_PlaceofInterest.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi – Places of interest|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528075910/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/abc_placeofinterest.htm|archive-date=28 May 2012|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Sirkazhi hospitals|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/ser_hospital.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi hospitals|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629004512/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/ser_hospital.htm|archive-date=29 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Sirkazhi population|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_population.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi population|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629004445/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_population.htm|archive-date=29 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Sirkazhi town Banks|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/ser_banks.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi town Banks|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629003546/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/ser_banks.htm|archive-date=29 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Sirkazhi roads|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_roads.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi roads|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628092526/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_roads.htm|archive-date=28 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Sirkazhi transport|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/abc_reach.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|orig-year=2007|year=2011|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi transport|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629003428/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/abc_reach.htm|archive-date=29 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Chairman of Sirkazhi|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/who_chairperson.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|orig-year=2007|year=2011|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi Municipality chairman|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628093302/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/who_chairperson.htm|archive-date=28 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Vice Chairman of Sirkazhi|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/who_deputy.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi Municipality vice-chairman|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628093312/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/who_deputy.htm|archive-date=28 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Commissioner of Sirkazhi|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/who_commissioner.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi Municipality Commissioner|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628093307/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/who_commissioner.htm|archive-date=28 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=MLA of Sirkazhi|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/160.htm|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date = 26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|MLA of Sirkazhi|2016}} }}
* {{cite web|title=Members of Lok Sabha from Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/government/loksaba?page=1|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2014|access-date =26 May 2014|ref={{sfnRef|MP of Mayiladuthurai|2019}} }}
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm
| title = List of Assembly Constituencies
| year=2010
| access-date = 30 June 2012
| work = Tamil Nadu
| publisher = Tamil Nadu state government
|ref={{sfnRef|List of Assembly constituencies|2010}}
}}
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* {{cite web|title=About the municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/abs_municipality.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=26 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|About the municipality|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629003926/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/abs_municipality.htm|archive-date=29 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=About the town|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/abc_city.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=26 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|About the town|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629002857/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/abc_city.htm|archive-date=29 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Salient Features of Sirkazhi Municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_general.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=26 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi Municipality features|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629004020/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_general.htm|archive-date=29 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Citizen's charter of Sirkazhi Municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_citizencharter.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=26 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|Citizen's charter of Sirkazhi Municipality|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629002937/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_citizencharter.htm|archive-date=29 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Sirkazhi schools|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/ser_schools.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=26 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi schools|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628093252/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/ser_schools.htm|archive-date=28 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Sirkazhi water supply|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_watersupply.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=26 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|Sirkazhi water supply|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629003519/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_watersupply.htm|archive-date=29 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=Waste management programme|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_solid.htm|publisher=Sirkazhi Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=26 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|Waste management programme|2011}}|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629003514/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sal_solid.htm|archive-date=29 June 2009|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web|title=State of Rural wireline broadband|publisher=BSNL, Tamil Nadu Circle|location=Tamil Nadu|url=http://ccatn.gov.in/usofiles/usoschemes/bbtn.htm|year=2011|access-date=26 June 2012|ref={{sfnRef|BSNL|2011}}|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718161317/http://ccatn.gov.in/usofiles/usoschemes/bbtn.htm|archive-date=18 July 2013}}
* {{cite web|title=Region Details|url=http://www.tangedco.gov.in/region.html#madu|publisher=Tamil Nadu Electricity Board|access-date=26 June 2012|year=2011|ref={{sfnRef|TNEB region details|2011}} }}
* {{cite report|title=City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|last=Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/sirkazhi/sirkazhiccp.pdf|publisher=Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited|year=2009|access-date=8 June 2012|ref={{sfnref|City Corporate cum Business Plan for Sirkazhi Municipality|2009}}}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{Cite book |last=Aiyangar|first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |title=Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India|year=1911 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-1850-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htArUg0OMpcC&q=shiyali&pg=PA413}}
* {{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam|last=Anantharaman|publisher=East West books|year=2006|isbn=9788188661428}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ayyar |first=P. V. Jagadisa |title=South Indian shrines: illustrated |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=shiyali&pg=PA244}}
*{{Cite book |last=Director of Census operations |title=Census of India, 1991: Thanjavur (pt. A) |year=1991 |publisher=Controller of Publications |location=Tamil Nadu }}
* {{cite book|title=Rural Society in Southeast India|url=https://archive.org/details/ruralsocietyinso0000goug_68|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|first=Kathleen| last=Gough|author-link=Kathleen Gough|year=1981|isbn=978-0-521-23889-2 }}
*{{Cite book |last=Hunter|first=Sir William Wilson |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India Vol. XXII Singbhum to Trashi-Chod-Zong |year=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vERnljM1uiEC&q=shiyali&pg=PA151}}
* {{cite book|title=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): Including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways|year=1926|page=217|publisher=Asian Educational Services|last=Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzWvq8EYBwUC&q=shiyali&pg=PA50|isbn=81-206-1889-0}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Karan |first1=Pradyumna Prasad |first2=Shanmugam P. |last2=Subbiah |title=The Indian Ocean Tsunami: The Global Response to a Natural Disaster |year=2011 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |location=USA |isbn=978-0-8131-2653-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DEedXAZnyVAC&q=nagapattinam+tsunami&pg=PA16}}
*{{Cite book |first=Soundara Rajan |last=Kodayanallur Vanamamalai |title=Concise classified dictionary of Hinduism|year=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7022-857-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=sirkazhi&pg=PA21}}
* {{cite book|title=Art and Architecture of Southern India: Vijayanagar and the Successor States 1350–1750|first=George|last=Mitchell|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995}}
* {{cite book | title=A Primer of Tamil Literature| last=Pillai| first=M. S. Purnalingam | year=1904| publisher=Ananda Press|location=Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JwkrAAAAYAAJ&q=thonipuram&pg=PA91}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils |year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press, INC|location=United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=madurai}}
* {{cite book|last=Sm.|first= Ramasamy|year=2006|title=Geomatics in Tsunami|publisher= Centre for Remote Sensing, [[Bharathidasan University]], India – Department of Science and Technology, New India Publishing|isbn= 81-89422-31-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5gEBfvCBclUC&q=sirkali&pg=PA117}}
* {{cite book|title=The Nayaks of Tanjore|last=V.|first=Vriddhagirisan|year=1942|publisher=[[Annamalai University]]}}
*{{Cite book |last=V.K. |first=Subramanian |title= 101 Mystics of India |year=2007 |publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zso41H6D9MAC&q=sirkazhi&pg=PA45 |isbn=978-81-7017-471-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of South India, Volume 1|last=W.|first= Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vERnljM1uiEC&q=shiyali+%2B+francis&pg=PA151|publisher=Mittal Publications|year=2002}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sirkazhi}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121027191635/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Sirkazhi/ Sirkazhi municipality website]
* [https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/ Mayiladuthurai District Administration Website]

{{Mayiladuthurai district}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Mayiladuthurai district]]

Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-05T02:39:04Z

WilhelminaBoswel: started initial data and citations!

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Cuddalore
| constituency_no =
| map_image = cuddalore lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Cuddalore constituency, post-2008 delimitation
| established = 1952
| incumbent_image = M. K. Vishnu Prasad.png
| reservation = None
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| assembly_cons = [[Tittakudi (State Assembly Constituency)|Tittakudi ]] [[Vridhachalam (State Assembly Constituency)|Vriddhachalam]] [[Neyveli (State Assembly Constituency)|Neyveli]] [[Panruti (State Assembly Constituency)|Panruti]] [[Cuddalore (State Assembly Constituency)|Cuddalore]] [[Kurinjipadi (State Assembly Constituency)|Kurinjipadi]]
| electors = 986,030<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802000135/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |date=2 August 2013 }}</ref>
}}
'''Cuddalore''' is a [[Lok Sabha]] (Parliament of India) constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 26 of 39.

==Assembly segments==

=== Since 2009 ===
Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|work=Tamil Nadu|publisher=Election Commission of India|page=448|format=PDF|accessdate=2008-10-09|archive-date=5 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|151
|[[Tittakudi Assembly constituency|Tittakudi]]
|SC
| rowspan="6" |[[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|152
|[[Virudhachalam Assembly constituency|Vriddhachalam]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
|153
|[[Neyveli Assembly constituency|Neyveli]]
|None
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|154
|[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
|None
|-
|155
|[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|-
|156
|[[Kurinjipadi Assembly constituency|Kurinjipadi]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Before 2009 ===
Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency was composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|format = PDF
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|accessdate = 2008-10-09
|page = 3
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|archive-date = 5 March 2016
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012705/http://eci.nic.in/archive/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|url-status = live
}}</ref>
#[[Ulundurpet Assembly constituency|Ulundurpet (SC)]] (moved to Villupuram)
#[[Nellikkuppam Assembly constituency|Nellikkuppam]] (defunct)
#[[Cuddalore Assembly constituency|Cuddalore]]
#[[Panruti Assembly constituency|Panruti]]
#[[Rishivandiyam Assembly constituency|Rishivandinam]] (moved to Kallakurichi)
#[[Sankarapuram Assembly constituency|Sankarapuram]] (moved to Kallakurichi)

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan=2|Party
|----
|1951
|N.D.Govindasamy Kachirayar
|{{Full party name with color|Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party}}
|----
|1957
|[[T. D. Muthukumarasamy]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|----
|1962
|[[T. Ramabadran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|1967
|[[V.K. Gounder]]
|----
|1971
|[[S. Radhakrishnan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|----
|1977
|[[G. Bhuvarahan]]
|----
|1980
|[[R. Muthukumaran]]
|----
|1984
|rowspan=2|[[P. R. S. Venkatesan]]
|----
|1989
|----
|1991
|[[P. P. Kaliaperumal]]
|----
|1996
|[[P. R. S. Venkatesan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)}}
|----
|1998
|[[M. C. Dhamodaran]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|----
|1999
|[[Adhi Sankar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|----
|2004
|[[K. Venkatapathy]]
|----
|2009
|[[S. Alagiri]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|----
|2014
|[[A. Arunmozhithevan]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|----
|2019
|[[T.R.V.S. Ramesh]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General elections to the 17th Lok Sabha, 2019 - List of members elected|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10277-general-election-to-the-17th-lok-sabha-2019-list-of-members-elected/|page=26|format=PDF|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=25 May 2019|access-date=2 June 2019|location=New Delhi|archive-date=31 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031131000/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|2024
|[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.11}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.27}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|49.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|42.81}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|50.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|48.84}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|56.20}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|59.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.95}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|51.38}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|42.56}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1951|1951]]|{{party color|Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party}}|25.26}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,55,053|percentage=44.11|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[P. Sivakozhundu]]|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=2,69,157|percentage=26.09|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Thangar Bachan]]|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=2,05,244|percentage=19.90|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=V. Manivasagam|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=57,424|percentage=5.57|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=7,292|percentage=0.10|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=- }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change =}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. R. V. S. Ramesh]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,22,160 |percentage=50.27% |change=21.70% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dr. R. Govindasamy]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,78,177 |percentage=36.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Thangavel |party=Independent politician |votes=44,892 |percentage=4.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Chithra |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=34,692 |percentage=3.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Annamalai |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=23,713 |percentage=2.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=8,725 |percentage=0.84% |change=-0.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuppusamy |party=Anti Corruption Dynamic Party |votes=7,540 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,43,983 |percentage=13.86% |change=-6.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,38,741 |percentage=76.49% |change= -1.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,64,038 |change =9.31% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.85% }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Arunmozhithevan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,81,429 |percentage=49.42% |change=9.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Nandagopalakrishnan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,78,304 |percentage=28.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. R. Jayasankar |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=1,47,606 |percentage=15.15% |change=2.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. S. Alagiri]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,650 |percentage=2.74% |change=-40.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Balasubramanian |party=Communist Party of India |votes=11,122 |percentage=1.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=10,338 |percentage=1.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=7,678 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Jaishankar |party=Independent politician |votes=6,250 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,03,125 |percentage=20.85% |change=17.71% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,74,200 |percentage=78.94% |change= 2.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,47,908 |change =26.56% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 6.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 Indian general election : Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. S. Alagiri]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,20,473 |percentage=42.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. C. Sampath]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,96,941 |percentage=39.67% |change=4.32% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. C. Dhamotharan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=93,172 |percentage=12.45% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Vasanthi |party=Independent politician |votes=13,400 |percentage=1.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Arokiyadoss |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,269 |percentage=1.10% |change=0.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Parthiban |party=Independent politician |votes=5,492 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Kamaraj |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=5,045 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,532 |percentage=3.14% |change=-14.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,48,594 |percentage=76.04% |change= 12.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,86,030 |change =-18.30% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.82% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[K. Venkatapathy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,00,059 |percentage=52.63% |change=2.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Rajendran (AIADMK politician)|R. Rajendran]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,68,707 |percentage=35.35% |change=-4.72% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Sarwar Khan |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=53,406 |percentage=7.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. M. Veerapatran |party=Independent politician |votes=13,664 |percentage=1.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Santhiyaguraj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,766 |percentage=0.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Rajendiran |party=Independent politician |votes=5,030 |percentage=0.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Vijaykumar |party=Independent politician |votes=3,544 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,31,352 |percentage=17.28% |change=6.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,60,180 |percentage=62.99% |change= -0.77% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,06,876 |change =6.23% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Adhi Sankar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,58,367 |percentage=50.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. C. Dhamotharan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,84,414 |percentage=40.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. R. S. Venkatesan]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=65,467 |percentage=9.22% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=73,953 |percentage=10.42% |change=6.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,09,744 |percentage=63.76% |change= -6.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,36,122 |change =5.56% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. C. Dhamotharan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,09,985 |percentage=48.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. R. S. Venkatesan]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,82,856 |percentage=44.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. R. Eramadass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,603 |percentage=6.40% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,129 |percentage=4.27% |change=-25.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,34,744 |percentage=61.17% |change= -8.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,76,266 |change =3.24% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -7.36% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. R. S. Venkatesan]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=3,89,660 |percentage=56.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Santhamurthy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,84,456 |percentage=26.60% |change=-31.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. T. Sabapathy Mohan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=55,110 |percentage=7.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. P. Kalia Perumal |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=41,284 |percentage=5.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Apparsamy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,845 |percentage=1.13% |change=-0.53% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Kirubapuri |party=Independent politician |votes=3,975 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,05,204 |percentage=29.59% |change=-4.14% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,93,384 |percentage=69.97% |change= 1.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,42,486 |change =9.33% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.24% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. P. Kalia Perumal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,60,445 |percentage=58.44% |change=7.87% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[G. Bhuvaraghan]] |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,52,388 |percentage=24.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Chinnadhuri |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=82,416 |percentage=13.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Kothandapani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,234 |percentage=1.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Liyakath Ali |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=2,827 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,08,057 |percentage=33.73% |change=15.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,16,760 |percentage=68.28% |change= -1.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,53,560 |change =-0.57% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 7.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. R. S. Venkatesan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,31,617 |percentage=50.58% |change=-10.61% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Bhaskaran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,14,782 |percentage=32.76% |change=-3.77% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. R. Dhandapani |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=99,814 |percentage=15.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Perumal |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=3,394 |percentage=0.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Dharuman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,985 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,16,835 |percentage=17.82% |change=-6.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,55,682 |percentage=69.49% |change= -7.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,59,014 |change =30.83% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -10.61% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[P. R. S. Venkatesan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,27,393 |percentage=61.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramu T Alias Killivalavan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,95,439 |percentage=36.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. V. Seetharaman |party=Independent politician |votes=9,545 |percentage=1.78% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Abdul Wahab |party=Independent politician |votes=2,728 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,31,954 |percentage=24.66% |change=0.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,35,105 |percentage=77.20% |change= 11.62% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,33,050 |change =5.84% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= 1.79% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Muthukumaran |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=2,62,694 |percentage=59.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arvinda Bala Pajanor |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,54,043 |percentage=34.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajalakshmi Selvi |party=Independent politician |votes=6,359 |percentage=1.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Kanagarathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=5,786 |percentage=1.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Ramamurthy |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=4,959 |percentage=1.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. R. Narasimhan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,524 |percentage=0.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,970 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Abdul Wahab |party=Independent politician |votes=1,984 |percentage=0.45% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,08,651 |percentage=24.56% |change=3.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,42,319 |percentage=65.59% |change= -1.08% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,92,583 |change =7.40% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Bhuvarahan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,31,128 |percentage=55.75% |change=1.44% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Radhakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,42,071 |percentage=34.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kanagarathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=26,862 |percentage=6.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Meyalagan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,989 |percentage=2.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Vahab |party=Independent politician |votes=3,511 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=89,057 |percentage=21.48% |change=12.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,14,561 |percentage=66.66% |change= -8.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,44,882 |change =9.03% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.44% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Radhakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,29,934 |percentage=54.31% |change=10.26% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Muthukumaran |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,93,447 |percentage=45.69% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=36,487 |percentage=8.62% |change=-3.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,23,381 |percentage=74.85% |change= -1.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,91,447 |change =8.51% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.64% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. K. Gounder |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,25,571 |percentage=55.95% |change=4.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Radhakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,77,598 |percentage=44.05% |change=3.97% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=47,973 |percentage=11.90% |change=0.59% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,03,169 |percentage=76.40% |change= 8.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,45,062 |change =13.78% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.57% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Ramabadra Naidu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,60,811 |percentage=51.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. D. Muthukumaraswami Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,25,424 |percentage=40.08% |change=-2.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Thillai Govindan |party=Independent politician |votes=19,752 |percentage=6.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Shariff |party=Independent politician |votes=6,981 |percentage=2.23% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,387 |percentage=11.31% |change=11.28% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,12,968 |percentage=67.80% |change= 14.13% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,79,031 |change =10.97% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 8.83% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=T. D. Muthukumaraswami Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=98,605 |percentage=42.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Radhakrishnan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=98,546 |percentage=42.53% |change=20.24% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. D. Govindaswamy Kachirayar |party=Independent politician |votes=34,549 |percentage=14.91% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=59 |percentage=0.03% |change=-2.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,31,700 |percentage=53.68% |change= -45.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,31,659 |change =-42.10% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |swing= 17.30% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1951===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1951–52 Indian general election]]: Cuddalore}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Govindaswamy Kachirayar |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=1,86,894 |percentage=25.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanakasabai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,64,985 |percentage=22.30% |change=22.30% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Elayaperumal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,56,488 |percentage=21.15% |change=21.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Rajangan |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=1,44,625 |percentage=19.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Narayana Ayyar |party=Independent politician |votes=46,384 |percentage=6.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Smapath Ayyangar |party=Independent politician |votes=40,595 |percentage=5.49% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,909 |percentage=2.96% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,39,971 |percentage=99.26% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,45,514 |change =0.00% }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Cuddalore]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/cuddalore/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Cuddalore lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|11.75|N|79.75|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cuddalore (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]

Gujhia

2026-05-03T14:02:04Z

WilhelminaBoswel: started basic data initial version

{{Short description|Indian sweet dish}}
{{Multiple issues|{{original research|date=December 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2021}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Gujhia
| image = Gujhia.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| alternate_name = [[Chandrakala (dessert)|''Chandrakala'']] are half-moon-shaped, while the circular discs are ''suryakala''
| place_of_origin = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| creator =
| course = [[Dessert]]
| type = [[Dumpling]]
| main_ingredient = [[Semolina|Suji]], [[maida flour]], [[wheat flour]], [[khoa]], [[coconut]], [[raisin]]s, crushed [[almond]]s, [[walnut]]s, [[cashew]]s, [[pistachio]]s
| variations =
| calories =
}}

'''Gujhia''', also known as '''gujiya''', '''gujia''', '''gughara''', P '''edakiya''', '''purukiya''', '''karanji''', '''kajjikayalu''', '''somas''', or '''karjikayi''', is a sweet, deep-fried [[pastry]] that is a popular dessert in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=Gujiya: A flaky pastry to celebrate Holi |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230307-gujiya-a-flaky-pastry-to-celebrate-holi |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The earliest mention of gujiya dates back to the 13th century, when a jaggery-honey mixture was covered with wheat flour and was sun-dried. The preparation method of a typical gujiya/pedakiya is rather similar to that of a [[samosa]], but the gujiya/padakiya looks like an [[empanada]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasanti |date=2023-04-07 |title=Baked Matar Karanji / Gujiya / Ghughra {{!}}Signature Concoctions |url=https://signatureconcoctions.com/recipes/baked-matar-karanji-gujiya-ghughra/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=signatureconcoctions.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Shaped like a half moon, the gujiya or pedakiya is filled with a sweet mixture of grated and roasted dried fruits, [[khoa]], grated coconut, and a hint of suji to lend it a grainy texture.

== Preparation ==
Gujhia is made by mixing suji ([[semolina]]) with maida (all-purpose [[flour]]), which is stuffed with a mixture of sweetened khoa (milk solids, also called mawa), powdered sugar, coconut and dried fruits like [[raisin]]s, crushed [[almond]]s, [[walnut]]s, [[cashew]]s, and [[pistachio]]s. The dumplings are then fried in [[ghee]] to give them a crispy texture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-15 |title=Googra/ Gujiya |url=https://mayuris-jikoni.com/2012/11/15/googra-gujiya/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Mayuri's Jikoni |language=en-US}}</ref>

Gujhias are particularly popular in the [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], and [[Bihar]] & [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpuri]] regions of India, where they are prepared during [[Chhath]], [[Holi]] and [[Diwali]] festivities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Urvashee |date=2010-10-25 |title=Ghughara, Diwali Treats |url=https://www.dessarts.com/traditional-diwali-treats-ghugra-karanji/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=DessArts |language=en-US}}</ref> It's called 𑂣𑂘𑂺𑂍𑂱𑂨𑂰 (Padakiya) in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] language.

<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recipes {{!}} Ghughra (sweet coconut pastries for Diwali) |url=https://www.matchingfoodandwine.com/news/recipes/ghughra-sweet-coconut-pasties-for-diwali/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Matching Food & Wine}}</ref>In Bihar, dry ones are called padakiya and are particularly eaten during Chhath. There are two types of padakiya made in Bihar: one with ''suji''/''rawa'' (semolina) and another with khoa.<ref>{{cite web |date=20 October 2022 |title=Suji Gujia and Khoa (Mawa) Gujia making in Bihari traditions |url=https://bharatkirasoi.com/suji-gujiya-mawa-gujiya/ |website=www.bharatkirasoi.com}}</ref> In ''suji padakiya'', suji is roasted in ghee with sugar, almonds, [[cardamom]], raisins, and other nuts and then deep-fried in ghee. In ''khoa pedakiya'', pure khoa is mixed with nuts and sugar and then deep-fried.

Similar dishes are found in several regional cuisines in India, such as ''ghughra'' (Gujarati) in Gujarat and ''karanji'' (Marathi) in [[Maharashtra]]. ''[[Chandrakala (dessert)|Chandrakala]]'' are half-moon shaped, while the circular discs are ''suryakala''(Tamil) in [[Tamil Nadu]], ''garijalu'' (Telugu) in [[Telangana]], ''kajjikayalu''(కజ్జికాయలు) (Telugu) in [[Andhra Pradesh]], and ''karjikayi'' or ''karigadubu'' (Kannada) in [[Karnataka]]. All of these dishes are fried sweet dumplings made of wheat flour and stuffed with dry or moist coconut.

In [[Goa]], ''nevri'' or ''neuri'' (plural ''neureo'') is a similar sweet prepared on the occasion of their festivals, such as [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] for [[Hindus]] and [[Christmas]] for [[Christians]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ekunji.com/recipes/easy-gujia-recipe Traditional Gujia recipe]
* [https://momademiracles.com/blog/baked-gujiya-with-jaggery-filling-inside-healthy-low-calorie-sweet]

{{Pastries}}

[[Category:Andhra cuisine]]
[[Category:Doughs]]
[[Category:Fijian desserts]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]
[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Mangalorean cuisine]]
[[Category:Pastries]]
[[Category:Puff pastry]]
[[Category:Rajasthani desserts]]
[[Category:South Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Tamil cuisine]]
[[Category:Telangana cuisine]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]

1999–2000 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T11:28:01Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Started new entry

{{Short description|Regional cricket season}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1999–2000 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 285px
| fromdate = 23 October 1999
| todate = 23 April 2000
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| count = 34
| participants = 27
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] (Hyderabad) (1415)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1999/00 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1999-00/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh]] (Hyderabad) (62)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1999/00 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1999-00/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1998–99
| previous_tournament = 1998–99 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 2000–01
| next_tournament = 2000–01 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1999–2000 Ranji Trophy''' was the 66th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]], the premier [[first-class cricket]] tournament of India. it took place between October 1999 and April 2000. [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]] defeated [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] by 297 runs in the final. Hyderabad's [[V. V. S. Laxman]] set a new record scoring 1,415 runs and eight hundreds in the season. [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh's]] 62 wickets is the second best for a season, after [[Bishan Bedi]]'s 64 wickets in [[1974–75 Ranji Trophy|1974-75]]. During the tournament, [[Rajeev Nayyar]] made the longest innings in [[first-class cricket]], batting for 1,015 minutes for [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] against [[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu & Kashmir]].<ref name="OTD">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149140.html |title=Three cricketers go to prison |access-date=3 November 2017 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Points table==
===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Zone Points Table |url=https://i.imgci.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/CENTRAL/RJI-C_1999-2000_TABLE.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|WO|Won outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|LO|Lost outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px;|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''23'''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
|4 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 0 || '''19'''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 0 || '''19'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || '''14'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''5'''
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web |title=East Zone Points Table |url=https://i.imgci.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/EAST/RJI-E_1999-2000_TABLE.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|WO|Won outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|LO|Lost outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px;|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''23'''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''22'''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || '''21'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''14'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0'''
|}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web |title=North Zone Points Table |url=https://i.imgci.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/NORTH/RJI-N_1999-2000_TABLE.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|WO|Won outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|LO|Lost outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px;|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''34'''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 5 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || '''32'''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 5 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 0 || '''27'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 5 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''14'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 0 || '''8'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 5 || 0 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''5'''
|}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web |title=South Zone Points Table |url=https://i.imgci.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/SOUTH/RJI-S_1999-2000_TABLE.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|WO|Won outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|LO|Lost outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px;|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''31'''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 5 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || '''29'''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 5 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || '''27'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 5 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || '''19'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 5 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''14'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| 5 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''0'''
|}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref>{{cite web |title=West Zone Points Table |url=https://i.imgci.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/WEST/RJI-W_1999-2000_TABLE.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|WO|Won outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|LO|Lost outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px;|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || '''24'''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''20'''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || '''14'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || '''13'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || '''9'''
|}

===Super League===
====Group A====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref name="SuperLeague">{{cite web |title=Ranji Trophy Super League, 1999/00, Final Round - Points Table
|url=https://i.imgci.com/db/ARCHIVE/1999-2000/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/SUPER/RJI-SL_1999-2000_TABLE.html |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|WO|Won outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|LO|Lost outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px;|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''32'''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 4 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || '''19'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || '''13'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || '''8'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || '''8'''
|}

====Group B====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref name="SuperLeague"/>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|WO|Won outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|LO|Lost outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px;|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || '''24'''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || '''21'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''18'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''14'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 1 || 0 || '''3'''
|}

====Group C====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:120px"|Team<ref name="SuperLeague"/>
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|WO|Won outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|LO|Lost outright}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FL|First innings lead}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|FD|First innings deficit}}
! style="width:25px;|{{abbr|NR|No result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''26'''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 1 || '''22'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 2 || 0 || '''14'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''8'''
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 4 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 1 || '''8'''
|}

==Knockout stage==
===Quarter-finals===
====1st Quarter-final====
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 30 March–3 April 2000
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 291 (102.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[VVS Laxman]] 128 (263)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Rajneesh Mishra]] 4/30 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 362 (135.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mohammad Kaif]] 66 (181)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh]] 6/97 (48.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 381/5d (98 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[VVS Laxman]] 177[[not out|*]] (241)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Gyanendra Pandey (cricketer)|Gyanendra Pandey]] 2/62 (15 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 218 (105 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Mohammad Kaif]] 86 (229)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 6/57 (37 overs)

| result = Hyderabad won by 92 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/scorecard/84103 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Green Park]], [[Kanpur]]
| umpires = [[Aloke Bhattacharjee]] and Umesh Kumar
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ashish Zaidi]] (Uttar Pradesh) claimed his 200th wicket in first-class matches.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad pile up 246 for 8 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000331/sports.htm#8 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=The Tribune |date=31 March 2000}}</ref>
}}

Hyderabad and Uttar Pradesh last met during the 1998 season with the former emerging as victors. Going into the quarter-final, Hyderabad had a win in their last match in the Super League, against [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]], while Uttar Pradesh had lost to [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]. Also, emerging India player [[Mohammad Kaif]] was making a return to his home side after having been on the sideline during the [[1999–2000 Coca-Cola Cup|triangular series in Sharjah]], while it was expected that Hyderabad had former India captain [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] returning after India's exit in the series.<ref>{{cite news |title=UP meet Hyderabad |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000330/sports.htm#7 |access-date=29 October 2025 |work=The Tribune |date=30 March 2000}}</ref> Azharuddin had scored more than 600 runs [[Batting average|at]] 86 for his team before heading for international duty. However, in his absence, upon winning the toss and choosing to bat first, Hyderabad had [[VVS Laxman]] making a century. It was his fourth century of the season, and came in 187 deliveries.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Krishnan |first1=Sandhya |title=Laxman's lone hand keeps Hyderabad afloat |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-1999-00-545571/uttar-pradesh-vs-hyderabad-india-1st-quarter-final-84103/match-report-1 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=30 March 2000}}</ref> He was dropped thrice, and made the most of it, making 128 runs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Laxman wages a lone battle for Hyderabad in Ranji Trophy |url=https://rediff.com/sports/2000/mar/30ranji.htm |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=Rediff.com |date=30 March 2000}}</ref>

Uttar Pradesh's reply to their 291 came strong. Kaif and [[Jyoti Yadav]] both scored half-centuries, taking their team to 206/3 at the end of day 2.<ref>{{cite news |title=Yadav, Kaif help UP seize initiative on Day 2 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-1999-00-545571/uttar-pradesh-vs-hyderabad-india-1st-quarter-final-84103/match-report-2 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=31 March 2000}}</ref> Off-spinner [[Kanwaljit Singh (cricketer)|Kanwaljit Singh]]'s impressive bowling, and hosts' captain [[Gyanendra Pandey (cricketer)|Gyanendra Pandey]] 's addition of 47, meant the latter's team secure a 71-run lead.<ref>{{cite news |title=First innings lead for UP |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000402/sports.htm#3 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=The Tribune |date=2 April 2000}}</ref> However, the visitors batted their way into the game with the help of another Laxman century, an unbeaten 177, setting the home side a target of 311. Laxman and opener [[Nand Kishore (cricketer, born 1970)|Nand Kishore]] put on 180 runs for the second wicket, before the latter was trapped [[Leg before wicket|lbw]] for 93 by Pandey.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad-UP match poised for interesting finish |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-1999-00-545571/uttar-pradesh-vs-hyderabad-india-1st-quarter-final-84103/match-report-4 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=2 April 2000}}</ref> Requiring 283 to win with ten wickets in hand, the hosts' batting saw a collapse on the final day. Spinners [[Venkatapathy Raju]] (6/57) and Singh (3/78) took their team home by a 92-run margin. The only notable partnership came for the second wicket, between brother Kaif and [[Mohammad Saif (cricketer, born 1976)|Mohammad Saif]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hyderabad pull off remarkable victory |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-1999-00-545571/uttar-pradesh-vs-hyderabad-india-1st-quarter-final-84103/match-report-5 |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=3 April 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Raju spins Uttar Pradesh to their doom |url=https://rediff.com/sports/2000/apr/03ranji1.htm |access-date=30 October 2025 |work=Rediff.com |date=3 April 2000}}</ref>

----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 30 March–3 April 2000
| team1 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 258 (79.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Vikram Rathour]] 57 (91)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Sadagoppan Mahesh 3/55 (17.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 461 (128.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sridharan Sriram]] 165 (278)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Harbhajan Singh]] 5/106 (37.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 366 (117 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Vikram Rathour]] 127 (262)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rajat Bhatia]] 3/18 (8 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 167/3 (55.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] 77[[not out|*]] (144)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = Rajinder Singh 1/21 (9 overs)

| result = Tamil Nadu won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/scorecard/84101 Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = M. S. S. Ranawat and Shashank Ranade
| motm =
| toss = Tamil Nadu won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Semi-finals===
====1st Semi-final====
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 11–15 April 2000
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 711/8d (193 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[VVS Laxman]] 353 (560)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Venkatesh Prasad]] 5/121 (46 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 557 (162.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Dodda Ganesh]] 76 (123)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 4/144 (58.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 236/6d (72.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Vanka Pratap]] 100[[not out|*]] (202)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Vijay Bharadwaj]] 2/24 (11 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/scorecard/84322 Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]
| umpires = Sekhar Chaudhuri and [[B. Jamula]]
| motm =
| toss = Karnataka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

====2nd Semi-final====
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 11–15 April 2000
| team1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 485 (121.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Robin Singh (cricketer)|Robin Singh]] 183[[not out|*]] (237)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 4/83 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 490 (152 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 233[[not out|*]] (334)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Aashish Kapoor]] 3/93 (29 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 171 (54.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Hemang Badani]] 63 (124)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Abey Kuruvilla]] 2/16 (7 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 169/2 (44.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sameer Dighe]] 73 (107)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] 1/28 (5.4 overs)

| result = Mumbai won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/scorecard/84325 Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Krishna Hariharan]] and [[K. S. Giridharan]]
| motm =
| toss = Mumbai won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===Final===
{{Test match
| date = 19–23 April 2000
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 376 (113.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Vinod Kambli]] 108 (158)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 4/110 (37.2 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 195 (64.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] 76 (139)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ajit Agarkar]] 3/26 (14.4 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 409 (89.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 128 (124)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 5/123 (28.3 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 293 (98.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[V. V. S. Laxman]] 111 (192)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Rajesh Pawar]] 7/103 (34.2 overs)
| result = Mumbai won by 297 runs
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jasbir Singh (cricketer)|Jasbir Singh]], [[Narendra Menon]]
| motm =
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8050/scorecard/84473 Scorecard]
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and decided to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Scorecards and averages==
*[http://www.bcci.tv/ranji-trophy-1999-00/results Ranji Trophy 1999-00] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906093243/http://www.bcci.tv/ranji-trophy-1999-00/results |date=6 September 2017 }} at [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/90842.html Statistical highlights of Ranji Trophy 1999-2000] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 1999-2000}}
[[Category:1999 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2000 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1999–2000]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

Sumukha

2026-04-30T13:01:31Z

WilhelminaBoswel:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sumukha
| image = Sumukhapic2026.jpg
| caption = Sumukha in 2026
| birth_date = September 9
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]], India
| alma_mater = [[The Valley School]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Director}}
| years_active = 2017–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Maitri Uka|2026}}
| parents = Shashi Kumar (father) Nanditha Yadav (mother)
}}

'''Sumukha''' (born September 9) is an Indian actor working primarily in [[Kannada cinema]]. He is best known for his performances in films such as ''[[Yaanaa]]'' (2019), ''[[Physics Teacher (Kannada film)|Physics Teacher]]'' (2022), and ''[[Manada Kadalu]]'' (2025).

== Early life and background ==
Sumukha was born in [[Bengaluru, Karnataka]] to actor Shashi Kumar<ref>{{cite video |title=Sumukha speaks about Physics Teacher at BIFFES |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTvsLOlwGCk |website=YouTube |publisher=BookMyShow |date=7 March 2022 |access-date=10 April 2025}}</ref> and filmmaker Nanditha Yadav.<ref name="rajasthan1">{{cite news |title=Shooting for Rajasthan Diaries to kickstart on Ugadi |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=2 April 2019 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/Apr/02/shooting-for-rajasthan-diaries-to-kickstart-on-ugadi-1958889.html |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sumukha nurtures the writer in him during the lockdown |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 May 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sumukha-nurtures-the-writer-in-him-during-the-lockdown/articleshow/82736126.cms |access-date=10 April 2025}}</ref> He began his acting journey at the age of 10, appearing as a child actor in films, television, and theatre productions.<ref name="physics1">{{cite news |title=Physics Teacher marks the directorial debut of actor Sumukha |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=26 May 2022 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/May/26/physics-teachermarks-the-directorial-debut-of-actor-sumukha-2457914.html |access-date=10 April 2025}}</ref> Growing up in a family rooted in the performing arts, he developed a strong foundation in acting and storytelling from an early age. After completing his schooling at [[The Valley School]] in [[Bengaluru]], he relocated to [[Bombay, Maharashtra]] to further develop his acting skills and pursue professional opportunities in theatre and film.<ref>{{cite news |title=I want roles that challenge traditional masculinity: Sumukha |newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 December 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-want-roles-that-challenge-traditional-masculinity-sumukha/articleshow/116251283.cms |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="rajyotsava">{{Cite web |last=Laisram |first=Romal |title=Kannada Rajyotsava with Sandalwood actor Sumukha: Celebrating cultural pride! |website=Indulge Express |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2025/Nov/01/kannada-rajyotsava-with-sandalwood-actor-sumukha-celebrating-cultural-pride
|publisher=The New Indian Express |date=1 November 2025 |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>

== Theatre career ==
Sumukha has performed in theatre productions at venues including [[Prithvi Theatre]] and [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] (NCPA) in [[Mumbai]], as well as [[Ranga Shankara]] and [[Ravindra Kalakshetra]] in [[Bengaluru]], contributing to his early development as an actor.<ref name="rajyotsava" /><ref>{{cite video |title=Yaanaa movie release - Sumukha interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kokMp9aFgIk |website=YouTube |publisher=BookMyShow |date=1 April 2019 |access-date=10 April 2025}}</ref>

== Film career ==
Sumukha made his film debut with the Kannada coming-of-age drama ''[[Yaanaa]]'', in which he played a central role. A review in [[Bangalore Mirror]] noted that he "impresses the most" among the cast.<ref name="yaanaa1">{{cite news |title=Yaanaa movie review: This flick is unusual for a Kannada film |work=Bangalore Mirror |date=14 July 2019 |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/yaana-movie-review-this-flick-is-unusual-for-a-kannada-film/articleshow/70195294.cms |access-date=10 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="yaanaa2">{{cite news |title=Yaanaa movie: Sumukha's debut |work=Daijiworld |date=5 July 2019 |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=600985 |access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref>

In 2022, Sumukha starred in ''[[Physics Teacher (Kannada film)|Physics Teacher]]'', a philosophical drama that also marked his debut as a writer and director. The film was officially selected for the [[Bangalore International Film Festival]] (BIFFES).<ref name="physics2">{{cite news |title=Physics Teacher explores the subject of reality vs illusion |work=OTTPlay |date=28 May 2022 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/exclusive-physics-teacher-deals-with-the-vast-and-complex-subject-of-reality-vs-illusion-with-intrigue-and-finesse-says-rajesh-nataranga/c00ab43d46201 |access-date=28 May 2022}}</ref><ref name="physics3">{{cite news |title=Physics Teacher trailer: A tale of bonafide science and rationality that turns on its head to become a thriller |work=OTTPlay |date=28 May 2022 |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/physics-teacher-trailer-a-tale-of-bonafide-science-and-rationality-that-turns-on-its-head-to-become-a-thriller/a61edceaa8981 |access-date=10 April 2025}}</ref>
He later appeared in ''[[Manada Kadalu]]'' directed by [[Yogaraj Bhat]], marking his transition into mainstream commercial cinema.<ref name="manada3">{{cite news |title=Sumukha: With Manada Kadalu, there is no looking back |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=27 March 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Mar/27/sumukha-with-manada-kadalu-there-is-no-looking-back |access-date=27 March 2025}}</ref> The film was described as a significant milestone in his career by critics, earning him recognition as a leading actor in [[Kannada cinema]].<ref name="manada2">{{cite news |title=Manada Kadalu review: Yogaraj Bhat's romance marks a slow but sure return to form |work=The News Minute |date=29 March 2025 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/manada-kadalu-review-yogaraj-bhats-romance-marks-a-slow-but-sure-return-to-form |access-date=10 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Manada Kadalu review: Yogaraj Bhat's comeback film |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 March 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/manada-kadalu-movie-review-yogaraj-bhat-v-harikrishna/article69385856.ece |access-date=28 March 2025}}</ref> In an interview, he shared that the project enabled him to embrace a broader audience while continuing to uphold his artistic sensibilities.<ref name="manada1">{{cite news |title=Sumukha: Manada Kadalu has allowed me to enter that commercial space |work=Cinema Express |date=23 December 2024 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2024/Dec/23/sumukha-manada-kadalu-has-allowed-me-to-enter-that-commercial-space |access-date=10 April 2025}}</ref>

He is set to appear in upcoming projects including the bilingual film ''Rajasthan Diaries'', which is set against the backdrop of the desert state and explores themes of identity and belonging.<ref name="rajasthan2">{{cite news |title=Rajasthan Diaries to be dubbed in Telugu and Hindi |newspaper=The Times of India |date=3 April 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rajasthan-diaries-to-be-dubbed-in-telugu-and-hindi/articleshow/72994561.cms |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref> Other reported projects include a rugged thriller directed by Sanjay KK, a slapstick comedy by [[Pannaga Bharana]] and a project with Myra Productions.<ref name="untitled">{{cite news |title=I no longer want to play it safe as an actor: Sumukha Kumar |newspaper=The Times of India |date=11 September 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-no-longer-want-to-play-it-safe-as-an-actor-sumukha-kumar/articleshow/123806081.cms |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref><ref name="newslate">{{cite news |title=It is going to be a colourful year with a new slate of films: Sumukha |newspaper=The New Indian Express |date=9 September 2025 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Sep/09/kannadanews2025sep09sumukha-it-is-going-to-be-a-colourful-year-with-a-new-slate-of-films |access-date=10 September 2025}}</ref>
In interviews, he has expressed a preference for roles that emphasise long-term artistic growth.<ref>{{cite news |title=No resolutions, just clarity, says Sumukha on his year ahead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/no-resolutions-just-clarity-says-sumukha-on-his-year-ahead/articleshow/126351638.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 January 2026 |access-date=12 April 2026}}</ref>

Sumukha has also appeared in the Hindi-language teleplays ''Shobha Yatra'' (2018) and ''[[Zee Theatre|Shadyantra]]'' (2022), presented by [[Zee Theatre]].<ref name="shobhayatra">{{cite news |title=Experience patriotic fervour with these stirring films and teleplays |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=26 January 2023 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/experience-patriotic-fervour-with-these-stirring-films-and-teleplays-879772 |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="shadyantra2">{{cite news |title=Hina Khan, Chandan Roy Sanyal and Kunaal Roy Kapur to star in murder mystery Shadyantra |work=The Times of India |date=8 December 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/hina-khan-chandan-roy-sanyal-and-kunaal-roy-kapur-to-star-in-murder-mystery-shadyantra/articleshow/96083128.cms |access-date=12 April 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
His mother, Nanditha Yadav, is a state award-winning director, recognized for her work on the film ''Raju'', which won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story|Karnataka State Film Award]] for Best Story.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2016 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 April 2017 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-film-award-winners-for-2016/articleshow/58130032.cms |access-date=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gorur literary classic now a web series on Katte |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=6 June 2021 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/gorur-literary-classic-now-a-web-series-on-katte-991250.html |access-date=10 April 2025}}</ref> In February 2026, Sumukha married Maitri Uka, an architect from Mumbai, in a private ceremony in Rishikesh.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sumukha-marries-long-time-girlfriend-kannada-actor-ties-knot-with-maitri-uka-private-ceremony-held-in-rishikesh/articleshow/130050062.cms |title=Sumukha marries long-time girlfriend; Kannada actor ties knot with Maitri Uka; private ceremony held in Rishikesh |website=The Times of India |date=April 6, 2026 |access-date=April 6, 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Sumukha marries Maitri Uka in an intimate Rishikesh ceremony by the Ganges |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/kannada/news/2026/Apr/05/actor-sumukha-marries-maitri-uka-in-an-intimate-rishikesh-ceremony-by-the-ganges |work=Cinema Express |date=5 April 2026}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{{pending films key}}

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2017
! scope="row" |''Raju''
|
|rowspan="4"|[[Kannada]]
|
|<ref name="physics1" />
|-
| 2019
! scope="row" |''[[Yaanaa]]''
|Varun
|
|<ref name="yaanaa2" />
|-
| 2022
! scope="row" |''[[Physics Teacher (Kannada film)|Physics Teacher]]''
|Badri
|Also writer and director
|<ref name="physics1" />
|-
| 2025
! scope="row" |''[[Manada Kadalu]]''
|Sumukha
|
|<ref name="manada2" />
|-
| {{TableTBA}}
| {{Pending film|Rajasthan Diaries}}
|Ved
|[[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Post-production
|<ref name="rajasthan1" />
|-
| {{TableTBA}}
| {{Pending film|Untitled}}
| Maya
|[[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]]
|Pre-production
|<ref name="newslate" />
|-
| {{TableTBA}}
| {{Pending film|Untitled}}
|
|[[Kannada]]
|[[Pannaga Bharana]] film in Pre-production
|<ref name="untitled" />
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2017
!scope="row" |''[[Zee Theatre|Agnipankh]]''
| Yashwant
| rowspan="4" | [[Hindi]]
| rowspan="4" | Teleplay on [[Zee Theatre]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Matriarch with the iron fist |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/matriarch-with-the-iron-fist/article17622909.ece |work=The Hindu |date=23 March 2017 |access-date=9 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
! scope="row" |''Shobha Yatra''
|Babu Genu
|<ref name="shobhayatra" />
|-
! scope="row" | ''Vaastav''
|
|<ref>{{cite video |title=A Knock at Midnight Turned Deadly |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DvU47yp8zU |website=YouTube |publisher=Zee Theatre |access-date=13 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row" |''[[Zee Theatre|Shadyantra]]''
|Shashank
|<ref name="shadyantra2" />
|}

=== Theatre ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2018
! scope="row" |''Janpath Kiss''
|
| rowspan="2" | [[Hindi]]
| Assistant director
|
|-
| 2019
!scope="row" | ''Hamidabai Ki Kothi''
|
|Assistant director
|
|}

=== Web Series ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2021
! scope="row" |''[[Namma Oorina Rasikaru]]''
|
|[[Kannada]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Namma Oorina Rasikaru Season 1 Review: A simple, quirky and entertaining tale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/kannada/namma-oorina-rasikaru/season-1/seasonreview/88429599.cms |website=The Times of India |date=23 December 2021 |access-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Tool tip|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[Kannada cinema#Chittara Star Awards|Chittara Star Awards]]
| rowspan="2" | 2026
| Promising Star Male
| rowspan="2" |''[[Manada Kadalu]]''
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan="2" | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://awards.chittaranews.com/nominees.html |title=Nominees – Chittara Star Awards |website=Chittara News |access-date=March 31, 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Best Lead Pair Of The Year
|{{Nom}}
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9181837/ Sumukha] at [[IMDb]]

[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chandankiyari Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:03Z

WilhelminaBoswel: started a data added tags!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image =
| name = Chandankiyari
| map_image = Chandankiyari constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]
| established = 2000
| district = [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| preceded_by =
| mla = [[Umakant Rajak]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| electors = {{formatnum:240900}}
| constituency_no = 37
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

''' Chandankiyari Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]]. It is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled castes]].

==Overview==
Chandankiyari (Vidhan Sabha constituency covers: [[Chandankiyari]] police station, [[Siyaljori]] police station, and Sabra, Chandra, Lalpur, Kumirdoba, Kalikapur, Mahal, Bhojudih, Bijulia, Alkusa, Buribinor, Khamarbendi, Dudhigajar, Kura Dabartupara, Jaitara, Pundru and Sardaha [[gram panchayat]]s in [[Chas, Bokaro|Chas]] police station in Chas sub-division of [[Bokaro district]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-26 }}</ref>

Chandankiyari is part of [[Dhanbad (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.indiastudychannel.com/india/loksabha/218-Dhanbad.aspx |title = Dhanbad Loksabha Constituency (Jharkhand) |publisher = India Study Channel.com |access-date = 2010-04-09 |archive-date = 13 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090613042828/http://www.indiastudychannel.com/india/loksabha/218-Dhanbad.aspx |url-status = dead }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1967: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||S. B. Bauri|| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||rowspan=2|Durga Charan Das || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Ram Das Ram
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||Haru Rajwar || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||Lata Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||rowspan=2|Gaur Harijan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||Haru Rajwar|| {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Haru Rajwar || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Umakant Rajak]] || {{Full party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Amar Kumar Bauri]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Umakant Rajak]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandankiyari<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Umakant Rajak]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=90,027 |percentage=42.56 |change={{increase}}22.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Arjun Rajwar|party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha|votes=56,294|percentage=26.61|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Amar Kumar Bauri]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=56,091|percentage=26.52|change={{decrease}}11.51}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mamta Khetrapal|party=Independent politician|votes=1,809|percentage=0.86|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jagannath Rajwar|party=Independent politician|votes=1,605|percentage=0.76|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=3,399|percentage=1.61|change={{decrease}}0.58}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33,733 |percentage=15.95 |change= {{increase}}10.78 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,11,513|percentage=75.26|change={{increase}}1.32}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,81,049 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.67 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandankiyari<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Amar Kumar Bauri]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=67,739 |percentage=38.03 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Umakant Rajak]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=58,528 |percentage=32.86 |change={{increase}}3.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijay Kumar Rajwar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=36,400 |percentage=20.44 |change={{increase}}14.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bholanath Bauri |party=Independent politician |votes=2,694 |percentage=1.51 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Kumar Das |party=Independent politician |votes=2,033 |percentage=1.14 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rohit Kumar Das |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=1,524 |percentage=0.86 |change={{decrease}}50.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Mohan Rajwar |party=Marxist Co-Ordination |votes=1,391 |percentage=0.78 |change={{decrease}}4.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,896 |percentage=2.19 |change={{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,211 |percentage=5.17 |change= {{decrease}}16.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,78,123 |percentage=73.94 |change= {{increase}}0.52 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,40,900 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |swing= {{decrease}}13.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandankiyari<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Amar Kumar Bauri]] |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=81,925 |percentage=51.17 |change={{increase}}23.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Umakant Rajak]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=47,761 |percentage=29.83 |change={{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haru Rajwar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=9,189 |percentage=5.74 |change={{decrease}}4.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bama Pada Sahish |party=Marxist Co-Ordination |votes=8,416 |percentage=5.26 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashari Bauri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,045 |percentage=2.53 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samar Turi |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,262 |percentage=0.79 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Geeta Devi |party=Independent politician |votes=997 |percentage=0.62 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=4,119 |percentage=2.57 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,164 |percentage=21.34 |change= {{increase}}18.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,60,097 |percentage=73.42 |change= {{increase}}8.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,18,047 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.42 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |loser=All Jharkhand Students Union |swing= {{increase}}20.70 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandankiyari<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Umakant Rajak]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=36,620 |percentage=30.47 |change={{increase}}17.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Amar Kumar Bauri]] |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=33,103 |percentage=27.55 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Haru Rajwar |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=13,176 |percentage=10.96 |change={{increase}}6.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santosh Rajwar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=12,623 |percentage=10.50 |change={{decrease}}5.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sristidhar Rajwar |party=Independent politician |votes=6,981 |percentage=5.81 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Chandra Rajak |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,070 |percentage=1.72 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dubraj Das |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,843 |percentage=1.53 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,517 |percentage=2.93 |change= {{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,20,167 |percentage=64.71 |change= {{increase}}8.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,85,706 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All Jharkhand Students Union |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}14.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandankiyari<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Haru Rajwar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=17,823 |percentage=16.34 |change={{decrease}}26.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Umakant Rajak]] |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=13,706 |percentage=12.57 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Amar Kumar Bauri]] |party=Jharkhand Vananchal Congress |votes=12,509 |percentage=11.47 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Chandra Rajak |party=Independent politician |votes=12,299 |percentage=11.28 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Bauri |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=6,555 |percentage=6.01 |change={{increase}}3.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=5,392 |percentage=4.94 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaur Chand Bauri |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=4,861 |percentage=4.46 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,117 |percentage=3.77 |change= {{decrease}}18.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,09,069 |percentage=56.00 |change= {{increase}}2.40 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,94,752 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.93 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}26.30 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandankiyari<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Haru Rajwar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=37,431 |percentage=42.64 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Chandra Rajak |party=Independent politician |votes=17,721 |percentage=20.19 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gour Harijan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,089 |percentage=12.63 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hira Lal Bauri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,484 |percentage=8.53 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagadish Rajak |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,580 |percentage=2.94 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Bauri |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=2,575 |percentage=2.93 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meera Kishore |party=Samata Party |votes=2,099 |percentage=2.39 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,710 |percentage=22.45 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,782 |percentage=54.32 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,63,755 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
*Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]] [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf]
**http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/six-jvmp-mlas-join-bjp/article6882145.ece

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}
{{coord|23.5761023|N|86.3508224|E |source:yahoomaps_region:IN |format=dms|display=title}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Bokaro district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Aga Syed Mohammad Hadi

2026-04-19T15:58:39Z

WilhelminaBoswel:

{{Short description|Kashmiri Shia religious speaker}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Aga Syed Mohammad Hadi Al-Moosavi Al-Safavi
| native_name = آغا سید محمد ہادی الموسوی الصفوی
| image = Aga Syed Mohammad Hadi.png
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Budgam]]
| known_for = Religious sermons, [[Shia]] community activities
| notable_works =
| title = [[Agha (title)|Aga]]
| predecessor = [[Aga Syed Mohammad Fazlullah]]
| website = https://agasyedhadi.com/
| religion = [[Islam]]
| jurisprudence = [[Ja'fari school]]
| sect = [[Shia Islam]] ([[Twelver Shia]])
| denomination = [[Usuli]] [[Twelver Shia]]
| influences = [[Ayatollah Khomeini]] [[Ayatollah]] [[Ali Khamenei]] [[Ayatollah Sistani]] [[Allama]] [[Syed Jawad Naqvi]]
| post = [[Cleric]] [[Shia]] [[Muslim]] Leader
| honorific prefix =
| background = #B8D3D0
| present_post = Anjuman Sharie Shiyan
}}

'''Aga Syed Hadi''' is a Kashmiri [[Shia Islam|Shia]] religious speaker and community figure from [[Budgam]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/kashmiri-cleric-sermon-questioning-omar-abdullah-casts-shadow-on-jammu-kashmir-statehood-signature-campaign-enn25081902901|title=Kashmiri Cleric's Tough Posers To Omar Abdullah Cast Shadow On J&K Statehood Signature Campaign|date=August 19, 2025|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2025/07/06/dont-push-us-to-wall-shia-leader-warns-over-muharram-firs-01/|title='Don't Push Us to Wall': Shia Leader Warns Over Muharram FIR's|date=6 July 2025|website=Kashmir Observer}}</ref> He is the son of [[Aga Syed Mohammad Fazlullah]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/noted-islamic-scholar-aga-syed-fazlullah-passes-away/|title=Noted Islamic scholar Aga Syed Fazlullah passes away|date=January 30, 2018|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref> and the grandson of [[Aga Syed Yusuf Al-Moosavi Al-Safavi]]. He is known for delivering religious sermons, participating in community gatherings, and engaging in youth and social initiatives within the region.{{citation needed|date=November 2025}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Shia clerics]]
[[Category:People from Budgam district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Islam-bio-stub}}

FMCG in India

2026-04-16T05:52:49Z

WilhelminaBoswel: started new post added tags!

{{Short description|Fast-moving consumer goods industry}}
[[File:Reliance Mart, ISCON Mall, Ahmedabad.jpg|thumb|A supermarket aisle.]]
The [[fast-moving consumer goods]] (FMCG) industry or consumer packaged goods (CPG) industry is mainly responsible for producing, distributing and marketing [[fast-moving consumer goods]]. The FMCG industry is the fourth largest sector in the [[Economy of India|Indian economy]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/fmcg.aspx|title=FMCG Industry in India: Sector Overview, Market Size & Growth |publisher=IBEF |access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> Household and personal care products accounts for 50% of the sales in the industry, healthcare accounts for 31-32% and food and beverage accounts for the remaining 18-19%.<ref name=":0" />

==Market size and projected growth rate==
In the last 10 years, the revenue in FMCG industry in India has been growing at the rate of 21.4%.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/fmcg-industry-in-india|title=India FMCG Market {{!}} Opportunities and Upcoming Projects {{!}} India Retail Market|website=mordorintelligence.com|access-date=2019-10-15|archive-date=2019-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015163036/https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/fmcg-industry-in-india|url-status=dead}}</ref> There was a drastic change in revenues in FMCG sector growing from US$31.6 billion to US$52.8 from 2011 to 2017-2018 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equitymaster.com/research-it/sector-info/consprds/Consumer-Products-Sector-Analysis-Report.asp|title=Indian Consumer Products Industry Report - Fast Moving Consumer Goods |website=Equitymaster |access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> FMCG industry in India is expected to grow at the rate of 27.9% CAGR (Compounded Annual Growth Rate) to sum to US$103.7 billion by 2020.<ref name=":0" /> Additionally, the rural FMCG market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 14.6% to reach US$100 billion by 2020 and US$220 billion by 2025.<ref name=":0" /> The rural setting accounts for 45% revenue share while the urban setting dominates with 55% revenue share of the total revenue of the FMCG industry.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/indian-fmcg-sector-gaining-momentum-with-changing-lifestyles-industry-experts-3294511.html|title=Indian FMCG sector gaining momentum with changing lifestyles: Industry experts|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> More than 65% of people in India stay in rural places and those people spend around 50% of their total expenditure on FMCG products.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://v1.hdfcbank.com/assets/pdf/privatebanking/Sector-Update-Indian-FMCG-Industry-December-2018.pdf|title=Indian FMCG sector|date=December 26, 2018|work=HDFC Bank Investment Advisory Group}}</ref> The number of people buying consumer goods online in India is projected to reach 850 million by 2025.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}<ref>{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.hemsecurities.com/upload/docs/indian-fmcg-sector-reportpdf_489712.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018012723/https://www.hemsecurities.com/upload/docs/indian-fmcg-sector-reportpdf_489712.pdf |archive-date=2019-10-18 }}</ref>

=== Driving factors leading to growth rate===

* Increased population of working women
* Increased disposable income and growing per capita expenditure
* Increased [[purchasing power]] of the customers
* Increased awareness of online shopping
* Higher brand recognition and consciousness
* Constant change in consumer preference
* Banking policies and government's regulations
* Growing interest for foreign investors<ref name=":1" />

=== Market share (by revenue) ===
[[File:Nestle_textlogo_blue.svg|thumb|Nestlé logo]]
[[File:ITC Limited Logo.svg|thumb|168x168px|ITC Limited Logo]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Company's Name
!Market share (2018)<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hemsecurities.com/upload/docs/indian-fmcg-sector-reportpdf_489712.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018012723/https://www.hemsecurities.com/upload/docs/indian-fmcg-sector-reportpdf_489712.pdf|archive-date=2019-10-18|title=Fast Moving Consumer Goods|date=September 2018|work=Hem Securities Ltd.}}</ref>
|-
|[[ITC Limited|ITC]]
|12%
|-
|[[Hindustan Unilever]]
|10%
|-
|[[Nestlé India|Nestlé]]
|3%
|-
|[[Britannia Industries|Britannia]]
|3%
|-
|[[Dabur]]
|2%
|-
|[[Godrej Consumer Products|Godrej]]
|2%
|-
|[[Marico]]
|1%
|-
|[[GSK plc|GSK]]
|1%
|-
|[[Colgate-Palmolive]]
|1%
|}

== Characteristics==

=== Technology ===
Since the emergence of the internet, people have adopted the [[research online, purchase offline]] (ROPO) method. As a result, FMCG companies have installed advantaged manufacturing machines for better quality purpose and have decreased their profit margin to match with their competitors.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.careratings.com/upload/NewsFiles/Studies/FMCG%20Industry%20Update%20June%202018.pdf|title=FMCG Industry Performance Review and Outlook - FY19|last=Sabnavis|first=Madan|work=CARE Rating Professional Risk Opinion}}</ref>

=== Marketing drive and research ===
Indian customers prioritise getting the best deals possible and as a result are less likely to stay loyal to a brand. Thus, FMCG companies are constantly trying to influence customers with their promotional deals and many firms offer combo deals to attract customers to buy their product.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://media-publications.bcg.com/india/Re-Imagining-FMCG-in-India.pdf|title=Re-Imagining FMCG in India|date=December 2015|work=The Boston Consulting Group and Confederation of Indian Industry}}</ref>

=== Low capital intensity ===
Most of the companies operating in FMCG require relatively less capital for investments in manufacturing plants, machinery, equipment and other fixed assets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/nielsen-india-lowers-2019-fmcg-industry-growth-to-9-10-from-11-12-4215591.html|title=Nielsen India lowers 2019 FMCG industry growth to 9-10% from 11-12%|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> The turnover is typically about five to eight times the invested capital at a fully upgraded manufacturing plant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/fmcg-sector-might-not-grow-as-fast-as-it-has-here-is-why-4391481.html|title=FMCG sector might not grow as fast as it has - here is why|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> Companies have low capital intensity as transactions in businesses are still carried out on credit and cash basis.

=== High initial launch cost ===
Unlike FMCG industry in the US which is dominated by few big companies, India's industry is highly fragmented.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aranca.com/|title=Global Research and Analytics Firm|website=aranca.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> Increasing the market share for companies is getting more challenging due to increase in number of competitors.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.pwc.in/assets/pdfs/rc-publications/innovation-in-fmcg.pdf|title=The Indian FMCG sector|date=February 2013|work=PricewaterhouseCoopers India}}</ref> Promotions and advertisements, cost of product development, testing market compatibility, [[market research]] and mainly, the launch of the product to create awareness requires high initial costs.

=== Trend towards Natural Products ===
The premium end of the market is shifting towards natural products, which are produced entirely from naturally occurring ingredients.

==Evolution==
Between 1950 and 1980, there was limited investment in the FMCG sector. Local people had lower purchasing power, which meant that people opted for necessity products rather than premium products. Indian government was inclined towards favouring the local shops and retailers. Between 1980 and 1990, people wanted more variety of products which encouraged FMCG companies to increase the availability of products. FMCG Industry started getting traction and other companies started entering the industry. Media industry in India also boomed during the same time which gave new companies even more incentive to make their business profitable.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} Prior to 1991, when globalisation and liberalisation occurred in India, western apparels and foreign food products were not available to local customers. Common people weren't very aware of brand recognition. After 1991, FMCG industry was inspired by the international companies which also allowed government intervention to incentivise foreign FMCG companies to operate in India.<ref name=":1" />
[[File:Big Bazaar - Ahmedabad (4).jpg|thumb|330x330px|Big Bazaar store in Ahmedabad, Gujarat]]

The Indian FMCG industry generates massive employment opportunities and currently employs more than 3 million people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.guires.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Outsourcing-in-Indian-FMCG-industry.pdf|title=Outsourcing in Indian FMCG Industry|date=2015|work=Guires|archive-date=2019-10-18|access-date=2019-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018202533/https://www.guires.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Outsourcing-in-Indian-FMCG-industry.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Departmental stores, grocery stores, and supermarkets are the places where consumers buy the necessary products for daily consumption.{{cn|date=May 2025}} In the 21st century, people don't want to move across different stores to acquire the common household goods. Hence, the introduction of supermarkets, where customers have a variety of choices for different household products, into localities are proving to be extremely convenient to the customers. Some of the major supermarket chains in India are: [[Reliance Retail]], [[DMart|D-Mart]], MORE, Spencer's, Spar, HyperCity, and Star Bazaar. Although the operations of supermarkets are profitable, local grocery stores are suffering due to lack of variety of products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/grocery/10-largest-retail-chain-of-hypermarkets-in-india/|title=10 Largest Retail Chain of Hypermarkets in India|date=24 June 2019 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> Unlike other emerging FMCG industry around the world, FMCG sector in India is still quite conventional. Despite street markets still being one of the most visited places for shopping in urban and rural settings, online platforms are leading the way to the buying of FMCG products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insightssuccess.in/notable-trends-indian-fmcg-industry/|title=Notable Trends in the Indian FMCG Industry|last=Success|first=Insights|date=2018-10-03|website=Insights Success|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref>

==Trends==

=== Increase in number of government initiatives ===
In the past few years, there are increasing number of initiatives like farm loan waivers, [[Direct Benefit Transfer]] (DBT) and development of infrastructure in rural areas.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/general-blog/fmcg-sector-steady-growth-on-the-cards-119031500246_1.html|title=FMCG Sector - Steady growth on the cards?|website=indiainfoline.com|language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> Under the Union budget 2019–2020, the focus has been shifting towards education, agriculture, healthcare, infrastructure, tax rebate and micro, small and medium enterprises ([[Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maximizemarketresearch.com/market-report/indian-fast-moving-consumer-goods-fmcg-market/29038/|title=Indian Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG)Market – Industry Analysis and Forecast (2018-2026)|website=MAXIMIZE MARKET RESEARCH|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> These initiatives are projected to have an impact by increasing the minimum wages of common people, especially in rural areas.<ref name=":7" /> Thus, any increment in income will be directly proportional to demand in FMCG products.

=== Changes in lifestyle and traditional culture ===
[[File:The Central Goods and Services Tax Act 2017.djvu|thumb|Document for Goods and Service Tax (GST)]]
Change in lifestyle and traditional culture is also having a positive impact on the FMCG industry.<ref name=":4" /> The population in urban areas are diverging towards premium products as opposed to essential goods because of rise in income of the middle-class people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/339240|title=How Digitization and Technology Power the FMCG Sector's Future Growth in India|last=Shah|first=Parimal|date=2019-09-09|website=Entrepreneur|language=en|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref> This has also led to FMCG companies to rethink strategies as people as willingly to pay high prices for premium products.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

=== Changes in policies and regulations ===
Many global companies operating in the FMCG industry are eyeing Indian market due to government's policies and regulations.<ref name=":6" /> Government's introduction of Relaxation of license rules and approval of 100% [[foreign direct investment]] (FDI) in single-brand retail stores and 51% in the multi-brands stores are some investing opportunities for global companies to establish their base in India.<ref name=":9" /> Regulatory frameworks like Exercise duty, [[National Food Security Act, 2013|National Food Security Act]], and [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI) advertising regulations are some main changes in policies and regulations directly affecting the Indian FMCG industry. With the implementation of [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]] in FY18 (July 1, 2018), GST council has reduced the tax rates down to 5% on most of the processed food items, increasing the consumption of food products.<ref name=":3" /> Other personal care products have also seen a reduction in GST to 18% against the previous 23-24%.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

=== Rising advertisement cost by FMCG companies ===
FMCG companies in India have increased their expenditure cost for sales promotions and advertisements by 10-20%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Khanna|first=Dr. Priyaka|date=2016|title=Social Innovations for FMCG Sector|journal=The International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention|volume=3|issue=9|pages=Page no. 2747–2757|via=ISSN: 2349-2031}}</ref> Every year, these companies invest more and more in advertisement to establish a strong customer base and also as a strategy to reduce market competition.

== See also ==

* [[Final good]]
* [[Product/process distinction]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Industry in India]]

Startup ecosystem in India

2026-04-14T06:51:00Z

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The '''[[startup ecosystem]] in India''' refers to the network of entrepreneurs, startups, investors, incubators, accelerators, academic institutions, corporations, and government bodies that collectively support the formation and growth of new ventures in India. Since the early 2010s, [[India]] has emerged as one of the largest startup ecosystems globally in terms of the number of startups and unicorns, supported by increasing domestic consumption, digital infrastructure expansion, and venture capital investment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Startup Ecosystem |url=https://www.startupindia.gov.in/content/sih/en/international/go-to-market-guide/indian-startup-ecosystem.html |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=www.startupindia.gov.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=MeitY's Startup Hub - Digital India {{!}} Leading the transformation in India for ease of living and digital economy {{!}} MeitY, Government of India |url=https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/initiative/meitys-startup-hub/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251211034714/https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/initiative/meitys-startup-hub/ |archive-date=11 December 2025 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=Digital India {{!}} Leading the transformation in India for ease of living and digital economy {{!}} MeitY, Government of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

Policy initiatives such as [[Startup India]] and [[Digital India]] have aimed to strengthen entrepreneurship through regulatory reforms, tax incentives, and institutional support mechanisms.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Startup India - Digital India {{!}} Leading the transformation in India for ease of living and digital economy {{!}} MeitY, Government of India |url=https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/initiative/startup-india/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251116125520/https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/initiative/startup-india/ |archive-date=16 November 2025 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=Digital India {{!}} Leading the transformation in India for ease of living and digital economy {{!}} MeitY, Government of India |language=en-US}}</ref> The growth of digital public infrastructure, including [[Aadhaar]] and Unified Payments Interface, has contributed to the expansion of technology-driven startups, particularly in fintech and e-commerce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2025 |title=How is Digital India Empowering Businesses and Entrepreneurs? - Entrepreneur India Blog |url=https://www.entrepreneurindia.co/blogs/how-is-digital-india-empowering-businesses-and-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History and evolution ==

=== Economic liberalisation and early technology growth (1991–2007) ===
The foundations of the startup ecosystem in India are often traced to the economic liberalisation reforms of 1991, which reduced state control over industry, eased foreign investment restrictions, and expanded private sector participation. During the 1990s and early 2000s, India experienced rapid growth in information technology (IT) and business process outsourcing (BPO), led by firms such as [[Infosys]] and [[Wipro]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Golden Age of The Indian Startups Ecosystem {{!}} SeedToScale |url=https://www.seedtoscale.com/blog/the-golden-age-of-indian-startups-vcs |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251207095203/https://www.seedtoscale.com/blog/the-golden-age-of-indian-startups-vcs |archive-date=7 December 2025 |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=www.seedtoscale.com |language=en}}</ref>

Technology clusters developed in cities including Bengaluru, Hyderabad, and Pune, supported by engineering institutions and software technology parks. While this period was dominated by services-led growth rather than venture-backed startups, it established the technical workforce and entrepreneurial networks that later contributed to startup formation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vanara |first=Dr Manojkumar |date=15 June 2025 |title=Fostering Innovation Through Policy: A Study on the Startup India Initiative |url=https://zenodo.org/records/15837320 |journal=International Education and Research Journal - Ierj |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=141–146 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.15837320 |issn=2454-9916}}</ref>

=== Emergence of consumer internet startups (2008–2015) ===
Following the global [[2008 financial crisis|financial crisis of 2008]], India saw the rise of venture capital-backed consumer internet companies, particularly in e-commerce, mobility, and online services.<ref>{{Cite SSRN |ssrn=3330169 |title=Financial Crises and e-Commerce: How Are They Related |first1=Eleftherios Ioannis |last1=Thalassinos |first2=Yannis |last2=Thalassinos}}</ref> Companies such as [[Flipkart]], founded in 2007, expanded rapidly and attracted significant domestic and foreign investment.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2025 |title=Etailer Flipkart offloads Rs 2,400 crore investments to focus on core and IPO |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/etailer-flipkart-offloads-rs-2400-crore-investments-to-focus-on-core-and-ipo/articleshow/124434082.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Ride-hailing and digital services platforms, including Ola Cabs, also emerged during this period.

The expansion of smartphone usage and affordable mobile data in the early 2010s contributed to the growth of digital platforms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Decade of Change: How Tech Evolved in the 2010s and What's In Store for the 2020s |url=https://www.globalxetfs.com/articles/a-decade-of-change-how-tech-evolved-in-the-2010s-and-whats-in-store-for-the-2020s/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=www.globalxetfs.com |language=en}}</ref> Angel networks, seed funds, and early-stage venture capital firms became more active, marking the transition from a services-oriented IT industry to a diversified startup ecosystem.

=== Policy expansion and digital infrastructure (2016–2020) ===
In 2016, the [[Government of India]] launched Startup India to promote entrepreneurship through regulatory simplification, tax exemptions, and funding support mechanisms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Startup India Initiative |url=https://www.startupindia.gov.in/content/sih/en/about-startup-india-initiative.html |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=www.startupindia.gov.in |language=en}}</ref> Complementary initiatives such as Digital India and the expansion of digital public infrastructure—most notably Aadhaar and the [[Unified Payments Interface]]—enabled the growth of fintech, digital payments, and platform-based business models.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Growth Story - Digital India {{!}} Leading the transformation in India for ease of living and digital economy {{!}} MeitY, Government of India |url=https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/growth-story/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251211154401/https://www.digitalindia.gov.in/growth-story/ |archive-date=11 December 2025 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=Digital India {{!}} Leading the transformation in India for ease of living and digital economy {{!}} MeitY, Government of India |language=en-US}}</ref>

During this period, India witnessed a steady increase in venture capital inflows and the emergence of unicorn companies across sectors including [[fintech]], [[edtech]], and food delivery.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2021 |title=In 2020, India saw venture capital investments worth $10 bn: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/in-2020-india-saw-venture-capital-investments-worth-10-bn-report/articleshow/81552324.cms |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2020 |title=India Venture Capital Report 2020 |url=https://www.bain.com/insights/india-venture-capital-report-2020/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260205165038/https://www.bain.com/insights/india-venture-capital-report-2020/ |archive-date=5 February 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=Bain |language=en}}</ref>

=== Rapid scaling and unicorn growth (2020–present) ===
he early 2020s were characterised by accelerated digital adoption, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, which increased demand for online commerce, digital payments, health technology, and remote services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How COVID-19 triggered the digital and e-commerce turning point |url=https://unctad.org/news/how-covid-19-triggered-digital-and-e-commerce-turning-point |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260131135936/https://unctad.org/news/how-covid-19-triggered-digital-and-e-commerce-turning-point |archive-date=31 January 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD) |language=en}}</ref> India recorded a significant rise in startup valuations and new unicorns, placing it among the leading startup ecosystems globally by number of unicorn companies.<ref>{{Cite news |title=India Gets 7 New Unicorns: Startups That Became Worth $1 Billion In 2025 |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-gets-7-new-unicorns-startups-that-became-worth-1-billion-in-2025-10061751 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260114084612/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-gets-7-new-unicorns-startups-that-became-worth-1-billion-in-2025-10061751 |archive-date=14 January 2026 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Esha |date=16 January 2024 |title=National Startup Day in India: Fostering Innovation and Entrepreneurship |url=https://centraltimes.in/blog/national-startup-day/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Central Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

At the same time, the ecosystem has experienced periods of funding contraction and increased regulatory scrutiny, reflecting broader global venture capital cycles and domestic policy developments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=swapnilyadavsy |date=18 February 2026 |title=Nasscom Public Policy Highlights {{!}} Volume 8, Issue 1 {{!}} January 2026 |url=https://community.nasscom.in/communities/public-policy/nasscom-public-policy-highlights-volume-8-issue-1-january-2026 |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=nasscom {{!}} The Official Community of Indian IT Industry |language=en}}</ref>

== Startup hubs (Geographical clusters) ==
The startup ecosystem in India is geographically concentrated in several metropolitan regions that function as innovation clusters. These hubs are characterised by access to venture capital, technical talent, academic institutions, corporate presence, and incubation infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2025 |title=Top 10 startup cities in 2025: Indian city secures #10th rank, two more in global top 20 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/top-10-startup-cities-in-2025-bengaluru-delhi-mumbai-top-20-10038056/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Bengaluru ===
[[Bengaluru]] is widely regarded as the largest startup hub in India in terms of venture capital funding and the number of technology startups.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Lokesh |date=29 December 2025 |title=Bengaluru Regains The Crown Of India's Top Startup Hub |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/bengaluru-regains-the-crown-of-indias-top-startup-hub/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> The city’s ecosystem developed from its earlier prominence in the information technology services sector and the presence of public sector research institutions and engineering colleges. Bengaluru hosts startups across sectors including [[Software as a service|software-as-a-service]] (SaaS), fintech, deep technology, and e-commerce, and has attracted both domestic and international venture capital firms.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Workspace |first=BHIVE |date=17 May 2019 |title=Bangalore known as the Startup Capital of India {{!}} Coworking Koramangala |url=https://bhiveworkspace.com/why-is-bangalore-known-as-the-startup-capital-of-india/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=BHIVE Workspace |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== National Capital Region (NCR) ===
The [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]], anchored by Delhi and including cities such as Gurugram and Noida, is a major startup cluster.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiamanthan |date=27 November 2025 |title=10 Best Startup Hubs and Incubators in India |url=https://startup.theceo.in/top-10-startup-hubs-in-india/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=The CEO Magazine Startup |language=en}}</ref> The region has seen growth in e-commerce, food delivery, logistics, edtech, and fintech companies. Proximity to policymakers and corporate headquarters has also contributed to the development of this hub.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ishita |date=10 September 2019 |title=Delhi NCR leading India's startup economy |url=https://indbiz.gov.in/delhi-ncr-leading-indias-startup-economy/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=IndBiz {{!}} Economic Diplomacy Division |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Mumbai ===
Mumbai, India’s financial capital, has a concentration of fintech, media, and consumer-focused startups.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vishwakarma |first=Vivek |title=Mumbai becomes India's most-funded startup hub in 2024 |url=https://indianstartupnews.com/news/mumbai-becomes-indias-most-funded-startup-hub-in-2024-8595132 |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=indianstartupnews.com |language=en}}</ref> The presence of major financial institutions, private equity firms, and corporate conglomerates has supported venture funding and corporate-startup partnerships. Mumbai has also emerged as a centre for direct-to-consumer (D2C) brands and digital media ventures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Esha |date=16 November 2022 |title=Ketan Mohitkar suggests Startup Fest as a means of enhancing India's startup community |url=https://centraltimes.in/business/ketan-mohitkar-pitches-for-startup-fest-to-boost-startup-community-at-smile-innovation-summit/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Central Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Hyderabad ===
[[Hyderabad]] has developed as a technology and startup hub, supported by state government initiatives and the presence of global technology companies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fersht |first=Srini Vaddepalli,Melissa |date=8 April 2025 |title=Hyderabad as a tech hub is scaling the AI ecosystem—enterprises should take notice |url=https://www.hfsresearch.com/research/hyderabad-tech-hub/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=HFS Research |language=en-GB}}</ref> The city hosts incubators such as [[T–Hub|T-Hub]], which was established to promote innovation and entrepreneurship. Key sectors include information technology, life sciences, and deep technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Ecosystem – Startup Telangana |url=https://startup.telangana.gov.in/our-ecosystem/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Pune ===
[[Pune]] has emerged as a secondary technology hub, with activity in SaaS, edtech, and automotive technology.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-02 |title=IT Hub Transformation: Pune's Emergence as India's Silicon Plateau |url=https://punemirror.com/technology/it-hub-of-pune/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Emerging Startups in Pune: The Hub of Tech Innovation |url=https://www.21by72.com/startups-in-pune/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> The city benefits from proximity to Mumbai and a concentration of educational institutions and research centres.

=== Nagpur ===
[[Nagpur]] has been identified as an emerging startup destination, partly due to its central geographical location within India and its role as a logistics and transportation hub.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2025 |title=New Nagpur to Rise as Maharashtra's Global Business and Financial Hub: CM |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/new-nagpur-to-rise-as-maharashtras-global-business-and-financial-hub-cm/articleshow/124770868.cms |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In recent years, Nagpur has hosted startup conferences and innovation programmes that have drawn founders, investors, and policymakers, enhancing its visibility within the regional startup ecosystem.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagpur Hosts a Gathering of Innovators at Nagpur Innovators Meet 2024 – Nagpur Startup Fest |url=https://nagpurstartupfest.in/resources/nagpur-hosts-a-gathering-of-innovators-at-nagpur-innovators-meet-2024/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=nagpurstartupfest.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Esha |date=26 August 2019 |title=Nagpur Startup Fest 2019: India's Biggest Entrepreneurial Showcase Returns to the City |url=https://centraltimes.in/business/biggest-startup-fest-in-nagpur/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Central Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Challenges ==
Despite its growth, the startup ecosystem in India faces several structural challenges. These include regulatory complexity, fluctuations in venture capital funding, corporate governance concerns in high-growth firms, and disparities in access to capital and mentorship outside major metropolitan hubs. Startups also encounter talent retention issues and compliance burdens related to taxation, labour laws, and data regulations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=sadhana |date=29 January 2026 |title=Tariffs & Trade: Navigating US Policies and Their Impact on India's Innovation Economy |url=https://www.orderofindia.com/education/tariffs-trade-us-policies-impact-india-innovation/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |website=Order Of India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=PMF IAS CA |date=2026-01-16 |title=10 years of Startup India: Current Status & Challenges |url=https://www.pmfias.com/startup-ecosystem-in-india/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=PMF IAS |language=en-US}}</ref>

As per [[NASSCOM]], startup ecosystem is facing challenges like validating real market demand, securing and managing funds effectively, attracting the right talent, defining a strong unique value proposition etc. Addressing these areas with proper research, financial discipline, and strategic planning significantly improves a startup’s chances of long-term success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=parthag |date=2025-03-21 |title=6 Startup Challenges & solutions |url=https://community.nasscom.in/communities/startup-showcase/6-startup-challenges-solutions |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=nasscom {{!}} The Official Community of Indian IT Industry |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Business in India]]
[[Category:Information technology in India]]
[[Category:Innovation in India]]
[[Category:Industry in India]]
[[Category:Science and technology in India]]
[[Category:Technology companies of India]]
[[Category:Economic development in India]]
[[Category:Entrepreneurship in India]]

Raj B. Shetty

2026-04-05T19:21:49Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Started A Entry.

{{short description|Indian actor, director, choreographer and screenwriter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raj B. Shetty
| image = Raj B. Shetty (2023) 02.jpg
| caption = Shetty in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|07|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhadravathi, Karnataka]], [[India]]
| occupation = Actor • director • filmmaker • writer . film producer
| years_active = 2015 – present
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Raj B. Shetty''' (born 5 July 1987) is an Indian actor, director, screenwriter, producer and filmmaker who primarily works in [[Kannada cinema]] and has appeared in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films. He owns a production house named Lighter Buddha Films and has co-produced several of his films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/happy-birthday-raj-shetty-successful-movies-of-kannada-filmmaker-5494255.html|title=Happy Birthday Raj Shetty: Successful Movies of Kannada filmmaker|work=News18.com|date=5 July 2022}}</ref>

Known for his rooted storytelling and unique cinematic style, Shetty rose to fame with his debut film ''[[Ondu Motteya Kathe]]'' (2017) and later directed the critically acclaimed ''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]'' (2021). His debut in Malayalam cinema came through ''[[Rudhiram]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kannada-actor-filmmaker-raj-b-shetty-to-make-his-malayalam-debut-with-rudhiram-8242743/|title=Kannada actor-filmmaker Raj B Shetty to make his Malayalam debut with Rudhiram|work=Indian Express|date=1 November 2022}}</ref>

He has won several prestigious awards, including the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada]] for ''Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana'' and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Kannada Film]] for ''Ondu Motteya Kathe''. His films have also earned [[SIIMA Awards]] and multiple critics’ choice honors, cementing his reputation as one of the most influential voices in contemporary Kannada cinema.

== Early life ==
Shetty was born on 5 July 1987 in [[Bhadravati, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]], Karnataka, into a [[Tulu people|Tulu-speaking Bunt family]]. He completed his schooling at Bharathi English Medium School, [[Mangalore]], and pursued a postgraduate degree in Social Work from Roshni Nilaya, Mangalore. Before entering films, Shetty worked as a radio jockey at [[Big 92.7 FM]], wrote advertising scripts, and directed short films in Kannada and Tulu.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-appearance-got-me-a-role-in-my-own-film-raj-b-shetty/articleshow/59455566.cms|title=My appearance got me a role in my own film: Raj B Shetty|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 July 2017|accessdate=2 October 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921225901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-appearance-got-me-a-role-in-my-own-film-raj-b-shetty/articleshow/59455566.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He also assisted actor-director [[Upendra Rao]] as a writer and assistant director.

==Career==

=== 2017–2020: Debut and breakthrough ===
Shetty began his cinematic journey in 2017 with ''[[Ondu Motteya Kathe]]'', a romantic comedy that he wrote, directed, and starred in. The film was produced by [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]] and became a sleeper hit, praised for its simplicity and Shetty’s natural performance as a bald protagonist navigating love and societal expectations. Critics lauded his ability to blend humor with emotional depth, and the film earned him the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada]], establishing him as a promising filmmaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-egghead-became-sandalwood-hero-ondu-motteya-kathe-s-raj-b-shetty-tells-tnm-65352|title=How the egghead became a Sandalwood hero: Ondu Motteya Kathe's Raj B Shetty tells TNM|work=The news minute|date=18 July 2017|access-date=7 October 2018|archive-date=7 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223109/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-egghead-became-sandalwood-hero-ondu-motteya-kathe-s-raj-b-shetty-tells-tnm-65352|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2018, Shetty appeared in ''[[Ammachi Yemba Nenapu]]'', a film based on Vaidehi’s short stories, where his nuanced portrayal of a supporting character was appreciated for its authenticity. The following year, 2019, saw him in multiple projects including ''[[Mahira (film)|Mahira]]'', ''[[Gubbi Mele Brahmastra]]'', and ''[[Katha Sangama (2019 film)|Katha Sangama]]''. His segment in ''Katha Sangama'', directed by [[Kiranraj K.]], showcased his versatility as an actor. He also contributed dialogues for ''[[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai]]'', collaborating with director [[Rishab Shetty]].

In 2020, Raj played Kubera in ''[[Mayabazar 2016]]'', a dark comedy that received positive reviews for its ensemble cast. However, his career-defining moment came in 2021 with ''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]'', which he wrote, directed, and starred in alongside Rishab Shetty. The film, set in Mangaluru’s underworld, was hailed as a masterpiece for its poetic storytelling and powerful performances. Critics compared Shetty’s direction to world cinema greats, and his portrayal of Shiva—a complex, brooding gangster—earned widespread acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-19 |title=Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana review: Riveting film is a breakthrough for Sandalwood |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/garuda-gamana-vrishabha-vahana-review-riveting-film-breakthrough-sandalwood-157802 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819185032/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/garuda-gamana-vrishabha-vahana-review-riveting-film-breakthrough-sandalwood-157802 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=4 Contributions Made By Coastal Karnataka To Kannada Cinema |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/4-contributions-made-by-coastal-karnataka-to-kannada-cinema/photostory/98868020.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-19 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819185029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/4-contributions-made-by-coastal-karnataka-to-kannada-cinema/photostory/98868020.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> The film swept awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada|Filmfare Best Director (Kannada)]] and [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Best Film]]. In 2021, his next assignment, ''[[Pedro (2021 film)|Pedro]]'', directed by Natesh Hegde was screened in film festivals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-02 |title=Pedro the first Kannada film to premiere at Busan International Film Festival |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/Sep/02/pedrothe-first-kannada-film-to-premiere-at-busan-international-film-festival-2353002.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314135458/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/Sep/02/pedrothe-first-kannada-film-to-premiere-at-busan-international-film-festival-2353002.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2022-10-09 |title='Pedro' Filmmakers Natesh Hegde, Rishab Shetty Reteam for Busan APM Project 'Tiger's Pond' |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/rishab-shetty-natesh-hegde-busan-tigers-pond-1235392397/ |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=Variety |language=en-US |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314135458/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/rishab-shetty-natesh-hegde-busan-tigers-pond-1235392397/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Raj B. Shetty (2023) 03.jpg|thumb|right|Raj B. Shetty being felicitated, in 2023]]

=== 2022–present:Critical acclaim and career expansion ===
In 2022, Shetty appeared in ''[[777 Charlie]]'', directed by Kiranraj K., where his cameo was noted for its emotional impact. He also acted in ''[[Thurthu Nirgamana]]'' and choreographed the intense climax of ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]'', showcasing his creative versatility. The year 2023 brought ''[[Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye]]'', a poignant drama he directed and starred in, exploring themes of grief and healing. His performance in ''[[Toby (film)|Toby]]'', directed by Basil Alchalakkal, was described as “raw and transformative,” earning him critical praise.

Raj expanded his horizons in 2024 with his Malayalam debut in [[Mammootty]]’s ''[[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]]'', where he played a pivotal antagonist role. Critics in Kerala praised his screen presence and ability to adapt to a new language and industry. He also featured in Malayalam projects like ''[[Kondal]]'' and ''[[Rudhiram]]'', further cementing his pan-South Indian appeal.

Shetty initially started out as an RJ and a short filmmaker. He gained recognition through his directorial debut, ''[[Ondu Motteya Kathe]]'' (2017), which was a huge commercial success. He further cemented it with ''[[Gubbi Mele Brahmastra]]'' (2019), ''[[Mayabazar 2016]]'' (2020), and ''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]'' (2021), which got widespread acclaim and is now considered to be one of the best films of [[Kannada cinema]].

In 2025, Shetty produced and acted in ''[[Su From So]]'', directed by [[J. P. Thuminad]], which became a blockbuster horror-comedy. His other projects include ''[[45 (2025 film)|45]]'' and ''[[Bandar (film)|Bandar]]'', both highly anticipated for their experimental narratives.

==Personal life==
Raj B. Shetty is an avid animal lover and owns pet dogs named Jiggi and Maria. His love for dogs influenced his role in ''[[777 Charlie]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raj B Shetty: I am a reluctant actor, but took up role in 777 Charlie because I am an animal lover |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/raj-b-shetty-i-am-a-reluctant-actor-but-took-up-role-in-777-charlie-because-i-am-an-animal-lover/b377942fce752 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=24 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524161245/https://www.ottplay.com/news/raj-b-shetty-i-am-a-reluctant-actor-but-took-up-role-in-777-charlie-because-i-am-an-animal-lover/b377942fce752 |url-status=live }}</ref> He enjoys reading and writing stories in his leisure time and is known for his vegetarian lifestyle.

He has frequently voiced the issues of writers in the [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] industry.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-15 |title=Actor-director Raj Shetty yet again tears into Kannada film industry for 'not nurturing, encouraging growth of writers' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/actor-director-raj-shetty-kannada-film-industry-not-nurturing-encouraging-writers-8839685/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He considers Cinematographer and editor Praveen Shriyan as one of the pillars of his films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-11-17 |title=The excitement of telling a good story drives me: GGVV DOP Praveen Shriyan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/Nov/17/the-excitement-of-telling-a-good-story-drives-me-ggvv-dop-praveen-shriyan-2384459.html |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314135459/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/Nov/17/the-excitement-of-telling-a-good-story-drives-me-ggvv-dop-praveen-shriyan-2384459.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Film production ==
Shetty owns a prominent production house called Lighter Buddha Films, which he co-founded with cinematographer-editor Praveen Shriyan in 2019. The name reflects their philosophy of creating meaningful cinema while maintaining a light-hearted approach to the process.
The company has backed several acclaimed Kannada films, including ''Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana'' (2021), ''Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye'' (2023), and ''Toby'' (2023). In 2025, Lighter Buddha Films produced ''Su From So'', marking the banner’s commitment to introducing fresh talent and experimental genres. Raj has stated that the goal of his production house is to champion new voices and faces in Kannada cinema, ensuring that stories rooted in local culture reach a wider audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/Jun/25/raj-b-shetty-the-industry-needs-new-faces-and-voices|title=Raj B Shetty: The industry needs new faces and voices|work=Cinema Express|date=25 June 2025}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in [[Kannada]] language unless otherwise noted.''

=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable "
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" |Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Ondu Motteya Kathe]]''
| Janardhana
|
| <ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/film-review-the-bald-and-the-beautiful/article19240869.ece|title=Ondu Motteya Kathe: The bald and the beautiful|work=The Hindu|date=8 July 2017|last1=Khajane|first1=Muralidhara|archive-date=6 July 2022|access-date=2 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706164705/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/film-review-the-bald-and-the-beautiful/article19240869.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Ammachi Yemba Nenapu]]''
|Venkappayya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ammachi-yemba-nenapu-review-beautiful-kannada-film-celebrates-women-90909 |title='Ammachi Yemba Nenapu' review: A beautiful Kannada film that celebrates women |website=www.thenewsminute.com |date=November 2018 |publisher=The News Minute |location=India |language=en |access-date=2018-12-18 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726105018/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ammachi-yemba-nenapu-review-beautiful-kannada-film-celebrates-women-90909 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Mahira (2019 film)|Mahira]]''
|Pratap
|
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/raj-b-shetty-turns-investigative-officer/articleshow/65656248.cms|title=Raj B Shetty turns investigative officer|work=The Times of India|date=3 September 2018|archive-date=19 September 2018|access-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919055104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/raj-b-shetty-turns-investigative-officer/articleshow/65656248.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gubbi Mele Brahmastra]]''
|Venkata Krishna Gubbi
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jun/17/raj-b-shetty-to-have-us-in-splits-again-with-gubbi-mele-brahmastra-1829550.html|title=Raj B Shetty to have us in splits again with Gubbi Mele Brahmastra|work=The New Indian Express|date=18 June 2018|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=20 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820172913/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/jun/17/raj-b-shetty-to-have-us-in-splits-again-with-gubbi-mele-brahmastra-1829550.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Katha Sangama (2019 film)|Katha Sangama]]''
|Vini
| Also singer for "Life Untu"
| <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/raj-b-shetty-tackles-supernatural-time-travel-in-his-next/articleshow/67773350.cms|title=Raj B Shetty tackles supernatural time travel in his next|work=The Times of India|date=February 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424230230/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/raj-b-shetty-tackles-supernatural-time-travel-in-his-next/articleshow/67773350.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
|''[[Mayabazar 2016]]''
| Kubera
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/puneeth-rajkumar-s-next-production-will-be-maya-bazaar-75300|title=Puneeth Rajkumar's next production will be 'Maya Bazaar'|work=The news minute|date=24 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2018|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909000326/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/puneeth-rajkumar-s-next-production-will-be-maya-bazaar-75300|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
| ''[[Pedro (2021 film)|Pedro]]''
| Vigilante
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pedro-review-natesh-hegdes-film-is-a-sharp-cut-gem-that-shines-bright-4-stars-2569729|title=Pedro Review: Natesh Hegde's Film Is A Sharp-Cut Gem That Shines Bright|work=[[NDTV]]|first=Saibal|last=Chatterjee|date=9 October 2021|access-date=4 June 2024|archive-date=4 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604022600/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pedro-review-natesh-hegdes-film-is-a-sharp-cut-gem-that-shines-bright-4-stars-2569729|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]''
|Shiva
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=People will be surprised with my role in 'Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana': Rishab Shetty |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/nov/16/people-will-be-surprised-with-my-role-in-ggvv-2384007.html |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=19 November 2021 |date=16 November 2021 |archive-date=18 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118065317/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/nov/16/people-will-be-surprised-with-my-role-in-ggvv-2384007.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|''[[777 Charlie]]''
|Dr Ashwin Kumar
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/raj-b-shetty-birthday-special-rakshith-shetty-charlie-movie-new-video-out-hg-407203.html|title=ಹುಟ್ಟುಹಬ್ಬದ ಸಂಭ್ರಮದಲ್ಲಿ ನಟ ರಾಜ್ ಬಿ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ: ವೆಟರ್ನರಿ ಡಾಕ್ಟರ್&zwnj;ಗೆ "777 ಚಾರ್ಲಿ" ಚಿತ್ರತಂಡದಿಂದ ಹೀಗೊಂದು ಉಡುಗೊರೆ|website=News18 Kannada|date=5 July 2020|accessdate=8 July 2020|language=Kannada|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708092326/https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/raj-b-shetty-birthday-special-rakshith-shetty-charlie-movie-new-video-out-hg-407203.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thurthu Nirgamana]]''
|Shivu
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/nov/04/fantasy-comes-of-age-in-hemanth-kumars-thurthu-nirgamana-1691484.html|title=Fantasy comes of age in Hemanth Kumar's Thurthu Nirgamana|work=The Indian Express|date=4 November 2017|access-date=17 February 2024|archive-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227184329/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2017/nov/04/fantasy-comes-of-age-in-hemanth-kumars-thurthu-nirgamana-1691484.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[Toby (film)|Toby]]''
|Toby
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title='ಟೋಬಿ' ಚಿತ್ರದ ಟ್ರೈಲರ್‌ ಔಟ್‌; ಮಾಸ್‌ ಅವತಾರದಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಜ್‌ ಬಿ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ |url=https://vistaranews.com/cinema-film/raj-b-shetty-toby-trailer-out/418251.html |website=Vistara News |access-date=4 August 2023 |archive-date=4 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804122645/https://vistaranews.com/cinema-film/raj-b-shetty-toby-trailer-out/418251.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye]]''
|Aniketh
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Raj B Shetty's first look as Aniketh in Swati Muttina Male Haniye revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/raj-b-shettys-first-look-as-aniketh-in-swati-muttina-male-haniye-revealed/articleshow/96246476.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=14 November 2023 |archive-date=14 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114122544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/raj-b-shettys-first-look-as-aniketh-in-swati-muttina-male-haniye-revealed/articleshow/96246476.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"|2024 || ''[[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]]'' || Vetrivel Shanmugha Sundaram || [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=2023-11-23 |title=Raj B Shetty Joins The Cast of Mammootty's 'Turbo' |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/raj-b-shetty-joins-the-cast-of-mammoottys-turbo |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=www.filmcompanion.in |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128160608/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/raj-b-shetty-joins-the-cast-of-mammoottys-turbo |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ekam (TV series)|Ekam]]'' || Dhanaraja || Television series; episode "Dombaraata" || <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ekam-review-rakshit-shetty-prakash-raj-rooted-kannada-anthology-series-mixed-bag-101720940736032.html | title=Ekam review: Rakshit Shetty, Prakash Raj's rooted Kannada anthology series is a mixed bag | website=www.hindustantimes.com | access-date=2 August 2024 | archive-date=26 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126144453/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ekam-review-rakshit-shetty-prakash-raj-rooted-kannada-anthology-series-mixed-bag-101720940736032-amp.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Roopanthara]]'' || Goon || Anthology film || <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/roopanthara-movie-review-gripping-screenplay-with-well-crafted-characters-3123411 | title='Roopanthara' movie review: Gripping screenplay with well-crafted characters | access-date=26 July 2024 | archive-date=30 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730142742/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/roopanthara-movie-review-gripping-screenplay-with-well-crafted-characters-3123411 | url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kondal]]'' || Daniel || rowspan="2" | Malayalam film ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-19 |title=Raj B Shetty's 'Kondal' character poster drops, Antony Varghese starrer sets for Onam release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/raj-b-shettys-kondal-character-poster-drops-antony-varghese-starrer-set-for-onam-release/articleshow/112616804.cms |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The Times Of India |language=en |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826085608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/raj-b-shettys-kondal-character-poster-drops-antony-varghese-starrer-set-for-onam-release/articleshow/112616804.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rudhiram]]'' || Dr Mathew Rosy ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rudhiram: Raj B Shetty wraps up his Malayalam debut, 'stood with us through thick and thin,' says its director |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rudhiram-raj-b-shetty-wraps-up-his-malayalam-debut-stood-with-us-through-thick-and-thin-says-its-director/604f0f6b0f747 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2025 || ''[[Su From So]]'' || Karunakar "Guruji" || Also producer ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=So From So Kannada Movie: 'Su From So' movie review: JP Thuminad delivers a refreshing and hilarious horror comedy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/su-from-so-movie-review-raj-b-shetty-jp-thuminad-refreshing-hilarious-comedy-kannada-movie/article69854341.ece |access-date=2025-07-28 |website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bandar (film)|Bandar]]''
|
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]] film ||<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Sanya Malhotra & Bobby Deol begin shooting for Anurag Kashyap's next |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/sanya-malhotra-bobby-deol-begin-shooting-for-anurag-kashyaps-next-66174.html |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |date=21 May 2024 |access-date=25 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/07/tiff-lineup-sydney-sweeny-dwayne-johnson-nuremberg-1236463346/ |title=TIFF Galas & Presentations: World Premieres 'Good Fortune', 'Nuremberg', Sydney Sweeney Pic 'Christy', Angelina Jolie 'Couture'; North American Debuts Guillermo del Toro's 'Frankenstein', Dwayne Johnson 'Smashing Machine'|first= Anthony |last=D'Alessandro |date=21 July 2025 |access-date=8 August 2025 |website= [[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[45 (2025 film)|45]]'' || Vinay || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-27 |title=Arjun Janya's directorial debut '45', starring Shivarajkumar, Upendra, and Raj B Shetty, goes on floors |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arjun-janyas-directorial-debut-45-starring-shivarajkumar-upendra-and-raj-b-shetty-goes-on-floors/article66785420.ece |access-date=2023-11-27 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219100730/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arjun-janyas-directorial-debut-45-starring-shivarajkumar-upendra-and-raj-b-shetty-goes-on-floors/article66785420.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2026 || ''[[Landlord (film)|Landlord]]'' || Sanna Dhani || || <ref name="CE1">{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Raj B Shetty: I play a person fighting inner monsters in Rakkasapuradol |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2025/Dec/29/raj-b-shetty-i-play-a-person-fighting-inner-monsters-in-rakkasapuradol |access-date=29 December 2025 |work=Cinema Express |date=29 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rakkasapuradhol]]''|| Shiva || || <ref name="CE1"/>
|-
| {{Pending film|Karavali}} || Maveera || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-07 |title='Karavali': Raj B Shetty as Maveera drips fiery energy in coastal action drama film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karavali-raj-b-shetty-as-maveera-drips-fiery-energy-in-coastal-action-drama-film/articleshow/123166064.cms |access-date=2026-01-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== As director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable "
|-
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Film
! scope="col"|Roles
! scope="col"|Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Ondu Motteya Kathe]]''
|Janardhana
|
| <ref name="auto"/>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]''
|Shiva
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/entertainment/mangaluru-days-why-kannada-director-raj-b-shetty-is-the-talk-of-the-country|title=Mangaluru Days: Why Kannada director Raj B Shetty is the talk of the country|website=The Federal|date=24 January 2022|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124094445/https://thefederal.com/entertainment/mangaluru-days-why-kannada-director-raj-b-shetty-is-the-talk-of-the-country/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/the-first-look-of-garuda-gamana-vrishabha-vahana-is-out/articleshow/74135294.cms|title=The first look of Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana is out|website= The Times of India|date=14 February 2020 |access-date=2020-06-01}}
</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye]]''
|Aniketh
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=ರಮ್ಯಾ –ರಾಜ್. ಬಿ.ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಕಾಂಬಿನೇಷನ್‌ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಬರುತ್ತಿದೆ 'ಸ್ವಾತಿ ಮುತ್ತಿನ ಮಳೆ ಹನಿಯೇ' |url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/swathi-muthina-male-haniye-ramya-and-raj-b-shettys-upcoming-movie |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=udayavani.com |archive-date=16 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016193407/https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/swathi-muthina-male-haniye-ramya-and-raj-b-shettys-upcoming-movie |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== As writer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable "
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col"|Film
! scope="col"|Writer
! scope="col"|Roles
! scope="col"|Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai]]''
| rowspan="2" {{partial|Dialogues}}
| {{N/A}}
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[777 Charlie]]''
|Dr. Ashwin Kumar
|
|
|-
| 2023
|''[[Toby (film)|Toby]]''
|{{yes}}
|Toby
|
|<ref>{{cite web
|title = Toby writer-actor Raj B Shetty on his distinctive filmmaking style: 'I don't want to make a film which I have already seen'
|url = https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/toby-writer-actor-raj-b-shetty-on-his-distinctive-filmmaking-style-i-dont-want-to-make-a-film-which-i-have-already-seen-8947418/
|website = The Indian Express
|date = August 28, 2023
|access-date = 7 November 2025
|language = English
}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Roopanthara]]''|| {{partial|Dialogues, additional screenplay}}
|Goon
| Also presenter
| <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/roopanthara-movie-review-raj-b-shetty-stars-in-an-engaging-anthology-on-self-transformation/article68440760.ece | title=Roopanthara movie review: Raj B Shetty stars in an engaging anthology on self-transformation | newspaper=The Hindu | date=24 July 2024 | last1=m. v | first1=Vivek | archive-date=30 July 2024 | access-date=30 July 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730142840/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/roopanthara-movie-review-raj-b-shetty-stars-in-an-engaging-anthology-on-self-transformation/article68440760.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Film
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan=3|''[[Ondu Motteya Kathe]]''
|[[65th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film Kannada]]
|{{won}}
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-4.html |website=Filmfare |accessdate=30 August 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830025759/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-4.html |archivedate=30 August 2018 |date=4 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-5.html |website=Filmfare |accessdate=30 August 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617015512/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-5.html |archivedate=17 June 2018 |date=16 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[7th South Indian International Movie Awards|7th SIIMA Awards]]
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Debut Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=2| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|title=SIIMA Awards 2018 Kannada winners list|website=International Business Times|date=16 September 2018|access-date=19 January 2020|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920070403/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-live-update-check-out-see-tollywood-sandalwood-winners-list-780619|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Debut Director]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]''
|rowspan=2|[[67th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director Kannada]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web
|title = The 67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory hosted in Bengaluru concludes successfully, honors the best of the Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam cinema
|url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-with-kamar-film-factory-hosted-in-bengaluru-concludes-successfully-honors-the-best-of-the-tamil-kannada-telugu-and-malayalam-cinema/articleshow/94782821.cms
|website = The Times of India
|date = October 11, 2022
|access-date = 7 November 2025
|language = English
}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=3|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]]
|{{Won}}
|Rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2022/|title=SIIMA | South India International Movie Awards|website=siima.upmyb.com|access-date=21 October 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002000846/https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Best Director
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2| ''[[Swathi Mutthina Male Haniye]]''
|rowspan=2| [[69th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=2| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-awards-kannada-2024-are-out-67265.amp |title=Nominations for the 69th Filmfare Awards (Kannada) 2024 |website=Filmfare |date=16 July 2024 |access-date=17 July 2024 |archive-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716184756/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-filmfare-awards-kannada-2024-are-out-67265.amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-kannada-2024_-67630.html|title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Kannada) 2024 |work=Filmfare |date=3 August 2024 |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor – Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|''[[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]]''
|[[Mazhavil Entertainment Awards]]
|The Entertainer of the Year - Negative Role
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/21/mazhavil-entertainment-awards-jagathy-sreekumar-mohanlal-mammootty-amma.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=Mazhavil Entertainment Awards 2024: Jagathy is ultimate entertainer; Urvashi, Sathyan Anthikad honoured |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Roopanthara]]''
|[[70th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor - Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Kannada) {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/nominations-for-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-kannada-81367.html |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|Best Actor in a Supporting Role- Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA {{!}} Vote For SIIMA 2025 |url=https://siima.in/vote |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=siima.in}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
{{commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|8833077}}

{{Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Raj B.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Shimoga district]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]

Shankar Guru (1978 film)

2026-04-01T12:27:36Z

WilhelminaBoswel:

{{short description|1978 film by V. Somashekhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shankar Guru
| image = Shankar Guru 1978 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[V. Somashekhar]]
| screenplay = M. D. Sundar
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Chi. Udayashankar]]
}}
| story = Dakshayini Combines
| producer = [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]]
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]|[[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]|[[Jayamala]]|[[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]]}}
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = R. Madhusudan
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| studio = Dakshayini Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978|02|17|df=yes}}
| runtime = 179 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}3.26 crore<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/dr-rajkumars-top-five-movies-remade-in-other-languages/articleshow/74475803.cms|title=ಪರಭಾಷೆಗೆ ರಿಮೇಕ್ ಆದ ಡಾ. ರಾಜ್‌ಕುಮಾರ್‌ ನಟನೆಯ ಟಾಪ್ 5 ಸಿನಿಮಾಗಳು|website=Vijayakarnataka.com|access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>
}}
'''''Shankar Guru''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಶಂಕರ್ ಗುರು.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1978 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[V. Somashekhar]] and produced by [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]] under Dakshayini Combines.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=1 June 2017 |title=Parvathamma: The pillar behind the iconic star |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/parvathamma-the-pillar-behind-the-iconic-star/article18699026.ece |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=Thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Vajreshwari Combines | About Us |url=http://www.srivajreshwari.in/about-us/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722170440/http://www.srivajreshwari.in/about-us/ |archive-date=22 July 2020 |access-date=29 August 2020}}</ref> It stars [[Dr. Rajkumar]] in triple role, alongside [[Jaimala (actress)|Jayamala]], [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]], [[Vajramuni]], [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] and [[Uma Shivakumar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The best of Dr Rajkumar|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/apr/17raj.htm|website=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]|date=17 April 2006|access-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Upendra Kumar]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by R. Madhusudan and P. Bhaktavatsalam.

''Shankar Guru'' marks Parvathamma Rajkumar's debut as a producer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khajane |first=Muralidhara |date=2017-06-01 |title=Parvathamma: The pillar behind the iconic star |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/parvathamma-the-pillar-behind-the-iconic-star/article18699026.ece |access-date=2022-07-31 |issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111224549/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/parvathamma-the-pillar-behind-the-iconic-star/article18699026.ece|archive-date=11 November 2020}}</ref> The film was shot extensively in and around [[Kashmir]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=sandalwoodking.rocks – sandalwoodking Resources and Information. |url=https://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/dr-rajkumar-annavru-karnataka-ratna-kentucky-colonel-padma-bhushan-nata-saarvabhouma.4293/page-423 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111122810/https://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/dr-rajkumar-annavru-karnataka-ratna-kentucky-colonel-padma-bhushan-nata-saarvabhouma.4293/page-423 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 November 2019 |access-date=2022-07-31 |website=www.sandalwoodking.rocks}}</ref> The film was the second film of Rajkumar after ''[[Kula Gourava]]'' in which he played a triple role and his only colour film in a triple role.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Top ten Kannada films to have been remade |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/Top-ten-Kannada-films-to-have-been-remade/photostory/27975825.cms |access-date=1 May 2014}}</ref>

''Shankar Guru'' was released on 17 February 1978 to widespread critical acclaim and became an all-time blockbuster at the box office. P. Bhaktavatsalam won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rajkumar profile |url=http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717135525/http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid=8 |archive-date=17 July 2007 |access-date=27 April 2016 |website=chitratara.com}}</ref> The film was remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Kumara Raja (1978 film)|Kumara Raja]]'', in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Thirisoolam]]'' and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Mahaan (1983 film)|Mahaan]]''.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/photo-features/top-ten-kannada-films-to-have-been-remade/photostory/27975825.cms | title=Top ten Kannada films to have been remade | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Plot==
Rajashekhar is an upright [[business magnate]] whose associates are involved in shady deals. During an argument over such a deal, a scuffle ensues and Rajashekhar accidentally shoots one of his associates dead. Fleeing from the cops, Rajashekhar loses contact with his pregnant wife Sumathi.

Many years later, Sumathi is now living with her son Shankar in [[Delhi]], while Rajashekhar is a rich estate owner in [[Kashmir]]. Rajashekhar's niece Nalini encounters Shankar in Delhi and recommends him to manage her uncle's estate in Kashmir. Guru, Shankar's [[doppelgänger]], also arrives in Kashmir for a romantic quest with his rich girlfriend Malathi. Through Shankar, Rajashekhar manages to establish contact with Sumathi and is overwhelmed with joy.

Before Rajashekhar can meet Sumathi, trouble arrives in the form of Rajashekhar's erstwhile crooked business partners, who are after a valuable necklace stolen from a temple in Delhi, which they believe is now in Rajashekhar's possession. The partners kidnap Sumathi and imprison and torture Rajashekhar and a final fight ensues in which Shankar and Guru (who are revealed to be twins) rescue and reunite with their parents.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as:
** Rajashekhar alias Jayaraj
** Shankar, Rajashekhar's son and Guru's brother
** Guru, Rajashekhar's son and Shankar's brother
* [[Jayamala (actress)|Jayamala]] as Nalini, Rajashekhar's niece
* [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]] as Malathi, Guru's love interest
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Sumati, Rajashekhar's wife and Shankar and Guru's mother
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Lakshman Rao
* [[Vajramuni]] as Premkumar
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] as Madanlal
* [[Sampath (Kannada actor)|Sampath]] as Gurumurthy
* [[Tiger Prabhakar]] as Tiger
* [[Uma Shivakumar]] as Dr. Prema
* [[Cudavalli Chandrashekar]] as Divakar alias ''Duplicate'' Shankar
* [[Chi. Udayashankar]]
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]]
* [[Vaishali Kasaravalli]]
* Keerthi Raj
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shankar Guru
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cover =
| caption =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 1978
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by [[Upendra Kumar]] with lyrics for the soundtrack by [[Chi. Udayashankar]]. All the songs were sung by Rajkumar himself.

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Cheluveya Nota Chenna
| lyrics1 = Chi. Udayashankar
| extra1 = [[Dr. Rajkumar]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Love Me Or Hate Me
| lyrics2 = Chi. Udayashankar
| extra2 = Dr. Rajkumar
| length2 =
| title3 = Eneno Aase Nee Thanda
| lyrics3 = Chi. Udayashankar
| extra3 = Dr. Rajkumar [[Vani Jayaram]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Chinna Baallali Ee Raathri
| lyrics4 = Chi. Udayashankar
| extra4 = Dr. Rajkumar
| length4 =
| title5 = Naa Benkiyanthe Naa Gaaliyanthe
| lyrics5 = Chi. Udayashankar
| extra5 = Rajkumar [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
| length5 =
| title6 = Cheluveya Nota Chenna (sad)
| lyrics6 = Chi. Udayashankar
| extra6 = Dr. Rajkumar
| length6 =
}}

== Release ==
''Shankar Guru'' was released on 17 February 1978<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/haalu-jenu-a-look-back.6313/page-3|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526070826/http://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/haalu-jenu-a-look-back.6313/page-3|url-status=usurped|archive-date=26 May 2019|date=11 June 2015|access-date=13 November 2019|title=Haalu Jenu A Look back|website=Sandalwoodking.rocks}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Shankar Guru'' garnered positive responses from the audience as well as critics and was a phenomenal success in all centers and completed 100 days in many theatres.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-11 |title=Dr. Rajkumar - Annavru, Karnataka Ratna, Kentucky Colonel, Padma Bhushan, Nata Saarvabhouma {{!}} Page 423 {{!}} Shivu aDDa Forum - Kannada Movie Discussion |url=https://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/dr-rajkumar-annavru-karnataka-ratna-kentucky-colonel-padma-bhushan-nata-saarvabhouma.4293/page-423 |access-date=2022-08-01 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111122810/https://www.sandalwoodking.rocks/threads/dr-rajkumar-annavru-karnataka-ratna-kentucky-colonel-padma-bhushan-nata-saarvabhouma.4293/page-423 |archive-date=11 November 2019 }}</ref> The film had a theatrical run of over a year and grossed {{INR}}3.26 crore in its final run. The film was declared a industry hit when it became the first Kannada film to gross over {{INR}}3 crores at the box office, breaking the record of 1972 film ''[[Bangaarada Manushya]]'' which also made the movie the highest grossing Kannada film of the 1970's.<ref name=":3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070717135525/http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid=8 "Dr. Rajkumar films box office performance"]. ''chitratara.com''. 7 April 2007. Archived from [http://www.chitratara.com/showCelbProfile.asp?newsid=8 the original] on 17 July 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2018.</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/enspBangarada-Manushya-1972/article15387785.ece | title=Bangarada Manushya 1972 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=22 August 2008 }}</ref><ref name="auto" />

== Remakes ==
It was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Thirisoolam]]'', in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''[[Kumara Raja (1978 film)|Kumara Raja]]'' and in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Mahaan (1983 film)|Mahaan]]'' in which Rajkumar's characters were played by [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shabbir |first=Anjum |date=10 October 2013 |title=FRAMING MOVIES Take Twenty-Four: Mahaan (1983) |url=https://bollyspice.com/framing-movies-take-twenty-four-mahaan-1983/ |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=Bollyspice.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2018 |title=18 Super-Hit Raj Kumar movie Remade to Other Languages Proves His Unbeatable Legacy |url=https://metrosaga.com/best-dr-rajkumar-movie/ |access-date=29 November 2021 |website=Metrosaga.com}}</ref> The Telugu version had [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] reprising [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]]'s role, while [[Jaya Prada]] reprised the role of [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]]. The names of all the characters including the henchmen were retained in the Tamil version.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirisoolam | Tamil Full Movie | Sivaji Ganesan, K. R. Vijaya, Sripriya, Nambiar, Major Sundarrajan | date=25 February 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sgFq14dyMU |access-date=29 November 2021 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

== Awards ==
*1977–78 [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
** [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] – P. Bhaktavatsalam

== Trivia ==
The film's title ''Shankar Guru'' was named after [[Chi. Udayashankar]]'s sons Ravishankar and [[Chi. Guru Dutt]]. It was the first film in which [[Tiger Prabhakar]]'s character was named Tiger, and also marks Chandrashekhar's second collaboration with Rajkumar after ''[[Raja Nanna Raja]]''. During the making of the film, [[S. K. Bhagavan]] narrated a play called ''Lithuania'' by [[Rupert Brooke]] (titled ''The Return of the Soldier'' in [[Russian language|Russian]]) to Rajkumar. The film was planned to be shot in [[Ladakh]] and some preparation was undertaken, but Dr. Rajkumar backed out as he felt the story was too dark. In 2018, [[Dayal Padmanabhan]] adapted the play into a film titled ''[[Aa Karaala Ratri]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aa Karala Ratri: What happened when Bhagavan proposed the film to legendary filmmaker Rajkumar 40 years ago |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/aa-karala-ratri-what-happened-when-bhagavan-proposed-the-film-to-legendary-filmmaker-rajkumar-40-years-ago/articleshow/65019169.cms |access-date=29 November 2021 |newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1401730}}

{{V. Somashekhar}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Upendra Kumar]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Somashekhar]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:1970s masala films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1978 action films]]

Satish Golcha

2026-03-29T04:34:14Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Created new pg...

{{Short description|IPS officer (born 1967)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satish Golcha
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Commissioner of the Delhi Police|Commissioner]] of [[Delhi Police]]
| deputy =
| predecessor = Shashi Bhushan Kumar Singh
| successor =
| term_start = 21 August 2025
| term_end =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|04|30}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPS : Query Result(s) |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Indian_Police_Service_IPS_-_Civil_List_2014.htm |access-date=6 September 2025|website=dtf.in}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| alma_mater =
| module = {{Infobox police officer
| embed = yes
| service_years = 1992 - present
| rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Commissioner of the Delhi Police|Commissioner of Police]]
| department = [[Delhi Police]]
}}
}}
'''Satish Golcha''' (born 30 April 1967) is an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer (1992 Batch) of the AGMUT cadre. He is currently serving as the [[Commissioner of the Delhi Police|Commissioner]] of [[Delhi Police]] since 21 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior IPS officer Satish Golcha appointed Delhi Police Commissioner|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/satish-golcha-appointed-delhi-police-commissioner-august-21-2025/article69960056.ece|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 August 2025|access-date=6 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Satish Golcha appointed New Delhi Police Commissioner
|url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/satish-golcha-appointed-new-delhi-police-commissioner/|publisher=[[DD News]]|date=21 August 2025|access-date=6 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Satish Golcha appointed Delhi Police Commissioner|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/satish-golcha-appointed-delhi-police-commissioner-101755775797908.html|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=21 August 2025|access-date=6 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Hard taskmaster': Satish Golcha takes charge as new Delhi Police Commissioner
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hard-taskmaster-satish-golcha-takes-charge-as-new-delhi-police-commissioner/articleshow/123434367.cms|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 August 2025|access-date=6 September 2025 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Golcha, Satish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Commissioners of Delhi Police]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Law-enforcement-bio-stub}}

Khwaja Salimullah

2026-03-28T07:49:26Z

WilhelminaBoswel:

{{short description|Politician, patron of Bengali education and Nawab of Dhaka (1871-1915) (r. 1901-1915)}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur
| title = [[Nawab of Dhaka]]
| image = Salimullah.jpg
| succession1 = [[Nawab of Dhaka]]
| reign1 = 1901–1915
| predecessor1 = [[Khwaja Ahsanullah]]
| successor1 = [[Khwaja Habibullah]]
| succession2 = President of the [[All-India Muslim League]]
| predecessor2 = ''position established''
| successor2 = [[Aga Khan III]]
| spouse = Nawab Begum Asmtunnesa Nawab Begum Alima Bibi Nawab Begum Raushan Akhter Nawab Begum Naznijan Nawab Begum Ayesha Nawab Begum Azizunnesa
| issue = [[Khwaja Habibullah]]
| royal house = [[Dhaka Nawab Family]]
| father = [[Khwaja Ahsanullah]]
| mother = Nawab Begum Wahidunnesa
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1871|6|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dacca]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1915|1|16|1871|6|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Chowringhee Avenue|Chowringhee]], Bengal, British India
| burial_place = [[Kartalab|Khan Mosque Begum Bazaar]], Dhaka
| module = {{infobox military person
|embed=yes
|allegiance = [[Dhaka Nawab Family|Dhaka Nawab Estate]]
|serviceyears = 1901 - 1915
}}
}}
'''[[Nawab]] Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCIE|KCSI}} (7 June 1871 – 16 January 1915) was the fourth [[Nawab of Dhaka]] and one of the leading Muslim politicians during the [[British Raj|British rule in India]].<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Nawab Family of Dhaka}}</ref> He was born in [[Ahsan Manzil]]. Following the family tradition he learnt [[Arabic]], [[Urdu]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[English language|English]] at home.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Salimullah, Khwaja - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Salimullah,_Khwaja |access-date=2025-08-16 |website=en.banglapedia.org |language=en}}</ref>

On 30 December 1906, the [[All-India Muslim League]] was officially founded at the [[All India Muhammadan Educational Conference|educational conference]] held in [[Dhaka]].<ref name=Cybercity/>

The convention was held at [[Ahsan Manzil]], the official residence of the [[Dhaka Nawab Family]]. Sir Salimullah was a key patron of education for the Eastern Bengal. He was one of the founders of the [[University of Dhaka]] and the prestigious Ahsanullah School of Engineering (now the [[Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology]]).<ref name=Worldh>{{cite web|url=http://www.bdlifeline.com/khwaja-salimullah/|title=Khwaja Salimullah|publisher=World History|access-date=12 January 2012}}</ref><ref name=Mamun>{{cite book | last =Mamun | first = Muntasir | title = Dhaka: Smriti Bismritir Nagari | year = 1993 | publisher =Dhaka, 1993 | isbn = 984-412-104-3 }}</ref><ref name=Cybercity/>

Sir Salimullah was a staunch supporter of the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] and was a member of East Bengal and Assam Legislative Council from 1906 to 1907.<ref name=Cybercity/><ref name=Worldh/>

==Politics==
Salimullah began his career in government service in 1893 as Deputy Magistrate, a position he held until he departed in 1895 to start his business in [[Mymensingh]]. In 1901 he inherited the position as the head of the [[Dhaka Nawab Family]] following his father's death.<ref name=Cybercity/><ref name=Sharfuddin/>

In 1903–04, Nawab Salimullah began supporting the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|partition of Bengal]] in the face of opposition of the [[Indian National Congress]]. On 16 October 1905, the day the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] was parted, Salimullah presided over a meeting of Muslim leaders from all over East Bengal in [[Northbrook Hall]] where a political front called Mohammedan Provincial Union was formed. With others of the front, Salimullah organized meetings around East Bengal in favor of the partition, while the Congress built up a movement to oppose it. On 14 and 15 April 1906, Salimullah organized and was named president at the first convention of East Bengal and Assam Provincial Educational Conference at [[Shahbag]], [[Dhaka]].

Later that year, newspapers published a dispatch from Salimullah to various Muslim leaders around India urging them to form an all-India political party he called Muslim All India Confederacy,<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|author=Mohammad Alamgir|article=Salimullah, Khwaja}}</ref> and leaders of the [[Aligarh Movement]] requested him to convene the 20th meeting of the [[All India Mohammedan Educational Conference]] at his own cost. Over two thousand people covering Muslim leaders from all over India gathered at the Nawab's family garden-house in Shahbag, Dhaka for the conference held between 27 and 30 December 1906. On the last day, the assembly formed the [[All-India Muslim League]], appointing Nawab Salimullah the Vice President and placing him on a committee to craft its constitution. Maulana [[Mohammad Ali Jauhar]] wrote the constitution of All-India Muslim League.<ref name=Cybercity/><ref name=sop>{{cite web|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/establishment-of-all-india-muslim-league|url-status=dead|title=Establishment of All India Muslim League (on 30 December 1906 in Dhaka)|website=Story of Pakistan website|archive-date=19 October 2018|access-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019225709/http://storyofpakistan.com/establishment-of-all-india-muslim-league}}</ref>

Two years later, in December 1908, Salimullah would speak out for free speech in educational institutes and also rights for Muslims to separate elections.

Throughout these years, Salimullah held positions of authority in several leagues and conferences and continued to speak out on important political issues. In 1907, he became president of the All Bengal Muslim League, formed newly [[Kolkata]].<ref name=Cybercity/> In 1908, he became the secretary of the newly established East Bengal and Assam Provincial Muslim League, becoming president in 1909. He served as the chairman at the 22nd Convention of the All India Mohammedan Educational Conference at [[Amritsar]] in December 1908.<ref name=Cybercity/> In 1909, he led people of wealth in the newly formed province to form the Imperial League of Eastern Bengal and Assam. In March 1911, at a meeting at the [[Ahsan Manzil]], he presided over a decision to maintain the provincial Muslim League and provincial Educational Conference separate for political and educational activities. On 2 March 1912, Salimullah chaired a meeting at which the two Muslim Leagues of the Bengal were combined into the Presidency Muslim League and the two Muslim Associations were combined into the Bengal Presidency Muslim Association. Salimullah was made president of both the organisations.
[[File:Ahsan_Manzil-Front_View.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Front view of Ahsan Manzil, Dhaka]]

In August 1911, Salimullah demanded a university for Dhaka at a function at a political function at [[Curzon Hall]],<ref name=Sharfuddin/> but it was not until after the shock of the annulment of the partition by George V on 12 December 1911 that Salimullah was able to achieve this goal. Within days of the annulment, Salimullah submitted a list of demands to Viceroy Lord Hardinge to protect the interest of Muslims. In response, a pledge was made to establish a university at Dhaka and to provide for Muslims an education officer, which pledge led to the inclusion of an [[Islamic Studies]] Department in [[Dhaka University]]. Salimullah continued afterwards to champion this cause, making speeches to counter those who argued against it and, in 1914, organizing a convention on 11–12 April for the Muslim Education Conference of United Bengal.

Along with his continued championing of education, Salimullah's last focuses before withdrawing from active politics in 1914 included situations involving Turkey. In 1912, he raised money from East Bengal to assist Turkish Muslims threatened by the [[Balkan Wars]]. During [[World War I]], however, he supported the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]] after Turkey aligned with Germany.

==Honours==
* Companion of the Order of the Star of India ([[Order of the Star of India|CSI]])-New Year Honours, 1906
* Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India ([[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]])-New Year Honours, 1909
* Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire ([[GCIE]])-23 December 1911

==Commemorative postage stamp==
[[Pakistan Post]] issued a commemorative postage stamp to honor him in its 'Pioneers of Freedom' series in 1990.<ref name=Cybercity>{{cite web|url=http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/nawab_salimullah.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 July 2013|title=Profile of Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Nawab of Dhaka|website=Cybercity-online.net website|access-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720211550/http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/nawab_salimullah.html}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:The Young Nababa Salimullah in 1880.jpg|thumb|Salimullah as a child (1880)]]
Khwaja Salimullah was the eldest son of the third Nawab of Dhaka, Sir [[Khwaja Ahsanullah]] and his first wife Nawab Begum Wahidunnesa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gupshup1.tribalpages.com/tribe/browse?userid=gupshup1&view=0&pid=47&ver=1734|title=Family Tree}}</ref> He was the grandson of [[Nawab of Dhaka]], Sir [[Khwaja Abdul Ghani]].<ref name=Mamun/> Nawab Khwaja Salimullah was born at the Ahsan Manzil Palace on 7 June 1871.<ref name=Sharfuddin>Ahmed, Sharifuddin. Dhaka Past, Present, Future (Revised edition). The Asiatic Society, Dhaka, 2009. {{ASIN|B0062X4K64}}</ref>

;Wives<ref name=tribal>{{Cite web|url=https://gupshup1.tribalpages.com/tribe/browse?userid=gupshup1&view=0&pid=49&ver=1734|title=Family Tree|website=gupshup1.tribalpages.com|access-date=1 September 2023}}</ref>
* Nawab Begum Asmatunnesa
* Nawab Begum Alima Bibi
* Nawab Begum Raushan Akhter (sister of [[Wajed Ali Khan Panni]])
* Nawab Begum Naznijan
* Nawab Begum Ayesha
* Nawab Begum Azizunnesa

;Children:<ref name=tribal/>
* With Nawab Begum Asmatunnesa:
** [[Khwaja Habibullah|Nawab Khwaja Habibullah]]
** Begum Ayesha II
* With Nawab Begum Alima Bibi:
** Khwaja Alimullah II
** Khwaja Waliullah
* With Nawab Begum Raushan Akhter:
** Khwaja Hafizullah I
** Khwaja Nasrullah
** Ahmedi Bano
* With Nawab Begum Naznijan:
** Khurshid Bano
** Aftab Bano
* With Nawab Begum Azizunnesa:
** Khwaja Ahsanullah

==Death and legacy==
Khwaja Salimullah was also a member of Bengal Legislative Assembly from 1913 till his death in Calcutta on 16 January 1915 at the age of 43.<ref name=Cybercity/><ref name=Worldh/> Several of Nawab Sir Salimullah's descendants went on to become prominent politicians in the later days of the British Raj and in Pakistan. They include one of his sons Khwaja Nasrullah who was the Governor of Calcutta, his grandson Sir [[Khwaja Nazimuddin]] who was the second [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], his grandson [[Khwaja Hassan Askari]] who became a Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] and also another grandson of his and The 5th Nawab's 3rd son Nawabzada Khawaja Tofeal Ahmed. He had played a role in bringing freedom to Bangladesh. Khawaja Tofeal Ahmed was a member of Awami league and was elected as Dhaka's MP in 1971 but he was shot in front of his greenhouse on 18 February 1972.

Other family members also became prominent political figures.

Several places in Bangladesh have been dedicated in Sir Salimullah's name. They include most notably the following:

* [[Salimullah Muslim Hall]], [[University of Dhaka]]
* [[Sir Salimullah Medical College]], Dhaka
* [[Salimullah Muslim Orphanage]]
* Nawab Salimullah Road, [[Narayanganj District|Naryanganj]]

In 1990 the Pakistani government launched commemorative postage stamps honouring Sir Salimullah as one of the Pioneers of Freedom. In 1993 the Bangladeshi government launched a commemorative postage stamp in honour of Sir Salimullah.
[[File:Nawab Salimullah Grave.jpg|thumb|Grave of Nawab Salimullah in the graveyard of Nawab family, KM Azam Lane, Begum Bazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| last =Taifoor | first = S.M
| title = Glimpses of Old Dacca
| publisher =Dhaka, 1956
}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}

{{Pakistan Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Salimullah, Khwaja}}
[[Category:Khwaja Salimullah| ]]
[[Category:1871 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:Nawabs of Dhaka]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:Bengali knights]]
[[Category:Founders of Bangladeshi schools and colleges]]

Todar Mal

2026-03-26T16:24:12Z

WilhelminaBoswel: brief update references further and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Finance minister to Mughal emperor Akbar (1503–1589)}}
{{About|finance minister of Akbar|the Jain scholar|Pandit Todarmal|the diwan from Sirhind|Diwan Todar Mal}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Todar Mal
| image = Raja Todar Mall, Finance Minister of Akbar.jpg
| caption = Mughal painting of Todar Mal
| office = [[Finance Minister|Diwan-i-Wazarat]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]
| monarch = [[Akbar I]]
| term = 1560 – 1589
| birth_date = 10 February 1503
| birth_place = [[Laharpur]], [[Delhi Sultanate]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date|1589|11|08|df=y}} (aged 86)
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan]])
| occupation =
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
| blank1 = Religion
| data1 = [[Hinduism]]
{{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance ={{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Empire]]
| branch = {{flagicon image|Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg}} [[Mughal Army]]
*[[Mughal Artillery]]
| branch_label = Service
| serviceyears = 1560–1589
| serviceyears_label =
| rank = [[Mansabdar]]
}}
| predecessor = Khwaja Malik I'timad Khan
| succeeded = Kalyan Das
| battles = {{tree list}}[[Mughal invasion of Bengal|Mughal–Bengal wars]]
**[[Battle of Tukaroi]]
**[[Battle of Rajmahal]]{{tree list/end}}
}}

'''Raja''' '''Todar Mal''' (10 February 1503<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Kumudranjan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.149505/page/n7/mode/1up |title=Raja Todar Mal |publisher=Saraswat Library |year=1979 |pages=7–8 |quote=As Todar Mal was a Hindi poet,the opinion of the authors of Hindi literature should get due importance. It seems from their unanimity that the said date has been traditionally current as the Raja’s date of birth. In the absence of any contemporary evidence, we intend to accept the year 1580 Samvat / 1523-24 as Todar Mal’s date of birth.}}</ref> – 8 November 1589) was an Indian minister, economist,<ref>{{Citation |last=Majumdar |first=Rohit |title=The Boats of Fortune |date=2023-12-08 |work=Concise History of Indian Economy |pages=3–10 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032630618-2 |access-date=2024-04-29 |place=London |publisher=Routledge India |doi=10.4324/9781032630618-2 |isbn=978-1-032-63061-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and military commander who served as the [[Finance minister|Finance Minister]] (Diwan-i-Ashraff) of the [[Mughal Empire]] during the reign of [[Akbar|Akbar I]]. He was also the '''Vakil-us-Sultanat''' (Counsellor of the Empire) and [[Vizier|Joint Wazir]]. He was one of the premier nobles in the Mughal Empire and was a [[Mansabdar]] of 4000. He was one of the ''[[Navaratnas]]'' in Akbar's court. Under Todar Mal, there were 15 other [[Dewan|Dewans]] nominated for 15 [[Subah|Subahs]] of [[Akbar]].

==Life==
[[File:Sohail Gate - Rohtas Fort by Hassan.jpg|thumb|[[Rohtas Fort]], built under Todar Mal.]]
Todar Mal was born in the town of [[Laharpur]] in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>The Ain i Akbari by Abul Fazlallami, translated from the original Persian, by [[Heinrich Blochmann]] and Colonel Henry Sullivan Jarrett, Volume 1, Page 376, Low Price Publications India</ref><ref>The Akbar Nama : Abu-I-Fazl : Translated from the Persian by [[Henry Beveridge (1837–1929)|Henry Beveridge]], ICS. Pages : 61-62. Vol. III</ref> in a [[Hindu]] family, considered by historians as either [[Agrawal]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Socio-cultural History of an Indian Caste|date=1999|author= Dwarka Nath Gupta|publisher=Mittal Publications, New Delhi|page=15|quote=Two of Akbar's finance ministers - Madhu Sah and Todar Mal are said to have been Agarwals}}</ref> [[Khatri]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Political history, 1542-1605 A.D by Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava|date=1962|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|page=357,364|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gn4bAAAAIAAJ&q=khatri|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519142819/https://books.google.com/books?id=gn4bAAAAIAAJ&q=khatri|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Studies in Social Change by Krishna Swarup Mathur, B. R. K. Shukla, Banvir Singh|date=1973|publisher=Ethnographic & Folk Culture Society|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4mU-va1xKTsC&q=todarmal|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519142817/https://books.google.com/books?id=4mU-va1xKTsC&q=todarmal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Sher Shah and his times by Kalika Ranjan Qanungo|date=1965|publisher=Orient Longmans|page=285|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue9tAAAAMAAJ&q=todarmal+khatri|access-date=26 September 2016|archive-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519142818/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ue9tAAAAMAAJ&q=todarmal+khatri|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Naravane |first=Susheila |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1063603921|title=Acute Akbar versus the spirited Nur Jahan : the soul's journey through time and the who's who of rebirth|date=5 September 2018|publisher=Troubador Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-78901-387-0|oclc=1063603921}}</ref> or [[Kayastha]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Hugh Tinker|title=South Asia: A Short History|url=https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink|url-access=registration|quote=kayastha.|access-date=15 August 2011|year=1990|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-824-81287-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/southasiashorthi0000tink/page/56 56]}}</ref><ref name="Welch">{{cite book |last1=Schimmel |first1=Annemarie |last2=Welch |first2=Stuart Cary |author1-link=Annemarie Schimmel |author2-link=Stuart Cary Welch |title=Anvari's Divan: A Pocket Book for Akbar |year=1983 |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art|The Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |isbn=978-0-87-099331-2 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pdFXGw_4MsC&pg=PA35 |quote=Raja Todar Mal, a Hindu of the clerical Kayastha caste, was born in Oudh to a family from the Punjab. |access-date=26 September 2016 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123133801/https://books.google.com/books?id=4pdFXGw_4MsC&pg=PA35 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Hawley">{{cite book |last=Hawley |first=John Stratton |editor-last=Ray |editor-first=Himanshu Prabha |editor-link=Himanshu Prabha Ray |title=Archaeology and Text: The Temple in South Asia |year=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-806096-3 |page=241 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgFPAQAAIAAJ |chapter=Seeing the Bhakti Movement |quote="All of these temples were established through a connection with the Mughal throne—either through Todar Mal, a Kayasth from Avadh, or through a member of the Kacchvaha lineage of eastern Rajasthan—and they bear a definite stylistic similarity, but it seems to owe nothing to the Dravidian south."}}</ref> Todar Mal's father died when he was very young leaving no means of livelihood for him. Todar Mal started his career from the humble position of a writer but slowly moved up the ranks when [[Sher Shah Suri]], the [[Sur Dynasty|Sur]] emperor, assigned him to the charge of building a new fort of [[Rohtas Fort|Rohtas]] in [[Punjab]] with the objective of preventing [[Gakhars|Ghakhar]] raids and to also act as a barrier to the [[Mughals]] in the north-west.<ref>{{Cite book|last=bahādur.)|first=Muḥammad Laṭīf (Saiyid, khān|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk4QAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Sher+in+the+Panjab,+with+the+object+of%22|title=Agra, Historical & Descriptive: With an Account of Akbar and His Court and of the Modern City of Agra. Illustrated with Portraits of the Moghul Emperors and Drawings of the Principal Architectural Monuments of that City and Its Suburbs, and a Map of Agra|date=1896|publisher=Printed at the Calcutta central Press Company, limited|language=en|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=31 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531051658/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk4QAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Sher+in+the+Panjab,+with+the+object+of%22|url-status=live}}</ref>

After the [[Sur dynasty]] was overthrown by the Mughals, Todar Mal continued in the service of the ruling power, which was now the Mughal Emperor Akbar. Under [[Akbar]], he was placed in charge of [[Agra]]. Later, he was made governor of [[Gujarat]]. At various times, he also managed Akbar's Mint at [[Bengal]] and served in [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. Todar Mal's most significant contribution, which is appreciated even today, is that he overhauled the revenue system of Akbar's Mughal empire. Raja Todar Mal built a fortress-palace at [[Laharpur]] in the [[Sitapur]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Todar Mal also translated [[Bhagavata Purana]] into [[Persian language|Persian]].

Beveridge records that Raja Todar Mal had got leave from Akbar and was on his way to [[Haridwar]], but he received a letter from Akbar in which the latter is said to have written that "it was better to go on working and doing good to the world than to go on a pilgrimage." Believing it morally wrong to disobey the emperor, he returned to resume his duties in Lahore, where he died a few days later on November 8, 1589, at the age of 86. Following his death in [[Lahore]], his body was cremated according to the Hindu traditions. [[Bhagwant Das|Raja Bhagwan Das]], his colleague in the charge of Lahore, was present at the ceremony.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|130}} Of his two sons, Dhari was killed in a battle in [[Sindh]]. Another son, Kalyan Das, was sent by Todar Mal to subdue the Raja of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] in the [[Himalayas]]. He rose to become the Finance Minister in Akbar's Darbar.

==As a soldier==
Todar Mal is recognized as an able warrior, who led in various battles.
{{quote|text=In 1571, he was employed under Muzaffar and in 1572, he served under Akbar against Khan Zaman (vide no 61).<ref name="Ain">The Ain i Akbari by Abul Fazlallami, translated from the original Persian, by [[Heinrich Blochmann]] and Colonel Henry Sullivan Jarret, Volume 1, Page 376, Low Price Publications India</ref>}}In the 19th year of Akbar's reign, a significant event unfolded that showcased the strategic acumen and bravery of Man Singh. Following the conquest of Patna, Man Singh was honored with a Salam and naqqara and was ordered to accompany Munim Khan to Bengal. This expedition was crucial in maintaining Mughal dominance in the region, and Man Singh emerged as the soul of this campaign.

'''The journey to Bengal was fraught with challenges. The region was known for its rebellious factions and the powerful Afghan chief, Da'ud Khan-i-Kharani.''' The battle with Da'ud Khan was particularly intense. Khan Alam, a notable Mughal commander, was killed in action, and Munim Khan's horse fled the battlefield, creating a moment of potential chaos. However, Man Singh's unwavering resolve turned the tide. Holding his ground bravely, he not only prevented a defeat but secured a resounding victory. Todar Mal, another key figure in Akbar's court, famously remarked, "What harm if Khan Alam is dead; what fear if the Khan Khanan's horse has run away, the empire is ours!" This statement underscored the resilience and determination of the Mughal forces under Man Singh's leadership.

Man Singh's successes in Bengal were numerous. After founding Akbarnagar, he continued to suppress rebellions, demonstrating his strategic brilliance and unyielding spirit. He personally marched against Isa Bhati and his Afghan forces, resulting in their retreat and the annexation of their lands. Despite falling ill, Man Singh's command did not waver. He dispatched his trusted lieutenant, Himmat Singh, to handle the renewed uprisings, and once again, his forces emerged victorious.

The relationship between Man Singh and the local rulers also played a pivotal role in his campaigns. His support for Raja Lakshmi Narayan of Cooch Behar was instrumental in securing a strategic alliance. The grateful Raja offered his sister in marriage to Man Singh and pledged his allegiance to the Mughal Emperor. This alliance not only strengthened Mughal control over Bengal but also reinforced the importance of diplomacy and marital alliances in maintaining stability.

Man Singh's tenure in Bengal was marked by continuous military engagements. His brief departure to Ajmer saw the resurgence of rebellion in Bengal. However, he swiftly returned to restore order. On February 12, 1601, near Sherpur-Atia, Man Singh defeated the rebels, chasing them for eight miles. His relentless pursuit of the rebels showcased his commitment to maintaining Mughal authority. His campaigns extended to Dacca, where he forced the submission of Kedar Rai, the zamindar of Bhushna, and defeated other notable rebels like Jalal Khan and Qazi Mumin.

In the battles that followed, Man Singh's forces triumphed over numerous adversaries, including the successor of Qatlu Khan, Usman, and the Arakan pirates. His strategic acumen and military prowess ensured the suppression of the most formidable rebels. The capture and subsequent death of Kedar Rai further demonstrated Man Singh's effectiveness as a military commander.

=== In Malwa ===
{{unreferenced-section|date=June 2021}}
In July 1564, Todar Mal accompanied Akbar in his campaign against Abdullah Khan Uzbeg, the subahdar of Malwa, who had revolted against the imperial authority. No reason of 'Abdullah's rebellion is furnished by the contemporary writers. Probably, having got the post of a governor he became corrupt due to power and decided to become independent. Akbar became very much disturbed and decided to punish him. The emperor started his march on the pretext of elephant hunting on 2 July 1564. The imperial army reached the village Liwani in Indore on 5 August and on the 6th completely defeated 'Abdullah Khan Uzbeg, who fled to Gujarat. The imperial forces returned to the capital on 9 October 1564.

According to Abu-l-Fazl there were 300 officers with the emperor on the day of victory. He gives the name of thirty (30) officers including that of Todar Mal As there is no other mention of Todar Mal's activities, it can be stated that he was with Akbar in his Malwa expedition from start to finish (2 July – 9 October 1564).

==As a Finance minister of Akbar==
Todar Mal succeeded Khwaja Malik I'timad Khan in 1560. Raja Todar Mal introduced standard weights and measures, a land survey and settlement system, revenue districts and officers.<ref>{{cite news|first=Majid|last=Sheikh|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1281945|title=HARKING BACK: Raja Todar Mal and his revenue collection system|newspaper=The Dawn|date=4 September 2016|access-date=17 January 2022|archive-date=17 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117063617/https://www.dawn.com/news/1281945|url-status=live}}</ref> This system of maintenance by Patwari is still used in Indian Subcontinent which was improved by British Raj and Government of India.

Raja Todar Mal, as finance minister of Akbar, introduced a new system of revenue known as ''zabt'' and a system of taxation called ''[[Dahsala system|dahsala]]''. His revenue collection arrangement came to be known as the "Todarmal's Bandobast".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-13 |title=Akbar's Administrative System {{!}} IAS Abhiyan |url=https://www.iasabhiyan.com/akbars-administrative-system/ |access-date=2022-07-04 |language=en-US |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529060713/https://www.iasabhiyan.com/akbars-administrative-system/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Todar Mal|url=http://reflectiveindian.wordpress.com/2013/02/24/raja-todar-mal/|work=The Reflective Indian|date=24 February 2013|publisher=wordpress.com|access-date=13 December 2013|archive-date=18 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218140604/http://reflectiveindian.wordpress.com/2013/02/24/raja-todar-mal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

He took a careful survey of crop yields and prices cultivated for a 10-year period 1570–1580. On this basis, tax was fixed on each crop in cash. Each province was divided into revenue circles with their own rates of revenue and a schedule of individual crops. This system was prevalent where the Mughal administration could survey the land and keep careful accounts. For the revenue system, Akbar's territory was divided into 15 Subahs, which were further subdivided into a total of 187 Sarkars across 15 subahs, and those 187 sarkars (sirkar) were further subdivided into a total of 3367 Mahals or [[Pargana]]. Several Mahals were grouped into Dasturs, a unit between Mahal and Sirkar. Portion of larger Mahal or Pargana was called ''taraf''. Mahals was subdivided into standardised Bighas. A Bigha was made of 3600 Ilahi Gaj, which is roughly half of modern acre. Unit of measurement was standardised to ''Ilahi Gaj'', which was equivalent to 41 fingers (29-32 inches). Lead measuring rope, called Tenab, was also standardised by joining pieces of Bamboo with iron rings so that the length of Tenab did not vary with seasonal changes.<ref name=tod1>[Indian History, VK Agnihotri, pp.B249 ]</ref><ref name=tod2>[The Challenges of Indian Management, B R Virmani pp.57]</ref>

Sometime between 1582 and 1584, as finance minister, Raja Todar Mal issued a decree which stated that all Mughal administration was to be written in [[Persian language|Persian]] and in the "Iranian style".<ref name="Sheikh">{{cite journal |last1=Sheikh |first1=Samira |title=Persian in the Villages, or, the Language of Jamiat Rai's Account Books |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |date=2021 |volume=64 |issue=5–6 |pages=701–702 |doi=10.1163/15685209-12341551|doi-access=free }}</ref> The decree also stated that the Mughal administration was to be staffed by [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] and Hindu clerks, secretaries and scribes.<ref name="Sheikh"/> His systematic approach to revenue collection became a model for the future Mughals as well as the British.

==Death==
Todar Mal died in [[Lahore]] on 8 November 1589.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=00701023&ct=206&rqs=94&rqs=95&rqs=282&rqs=283&rqs=344&rqs=345&rqs=769&rqs=770
|title = The Akbarnama of Abu Fazl, Volume 3, chpt. 207
|access-date = 9 October 2009
|archive-date = 26 August 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140826160711/http://persian.packhum.org/persian/pf?file=00701023&ct=206&rqs=94&rqs=95&rqs=282&rqs=283&rqs=344&rqs=345&rqs=769&rqs=770
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] was rebuilt in 1585 by Todar Mal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhu.ac.in/Centre/temples.htm|title=New Page 1|access-date=16 May 2011|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184350/http://www.bhu.ac.in/Centre/temples.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati temple - Medieval history|url=http://www.aptourism.in/index.php/k2-separator/k2/item/37-tirupatitemple#.UqpsBif_lic|publisher=A.P Tourism|access-date=13 December 2013|archive-date=18 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018161128/http://www.aptourism.in/index.php/k2-separator/k2/item/37-tirupatitemple#.UqpsBif_lic|url-status=live}}</ref> This temple was later demolished by [[Aurangzeb]], who had the [[Gyanvapi Mosque]] built on its ruins. The current [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] was built later by [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] on an adjacent plot of land.

The academic consensus holds that Persian rose to become the dominant language of the Mughal government after the 1582-1584 administrative decree was issued by Raja Todar Mal.<ref name="Sheikh"/> Persian would hold such status within the Mughal bureaucracy all the way into early colonial India; eventually, in the 1830s, it would lose such status as the British made coordinated attempts to replace it with English (see also; [[English Education Act 1835]]).<ref name="Sheikh"/>

==In popular culture==
In the historical serial, [[Bharat Ek Khoj]], Todar Mal was played by popular character actor, [[Harish Patel]] in the two episodes (Episodes 32 and 33) on the life and times of Emperor [[Akbar]].

Todar Mal is featured in the video games ''[[Civilization IV|Sid Meier's Civilization IV]]: Beyond the Sword'', ''[[Civilization V|Sid Meier's Civilization V]]: Gods and Kings'', and most recently in [[Civilization VI|Sid Meier's Civilization VI]] as a "great merchant".

In the Indian movie [[Jodhaa Akbar]], Raja Todar Mal is portrayed by [[Pramod Moutho]].
In the Indian historical fiction television series [[Jodha Akbar]], Todar Mal is portrayed by [[Shaurya Singh]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Resources==
* [http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main "Abū al-Fażl “ʿAllāmī” ibn Mubārak, Šayḫ" and "The Ain i Akbari", vol. 1.] Persian Texts in Translation, The Packard Humanities Institute.
* The Akbarnama is also available online at: http://persian.packhum.org/persian/

==External links==

* [http://www.engr.mun.ca/~asharan/TODARMAL/TODARMALV6.pdf Raja Todar Mal] (PDF)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Todar Mal, Raja}}
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century nobility]]
[[Category:1589 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]

[[Category:1520s births]]
[[Category:People from the Sur Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Kayattam

2026-03-25T22:40:54Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Info

{{Short description|2020 Malayalam film by Sanal Kumar Sasidharan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| director = [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]]
| writer = Sanal Kumar Sasidharan
| producer = {{ubl
|Shaji Mathew
|Aruna Mathew
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Manju Warrier]]
*Gourav Raveendran
*Vedh
*Sujith Koyikkal
*Bhupendra Khurana
}}
| cinematography = Chandru Selvaraj
| editing = Sanal Kumar Sasidharan
| music = Ratheesh Eeetillam
| studio = NIV Productions
| released = {{Film date|2020|10||Busan|2025|1|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Kayattam''''' ({{Translation|Climb}}) also known as '''''A'hr''''', is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2020|2020]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language film written, directed and edited by [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]], starring [[Manju Warrier]] in the lead role. The film is produced by Shaji Mathew and Aruna Mathew under NIV Productions banner.

The film was premiered at the [[Busan International Film Festival|25th Busan International Film Festival]] and then at the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]. Sanal Kumar gave the film a free online release, by sharing the film's [[Google Drive]] link on 23 January 2025.

== Cast ==
* [[Manju Warrier]] as Maya
* Gourav Raveendran
* Vedh
* Sujith Koyikkal
* Bhupendra Khurana

==Production==
After ''[[Chola (film)|Chola]]'' (2019), [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]] was announced to join hands with [[Manju Warrier]] for their next project, based on mountaineering.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-10-29 |title=It's pack up time for Manju Warrier-Sanal Kumar Sasidharan's Kayattam |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-pack-up-time-for-manju-warrier-sanal-kumar-sasidharans-kayattam/articleshow/71804553.cms |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2020-05-26 |title=Malayalam director Sanal Kumar Sasidharan on collaborating with Manju Warrier in ‘A’hr (Kayattam)’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-director-sanal-kumar-sasidharan-on-collaborating-with-manju-warrier-in-ahr-kayattam/article31678478.ece |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film is produced by Shaji Mathew and Aruna Mathew under NIV Productions banner.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-30 |title=Manju Warrier looks impressive in the first look poster of 'Kayattam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warrier-looks-impressive-in-the-first-look-poster-of-kayattam/articleshow/70906317.cms |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Co-produced by Manju Warrier in her production debut, the film was shot in places around [[Himachal Pradesh]] and the got warpped by the end of October 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-29 |title=Manju Warrier-Sanal Kumar Sasidharan's Kayattam wrapped up |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/Oct/29/manju-warrier-sanal-kumar-sasidharan-starrer-kayattam-wraps-up-shooting-15198.html |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> During the filming in Himachal,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-20 |title=Manju Warrier and crew stranded in Himachal Pradesh floods while shooting for ‘Kayattam’, facing food shortage - details inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warrier-and-crew-stranded-in-himachal-pradesh-floods-while-shooting-for-kayattam-facing-food-shortage-details-inside/articleshow/70754053.cms |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> it was reported that the crew and cast got trapped in a remote village<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-20 |title=Manju Warrier and team trapped in Himalayan floods |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warrier-and-team-trapped-in-himalayan-floods/articleshow/70750650.cms |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> that was 330 kilometers away from [[Shimla]] due to the Himachal floods.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-20 |title=Manju Warrier, Sanal K Sasidharan and Kayattam crew members stuck in Himachal floods |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/manju-warrier-sanal-k-sasidharan-kayattam-film-crew-trapped-himachal-pradesh-flash-floods-5920084/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> After getting stranded there for a week, the team was safely shifted to [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-25 |title=Kayattam new poster: Manju Warrier plays a happy hiker |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kayattam-new-poster-manju-warrier-plays-a-happy-hiker/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Apart from writing and direction, the editing and sound design were also handled by the director Sanal Kumar himself.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-08-30 |title=Manju turns producer with Sanalkumar Sasidharan's 'Kayattam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-turns-producer-with-sanalkumar-sasidharans-kayattam/articleshow/70910839.cms |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During an interview in May 2020, Sanal Kumar revealed that the post-production works were completed and is in the processes related to censor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-26 |title=Exclusive! ‘Kayattam’ will be a compelling movie: Sanal Kumar Sasidharan about the Manju Warrier-starrer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/exclusive-kayattam-will-be-a-compelling-movie-sanal-kumar-sasidharan-about-the-manju-warrier-starrer/articleshow/76005993.cms |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs in the film are in a fictional language called ''A'hr''.<ref name="FC"/>

== Release ==
In January 2025, Sanal Kumar disclosed his idea of releasing the film online for free, similar to his previous release, ''[[Vazhakku]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-23 |title=Manju Warrier's ‘Kayattam’ to be released online for free, director Sanalkumar Sasidharan announces |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warriers-kayattam-to-be-released-online-for-free-director-sanalkumar-sasidharan-announces/articleshow/117477797.cms |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 23 January 2025, Sanal Kumar shared the link of his [[Google Drive]] to access the film, along with the link for the English subtitles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manju Warrier's A'hr Kayattam released online, here's how to watch Sanal Kumar Sasidharan film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/manju-warriers-ahr-kayattam-released-online-heres-how-to-watch-sanal-kumar-sasidharan-film/a4da679ffd856 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

=== Premiere ===
''Kayattam'' was premiered at the [[Busan International Film Festival|25th Busan International Film Festival]] scheduled between 21 and 30 October 2020<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-14 |title=Manju Warrier-starrer Kayattam selected for Busan Film Festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/manju-warrier-starrer-kayattam-selected-for-busan-film-festival/articleshow/78110531.cms |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and then at the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-26 |title=Sanal Kumar Sasidharan: Making of ‘Kayattam’ was mentally effortless but physically challenging |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sanal-kumar-sasidharan-making-of-kayattam-was-mentally-effortless-but-physically-challenging/articleshow/85648433.cms |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Reception ===
[[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote, "This is Sanal's most woman-centric film, and it's also his gentlest. Usually, the women in his films are preyed upon. But here, Maya is the predator" and added that "even in his experimental mode, he [Sanal] is fascinating".<ref name="FC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/kayattam-malayalam-movie-review-ahr-sanal-kumar-sasidharan-in-an-experimental-mode-manju-warrier-baradwaj-rangan|title=The Fascinating ‘Kayattam’ Finds Sanal Kumar Sasidharan In An Experimental Mode, Pursuing A Woman Of Mystery|date=5 October 2021|access-date=28 September 2025|work=Film Companion|first=Baradwaj|last=Rangan|author-link=Baradwaj Rangan}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Nominee(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2020 || [[Busan International Film Festival]] || [[Kim Jiseok Award]] || [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]] || {{nom}} ||<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/sep/16/sanal-kumars-kayattam-selected-at-busan-film-fest-2197327.html| title= Sanal Kumar's Kayattam selected at Busan Film Fest | date= 16 September 2020 | newspaper= New Indian Express }}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] || Disruptor in Cinema || Sanal Kumar Sasidharan || {{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2021-08-31 |title=‘Kayattam’ wins Sanal Kumar Sasidharan the first ‘Disruptor in Cinema’ award at Melbourne |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kayattam-wins-sanal-kumar-sasidharan-the-first-disruptor-in-cinema-award-at-melbourne/article36199290.ece |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== Controversy ==
Following a complaint lodged by Manju Warrier at the Elamakkara Police station, [[Kochi]], Sanal Kumar was arrested at [[Parassala]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-05 |title=Sanal Kumar Sasidharan arrested on Manju Warrier’s complaint |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sanal-kumar-sasidharan-arrested-on-manju-warriers-complaint/articleshow/91339729.cms |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> for trying to blackmail, defame her and alleging on social media claiming that Manju's life is in danger.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-02 |title=Filmmaker Sanal Kumar Sasidharan alleges superstar Manju Warrier’s life is in danger |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/filmmaker-sanal-kumar-sasidharan-alleges-superstar-manju-warriers-life-is-in-danger/articleshow/91251889.cms |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was also reported that Sanal Kumar was stalking the actress, during the shoot of the film, which started after a dispute with Manju Warrier's manager.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajagopal |first=Vivek |date=2022-05-06 |title=Award-winning director Sanal Kumar Sasidharan arrested for stalking actor Manju Warrier |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/director-sanal-kumar-sasidharan-arrested-stalking-harassing-manju-warrier-1946251-2022-05-06 |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Soon after getting bail, Sanal disclosed that he had confessed his love to the actress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2022-05-07 |title=Director Sanal Kumar Sasidharan says he confessed love to Manju Warrier |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/May/07/directorsanal-kumar-sasidharan-says-he-confessed-love-to-manju-warrier-2450653.html |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|10909266}}

[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about hiking]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]]
[[Category:Films set in the Himalayas]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian film festivals]]

Tom Cruise

2026-03-22T13:22:54Z

WilhelminaBoswel:

{{Short description|American actor and film producer (born 1962)}}
{{About|the American actor|other people named Tom Cruise|Tom Cruise (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tom Cruise
| image = Tom Cruise at 53rd Saturn Awards 2026-01.jpg
| alt = Tom Cruise at the red carpet for ''[[Mission: Impossible - The Final Reckoning]]'' during the [[2025 Cannes Film Festival]]
| caption = Cruise in 2026
| birth_name = Thomas Cruise Mapother IV
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|07|03|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Syracuse, New York]], U.S.
| occupation = {{Flat list|
* Actor
* film producer
}}
| years_active = 1981–present
| works = [[Tom Cruise filmography|Filmography]]
| spouses = {{Plain list|
* {{Marriage|[[Mimi Rogers]]|1987|1990|reason=divorced}}
* {{Marriage|[[Nicole Kidman]]|1990|2001|reason=divorced}}
* {{Marriage|[[Katie Holmes]]|2006|2012|reason=divorced}}
}}
| children = 3
| relatives = [[William Mapother]] (cousin)
| awards = {{Plain list|
* [[Academy Honorary Award]]
* [[Honorary Palme d'Or]]
* 3 [[Golden Globes]]
* [[Navy Distinguished Public Service Award]]
* [[British Film Institute Fellowship|BFI Fellowship]]
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Tom Cruise|Full list]]
}}
| website = {{URL|tomcruise.com}}
| signature = Tom Cruise signature.svg
}}

'''Thomas Cruise  Mapother IV''' (born July 3, 1962) is an American actor and film producer. Regarded as a [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] icon,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a40100222/will-tom-cruise-be-the-last-real-movie-star/|title=Will Tom Cruise Be the Last Real Movie Star?|date=May 25, 2022|website=Esquire |access-date=November 18, 2023|archive-date=November 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118015509/https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a40100222/will-tom-cruise-be-the-last-real-movie-star/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-gun-hollywood-icon-best-201004565.html|title=From 'Top Gun' to Hollywood icon: The best of Tom Cruise through the years|date=May 27, 2022|website=Yahoo! Finance|access-date=November 18, 2023|archive-date=November 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118015507/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-gun-hollywood-icon-best-201004565.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/hollywood/hollywood-icon-tom-cruise-swoops-down-abu-dhabi-for-mission-impossible--dead-reckoning-part-one-premiere-1.96638396|title=Hollywood icon Tom Cruise swoops down Abu Dhabi for 'Mission: Impossible—Dead Reckoning, Part One' premiere|first=Manjusha|last=Radhakrishnan|website=Gulf News|date=June 26, 2023|access-date=November 19, 2023|archive-date=August 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831015036/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/hollywood/hollywood-icon-tom-cruise-swoops-down-abu-dhabi-for-mission-impossible--dead-reckoning-part-one-premiere-1.96638396|url-status=live}}</ref> he has received [[List of awards and nominations received by Tom Cruise|various accolades]], including an [[Honorary Palme d'Or]], an [[Academy Honorary Award]], and three [[Golden Globes]], in addition to nominations for four competitive [[Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/awards/tom-cruise-oscars-honorary-dolly-parton-1236433594/ |title=Tom Cruise, Dolly Parton, Debbie Allen and Wynn Thomas to Be Presented Honorary Oscars |last=Davis |first=Clayton |date=June 17, 2025 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=June 22, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lammers |first=Tim |title=Tom Cruise Among Honorary Oscar Recipients At Sunday's Academy Governors Awards |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timlammers/2025/11/16/tom-cruise-among-honorary-oscar-recipients-at-sundays-academy-governors-awards/ |access-date=November 17, 2025 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> As of 2025, [[Tom Cruise filmography|his films]] have grossed more than {{US$|13.3 billion|long=no}} worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/person/540401-Tom-Cruise#tab=acting&all_leading_credits=od5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250630084826/https://www.the-numbers.com/person/540401-Tom-Cruise#tab=acting&all_leading_credits=od5 |archive-date=June 30, 2025 |access-date=June 30, 2025 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref> placing him among the [[List of highest-grossing actors|highest-grossing actors]] of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 Stars in Leading Roles at the Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-star-records/worldwide/lifetime-acting/top-grossing-leading-stars |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615112517/https://www.the-numbers.com/box-office-star-records/worldwide/lifetime-acting/top-grossing-leading-stars |archive-date=June 15, 2025 |access-date=June 30, 2025 |website=The Numbers}}</ref> One of Hollywood's most [[bankable stars]], he is consistently one of the world's [[List of highest-paid film actors|highest-paid actors]].<ref name=Block>{{cite book|editor1-last=Block|editor1-first=Alex Ben|editor2-last=Wilson|editor2-first=Lucy Autrey|year=2010|title=George Lucas's Blockbusting: A Decade-By-Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|isbn=978-0-06-177889-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/georgelucassbloc00alex/page/616 616–617, 714–715, 824–825 & 832]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/georgelucassbloc00alex/page/616}}</ref>

Cruise began acting in the early 1980s and made his breakthrough with leading roles in ''[[Risky Business]]'' (1983) and ''[[Top Gun]]'' (1986), the latter earning him a reputation as a [[sex symbol]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.joblo.com/cocktail-tom-cruise/|title=Cocktail: Revisiting Tom Cruise as the world's greatest bartender|first=Chris|last=Bumbray|date=March 19, 2023|website=JoBlo}}</ref> Critical acclaim came with his roles in the dramas ''[[The Color of Money]]'' (1986), ''[[Rain Man]]'' (1988), and ''[[Born on the Fourth of July (film)|Born on the Fourth of July]]'' (1989). For his portrayal of [[Ron Kovic]] in the latter, he won a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama|Golden Globe Award]] and received a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Actor]]. As a leading Hollywood star in the 1990s, he starred in commercially successful films, including the drama ''[[A Few Good Men]]'' (1992), the thriller ''[[The Firm (1993 film)|The Firm]]'' (1993), the horror film ''[[Interview with the Vampire (film)|Interview with the Vampire]]'' (1994), and the sports comedy-drama ''[[Jerry Maguire]]'' (1996); for the latter, he won a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy|Golden Globe Award for Best Actor]] and his second nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Cruise's performance in the drama ''[[Magnolia (film)|Magnolia]]'' (1999) earned him another [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture|Golden Globe Award]] and a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]].

Cruise subsequently established himself as a star of [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] and [[action film]]s, often performing his own risky stunts. He played fictional agent [[Ethan Hunt]] in the [[Mission: Impossible (film series)|''Mission: Impossible'' film series]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chuba|first=Kirsten|access-date=May 23, 2025|title=Tom Cruise Intends to Keep Making Movies Into His 100s: 'I Will Never Stop'|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=May 19, 2025 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/tom-cruise-making-movies-into-100s-mission-impossible-1236220928/}}</ref> His other films in the genre include ''[[Vanilla Sky]]'' (2001), ''[[Minority Report (film)|Minority Report]]'' (2002), ''[[The Last Samurai]]'' (2003), ''[[Collateral (film)|Collateral]]'' (2004), ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]'' (2005), ''[[Knight and Day]]'' (2010), ''[[Jack Reacher (film)|Jack Reacher]]'' (2012), ''[[Oblivion (2013 film)|Oblivion]]'' (2013), ''[[Edge of Tomorrow]]'' (2014), and ''[[Top Gun: Maverick]]'' (2022).

Cruise holds the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for the most consecutive {{USD|100-million|long=no}}-grossing movies, a feat achieved with eleven films released between 2012 and 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most consecutive $100-million-grossing movies (actor) |url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/83913-most-consecutive-100-million-grossing-movies-actor |access-date=September 13, 2024 |website=Guinness World Records}}</ref> In December 2024, he was awarded the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]'s highest civilian honor, the [[Navy Distinguished Public Service Award|Distinguished Public Service Award]], in recognition of his "outstanding contributions" to the military, with his screen roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise honoured with U.S. Navy's highest civilian award |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cj90ww3ld3ro |access-date=December 17, 2024 |website=www.bbc.com |date=December 17, 2024 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In March 2025, he was named the recipient of the [[British Film Institute Fellowship]], the BFI's highest honor, for his contributions to cinema.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tom Cruise to receive BFI Fellowship, the institute's highest honour |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2025/mar/20/tom-cruise-to-receive-bfi-fellowship |work=The Guardian |date=March 20, 2025 |access-date=March 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321105510/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2025/mar/20/tom-cruise-to-receive-bfi-fellowship |archive-date=March 21, 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Forbes]]'' ranked him as the world's most powerful celebrity in 2006.<ref name="Forbes-2007">{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/53/6YG2.html|title=Tom Cruise ranked 1 among The Top 100 Celebrities In 2006|work=[[Forbes]]|access-date=May 1, 2007|date=May 1, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617132837/http://www.forbes.com/lists/2006/53/6YG2.html|archive-date=June 17, 2006}}</ref> He was named ''People's'' [[Sexiest Man Alive]] in 1990,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/this-is-every-sexiest-man-alive-winner-since-1985/collection_2e7aff6c-c2b9-550d-b5b4-7ae52e7f86d3.html#:~:text=1990%3A%20Tom%20Cruise,21%2C%201990 | title=This is every 'Sexiest Man Alive' winner since 1985 | date=November 7, 2022 | access-date=October 21, 2023 | archive-date=February 21, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221230012/https://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/this-is-every-sexiest-man-alive-winner-since-1985/collection_2e7aff6c-c2b9-550d-b5b4-7ae52e7f86d3.html#:~:text=1990%3A%20Tom%20Cruise,21%2C%201990 | url-status=live }}</ref> and received the top honor of "Most Beautiful People" in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/most-beautiful-then-and-now|title=Here's Who The "Most Beautiful Person" Was Since 1990, Then And Now — And, Like, There Are Some Serious Transformations|first=Matt|last=Stopera|date=August 11, 2022|website=BuzzFeed|access-date=October 21, 2023|archive-date=June 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615112609/https://www.buzzfeed.com/mjs538/most-beautiful-then-and-now|url-status=live}}</ref> Outside his film career, Cruise has been an outspoken advocate for the [[Church of Scientology]], which has resulted in controversy and scrutiny of his involvement in the organization. An aviation enthusiast, he has held a [[Pilot certification in the United States|pilot certificate]] since 1994.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mérat |first=Victor |date=February 9, 2025 |title=Tom Cruise honoré par la Grande Médaille de l'Aéro-Club de France |trans-title=Tom Cruise honored with the Grand Medal of the Aero-Club of France |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/tom-cruise-honore-par-la-grande-medaille-de-l-aero-club-de-france-20250209 |language=fr |newspaper=[[Le Figaro]] |access-date=February 14, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209132437/https://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/tom-cruise-honore-par-la-grande-medaille-de-l-aero-club-de-france-20250209 |archive-date=February 9, 2025}}</ref>

==Early life==
Cruise was born on July 3, 1962, in [[Syracuse, New York]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tom-Cruise |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]] |title=Tom Cruise |access-date=July 2, 2020 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041456/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tom-Cruise |url-status=live }}</ref> to electrical engineer Thomas Cruise Mapother III (1934–1984) and [[special education]] teacher Mary Lee (née Pfeiffer; 1936–2017).<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=June 24, 2002 |title=About Tom |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002716,00.html |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824141456/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1002716,00.html |archive-date=August 24, 2013 |access-date=February 3, 2013}}</ref> His parents were both from [[Louisville, Kentucky]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=If truth be told, Tom Cruise Mapother IV has always been something of a ladies' man |url=http://www.gloucesterhistory.com/tom_cruise_excerpt.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041358/http://www.gloucesterhistory.com/tom_cruise_excerpt.pdf |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2017 |website=Gloucester Historical Society}}</ref> and had English, German, and Irish ancestry.<ref name="Tom Cruise's Irish Ancestry">{{cite web|title=Tom Cruise's Irish Ancestry|url=http://www.eneclann.ie/exhibitions/tomcruise/|date=March 28, 2013|website=Eneclann.ie|access-date=April 4, 2013|archive-date=April 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407022504/http://www.eneclann.ie/exhibitions/tomcruise/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wargs.com/other/mapother.html |title=Ancestry of Tom Cruise |work=Wargs.com |access-date=August 8, 2009 |archive-date=October 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027132928/http://wargs.com/other/mapother.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Cruise has three sisters named Lee Anne, Marian, and Cass. One of his cousins, [[William Mapother]], is also an [[actor]] who has appeared alongside Cruise in five films.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.ew.com/gallery/stars-you-didnt-know-were-related/2266243_tom-cruise-and-william-mapother| title= Stars you didn't know were related| work= EW.com| access-date= February 18, 2020| archive-date= December 29, 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041425/https://www.ew.com/gallery/stars-you-didnt-know-were-related/2266243_tom-cruise-and-william-mapother| url-status= live}}</ref>

Cruise grew up in near poverty and had a [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] upbringing. He later described his father as "a merchant of chaos",<ref name=parade>{{cite web|url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2006/edition_04-09-2006/Tom_Cruise_cover|title=I Can Create Who I Am|work=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]]|date=April 9, 2006|access-date=February 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412060632/http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2006/edition_04-09-2006/Tom_Cruise_cover|archive-date=April 12, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> a "bully", and a "coward" who beat his children. He elaborated, "[My father] was the kind of person where, if something goes wrong, they kick you. It was a great lesson in my life—how he'd lull you in, make you feel safe and then, bang! For me, it was like, 'There's something wrong with this guy. Don't trust him. Be careful around him.{{'"}}<ref name=parade/> Cruise's father died of cancer in 1984.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tom-cruise-katie-holmes-upbringings-torn/story?id=16742057| title= Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes: Very Different Upbringings| publisher= [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]| first= Luchina| last= Fisher| website= ABCNews.go.com| date= July 10, 2012| access-date= October 13, 2016| archive-date= December 29, 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041517/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/tom-cruise-katie-holmes-upbringings-torn/story?id=16742057| url-status= live}}</ref>

In total, Cruise attended fifteen schools in fourteen years.<ref name="FamousNJ">{{cite web |title=New Jersey Entertainers |url=http://www.famousnewjerseyans.com/entertainers.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041523/http://www.famousnewjerseyans.com/entertainers.htm |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2014 |website=FamousNewJerseyans.com}}</ref> Cruise spent part of his childhood in Canada; when his father took a job as a defense consultant with the [[Canadian Armed Forces]], his family moved in late 1971 to [[Beacon Hill, Ottawa]].<ref name=Unauthorized_ex>{{cite book| url= http://i.usatoday.net/life/books/tom_cruise_excerpt.pdf| title= Tom Cruise: An Unauthorized Biography| first= Andrew| last= Morton| series= Ch. 1| publisher= Macmillan| date= January 15, 2008| access-date= October 13, 2016| isbn= 978-1-4299-3390-2| archive-date= December 29, 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041359/http://i.usatoday.net/life/books/tom_cruise_excerpt.pdf| url-status= live}}</ref> He attended the new [[Robert Hopkins Public School]] for his fourth and fifth grade education.<ref name=Unauthorized_ex/><ref>{{cite web| website= ocdsb.ca| publisher= Ottawa-Carleton District School Board| url= http://www.ocdsb.ca/sch/20102011%20Elementary%20School%20Profile/RHOP.pdf| title= Robert Hopkins School Profile| access-date= September 25, 2012| url-status=dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130117025444/http://www.ocdsb.ca/sch/20102011%20Elementary%20School%20Profile/RHOP.pdf| archive-date= January 17, 2013| df= mdy-all}}</ref> He first became involved in drama in fourth grade, under drama teacher George Steinburg. He and six other boys put on an improvised play to music called ''IT'' at the Carleton Elementary School drama festival.<ref name=Unauthorized_ex/> Drama organizer Val Wright was in the audience and later said that "the movement and improvisation were excellent ... a classic ensemble piece."<ref name=Unauthorized_ex/>

In sixth grade, Cruise went to [[Henry Munro Middle School]] in Ottawa. That year, his mother left his father, taking Cruise and his sisters back to the United States.<ref name=Unauthorized_ex/> In 1978 she married Jack South.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/2019/04/carolyn-hax-after-acrimony-and-moms-death-how-to-tell-husband-i-dont-want-a-divorce-after-all.html|title = Carolyn Hax: After acrimony, and mom's death, how to tell husband I don't want a divorce after all|date = April 29, 2019|access-date = April 29, 2019|archive-date = December 29, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041520/https://www.syracuse.com/entertainment/2019/04/carolyn-hax-after-acrimony-and-moms-death-how-to-tell-husband-i-dont-want-a-divorce-after-all.html|url-status = live}}</ref> Cruise briefly took a Catholic church scholarship and attended [[St. Francis Seminary (Ohio)|St. Francis Seminary]] in [[Cincinnati]]. He aspired to become a [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priest]] in the [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] order but left after a year. Priests at the seminary have said Cruise chose to leave the school when his family relocated again; however, a former classmate said that they were both asked to leave after getting caught taking [[liquor]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=WHITE|first=CHRIS|title=EXCLUSIVE: Tom Cruise started religious journey with Catholic Church—until he was booted from seminary for swiping booze, says old friend|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/cruise-considered-catholic-priesthood-kicked-seminary-article-1.1278436|access-date=July 13, 2021|website=New York Daily News|date=March 4, 2013 |archive-date=July 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713191155/https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/cruise-considered-catholic-priesthood-kicked-seminary-article-1.1278436|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Unauthorized>{{cite book| title= Tom Cruise: An Unauthorized Biography|title-link=Tom Cruise: An Unauthorized Biography |first=Andrew |last=Morton |publisher= Macmillan| date= January 15, 2008| isbn= 978-1-4299-3390-2}}</ref>{{rp|24–26}} In his senior year of high school, he played [[American football|football]] for the varsity team as a [[linebacker]], but was cut from the squad after getting caught drinking beer before a game.<ref name=Unauthorized/>{{rp|47}} He went on to star in the school's production of ''[[Guys and Dolls]]''.<ref name="cnbc.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html|title=These were 'Mission: Impossible—Fallout' star Tom Cruise's first jobs as a kid|first=Tom Jr.|last=Huddleston|date=July 27, 2018|website=CNBC|access-date=May 21, 2020|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041527/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/27/mission-impossible--fallout-star-tom-cruises-childhood-jobs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1980, he graduated from [[Glen Ridge High School]] in [[Glen Ridge, New Jersey]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2006-04-06-0604060155-story.html|title=Cruise tells of pain of bullies, abusive father|first=Chicago|last=Tribune|website=Chicago Tribune|date=April 6, 2006 |access-date=May 21, 2020|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041457/https://www.chicagotribune.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Acting career==
=== 1980s: Breakthrough and stardom ===
[[File:1985 Tom Cruise.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Cruise in 1985 at a reception hosted by First Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] at the [[White House]]]]

At age 18,<ref name="foxnews.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/story/tom-cruise-biography-filmography|title=Tom Cruise Biography, Filmography|date=March 25, 2015|website=Fox News|access-date=May 21, 2020|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041528/https://www.foxnews.com/story/tom-cruise-biography-filmography|url-status=live}}</ref> with the blessing of his mother and stepfather, Cruise moved to New York City to pursue an acting career.<ref name="cnbc.com"/> After working as a [[busboy]] in New York, he went to [[Los Angeles]] to try out for television roles. He signed with [[Creative Artists Agency|CAA]] and began acting in films.<ref name="foxnews.com"/> He made his film debut in a [[bit part]] in the 1981 film ''[[Endless Love (1981 film)|Endless Love]]'', followed by a major supporting role as a crazed military academy student in ''[[Taps (film)|Taps]]'' later that year. Cruise was originally supposed to appear as a [[Extra (acting)|background actor]] but his role was expanded after impressing director [[Harold Becker]].<ref name="Taps">{{cite magazine |last1=Higgins |first1=Bill |title=How Tom Cruise and Sean Penn Got Their Big Breaks |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/tom-cruise-sean-penn-mission-impossible-274947/ |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |access-date=January 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813081608/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/tom-cruise-sean-penn-mission-impossible-274947/ |archive-date=August 13, 2022 |date=December 17, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> He next won the role of Steve Randle in [[Francis Ford Coppola]]'s 1983 cinematic adaptation of [[S. E. Hinton]]'s [[The Outsiders (novel)|novel]], ''[[The Outsiders (film)|The Outsiders]]'', and shared the screen with an [[ensemble cast]] that included [[Matt Dillon]], [[Emilio Estevez]], [[Leif Garrett]], [[C. Thomas Howell]], [[Diane Lane]], [[Rob Lowe]], [[Ralph Macchio]], and [[Patrick Swayze]].<ref name=thenandnow>{{cite magazine
|url=https://ew.com/the-outsiders-cast-then-and-now-11702692
|title=The Outsiders cast: See the actors over 40 years after the film made them mega-stars
|access-date=June 28, 2025
|last=Fremont
|first=Maggie
|date=March 25, 2025
|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]
}}</ref> That same year he appeared in ''[[All the Right Moves (film)|All the Right Moves]]'' and ''[[Risky Business]]'', which has been described as "A [[Generation X]] classic, and a career maker for Tom Cruise."<ref name="rottentomatoes">{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1017641-risky_business/ |title=Risky Business|work=Rotten Tomatoes|access-date=May 10, 2006 |archive-date=June 19, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619163126/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1017641-risky_business/ |url-status=deviated }}</ref> He also played the male lead in the [[Ridley Scott]] film ''[[Legend (1985 film)|Legend]]'', released in 1985.<ref>{{cite news|date=October 9, 2015|title=Ridley Scott's beautiful dark twisted fantasy: the making of Legend|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/legend-ridley-scott/tom-cruise-making-of/|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-date=January 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118060442/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/legend-ridley-scott/tom-cruise-making-of/|url-status=live}}</ref> By 1986's ''[[Top Gun]]'', his status as a [[superstar]] had been cemented.<ref>{{cite news|title=Obituary: Tony Scott|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19316140|access-date=October 9, 2015|newspaper=BBC News|date=August 20, 2012|archive-date=August 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821082108/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-19316140|url-status=live}}</ref>

Cruise followed up ''Top Gun'' with [[Martin Scorsese]]'s ''[[The Color of Money]]'' (1986), which came out the same year, and which paired him with [[Paul Newman]]. Their chemistry won praise among critics with ''[[The Washington Post]]'' writing, "One of the subtle achievements of both Cruise's and Newman's performances is that you feel that both of them are genuinely top-notch pool hustlers".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/thecolorofmoneyrattanasio_a0ad63.htm|title= The Color of Money (R)|newspaper= The Washington Post|accessdate= June 22, 2022|archive-date= October 13, 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221013152330/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/thecolorofmoneyrattanasio_a0ad63.htm|url-status= live}}</ref> In 1988, Cruise starred in ''[[Cocktail (1988 film)|Cocktail]]'', a film that was a box office success but failed with critics. His performance earned him a nomination for the [[Razzie Award for Worst Actor]]. Later that year he starred with [[Dustin Hoffman]] in [[Barry Levinson]]'s ''[[Rain Man]]'', which won the [[Academy Award for Best Picture]].<ref name="Oscars1989">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |title=The 61st Academy Awards (1989) Nominees and Winners |access-date=July 31, 2011 |work=oscars.org |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001817/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Tom cruise 1989.jpg|thumb|upright|Tom Cruise at the 61st [[Academy Awards]] in 1989]]

In 1989, Cruise portrayed real-life paralyzed [[Vietnam War]] veteran [[Ron Kovic]] in [[Oliver Stone]]'s war epic ''[[Born on the Fourth of July (film)|Born on the Fourth of July]]''. Film critic [[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' wrote, "Nothing Cruise has done will prepare you for what he does in ''Born on the Fourth of July'' ... His performance is so good that the movie lives through it. Stone is able to make his statement with Cruise's face and voice and doesn't need to put everything into the dialogue."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/born-on-the-fourth-of-july-1989|title= Born on the Fourth of July movie review|website= Rogerebert.com|accessdate= June 22, 2022|archive-date= November 14, 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221114135504/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/born-on-the-fourth-of-july-1989|url-status= live}}</ref> The performance earned him a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama]], the [[Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor]], the [[People's Choice Award]] for Favorite Motion Picture Actor, a nomination for [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]], and Cruise's first [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination.<ref name="Oscars1990">{{Cite web|url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990|title=The 62nd Academy Awards (1990) Nominees and Winners|date=October 5, 2014 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|access-date=June 8, 2018|archive-date=May 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510162908/https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1990|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 1990s: Dramatic roles ===
Cruise's next films were ''[[Days of Thunder]]'' (1990) and ''[[Far and Away]]'' (1992), both of which co-starred then-wife [[Nicole Kidman]] as his love interest, followed by the [[legal thriller]] ''[[The Firm (1993 film)|The Firm]]'', which was a critical and commercial success. In 1994, Cruise starred along with [[Brad Pitt]], [[Antonio Banderas]] and [[Christian Slater]] in [[Neil Jordan]]'s ''[[Interview with the Vampire (film)|Interview with the Vampire]]'', a gothic drama/horror film that was based on [[Anne Rice]]'s [[Interview with the Vampire|best-selling novel]]. The film was well-received, although Rice was initially quite outspoken in her criticism of Cruise having been cast in the film, as [[Julian Sands]] was her first choice. Upon seeing the film, however, she paid {{USD|7,740|long=no}} ({{Inflation|US|7,740|1994|fmt=eq|round=-1}}) for a two-page ad in ''[[Variety (magazine)|Daily Variety]]'' praising his performance and apologizing for her previous doubts about him.<ref>[https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,305073,00.html Go Figure] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041528/https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,305073,00.html |date=December 29, 2020 }}, ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'', December 30, 1994.</ref>

In 1996, Cruise starred as superspy [[Ethan Hunt]] in the reboot of ''[[Mission: Impossible (film)|Mission: Impossible]]'', which he also produced.<ref>{{cite web |last=Foutch |first=Haleigh |title='Mission: Impossible' 20 Years Later: How An Uneasy Spy Thriller Became a Blockbuster Franchise |url=https://collider.com/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-20-years-later/ |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=May 22, 2016 |access-date=July 17, 2018 |archive-date=July 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717083626/http://collider.com/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-20-years-later |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was directed by [[Brian De Palma]] and was a box office success. Film critic Stephen Holden of ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised Cruise's performance, declaring "Tom Cruise has found the perfect superhero character on which to graft his breathlessly gung-ho screen personality."<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/22/movies/film-review-mission-accepted-tom-cruise-as-superhero.html|title= FILM REVIEW;Mission Accepted: Tom Cruise as Superhero|website= [[The New York Times]]|date= May 22, 1996|accessdate= June 22, 2022|last1= Holden|first1= Stephen|archive-date= July 11, 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220711134509/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/22/movies/film-review-mission-accepted-tom-cruise-as-superhero.html|url-status= live}}</ref> In the same year, Cruise took on the title role in [[Cameron Crowe]]'s [[sports drama]] ''[[Jerry Maguire]]'' playing a [[sports agent]] in search of love. The film was a massive financial success grossing more than {{USD|273 million|long=no}} worldwide against its {{USD|50 million|long=no}} budget.<ref name="mojo">{{cite web
| title = Jerry Maguire (1996)
| url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jerrymaguire.htm
| website = [[Box Office Mojo]]
| access-date = January 6, 2010
| archive-date = January 2, 2010
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100102033957/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=jerrymaguire.htm
| url-status = live
}}</ref>

In 1999, Cruise co-starred with Kidman in [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s [[erotic]] and [[psychological drama]] film ''[[Eyes Wide Shut]]''. Peter Bradshaw of ''[[The Guardian (website)|The Guardian]]'' praised both Cruise and Kidman on their performances writing, "Cruise in particular lays himself open in that fiercely committed way that he tries everything as an actor".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/nov/29/eyes-wide-shut-review-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman|title= Eyes Wide Shut review – chilling|website= The Guardian|date= November 29, 2019|accessdate= June 22, 2022|archive-date= November 17, 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221117231038/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/nov/29/eyes-wide-shut-review-stanley-kubrick-tom-cruise-nicole-kidman|url-status= live}}</ref> That same year he took a rare [[Supporting actor|supporting role]], as a motivational speaker, Frank T.J. Mackey, in [[Paul Thomas Anderson]]'s ''[[Magnolia (film)|Magnolia]]'' (1999). ''[[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]'' film critic Peter Travers heaped praise on Cruise writing, "Cruise is a revelation, fully deserving of the shower of superlatives coming his way ... Cruise seethes with the chaotic energy of a wounded animal—he's devastating."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/magnolia-120044/|title= Magnolia – Rolling Stone|website= [[Rolling Stone (magazine)|Rolling Stone]]|date= February 27, 2001|accessdate= June 22, 2022|archive-date= July 11, 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220711134345/https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-reviews/magnolia-120044/|url-status= live}}</ref> For his performance he received another [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture|Golden Globe]] and nomination for an [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Academy Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000 |title=Nominees & Winners for the 72nd Academy Awards |publisher=[[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] |access-date=January 3, 2014 |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402003006/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2000 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2000s: Established career ===
[[File:TomCruiseOct07.jpg|thumb|upright|Cruise at the 2007 [[London Film Festival]] for the premiere of ''[[Lions for Lambs]]'']]

In 2000, Cruise returned as Ethan Hunt in the second installment of the ''Mission: Impossible'' films, ''[[Mission: Impossible 2]]''. The film was helmed by Hong Kong director [[John Woo]] and branded with his [[gun fu]] style; it continued the series' success at the box office, taking in {{USD|547 million|long=no}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |title=Tom Cruise's 'Mission: Impossible' Sequels Have A History Of Unexpected Delays And Long Waits |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2020/04/24/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-rebecca-ferguson-box-office-delayed-coronavirus-james-bond-shazam/ |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=Forbes |archive-date=July 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712162200/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2020/04/24/mission-impossible-tom-cruise-rebecca-ferguson-box-office-delayed-coronavirus-james-bond-shazam/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Unlike its predecessor, it was the highest-grossing film of the year,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Simon |title='Mission: Impossible' Turns 25: The Franchise Ranked By Worldwide Box Office |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonthompson/2021/05/21/mission-impossible-turns-25-the-franchise-ranked-by-worldwide-box-office/ |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=Forbes |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013152510/https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonthompson/2021/05/21/mission-impossible-turns-25-the-franchise-ranked-by-worldwide-box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but had a mixed critical reception.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mission: Impossible II |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/mission-impossible-ii |access-date=July 3, 2022 |archive-date=October 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003223833/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/mission-impossible-ii |url-status=live }}</ref> Cruise received an [[MTV Movie Award]] for Best Male Performance for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MTV Movie Awards: 2001 Highlights |url=https://www.mtv.com/photos/4zhv31/mtv-movie-awards-2001-highlights/5abxpc |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=MTV |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013154912/https://www.mtv.com/photos/4zhv31/mtv-movie-awards-2001-highlights/5abxpc |url-status=dead }}</ref> His next five films were major critical and commercial successes.<ref name=boxofficemojotomcruise>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Actor&id=tomcruise.htm |title=Tom Cruise |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041531/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/name/nm0000129/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/tom_cruise/ |title=Tom Cruise Movies, News, and Pictures on Rotten Tomatoes |website=Rottentomatoes.com |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041533/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/tom_cruise |url-status=live }}</ref> The following year, Cruise starred in the romantic thriller ''[[Vanilla Sky]]'' (2001) with [[Cameron Diaz]] and [[Penélope Cruz]]. In 2002, Cruise starred in the [[dystopia]]n science fiction action film ''[[Minority Report (film)|Minority Report]]'', which was directed by [[Steven Spielberg]] and based on the short story by [[Philip K. Dick]]. It has since been included in lists of the greatest science fiction films of all time.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-lists/best-sci-fi-movies-1234893930/minority-report-2002-4-1234931240/ | title=The 150 Greatest Science Fiction Movies of All Time | magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] | date=January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/minority-report-streaming-steven-spielberg-tom-cruise | title=Of course Spielberg's best shot ever is in his most underrated movie, 'Minority Report' | date=March 13, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.timeout.com/film/the-100-best-sci-fi-movies | title=The 100 best sci-fi movies of all time | newspaper=Time Out Worldwide | date=June 15, 2023 }}</ref>

In 2003, he starred in [[Edward Zwick]]'s period action drama ''[[The Last Samurai]]'', for which he received a [[Golden Globes|Golden Globe]] nomination for [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama|Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama]].<ref name="www.goldenglobes.com"/> In 2004, Cruise received critical acclaim for his performance as Vincent in ''[[Collateral (film)|Collateral]]''. The critical consensus states that "Driven by director [[Michael Mann]]'s trademark visuals and a lean, villainous performance from Tom Cruise, ''Collateral'' is a stylish and compelling noir thriller."<ref>{{Citation |title=Collateral |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/collateral |access-date=July 3, 2022 |archive-date=June 5, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605045704/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/collateral |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, Cruise worked again with Steven Spielberg in ''[[War of the Worlds (2005 film)|War of the Worlds]]'', a loose adaptation of the [[H. G. Wells]] [[The War of the Worlds|novel of the same name]], which became the fourth highest-grossing film of the year with {{USD|591.4 million|long=no}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 6, 2006 |first1=Joshua |last1=Rich |title=Hollywood's mid-term report card |url=https://ew.com/article/2006/07/06/hollywoods-mid-term-report-card/ |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=EW.com|archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013152616/https://ew.com/article/2006/07/06/hollywoods-mid-term-report-card/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in 2005, he was a nominee for the People's Choice Award for Favorite Male Movie Star<ref>{{Cite web |title=People's Choice Awards, USA (2005) |url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000530/2005/1/ |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=IMDb |archive-date=October 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019145733/https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000530/2005/1/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the winner of the [[MTV]] Generation Award.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MTV Movie Awards: 2005 Highlights |url=https://www.mtv.com/photos/k9mhg0/mtv-movie-awards-2005-highlights/9rsbuv |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=MTV |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711135430/https://www.mtv.com/photos/k9mhg0/mtv-movie-awards-2005-highlights/9rsbuv |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cruise was nominated for seven [[Saturn Awards]] between 2002 and 2009, winning once. Nine of the ten films he starred in during the decade made more than {{USD|100 million|long=no}} at the box office.<ref name=boxofficemojotomcruise/>

In 2006, he returned to his role as Ethan Hunt in the third installment of the ''Mission Impossible'' film series, ''[[Mission: Impossible III]]''. The film was more positively received by critics than the previous films in the series and grossed nearly {{USD|400 million|long=no}} at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mi3.htm |title=Mission: Impossible III (2006) |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=August 8, 2009 |archive-date=August 15, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090815013553/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mi3.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, Cruise took a rare supporting role for the second time in ''[[Lions for Lambs]]'', which was a commercial disappointment. This was followed by an unrecognizable appearance as "Les Grossman" in the 2008 comedy ''[[Tropic Thunder]]'' with [[Ben Stiller]], [[Jack Black]], and [[Robert Downey Jr.]] This performance earned Cruise a [[Golden Globes|Golden Globe]] nomination.<ref name="www.goldenglobes.com">{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/person/tom-cruise |access-date=July 3, 2022 |website=www.goldenglobes.com |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013155022/https://www.goldenglobes.com/person/tom-cruise |url-status=live }}</ref> Cruise played the central role in the historical thriller ''[[Valkyrie (film)|Valkyrie]]'' released on December 25, 2008, to box office success.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=valkyrie.htm |title=Valkyrie (2008) |website=Box Office Mojo |date=April 16, 2009 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041438/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl460948993/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== 2010s: Action star ===
In March 2010, Cruise completed filming the action-comedy ''[[Knight and Day]]'', in which he re-teamed with former costar Cameron Diaz; the film was released on June 23, 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Knight and Day |url=http://www.knightanddaymovie.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819114931/http://www.knightanddaymovie.com/ |archive-date=August 19, 2010 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |website=Knightanddaymovie.com}}</ref> On February 9, 2010, Cruise confirmed that he would star in ''[[Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol]]'', the fourth installment in the ''[[Mission: Impossible (film series)|Mission: Impossible]]'' series. The film was released in December 2011<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 9, 2010 |title=Cruise to star in 'Mission: Impossible 4' – Entertainment – Access Hollywood |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/cruise-star-mission-impossible-4-wbna35321981 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041432/https://www.today.com/popculture/cruise-star-mission-impossible-4-wbna35321981 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Today.com}}</ref> to high critical acclaim<ref name="rt">{{Cite web |title=Mission: Impossible Ghost Protocol (2011) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mission_impossible_ghost_protocol/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041502/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mission_impossible_ghost_protocol |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=June 20, 2012 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> and box office success.<ref name="ox">{{Cite web |title=Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol (2011) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mi4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719071810/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mi4.htm |archive-date=July 19, 2019 |access-date=April 13, 2012 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Unadjusted for ticket price inflation, it was Cruise's biggest commercial success to that date.<ref name="Overseas5">{{Cite news |last=Subers |first=Ray |date=February 7, 2012 |title=Around-the-World Roundup: 'M:I-4' Passes $600 Million Worldwide |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3364&p=.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210103136/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3364&p=.htm |archive-date=February 10, 2012 |access-date=February 13, 2012 |work=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>

[[File:Tom Cruise by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Cruise at the 2013 [[San Diego Comic-Con|San Diego Comic Con]]]]

On May 6, 2011, Cruise was awarded a humanitarian award from the [[Simon Wiesenthal Center]] and its [[Museum of Tolerance]] for his work as a dedicated philanthropist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise's Remarks on Receiving the Simon Wiesenthal Center's Humanitarian Award |url=http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=6765195 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408210046/http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=6765195 |archive-date=April 8, 2018 |access-date=April 8, 2018 |publisher=Simon Wiesenthal Center}}</ref> In mid-2011, Cruise started shooting the movie ''[[Rock of Ages (2012 film)|Rock of Ages]]'' (2012), in which he played the fictional character [[Stacee Jaxx]]. The film was released in June 2012 and was a rare box-office misstep for Cruise.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Everett |first=Christina |date=May 15, 2012 |title=Tom Cruise flaunts his abs, fake tattoos in 'Rock of Ages'-inspired photo shoot for W magazine |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/tom-cruise-flaunts-abs-fake-tattoos-rock-ages-inspired-photo-shoot-w-magazine-article-1.1078665 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518075305/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/tom-cruise-flaunts-abs-fake-tattoos-rock-ages-inspired-photo-shoot-w-magazine-article-1.1078665 |archive-date=May 18, 2012 |access-date=May 15, 2012 |work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]] |location=New York}}</ref> Cruise however received positive reviews for his performance with ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''{{'s}} film critic Justin Chang writing, "Channeling the likes of [[Axl Rose]] and [[Keith Richards]] with his tattoos, heavy furs and even heavier eyeshadow, Cruise clearly relishes the opportunity to play against type even as he sends up his world's-biggest-movie-star identity, displaying a cock-of-the-rock strut that viewers haven't seen since his turn in ''Magnolia''."<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2012 |title=Rock of Ages – Variety |url=https://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/rock-of-ages-2-1117947727/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904074124/https://variety.com/2012/film/reviews/rock-of-ages-2-1117947727/ |archive-date=September 4, 2023 |access-date=June 22, 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref>

Cruise starred as [[Jack Reacher]] in the [[Jack Reacher (film)|film adaptation]] of British author [[Lee Child]]'s 2005 novel ''[[One Shot (novel)|One Shot]]''. The film was released on December 21, 2012.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Schwarzbaum |first=Lisa |date=January 3, 2013 |title=Jack Reacher (2012) |url=https://ew.com/article/2013/01/03/jack-reacher-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041506/https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20483133_20620438,00.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=July 13, 2013 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> It met with positive reviews from critics and was a box office success grossing {{USD|217 million|long=no}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jack Reacher |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jack_reacher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725214916/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/jack_reacher/ |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |access-date=July 12, 2013 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jack Reacher |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=oneshot.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216094248/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=oneshot.htm |archive-date=February 16, 2015 |access-date=July 13, 2013 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> In 2013, he starred in the science fiction film ''[[Oblivion (2013 film)|Oblivion]]'' based on director [[Joseph Kosinski]]'s graphic novel of the same name. The film met with mixed reviews and grossed {{USD|286 million|long=no}} worldwide. It also starred [[Morgan Freeman]] and [[Olga Kurylenko]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oblivion |url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/oblivion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041528/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/oblivion |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=July 13, 2013 |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oblivion |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=oblivion.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713002517/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=oblivion.htm |archive-date=July 13, 2013 |access-date=July 13, 2013 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> In 2014, Cruise starred in the science fiction-action film ''[[Edge of Tomorrow]]'', which received positive reviews<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Die Repeat: Edge of Tomorrow (2014) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/live_die_repeat_edge_of_tomorrow |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041436/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/live_die_repeat_edge_of_tomorrow |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=November 17, 2020 |website=Rotten Tomatoes |publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]}}</ref> and grossed more than {{USD|370 million|long=no}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 11, 2014 |title=Edge of Tomorrow |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=allyouneediskill.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412045213/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=allyouneediskill.htm |archive-date=April 12, 2016 |access-date=April 16, 2016 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>

In 2015, Cruise returned as Ethan Hunt in the fifth installment of the ''Mission: Impossible'' series, ''[[Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation]]'', which he also produced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2013 |title=Tom Cruise Signs to Star in Mission: Impossible 5 |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=103854 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041543/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/103854-tom-cruise-signs-to-star-in-mission-impossible-5 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=April 2, 2015 |website=ComingSoon.net}}</ref> Returning cast members included [[Simon Pegg]] as Benji and [[Jeremy Renner]] as William Brandt, with [[Christopher McQuarrie]] as director. The film earned high critical acclaim<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission: Impossible Rogue Nation (2015) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mission_impossible_rogue_nation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041440/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mission_impossible_rogue_nation |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=September 29, 2019 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> and was a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation (2015) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mi5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117020323/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mi5.htm |archive-date=November 17, 2013 |access-date=September 29, 2019 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Cruise starred in the 2017 reboot of [[Boris Karloff]]'s 1932 horror movie ''[[The Mummy (1932 film)|The Mummy]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mendelson |first=Scott |date=January 21, 2016 |title=Tom Cruise will officially star in the Mummy |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2016/01/21/tom-cruise-brings-star-power-to-universals-mummy-reboot/#2d447df71ccf |url-status=live |work=Forbes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041441/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2016/01/21/tom-cruise-brings-star-power-to-universals-mummy-reboot/#2d447df71ccf |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=January 22, 2016}}</ref> The new film, also titled ''[[The Mummy (2017 film)|The Mummy]]'', received negative reviews and disappointed at the box office, though still grossed more than {{USD|400 million|long=no}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Setoodeh |first1=Ramin |last2=Lang |first2=Brent |date=June 14, 2017 |title=Inside 'The Mummy's' Troubles: Tom Cruise Had Excessive Control (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/the-mummy-meltdown-tom-cruise-1202465742/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615013001/http://variety.com/2017/film/news/the-mummy-meltdown-tom-cruise-1202465742/ |archive-date=June 15, 2017 |access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Scott |first=A. O. |date=June 7, 2017 |title=Review: 'The Mummy,' With Tom Cruise, Deserves a Quick Burial |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/movies/the-mummy-review-tom-cruise.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041442/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/07/movies/the-mummy-review-tom-cruise.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=May 21, 2020 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> In 2018, Cruise again reprised Ethan Hunt, in the sixth film in his franchise, ''[[Mission: Impossible – Fallout]]''. The film was more positively received by critics than the previous films in the series and grossed more than {{USD|791 million|long=no}} at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mission_impossible_fallout |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712221032/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mission_impossible_fallout |archive-date=July 12, 2018 |access-date=September 29, 2019 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref><ref name="BOM">{{Cite web |title=Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=missionimpossible6.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212012649/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2449573377/ |archive-date=February 12, 2021 |access-date=January 11, 2019 |website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Unadjusted for ticket price inflation, it was Cruise's biggest commercial success to date.<ref name="Box Office Mojo">{{Cite web |title=Tom Cruise Movie Box Office Results |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Actor&id=tomcruise.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910171041/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/people/chart/?view=Actor&id=tomcruise.htm |archive-date=September 10, 2019 |access-date=August 16, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref>

=== 2020s: Franchise films===
In May 2020, it was reported that Cruise would be starring in and producing a movie shot in [[outer space]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=May 26, 2020|title=Doug Liman to Direct Tom Cruise Movie That Will Shoot in Space|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/doug-liman-direct-tom-cruise-space-set-movie-1296052|access-date=June 1, 2020|website=The Hollywood Reporter|archive-date=May 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503163536/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/doug-liman-direct-tom-cruise-space-set-movie-1296052|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Doug Liman]] would be directing, writing, and co-producing. Both will fly to the [[International Space Station]] as part of a future [[Axiom Space]] mission in a [[SpaceX]] [[SpaceX Dragon 2|Dragon 2]] spacecraft.<ref>{{cite news|date=September 22, 2020|title=Tom Cruise is officially going to space for his next movie|url=https://www.nme.com/news/film/tom-cruise-is-officially-going-to-space-for-his-next-movie-2758685|access-date=November 18, 2020|archive-date=January 26, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126025424/https://www.nme.com/news/film/tom-cruise-is-officially-going-to-space-for-his-next-movie-2758685|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2021, Cruise protested against the [[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]] (HFPA) by returning all three of his Golden Globe Awards in light of controversy surrounding the HFPA,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/tom-cruise-returns-his-3-golden-globes-in-protest-against-hfpa/|title=Tom Cruise Returns His 3 Golden Globes in Protest Against HFPA|first=Jeremy|last=Fulser|work=The Wrap|date=May 10, 2021|access-date=May 10, 2021|archive-date=May 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510192733/https://www.thewrap.com/tom-cruise-returns-his-3-golden-globes-in-protest-against-hfpa/|url-status=live}}</ref> particularly its lack of diversity, specifically no black members, and ethical questions related to financial benefits to some of its members.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Melas|first=Chloe|title=Tom Cruise returns Golden Globe Awards in protest of HFPA|date=May 10, 2021 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/10/entertainment/tom-cruise-scarlett-johansson-golden-globes/index.html|access-date=May 12, 2021|publisher=[[CNN]]|archive-date=May 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512003050/https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/10/entertainment/tom-cruise-scarlett-johansson-golden-globes/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Tom Cruise Sydney Premiere Mission Impossible part one (53019353900) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|right|Cruise at the 2023 [[Sydney]] premiere of ''[[Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One]]'']]

In 2022, Cruise reprised his role as [[Pete "Maverick" Mitchell|Captain Pete "Maverick" Mitchell]] in ''[[Top Gun: Maverick]]'', a film which he also produced. The film premiered at the [[Cannes Film Festival]] where Cruise earned an [[Palme d'Or|Honorary Palme d'Or]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2022/05/18/tom-cruise-honored-with-surprise-award-at-cannes-film-festival/9828005002/|title= Tom Cruise wins surprise Palme d'Or award at Cannes Film Festival: 'I make movies for the big screen'|website= [[USA Today]]|accessdate= June 22, 2022|archive-date= October 21, 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221021152746/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/movies/2022/05/18/tom-cruise-honored-with-surprise-award-at-cannes-film-festival/9828005002/|url-status= live}}</ref> The film was released to widespread critical praise, with many reviewers deeming it superior to its predecessor.<ref name="Rotten Tomatoes Editorial">{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2022 |first=Christopher |last=Campbell |title=Top Gun: Maverick First Reviews: The Most Thrilling Blockbuster We've Gotten In Years |url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/top-gun-maverick-first-reviews-the-most-thrilling-blockbuster-weve-gotten-in-years/ |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=June 22, 2022 |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512215327/https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/article/top-gun-maverick-first-reviews-the-most-thrilling-blockbuster-weve-gotten-in-years/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film broke several box office records upon its release, earning more than {{USD|1 billion|long=no}}, and becoming the highest-grossing film of his career.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.ign.com/articles/top-gun-maverick-is-officially-tom-cruises-highest-grossing-movie-ever|title= Top Gun: Maverick Is Officially Tom Cruise's Highest-Grossing Movie Ever|website= IGN|first= Adam|last= Bankhurst|date= June 18, 2022|accessdate= June 22, 2022|archive-date= October 13, 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221013155219/https://www.ign.com/articles/top-gun-maverick-is-officially-tom-cruises-highest-grossing-movie-ever|url-status= live}}</ref> Cruise earned {{USD|100 million|long=no}} for the film, when combining ticket sales, his salary, and his cut of home entertainment rentals and streaming revenues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/features/movie-star-salaries-joaquin-phoenix-joker-2-tom-cruise-1235320046/|title=Inside Movie Stars' Salaries: Joaquin Phoenix Nabs $20M for ''Joker 2,'' Tom Cruise Heads to Over $100M and More|date=July 20, 2022|first=Brent|last=Lang|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=July 21, 2022|archive-date=July 20, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720160107/https://variety.com/2022/film/features/movie-star-salaries-joaquin-phoenix-joker-2-tom-cruise-1235320046/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Cruise reprised his role as [[Ethan Hunt]] in ''[[Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One]]'' which was released in theaters on July 12, 2023. The film received critical acclaim, but was a box office disappointment due to the box-office and cultural phenomenon dubbed [[Barbenheimer]], which was the same-day release of [[Christopher Nolan]]'s historical epic film ''[[Oppenheimer (film)|Oppenheimer]]'' and [[Greta Gerwig]]'s fantasy comedy ''[[Barbie (2023 film)|Barbie]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mission-impossible-barbie-oppenheimer-b2380677.html|title= Mission: Impossible struggles at box office against record-breaking might of Barbenheimer|website= The Independent|date= July 24, 2023|accessdate= November 11, 2023|archive-date= November 11, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231111170801/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mission-impossible-barbie-oppenheimer-b2380677.html|url-status= live}}</ref> Peter Debruge of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' praised ''Dead Reckoning'' for its performances, action sequences and a satisfying ending, writing, "This outing may be one-half of a two-part finale, but it gives audiences enough closure to stand on its own".<ref>{{cite web|url= https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/mission-impossible-dead-reckoning-part-one-review-tom-cruise-1235661556/|title= 'Mission: Impossible — Dead Reckoning Part One' Review: A Stunt-Loving Tom Cruise Takes On AI … and Big-Screen CG Rivals|website= Variety|date= July 5, 2023|accessdate= November 11, 2023|archive-date= October 26, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231026091115/https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/mission-impossible-dead-reckoning-part-one-review-tom-cruise-1235661556/|url-status= live}}</ref> In 2024, he appeared in the [[2024 Summer Olympics closing ceremony|Paris 2024 Olympics closing ceremony]] to promote [[2028 Summer Olympics|Los Angeles 2028 Summer Olympics]], by jumping from the roof of the [[Stade de France]] stadium in Paris. He took the flag from Mayor [[Karen Bass]] and athlete [[Simone Biles]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3d9ervrv5mo|date=August 12, 2024|access-date=August 14, 2024|title=Tom Cruise descends from stadium roof in daring Olympic finale|work=[[BBC]]}}</ref>

Cruise reprised the role of [[Ethan Hunt]] in the second part, ''[[Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning]]'', released in May 2025. Cruise also declared it would be the last film in which he would portray Ethan Hunt.<ref>{{Citation |last=McQuarrie |first=Christopher |title=Mission: Impossible - The Final Reckoning |date=May 23, 2025 |type=Action, Adventure, Thriller |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9603208/ |access-date=November 18, 2024 |others=Tom Cruise, Hannah Waddingham, Hayley Atwell |publisher=Paramount Pictures, Skydance Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/movies/news/mission-impossible-the-final-reckoning-release-date-plot-cast-and-everything-we-know-so-far/ar-AA1uj3rv |access-date=November 20, 2024 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> He will also star in ''[[Digger (2026 film)|Digger]]'' directed by [[Alejandro González Iñárritu]] which will be his first film at Warner Bros. Pictures in twelve years.<ref>{{cite web |first=Justin |last=Kroll |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/tom-cruise-alejandro-inarritu-next-legendary-1235833486/ |title=Tom Cruise To Star In Alejandro G. Iñárritu's Next Film At Warner Bros. And Legendary |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=February 22, 2024 |access-date=February 23, 2024 |archive-date=February 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222235301/https://deadline.com/2024/02/tom-cruise-alejandro-inarritu-next-legendary-1235833486/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ritman | first1=Alex |first2=Naman | last2=Ramachandran |date=October 22, 2024 |title=Tom Cruise, Alejandro G. Iñárritu Film at Warner Bros. and Legendary Sets U.K. Shoot (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/global/tom-cruise-alejandro-inarritu-film-uk-shoot-1236186267/ |access-date=November 20, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Production==
Cruise partnered with his former talent agent [[Paula Wagner]] to form [[Cruise/Wagner Productions]] in 1993,<ref name="MGM">{{cite news|title=MGM Partners With Tom Cruise and Paula Wagner to Form New United Artists |url= http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20061102/LATH10602112006-1.html |agency=PR Newswire |publisher=Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios |date=November 2, 2006 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080929115013/http://sev.prnewswire.com/entertainment/20061102/LATH10602112006-1.html |archive-date= September 29, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and the company has since co-produced several of Cruise's films, the first being ''[[Mission: Impossible (film)|Mission: Impossible]]'' in 1996 which was also Cruise's first project as a producer. In addition, Cruise has produced films in which he does not appear, namely ''[[The Others (2001 film)|The Others]]'', ''[[Shattered Glass (film)|Shattered Glass]]'', ''[[Elizabethtown (film)|Elizabethtown]]'', ''[[Narc (film)|Narc]]'', ''[[Ask the Dust (film)|Ask the Dust]]'', and ''[[Without Limits]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000129/|title=Tom Cruise Production Credits|website=IMDb|access-date=January 22, 2016|archive-date=July 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730052652/https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000129/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Cruise is noted as having negotiated some of the most lucrative film deals in Hollywood and was described in 2005 by Hollywood economist [[Edward Jay Epstein]] as "one of the most powerful—and richest—forces in Hollywood." Epstein argues that Cruise is one of the few producers (the others being [[George Lucas]], [[Steven Spielberg]] and [[Jerry Bruckheimer]]) who are regarded as able to guarantee the success of a billion-dollar film franchise. Epstein also contends that the public obsession with Cruise's tabloid controversies obscures full appreciation of Cruise's exceptional commercial prowess.<ref name="Epstein">{{cite web|last=Epstein|first=Edward Jay|author-link=Edward Jay Epstein|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2121617/|title=Tom Cruise Inc.|website=Slate.com|date=June 27, 2005|access-date=October 31, 2008|archive-date=September 28, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928120812/http://www.slate.com/id/2121617/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Break with Paramount===
[[File:Tom Cruise by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|upright|Cruise at the 2019 [[San Diego Comic-Con]]]]

On August 22, 2006, [[Paramount Pictures]] announced it was ending its 14-year relationship with Cruise. In ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', chairman of [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]] (Paramount's parent company) [[Sumner Redstone]] cited the economic damage to Cruise's value as an actor and producer from his controversial public behavior and views.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/08/22/news/newsmakers/cruise_paramount/index.htm?cnn=yes |title=CNN: Paramount Pictures cuts ties with Tom Cruise |work=CNN|date=August 23, 2006 |access-date=August 8, 2009 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041556/https://money.cnn.com/2006/08/22/news/newsmakers/cruise_paramount/index.htm?cnn=yes |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.nationalledger.com/artman/publish/article_27267912.shtml |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015319/http://www.nationalledger.com/artman/publish/article_27267912.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |title=Sumner Redstone Rebuke of Tom Cruise: Now What? |publisher=National Ledger |access-date=August 8, 2009}}</ref> Cruise/Wagner Productions responded that Paramount's announcement was a face-saving move after the production company had successfully sought alternative financing from [[private equity]] firms.<ref>{{cite news |last=Lieberman |first=David |url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/media/2006-08-23-hedge-films-usat_x.htm |title=Cruise seeks financial backing from hedge funds |work=USA Today |date=August 24, 2006 |access-date=August 8, 2009 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041532/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/media/2006-08-23-hedge-films-usat_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Industry analysts such as Edward Jay Epstein commented that the real reason for the split was most likely Paramount's discontent over Cruise/Wagner's exceptionally large share of DVD sales from the ''Mission: Impossible'' franchise.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/d817b680-33a0-11db-981f-0000779e2340|title=Paramount vs Cruise: all down to the killer cut|work=Financial Times|date=August 24, 2006|access-date=April 2, 2015|archive-date=July 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725052653/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/d817b680-33a0-11db-981f-0000779e2340.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Nicole |last=Sperling |url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003052563 |title=Biz eyeing economics of Cruise-Par breakup: DVD slowdown forcing restraint |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=August 24, 2006 |access-date=August 8, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113093430/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003052563 |archive-date=January 13, 2009 }}</ref>

===Management of United Artists===
In November 2006, Cruise and Paula Wagner announced that they had taken over the film studio [[United Artists]] (UA).<ref name="MGM"/> Cruise acted as a producer and starred in films for UA, while Wagner served as UA's chief executive. Production began in 2007 of ''[[Valkyrie (film)|Valkyrie]]'', a thriller based on the July 20, 1944, assassination attempt against [[Adolf Hitler]]. The film was acquired in March 2007 by UA. On March 21, 2007, Cruise signed to play [[Claus von Stauffenberg]], the [[protagonist]]. This project marked the second production to be greenlighted since Cruise and Wagner took control of UA. The first was its inaugural film, ''[[Lions for Lambs]]'', directed by [[Robert Redford]] and starring Redford, [[Meryl Streep]] and Cruise. In August 2008, Wagner stepped down from her position at UA; she retained her stake in UA, which combined with Cruise's share amounted to 30% of the studio.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eller|first=Claudia|date=August 14, 2008|title=Wagner resigns as chief of UA|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-aug-14-fi-wagner14-story.html|access-date=March 3, 2023|periodical=Los Angeles Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041508/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-aug-14-fi-wagner14-story.html |archive-date=December 29, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Return to Paramount===
Cruise began working with Paramount again as a producer and star with ''[[Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol]]'', without Wagner, which was a critical and commercial success. He and Wagner would collaborate for the final time on the modestly successful ''[[Jack Reacher (film)|Jack Reacher]]'' series, also for Paramount.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bird |first=Brad |title=Mission: Impossible - Ghost Protocol |date=December 21, 2011 |type=Action, Adventure, Thriller |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1229238/ |access-date=March 21, 2024 |others=Tom Cruise, Jeremy Renner, Simon Pegg |publisher=Paramount Pictures, Skydance Media, TC Productions |archive-date=March 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325214335/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1229238/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Move to Warner Bros. Discovery===
In January 2024, it was announced that his production company was forming a new strategic partnership with [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] to develop and produce original and franchise films.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lang|first=Brett|date=January 9, 2024|title=Tom Cruise Signs Deal With Warner Bros. to Develop and Produce Original and Franchise Films|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/tom-cruise-warner-bros-deal-new-movies-1235866282/#article-comments|access-date=January 11, 2024|periodical=Variety|archive-date=January 10, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110220303/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/tom-cruise-warner-bros-deal-new-movies-1235866282/#article-comments|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Masters|first=Kim|date=January 11, 2024|title=What Tom Cruise's New Deal Really Means|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/inside-tom-cruise-new-deal-1235785619/|access-date=January 11, 2024|periodical=THR|archive-date=January 11, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111170100/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/inside-tom-cruise-new-deal-1235785619/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Acting credits and accolades ==
{{see also| Tom Cruise filmography|List of awards and nominations received by Tom Cruise}}
{{Multiple image|total_width = 400
| image1 = TomCruiseHWoFOct10.jpg
| caption1 = Cruise's star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]
| image2 = Plaque with Tom Cruise's handprints in Leicester Sq London.jpg
| caption2 = Cruise's handprints in [[Leicester Square]], London
}}

In 2006, ''Premiere'' ranked Cruise as Hollywood's most powerful actor,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Power List 2006|url=http://www.premiere.com/best/2816/the-power-list-2006.html|work=Premiere|date=June 2006|access-date=July 29, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120121741/http://www.premiere.com/best/2816/the-power-list-2006.html|archive-date=January 20, 2007}}</ref> as Cruise came in at number 13 on the magazine's 2006 Power List, being the highest ranked actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.premiere.com/newsletter/2851/the-power-list-2006-page13.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120122143/http://www.premiere.com/newsletter/2851/the-power-list-2006-page13.html|archive-date=January 20, 2007|title=The Power List 2006|work=[[Premiere (magazine)|Premiere]]|access-date=July 3, 2012}}</ref> The same year, ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine ranked him as the world's most powerful celebrity.<ref name="Forbes-2007"/> The founder of [[CinemaScore]] in 2016 cited Cruise and [[Leonardo DiCaprio]] as the "two stars, it doesn't matter how bad the film is, they can pull [the box office] up."<ref name="lawrence20160830">{{Cite news|url=http://www.reviewjournal.com/neon/las-vegan-s-polling-company-keeps-tabs-hollywood|title=Las Vegan's polling company keeps tabs on Hollywood |last=Lawrence|first=Christopher|date=August 30, 2016|newspaper=Las Vegas Review-Journal|access-date=December 24, 2016|archive-date=December 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224100303/http://www.reviewjournal.com/neon/las-vegan-s-polling-company-keeps-tabs-hollywood |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/tom-cruise-eyes-wide-shut-mission-impossible-top-gun-jack-reacher-a9177726.html|title=Why Tom Cruise is contemporary cinema's Peter Pan|date=October 31, 2019|website=The Independent|access-date=May 21, 2020|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041518/https://www.independent.co.uk/independentpremium/tom-cruise-eyes-wide-shut-mission-impossible-top-gun-jack-reacher-a9177726.html|url-status=live}}</ref> October 10, 2006, was declared "Tom Cruise Day" in Japan; the Japan Memorial Day Association said that he was awarded with a special day because of "his love for and close association with Japan."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywood.com/news/Cruise_Day_Declared_in_Japan/3563377 |title=Tom Cruise Day |website=Hollywood.com |access-date=August 8, 2009 |archive-date=November 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105172031/http://www.hollywood.com/news/Cruise_Day_Declared_in_Japan/3563377 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

While reviewing ''[[Days of Thunder]]'' (co-written Cruise), film critic [[Roger Ebert]] noted the similarities between several of Cruise's 1980s films and nicknamed the formula the "Tom Cruise Picture".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/days-of-thunder-1990|title=Days Of Thunder movie review & film summary (1990) | Roger Ebert|first=Roger|last=Ebert|website=www.rogerebert.com|access-date=May 21, 2020|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041544/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/days-of-thunder-1990|url-status=live}}</ref> Ebert listed nine key ingredients that make up the Tom Cruise Picture: the Cruise character, the mentor, the superior woman, the craft he must hone, the arena it takes place in, the arcana or knowledge he must learn, the trail or journey, the proto enemy, and the eventual enemy of the character. Some of Cruise's later films like ''[[A Few Good Men]]'' and ''[[The Last Samurai]]'' can also be considered to be part of this formula. ''Widescreenings'' compares two of these Cruise characters in an article on the film ''[[A Few Good Men]]:''{{blockquote|
[screenwriter] [[Aaron Sorkin]] interestingly takes the opposite approach of ''[[Top Gun]]'', where Cruise also starred as the protagonist. In ''Top Gun'', Cruise plays Mitchell who is a 'hot shot' military underachiever who makes mistakes because he is trying to outperform his late father. Where Maverick Mitchell needs to rein in the discipline, Daniel Kaffee needs to let it go, finally see what he can do.<ref name="widescreenings">{{cite web|url=http://www.widescreenings.com/few-good-men-analysis-review.html|title=Review and analysis: A Few Good Men|first=Inspired by R. Swanson and CrystalX by Vit|last=Dlouhy|website=Widescreenings.com|access-date=October 7, 2017|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041520/http://www.widescreenings.com/few-good-men-analysis-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

Tom Cruise, 63, received an [[honorary Academy Award]] at the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWZKuueumJE 16th Governors Awards in Los Angeles on November 16, 2025], honoring his 45-year career, immense contribution to cinema, and support for the [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cq83l2l132lo theatrical experience].

Cruise is an [[aerobatic]] pilot and was inducted as part of the [[Living Legends of Aviation]] in 2010, receiving the Aviation Inspiration and Patriotism Award from the Kiddie Hawk Air Academy. In addition to other aircraft, Cruise owns a [[P-51 Mustang]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://generalaviationnews.com/2010/01/13/living-legends-of-aviation-to-honor-tom-cruise-buzz-aldrin/|title=Living Legends of Aviation to honor Tom Cruise, Buzz Aldrin|last=Wood|first=Janice|website=General Aviation News|date=January 2010|accessdate=August 4, 2022|archive-date=August 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831015054/https://generalaviationnews.com/2010/01/13/living-legends-of-aviation-to-honor-tom-cruise-buzz-aldrin/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
===Marriages and relationships===

Cruise splits his time between homes in [[Beverly Hills, California]]; [[Clearwater, Florida]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://popculture.com/celebrity/2018/07/28/tom-cruise-new-florida-penthouse-scientology-headquarters/|title=Tom Cruise's New Florida Penthouse Near Scientology Headquarters Features 'Pool Garden and Kitchen'|website=Popculture.com|access-date=April 27, 2020|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041452/https://popculture.com/celebrity/news/tom-cruise-new-florida-penthouse-scientology-headquarters/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the south of England, where he has lived in various places such as [[Central London]], [[Dulwich]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/464290.stm|title=Star couple 'buy London home'|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=April 27, 2020|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041453/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/464290.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[East Grinstead]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/12071605/Tom-Cruise-puts-4.95-million-East-Grinstead-mansion-up-for-sale.html|title=Tom Cruise puts £4.95 million East Grinstead mansion up for sale|journal=The Daily Telegraph|date=December 28, 2015|access-date=April 27, 2020|issn=0307-1235|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041533/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/12071605/Tom-Cruise-puts-4.95-million-East-Grinstead-mansion-up-for-sale.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Biggin Hill]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kentlive.news/news/celebs-tv/tom-cruises-quiet-life-biggin-7088449|title=Tom Cruise's quiet life in Biggin Hill and his daughter's very ordinary life|first=Sam|last=Honey|date=May 16, 2022|website=KentLive|access-date=July 5, 2022|archive-date=September 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904074133/https://www.kentlive.news/news/celebs-tv/tom-cruises-quiet-life-biggin-7088449|url-status=live}}</ref> In the early-to-mid-1980s, Cruise had relationships with [[Melissa Gilbert]],<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ross |first1=Martha |title=Is Tom Cruise's rumored new girlfriend ... July 2021 |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/07/12/is-tom-cruises-rumored-new-girlfriend-hayley-atwell-ready-for-tom-cruise/ |website=mercurynews.com |date=July 12, 2021 |publisher=The Mercury News |access-date=April 25, 2022 |archive-date=October 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013153314/https://www.mercurynews.com/2021/07/12/is-tom-cruises-rumored-new-girlfriend-hayley-atwell-ready-for-tom-cruise/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rebecca De Mornay]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1502989/20050527/index.jhtml |title=Cruise Control |work=Vh1 |date=May 27, 2005 |access-date=June 5, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110629061048/http://www.vh1.com/news/articles/1502989/20050527/index.jhtml |archive-date=June 29, 2011}}</ref> [[Patti Scialfa]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/archive/cover-story-romancing-the-boss-vol-30-no-15/|title=Romancing the Boss|website=People|access-date=April 27, 2020|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041528/https://people.com/archive/cover-story-romancing-the-boss-vol-30-no-15/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Cher]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/cher-once-dated-tom-cruise/story-e6frfmqi-1111116193761 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100617043717/http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/cher-once-dated-tom-cruise/story-e6frfmqi-1111116193761 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 17, 2010 |title=Cher reveals affair with Tom Cruise |work=NewsComAu |access-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Tom Cruise and Mimi Rogers in 1989.jpg|thumb|Cruise and [[Mimi Rogers]] at the 1989 Oscars]]

Cruise married actress [[Mimi Rogers]] on May 9, 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20096360,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150919084109/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C%2C20096360%2C00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 19, 2015 |title=Now Married to Mimi Rogers, Tom's Cruising Days Are Over |work=People}}</ref> They divorced on February 4, 1990. Rogers had grown up in [[Scientology]] and was one of its "[[Auditing (Scientology)|auditors]]";<ref name="reitman">{{cite book |last=Reitman |first=Janet |author-link=Janet Reitman |title=Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion |title-link=Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-618-88302-8 |ol=24881847M |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] |pages=272–273}}</ref> they met when Cruise became one of her clients.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Masters | first = Kim |date=September–October 2005 | title = The Passion of Tom Cruise|journal=[[Radar (magazine)|Radar]] }} as excerpted by ''Radar'' at [https://web.archive.org/web/20061019111857/http://www.radaronline.com/from-the-magazine/2005/08/the_passion_of_tom_cruise_excerpt.php RadarOnline.com]</ref> In a 1993 ''[[Playboy]]'' interview, Rogers discussed her split from Cruise and said that he had been considering becoming a monk, which affected their intimacy. Rogers later retracted the comments and claimed she had been misinterpreted.<ref name=Evans>{{cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/725636363|title=Mimi Rogers withdraws Tom Cruise sex claims|first=Gerard|last=Evans|date=March 1, 1993|newspaper=Evening Standard|access-date=April 12, 2023|archive-date=August 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831015036/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/725636363/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ariel-leve.com/st_interviews/tomcruise.html |title=Cruise's Bruises |first=Ariel |last=Leve |date=August 15, 2004 |newspaper=The Sunday Times |via=Ariel-leve.com |access-date=August 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303212437/http://ariel-leve.com/st_interviews/tomcruise.html |archive-date=March 3, 2012}}</ref> According to a friend of Rogers, "Tom, his agents and certain studios were furious about what Mimi said in ''Playboy''. She was told in no uncertain terms that her career would be over unless she put things right."<ref name=Evans/> Rogers received a {{USD|4 million|long=no}} divorce settlement.<ref name=Evans/>

Cruise met his second wife, actress [[Nicole Kidman]], on the set of their film ''[[Days of Thunder]]'' (1990). The couple married on December 24, 1990. They adopted two children: Isabella Jane (born 1992) and Connor Antony (born 1995). On February 5, 2001, the couple's spokesperson announced their separation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20133675,00.html |title=Hearts Wide Shut |first=Alex |last=Tresniowski |website=People |date=February 19, 2001 |access-date=January 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702003212/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20133675,00.html |archive-date=July 2, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> Cruise filed for divorce two days later, and their marriage was dissolved later that year, with Cruise citing irreconcilable differences.<ref name="Kidman still loves Cruise">{{cite news |url=https://www.today.com/popculture/nicole-kidman-says-she-still-loves-tom-cruise-1C9433600 |title=Nicole Kidman says she still loves Tom Cruise |website=[[The Today Show]] |date=May 9, 2006 |access-date=January 10, 2024 |archive-date=October 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002195607/https://www.today.com/popculture/nicole-kidman-says-she-still-loves-tom-cruise-1C9433600 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kidman stated that their marriage failed because at the time, she "was a child" who "needed to grow up."<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=October 29, 2013 |title=Nicole Kidman on Her Marriage to Tom Cruise: The Only People Who'd Understand Are Brad and Angelina |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2013/10/nicole-kidman-tom-cruise-marriage |access-date=March 16, 2025 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US}}</ref> According to former church spokesperson and board member Mike Rinder, the Church of Scientology used various means to push the couple to break up, including pressuring Cruise into more auditing and tapping Kidman's phone.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Billion Years: My Escape From a Life in the Highest Ranks of Scientology |year=2022 |author=Mike Rinder |publisher=Gallery Books |isbn=978-1982185763 }}</ref> In a 2007 interview with ''[[Marie Claire]]'', Kidman noted the incorrect reporting of a miscarriage early in her marriage: "It was wrongly reported as [[miscarriage]] by everyone who picked up the story. So it's huge news, and it didn't happen. I had a miscarriage at the end of my marriage, but I had an [[ectopic pregnancy]] at the beginning of my marriage."<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Gordon |first=Meryl |url=http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity-lifestyle/celebrities/Nicole-Kidman-Interview-3 |title=Nicole Kidman Tells It Like It Is |magazine=Marie Claire |date=November 11, 2007 |access-date=January 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117025440/http://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity-lifestyle/celebrities/Nicole-Kidman-Interview-3 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Cruise was next romantically linked with [[Penélope Cruz]], his co-star in ''[[Vanilla Sky]]'' (2001). Their three-year relationship ended in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3570639.stm|title=Cruise and Cruz end relationship|work=BBC News|date=March 26, 2004|access-date=October 31, 2008|archive-date=January 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106083855/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3570639.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> An article in the October 2012 issue of ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' stated that several sources have said that after the breakup with Cruz, Scientologist leaders launched a secret project to find Cruise a new girlfriend. According to those sources, a series of "auditions" of Scientologist actresses resulted in a short-lived relationship with Iranian-British actress [[Nazanin Boniadi]], who subsequently left Scientology.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Tom Cruise's Scientology Marriages: The Secret Wife-Auditioning Process Before Katie Holmes, Revealed|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2012/09/tom-cruise-scientology-marriage-katie-holmes|date=September 1, 2012|access-date=September 5, 2012|magazine=Vanity Fair|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041533/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2012/09/tom-cruise-scientology-marriage-katie-holmes|url-status=live}}</ref> Scientology and Cruise's lawyers issued strongly worded denials and threatened to sue, accusing ''Vanity Fair'' of "shoddy journalism" and "religious bigotry".<ref>{{cite news |last= Adams |first= Guy |title= Scientology threatens Vanity Fair over Tom Cruise 'auditions' claims |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/scientology-threatens-vanity-fair-over-tom-cruise-auditions-claims-8122450.html |access-date= September 12, 2012 |newspaper= The Independent |date= September 11, 2012 |quote= Citing a mixture of "shoddy journalism" and "religious bigotry," the Church of Scientology is threatening to sue Vanity Fair over a recent article claiming that it helped "audition" young actresses to find a suitable girlfriend for Tom Cruise. |location= London |archive-date= December 29, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041454/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/scientology-threatens-vanity-fair-over-tom-cruise-auditions-claims-8122450.html |url-status= live }}</ref> Journalist [[Roger Friedman]] later reported that he received an email from director and ex-Scientologist [[Paul Haggis]] confirming the story.<ref>{{cite news|title=Exclusive: Oscar Winner Paul Haggis on Tom Cruise Scientology Girlfriend: 'I'm appalled that any church would treat its parishioners this way{{'-}}|url=http://www.showbiz411.com/2012/09/02/oscar-winner-paul-haggis-on-tom-cruise-scientology-girlfriend|date=September 2, 2012|access-date=September 5, 2012|last=Friedman|first=Roger|website=Showbiz411.com|archive-date=March 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314144635/http://www.showbiz411.com/2012/09/02/oscar-winner-paul-haggis-on-tom-cruise-scientology-girlfriend|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tom Cruise lawyer on Vanity Fair expose: 'Tired old lies{{'-}} |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-207_162-57506112/tom-cruise-lawyer-on-vanity-fair-expose-tired-old-lies/ |work=[[CBS News]] |date=September 5, 2012 |access-date=September 5, 2012 |archive-date=September 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906052445/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-207_162-57506112/tom-cruise-lawyer-on-vanity-fair-expose-tired-old-lies/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Tom Cruise & Katie Holmes WHCAD.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Cruise with his then-wife [[Katie Holmes]] in May 2009]]

In April 2005, Cruise began dating actress [[Katie Holmes]]. On April 27 that year, Cruise and Holmes—dubbed ''[[Supercouple#Celebrity|TomKat]]'' by the media—made their first public appearance together in [[Rome]].<ref name="usatoday.com">{{Cite news|title=Tom, Katie flying high on romance |last=Soriano |first=César G. |date=May 5, 2005 |url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-05-03-cruise-main_x.htm|access-date=March 3, 2023|periodical=USA Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041552/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2005-05-03-cruise-main_x.htm |archive-date=December 29, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> A month later, Cruise publicly declared his love for Holmes on ''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]''; he jumped on Winfrey's yellow couch and stood there to make the announcement. On October 6, 2005, Cruise and Holmes announced they were expecting a child.<ref>{{cite news| last= Smith| first= Ryan E.| date= October 6, 2005| url= http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051006/ART09/51006019/-1/ART| title= Baby frenzy begins: Katie Holmes and Tom Cruise are expecting their first child together| work= [[The Blade (Toledo)|The Blade]]| place= Toledo| access-date= September 17, 2021| archive-date= December 29, 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041503/https://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20051006%2FART09%2F51006019%2F-1%2FART| url-status= live}}</ref> In April 2006, their daughter Suri Noelle was born.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/healthandbeauty/mother-and-baby/822629/tom-cruise-unique-gesture-following-daughter-suri-cruise-birth/|title=Suri Cruise's estranged dad Tom Cruise made this unique gesture following her birth|date=March 26, 2025|website=HELLO!}}</ref>

On November 18, Holmes and Cruise were married at the 15th-century castle [[Castello Orsini-Odescalchi]] in [[Bracciano]], in a Scientologist ceremony attended by many Hollywood stars.<ref>{{cite news |last=Soriano |first=César G |title=Mr. and Mrs. TomKat: Inside their fairy-tale wedding |work=USA Today |date=November 20, 2006 |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-11-19-tomkat-highlights_x.htm |access-date=February 12, 2008 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041543/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-11-19-tomkat-highlights_x.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20061119/NEWS08/611190359 |title=Cruise, Holmes exchange vows in castle |work=Toledo Blade |date=November 19, 2006 |access-date=September 5, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203185150/http://www.toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20061119%2FNEWS08%2F611190359 |archive-date=February 3, 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Their publicists said the couple had "officialized" their marriage in Los Angeles the day before the Italian ceremony.<ref>{{cite news| last= Sanminiatelli| first= Maria |date= November 19, 2006| title= Now they are one: The TomKat is officially united at long last| work= [[Orlando Sentinel]]}}</ref> There has been widespread speculation that their marriage was arranged by the Church of Scientology.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wmagazine.com/celebrities/archive/katie_holmes|title=Holmes, Sweet Holmes| work= [[W (magazine)|W]]|date=August 2005|access-date=July 30, 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130502020714/http://www.wmagazine.com/celebrities/archive/katie_holmes|archive-date=May 2, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vulture.com/2012/07/katie-holmes-cruise-has-left-the-building.html |title=An Inquiry Into the Very Public Private Marriage of Katie Holmes and Tom Cruise |work=Vulture |publisher=New York Media LLC |date=July 22, 2012 |access-date=July 30, 2012 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041501/https://www.vulture.com/2012/07/katie-holmes-cruise-has-left-the-building.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[David Miscavige]], the head of Scientology, served as Cruise's best man.<ref>{{cite news | title = Cruise and Holmes go on honeymoon | work = BBC News | date = November 19, 2006 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6160350.stm | access-date = February 10, 2007 | archive-date = December 29, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041535/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6160350.stm | url-status = live }}</ref> On June 29, 2012, Holmes filed for divorce from Cruise.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes to divorce |url=http://marquee.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/29/report-tom-cruise-katie-holmes-set-to-divorce/ |publisher=CNN Entertainment |date=June 29, 2012 |access-date=June 29, 2012 |archive-date=June 29, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629212600/http://marquee.blogs.cnn.com/2012/06/29/report-tom-cruise-katie-holmes-set-to-divorce/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Heyman|first=J.D.|title=Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes Are Divorcing|url=https://people.com/celebrity/tom-cruise-katie-holmes-split/|work=People|date=June 29, 2012|access-date=June 29, 2012|archive-date=June 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629171231/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C%2C20608003%2C00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On July 9, the couple signed a divorce settlement worked out by their lawyers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Duke|first=Alan|title=Tom Cruise, Katie Holmes settle divorce|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/09/showbiz/cruise-holmes-divorce/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=July 9, 2012|date=July 10, 2012|archive-date=July 10, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710035841/http://www.cnn.com/2012/07/09/showbiz/cruise-holmes-divorce/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> New York law requires all divorce documents remain sealed, so the exact terms of the settlement are not publicly available.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sternberg|first=Louis|title=Did Katie Holmes File for Divorce from Tom Cruise in New York to Protect Her Privacy?|url=http://www.louislsternberglaw.com/2012/07/14/did-katie-holmes-file-for-divorce-from-tom-cruise-in-new-york-to-protect-her-privacy/|website=louislsternberglaw.com|date=July 14, 2012|access-date=July 14, 2012|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041504/http://www.suffolkdivorcelawyer.com/2012/07/14/did-katie-holmes-file-for-divorce-from-tom-cruise-in-new-york-to-protect-her-privacy/|url-status=live}}</ref> Cruise stated that ex-wife Katie Holmes divorced him in part to protect the couple's daughter Suri from Scientology and that Suri is no longer a practicing member of the organization.<ref>{{cite news |last=Marcus |first=Stephanie |date=November 8, 2013 |title=Tom Cruise Admits Katie Holmes Divorced Him To Protect Suri From Scientology |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/08/tom-cruise-katie-holmes-protect-suri-scientology_n_4240715.html?ir=Entertainment |url-status=live |access-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041516/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/tom-cruise-katie-holmes-protect-suri-scientology_n_4240715?ir=Entertainment |archive-date=December 29, 2020}}</ref>

===Litigation===
In 1998, Cruise successfully sued the ''[[Daily Express]]'', a British tabloid which alleged that his marriage to Kidman was a [[sham marriage|sham]] designed to cover up his homosexuality.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/203779.stm |title=Cruise and Kidman win libel case |work=BBC News |date=October 29, 1998 |access-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-date=May 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090503095051/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/203779.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2001, Cruise filed a lawsuit against [[Gay pornography|gay porn]] actor Chad Slater. Slater had told the celebrity magazine ''[[Actustar]]'' that he had been involved in an affair with Cruise. This claim was strongly denied by Cruise,<ref>{{cite news|last=Davis|first=Simon|title=Cruise sues porn star over gay love claims|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1329163/Cruise-sues-porn-star-over-gay-love-claims.html|access-date=May 6, 2013|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=May 4, 2001|location=London|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041520/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1329163/Cruise-sues-porn-star-over-gay-love-claims.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Slater was ordered to pay {{USD|10 million|long=no}} to Cruise in damages after Slater declared he could not afford to defend himself against the suit and would therefore default. Cruise requested a default judgment, and in January 2003, a Los Angeles judge decided against Slater after he admitted that his claims were false.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/showbiz/2664159.stm |title=Cruise wins 'gay' claims legal battle |work=BBC News |date=January 16, 2003 |access-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-date=February 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218071220/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/showbiz/2664159.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Stephen|last=Silverman|url=https://people.com/celebrity/cruise-wins-10-million-in-gay-lawsuit/|title=Cruise Wins $10 Million in Gay Lawsuit|magazine=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=January 16, 2003|access-date=February 17, 2019|archive-date=February 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218202013/https://people.com/celebrity/cruise-wins-10-million-in-gay-lawsuit/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Cruise also sued ''Bold Magazine'' publisher Michael Davis for {{USD|100 million|long=no}}, because Davis had alleged that he had video that would prove Cruise was gay. The suit was dropped in exchange for a public statement by Davis that the video was not of Cruise, and that Cruise was heterosexual.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/showbiz/1686039.stm |title=Cruise gay claims dropped |work=BBC News |date=December 1, 2001 |access-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-date=December 21, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221105132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/showbiz/1686039.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, Cruise sued [[cybersquatting|cybersquatter]] Jeff Burgar to obtain control of the TomCruise.com domain name. When owned by Burgar, the domain redirected to information about Cruise on Celebrity1000.com. The decision to turn TomCruise.com over to Cruise was handed down by the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO) on July 5, 2006.<ref>{{cite web |author=Arbitration and Mediation Center |url=http://arbiter.wipo.int/domains/decisions/html/2006/d2006-0560.html |title=WIPO Domain Name Decision: D2006-0560 |website=Arbiter.wipo.int |date=July 5, 2006 |access-date=August 8, 2009 |archive-date=August 6, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060806044303/http://arbiter.wipo.int/domains/decisions/html/2006/d2006-0560.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2009, magazine editor Michael Davis Sapir<ref>{{cite news|date=December 27, 2012|title=Tom Cruise Gives Guarded Testimony in Wiretapping Case|url=https://eu.sj-r.com/story/entertainment/television/2012/12/27/tom-cruise-gives-guarded-testimony/43791053007/|work=[[The State Journal-Register]]|access-date=March 29, 2024|archive-date=August 31, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831015036/https://www.sj-r.com/story/entertainment/television/2012/12/27/tom-cruise-gives-guarded-testimony/43791053007/|url-status=live}}</ref> filed a suit charging that his phone had been wiretapped at Cruise's behest. That suit was dismissed by a Central Civil West court judge in Los Angeles on the grounds that the [[statute of limitations]] had expired on Sapir's claim.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.celebuzz.com/2012-07-06/tom-cruise-accused-of-wiretap-conspiracy-with-convicted-criminal-anthony-pellicano-during-nicole-kidman-divorce-exclusive/|title=Tom Cruise Accused of Wiretap Conspiracy With Convicted Criminal Anthony Pellicano During Nicole Kidman Divorce|work=Celebuzz|date=July 6, 2012|access-date=April 4, 2015|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041520/https://www.celebuzz.com/2012-07-06/tom-cruise-accused-of-wiretap-conspiracy-with-convicted-criminal-anthony-pellicano-during-nicole-kidman-divorce-exclusive/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/movies/article/tom-cruise-bert-fields-win-dismissal-wiretapping-suit-81691/|title=Tom Cruise, Bert Fields Win Dismissal of Pellicano Wiretapping Suit|work=TheWrap|date=March 18, 2013|access-date=February 18, 2020|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041548/https://www.thewrap.com/tom-cruise-bert-fields-win-dismissal-wiretapping-suit-81691/|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2012, Cruise filed a lawsuit against ''[[In Touch Weekly|In Touch]]'' and ''[[Life & Style (magazine)|Life & Style]]'' magazines for [[defamation]] after they claimed Cruise had "abandoned" his six-year-old daughter.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.tmz.com/2012/10/24/tom-cruise-50-million-dollar-lawsuit-life-and-style-abandoned-suri/ | title=Tom Cruise Files $50 Mil Lawsuit Over Mag Claiming He Abandoned Suri | date=October 24, 2012 | work=TMZ | access-date=October 24, 2012 | archive-date=October 25, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025113549/http://www.tmz.com/2012/10/24/tom-cruise-50-million-dollar-lawsuit-life-and-style-abandoned-suri/ | url-status=live }}</ref> During deposition, Cruise admitted that "he didn't see his daughter for 110 days". The suit was settled the following year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/tom-cruise-settles-50m-lawsuit-reports-abandoned-suri-article-1.1554419|title=Tom Cruise settles $50M lawsuit over reports he 'abandoned' Suri|work=New York Daily News|access-date=April 6, 2015|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041527/https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/tom-cruise-settles-50m-lawsuit-reports-abandoned-suri-article-1.1554419|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===Scientology advocacy===
Cruise was converted to [[Scientology]] by his first wife, [[Mimi Rogers]], in 1986 and became an outspoken advocate for [[Church of Scientology]] in the 2000s. His involvement in the organization was leaked by the tabloid ''[[Star (magazine)|Star]]'' in 1990, and he publicly announced he followed Scientology in a 1992 interview with [[Barbara Walters]]. Cruise has said that Scientology, through its teaching method [[Study Technology]], helped him overcome his [[dyslexia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tom Cruise: My Struggle to Read |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20140587,00.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041506/https://people.com/archive/tom-cruise-my-struggle-to-read-vol-60-no-3/ |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |access-date=April 2, 2015 |website=People}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cruise credits Scientology for his success|work=Today.com|date=May 24, 2005|url=https://www.today.com/popculture/cruise-credits-scientology-his-success-wbna7968809|access-date=May 11, 2008|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041507/https://www.today.com/popculture/cruise-credits-scientology-his-success-wbna7968809|url-status=live}}</ref> Cruise has been a close friend of Scientology leader [[David Miscavige]] since the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=December 18, 2005 |title=Tom Cruise and Scientology |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/la-fi-scientology18dec18-story.html |access-date=March 17, 2023 |website=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=September 4, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230904074131/https://www.latimes.com/news/la-fi-scientology18dec18-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Wright-2013">{{Cite book|last=Wright|first=Lawrence|title=Going clear: Scientology, Hollywood, and the prison of belief|date=2013|isbn=978-0-307-70066-7|location=New York|publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]]|oclc=818318033}}</ref>

Several years after Cruise started studying Scientology, the organization's leaders promised to share some Scientology secrets with him,<ref name="news.yahoo.com-2012"/> including information about the extraterrestrial ruler [[Xenu]]. According to Janet Reitman's book ''[[Inside Scientology: The Story of America's Most Secretive Religion]]'' (2011), Cruise "freaked out" and took a step back from the Church to work on the film ''Eyes Wide Shut.''<ref name="news.yahoo.com-2012">{{Cite web |title=How The Scientologists Recruited Tom Cruise |url=https://news.yahoo.com/news/church-scientology-landed-biggest-megastar-164734456.html |access-date=June 18, 2022 |website=news.yahoo.com |date=July 9, 2012 |archive-date=August 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831015036/https://news.yahoo.com/news/church-scientology-landed-biggest-megastar-164734456.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1999, [[Mark Rathbun|Marty Rathbun]] was sent by David Miscavige to convince Cruise to return to the Church and continue his studies.<ref name="news.yahoo.com-2012"/> Cruise later sparked controversy in the 2000s with his [[Project Chanology#Tom Cruise video|efforts to promote Scientology]].<ref name="news.yahoo.com-2012"/>

In the aftermath of the [[September 11 attacks]], Cruise co-founded and raised donations for [[New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project|Downtown Medical]] to offer New York City rescue workers "[[Purification Rundown|detoxification therapy]]", drawing criticism from medical professionals and firefighters.<ref>{{cite news| last= O'Donnell| first= Michelle| date= October 4, 2003| url= https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/04/nyregion/04DETO.html| title= Scientologist's Treatments Lure Firefighters| work= The New York Times| access-date= February 20, 2017| archive-date= May 7, 2016| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160507054436/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/04/nyregion/04DETO.html| url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Roger |last=Friedman |title=Tom Cruise Can't Put Out These Fires |url= http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,238238,00.html#2 |publisher=[[Fox News]] |date=December 22, 2006 |access-date=December 30, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070109070250/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C238238%2C00.html |archive-date=January 9, 2007 }}</ref> In late 2004, David Miscavige created the Scientology [[International Association of Scientologists#Freedom Medal of Valor|Freedom Medal of Valor]] and awarded it to Cruise for this work.<ref name="vanity">{{cite web |title= What Katie Didn't Know |work= [[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |date= 2012-09-26 |first= Maureen |last= Orth |url= https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2012/10/katie-holmes-divorce-scientology |access-date= February 18, 2020 |archive-date= September 26, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200926225602/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2012/10/katie-holmes-divorce-scientology |url-status= live }}</ref> Former Scientologist [[Paul Haggis]] has claimed that Cruise attempted to convert several celebrities to Scientology, including [[James Packer]], [[Victoria Beckham|Victoria]] and [[David Beckham]], [[Jada Pinkett Smith|Jada Pinkett]], [[Will Smith]], and [[Steven Spielberg]].<ref name="Wright-2013"/> Since 2008, Cruise has restricted interviewers from asking him about Scientology.<ref>{{multiref2
| 1 = {{cite web |url=https://www.today.com/news/cruise-under-control-actor-says-i-learned-lesson-wbna28162646 |title=Cruise under control: Actor says 'I learned a lesson' |date=December 15, 2008 |first=Mike |last=Celizic |publisher=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]] |access-date=May 12, 2023 |quote=Three years ago, he openly discussed his membership in the religion with Lauer. But in recent interviews, he's said he prefers not to discuss it and has directed questioners to the religion's Web site. |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207011613/https://www.today.com/news/cruise-under-control-actor-says-i-learned-lesson-wbna28162646 |url-status=live }}
| 2 = {{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/23178527/tom-cruise-top-gun-maverick-movie-star-smile-scientology |title=The hollowness of Tom Cruise |date=July 28, 2022 |first=Constance |last=Grady |publisher=Vox |quote=He heavily restricts the questions journalists are allowed to ask him before he agrees to an interview, and both his religion and his family life tend to be off-limits. |access-date=May 13, 2023 |archive-date=August 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831015039/https://www.vox.com/culture/23178527/tom-cruise-top-gun-maverick-movie-star-smile-scientology |url-status=live }}
| 3 = {{cite web |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/07/30/to-become-a-superstar-again-tom-cruise-downplayed-scientology-as-his-driving-force-report-says/ |title=To be a superstar again, Tom Cruise downplayed Scientology as his 'driving force,' report says |date=July 30, 2022 |first=Martha |last=Ross |publisher=The Mercury News |access-date=May 13, 2023 |quote=He rarely gives interviews and only talks to journalists if they agree not to ask him questions about his religion and family, Vox said. |archive-date=August 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831015037/https://www.mercurynews.com/2022/07/30/to-become-a-superstar-again-tom-cruise-downplayed-scientology-as-his-driving-force-report-says/ |url-status=live }}
}}</ref>

==== Political lobbying ====
In addition to promoting various programs to introduce people to Scientology, Cruise campaigned for Scientology to be recognized as a religion in Europe. In 2005, the [[Council of Paris]] revealed that Cruise had lobbied French Interior Minister [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] and Senate President [[Jean-Claude Gaudin]]; they described Cruise as a militant spokesman for Scientology and barred any further dealings with him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.examiner.ie/breaking/story.asp?j=182470131&p=y8z47x994&n=182471074&x= |title=Paris snubs Scientology 'militant' Cruise |work=Irish Examiner |date=July 13, 2005 |access-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107045926/http://www.examiner.ie:80/breaking/index.aspx?c=ireland&jp=cwkfkfeymhql |archive-date=January 7, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.prgparis.org/node/57 |language= fr| title= Tom Cruise ne sera pas citoyen d'honneur de Paris| place= Paris| agency= AFP| trans-title= Tom Cruise will not be an honorary citizen of Paris| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120425091546/http://www.prgparis.org/node/57 |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |date= July 12, 2005}}</ref>

=== Politics ===
Cruise donated to [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] candidate [[Hillary Clinton]] during her [[2000 United States Senate election in New York|2000 Senate campaign in New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-02-09 |title=Loaded And Loving It |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/loaded-and-loving-it-09-02-2000/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2000-08-12 |title=For Hillary Clinton, Cameo Appearances |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2000/08/12/for-hillary-clinton-cameo-appearances/72aacb73-2a24-4491-8838-4cf7628cd644/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In October 2000, he attended and spoke at a birthday [[Campaign finance|fundraising]] event for Clinton, alongside other major entertainment figures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-10-26 |title=Hillary Clinton feted by Hollywood for birthday |url=https://www.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/10/26/campaign.clinton.reut/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2000-10-26 |title=Hollywood Heavies In NYC For Hillary |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hollywood-heavies-in-nyc-for-hillary/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=[[CBS News]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Carlson |first=Margaret |date=2000-11-06 |title=Campaign 2000: The Next-to-the-Last Hurrah |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,998395-2,00.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=[[Time Magazine]] |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X}}</ref>

While promoting ''[[Valkyrie (film)|Valkyrie]]'' in January 2009, Cruise stated that the recent [[2008 United States presidential election|election]] of [[Barack Obama]] as president brought "hope, absolute hope" to the United States and urged Americans to support the new administration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-21 |title=Tom Cruise Talks Obama's Inauguration & Playing Capt. Sully |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/local/tom_cruise_talks_obama_s_inauguration___playing_capt__sully/2092904/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=NBC4 Washington |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-01-22 |title=Cruise urges US to back Obama |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-01-22/cruise-urges-us-to-back-obama/2600668 |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |title=Tom Cruise backs Barack Obama at Valkyrie premiere |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/4310178/Tom-Cruise-backs-Barack-Obama-at-Valkyrie-premiere.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120502133147/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/4310178/Tom-Cruise-backs-Barack-Obama-at-Valkyrie-premiere.html |archive-date=2012-05-02 |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, Cruise declined an offer from President [[Donald Trump]] to be honored by the [[Kennedy Center Honors|Kennedy Center]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-08-15 |title=Tom Cruise Rejected Getting a Kennedy Center Honor From Trump (Report) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/arts/tom-cruise-kennedy-center-honor-trump-1236345509/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-13 |title=Trump to host Kennedy Center Honors, which will go to Stallone, Gaynor, Kiss and more |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/2025/08/13/trump-kennedy-center-honorees/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Later that year, it was reported that Cruise avoided seeking assistance from Trump for an outer space film project involving [[NASA]], which led to its cancellation.<ref>{{cite web | title=Hollywood Icon Scraps Space Movie to Avoid Owing Trump Favor | website=[[The Daily Beast]] | date=December 11, 2025 | url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/obsessed/tom-cruise-scraps-space-movie-to-avoid-owing-trump-a-favor/ }}</ref>

=== Controversies ===

==== Criticism of psychiatry ====
{{see also|Anti-psychiatry}}
In January 2004, Cruise said, "I think [[psychiatry]] should be outlawed."<ref name=Desai>{{cite journal |last=Desai|first=Nimesh|title=Antipsychiatry: Meeting the challenge|journal=[[Indian Journal of Psychiatry]] |date=October–December 2005|volume=47|issue=4|pages=185–187|doi=10.4103/0019-5545.43048|pmid=20711302|pmc=2921130 |doi-access=free |issn = 0019-5545 }}</ref> In 2005, he criticized actress [[Brooke Shields]] for using the [[antidepressant]] [[Paxil]] to treat [[postpartum depression]] following the birth of her first daughter. Cruise denied the existence of chemical imbalances in the brain and described psychiatry as a form of [[pseudoscience]]. In response, Shields argued that Cruise "should stick to saving the world from aliens and let women who are experiencing postpartum depression decide what treatment options are best for them," and further called Cruise's comments "a disservice to mothers everywhere".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Brooke Shields Lashes Out at Tom Cruise|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1067822,00.html|date=June 2, 2005|work=People|location=New York City|access-date=July 8, 2018|archive-date=November 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113165647/http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,1067822,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Shields |first=Brooke |author-link=Brooke Shields |work=The New York Times |title=War of Words |date=July 1, 2005 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/01/opinion/01shields.html |access-date=January 20, 2009 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041546/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/01/opinion/war-of-words.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In a June 2005 episode of NBC's ''[[Today (NBC program)|Today]]'', Cruise reiterated his views, leading to a heated exchange with interviewer [[Matt Lauer]].<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna8344309 | title= In tense moment, Cruise calls Lauer 'glib' | website= [[NBC News]] | date= June 28, 2005 | access-date= July 25, 2019 | archive-date= February 17, 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200217213724/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/8344309/ | url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Tom Cruise's Heated Interview With Matt Lauer {{!}} Archives {{!}} TODAY |date=June 2, 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFgF1JPNR5E |access-date=July 25, 2023 |archive-date=August 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240831015135/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFgF1JPNR5E |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2006, Cruise apologized in person to Shields for his comments.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 2, 2006 |title=Shields: Cruise apology was 'heartfelt' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-09-02-shields-cruise_x.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416235909/http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-09-02-shields-cruise_x.htm |archive-date=April 16, 2011 |access-date=June 20, 2011 |work=[[USA Today]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref>

Medical authorities viewed Cruise's comments as contributing to the social stigma surrounding mental illness.<ref name="The Lancet-2005">{{cite journal |last1= |date=July 9, 2005 |title=Psychotropic drugs: unhelpful and helpful comments |journal=[[The Lancet]] |location=London |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=366 |issue=9480 |page=96 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66841-9 |pmid=16010708 |s2cid=39293746}}</ref> According to ''[[The Lancet]]'', Cruise "may be right that psychotropic drugs are overused, sometimes misused; and that lifestyle changes (and exercise for depression) can be helpful. But he is wrong, as a celebrity, to add to the burden of those with a mental illness, who often fear seeking or continuing treatment because of the stigma still attached to their condition."<ref name="The Lancet-2005"/>

Scientology is well known for its [[Anti-psychiatry|opposition to mainstream psychiatry]] and to [[psychoactive drug]]s that are routinely prescribed for treatment.<ref name="vanity"/> It was reported that Cruise's anti-psychiatry actions caused a rift with director [[Steven Spielberg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.myway.com/celebgossip/pgsix/id/09_21_2005_1.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050930235723/http://entertainment.myway.com/celebgossip/pgsix/id/09_21_2005_1.html| title=Spielberg in Cruise Meltdown|archive-date=September 30, 2005|work=myway.com}}</ref> Spielberg had reportedly mentioned in Cruise's presence the name of a doctor friend who prescribed psychiatric medication. Shortly thereafter, the doctor's office was [[Picketing|picketed]] by Scientologists, reportedly angering Spielberg.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/24/hollywood-ending|title=Hollywood Ending|first=Ken|last=Auletta|date=July 24, 2006|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|access-date=February 18, 2020|archive-date=February 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217213737/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/24/hollywood-ending|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== YouTube video removal ====
{{main|Project Chanology#Tom Cruise video}}

On January 15, 2008, a video produced by Church of Scientology featuring an interview with Cruise was posted on YouTube by the [[Anonymous (hacker group)|Anonymous]]-linked group [[Project Chanology]], showing Cruise discussing what being a Scientologist means to him.<ref name="warne">{{cite news |last=Warne |first=Dan |title='Anonymous' threatens to 'dismantle' Church of Scientology via internet |work=[[APC Magazine]] |publisher=[[National Nine News]] |date=January 24, 2008 |url=http://apcmag.com/anonymous_threatens_to_dismantle_church_of_scientology_via_internet.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203203202/http://apcmag.com/anonymous_threatens_to_dismantle_church_of_scientology_via_internet.htm |archive-date=December 3, 2008}}</ref><ref name="knbc">{{cite news | title =Hacker Group Declares War On Scientology: Group Upset Over Church's Handling Of Tom Cruise Video | publisher =[[KNBC]] | location =Los Angeles | date =January 24, 2008 | url =http://www.knbc.com/news/15132759/detail.html | access-date =January 25, 2008 | archive-date =August 21, 2008 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080821132355/http://www.knbc.com/news/15132759/detail.html | url-status =live }}</ref> Church of Scientology said the video had been "pirated and edited", and was taken from a three-hour video produced for members of Scientology.<ref name="knbc"/><ref name="Church of Scientology Slams German Tabloid">{{cite news | title =Report: Church of Scientology Slams German Tabloid for Publishing Comments Comparing Tom Cruise to Nazi Minister | publisher =[[Fox News]] | date =January 23, 2008 | url = https://www.foxnews.com/story/report-church-of-scientology-slams-german-tabloid-for-publishing-comments-comparing-tom-cruise-to-nazi-minister | access-date =January 25, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090605211418/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,324885,00.html | archive-date =June 5, 2009 | url-status=live | df =mdy-all }}</ref> YouTube removed the Cruise video from their site under threat of litigation.<ref name="vamosi anonymous hackers">{{cite news | last =Vamosi | first =Robert | title =Anonymous hackers take on the Church of Scientology | work =[[CNET News]] | publisher =CNET Networks, Inc. | date =January 24, 2008 | url =http://www.news.com/8301-10789_3-9857666-57.html | access-date =January 25, 2008 | archive-date =January 27, 2012 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120127212752/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10789_3-9857666-57.html | url-status =live }}</ref> It was subsequently reinstated on the site, and as of June 2020, the video has achieved more than 15 million views.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFBZ_uAbxS0 | title= Tom Cruise Scientology Video – (Original UNCUT) | via= YouTube | date= January 17, 2008 | access-date= July 1, 2020 | archive-date= December 29, 2020 | archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/UFBZ_uAbxS0?url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFBZ_uAbxS0 | url-status= live }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==== Purported influence ====
In March 2004, Cruise's publicist of 14 years, [[Pat Kingsley]], resigned. Cruise's next publicist was Lee Anne DeVette, his sister, who was herself a Scientologist. She served in that role until November 2005.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2005/film/markets-festivals/cruise-will-go-with-pro-1117932447/|title=Cruise will go with pro|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Chris|last=Gardner|date=November 6, 2005|access-date=October 31, 2008|archive-date=April 27, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427143555/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117932447?categoryid=13&cs=1|url-status=live}}</ref> DeVette was replaced with Paul Bloch from the publicity firm [[Rogers & Cowan|Rogers and Cowan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://entertainment.tv.yahoo.com/entnews/eo/20051108/113151894008.html|title=Cruise Control Shifts Gears|date=November 8, 2005|work=Yahoo! Entertainment|archive-date=May 21, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060521205326/http://entertainment.tv.yahoo.com/entnews/eo/20051108/113151894008.html}}</ref> Such restructuring was seen as a move to curtail publicity of his views on Scientology, as well as the controversy surrounding his relationship with Katie Holmes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/05/usa.film |title=What's eating Tom Cruise? |work=[[The Observer]] |first=Edward |last=Helmore |date=June 4, 2005 |access-date=October 31, 2008 |archive-date=December 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041550/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/jun/05/usa.film |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lawrence Wright]]'s 2013 book ''[[Going Clear (book)|Going Clear: Scientology and the Prison of Belief]]'' and [[Alex Gibney]]'s 2015 [[Going Clear (film)|documentary adaptation]] of the book cast a spotlight on Cruise's role in Scientology. The book and the film both state that the Scientology organization groomed romantic partners for Cruise and that Cruise used [[Sea Org]] and [[Rehabilitation Project Force]] workers as a source of free labor.<ref name="Wright-2013"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/tom-cruises-secret-scientology-girlfriend-nazanin-boniadi-2015-3|title=Tom Cruise's secret Scientology girlfriend Nazanin Boniadi|date=April 1, 2015|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=April 4, 2015|archive-date=December 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081113/http://www.businessinsider.com/tom-cruises-secret-scientology-girlfriend-nazanin-boniadi-2015-3|url-status=live}}</ref> In the film, Cruise's former auditor [[Mark Rathbun]] says that Cruise's then-wife [[Nicole Kidman]] was wiretapped on Cruise's suggestion, which Cruise's lawyer denies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11370754/Scientology-leaders-ordered-Nicole-Kidman-wiretap-during-Tom-Cruise-marriage.html|title=Scientology leaders 'ordered Nicole Kidman wiretap' during Tom Cruise marriage|date=January 26, 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-date=December 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229041531/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/11370754/Scientology-leaders-ordered-Nicole-Kidman-wiretap-during-Tom-Cruise-marriage.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/618897/controversial-scientology-documentary-alleges-tom-cruise-wiretapped-nicole-kidman-s-phone-church-slams-claims|title=Controversial Scientology Documentary Alleges Tom Cruise Wiretapped Nicole Kidman's Phone, Church Slams Claims|work=[[E! Online]]|date=January 27, 2015|access-date=April 4, 2015|archive-date=December 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213122621/http://www.eonline.com/news/618897/controversial-scientology-documentary-alleges-tom-cruise-wiretapped-nicole-kidman-s-phone-church-slams-claims|url-status=live}}</ref> Cruise's ex-girlfriend [[Nazanin Boniadi]] later compared the Scientology organization's auditioning of women to date Cruise and experiences with him to "[[Sex trafficking|white slavery]]".<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 10, 2017|website=TonyOrtega.org|title=Nazanin Boniadi's FBI testimony: Cast as Tom Cruise's girlfriend by Scientology|url=http://tonyortega.org/2017/05/10/nazanin-boniadi-fbi-testimony-cast-as-tom-cruises-girlfriend-by-scientology/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510133625/http://tonyortega.org/2017/05/10/nazanin-boniadi-fbi-testimony-cast-as-tom-cruises-girlfriend-by-scientology/|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 10, 2017|access-date=July 13, 2021}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Supercouple}}
* ''[[Tom Cruise: Unauthorized]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Tom Cruise: All the World's a Stage]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Tom Cruise: An Unauthorized Biography]]'' (2008)
* {{annotated link|Tom Cruise Purple}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Tom Cruise: An Unauthorized Biography |title-link=Tom Cruise: An Unauthorized Biography |first=Andrew |last=Morton |author-link=Andrew Morton (writer) |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |year=2008 |isbn=9781429933902}}
* {{cite journal |last=Peberdy |first=Donna |title=From wimps to wild men: Bipolar masculinity and the paradoxical performances of Tom Cruise |journal=[[Men and Masculinities]] |volume=13 |issue=2 |year=2010 |pages=231–254 |doi=10.1177/1097184X09359500|s2cid=145461981 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tan |first1=Tom Fangyun |first2=Serguei |last2=Netessine |first3=Lorin |last3=Hitt |title=Is Tom Cruise threatened? An empirical study of the impact of product variety on demand concentration |journal=Information Systems Research |volume=28 |issue=3 |year=2017 |doi=10.1287/isre.2017.0712 |pages=643–660 |url=https://scholar.smu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=business_itopman_research|url-access=subscription }}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Tom Cruise|b=no|n=Tom Cruise|q=Tom Cruise|s=no|v=no|species=no|display=Tom Cruise|d=Q37079}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb name|129}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/tomcruise Tom Cruise] on [[Instagram]]
* [https://www.yahoo.com/movies/tagged/tom-cruise Tom Cruise] on [[Yahoo! Movies]]
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/tom_cruise Tom Cruise] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
* [http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=Tom+Cruise Tom Cruise] on [[WorldCat]] (libraries)
* {{Discogs artist|Tom Cruise}}

{{Tom Cruise|state=expanded}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Tom Cruise|Awards for Tom Cruise]]
|list =
{{Academy Honorary Award}}
{{British Film Institute Fellowship}}
{{BAFTA Los Angeles Britannia Awards}}
{{Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor}}
{{Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor}}
{{Critics' Choice Super Award for Best Actor in an Action Movie}}
{{David O. Selznick Achievement Award in Theatrical Motion Pictures}}
{{Empire Award for Best Actor}}
{{Golden Globe Award Best Actor Motion Picture Drama}}
{{Golden Globe Award Best Actor Motion Picture Musical or Comedy}}
{{Golden Globe Award Best Supporting Actor Motion Picture}}
{{Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor}}
{{Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Combo}}
{{Hasty Pudding Man of the Year}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Performance}}
{{People's Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor}}
{{Satellite Award Best Actor Motion Picture}}
{{Saturn Award for Best Actor}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cruise, Tom}}
[[Category:Tom Cruise| ]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:Actors from Glen Ridge, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Actors who have performed their own stunts]]
[[Category:Actors with dyslexia]]
[[Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients]]
[[Category:American actors with disabilities]]
[[Category:American aviators]]
[[Category:American expatriate actors in Canada]]
[[Category:American film production company founders]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:American Scientologists]]
[[Category:American stunt performers]]
[[Category:Best Drama Actor Golden Globe (film) winners]]
[[Category:Best Musical or Comedy Actor Golden Globe (film) winners]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners]]
[[Category:Converts to Scientology from Roman Catholicism]]
[[Category:David di Donatello Career Award winners]]
[[Category:Film producers from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Film producers from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Glen Ridge High School alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Essex County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Male actors from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Male actors from Ottawa]]
[[Category:Male actors from Syracuse, New York]]
[[Category:People Sexiest Man Alive]]
[[Category:Scientology and psychiatry]]

Oracle Corporation

2026-03-20T11:42:24Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Structure improved and content revised

{{Short description|American multinational computer corporation}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Oracle Corporation
| logo = [[File:Oracle logo.svg|frameless|upright=1.15|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_caption = Company logo
| former_name = {{plainlist|
* Software Development Laboratories (1977–1979)
* Relational Software, Inc. (1979–1983)
* Oracle Systems Corporation (1983–1995)
}}
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{unbulleted list|{{NYSE|ORCL}}|[[S&P 100]] component|[[S&P 500]] component}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|US68389X1054}}
| predecessor =
| industry = {{ubl|[[Enterprise software]]|[[Business software]]|[[Cloud computing]]|[[Computer hardware]]|[[Consulting]] }}
| founders = {{ubl|[[Larry Ellison]]|[[Bob Miner]]|[[Ed Oates]]<ref name="founders" />}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|1977|06|16}}, in [[Santa Clara, California]], United States<ref name="incorporation">[http://www.oracle.com/corporate/investor_relations/faq.html Oracle, FAQ]; [http://www.orafaq.com/faqora.htm#WHO orafaq.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116210119/http://www.orafaq.com/faqora.htm#WHO |date=January 16, 2008 }}.</ref>
| location_city = [[Austin, Texas]]
| location_country = United States {{Coord|30.2428699|-97.7216941|region:US-TX_type:landmark_scale:10000|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{ubl|[[Larry Ellison]] ([[executive chairman]] & [[Chief technology officer|CTO]])|[[Safra Catz]] ([[vice chair|executive vice chair]])|Clay Magouyrk and Mike Sicilia (co-[[Chief executive officer|CEO]]s)}}
| products = {{hlist| [[Oracle Applications]] | [[Oracle Database]] | [[Oracle Cloud Enterprise Resource Planning|Oracle ERP]] | [[Oracle Cloud]] | [[Oracle Enterprise Manager|Enterprise Manager]] | [[Oracle Fusion Middleware|Fusion Middleware]] | ('''[[#Products and services|Full list]]''')}} {{!}} [[Oracle Solaris]]
| revenue = {{Increase}} {{USD|57.40&nbsp;billion|link=yes}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{Increase}} {{USD|17.68&nbsp;billion}} (2025)
| net_income = {{Increase}} {{USD|12.44&nbsp;billion}} (2025)
| assets = {{Increase}} {{USD|168.4&nbsp;billion}} (2025)
| equity = {{Increase}} {{USD|20.97&nbsp;billion}} (2025)
| owner = Larry Ellison (42.4%)<ref name="toc162163_22">{{cite web |title=Oracle Corporation §Security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management |website=Securities and Exchange Commission |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1341439/000119312521282422/d162163ddef14a.htm#toc162163_22}}</ref>
| num_employees = {{circa|162,000}} (2025)
| subsid = [[List of acquisitions by Oracle|List of Oracle subsidiaries]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.oracle.com/|oracle.com}}
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|05|31|lc=y|df=US}}.<ref name="10K">{{cite web |date=2025-06-18 |title=Oracle Corporation 10-K for the fiscal year ended May 31, 2025 |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001341439/000095017025087926/orcl-20250531.htm |publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]}}</ref>
}}

'''Oracle Corporation''' is an American [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology company]] headquartered in [[Austin, Texas]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Bursztynsky |first=Jessica |date=2020-12-11 |title=Oracle is moving its headquarters from Silicon Valley to Austin, Texas |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/11/oracle-is-moving-its-headquarters-from-silicon-valley-to-austin-texas.html |access-date=2020-12-12 |publisher=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Co-founded in [[Santa Clara, California]] by [[Bob Miner]], [[Ed Oates]], and current chairman of the board and chief technology officer, [[Larry Ellison]] in 1977,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kerr |first=Dara |date=2025-09-11 |title=Larry Ellison: Oracle co-founder who overtook Musk as world’s richest person |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/11/who-is-larry-ellison-richest-person-oracle |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Forbes Real Time Billionaires List - The World's Richest People |url=https://www.forbes.com/real-time-billionaires/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-20 |title=Bloomberg Billionaires Index |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en}}</ref> Oracle is among the [[List of public corporations by market capitalization|20 largest companies in the world]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Companies ranked by Market Cap |url=https://companiesmarketcap.com/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=CompaniesMarketCap.com |language=en-US}}</ref> by [[Market capitalization|market cap]], and ranked 66th<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schifrin |first=Matt |last2=Murphy |first2=Andrea |title=Forbes' 2025 Global 2000 List—The World's Largest Companies Ranked |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> on the [[Forbes Global 2000|''Forbes'' Global 2000]] as of 2025.

The company sells [[Database|database software]] (particularly the [[Oracle Database]]), [[Enterprise software|enterprise applications]], and [[cloud computing|cloud infrastructure]] and hardware. Oracle's core application software is a suite of [[enterprise software]] products, including [[enterprise resource planning]] (ERP), [[human capital management]] (HCM), Customer Experience (CX) and [[supply chain management]] (SCM) software.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vickers |first=Marques |year=2016 |title=The Architectural Elevation of Technology: A Photo Survey of 75 Silicon Valley Headquarters |publisher=Marquis Publishing |page=97}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=What is Oracle? {{!}} IBM |url=https://www.ibm.com/think/topics/oracle |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=www.ibm.com |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|List of acquisitions by Oracle}}[[File:Larry Ellison on stage.jpg|thumbnail|[[Larry Ellison]], executive chairman and co-founder of Oracle]]
[[File:Oracle Headquarters Redwood Shores.jpg|thumb|Oracle Corporation's former headquarters in [[Redwood Shores, California]]]]
[[File:USA 17 at Oracle Corporation Headquarters - July 2019 (8327).jpg|thumb|USA 17 racing yacht at Oracle Corporation Headquarters]]
[[File:Oracle Campus in Austin 2018.jpg|thumb|Oracle Austin Riverside Campus in 2018]]
[[Larry Ellison]], [[Bob Miner]], and [[Ed Oates]] co-founded Oracle in 1977 in Santa Clara, California, as '''Software Development Laboratories''' ('''SDL''').<ref name="founders">{{Cite news |last=Bort |first=Julie |date=September 18, 2014 |title=Where Are They Now? Look What Happened to the Co-founders of Oracle |work=[[Business Insider]] |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/whatever-happened-to-oracles-founders-in-this-iconic-photo-2012-8 |access-date=March 29, 2018}}</ref><ref name="rdbmsearlyyearsoh20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Burton Grad |title=RDBMS Plenary 1: Early Years |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702562-05-01-acc.pdf |pages=33 |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> Beginning as consultants with a background in large-scale memory after a project for [[Ampex]],{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} Ellison took inspiration<ref>{{cite web |date=May 2007 |title=Oracle's 30th Anniversary |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/profit/p27anniv-timeline-151918.pdf |access-date=July 16, 2010 |website=Profit |publisher=Oracle Corporation |page=26}}</ref> from the 1970 paper written by [[Edgar F. Codd]] on [[relational database management system]]s (RDBMS) named "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Codd |first=E. F. |year=1970 |title=A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks |journal=[[Communications of the ACM]] |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=377–387 |doi=10.1145/362384.362685 |s2cid=207549016 |df=mdy-all|doi-access=free }}</ref> He heard about the [[IBM System R]] database<ref name="rdbmsoracle20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Luanne Johnson |title=RDBMS Workshop: Oracle |type=PDF |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2012/12/102746581-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2026-01-02 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> from an article in an IBM research journal provided by Oates. Ellison wanted to make Oracle's product compatible with System R, but failed to do so as IBM kept the error codes for their DBMS a secret. SDL changed its name to '''Relational Software, Inc''' ('''RSI''') in 1979,<ref name="niemiec">{{Cite book |last=Niemiec |first=Richard |title=Oracle9i Performance Tuning Tips & Techniques |publisher=McGraw-Hill/Osborne |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-07-222473-3 |location=New York}}</ref> then again to '''Oracle Systems Corporation''' in 1983,<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Corporation - Oracle FAQ |url=https://www.orafaq.com/wiki/Oracle_Corporation |access-date=2020-03-07 |website=www.orafaq.com}}</ref> to align itself more closely with its flagship product [[Oracle Database]]. The name also drew from the codename of a 1977 project for the [[Central Intelligence Agency]], Oracle's first customer;<ref>{{cite web |title=Larry Ellison's Oracle Started As a CIA Project |url=https://gizmodo.com/larry-ellisons-oracle-started-as-a-cia-project-1636592238 |access-date=2021-12-03 |website=gizmodo.com/|date=September 19, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Schofield |first1=Jack |last2=Brockes |first2=Emma |date=28 April 2000 |title=Welcome to Larryland |url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,215072,00.html |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>{{r|rdbmsearlyyearsoh20070612}} the company received permission to use the code name for the new product.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} (According to Oracle executive Mike Humphries, Miner told him that the new company had the choice of the CIA database project or another offer to develop a compiler for the [[PDP-4]], and the founders flipped a coin to decide.)<ref name="rdbmsfinancing20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Luanne Johnson |title=RDBMS Workshop: Financing |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702564-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref>

Miner served as a senior programmer, and Oates also worked in development. The three founders decided that Ellison was the worst programmer so he became the salesman. Understanding both customers and technology, Ellison designed [[database table]]s that he used to demonstrate the power of [[SQL]] to customers.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} By February 1983 the ''[[Rosen Electronics Letter]]'' said that Oracle was "the most comprehensive offering we've seen" among databases, with good marketing and a substantial installed base encouraging developers to write software for it. The newsletter said that revenue in fiscal 1983 would be about $8 million and would double in 1984.<ref name="rosen19830222">{{Cite news |date=1983-02-22 |title=DBMS and the workstation: Oracle gets close |url=https://cdn.oreillystatic.com/radar/r1/02-83.pdf |access-date=2025-06-05 |work=[[The Rosen Electronics Letter]] |pages=3–5}}</ref> On March 12, 1986, the company had its [[initial public offering]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Investor Relations |work=investor.oracle.com |url=http://investor.oracle.com/overview/investor-faq/default.aspx |access-date=August 10, 2017}}</ref> In 1989, Oracle moved its world headquarters to the [[Redwood Shores, California|Redwood Shores]] neighborhood of [[Redwood City, California]], though its [https://www.ksha.com/projects/oracle/ campus]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-14 |title=ORACLE HEADQUARTERS - KSH Architects |url=https://www.ksha.com/projects/oracle/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |language=en}}</ref> was not completed until 1995.<ref name="Cerny_Page_164">{{cite book |last1=Cerny |first1=Susan Dinkelspiel |title=An Architectural Guidebook to San Francisco and the Bay Area |date=2007 |publisher=Gibbs Smith |location=Salt Lake City |isbn=978-1-58685-432-4 |page=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FkVQx6MWa8MC&pg=PA164 |access-date=February 13, 2023}}</ref> The company hired so many from top universities that Humphries compared it to "[[Cargill]] buying crops". Some new employees worked as receptionists or distributed coffee until more suitable positions became available.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}

Oracle in the late 1980s began selling [[enterprise software]] running on the database, starting with [[financial software]], then manufacturing. Many at Oracle wanted to discontinue applications; the first several versions were weak, they competed with the company's [[independent software vendor]]s and [[value-added reseller]] partners, and applications were never profitable for Oracle until after 2000. Selling them (and acquiring vendors such as [[JD Edwards]] and [[PeopleSoft]], the latter being the second [[hostile takeover]] in the history of software) nonetheless allowed Oracle to compete with [[SAP]]; by the mid-2000s it was the world's largest enterprise software vendor. The company's Ken Jacobs later said:{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}

{{quote|It created a strategic footprint in our customers. It gave us a whole stack, a credible stack. And we could now sell at a higher point into the companies, into the board room. And, our large customers wanted to consider us a strategic partner, rather than just a vendor of technology. So, it has, actually, had a big impact on the way our sales force could sell.}}

In 1995, Oracle Systems Corporation changed its name to '''Oracle Corporation''',<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Oracle Systems Corporation Renamed 'Oracle Corporation' |date=June 1, 1995 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/ORACLE+SYSTEMS+CORPORATION+RENAMED+%27ORACLE+CORPORATION%27-a016988727 |access-date=April 17, 2015 |archive-date=March 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315125902/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/ORACLE+SYSTEMS+CORPORATION+RENAMED+%27ORACLE+CORPORATION%27-a016988727 }}</ref> officially named Oracle, but is sometimes referred to as Oracle Corporation, the name of the holding company.<ref>[http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/investor-relations/faq/index.html Frequently Asked Questions | Investor Relations]. Oracle. Retrieved July 14, 2013.</ref>

In 2010, Oracle launched Fusion Applications to unify the features and technologies of acquisitions PeopleSoft, Siebel Systems, and JD Edwards, into a single suite.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oracle officially launches its Fusion apps |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-20016932-92.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026021158/http://news.cnet.com/8301-1001_3-20016932-92.html |archive-date=2012-10-26 |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=CNET |language=en}}</ref>

On July 15, 2013, Oracle transferred its stock listing from [[Nasdaq]] to the [[New York Stock Exchange]]. At the time, it was the largest-ever U.S. market transfer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCrank |first=John |date=June 20, 2013 |title=Oracle to move listing to Big Board from Nasdaq in coup for NYSE |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oracle-nyse/oracle-to-move-listing-to-big-board-from-nasdaq-in-coup-for-nyse-idINBRE95J19O20130620 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

In 2018, Oracle opened a new office in southeast Austin, Texas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle opens new Austin office with space for up to 10,000 employees {{!}} Built In Austin |url=https://www.builtinaustin.com/articles/oracle-new-austin-office |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=Built In |language=en}}</ref> In December 2020, Oracle announced that it was moving its world headquarters from Redwood Shores to Austin, Texas.<ref name="Li">{{cite news |last1=Li |first1=Roland |date=December 11, 2020 |title=Oracle to move headquarters from California to Austin, in latest loss for Silicon Valley |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Oracle-to-move-headquarters-from-Redwood-City-to-15795539.php |access-date=February 13, 2023 |work=San Francisco Chronicle}}</ref>

In an effort to compete with [[Amazon Web Services]] and its products, Oracle announced in 2019 it was partnering with former rival [[Microsoft]]. The alliance claimed that [[Oracle Cloud]] and [[Microsoft Azure]] would be directly connected, allowing customers of each to store data on both [[cloud computing]] platforms and run software on either Oracle or Azure. Some saw this not only as an attempt to compete with Amazon but also with [[Google]] and [[Salesforce]], which acquired [[Looker (company)|Looker]] and [[Tableau Software]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duffy |first=Clare |date=2019-06-13 |title=Why rivals Microsoft and Oracle are teaming up to take on Amazon {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/13/tech/microsoft-oracle-amazon-cloud/index.html |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Oracle and Microsoft expanded their partnership to deliver Oracle database services on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure running inside Microsoft Azure.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tanzer |first=Brett |date=2024-09-09 |title=Microsoft and Oracle enhance Oracle Database@Azure with data and AI integration |url=https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/microsoft-and-oracle-enhance-oracle-databaseazure-with-data-and-ai-integration/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Microsoft Azure Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

A year later, Oracle announced similar partnerships with Amazon Web Services and Google Cloud, making the Oracle database available in all four major hyperscaler providers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McDowell |first=Steve |title=Oracle Meets AWS: New Partnership Delivers Best Of Two Cloud Worlds |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemcdowell/2024/09/09/oracle-meets-aws-new-partnership-delivers-best-of-two-cloud-worlds/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250723200027/https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevemcdowell/2024/09/09/oracle-meets-aws-new-partnership-delivers-best-of-two-cloud-worlds/ |archive-date=2025-07-23 |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2021, Oracle announced the acquisition of [[Cerner]], a [[health information technology]] company.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lohr |first=Steve |date=20 December 2021 |title=Oracle takes a big move toward health with a deal to buy Cerner for $28.3 billion. |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/20/technology/oracle-cerner-health-records.html |url-access=limited |access-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/20/technology/oracle-cerner-health-records.html |archive-date=2021-12-28}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The acquisition of Cerner was completed on June 8, 2022, for US$28.3 billion in cash.<ref>{{cite web |last=Headlee |first=Peyton |date=2022-06-07 |title=Oracle finalizes deal to buy Cerner for $28.3 billion |url=https://www.kmbc.com/article/oracle-finalizes-deal-buy-cerner-28-billion/40219678 |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=KMBC |language=en}}</ref> Also in December 2021, Oracle announced the acquisition of Federos, an [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) and automation tools company for network performance.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 December 2021 |title=Oracle buys Federos. |url=https://www.oracle.com/corporate/acquisitions/federos/ |access-date=21 December 2021 |work=Oracle Corporation}}</ref>

In February 2023, the company announced it was going to invest $1.5 billion into the [[Saudi Arabia|Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]], including opening a data centre in the country's capital, [[Riyadh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Supantha |last2=Yaakoubi |first2=Aziz El |date=2023-02-06 |title=Oracle to invest $1.5 billion in Saudi Arabia, open data centre in Riyadh |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/oracle-invest-15-bln-saudi-arabia-open-data-centre-riyadh-2023-02-06/ |access-date=2023-02-06}}</ref>

In April 2024, Oracle announced it was moving its world headquarters from Austin to a new complex in [[Nashville, Tennessee]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title=Oracle's Larry Ellison says planned Nashville campus will be company's 'world headquarters' |url=https://apnews.com/article/oracle-larry-ellison-nashville-headquarters-health-care-cf74172176f6c90210e8ac96e1ff6f52 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> No timeframe was given.

In June 2024, Oracle announced a $1 billion investment in Spain to enhance artificial intelligence and cloud computing. This investment will create a new cloud region in Madrid in partnership with [[Telefónica]]. The goal is to help Spanish businesses and the public sector with digital transformation and to meet [[Regulation (European Union)|European Union regulations]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-06 |title=Oracle to invest over $1 bln on AI, cloud computing in Spain|language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/artificial-intelligence/oracle-invest-over-1-bln-ai-cloud-computing-spain-2024-06-20/ |access-date=2024-06-21}}</ref> The same year, the company announced investments in Japan and Malaysia for US$8 billion and US$6.5 billion, respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Oracle Invests $8B to Expand Cloud, AI Offerings in Japan |url=https://aibusiness.com/verticals/oracle-invests-8b-to-expand-cloud-ai-offerings-in-japan |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250723232254/https://aibusiness.com/verticals/oracle-invests-8b-to-expand-cloud-ai-offerings-in-japan |archive-date=2025-07-23 |access-date=2026-02-23 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle: US$6.5 bil investment in Malaysia ‘more than a data centre’ |url=https://www.mida.gov.my/mida-news/oracle-us6-5-bil-investment-in-malaysia-more-than-a-data-centre/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=MIDA {{!}} Malaysian Investment Development Authority |language=en-US}}</ref>

In January 2025, President [[Donald Trump]] announced [[Stargate LLC|Stargate]], a joint venture by Oracle, [[OpenAI]], [[SoftBank Group|SoftBank]] and investment firm [[MGX (company)|MGX]] to invest $500 billion over four years in artificial intelligence infrastructure in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Jennifer |date=2025-01-22 |title=Trump announces up to $500 billion in private sector AI infrastructure investment - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-announces-private-sector-ai-infrastructure-investment/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Also in 2025, the company announced additional investments in the United Kingdom, Germany and the Netherlands for US$5 billion and US$3 billion, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Dashveenjit |date=2025-03-21 |title=Oracle's $5bn UK cloud investment |url=https://www.cloudcomputing-news.net/news/oracles-5bn-uk-cloud-investment/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Cloud Computing News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Goovaerts |first=Diana |date=2025-07-16 |title=Oracle plots $3B European expansion |url=https://www.fierce-network.com/cloud/oracle-plots-3b-european-expansion |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.fierce-network.com |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2025, Oracle announced it was promoting Clay Magouyrk, president of cloud infrastructure, and Mike Sicilia, president of industries, to become co-CEOs. They replaced Safra Catz, who held the position for 11 years, and transitioned to a new role as executive vice chair.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Novet |first=Russell Leung,Ashley Capoot,Jordan |date=2025-09-22 |title=Oracle names Clay Magouyrk and Mike Sicilia as co-CEOs |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/22/oracle-names-co-ceos.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bajwa |first=Arsheeya |date=September 22, 2025 |title=Oracle names insiders Clay Magouyrk, Mike Sicilia as co-CEOs in surprise move |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/oracle-appoints-insiders-clay-magouyrk-mike-sicilia-co-ceos-2025-09-22/ |work=Reuters}}</ref>

In January 2026, social media platform [[TikTok]] announced it finalized a deal to change ownership of its U.S. operations, with Oracle, MGX and private equity firm [[Silver Lake (investment firm)|Silver Lake]] each owning a 15% stake in the venture, while ByteDance retained a 19.9% stake.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=TikTok finalizes deal to keep operating in US |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/tiktok-finalizes-deal-operating-us/story?id=129475609 |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref> As of March 2026, Oracles TikTok stake was worth an estimated ~$2B.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murti |first=Lola |date=2026-03-11 |title=Oracle's TikTok stake sits at just over $2 billion, filing shows |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/11/oracle-tiktok-us-stake-outages.html |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2026, Oracle signed a voluntary "ratepayer protection pledge" where companies pledge to build or buy energy needed to power data centers at a different rate to regular consumers, allowing them to keep utility bills down substantially.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nilsen |first=Ella |date=2026-03-04 |title=Trump, tech companies sign voluntary pledge to protect consumers from rising electricity costs {{!}} CNN Politics |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/04/politics/electric-bill-costs-trump-pledge |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

For the second quarter of [[fiscal year]] 2026 (ending November 2025), Oracle reported total revenue of $14.1 billion, with cloud infrastructure (IaaS) revenue growing 68% year-over-year to $4.1 billion. Total remaining performance obligations surged to $130 billion, reflecting strong demand for AI infrastructure capacity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle Announces Fiscal Year 2026 Second Quarter Financial Results |url=https://www.oracle.com/news/announcement/q2fy26-earnings-release-2025-12-10/ |date=December 10, 2025 |website=Oracle |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref>

==Products and services==
Oracle provides cloud infrastructure, AI services, database and database management software, enterprise applications, analytics, and developer tools that help businesses manage their data, operations, and IT environments.<ref name=":4" />

=== Software applications ===
Oracle provides software applications, such as integrated enterprise software applications, Oracle Fusion Cloud Applications, human capital management (HCM), customer relationship management (CRM), and supply chain management (SCM).<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=9 top ERP software picks for the retail industry {{!}} TechTarget |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searcherp/tip/Top-ERP-software-picks-for-the-retail-industry |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Search ERP |language=en}}</ref>

=== Databases ===
The [[Oracle Database]] was released in 2004 as 10g. Subsequently, the product was released several times, with the newest issue released as 12c in 2018. Oracle released its Autonomous Database in 2018, Oracle Database 23ai in 2024, and issued its newest release Oracle AI Database 26ai in 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erickson |first=Jeff |title=Oracle BrandVoice: 2018: The Year The Database Went Autonomous |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/oracle/2018/12/19/2018-the-year-the-database-went-autonomous/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240612194917/https://www.forbes.com/sites/oracle/2018/12/19/2018-the-year-the-database-went-autonomous/ |archive-date=2024-06-12 |access-date=2025-12-15 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle renames Database 23c to 23ai, makes it generally available |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2336977/oracle-renames-database-23c-to-23ai-makes-it-generally-available.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=InfoWorld |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-14 |title=Oracle Database |url=https://endoflife.date/oracle-database |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=endoflife.date |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shimmin |first=Brad |title=Oracle AI World 2025: Is the Database the Center of the AI Universe Again? |url=https://futurumgroup.com/insights/oracle-ai-world-2025-is-the-database-the-center-of-the-ai-universe-again/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Futurum |language=en-US}}</ref>

Additionally, Oracle Corporation acquired and developed the following additional database technologies:
* [[Berkeley DB]], which offers [[embedded database]] processing
* [[Oracle Rdb]], a relational database system running on [[OpenVMS]] platforms. Oracle acquired Rdb in 1994 from [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]. Oracle has since made many enhancements to this product and development continues {{as of|2008| lc = on}}.
* [[TimesTen]], which features in-memory database operations
* [[Essbase|Oracle Essbase]], which continues the [[Hyperion Solutions|Hyperion]] Essbase tradition of [[multidimensional database|multi-dimensional database]] management
* [[MySQL]], a relational database management system licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]], initially developed by [[MySQL AB]]
* [[Oracle NoSQL Database]], a scalable, distributed key-value [[NoSQL]] database<ref>{{cite web |last=Taft |first=Darryl K |date=October 18, 2011 |title=Oracle to Boost Data Management With Endeca Buy |url=http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Enterprise-Applications/Oracle-to-Boost-Data-Management-With-Endeca-Buy-517167/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122150710/http://www.eweek.com/c/a/Enterprise-Applications/Oracle-to-Boost-Data-Management-With-Endeca-Buy-517167/ |archive-date=January 22, 2013 |access-date=November 3, 2011 |website=[[eWeek]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |quote=Oracle also announced the Oracle NoSQL Database, a distributed, highly scalable, key-value database. }}</ref>

=== Middleware ===
{{Main|Oracle Fusion Middleware}}

Oracle Fusion Middleware is a family of [[middleware]] software products, including [[application server]], [[system integration]], [[business process management]] (BPM), user interaction, [[content management]], [[identity management]] and [[business intelligence]] (BI) products.

==== Oracle Secure Enterprise Search ====
Oracle Secure Enterprise Search (SES), Oracle's [[enterprise search|enterprise-search]] offering, gives users the ability to search for content across multiple locations, including websites, [[XML]] files, file servers, [[content management systems]], enterprise resource planning systems, [[customer relationship management]] systems, [[business intelligence]] systems, and databases.

=== Product Lines ===
[[Oracle Applications]], software sold by Oracle based on its own database, first appeared in the late 1980s.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} Oracle Corporation maintains a number of product lines, such as:

* [[Oracle E-Business Suite]]
* [[PeopleSoft|PeopleSoft Enterprise]]
** PeopleSoft EnterpriseOne (Later renamed, JD Edwards EnterpriseOne)
** PeopleSoft World (Later renamed, JD Edwards World)
* [[Siebel Systems|Siebel]]
* [[JD Edwards]]
* Merchandise Operations Management (Formerly Retek)
* Planning & Optimisation
* Store Operations (Formerly 360Commerce)

=== Enterprise management ===
{{Main|Oracle Enterprise Manager}}

Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) is a web-based monitoring and management tool for Oracle products (and for some third-party software), including database management, middleware management, application management, hardware and virtualization management and cloud management.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jackson |first=Joab |date=July 2, 2013 |title=Oracle Enterprise Manager 12c gears up for the private cloud |url=http://www.infoworld.com/d/applications/oracle-enterprise-manager-12c-gears-the-private-cloud-221976 |access-date=March 12, 2014 |website=[[InfoWorld]]}}</ref>

The [[Primavera (software)|Primavera]] products of Oracle's Construction & Engineering Global Business Unit (CEGBU) consist of [[project management|project-management]] software.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=Paul Eastwood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ep50AO-B06oC |title=Project Planning and Scheduling Using Primavera P6: For All Industries Including Version 4 to 7; Planning and Progressing Project Schedules with and Without Roles and Resources in an Established Enterprise Environment |date=2010 |publisher=Eastwood Harris Pty Ltd |isbn=978-1-921059-34-6 |pages=2–1 |quote=Primavera is an Enterprise Project Management software package that enables many projects to be managed in one database. |access-date=April 29, 2015}}</ref>

=== Development software ===
Oracle Corporation's tools for developing applications include (among others):

* [[Oracle Designer]] – a [[computer-aided software engineering|CASE]] tool which integrates with Oracle Developer Suite
* [[Oracle Developer Suite|Oracle Developer]] – which consists of [[Oracle Forms]], [[Oracle Discoverer]] and [[Oracle Reports]]
* [[Oracle JDeveloper]], a [[freeware]] [[integrated development environment|IDE]]
* [[NetBeans]], a Java-based software-development platform
* [[Oracle APEX]] – [[low-code]] platform for web-oriented development
* [[Oracle SQL Developer]], an [[integrated development environment]] for working with SQL-based databases
* Oracle SQL*Plus Worksheet, a component of Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM)
* [[OEPE]], Oracle Enterprise Pack for [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]]
* [[Open Java Development Kit]]
* Oracle Developer Studio – a software generation system for the development of C, C++, Fortran, and Java software
* Oracle Visual Builder Studio
=== Operating systems ===
Oracle Corporation develops and supports two operating systems: [[Oracle Solaris]] and [[Oracle Linux]].

===Hardware===
[[File:OracleExadataExalogic.JPG|thumb|Oracle Exadata and Exalogic]]
* The Sun hardware range acquired by Oracle Corporation's purchase of [[Sun Microsystems]]
* [[Oracle SPARC T-series servers]] and M-series [[Mainframe computer|mainframes]] developed and released after Sun acquisition
* Engineered systems: pre-engineered and pre-assembled hardware/software bundles for enterprise use
** [[Oracle Exadata|Exadata Database Machine]] – hardware/software integrated storage<ref>{{cite web |last=Grancher |first=Eric |date=May 15, 2009 |title=Oracle and storage IOs, explanations and experience at CERN |url=http://cdsweb.cern.ch/record/1177416/files/CHEP2009-28-24.pdf?version=2 |access-date=January 17, 2010 |website=CERN-IT-Note-2009-005 |publisher=CERN |location=Geneva |page=4 |format=PDF |quote=The Oracle Exadata storage server version 1 is a solution developed by Oracle and HP in which part of the processing, normally performed by the database instance, is performed at the storage system level.}}</ref>
** [[Oracle Exalogic|Exalogic Elastic Cloud]] – hardware/software integrated application server
** Exalytics In-Memory Machine – hardware/software integrated in-memory analytics server<ref>{{Cite news |last=King |first=Rachel |date=July 15, 2013 |title=Oracle Exalytics in-memory machine updated to analyze larger data sets |work=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/oracle-exalytics-in-memory-machine-updated-to-analyze-larger-data-sets/ |access-date=March 12, 2014}}</ref>
** Oracle Database Appliance<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijayan |first=Jaikumar |date=September 22, 2011 |title=New Oracle database appliance aims at small, mid-size firms: Analysts don't expect Database Appliance to cannibalize Oracle's Exadata enterprise offering |work=Computerworld |url=http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9220217/New_Oracle_database_appliance_aims_at_small_mid_size_firms |access-date=January 8, 2012 |quote=The tightly integrated hardware, software and storage bundle features Oracle Database11g Release 2 and Real Application Clusters software running on a 2-node, 24-processor core, Sun Fire server cluster hardware.}}</ref>
** [[Oracle Big Data Appliance|Big Data Appliance]] – integrated map-reduce/[[big data]] solution<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Oracle Unveils the Oracle Big Data Appliance |date=October 3, 2011 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/512001 |access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref>
** SPARC SuperCluster T4-4 – a general purpose engineered system<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Oracle Unveils the World's Fastest General Purpose Engineered System - the SPARC SuperCluster T4-4 |date=September 26, 2011 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/497229 |access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref>

===Services===

====Oracle Cloud====
[[Oracle Cloud]] is a [[cloud computing]] service offered by Oracle Corporation providing servers, storage, network, applications and services through a global network of Oracle Corporation managed [[data center]]s. The company allows these services to be [[provisioning (IT)|provisioned]] on demand over the [[Internet]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saygili |first=Okcan Yasin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=83UpDwAAQBAJ&q=oracle%20cloud&pg=PA1 |title=Oracle IaaS: Quick Reference Guide to Cloud Solutions |publisher=Apress |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4842-2832-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Oracle Cloud provides [[Infrastructure as a service|Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)]], [[Platform as a service|Platform as a Service (PaaS)]], [[Software as a service|Software as a Service (SaaS)]] and [[Data as a service|Data as a Service (DaaS)]]. These services are used to build, deploy, integrate and extend applications in the cloud.

Oracle has continued to make updates to its generative AI service, which is built and supported on Oracle Cloud Infrastructure and large language models (LLM) from Cohere as of 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |last=say |first=Sebastian Moss Have your |date=2026-02-19 |title=Oracle invests in Cohere, plans to integrate generative AI tools into its cloud |url=https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/oracle-invests-in-cohere-plans-to-integrate-generative-ai-tools-into-its-cloud/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=www.datacenterdynamics.com |language=en}}</ref> Meta's Llama as of 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zulhusni |first=Muhammad |date=2024-12-12 |title=Oracle partners with Meta to power Llama AI models |url=https://www.cloudcomputing-news.net/news/oracle-partners-with-meta-to-power-llama-ai-models/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Cloud Computing News |language=en-GB}}</ref> and xAI's Grok 3 as of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nellis |first=Stephen |title=Oracle cloud to add xAI's Grok 3 model to lineup for corporate customers |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/oracle-cloud-add-xais-grok-3-model-lineup-corporate-customers-2025-06-17/}}</ref> The company has also been working to integrate generative AI into its other services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle has a better generative AI strategy, analysts say |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2335920/oracle-has-a-better-generative-ai-strategy-analysts-say.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=InfoWorld |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle unveils its API-led generative AI service with Cohere’s LLMs |url=https://www.infoworld.com/article/2334836/oracle-unveils-its-api-led-generative-ai-service-with-cohere-s-llms.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=InfoWorld |language=English}}</ref> In April 2025, Oracle incorporated HeatWave GenAI into its database.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Westfall |first=Ron |last2=Dickens |first2=Steven |title=Oracle HeatWave GenAI: AI Innovation Without Data Movement or Added Expense |url=https://futurumgroup.com/insights/oracle-heatwave-genai-ai-innovation-without-data-movement-or-added-expense/ |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=Futurum |language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2025, Oracle and OpenAI signed a $300 billion contract for 4.5 gigawatts of power capacity over five years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jin |first=Berber |date=2025-09-10 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Oracle, OpenAI Sign $300 Billion Cloud Deal |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/openai-oracle-sign-300-billion-computing-deal-among-biggest-in-history-ff27c8fe |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2025, Oracle and Microsoft announced a partnership to enhance supply chain efficiency and responsiveness for manufacturers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Maham |title=Microsoft, Oracle Partner to Boost Supply Chain Efficiency for Manufacturers with Real-Time Data |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/microsoft-oracle-partner-boost-supply-093723064.html |website=Yahoo! Finance}}</ref> It was also announced that Oracle will offer cloud services using Advanced Micro Devices' upcoming MI450 artificial intelligence chips.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle to offer cloud services using AMD's upcoming AI chips |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/oracle-cloud-add-xais-grok-3-model-lineup-corporate-customers-2025-06-17/}}</ref>

==Marketing==

===Sales practices===
In 1990, Oracle laid off 10% (about 400 people) of its work force because of accounting errors.<ref name="zdnet200620" /> This crisis came about because of Oracle's "up-front" marketing strategy, in which sales people urged potential customers to buy the largest possible amount of software all at once. The sales people then booked the value of future license sales in the current quarter, thereby increasing their bonuses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abelson |first=Ree |date=June 23, 1996 |title=Truth or Consequences? Hardly |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/23/business/truth-or-consequences-hardly.html}}</ref> This became a problem when the future sales subsequently failed to materialize. Oracle eventually had to restate its earnings twice, and also settled (out of court) [[class action|class-action]] lawsuits arising from its having overstated its earnings. Ellison stated in 1992 that Oracle had made "an incredible business mistake".<ref name="zdnet200620">[http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/software/0,39044164,39048963,00.htm Oracle cuts rewards for last-minute deals ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219065933/http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/software/0,39044164,39048963,00.htm |date=December 19, 2008 }} Gilbert, Alorie (June 20, 2002). ''CNET News.com'' via zdnetasia.com</ref>

Humphries described the cause—"building for years"—as a combination of technical problems that benefited rivals, and the sales force using [[side letter]]s and other improper tactics to meet the company's longstanding goal of doubling revenue each year. Ellison hired ("bring in adults", Jerry Held said) new executives [[Jeff Henley]] and [[Raymond J. Lane]], who helped the company recover from what Ken Jacobs later described as a "near death experience", in which Oracle required an investment from a Japanese steel company to meet payroll.{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}

===Competition===
The relational database industry was unusually concentrated. Besides being headquartered near each other in the [[San Francisco Bay area]], database technology experts attended the same universities and served on the same standards committees (with [[Jim Gray (computer scientist)|Jim Gray]] serving as neutral arbiter as companies tried to get competing proposals enacted).<ref name="rdbmsgrowingandselling20070613">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Luanne Johnson |title=RDBMS Workshop: Growing and Selling |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702567-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-13}}</ref> Sales and marketing people were both fierce rivals and often moved between the companies, even as engineers socialized with each other. The smaller, later-founded database vendors viewed Oracle as their top enemy<ref name="rdbmsingressybase20070613">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Doug Jerger |title=RDBMS Workshop: Ingres and Sybase |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702565-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-13}}</ref>—the "[[evil empire]]", said Bob MacDonald of [[Informix Software]]— while Humphries described his company as "the [[Klingons]] of" the bay.{{r|rdbmsgrowingandselling20070613}}

Held later described his company's philosophy as "it's not good enough for Oracle to win. It was important for somebody else to lose". [[Ingres (database)|Ingres]] was its first major competitor; Oracle's strategy of focusing on one opponent at a time—even publicly complimenting other rivals "to take the pressure off", Held said—while effective, caused it to neglect [[Sybase]] as a threat. Conversely, when Sybase had technical problems "it was: how do you put every ounce of product marketing, sales effort and focus on that".{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} [[IBM]]'s endorsement of SQL in [[IBM Db2|Db2]] in the early 1980s benefited Oracle and forced rivals like Ingres and [[Informix Corporation]] to adopt SQL to compete.<ref name="morgenthaler20051208">{{Cite interview |last=Morgenthaler |first=Gary |interviewer=Luann Johnson |title=Oral History of Gary Morgenthaler |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Morgenthaler_Gary/Morgenthaler_Gary_1.oral_history.2005.102658005.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |format=PDF |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2005-12-08 |page=18}}</ref>{{r|rdbmsinformix20070612}} Oracle acknowledged IBM as the standard while emphasizing its own superiority, touting "total IBM SQL compatibility" while IBM's software ran "''only on IBM mainframes''".<ref name="oracle19850520">{{Cite magazine |date=1985-05-20 |title=Oracle announces portable version of IBM SQL/DS and DB2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygHfUXZWXlcC&pg=PA47 |access-date=2025-06-07 |magazine=Computerworld |page=47 |type=Advertisement |volume=XIX |issue=20}}</ref> By the mid-1980s the company described its database as "the last DBMS", bragging that Oracle now had larger database revenue than [[dBASE]] maker [[Ashton-Tate]],<ref name="oracle19880118">{{Cite magazine |date=18 January 1988 |title= The Last DBMS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92637 |access-date=2025-05-25 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |page=9 |volume=10 |issue=3}}</ref> and stating that Microsoft, Ashton-Tate, and Sybase's planned [[Microsoft SQL Server]] "jumped on Oracle's SQL bandwagon".<ref name="mace19880118">{{Cite magazine |last=Mace |first=Scott |date=18 January 1988 |title= Ashton-Tate, Microsoft Join Forces To Introduce SQL Database Server|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1 |access-date=2025-05-25 |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |pages=1,8 |volume=10 |issue=3}}</ref>

MacDonald credited Oracle with "being marketing oriented before any of the competitors ... pushing the envelope on selling the future way ahead of the rest of us".{{r|rdbmsinformix20070612}} Stu Schuster of Sybase said "Larry taught us a lot about marketing". While other database companies' brochures emphasized technical features, Oracle advertisements showed an Oracle jet fighter shooting down Ashton-Tate and Borland biplanes;{{r|oracle19880118}}<ref name="oracle19920511">{{Cite magazine |date=1992-05-11 |title=PC Week Shoot-Out? More Like The Oracle Card Blowout. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7D0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13 |access-date=March 10, 2026 |magazine=InfoWorld |page=13 |type=advertisement |volume=14 |issue=19}}</ref><ref name="rdbmsfinancing20070612"/>{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} dBASE, IBM, and Db2 were among the many competitors Oracle marketing criticized by name.{{r|oracle19850520}} Conversely, another Oracle ad quoted Microsoft's [[Bill Gates]], Sun's [[Scott McNealy]], Hewlett-Packard's [[John A. Young]], and [[Apple Computer]]'s [[John Sculley]] as agreeing with Ellison on Oracle's database breakthroughs.<ref name="oracle19920615">{{Cite magazine |date=1992-06-15 |title=What Have Bill Gates, Scott McNealy, John Sculley, John Young And Larry Ellison Agreed To Cooperate On? |url=https://archive.org/details/computerworld2624unse/page/7/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=2025-06-27 |magazine=Computerworld |pages=7,9 |volume=XXVI |issue=24}}</ref> Larry Rowe of Ingres said "you could never come up with a strategy to beat Oracle because whatever you said today, two days later Ellison was saying it with more marketing dollars".{{r|rdbmsingressybase20070613}} Jacobs said, by contrast:{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}

{{quote|It really surprises me when people say Oracle's a great marketing machine because by definition, if you think a company has great marketing, they don't. If you think they have great technology then they do have a great marketing machine. Larry's belief has fundamentally always been that marketing isn't critical; he's famous for saying, "If you're not building the product and you're not selling it, tell me what it is you do." Because those are the things that he felt were important. So marketing has never been a focus.}}

The "benchmark wars" began in the early 1980s;{{r|rdbmsingressybase20070613}} [[Roger Sippl]] of Informix said that when his company's product beat Oracle on 27 of 30 [[benchmark (computing)|benchmark]]s, advertisements titled "Oracle wins again!" appeared citing the three it won,<ref name="rdbmsinformix20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Luanne Johnson |title=RDBMS Workshop: Informix |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702566-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> and Ellison allegedly called Dave DeWitt at the [[University of Wisconsin]] after he developed a benchmark unfavorable to Oracle, threatening to get the professor fired.{{r|rdbmsingressybase20070613}} Schuster and Held recalled "a not very pleasant environment because it was so directly competitive". They and Sippl described "a vicious cycle" of companies battling each other over, for example, whose [[distributed database]] had the best [[two-phase commit]]:<ref name="oracle19920914">{{Cite magazine |date=1992-09-14 |title=Two-Phase Commit Sybase vs. Oracle7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kd79q0UEQc8C&pg=PA9 |access-date=February 15, 2026 |magazine=Computerworld |page=9 |type=advertisement |volume=XXVI |issue=37}}</ref>{{r|rdbmslateryears20070612}}{{r|rdbmsinformix20070612}}{{r|rdbmsfinancing20070612}}

{{quote|The ads weren't to let me show you how my product helps you solve your business problem, Mr. Customer. It's let me tell you how much better I am than the guy down the street to the point of taking out billboards.}}

Even IBM participated in the "billboard wars".{{r|rdbmsfinancing20070612}} By 1995 Oracle had 44% of the $2.4 billion relational database market; Sybase had 17% and Informix had 16%. By 1996 Informix, after acquiring [[Illustra]], became Oracle's most important rival.<ref name="clark19961202">{{Cite news |last=Clark |first=Don |date=1996-12-02 |title=Informix Revamps Databases With Approach to Multimedia |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB849485211357681000 |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> The intense war between Informix CEO Phil White and Ellison made front-page news in [[Silicon Valley]] for three years. Informix claimed that Oracle had hired away Informix engineers to disclose important trade secrets about an upcoming product. Informix finally dropped its lawsuit against Oracle in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |last=Galante |first=Suzanne |date=June 9, 1997 |title=Informix drops Oracle lawsuit |url=http://news.cnet.com/Informix-drops-Oracle-lawsuit/2100-1023_3-200353.html |website=CNET}}</ref> Held said{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}}

{{quote|And, in one year, we kind of turned the focus from Sybase to Informix, and basically they never knew what hit them. It was such a concerted effort. I mean, it was amazing how you could get product management, marketing, and sales focused. We had a thing, "Where in the world is Phil White," because Phil White was their best sales person. If he went into an account, one of our best guys was in right after them to make sure that they didn't win that business. It was such amazingly focused effort. And within 12 months, Informix was basically on the floor.}}

In November 2005, a book detailing the war between Oracle and Informix was published, titled ''The Real Story of Informix Software and Phil White''. It gave a detailed chronology of the battle of Informix against Oracle, and how Informix Software's CEO Phil White landed in jail because of his obsession with overtaking Ellison.

After what Held described as "the period of time where some of the wheels came off, first at Ingres then at Sybase, and then at Informix", Oracle was the only substantial independent database vendor until Microsoft SQL Server became widespread in the late 1990s<ref name="rdbmslateryears20070612">{{Cite interview |interviewer=Burton Grad |title=RDBMS Plenary Session: The Later Years |url=https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102701921-05-01-acc.pdf |access-date=2025-05-30 |publisher=Computer History Museum |date=2007-06-12}}</ref> and IBM acquired Informix Software in 2001 (to complement its Db2 database). Oracle has competed for new database licenses on UNIX, GNU, and Windows operating systems primarily against IBM's Db2 and Microsoft SQL Server.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Support |first=Spinnaker |date=2024-01-17 |title=Comparative List of Oracle Competitors |url=https://www.spinnakersupport.com/blog/2024/01/17/oracle-competitors/ |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Spinnaker Support |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2004, Oracle's sales grew at a rate of 14.5% to $6.2&nbsp;billion, giving it 41.3% and the top share of the relational-database market (''InformationWeek'' – March 2005), with market share estimated at up to 44.6% in 2005 by some sources.<ref name="Oracle.com">{{cite web |date=September 7, 2010 |title=Infrastructure &#124; Oracle Analyst Reports |url=http://www.oracle.com/corporate/analyst/reports/infrastructure/dbms/idc-201692.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031164300/http://www.oracle.com/corporate/analyst/reports/infrastructure/dbms/idc-201692.pdf |archive-date=October 31, 2008 |access-date=July 7, 2011 |publisher=Oracle.com}}</ref>
Oracle Corporation's main competitors in the database arena remain IBM Db2 and Microsoft SQL Server, and to a lesser extent Sybase and [[Teradata]],{{r|rdbmslateryears20070612}}<ref name="Oracle.com" /> with [[free software|free]] databases such as [[PostgreSQL]] and [[MySQL]] also having a significant<ref>[http://db-engines.com/en/ranking DB-Engines Ranking - popularity ranking of database management systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200221093447/https://db-engines.com/en/ranking |date=February 21, 2020 }}. Db-engines. Retrieved July 14, 2013.</ref> share of the market. [[EnterpriseDB]], based on PostgreSQL, has {{As of|2008|alt= recently}} made inroads<ref>{{cite web |last=Lai |first=Eric |date=November 20, 2006 |title=Vonage places call for EnterpriseDB database |url=http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=networking&articleId=9005227&taxonomyId=16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527080045/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&taxonomyName=networking&articleId=9005227&taxonomyId=16 |archive-date=May 27, 2007 |website=Computerworld |df=mdy-all}}</ref> by proclaiming that its product delivers Oracle compatibility features{{Clarify|date=February 2009}} at a much lower price-point.

{{asof|2007}} Oracle's top competitors are IBM, Microsoft,{{r|rdbmsoracle20070612}} and in applications,<ref>{{cite web |last=Pang |first=Albert |date=2021-12-24 |title=Top 10 ERP Software Vendors, Market Size and Market Forecast 2020-2025 |url=https://www.appsruntheworld.com/top-10-erp-software-vendors-and-market-forecast/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Apps Run The World |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pang |first=Albert |date=2021-12-24 |title=Top 10 Utilities Software Vendors, Market Size and Market Forecast 2020-2025 |url=https://www.appsruntheworld.com/top-10-utilities-software-vendors-and-market-forecast/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=Apps Run The World |language=en-US}}</ref> SAP. On March 22, 2007, [[Oracle Corp. v. SAP AG|Oracle sued SAP]], accusing them of fraud and unfair competition.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gullo |first1=Karen |last2=Guglielmo |first2=Connie |name-list-style=amp |date=March 22, 2007 |title=Oracle Claims Rival SAP Stole Software and Data (Update4) |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=atMLL7_FAEkw |access-date=March 22, 2007}}</ref>

In the market for [[business intelligence]] software, many other software companies—small and large—have successfully competed in quality with Oracle and SAP products. Business intelligence vendors can be categorized into the "big four" consolidated BI firms such as Oracle, who has entered BI market through a recent trend of acquisitions (including [[Hyperion Solutions]]), and the independent "pure play" vendors such as [[MicroStrategy]], [[Actuate Corporation|Actuate]], and [[SAS Institute Inc.|SAS]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Pendse |first=Nigel |date=March 7, 2008 |title=Consolidations in the BI industry |url=http://www.bi-verdict.com/fileadmin/FreeAnalyses/consolidations.htm |website=The OLAP Report |access-date=October 29, 2010 |archive-date=July 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710120947/http://www.bi-verdict.com/fileadmin/FreeAnalyses/consolidations.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Oracle Financials was ranked in the Top 20 Most Popular Accounting Software Infographic by Capterra in 2014, beating out SAP and a number of their other competitors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Best Donation Management Software - 2015 Reviews of the Most Popular Systems |url=http://nonprofit-software.com/ |access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref>

====Oracle and SAP====
From 1988, Oracle Corporation and the German company [[SAP AG]] had a decade-long history of cooperation, beginning with the integration of SAP's [[SAP R/3|R/3]] enterprise application suite with Oracle's relational database products. Despite the SAP partnership with Microsoft, and the increasing integration of SAP applications with Microsoft products (such as Microsoft SQL Server, a competitor to Oracle Database), Oracle and SAP continue their cooperation. According to Oracle Corporation, the majority of SAP's customers use Oracle databases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle – the No.1 Database for Deploying SAP Applications |url=http://www.oracle.com/newsletters/sap/index.html |access-date=November 11, 2008 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |quote=Two thirds of SAP customers around the world, in every industry, choose to run their applications on Oracle databases.}}</ref>

In 2004, Oracle began to increase its interest in the enterprise-applications market (in 1989, Oracle had already released Oracle Financials). A series of acquisitions by Oracle Corporation began, most notably with those of [[PeopleSoft]], [[Siebel Systems]], and [[Hyperion Solutions|Hyperion]].

SAP recognized that Oracle had started to become a competitor in a market where SAP had the [[leadership]], and saw an opportunity to lure in customers from those companies that Oracle Corporation had acquired. SAP would offer those customers special discounts on the licenses for its enterprise applications.

Oracle Corporation would resort to a similar strategy, by advising SAP customers to get "OFF SAP" (a play on the words of the [[acronym]] for its middleware platform "Oracle Fusion for SAP"),<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Oracle Helping SAP Customers to get 'OFF SAP' |date=June 14, 2005 |publisher=Oracle Corporation |url=http://www.oracle.com/corporate/press/2005_jun/sap.html}}</ref> and also by providing special discounts on licenses and services to SAP customers who chose Oracle Corporation products.

Oracle and SAP (the latter through its recently acquired subsidiary [[TomorrowNow]]) competed in the third-party enterprise software maintenance and support market. On March 22, 2007, Oracle filed a lawsuit against SAP. In [[Oracle Corporation v. SAP AG]] Oracle alleged that TomorrowNow, which provides discount support for legacy Oracle product lines, used the accounts of former Oracle customers to systematically download patches and support documents from Oracle's website and to appropriate them for SAP's use.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 3, 2007 |title=Oracle sues SAP |url=http://www.oracle.com/sapsuit |publisher=Oracle Corporation}}</ref> Some analysts have suggested the suit could form part of a strategy by Oracle Corporation to decrease competition with SAP in the market for third-party enterprise software maintenance and support.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gohring |first1=Nancy |last2=Montalbano |first2=Elizabeth |title=Maintenance Contracts at Heart of Oracle, SAP Dispute |url=http://www.cio.in/news/viewArticle/ARTICLEID=3017 |journal=CIO India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080519024115/http://www.cio.in/news/viewArticle/ARTICLEID=3017 |archive-date=May 19, 2008 |access-date=June 9, 2008}}

[http://blogs.zdnet.com/Greenbaum/?p=105 The lawsuit As barometer: SAP finally scores big with TomorrowNow ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327081752/http://blogs.zdnet.com/Greenbaum/?p=105 |date=March 27, 2007 }} Joshua Greenbaum, March 22, 2007, ZDNet</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=steve.curtis@supportrevolution.com |date=2020-09-23 |title=Oracle & SAP are waging a secret war against third-party support |url=https://www.supportrevolution.com/oracle-sap-secret-support-war/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Support Revolution |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On July 3, 2007, SAP admitted that TomorrowNow employees had made "inappropriate downloads" from the Oracle support website. However, it claims that SAP personnel and SAP customers had no access to Oracle intellectual property via TomorrowNow. SAP's CEO [[Henning Kagermann]] stated that "Even a single inappropriate download is unacceptable from my perspective. We regret very much that this occurred." Additionally, SAP announced that it had "instituted changes" in TomorrowNow's operational oversight.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=SAP Responds to Oracle Complaint |date=July 3, 2007 |publisher=SAP |url=http://www.tnlawsuit.com/uploads/pdf/pressrelease/pressrelease_ResponsetoOracleComplaint.pdf |access-date=September 2, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326201734/http://www.tnlawsuit.com/uploads/pdf/pressrelease/pressrelease_ResponsetoOracleComplaint.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009}}</ref>

On November 23, 2010, a [[United States District Court for the Northern District of California|U.S. district court]] jury in [[Oakland, California]], found that SAP AG must pay Oracle Corp $1.3&nbsp;billion for copyright infringement, awarding damages that could be the largest-ever for copyright infringement. While admitting liability, SAP estimated the damages at no more than $40&nbsp;million, while Oracle claimed that they are at least $1.65&nbsp;billion. The awarded amount is one of the 10 or 20 largest jury verdicts in U.S. legal history. SAP said they were disappointed by the verdict and might appeal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Levine |first=Dan |date=November 23, 2010 |title=SAP to pay Oracle $1.3&nbsp;billion in landmark decision |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6AL4IN20101124 |access-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref> On September 1, 2011, a federal judge overturned the judgment and offered a reduced amount or a new trial, calling Oracle's original award "grossly" excessive.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 1, 2011 |title=Judge overturns Oracle's $1.3B award against SAP |url=http://www.itworld.com/it-managementstrategy/199445/bulletin-judge-overturns-oracles-13b-award-against-sap |access-date=September 5, 2011 |website=[[ITworld]]}}</ref> Oracle chose a new trial.

On August 3, 2012, SAP and Oracle agreed on a judgment for $306 million in damages, pending approval from the U.S. district court judge, "to save time and expense of [a] new trial". After the accord has been approved, Oracle can ask a federal appeals court to reinstate the earlier jury verdict. In addition to the damages payment, SAP has already paid Oracle $120 million for its legal fees.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 3, 2012 |title=Oracle Says SAP to Pay $306 Million in Copyright Deal |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-02/oracle-says-sap-to-pay-306-million-in-copyright-deal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803200435/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-02/oracle-says-sap-to-pay-306-million-in-copyright-deal |archive-date=August 3, 2012 |access-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref>

===Slogans===
* "Information driven"<ref>{{cite web |last=Aryal |first=Mina |date=2015-05-24 |title=Best Slogans of Information Technology Companies |url=https://ictframe.com/slogans-of-it-companies/ |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=ICT Frame Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2014-06-12 |title=A List of 120+ Slogans of Information Technology Companies |url=https://advergize.com/marketing/120-list-of-slogans-from-information-technology-companies/ |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=Advergize |language=en-US}}</ref>
* For the Oracle Database: "Can't break it, can't break in"<ref>{{cite web |last=Lemos |first=Robert |date=February 6, 2002 |title=Guru says Oracle's 9i is indeed breakable |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-831142.html |access-date=October 5, 2011 |publisher=CNET News}}</ref> and "Unbreakable"<ref>{{cite web |last=Davidson |first=Mary Ann |author-link=Mary Ann Davidson |date=February 2002 |title=Unbreakable: Oracle's Commitment to Security |url=http://www.cgisecurity.com/database/oracle/pdf/unbreak3.pdf |access-date=March 21, 2010 |series=An Oracle White Paper |publisher=Oracle Corporation |location=Redwood Shores, California |page=2 |quote=Beginning in November 2001, Oracle began a marketing campaign: Unbreakable. The security portions of the campaign reference Oracle's 14 independent security evaluations [...]}}</ref>
* "Enabling the Information Age"<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 15, 1997 |title=Oracle8 Database Messaging |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQYAAAAAMBAJ&q=oracle+enabling+the+information+age&pg=PA7 |journal=CIO |volume=10 |issue=21 |page=7}}</ref>
* "Enabling the Information Age Through Network Computing"<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Discoverer User Guide |url=http://gkmc.utah.edu/ebis_class/2003s/Oracle/DISCVR31/USER/titlcpy.htm |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=gkmc.utah.edu |archive-date=August 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806022056/http://gkmc.utah.edu/ebis_class/2003s/Oracle/DISCVR31/USER/titlcpy.htm }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hummeltenberg |first=Wilhelm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wjKBgAAQBAJ&q=%22Enabling+the+Information+Age+Through+Network+Computing%22&pg=PA201 |title=Information Management for Business and Competitive Intelligence and Excellence: Proceedings der Frühjahrstagung Wirtschaftsinformatik '98 |date=2013-04-09 |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-322-84950-2 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Developer/2000 Guidelines for Building Applications |url=http://sqltech.cl/doc/dev2000/guide21/gd21titl.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418024953/http://sqltech.cl/doc/dev2000/guide21/gd21titl.htm |archive-date=18 April 2019 |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref>
* {{As of| 2008 | alt = As of 2008}}: "The Information Company"<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farber |first=Dan |date=December 9, 2004 |title=Oracle joins or refashions the information age |work=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/oracle-joins-or-refashions-the-information-age/ |access-date=October 9, 2014}}</ref>
* As of 2010: "Software. Hardware. Complete."<ref>{{cite web |date=2010-07-14 |title=Oracles introduces new 10GbE products. Software. Hardware. Complete? |url=https://www.ecnmag.com/news/2010/07/oracles-introduces-new-10gbe-products-software-hardware-complete |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=Electronic Component News |publisher=Yankee Group |language=en |archive-date=February 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210219152627/http://www.eeworldonline.com/news/2010/07/oracles-introduces-new-10gbe-products-software-hardware-complete }}</ref>
* As of late 2010: "Hardware and Software, Engineered to Work Together"<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-09-26 |title=Oracle Engineered Systems-The Newest Flavor of IT Systems |url=http://www.dbta.com/Editorial/Think-About-It/Oracle-Engineered-Systems-The-Newest-Flavor-of-IT-Systems-84891.aspx |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=Database Trends and Applications |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=July 17, 2014 |title=Hardware and Software, Engineered to Work Together |url=http://www.oracle.com/us/assets/openworld-march2014-2245394.pdf |access-date=January 19, 2019}}</ref>
* As of mid 2015: "Integrated Cloud Applications and Platform Services"<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Brand {{!}} Oracle Tagline Lockup |url=https://www.oracle.com/webfolder/s/brand/identity/tagline-lockup/index.html |access-date=2019-01-19 |website=www.oracle.com}}</ref>

== Corporate affairs ==

=== Finances ===
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Sales by region (2025)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle Corporation: Business Segments and Geographical Breakdown of Revenue |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/ORACLE-CORPORATION-13620698/finances-segments/ |access-date=2025-09-11 |website=www.marketscreener.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
!Region
!share
|-
|United States
|55.9%
|-
|United Kingdom
|4.5%
|-
|Germany
|3.2%
|-
|Japan
|3.1%
|-
|Other countries
|33.4%
|}
Oracle was ranked No. 82 in the 2018 [[Fortune 500]] list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List |url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110190356/http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/ |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |access-date=2018-11-10 |website=Fortune |language=en-US}}</ref> According to Bloomberg, Oracle's CEO-to-employee pay ratio is 1,205:1. The CEO's compensation in 2017 was $108,295,023. Oracle is one of the approved employers of [[Association of Chartered Certified Accountants|ACCA]] and the median employee compensation rate was $89,887.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Melin |first1=Anders |title=Oracle's $108 Million Comp for Hurd and Catz Distorts CEO Pay Ratio |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/ceo-pay-ratio/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005230822/https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/ceo-pay-ratio/ |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |access-date=2018-11-13 |website=Bloomberg |language=en-US}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: right;"
|+Development since 2005<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle Net Income 2006-2018 {{!}} ORCL |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/ORCL/oracle/net-income |access-date=2018-10-22 |publisher=Macrotrends}}</ref>
!Year
!Revenue in million US$
!Net Income in million US$
! EOY adj price per share in US$
!Employees
|-
|2005
|11,799
|2,886
|9.98
|
|-
|2006
|14,380
|3,381
|14.01
|
|-
|2007
|17,996
|4,274
|18.46
|
|-
|2008
|22,430
|5,521
|14.49
|
|-
|2009
|23,252
|5,593
|20.20
|
|-
|2010
|26,820
|6,135
|25.98
|
|-
|2011
|35,622
|8,547
|21.44
|
|-
|2012
|37,121
|9,981
|28.25
|
|-
|2013
|37,180
|10,925
|32.68
|122,000
|-
|2014
|38,275
|10,955
|38.88
|122,000
|-
|2015
|38,226
|9,938
|32.02
|132,000
|-
|2016
|37,047
|8,901
|34.23
|136,000
|-
|2017
|37,728
|9,335
|42.76
|138,000
|-
|2018
|39,831
|3,825
|41.33
|137,000
|-
|2019
|39,506
|11,083
|49.32
|136,000
|-
|2020
|39,068
|10,135
|61.26
|135,000
|-
|2021
|40,479
|13,746
|83.85
|132,000
|-
|2022
|42,440
|6,717
|79.95
|143,000
|-
|2023
|49,954
|8,503
|104.69
|164,000
|-
|2024
|52,961
|10,467
|165.26
|159,000
|-
|2025
|57,399
|12,443
|
|162,000
|}

=== Personnel ===
* [[Larry Ellison]]: ex-executive chairman and CTO (since September 2014), co-founder of the company, previously CEO (1977–2014),<ref name="nytimes-ellison-step-down">{{Cite news |last=Hardy |first=Quentin |date=September 18, 2014 |title=Larry Ellison to Step Down as Oracle's Chief |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/19/technology/larry-ellison-steps-down-as-chief-of-oracle.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 19, 2014 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> previously chairman (1990–2004). As of September 2021, he owned 42% of the company.<ref name="toc162163_22" /> As of 2025 Ellison remains a top executive but no longer CEO.<ref name="pbs">{{Cite news |date=September 23, 2025 |title=TikTok's algorithm to be licensed to U.S. joint venture led by tech giant Oracle and investment firm Silver Lake |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/tiktoks-algorithm-to-be-licensed-to-u-s-joint-venture-led-by-tech-giant-oracle-and-investment-firm-silver-lake |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=PBS News |language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[Safra Catz]]: executive vice chair (since September 2025), previously CEO (2014–2025),<ref name="nytimes-ellison-step-down" /> co-president (since 2004) and CFO.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hickens |first=Michael |date=March 21, 2013 |title=New Rivals Clip Oracle's Wings |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324103504578374884239534960 |access-date=March 23, 2013 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |pages=B1–2 |type=paper}}</ref> In 2016, she was ranked tenth on ''[[Fortune Magazine|Fortune's]]'' Most Powerful Women list.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-09-08 |title=Safra Catz |url=http://fortune.com/most-powerful-women/safra-catz-10/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505004954/http://fortune.com/most-powerful-women/safra-catz-10/ |archive-date=May 5, 2019 |access-date=2017-09-14 |work=Fortune |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Jeff Henley]]: vice chairman (since September 2014), previously chairman (2004–2014) and CFO (1991–2004).
* [[Mark Hurd]]: former CEO (2014–2019),<ref name="nytimes-ellison-step-down" /> previously co-president (2010–2014). In 2007, Mark Hurd was ranked {{Numero|16}} on ''Fortune''{{'}}s list of the 25 Most Powerful People in Business.<ref>{{cite web |title=25 most powerful people in business |url=https://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/fortune/0711/gallery.power_25.fortune/16.html |access-date=2015-04-17 |website=Fortune}}</ref> He died in 2019.
* [[Charles Phillips (businessman)|Charles Phillips]]: former co-president and director (2003–2010); replaced by [[Mark Hurd]].
* [[Bob Miner]]: co-founder of the company and co-architect of [[Oracle Database]]. Led product design and development for Oracle Database (1977–1992). Spun off a technology group within Oracle in 1992. Oracle board member until 1993. He died in 1994.
* [[Ed Oates]]: co-founder of the company. Retired from Oracle in 1996.
* [[Umang Gupta]]: former vice president and general manager (1981–1984). Wrote the first business plan for the company. He died in 2022.
* Bruce Scott: The first hired employee (after the co-founders; employee number 4) at Oracle (then Software Development Laboratories). Scott served as the co-author and co-architect of the Oracle database up to Version 3. He left Oracle in 1982.<ref name="founders" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-09-08 |title=Scott/Tiger in Oracle |url=https://oralytics.com/2012/09/08/scotttiger-in-oracle/ |access-date=2020-02-22 |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Marc Benioff]]: former protégé of Ellison and the youngest to be promoted to vice president at the time. He left to found and lead [[Salesforce]] in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kim |first=Eugene |date=August 12, 2015 |title=The epic 30-year bromance of billionaire CEOs Larry Ellison and Marc Benioff |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/larry-ellison-marc-benioff-relationship-2015-8 |website=Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=February 5, 2004 |title=Larry ups the ante |url=https://www.economist.com/business/2004/02/05/larry-ups-the-ante |newspaper=The Economist}}</ref>

==== Board of directors ====
{{As of|2025|9}}, the company's [[Board of directors|board]] consisted of the following directors:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oracle.com/corporate/executives/board-of-directors/|title=Oracle Board of Directors|website=www.oracle.com}}</ref>

* [[Larry Ellison]], executive chairman and CTO
* [[Safra Catz]], executive vice chair
* [[Jeff Henley]], vice chairman
* Awo Ablo, President of Programs and Strategy
* Jeffrey S. Berg, chairman of Northside Services and former CEO of [[International Creative Management]]
* [[Michael Boskin]], Professor of Economics and [[Hoover Institution]] Senior Fellow at [[Stanford University]]
* [[Bruce Chizen|Bruce R. Chizen]], Senior Adviser to Permira Advisers and Former CEO of [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]]
* [[George Conrades|George H. Conrades]], former CEO of [[Akamai Technologies]]
* [[Rona Fairhead, Baroness Fairhead]], former UK [[minister of state]] at the [[Department for International Trade]]
* [[Charles Moorman|Charles Wick Moorman IV]], former CEO of [[Amtrak]] and the [[Norfolk Southern Railway]]
* [[Leon Panetta]], former [[CIA director]] and [[United States Secretary of Defense]]
* [[William G. Parrett]], former CEO of [[Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu]]
* Naomi O. Seligman, Senior Partner at Ostriker von Simson

==Controversies==
===Trashgate===
In 2000, Oracle attracted attention from the [[computer industry]] and the press after hiring [[private investigator]]s to uncover unfavorable information from organizations sympathetic to rival Microsoft. During the investigation, Oracle was accused of attempting to purchase trash from a janitor at the Association for Competitive Technology. This resulted in an [[United States v. Microsoft Corp. (2001)|antitrust trial against Microsoft]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Markoff |first=John |last2=Richtel |first2=Matt |date=2000-06-28 |title=Oracle Hired a Detective Agency To Investigate Microsoft's Allies |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/28/business/oracle-hired-a-detective-agency-to-investigate-microsoft-s-allies.html |access-date=2026-02-23 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

The Chairman of Oracle Corporation, Larry Ellison, defended his company's hiring of an East Coast detective agency, calling the snooping a "public service". The investigation reportedly included a $1,200 offer to janitors at the Association for Competitive Technology to look through Microsoft's trash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yarow |first=Jay |title=LARRY ELLISON: How He Tried To Disrupt Microsoft And Failed |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/larry-ellison-2011-5 |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

==="Can't break it, can't break in"===
In 2002, Oracle Corporation marketed many of its products using the slogan "Can't break it, can't break in", or "Unbreakable".<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 7, 2002 |title=Bugs bust open 'unbreakable' Oracle 9i |work=ZDNet |url=http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/application-development/2002/02/07/bugs-bust-open-unbreakable-oracle-9i-2103903/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308164139/http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/application-development/2002/02/07/bugs-bust-open-unbreakable-oracle-9i-2103903/ |archive-date=March 8, 2012 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

However, two weeks after its introduction, [[David Litchfield]], Alexander Kornbrust, Cesar Cerrudo and others demonstrated a suite of successful attacks against Oracle products.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 16, 2002 |title=Oracle security claim |work=The Register |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/01/16/oracle_security_claim/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=February 7, 2002 |title=How to hack unbreakable Oracle |work=The Register |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2002/02/07/how_to_hack_unbreakable_oracle/}}</ref> Oracle Corporation's chief security officer [[Mary Ann Davidson]] said that, rather than representing a literal claim of Oracle's products' impregnability, she saw the campaign in the context of fourteen independent security evaluations<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle list of major Security certifications |url=http://www.oracle.com/technology/deploy/security/seceval/pdf/seceval_matrix.pdf |publisher=Oracle Corporation}}</ref> that Oracle Corporation's database server had passed.

===Relationship with John Ashcroft===
In 2004, then-[[United States Attorney General]] [[John Ashcroft]] sued Oracle Corporation to prevent it from acquiring a multibillion-dollar intelligence contract. After Ashcroft's resignation from government, he founded a lobbying firm, [[The Ashcroft Group]], which Oracle hired in 2005. With the group's help, Oracle went on to acquire the contract.<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 10, 2006 |title=Ashcroft breaks with tradition by lobbying, has earned $269,000 |work=Chicago Tribune |url=http://www.tmcnet.com/usubmit/2006/jan/1275410.htm}}</ref>

===Cover Oregon Healthcare Exchange===
Oracle Corporation was awarded a contract by the State of Oregon's [[Oregon Health Authority]] (OHA) to develop [[Cover Oregon]], the state's healthcare exchange website, as part of the U.S. [[Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act]]. When the site tried to go live on October 1, 2013, it failed, and registrations had to be taken using paper applications until the site could be fixed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle was Primary Cause of Oregon's Failed Health Insurance Exchange Website |url=https://oversightdemocrats.house.gov/sites/evo-subsites/democrats-oversight.house.gov/files/documents/CO%20Staff%20Report%20FINAL.PDF |website=House.gov}}</ref>

In August 2014, Oracle Corporation sued Cover Oregon for breach of contract,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manning |first=Jeff |date=August 8, 2014 |title=Cover Oregon: Oracle comes out swinging, files lawsuit, accuses Kitzhaber of 'campaign' |work=Oregon Live |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2014/08/oracle_cover_oregon_lawsuit.html |access-date=August 27, 2014}}</ref> and then later that month the state of Oregon sued Oracle Corporation, in a civil complaint for breach of contract, fraud, filing false claims and "[[racketeering]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gallagher |first=Sean |date=August 25, 2014 |title=Oregon Attorney General sues Oracle for 'racketeering activity' |work=[[Ars Technica]] |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2014/08/oregon-attorney-general-sues-oracle-for-racketeering-activity/ |access-date=August 27, 2014}}</ref> In September 2016, the two sides reached a settlement valued at over $100 million to the state, and a six-year agreement for Oracle to continue modernizing state software and IT.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Foden-Vencil |first=Kristian |date=September 15, 2016 |title=Oregon, Oracle Reach $100 Million Settlement Over Cover Oregon Healthcare Exchange. News {{!}} OPB |work=Oregon Public Broadcast |url=http://www.opb.org/news/article/oregon-oracle-cover-oregon-healthcare-exchange/ |access-date=September 16, 2016 |archive-date=September 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916193627/http://www.opb.org/news/article/oregon-oracle-cover-oregon-healthcare-exchange/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Lucas |first=Dan |title=Who's to blame for the Cover Oregon failure? |url=https://eu.statesmanjournal.com/story/opinion/columnists/dan-lucas/2016/05/31/blame-cover-oregon-failure/85174300/ |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Statesman Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Budnick and Manning |first=Nick and Jeff |date=March 19, 2014 |title=Oracle's Contracts for Cover Oregon Health Insurance Exchange Bypassed Standard Rules, Lacked Teeth |url=https://www.govtech.com/health/Oracles-Contracts-for-Cover-Oregon.html |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=www.govtech.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Turner |first=Grace-Marie |title=Oregon's Failed ObamaCare Exchange Is A Warning For Other States |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gracemarieturner/2015/03/31/oregons-failed-obamacare-exchange-is-a-warning-for-other-states/?sh=fd5221425fdf |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

{{Anchor|tracking class action}}

===Class action tracking lawsuit===
In August 2022, a [[Class-action lawsuit|class action lawsuit]] was filed against Oracle by the law firm [[Lieff Cabraser]]. The lawsuit alleged that Oracle engaged in "deliberate and purposeful surveillance of the general population via their digital and online existence", specifically focusing on Oracle operating a surveillance machine that tracked and recorded personal data in real-time. The litigants alleged that through such surveillance, the company violated the [[Electronic Communications Privacy Act|Federal Electronic Communications Privacy Act]], [[Constitution of California|California's state constitution]], the California Invasion of Privacy Act, competition law, and [[Law of California|California Common Law]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Class-Action Lawsuit Accuses Oracle of Tracking 5 Billion People |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/oracle-faces-class-action-lawsuit-over-tracking-5-billion-people |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=PCMAG |date=August 23, 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Oracle Earns Billions Illegally Selling Net User Data, Suit Says - Law360 |url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1523379/oracle-earns-billions-illegally-selling-net-user-data-suit-says |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=www.law360.com |language=en}}</ref>

The lawsuit was settled in July 2024 for $115 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Schuman |first=Evan |title=Oracle's $115 million privacy settlement could change industry data collection methods |url=https://www.cio.com/article/3476784/oracles-115-million-privacy-settlement-could-change-industry-data-collection-methods.html |access-date=2024-09-10 |website=CIO |language=en}}</ref>

=== Violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ===
Between 2011 and 2024, Oracle was investigated for engaging in bribery practices that violated the [[Foreign Corrupt Practices Act]] across its subsidiaries in South Africa, India, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates. In all instances, the company settled with the United States [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|Securities and Exchange Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SEC.gov {{!}} SEC Charges Oracle Corporation With FCPA Violations Related to Secret Side Funds in India |url=https://www.sec.gov/news/press-release/2012-2012-158htm |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.sec.gov}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Stempel |first=Jonathan |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Oracle to pay about $23 mln to resolve a second SEC bribery case |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/official-oracle-pay-about-23-mln-resolve-second-sec-bribery-case-2022-09-27/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kunert |first=Paul |title=Oracle pays $23 million to the SEC to settle bribery charges |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/09/27/oracle_fined_23_million_sec/ |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=www.theregister.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-11 |title=Oracle 'no comment' on IFMS corruption allegations - TechCentral |url=https://techcentral.co.za/oracle-no-comment-on-treasury-corruption-allegations/178481/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-28 |title=SIU takes aim at Oracle in treasury corruption probe - TechCentral |url=https://techcentral.co.za/siu-takes-aim-oracle-treasury-corruption/242189/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Reaction to the Gaza war ===
Following the beginning of the [[Gaza war]] in 2023, Oracle’s top executives, including Safra Catz and Larry Ellison, publicly aligned the company with Israel’s military operations. They issued statements of solidarity, paid double salaries to Israeli employees, and donated to organizations connected to Israel’s wartime response.<ref name="Ynet2025">{{cite news|url= https://www.ynetnews.com/tech-and-digital/article/h1w11pj11aee |author= Ayala Or-El |date=2025-10-18 |title= 'We don't mind losing customers': Oracle execs stand with Israel, redefining corporate values |work= [[Ynet]] |access-date= 2025-10-20}}</ref> In 2024, Catz said to Israeli business news outlet CTech, "For employees, it’s clear: if you’re not for America or Israel, don’t work here".<ref name="Shulman 24">{{cite news |last1=Shulman |first1=Sophie |title=Oracle CEO: "If we continue on our current trajectory, reaching a valuation of a trillion dollars is inevitable" |url=https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/t05ji8sue |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=CTech |date=14 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> In 2025, ''[[The Intercept]]'' spoke with Oracle employees who supported Palestine, but were afraid to speak out in their workplace. Sixty-eight Oracle employees signed an open letter criticizing the company's ties to Israel.<ref name="Gee 25">{{cite news |last1=Gee |first1=Georgia |title=Poised to Take Over TikTok, Oracle Is Accused of Clamping Down on Pro-Palestine Dissent |url=https://theintercept.com/2025/02/18/oracle-tiktok-israel-palestine-gaza/ |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=The Intercept |date=18 February 2025}}</ref>

===Fraud Accusations by the US Department of Justice===
On July 29, 2010, the [[United States Department of Justice]] (DoJ) filed suit against Oracle Corporation alleging fraud. The lawsuit argues that the government received deals inferior to those Oracle gave to its commercial clients. The DoJ added its heft to an already existing whistleblower lawsuit filed by Paul Frascella, who was once senior director of contract services at Oracle.<ref>{{cite web |last=Skillings |first=Jon |date=July 30, 2010 |title=Justice Department sues Oracle, alleging fraud |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/justice-department-sues-oracle-alleging-fraud/ |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref> It was settled in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gross |first=Grant |date=2011-10-06 |title=Oracle to pay $199.5 million in gov't contracting settlement |url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/2181875/oracle-to-pay--199-5-million-in-gov-t-contracting-settlement.html |access-date=2021-11-02 |website=Network World |language=en}}</ref>

===Lawsuit against Google===
{{main|Oracle v. Google}}

Oracle, the plaintiff, acquired ownership of the Java computer programming language when it acquired [[Sun Microsystems]] in January 2010.<ref name="ReutersJune2011">{{Cite news |date=2011-06-18 |title=Oracle seeks up to $6.1 billion in Google lawsuit |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oracle-google-lawsuit/oracle-seeks-up-to-6-1-billion-in-google-lawsuit-idUSTRE75H0FP20110618 |access-date=2018-01-29|last=Levine|first=Dan|editor-first=Todd|editor-last=Eastham}}</ref> The Java software includes sets of pre-developed software code to allow programs and apps to accomplish common tasks in a consistent manner. The pre-developed code is organized into separate "[[Package manager|packages]]" which each contain a set of "[[Class (programming)|classes]]". Each class contains numerous [[Method (computer programming)|methods]], which instruct a program or app to do a certain task. Software developers "became accustomed to using Java's designations at the package, class, and method level".<ref name="Quimbee">{{cite web |title=Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc. |url=https://www.quimbee.com/cases/oracle-america-inc-v-google-inc |access-date=2018-01-29 |website=Quimbee |language=en}}</ref>

Oracle and [[Google]] (the defendant) tried to negotiate an agreement for Oracle to license Java to Google, which would have allowed Google to use Java in developing programs for mobile devices using the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] [[operating system]]. However, the two companies never reached an agreement. After negotiations failed, Google created its own programming platform, which was based on Java, and contained 37 copied Java packages as well as new packages developed by Google.<ref name="Quimbee" />

===HP and Oracle lawsuit===
On June 15, 2011, HP filed a lawsuit in California Superior Court in Santa Clara, claiming that Oracle had breached an agreement to support the Itanium microprocessor used in HP's high-end enterprise servers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Jack |date=June 16, 2011 |title=HP unleashes lawyers on Oracle over Itanium support |url=http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/business-of-it/2011/06/16/hp-unleashes-lawyers-on-oracle-over-itanium-support-40093131/ |access-date=June 17, 2011 |publisher=ZDNet UK}}</ref> Oracle called the lawsuit "an abuse of the judicial process"<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 7, 2011 |title=HP, Oracle exchange court jabs in escalating Itanium support showdown |work=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/hp-oracle-exchange-court-jabs-in-escalating-itanium-support-showdown/ |access-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref> and said that had it known [[SAP AG|SAP]]'s [[Léo Apotheker]] was about to be hired as HP's new CEO, any support for HP's Itanium servers would not have been implied.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 30, 2011 |title=Oracle fires back at HP in Itanium suit, doesn't mince words |work=ZDNet |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/oracle-fires-back-at-hp-in-itanium-suit-doesnt-mince-words/ |access-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref>

On August 1, 2012, a California judge said in a tentative ruling that Oracle must continue porting its software at no cost until HP discontinues its sales of Itanium-based servers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gallagher |first=Sean |date=August 1, 2012 |title=HP wins judgment in Itanium suit against Oracle |work=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/08/hp-wins-judgement-in-itanium-suit-against-oracle/ |access-date=July 1, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=McMillan |first=Robert |date=August 1, 2012 |title=HP Wins Big Victory Over Oracle in Battle of the Itanium |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2012/08/hp-itanium-2/ |access-date=August 6, 2012}}</ref> HP was awarded $3 billion in damages against Oracle in 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bright |first=Peter |date=June 30, 2016 |title=HP awarded $3B in damages from Oracle over Itanium database cancelation |work=Ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/06/hp-awarded-3b-in-damages-from-oracle-over-itanium-database-cancellation/ |access-date=July 1, 2016}}</ref> HP argued Oracle's canceling support damaged HP's Itanium server brand. Oracle had announced that it would appeal both the decision and damages, but the decision stayed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brittain |first=Blake |date=June 15, 2021 |title=Oracle loses bid to upend HP's $3 billion win |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/oracle-loses-bid-upend-hps-3-billion-win-2021-06-14/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Quach |first=Katyanna |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Oracle really does owe HPE $3b after Supreme Court snub |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/05/17/hp_oracle_supreme_court/ |website=[[The Register]]}}</ref>

===GSA business bidding ban===
On April 20, 2012, the US General Services Administration banned Oracle from the most popular portal for bidding on GSA contracts for undisclosed reasons. Oracle has previously used this portal for around four hundred million dollars a year in revenue.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hoover |first=J. Nicholas |date=2012-04-20 |title=Feds Banish Oracle From Popular Contract Vehicle |url=https://www.informationweek.com/regulations/feds-banish-oracle-from-popular-contract-vehicle/d/d-id/1103982 |access-date=2017-10-04 |website=InformationWeek}}</ref> In 2011, Oracle settled with the General Services Administration for $199.5 million in a lawsuit filed under the False Claims Act.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 7, 2011 |title=Oracle to Pay $199.5 Million to Settle Overbilling Charges |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/business/oracle-agrees-to-pay-to-settle-an-overbilling-claim.html |agency=Bloomberg News |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 16, 2013}}</ref>

==Events and acquisitions==

===Acquisition of Sun Microsystems===
{{Main|Acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle Corporation}}

In January 2010, Oracle completed its acquisition of [[Sun Microsystems]]—valued at more than $7&nbsp;billion—a move that transformed Oracle from solely a software company to a manufacturer of both software and hardware. The acquisition was delayed for several months by the [[European Commission]] because of concerns about [[MySQL]], but was unconditionally approved in the end.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Mergers: Commission clears Oracle's proposed acquisition of Sun Microsystems |date=January 21, 2010 |publisher=European Commission |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/10/40 |access-date=April 17, 2015}}</ref> In September 2011, U.S. State Department Embassy [[United States diplomatic cables leak|cables were leaked to WikiLeaks]]. One cable revealed that the U.S. pressured the [[E.U.]] to allow Oracle to acquire Sun.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mick |first=Jason |date=September 1, 2011 |title=U.S. Pressured EU to Approve the Oracle's Acquisition of Sun |url=http://www.dailytech.com/US%20Pressured%20EU%20to%20Approve%20the%20Oracles%20Acquisition%20of%20Sun/article22581.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118215252/http://www.dailytech.com/US%20Pressured%20EU%20to%20Approve%20the%20Oracles%20Acquisition%20of%20Sun/article22581.htm |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=September 2, 2011 |website=Daily Tech |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

The Sun acquisition was closely watched by [[free software]] users and some companies, due to the fear that Oracle might end Sun's traditional support of [[Free software|free]] projects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vance |first=Ashlee |author-link=Ashlee Vance |date=September 21, 2010 |title=Oracle Growth Plans Worry Rivals and Customers |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/22/technology/22oracle.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Widenius |first=Monty |author-link=Monty Widenius |title=Save MySQL! |url=http://www.helpmysql.org |access-date=January 31, 2010 |quote=[Signer hereby asks] competition authorities around the world to block Oracle's acquisition of Sun unless one of the structural solutions selected by [signer] below is put in place as a legally binding requirement: (select at least one; all combinations are possible) MySQL must be divested to a suitable third party that can continue to develop it under the GPL. Oracle must commit to a linking exception for applications that use MySQL with the client libraries (for all programming languages), for plugins and libmysqld. MySQL itself remains licensed under the GPL. Oracle must release all past and future versions of MySQL (until December 2012) under the Apache Software License 2.0 or similar permissive license so that developers of applications and derived versions (forks) have flexibility concerning the code.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Paul |first=Ryan |date=April 20, 2009 |title=Oracle buys Sun: understanding the impact on open source |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2009/04/oracle-acquires-sun-ars-explores-the-impact-on-open-source.ars |access-date=March 6, 2011 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Fiveash |first=Kelly |date=March 9, 2010 |title=Open source boss quits Oracle |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/03/09/simon_phipps_quits_sun_oracle/ |website=The Register}}</ref> Since the acquisition, Oracle has discontinued [[OpenSolaris]] and [[StarOffice]], and sued [[Google]] over the [[Java (programming language)|Java]] patents Oracle acquired from Sun.<ref name="arsjava2">{{cite web |last=Paul |first=Ryan |date=August 14, 2010 |title=Oracle's Java lawsuit undermines its open source credibility |url=https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2010/08/oracles-java-lawsuit-undermines-its-open-source-credibility.ars |access-date=March 6, 2011 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Weintraub |first=Seth |date=August 12, 2010 |title=Oracle files suit over Android's use of Java |publisher=CNN |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/08/12/oracle-files-suit-over-androids-use-of-java/ |access-date=January 31, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119081751/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/08/12/oracle-files-suit-over-androids-use-of-java/ |archive-date=November 19, 2010}}</ref>

=== Cerner acquisition ===
{{Main|Oracle Health}}

On December 20, 2021, Oracle announced that it agreed to acquire [[Cerner|Cerner Corporation]] (now ''Oracle Health'' and ''Oracle Life Sciences'') for approximately {{USD|28.3 billion}}, creating a dedicated Industry Business Unit within the company. Cerner is the largest international supplier of health information technology, such as [[electronic health record]]s (EHR), [[Revenue cycle management|revenue cycle]] solutions, and biomedical device integration platforms, and has its headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri, US.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2021 |title=Oracle Buys Cerner |url=https://www.oracle.com/au/news/announcement/oracle-buys-cerner-2021-12-20/ |access-date=1 October 2024 |website=Oracle}}</ref> The deal closed in early July 2022 after receiving final approval from European regulators, making it Oracle's largest acquisition and one of the largest in corporate history.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Landi |first=Heather |date=7 June 2022 |title=Oracle closes $23B deal to buy EHR giant Cerner |url=https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/health-tech/oracle-gets-european-approval-28m-cerner-deal-set-close-next-week |access-date=1 October 2024 |work=Fierce Healthcare}}</ref>

Oracle's purchase of Cerner was part of an effort to introduce Oracle products into the healthcare market, particularly in the United States although Oracle plans to expand Cerner's global operations.<ref name=":3" />

In September 2024, Oracle announced new investments and the release of Oracle Clinical Digital Assistant, a generative AI system that automatically creates consultation documentation and proposes orders.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle CloudWorld 2024 delivers AI, database and OCI updates {{!}} TechTarget |url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchcloudcomputing/opinion/Oracle-CloudWorld-2024-delivers-AI-database-and-OCI-updates |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Search Cloud Computing |language=en}}</ref>

Oracle has acquired the following technology companies:

# [[PeopleSoft]] (2005), an [[Enterprise resource planning|ERP]] company<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Lindsay |date=2025-01-02 |title=It's been 20 years since Oracle bought two software rivals, changing the market forever |url=https://www.theregister.com/2025/01/02/twenty_years_since_oracle_bought_peoplesoft/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=The Register}}</ref>
# Siebel (2006), a [[Customer relationship management|CRM]] company<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paige |first=Michael |date=2006-02-01 |title=Oracle completes Siebel acquisition |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/oracle-completes-siebel-acquisition |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=MarketWatch |language=EN-US}}</ref>
# [[BEA Systems]] (2008), an enterprise infrastructure software company<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tanaka |first=Wendy |title=BEA Waited And Reaped |url=https://www.forbes.com/2008/01/16/oracle-bea-acquisition-tech-enter-cx_wt_0116oracle.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>
# Dyn (2016), an internet infrastructure company<ref>{{Cite news |last=Finley |first=Klint |title=Why Oracle Just Bought the Company That Brought Down the Internet |url=https://www.wired.com/2016/11/oracle-just-bought-dyn-company-brought-internet/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>
# DataFox (2018), a [[Predictive analytics|predictive intelligence]] software company<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lunden |first=Ingrid |date=2018-10-23 |title=Oracle acquires DataFox, a developer of 'predictive intelligence as a service' across millions of company records |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/10/22/oracle-acquires-datafox-a-developer-of-predictive-intelligence-as-a-service-and-a-trove-of-company-information/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>
# Datascience (2018), a [[Computer-aided audit tools|data analysis]] company<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kilgore |first=Tomi |date=2018-05-16 |title=Oracle Buys Datascience to Boost Big-Data Analytics Offerings |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/oracle-buys-datascience-to-boost-big-data-analytics-offerings-1526475990 |access-date=2026-03-08 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>
# Iridize (2018), a user training company<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stoler |first=Tofi |date=2025-09-18 |title=Oracle Acquires Tel Aviv-Based User Training Startup Iridize |url=https://www.calcalistech.com/ctech/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3746447%2C00.html |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=CTech}}</ref>
# LiveData Utilities (2020), a utilities [[network management]] company<ref>{{Cite web |title=LiveData Utilities Acquired by Oracle |url=https://merger.com/transaction/livedata-utilities-oracle/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Mirus Capital Advisors |language=en-US}}</ref>
# GloriaFood (2021), an online ordering and marketing company<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-08 |title=Oracle acquires GloriaFood to expand cloud POS platform apps |url=https://www.foodtruckoperator.com/news/oracle-acquires-gloriafood-to-expand-cloud-pos-platform-apps/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Food Truck Operator |language=en}}</ref>
# Adi Insights (2022), a [[workforce management]] solution company<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brooks |first=Steve |date=2022-05-09 |title=Oracle buys SuiteApp Time Management vendor |url=https://www.enterprisetimes.co.uk/2022/05/09/oracle-buys-suiteapp-time-management-vendor/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=Enterprise Times |language=en-GB}}</ref>
# FOEX (2022), a software development company for enterprise web application creation<ref>{{Cite web |last=IQ |first=S&P Capital |date=2022-11-08 |title=Oracle Corporation completed the acquisition of FOEX GmbH. {{!}} MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/ORACLE-CORPORATION-13620698/news/Oracle-Corporation-completed-the-acquisition-of-FOEX-GmbH-42238143/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.marketscreener.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Oracle Health data breach ===
In March 2025, a threat actor claimed to have stolen 6 million data records from Oracle Health (formerly [[Cerner]]).<ref>{{cite news | last=Jones |first=David | date = 28 March 2025 | title = Cybersecurity firms brace for impact of potential Oracle Cloud breach | url=https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/news/cybersecurity-providers-oracle-cloud-breach/743857/ | access-date=2025-09-13 | work=Cybersecurity Dive}}</ref> Oracle claimed that its Oracle Cloud Infrastructure was not breached and that no customer data from it was exposed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kovacs |first=Eduard |date=2025-03-24 |title=Oracle Denies Cloud Breach After Hacker Offers to Sell Data |url=https://www.securityweek.com/oracle-denies-cloud-breach-after-hacker-offers-to-sell-data/ |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=SecurityWeek |language=en-US}}</ref> Some legacy Cerner servers experienced unauthorized access, but Oracle has not confirmed the scale of impact.<ref>{{cite news | last=Diaz | first=Naomi |date =14 April 2025 | title=Oracle Health sued over alleged data breach affecting US hospitals | url=https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/legal-regulatory-issues/oracle-health-sued-over-alleged-data-breach-affecting-us-hospitals/ | access-date=2025-09-13 | work=Becker's Hospital Review}}</ref> In April 2025, the [[Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency]] (CISA) issued a warning to Oracle customers to secure their environments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-16 |title=CISA Releases Guidance on Credential Risks Associated with Potential Legacy Oracle Cloud Compromise {{!}} CISA |url=https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/alerts/2025/04/16/cisa-releases-guidance-credential-risks-associated-potential-legacy-oracle-cloud-compromise |access-date=2026-03-08 |website=www.cisa.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Jones |first=David | date = 17 April 2025 | title = CISA warns companies to secure credentials amid Oracle Cloud breach claims | url=https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/news/cisa-secure-credentials-oracle-cloud-data/745613/ | access-date=2025-09-13 | work=Cybersecurity Dive}}</ref>

=== U.S. TikTok's operations ===
On September 13, 2020, [[Bloomberg News]] reported that Oracle won a bidding war with other U.S.-based companies to take over social media company TikTok's operations in the United States following the company's pressure to forcibly be shut down by the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]]. Oracle was described as a "trusted tech partner" by [[TikTok]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2020-09-13 |title= Oracle Wins Deal for TikTok's U.S. Operations |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-13/oracle-is-said-to-gain-advantage-in-deal-for-tiktok-in-u-s |url-access=subscription |first1=Shelly |last1=Banjo |first2=Dina |last2=Bass |first3=Saleha |last3=Mohsin |access-date=2020-09-14 |website=Bloomberg }}</ref> On September 19, 2020, the Trump administration approved of the sale of TikTok's US operations to Oracle "[delaying] — by one week — restrictions that were originally to take effect" on September 20 as indicated by the [[United States Department of Commerce]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2020-09-19 |title=Trump says he has approved a deal for purchase of TikTok |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/19/tech/donald-trump-tiktok-deal-approval/index.html |access-date=2020-09-19 |website=CNN |first1=Brian |last1=Fung }}</ref>

As September 25, 2025, TikTok was bought by [[Silver Lake (investment firm)|Silver Lake]] and [[MGX Fund Management Limited|Abu Dhabi's MGX]]. Oracle will own 45% of the app in the US, and ByteDance 35% after delays with the ban for the 4th time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levy |first=Ari |date=2025-09-25 |title=Oracle, Silver Lake and MGX will be main investors in TikTok U.S., sources say |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/25/oracle-silver-lake-mgx-tiktok.html |access-date=2025-09-27 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lindner |first1=Lauren Hirschemmett |last2=Maheshwari |first2=Sapna |date=2025-09-16 |title=Trump Delays TikTok Ban Again as a Deal Takes Shape |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/16/technology/tiktok-fourth-delay.html |access-date=2025-09-27 |language=en}}</ref>

Oracle will store data of US TikTok users on its [[cloud computer]]s,<ref name="reuters">{{Cite news |last1=Mason |first1=Jeff |last2=Shepardson |first2=David |last3=Mason |first3=Jeff |date=September 22, 2025 |title=Trump team says TikTok deal nears, with Oracle, Silver Lake among investors |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/trump-will-sign-order-declaring-tiktok-deal-meets-2024-law-requirements-2025-09-22/ |access-date=2025-09-25 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> and it will be involved in the new TikTok spinoff's cybersecurity.<ref name="pbs"/>

=== Anduril partnership ===

Oracle partnered with the arms company [[Anduril Industries]] to provide their [[Anduril Lattice|Lattice]] military software platform to the governments of United States, United Kingdom and Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oracle and Anduril Industries Partner to Deliver AI-Powered Defense Solutions from the Datacenter to the Tactical Edge |url=https://www.oracle.com/news/announcement/ocw24-oracle-and-anduril-industries-partner-to-deliver-ai-powered-defense-solutions-from-the-datacenter-to-the-tactical-edge-2024-09-10/ |website=www.oracle.com |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref>

==Offices==
Oracle Corporation's world headquarters are located in Austin, Texas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oracle Corporation (ORCL) Company Profile & Facts - Yahoo Finance |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/ORCL/profile/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250122144512/https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/ORCL/profile/ |archive-date=2025-01-22 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Yahoo Finance |language=en-US}}</ref> In April 2024, Oracle announced plans to build its largest office hub, with 8,500 jobs, in [[Nashville, Tennessee]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Capoot |first=Ashley |date=2024-04-23 |title=Oracle is moving its world headquarters to Nashville to be closer to health-care industry |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/04/23/oracle-is-moving-its-world-hq-to-nashville.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

Oracle has a large office complex located on the [[San Francisco Peninsula]] in the [[Redwood Shores, California|Redwood Shores]] area of [[Redwood City, California|Redwood City]]. This complex was home to Oracle world headquarters from 1989 to 2020. It is located on the former site of [[Marine World/Africa USA]], which moved from Redwood Shores to [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]] in 1986. Oracle Corporation originally leased two buildings on the Oracle Parkway site, moving its finance and administration departments from the corporation's former headquarters on Davis Drive, [[Belmont, California]]. Eventually, Oracle purchased the complex and constructed four additional buildings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 24, 2024 |title=Oracle's Larry Ellison Says Planned Nashville Campus Will Be Company's 'World Headquarters' |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2024-04-24/oracles-larry-ellison-says-planned-nashville-campus-will-be-companys-world-headquarters |work=US News and World Report}}</ref>

The distinctive Oracle Parkway buildings, nicknamed the Emerald City,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rich |first=Laura |date=July 23, 2010 |title=When it comes to {{sic|nolink=y|acqui|stion|expected=acquisition}} plans, it's Oracle vs Oracle |publisher=CNNMoney.com |url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/07/23/is-oracle-spending-big-on-acquisitions/ |access-date=March 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827184259/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2010/07/23/is-oracle-spending-big-on-acquisitions/ |archive-date=August 27, 2010 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> served as sets for the futuristic headquarters of the fictional company "NorthAm Robotics" in the [[Robin Williams]] film ''[[Bicentennial Man (film)|Bicentennial Man]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite web |title=Trivia for Bicentennial Man |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0182789/trivia |access-date=March 27, 2011 |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]}}</ref> The campus also represented the headquarters of [[Cyberdyne Systems]] in the movie ''[[Terminator Genisys]]'' (2015).<ref>{{cite web |title=Trivia for Terminator Genisys |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1340138/trivia |access-date=July 9, 2015 |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]]}}</ref>

{{wide image|Oracle Redwood City February 2013 panorama.jpg|1200px|Oracle offices and former headquarters in Redwood Shores, California}}

<gallery class="center" widths="200" heights="200">
File:Oracle Redwood City May 2011 001.jpg|300 Oracle Parkway in Redwood Shores
File:Oracle HQ3.jpg|Oracle offices in Redwood Shores, with Oracle Plaza building in left foreground
File:Oracle Conference Center, Oracle HQ.JPG|Oracle Conference Center in Redwood Shores
File:Oracle Fountain (6532480).jpg|Fountain in the Oracle lake, Redwood Shores
File:Oracle at Thames Valley Park.jpg|Oracle has a major business campus at [[Thames Valley Park]] in [[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] in England
File:Oracle Aoyama Center 01.JPG|Oracle Aoyama Center Building, with Lexus International Gallery [[Aoyama, Minato, Tokyo|Aoyama]]
File:OracleMarkham.JPG|Oracle in [[Markham, Ontario]]
File:Oracle office in Melbourne.jpg|Oracle office in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]
</gallery>

== Corporate structures ==
Oracle Corporation operates in multiple markets and has acquired many companies to help it do so. In some cases these companies became the starting points for global business units (GBUs) targeting particular vertical markets. Oracle Corporation's GBUs include:<ref name="Sanati-18Dec2017">{{Cite news |last=Sanati |first=Cyrus |date=16 August 2016 |title=Inside Oracle's Acquisition Machine |work=Fortune |url=http://fortune.com/2016/08/15/oracle-acquisition-machine/ |access-date=18 December 2017}}</ref>

* Communications
* Construction and engineering—formerly the Primavera GBU
* Energy and Water
* Financial services
* Food and Beverages
* Health sciences
* Hospitality
* Retail

==Sponsorships==
In 1994 and 1995, Oracle sponsored [[Benetton Formula]].

From 2001 to 2021, [[Sean D. Tucker|Sean Tucker]]'s stunt biplane was sponsored by Oracle and performed frequently at air shows around the US.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Smithsonian Air and Space Museum lands famed aerobatic plane|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2021/05/10/smithsonian-museum-oracle-plane/|work=The Washington Post|date=2021-05-10|access-date=2025-11-30|issn=0190-8286|language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2006, the [[Golden State Warriors]] and the Oracle Corporation announced a 10-year agreement in which the Oakland Arena would become known as the [[Oracle Arena]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 20, 2006 |title=Golden State Warriors, Oracle Reach Arena Naming Rights Agreement |work=Warriors.com |publisher=NBA Media Ventures, LLC |url=http://www.nba.com/warriors/news/Oracle_Naming_Rights_Agreement.html |access-date=June 14, 2019}}</ref> The agreement ended after the 2018–2019 NBA season when the Warriors relocated to the [[Chase Center]] in San Francisco.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Harrington |first=Jim |date=September 3, 2019 |title=With Warriors gone, the new name of Oracle Arena in Oakland is… |work=The Mercury News |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/09/03/with-warriors-gone-the-new-name-of-oracle-arena-is/ |access-date=October 17, 2020}}</ref> In January 2019, the [[San Francisco Giants]] entered into a 20-year agreement to rename their stadium [[Oracle Park]].<ref>{{cite web |date=January 10, 2019 |title=Giants' home has been renamed Oracle Park |url=http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/25724823 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref>

[[File:German Sailing Grand Prix 2006 Oracle-2.jpg|thumb|BMW Oracle Racing USA-71, at the German Sailing Grand Prix Kiel 2006. It was moored at Oracle headquarters in Redwood Shores, California, until 2014.]]Larry Ellison's sailing team competes as [[Oracle Team USA]]. The team won the [[America's Cup]] twice, in 2010 (as BMW Oracle Racing)<ref>{{cite web |last=Shankland |first=Stephen |date=February 16, 2010 |title=Ellison's team wins long-sought sailing trophy |url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-10453845-264.html |website=[[CNET]] |access-date=October 5, 2010 |archive-date=March 13, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313031533/http://news.cnet.com/8301-30685_3-10453845-264.html }}</ref> and in 2013,<ref>{{cite web |date=September 25, 2013 |title=Oracle Team USA stages massive comeback to win 34th America's Cup |url=http://www.americascup.com/en/34th-americas-cup/18441_final-preview-barker-vs-spithill-for-winner-take-all-race-at-1315.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312213827/http://www.americascup.com/en/34th-americas-cup/18441_final-preview-barker-vs-spithill-for-winner-take-all-race-at-1315.html |archive-date=March 12, 2014 |access-date=March 12, 2014 |publisher=America's Cup |df=mdy-all}}</ref> despite being penalized for cheating.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 3, 2009 |title=Oracle hit with stiff penalty |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2013/09/03/oracle-hit-with-stiff-penalty-over.html |access-date=2019-11-14 |website=www.bizjournals.com |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=CNBC |date=August 26, 2013 |title=Did Larry Ellison cheat in the America's Cup? |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2013/08/26/did-larry-ellison-cheat-in-the-americas-cup.html |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref>

From the [[2022 Formula One World Championship|2022 Formula One season]], Oracle signed a five-year deal worth $500 million to become title sponsors of [[Red Bull Racing]], after already being a sponsor effective from the [[2021 Formula One World Championship|2021 season]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2022-02-09 |title=Red Bull F1 clinches new $500M title sponsorship with Oracle |url=https://apnews.com/article/sports-technology-business-auto-racing-max-verstappen-800371ff9393347d9dd73618cd6fb6f7 |access-date=2022-02-09 |website=AP NEWS |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|San Francisco Bay Area|Companies|Telecommunication|Electronics|Technology}}
* [[Cover Oregon website failure|Cover Oregon]]
* [[Oracle Applications]]
* [[Oracle Certification Program]]
* [[Oracle Clinical]]
* [[Oracle Database]]
* [[Oracle Linux]]
* [[Oracle User Group]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Mendelsohn |first=Andrew |date=April–June 2013 |title=The Oracle Story: 1984–2001 |journal=[[IEEE Annals of the History of Computing]] |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=10–23 |doi=10.1109/MAHC.2012.56 |bibcode=2013IAHC...35b..10M |id=INSPEC Accession Number 13640647 |s2cid=17907189}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* {{Official website}}
* {{OpenSecrets}}
{{Finance links
| name = Oracle Corporation
| symbol = ORCL
| sec_cik = 1341439
| yahoo = ORCL
| google = ORCL:NYSE
}}
* {{OpenCorp|Oracle}}

{{Oracle}}
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Byadarahalli inscriptions and hero stones

2026-03-19T20:54:11Z

WilhelminaBoswel: started some info first draft!

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2025}}
{{copy edit|date=January 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Coord|12.982667|N|77.484083|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 450
| image1 = Byadarahalli 1336CE Kitaneli's Honnagavuda's Children Donation Inscription - Front Side.jpg
| caption1 = Byadarahalli 1336CE Kitaneli's Honnagavuda's Children Donation Inscription - Front Side
| image2 = Byadarahalli 1336CE Kitaneli's Honnagavuda's Children Donation Inscription - Back Side.jpg
| caption2 = Byadarahalli 1336CE Kitaneli's Honnagavuda's Children Donation Inscription - Back Side
}}

Byadarahalli is located in the Herohalli ward, off Magadi Main Road in Bengaluru. It is home to a Kannada inscription featuring a unique engraving of the Gandabherunda, a mythical bird in Indian iconography; it is the only known example of its kind in the Bengaluru region. The image of [[Gandaberunda|Gandabherunda]] gained prominence when it was adopted as the royal insignia of the Mysuru Wodeyars and subsequently adopted as the official symbol of the Karnataka Government.

The official emblem of the [[Karnataka]] state. This [[Kannada script|Kannada]] inscription records the tax-free donation of Haruvahalli by a group comprising Chikkanna, Honnappa, Gantegavuda, Maleyapa, Manchapa, Chikkahonnappa, Chokkanna, Gopagavuda, and Ramanna, who are all sons of Kitaneli's Honnagavuda from Kukkala Naadu during the reign of the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysala]] King [[Veera Ballala III]]. This generous gift was made to Mayileyanayakka and Cheneyakka in the presence of Gavudas Bommanna, Barachirayya and others. Mayileyanayakka and Cheneyakka were brothers who served as chieftains (rulers) of Kukalnaadu. They inherited the rule of Kukulanaadu from their father, Kadeyanayaka. The inscription introduces various taxes of an unclear nature that are also assigned to Mayileyanayaka and Channeyanayaka, although the specific reason for singling them out remains unclear. Additionally, the inscription mentions Naada Senabhova Jakkana as a witness to this significant act. The inscription's colloquial language and orthographic quirks make it challenging to discern why a location within the bounds of Kukalnaadu is being donated back to the rulers of Kukalanaadu, which requires further clarification. The inscription is presently located on the footpath outside the Mahadevamma Temple in Byadarahalli.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/citizens-project-to-preserve-bengalurus-stone-inscriptions-that-tell-tales-of-bygone-era/articleshow/60997364.cms|title=Citizens' project to preserve Bengaluru's stone inscriptions that tell tales of bygone era|newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 October 2017}}</ref>

== Physical characteristics ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Byadarahalli 1336CE Kitaneli's Honnagavuda's Children Donation Inscription
| image = Digital Image of the Byadarahalli 1336CE Kitaneli's Honnagavuda's Children Donation Inscription - Front Side.png
| image_size = 150
| image_caption = Digital Image of the Byadarahalli 1336CE Kitaneli's Honnagavuda's Children Donation Inscription - Front Side
| material = Stone
| height = {{convert|159|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|77|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| writing = Kannada
| created = {{start date and age|df=y|1336|1|29|p=yes|br=yes}}
| discovered_date = 1902
| discovered_by = B L Rice
| location = {{coord|12.982667|77.484083}}
| language = Kannada
| image2 = Digital Image of the Byadarahalli 1336CE Kitaneli's Honnagavuda's Children Donation Inscription - Back Side.png
| image2_size = 150
| image2_caption = Digital Image of the Byadarahalli 1336CE Kitaneli's Honnagavuda's Children Donation Inscription - Back Side
| website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=7558614
}}The inscription is 159 cm tall and 77 cm wide. The Kannada characters are approximately 4 cm tall, 3 cm wide, and 0.21 cm deep. The inscription stone has engraving of the mythical bird [[Gandaberunda|Gandabherunda]] fighting a tiger and below that of a warrior fighting a tiger, the latter was also the royal emblem of the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas]]. It also has engraving of the sun and moon signifying the infallibility of the grant until the presence of the two.

== Discovery and dating ==
This inscription was identified during field surveys based on information given in the [[Epigraphia Carnatica]] Vol-9. The inscription can be precisely dated to Monday, 29 January 1336 CE (Julian) as it is mentioned as

"''sakhavarusa saṃda 1252 yiva saṃvatsarada māgha ba 1 so''".

== Transcription of the inscription ==
The transliteration below is from the rereading published in the Journal of Mythic Society.

Digital Images of each of the characters of this inscription, images of the inscription itself, summary and the other information about the inscription have been shared via [https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=7558614 Akshara Bhandara software]
{| class="wikitable"
!Line
Number
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
!
!ಮುಂಭಾಗ
!Frontside
|-
|1
|ಸ್ವಸ್ತಿ ಸಮಸ್ತ ಬುವನಾಸ್ರಯಂ ಶ್ರೀ
|svasti samasta buvanāsrayaṃ śrī
|-
|2
|ಪ್ರಿಥುವಿ ವಲಬಂ ಮಹಾರಾಜಾಧಿ
|prithuvi valabaṃ mahārājādhi
|-
|3
|ರಾಜಂ ರಾಜಪರಮೇಸ್ವರಂ ಪರಮಬಟಾ
|rājaṃ rājaparamesvaraṃ paramabaṭā
|-
|4
|ರಕಂ ಯಾದವ ಕುಲಾಂಬರ ದ್ವಿಂಮ್ಮಣಿ ಸ
|rakaṃ yādava ku ̤ lāṃbara dviṃmmaṇi sa
|-
|5
|ರ್ಬ್ಬಗ್ನ ಚೂಡಾಮಣಿ ಮಲೆರಾಜ ಮ
|rbbagna cūḍāmaṇi malĕrāja ma
|-
|6
|ಲಪರೊಳು ರಂಡರಂ ಗಂಡ ಬೇರು
|laparŏlu ̤ raṃḍaraṃ gaṃḍa beru
|-
|7
|ಂಡ ಕದನ ಪ್ರಚಂಡ ಆಸಹಾಯ ಸೂರ
|ṃḍa kadana pracaṃḍa āsahāya sūra
|-
|8
|ಏಕಾಂಗಿ ವೀರ ಸನಿವಾರ ಸಿಧಿ ಗಿರಿದುಗ ಮಲ್ಲ
|ekāṃgi vīra sanivāra sidhi giriduga malla
|-
|9
|ಚಲದಂಕರಾಮ ಲೋಕಯಿಕನಾಥ ಪಗೆವ
|caladaṃkarāma lokayikanātha pagĕva
|-
|10
|ಗಂಠಕಾಸೂಲ ಅನ್ವಾಥ ಸ್ವಯಂಬು ದಾರ
|gaṃṭhakāsūla anvātha svayaṃbu dāra
|-
|11
|ವಥಿಪುರವರಾಧೀಸ್ವರಂ ಮಾಳವರಾಯ ಮ
|vathipuravarādhīsvaraṃ mālavarāya m
|-
|12
|ಸ್ತಕಾ ಸೂಲ ಗೂರ್ಜರರಾಯ ವಜೀರಾ ಬಯಿರವ
|stakā sūla gūrjararāya vajīrā bayirava
|-
|13
|ಅಂ ಹೆಂಮಿರರಾಯ ಬ್ರಂಹ್ಮರಾಕ್ಷಸಂ ಆದವ
|ṃ hĕṃmirarāya braṃhmarākṣasaṃ ādava
|-
|14
|ರಾಯ ಬಂಜನಾಮೂರ್ತ್ತಿ ಚೋಳರಾಯ ಸ್ತಾ
|rāya baṃjanāmū ̤ rtti colarāya stā
|-
|15
|ಪನಾ ಚಾಡ್ಯ ಪಾಂಡ್ಯರಾಯ ಪತಿಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ್ಯ್ಯ
|panā cāḍya pāṃḍyarāya patiṣṭācāryya
|-
|16
|ಮಗರರಾಯ ನಿಮ್ಮೂಲ ಕಾಡವರಾಯ ದಿಸಿಪ
|magararāya nimmūla kāḍavarāya dissipa
|-
!
!ಹಿಂಭಾಗ
!Backside
|-
|17
|ಟ ವಯಿರಿಬ ಕಂಟೀರವಂ ದಕ್ಷಿಣಾಮೂರ್ತಿ ನಿ
|ṭa vayiriba kaṃṭīravaṃ dakṣiṇāmūrti ni
|-
|18
|ಸಂಕ ಪ್ರತಾಪ ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ ಹೊಯಿಸಳ ಶ್ರೀ ವೀರ
|saṃka pratāpa cakravarti hŏyisala śrī vīra
|-
|19
|ನಾರಸಿಂಗದೇವ ಕುಮಾರ ಶ್ರೀವೀರ ಬಲ್ಲಾಳ ದಿವರಸ
|nārasiṃgadeva kumāra śrīvīra ballāla̤ divarasa
|-
|20
|ರು ದೋರಸಮುದ್ರದ ಬೀಡಿನಲಿ ನಾನಾ ವಿನೋದ ಸು
|ru dorasamudrada bīḍinali nānā vinoda su
|-
|21
|ಕದಿಂ ಪ್ರಿತುವಿ ರಾಜ್ಯಂಗೆಯುತಂವಿರಲು ಸಖವ
|kadiṃ prituvi rājyaṃgĕyutaṃviralu sakhava
|-
|22
|ರುಸ ಸಂದ ೧೨೫೨ ಯಿವ ಸಂವತ್ಸರದ
|rusa saṃda 1252 yiva saṃvatsarada
|-
|23
|ಮಾಘ ಬ ೧ ಸೋ ಶ್ರೀಮನು ಮಹಾ ಸಾವಂತಾಧಿಪ
|māgha ba 1 so śrīmanu mahā sāvaṃtādhipa
|-
|24
|ತಿ ನರಲೋಕ ಗಂಡ ಮಯಿಲೆಯ ನಾಯಕ ಚಂನೆಯ
|ti naraloka gaṃḍa mayilĕya nāyaka caṃnĕya
|-
|25
|ನಾಯಕರು ಕುಕ್ಕಲನಾಡ ನಾಳುತಂವಿದ್ದಲಿ ಆ
|nāyakaru kukkalanāḍa nāl ̤ ṳtaṃviddali ā
|-
|26
|ಶ್ರೀಮನು ಮಹಾಕುಕ್ಕಲನಾಡ ಮಹಾಪ್ರಬು
|śrīmanu mahākukkalanāḍa mahāprabu
|-
|27
|ಕಿತನೆಲಿಯ ಹೊಂನಗವುಡನ ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಚಿಕ್ಕಂ
|kitanĕliya hŏṃnagavuḍana makkalu ci ̤ kkaṃ
|-
|28
|ಣ ಹೊಂನ್ನಪ ಗಂಟೆಗವುಡ ಮಲೆಯಪ ಮಂ
|ṇa hŏṃnnapa gaṃṭĕgavuḍa malĕyapa maṃ
|-
|29
|ಚಪ ಚಿಕ್ಕಹೊಂನ್ನಪ ಚೊಕ್ಕಂಣ ಗೋಪಗವು
|capa cikkahŏṃnnapa cŏkkaṃṇa gopagavu
|-
|30
|ಡ ರಾಮಂಣ ನಿಧಿಯ ಮಾಡಿಸಿದಿ ಹೊಂ
|ḍa rāmaṃṇa nidhiya māḍisidi hŏṃ
|-
|31
|ನ್ನಪ ಬೊಂಮ್ಮಂಣ ಬರಚಿರಯ್ಯನೊಳ
|nnapa bŏṃmmaṃṇa baracirayyanŏla
|-
|32
|ಗಾದ ಸಮಸ್ತ ಗವುಡುಗಳು . ಮ
|gāda samasta gavuḍugalu . ma
|-
|33
|ಯಿಲೆಯ ನಾಯಕ್ಕ ಚೆಂನೆಯಕ್ಕರಿಗೆ ಹಾರು
|yilĕya nāyakka cĕṃnĕyakkarigĕ hāru
|-
|34
|ವಹಳಿಯನು ಸರ್ಬ್ಬಮಾನ್ಯದ
|vahaliyanu sarbbamānyada
|-
|35
|ಕೊಡಗೆಯಾಗಿ ಕೊಟೆವಾದ ಯಿ ವೂರಲಿ
|kŏḍagĕyāgi kŏṭĕvāda yi vūrali
|-
|36
|ಹುಟಿದ ಸೆಸೆ ಸಿದಾಯ ಪೂಬಿ ಅ ಪೂರ್ಬಾ
|hutida sese sidāya pubi a purbā
|-
|37
|ಯ ಕಾಮಯ ದಂಣಾಯಕ ದೇವ ಮಯಿಲೆ
|ya kāmaya daṃṇāyaka deva mayilĕ
|-
|38
|ಯ ನಾಯಕರ ಹೊದರ ಕಾಣಿಕೆ ಕಡಾಯ .
|ya nāyakara hŏdara kāṇikĕ kaḍāya .
|-
|39
|ರ ಕೊಕು ನೀಡಿದ ಕಾಣಿಕೆ ಮುಂತಾಗಿ ಆರಮ
|ra kŏku nīḍida kāṇikĕ muṃtāgi ārama
|-
|40
|ನೆಯಲಿ ಏನು ಹುಟಿತ್ತನು ಚೆಂನೆಯನಾಯಕ್ಕ
|nĕyali enu huṭittanu cĕṃnĕyanāyakka
|-
|41
|ನೆ ಕೊಂಬನು ಯಿ ಮಾತಿಂಗೆ ತಪ್ಪು ತವಿದಿ ನೀ
|nĕ kŏṃbanu yi mātiṃgĕ tappu tavidi nī
|-
|42
|ರು ನೇಣು ಸರ್ಬ್ಬಮಾನ್ಯ ಯಿ ಮರಿಯಾದಿಯ
|ru neṇu sarbbamānya yi mariyādiya
|-
|43
|ಲಿ ನಾಯಕರ ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಎಂಳು . .
|li nāyakara makkal ̤ u makkal ̤ u ̤ ĕṃlu . .
|-
|44
|ನಾಂದರ ನಡವುದು ಯಿ ಮರಿಯಾದಿಗೆ ಆರು ಅ
|nāṃdara naḍavudu yi mariyādigĕ āru a
|-
|45
|ಳುಪಿದವರು ಗಂಗೆಯ ಥಡಿಯಲಿ ತಗೆಳು ಕಪಿ
|pi ̤ lṳpidavaru gaṃgĕya thaḍiyali tagĕlu kap
|-
|46
|ಲೆಯ ಕೊಂದ ಪಾಪದಲಿ ಹೋಹರು ಯಿ ಮರಿ
|lĕya kŏṃda pāpadali hoharu yi mari
|-
|47
|ಯಾದಿಗೆ ನಾಡ ವೊಪ್ಪ ಶ್ರೀಮುಕ್ತನಾಥ ಬರದ
|yādigĕ nāḍa vŏppa śrīmuktanātha barada
|-
|48
|ಸೇನಬೋವ ಜಕಂಣ ಮಂಗಳ ಮಹಾ ಶ್ರೀಶ್ರೀಶ್ರೀ
|senabova jakaṃṇa maṃgala mahā śrī śrī śrī
|}

== Translation ==
[[File:3D Scanning of the Byadarahalli 1336CE Kitaneli's Honnagavuda's Children Donation Inscription.jpg|thumb|343x343px|3D Scanning of the Byadarahalli 1336CE Kitaneli's Honnagavuda's Children Donation Inscription. ]]
The translation is published in Volume 9 of [[Epigraphia Carnatica]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n327/mode/1up | title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore | date=1894 | publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press }}</ref> It reads as follows,
{{Blockquote|text="Be it well. When, (with usual and other titles, including) a spear for the head of the Malava king, a Bairava to the Gurjjara king's minister (vajir), a Brahma-rakshasa to Hemmira-Raya, the form of. . . to Adava-Raya, the establisher of the Chola king, the setter up of the Pandya king, rooter up of the Magara king, displacer of the Kadava king,— 'Poysala vira-Narasinga-Deva's son Vira Ballala-Devarasa was in the residence of Dorasamudra, ruling the kingdom of the earth in the enjoy merit of all manner of pleasures : — (on the date specified), when the maha-samantadhipati, champion over the world of men, Meyile-Nayaka Chenneya-Nayaka was ruling the Kukkala-pad; — the Kukkala-nad maha-prabhu. . . . Honna-Gauda's son and others (named) granted the village as a sarvamanya-kodege, with all rights and taxes (specified). Imprecations.

Written by the senabhova Jakkanna."}}

== Administrative divisions and villages in the inscription ==
[[File:Wide Angle View Photograph of the Byadarahalli 1336CE Kitaneli's Honnagavuda's Children Donation Inscription.jpg|thumb|341x341px|Wide Angle View Photograph of the Byadarahalli 1336CE Kitaneli's Honnagavuda's Children Donation Inscription. ]]
Kukkala Naadu, is an administrative division mentioned in the inscription that existed from the 8th to the 16th centuries that has been referred to by various names, including Kukanare Naadu, Kukanur Naadu, and Kukala Naadu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/bmshri.itihasadarshanav0000drsu/page/n173/mode/1up | title=ಇತಿಹಾಸ ದರ್ಶನ, ಸಂಪುಟ 7/1992 | date=1992 | publisher=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಅಕಾದೆಮಿ }}</ref> The name is likely derived from the region's rugged geological features and the abundance of small ponds and lakes. The name of this administrative division is mentioned in at least six inscriptions, including those in Ramasamudra, Haligevadeyarahalli, Kyatamranhalli and Bommavara in [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] taluk, Manthalu & Banasvadi, Huralichikkanahalli in Nelamangala taluk. The inscription mentions 'Haruvahalli', known today as Herohalli, located approximately 1 km north-northeast of Byadarahalli. Kittanelli, as mentioned in the inscription, exists to this day and is located roughly 7 km northwest of Byadarahalli. Haruvahalli can be decompounded into its constituent parts as Haruvahalli =>Haruva/ Harava + Halli. Haruva/Harava is a term used for Brahmins. Therefore, we can understand Haruvahalli as a place where Brahmins lived. Agrahara and Mangala were some other terms used to denote places where [[Brahmin]]s stayed.

== Prashasthi of the Hoysala King Veera Ballala III ==
The first 18 lines of the 48-line inscription form the Prashasthi of the king.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/9789381645727|title=ISBN 9789381645727 - Karnāṭakada Birudāvaḷigaḷu|website=isbnsearch.org}}</ref> These contain a wealth of information about the King [[Veera Ballala III]]. The inscription mentions the following titles or Birudavali of the King.
{| class="wikitable"
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|ಮಹಾರಾಜಾಧಿ ರಾಜಂ ರಾಜಪರಮೇಸ್ವರಂ ಪರಮಬಟಾರಕಂ

ಯಾದವ ಕುಲಾಂಬರ ದ್ವಿಂಮ್ಮಣಿ ಸರ್ಬ್ಬಗ್ನ ಚೂಡಾಮಣಿ ಮಲೆರಾಜ

ಮಲಪರೊಳು ರಂಡರಂ ಗಂಡ ಬೇರುಂಡ ಕದನ ಪ್ರಚಂಡ ಆಸಹಾಯ ಸೂರ

ಏಕಾಂಗಿ ವೀರ ಸನಿವಾರ ಸಿಧಿ ಗಿರಿದುಗ ಮಲ್ಲ ಚಲದಂಕರಾಮ ಲೋಕಯಿಕನಾಥ

ಪಗೆವಗಂಠಕಾಸೂಲ ಅನ್ವಾಥ ಸ್ವಯಂಬು ದಾರವಥಿಪುರವರಾಧೀಸ್ವರಂ

ಮಾಳವರಾಯ ಮಸ್ತಕಾ ಸೂಲ ಗೂರ್ಜರರಾಯ ವಜೀರಾ ಬಯಿರವಅಂ

ಹೆಂಮಿರರಾಯ ಬ್ರಂಹ್ಮರಾಕ್ಷಸಂ ಆದವರಾಯ ಬಂಜನಾಮೂರ್ತ್ತಿ ಚೋಳರಾಯ ಸ್ತಾಪನಾ ಚಾಡ್ಯ

ಪಾಂಡ್ಯರಾಯ ಪತಿಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ್ಯ್ಯ ಮಗರರಾಯ ನಿಮ್ಮೂಲ ಕಾಡವರಾಯ ದಿಸಿಪಟ ವಯಿರಿಬ

ಕಂಟೀರವಂ ದಕ್ಷಿಣಾಮೂರ್ತಿ ನಿಸಂಕ ಪ್ರತಾಪ ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ

ಹೊಯಿಸಳ ಶ್ರೀ ವೀರನಾರಸಿಂಗದೇವ ಕುಮಾರ ಶ್ರೀವೀರ ಬಲ್ಲಾಳ ದಿವರಸ
|mahārājādhi rājaṃ rājaparamesvaraṃ paramabaṭārakaṃ

yādava kulāṃbara dviṃmmaṇi sarbbagna cūḍāmaṇi malĕrāja

malaparŏlu ̤ raṃḍaraṃ gaṃḍa beruṃḍa kadana pracaṃḍa āsahāya sūra

ekāṃgi vīra sanivāra sidhi giriduga malla caladaṃkarāma lokayikanātha

pagĕvagaṃṭhakāsūla anvātha svayaṃbu dāravathipuravarādhīsvaraṃ

mālavarāya mastakā sūla gūrjararāya vajīrā bayiravaṃ

hĕṃmirarāya braṃhmarākṣasaṃ ādava rāya baṃjanāmūrtti colarāya stāpanā cāḍya

pāṃḍyarāya patiṣṭācāryya magararāya nimmūla kāḍavarāya dissipaṭa vayiriba

kaṃṭīravaṃ dakṣiṇāmūrti nisaṃka pratāpa cakravarti

hŏyisala śrī vīranārasiṃgadeva kumāra śrīvīra ballāla̤ divarasa
|}

== Shapashaya ==
The inscription has final imprecatory verses called the Shapashaya,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://karnatakaitihasaacademy.org/karnataka-epigraphy/inscriptions/|title=All About Inscriptions – Karnataka Itihasa Academy}}</ref> common format in [[Kannada script|Kannada]] Inscriptions that intends to sanctity the inscription and prevent its harm by the people. It states that any individual who violates the grant will be cursed with the same fate as someone who kills a Kapile, an orange-brown sacred cow on the banks of river [[Ganges|Ganga]]. According to the [[Garuda Purana]], the act of killing a cow is believed to result in rebirth of a person into a hunchback in their subsequent birth. It emphasizes that those who fail to honor this donation will incur demerits equivalent to committing the grave act of killing a holy cow, Kapile, on the banks of the sacred [[Ganges|Ganga]] River.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]

XXX (2002 film)

2026-03-15T10:37:46Z

WilhelminaBoswel:

{{Short description|American action film directed by Rob Cohen}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = XXX
| image = Xxx movie.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rob Cohen]]
| producer = [[Neal H. Moritz]]
| writer = [[Rich Wilkes]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vin Diesel]]
* [[Asia Argento]]
* [[Marton Csokas]]
* [[Samuel L. Jackson]]
}}
| music = [[Randy Edelman]]
| cinematography = [[Dean Semler]]
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* [[Chris Lebenzon]]
* [[Paul Rubell]]
* Joel Negron
}}
| studio = [[Columbia Pictures]] [[Revolution Studios]]<ref name="afi">{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/62614|title=XXX (2002)|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref>
| distributor = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]]

| released = {{Film date|2002|08|09}}
| runtime = 124 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/xxx-2002 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307223756/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/xxx-2002 | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 7, 2014 | title=''XXX'' (12A) (CUT) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=2002-09-24 | access-date=2012-10-19}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $88.3 million<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.thewrap.com/inside-revolution-studios-confidential-sales-document-why-joe-roth-failed-30659/ | title='Inside the Revolution Library: Where Joe Roth Went Wrong| first= Brent |last= Lang |date=September 1, 2011 |work= TheWrap.com |access-date= June 28, 2017}}</ref>
| gross = $277.4 million<ref name="boxoffice" />
}}

'''''XXX''''' (stylized as '''''xXx''''' and pronounced '''''Triple X''''') is a 2002 American [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Rob Cohen]], produced by [[Neal H. Moritz]] and written by [[Rich Wilkes]]. The first installment in the [[XXX (film series)|''xXx'' film series]], the film stars [[Vin Diesel]] as Xander Cage, a thrill-seeking [[extreme sport]]s enthusiast, [[Stunt performer|stuntman]], and rebellious athlete-turned-reluctant spy for the [[National Security Agency]]. Cage is sent on a dangerous mission to infiltrate a group of potential Russian terrorists in Central Europe. The film also stars [[Asia Argento]], [[Marton Csokas]], and [[Samuel L. Jackson]]. Cohen, Moritz, and Diesel had previously worked on ''[[The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)|The Fast and the Furious]]'' (2001) as director, producer and cast member respectively. The film grossed $277.4 million worldwide and was followed by two sequels, ''[[XXX: State of the Union|xXx: State of the Union]]'' (2005) and ''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage|xXx: Return of Xander Cage]]'' (2017).<ref name=":0" />

==Plot==

Russian terrorist group Anarchy 99 acquires the biochemical weapon "Silent Night", presumed missing since [[the fall of the Soviet Union]]. Undercover [[National Security Agency|NSA]] agent Jim McGrath is assigned to recover the weapon but is killed by Anarchy 99 at a [[Rammstein]] concert.

NSA Agent Augustus Gibbons suggests sending Xander "XXX" Cage, an extreme sports professional wanted for unlawful protesting, citing his lack of ties to the US government. Under Gibbons' supervision, Cage passes two tests, one involving stopping a fake armed robbery, and another where he and 2 other potential candidates are dropped into [[Colombia]] where they're thrown into an actual conflict between the [[Drug cartel|Cartel]] and the [[National Army of Colombia|Colombian Army]]. Xander was given the options to take a job or go to prison, in which Xander reluctantly accepts the contract.

In [[Prague]], Cage meets his team which includes his supervisor, Czech agent Milan Sova. While scouting an Anarchy 99 party, Cage identifies Sova as a police officer, earning him favor with the group and catching the attention of the leader Yorgi. Cage asks Yorgi about purchasing high end sports cars, and Yorgi's girlfriend and lieutenant Yelena, gives Cage an account number.

Gibbons calls Cage about changes to the plan but is impressed when he gives them information provided by Kolya, Yorgi's star-struck younger brother. Tech-specialist Agent Toby Shavers then provides Cage with gadgets including a revolver with special ammo, binoculars that can see through walls and explosives disguised as bandages.

As Cage attends the car deal he made with Yorgi, Sova attempts to intercede. Using the special ammo, Cage fakes Sova's death. Having earned Yorgi's trust, Cage joins Anarchy 99. Yorgi brings Cage back to a castle after a dance party at one of his nightclubs that serves as Anarchy 99's headquarters. Cage, while searching for the biochemical weapon, catches Yelena investigating Yorgi's secret safe. He takes her to a nearby restaurant to discuss the matter and reveals his true identity.

Sova betrays Cage to Yorgi, so he sends his trusted sniper Kirill to kill him. While watching the pair, Kirill, who is in love with Yelena, warns her. As Cage and Yelena stage a fight, the NSA suddenly appears to capture him, and Yelena is taken back to Anarchy 99.

Cage meets with Gibbons, who demands he return to America as his cover is blown and special forces are planning to assault the castle. He refuses, fearing for Yelena's life and bitter that Sova blew his cover. Cage sneaks into Yorgi's castle and follows him into a secret underground lab. Overhearing his plan to launch "Silent Night" from the water-borne drone Ahab; he first tests the weapon on the scientists who developed it, to Cage and Yelena's horror. Cage flees the area after killing Kolya. At his hideout, Sova is waiting for him, now with Yorgi. Yelena saves Cage, revealing herself to be an abandoned undercover Russian [[Federal Security Service]] agent. Cage relays Yorgi's plans to the NSA in return for Yelena's asylum.

Against orders, Shavers heavily arms Cage's car, who then parachutes from a plane on a snowboard near Anarchy 99's communication tower. The avalanche he starts destroys the tower but he is captured by Yorgi, who already knew Yelena's identity. As Yorgi prepares to kill them, the special forces attack. Cage and Yelena free themselves, but Yorgi launches Ahab before Cage kills him. The Czech military prepares to destroy Ahab with airstrikes, though this will release some of the biochemical agent. Cage and Yelena take his heavily modified car, to catch up to Ahab. Cage harpoons and disables the weapon moments before it goes off.

Cage and Yelena are recovered, and Gibbons follows through on his promises. Sometime later, the couple is relaxing in [[Bora Bora]] when Gibbons contacts him for another mission, but Cage ignores him.

==Cast==
* [[Vin Diesel]] as Xander "XXX" Cage, a thrill-seeking American [[extreme sports]] enthusiast, [[stuntman]], and [[anti-establishment]] activist. Idolized in some sub-cultures, Cage is also hunted by the authorities and he is offered a deal to become a [[spy]] for the [[National Security Agency]] in exchange for leniency, the agency requiring an agent who can do the current job without the military professional training that Anarchy 99's background will allow them to recognise.
* [[Samuel L. Jackson]] as Augustus Gibbons, a high-ranking official in the National Security Agency who has the power to give Cage a pardon for his crimes. He uses this fact as leverage to recruit Cage for a mission because he knows Cage is the only person who could successfully infiltrate Anarchy 99, recognising the benefits of Cage's rebellious attitude and unorthodox methods.
* [[William Hope (actor)|William Hope]] as Roger Donnan, the associate and administrator of the National Security Agency.
* [[Danny Trejo]] as "El Jefe", a torturer for a [[Colombia]]n [[drug cartel]].
* [[Asia Argento]] as Yelena, Yorgi's apparent girlfriend. Originally a [[Federal Security Bureau|Russian intelligence agent]], sent to watch over Yorgi but has since been abandoned by her superiors. Yelena becomes romantically involved with Cage and he attempts to get her political asylum in the United States for her assistance in bringing down Yorgi.
* [[Marton Csokas]] as Yorgi, a former soldier in the [[Soviet Army]], now a wealthy [[hedonist]] owning a string of properties around [[Eastern Europe]], including a [[castle]] and [[nightclub]]s. Yorgi is also the leader of Anarchy 99, a group of militant [[anarchism|anarchist]]s with a disdain for all forms of government and authority, and society in general. His ultimate aim is complete [[lawlessness]] across the world.
* [[Michael Roof]] as Toby Lee Shavers, an NSA techno-genius and gadget specialist.
* [[Richy Müller]] as Milan Sova, a cop and [[double agent]].
* [[Werner Daehn]] as Kirill, a member of Anarchy 99, [[Nicotine#Reinforcement disorders|cigarette addict]] and [[sharpshooter]].
* [[Petr Jákl]] as Kolya, Yorgi's younger brother.
* [[Jan Pavel Filipensky]] as Viktor, a member of Anarchy 99 and close friend of Yorgi. He is usually with Yorgi wherever he goes.
* [[Tom Everett]] as Dick Hotchkiss, a conservative [[California State Senator]]; his car is stolen and wrecked by Cage prior to his recruitment by the NSA, as a protest against some of Hotchkiss's policies.
* [[Thomas Ian Griffith]] as Jim McGrath, an undercover agent killed by Anarchy 99 while trying to retrieve the Silent Night weapon.
* [[Eve (rapper)|Eve]] as J.J., Xander's friend
* [[Leila Arcieri]] as Jordan King
* [[Rammstein]] as themselves
* [[Orbital (band)|Orbital]] as themselves

To imply Xander Cage's credibility within extreme sport subcultures, various personalities make cameo appearances:

* [[Tony Hawk]] makes a cameo appearance in the Corvette scene from the bottom of the bridge driving the getaway Cadillac, (near the beginning of the film) and skating over a half-pipe at Xander's place later.
* [[Mike Vallely]] also makes a cameo as a cameraman and an extra. Pro motocross rider [[Carey Hart]] is seen in the back seat of the Cadillac driven by Tony Hawk.
* [[BMX]] rider [[Mat Hoffman]] exchanges lines with Xander during the party scene.
* Also during the party scene, [[Josh Todd (musician)|Josh Todd]] (the lead singer of [[Buckcherry]]) makes a cameo appearance though he never turns around, but his suicide king of hearts tattoo can be seen on his back.

== Production ==
In July 2001, it was announced that Vin Diesel would receive in the neighborhood of $10 million to star in the film, with an initial release date of July 26, 2002.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.hive4media.com/news/html/theatrical_article.cfm?article_id=1531|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010809215847/http://www.hive4media.com/news/html/theatrical_article.cfm?article_id=1531|title='Furious' Vin Diesel Will Star in Revolution Studios' Spy Thriller 'XXX'|website=[[hive4media.com]]|archive-date=August 9, 2001|date=July 31, 2001|access-date=September 21, 2019|via=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|url-status=live}}</ref> It is believed that before Diesel was cast, [[Eric Bana]] turned down the lead role of Xander Cage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 15, 2002 |title=The incredible rise of Mr Bana |url=https://www.theage.com.au/entertainment/movies/the-incredible-rise-of-mr-bana-20021015-gduotr.html |access-date=May 18, 2022 |website=[[The Age]]}}</ref> In August 2001, Sony put up a large billboard advertising the film in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], before a script had been written.<ref name="boxofficemojo">{{cite web |title = ''Extreme Weekend for XXXسکس '' (2002) |url = https://boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=1232&p=.htm |work = [[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date = May 23, 2012 }}</ref>

Filming took place at three locations. Most of the film is set in [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Koehler |first=Robert |title=XXX |url=https://variety.com/2002/film/reviews/xxx-1200546971/ |website=Variety |date=5 August 2002 |quote=highlighted by lenser Dean Semler and designer Gavin Bocquet turning Prague into one of pic’s major attractions.}}</ref> The Corvette jump was filmed at the [[Foresthill Bridge]] in [[Auburn State Recreation Area]], [[Auburn, California]].<ref name="cinemablend">{{cite web |author=PHILIP SLEDGE APR. 19. 2020 |title=xXx: 10 Behind The Scenes Facts About The Vin Diesel Movie |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2494517/xxx-behind-the-scenes-facts-about-the-vin-diesel-movie |website=CINEMABLEND |date=19 April 2020}}</ref> The final scenes were set in [[Bora Bora]], [[Tahiti]], and other areas in southern West Virginia.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

Several Czech [[Sukhoi Su-17|Su-22s]] were used for the film. It was one of the last actions of these aircraft – the [[Czech Air Force]] decommissioned Sukhois in 2002.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Vin Diesel did many of his own stunts, director Rob Cohen said: "I think the thing is that Vin did more than he should have, but less than he wanted to." Diesel took a fall during the avalanche scene, and landed head first and wasn't moving, and Cohen was worried the star of the film might have broken his neck.<ref>{{cite AV media |title='XXX' Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfkT5Ne5yes?t=170 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/BfkT5Ne5yes| archive-date=2021-10-30|time=2m50s |website=[[YouTube]] }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="cinemablend" /> A scene where Cage [[BASE jumping|base jumps]] from a [[Chevrolet Corvette|Corvette]] was performed by [[Tim Rigby (stuntman)|Tim Rigby]] wearing a Vin Diesel mask.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 May 2017 |last=Kitchener |first=Shaun |title=xXx secrets revealed: How extreme sports pros helped with THESE incredible stunts |url=https://www.express.co.uk/entertainment/films/810558/xxx-stunts-secrets-Return-of-Xander-Cage-Vin-Diesel |website=Express.co.uk }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=World Stunt Awards 2003 |url=https://www.worldstuntawards.com/www/getFile.php?id=85&pos=7 |website=Worldstuntawards.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030719003247/https://www.worldstuntawards.com/www/getFile.php?id=85&pos=7 |archive-date=2003-07-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The motorcycle jump was performed by professional motocross rider and stuntman [[Jeremy Stenberg]], and Diesel's face was later added digitally.<ref name="cinemablend" />

Stunt player Harry O'Connor, Diesel's stunt double, was killed on April 4, 2002, when he hit a pillar of the [[Palacký Bridge]] in Prague while [[Parasailing|para-sailing]] during one of the action scenes. The accident occurred while filming the second take of the stunt; O'Connor's first attempt was completed without incident and can be seen in the completed film, which was dedicated to him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aintitcool.com/node/11928 |title=Ain't It Cool News: The best in movie, TV, DVD, and comic book news |publisher=Aintitcool.com |date= April 7, 2002 |author= |access-date=2020-07-28 }}</ref>

The first few minutes of the film take place at a concert of German [[Neue Deutsche Härte]] band [[Rammstein]] in Prague, performing the song "[[Feuer Frei]]". The same clip is available, but from the band's perspective (with only brief scenes from the film) in their video compilation ''[[Lichtspielhaus]]''.<ref name="rammstein">{{cite web |url=http://www.rammstein.de/history/#/article=206&timestamp=999314159647 |title=Scene Shooting for the Movie Triple X |publisher=Rammstein & Pilgrim Management |access-date=6 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502204201/http://www.rammstein.de/history/#/article=206&timestamp=999314159647 |archive-date=2 May 2012 }}{{Dead link|fix-attempted=yes|date=August 2020}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|XXX (soundtrack)}}
The [[film score]] was composed by [[Randy Edelman]], a frequent collaborator of Cohen's. The film also featured a contemporary [[rock music]] soundtrack. [[Rammstein]] provided some of the music and was even featured in the film in the opening scene. During the club scene in Prague, [[Orbital (band)|Orbital]] can be seen playing their exclusive track "Technologicque Park" live before the dancing crowd. The soundtrack album also features [[Queens of the Stone Age (album)|Queens of the Stone Age]], [[Drowning Pool]], [[Flaw (band)|Flaw]], [[Mushroomhead]], [[Hatebreed]], [[Nelly]], [[Lil Wayne]], [[N.E.R.D]], [[Fermín IV]] and [[Moby]]. It was released on August 6, 2002, through [[Universal Records]]. It peaked at No. 9 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], No. 16 on the [[Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums]] and No. 1 on the [[Top Soundtracks]]. The "Tweaker remix" of the song "Adrenaline" by [[Gavin Rossdale]] (the lead singer of [[Bush (British band)|Bush]]) was featured in the film, while the original version is included on the soundtrack. None of Edelman's score was included on the album, with a separate disc of his work released by [[Varèse Sarabande]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
{{Anchor|Box Office}}

The film opened in 3,374 theaters and grossed $44,506,103 in its opening weekend.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gray |first=Brandon |date=August 12, 2002 |title=Extreme Weekend for 'XXX' |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed930350084/ |access-date=May 15, 2023 |website=Box Office Mojo |archive-date=May 15, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515001229/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed930350084/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It grossed a total of $142 million, and a further $135 million internationally for a worldwide total of $277.4 million worldwide.<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite web |title =XXX (2002) |url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=xxx.htm |work = [[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date = August 6, 2011 }}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 48% based on reviews from 180 critics, with an average rating of 5.59/10. The site's consensus reads: "It has an endearing lack of seriousness, and Vin Diesel has more than enough muscle for the starring role, but ultimately, ''XXX'' is a missed opportunity to breathe new life into the spy thriller genre."<ref>{{cite web |title = ''XXX'' (2002) |url = https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/xxx/ |work = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date = July 31, 2020 }}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a score of 48 out of 100, based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".<ref>{{cite web |title=xXx |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/xxx |website=[[Metacritic]] |access-date=2020-05-04 }}</ref> Audiences surveyed by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film a grade A− on scale of A to F.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |title= XXX (2002) A- |work= [[CinemaScore]] |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180206073531/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |archive-date= February 6, 2018 }}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' gave it {{frac|3|1|2}} stars out of 4, writing, "In its own punk way, ''XXX'' is as good as a good Bond movie, and that's saying something."<ref>{{cite web |date=August 9, 2002 |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title=XXX |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/xxx-2002 |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |via=RogerEbert.com |access-date=October 11, 2017 }}</ref> Peter Travers of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' wrote: "It's hard to hate a movie, even one this droolingly crass, that knows how to laugh at itself."<ref>{{cite magazine |date=9 August 2002 |last=Travers |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Travers |title=xXx |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-reviews/xxx-120591/ |magazine=Rolling Stone }}</ref> Adam Smith of ''[[Empire (film magazine)|Empire]]'' called the movie, "Sporadically entertaining, but seriously hampered by a very choppy screenplay", and rating it three out of five stars.<ref>{{cite web |date= |author=Adam Smith |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/xxx-review/ |title=XXX (2002) review |website= [[Empire (film magazine)]] |access-date=July 24, 2016 }}</ref>

This film was nominated for a [[23rd Golden Raspberry Awards|Razzie Award]] for Most Flatulent Teen-Targeted Movie, but lost to ''[[Jackass: The Movie]]''.

== See also ==
* [[XXX (video game)|''XXX'' (video game)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|XXX}}
* {{IMDb title|0295701|XXX}}
* {{mojo title|xxx|XXX}}

{{XXX}}
{{Rob Cohen}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:XXX}}
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2002 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2000s spy films]]
[[Category:American action adventure films]]
[[Category:American action thriller films]]
[[Category:American spy films]]
[[Category:2002 English-language films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Neal H. Moritz]]
[[Category:2002 German-language films]]
[[Category:2002 Spanish-language films]]
[[Category:2002 Russian-language films]]
[[Category:2000s Czech-language films]]
[[Category:American techno-thriller films]]
[[Category:Films set in California]]
[[Category:Films set in Colombia]]
[[Category:Films set in Prague]]
[[Category:Films shot in Austria]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bora Bora]]
[[Category:Films shot in California]]
[[Category:Films shot in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films shot in West Virginia]]
[[Category:Revolution Studios films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Original Film films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Randy Edelman]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rob Cohen]]
[[Category:Films about avalanches]]
[[Category:XXX (film series)|*1]]
[[Category:2002 American films]]
[[Category:American spy action films]]
[[Category:English-language action adventure films]]
[[Category:English-language action thriller films]]

National Film Award for Best Short Film (Up to 30 Min)

2026-03-12T14:18:29Z

WilhelminaBoswel:

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Short Film (upto 30 mins)
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = National award for contributions to non-feature films
| awarded_for =
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1987
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name = National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film (1987–2021)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''[[Giddh (The Scavenger)|Giddh]]'' (2023)
}}

The '''National Film Award for Best Short Film (upto 30 mins)''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] presented annually by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It is one of several awards presented for non-feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus).

The award was instituted in 1987, at [[35th National Film Awards]] and awarded annually for the short films produced in the year across the country, in all Indian languages. Since the [[70th National Film Awards]] (2022), the category name was changed to "Best Short Film (upto 30 mins)".<ref>{{cite web |author=Under Secretary to the Government of India |date=14 December 2023 |title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India |url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting |access-date=25 August 2024 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]}}</ref>

== Awards ==

Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus Award) and cash prize. Cash prize amount varied over the period. Following table illustrates the cash prize amount over the years:

{| class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"| Year (Period)
! style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"| Cash prize
|-
| 1987–2005
| Producer and Director: Rajat Kamal and {{INRConvert|10|k}} Each
|-
| 2006–2021
| Producer and Director: Rajat Kamal and {{INRConvert|50|k}} Each
|-
|2022–present
|Producer and Director: Rajat Kamal and {{INRConvert|2|l}} Each
|}

=== Winners ===

Following are the award winners over the years:
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|bgcolor="#EBEBE0" width=30| ||Indicates a joint award for that year
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="6" | List of films, showing the year, language(s), producer(s) and director(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"| Language(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Producer(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%;" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | [[35th National Film Awards|1987 {{small|(35th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''The Eight Column Affair ''
| English
| [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]]
| [[Sriram Raghavan]]
| align="center" |<ref name="35thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/82_35thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=35th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[36th National Film Awards|1988 {{small|(36th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''The Story of Tiblu''
| [[Idu Mishmi language|Idu Mishmi]]
| [[Santosh Sivan]]
| [[Santosh Sivan]]
| align="center" |<ref name="36thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/81_36thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=36th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Behula''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| Raja Mitra
| Raja Mitra
| align="center" |<ref name="37thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/80_37thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=37th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Aamukh''
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| FTII
| Rajkumar
| align="center" |<ref name="38thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/79_38thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=38th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | ''Punaravritti''
| Hindi
| FTII
| Imo Singh
| align="center" rowspan="2"|<ref name="39thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/78_39ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=39th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | ''Totanama''
| Hindi
| Vikas Satwalekar
| Chandita Mukherjee
|-
| align="center" | [[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Agar Aap Chahein]]''
| Hindi
| Shahnaz Rahim for Films Division
| Mazahir Rahim
| align="center" |<ref name="40thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/77_40thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Sunday ''
| Hindi
| National Center of Films for Children and Young People
| [[Pankaj Advani (director)|Pankaj Advani]]
| align="center" |<ref name="41stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/76_41stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Still Life ''
| Hindi and English
| FTII
| Subhadro Chowdhary
| align="center" |<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/75_42ndNfacatalogue.pdf|title=42nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''The Rebel''
| Hindi
| John Shankarmangalam
| Rajashree
| align="center" |<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/74_43rdNfacatalogue.pdf|title=43rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|- style="background-color:#EBEBE0"
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
! scope="row" style="background-color:#E0E0D1" | ''Vidiyalai Nokki ''
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| F and T and V. T. I. N. Chennai
| P. Venkatesh
| align="center" rowspan="2"|<ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/73_44thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=44th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="background-color:#EBEBE0" | ''Athmeeyam ''
| [[Malayalam]]
| FTII
| Nandakumar Kavil
|-
| align="center" | [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Hypnothesis''
| Hindi
| FTII
| [[Rajat Kapoor]]
| align="center" |<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/72_45thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Jee Karta Tha ''
| Hindi
| [[Mohan Agashe]] for Films Division
| Hansa Thapliyal
| align="center" |<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/71_46thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Blind Folded''
| Tamil
| A. Sriram
| S. Sri Ram
| align="center" |<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/70_47thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=47th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Bhor''
| Bengali
| [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]]
| Ritubarna Chudgar
| align="center" |<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/69_48thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Chaitra (film)|Chaitra]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| FTII
| [[Kranti Kanade]]
| align="center" |<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/68_49thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=49th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Sunder Jibon''
| Bengali
| [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]]
| Sandeep Chattopadhyay
| align="center" |<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/67_50thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=50th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Sati Radhika''
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| Anjali Das
| Anjali Das
| align="center" |<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/66_51stNfacatalogue.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Cradle Song''
| English and Hindi
| Tripurari Sharan
| [[Nimisha Pandey]]
| align="center" |<ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Thackkayin Meedha Naangu Kangal''
| Tamil
| [[Doordarshan]] and Ray Cinema
| [[Vasanth]]
| align="center" |<ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/49_53Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Ek Aadesh: Command For Choti ''
| Hindi
| [[Children's Film Society, India|Children's Film Society]]
| Ramesh Asher
| align="center" |<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/48_54sthNfaArchives.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Udedh Bun]]''
| [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| FTII
| [[Siddharth Sinha]]
| align="center" |<ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/47_55Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Stations''
| Hindi, Marathi and English
| FTII
| Emmanuel Palo
| align="center" |<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/46_56thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Boond''
| Hindi
| Kumar Mangat
| Abhishek Pathak
| align="center" |<ref name="57thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/45_57thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=57th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Kal 15 August Dukan Band Rahegi''
| Hindi
| FTII
| Prateek Vats
| align="center" |<ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/44_58thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=58th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=29 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Panchakki''
| Hindi
| Sanjeev Rattan
| Sanjeev Rattan
| align="center" |<ref name="59thaward">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=7 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Kaatal''
| Marathi
| [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]]
| Vikrant Pawar
| align="center" |<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press_release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=17 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Mandrake ! Mandrake !''
| Hindi
| FTII
| Ruchir Arun
| align="center" |<ref name="61staward">{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=16 April 2014|access-date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Mitraa''
| Marathi
| Athaansh Communications
| [[Ravi Jadhav|Ravindra Jadhav]]
| align="center" |<ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press_release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Aushadh''
| Marathi
| Amol Deshmukh
| Amol Deshmukh
| align="center" |<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press_release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://pibphoto.nic.in/documents/rlink/2016/mar/p201632803.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=28 March 2016|access-date=29 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| align="center"| [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Aaba''
| English
| Raj Kumar Gupta
| Amar Kaushik
| align="center" |<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press_release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Mayat''
| Marathi
| Suyash Shinde
| Suyash Shinde
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kharvas (film)|Kharvas]]''
| Marathi
| Aditya Suhas Jambhale
| Aditya Suhas Jambhale
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Custody''
| Hindi
| Ambiecka Pandit
| Ambiecka Pandit
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" | [[68th National Film Awards|2020 {{small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Kachichinithu (The Boy with a Gun)''
| [[Karbi language|Karbi]]
| Khanjan Kishore Nath
| Khanjan Kishore Nath
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=68th National Film Awards announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1843932 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Dal Bhat''
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| Nemil Shah
| Nemil Shah
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=69th National Film Awards for the year 2021 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1951758 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{small|(70th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Xunyota''
| Assamese
| HM Production
| Nabapan Deka
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=70th National Film Awards for the year 2022 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2045960 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Giddh (The Scavenger)]]''
| Hindi
| Ellanar Films
| [[Manish Saini]]
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards 2025 Live Updates: Shah Rukh Khan, Rani Mukerji win first National Awards; Vikrant Massey and 12th Fail bag trophies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2025-live-updates-winners-list-10160873/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]

{{National Film Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Short-Fiction Film]]
[[Category:Short film awards]]

Ullasa Utsaha

2026-03-04T04:41:41Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Created new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ullasa Utsaha
| image = Ullasa Utsaha.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Devraj Palan
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Ullasamga Utsahamga]]'' (Telugu) by [[A. Karunakaran]]}}
| producer = B. P. Thyagraju
| starring = [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] [[Yami Gautam]]
| cinematography = G. S. V. Seetharam
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| music = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| studio = Kanthi Cini Productions Amruth Amarnath Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2010|5|30|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| runtime = 153 minutes
}}

'''''Ullasa Utsaha''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಉಲ್ಲಾಸ ಉತ್ಸಾಹ.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{Translation|Joyfully and energetically}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film]] directed by Devraj Palan, starring [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] and [[Yami Gautam]]. It also marked the Yami's acting debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ganesh's Ullasa Utsaha all set for release |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ganeshs-iullasa-utsahai-all-set-for-release-imagegallery-kannada-ke3jSMgdjiisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024011345/https://www.sify.com/movies/ganeshs-iullasa-utsahai-all-set-for-release-imagegallery-kannada-ke3jSMgdjiisi.html |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> A remake of the 2008 Telugu film ''[[Ullasamga Utsahamga]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 November 2009 |title='Ullasa Utsaha' ready for release |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/nov/28/ullasa-utsaha-ready-for-release-108188.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224063859/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2009/nov/28/ullasa-utsaha-ready-for-release-108188.html |archive-date=24 December 2021}}</ref> it was released after a four month delay.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 November 2009 |title=Searching for Ganesh |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/33984/searching-ganesh.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024011346/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/33984/searching-ganesh.html |archive-date=24 October 2021}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=January 2022}}
Preetam, an irresponsible young man, falls for Mahalakshmi and tries to woo her. But Mahalakshmi, who is in love with her childhood friend Balaji, eventually asks Preetam to take her to meet her love.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] as Preetham
* [[Yami Gautam]] as Mahalakshmi
* [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Raghupati
* [[Sadhu Kokila]]
* [[Sharan (actor)|Sharan]] as Mahesh Babu
* [[Karibasavaiah]]
* [[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Mahalakshmi's step-mother
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Kamala
* [[Sihi Kahi Chandru]] as Driver
* [[Vithika Sheru]] (credited as Keerthi) as Geetha
* [[Mithra (actor)|Mithra]] as Preetham's friend
* Mohan Juneja as Police Inspector
* [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]]
}}

== Production ==
Ganesh decided to star in the Kannada remake of ''[[Ullasamga Utsahamga]]'' after watching the film. This film is produced by Thyagraju, the uncle of Yasho Sagar who played the lead in the original.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/double-crore-not-quite-there/articleshow/22431029.cms|title=Ganesh in Ullasanga Uthsahanga remake|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=28 August 2008|access-date=18 February 2023|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124042848/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/double-crore-not-quite-there/articleshow/22431029.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Bollywood actress [[Yami Gautam]] made her debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Ullasa Utsaha' helped me blossom into a full-fledged heroine: Yami Gautam |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/mar/05/ullasa-utsaha-helped-me-blossom-into-a-full-fledged-heroine-yami-gautam-1946786.html |url-status=live |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024011345/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2019/mar/05/ullasa-utsaha-helped-me-blossom-into-a-full-fledged-heroine-yami-gautam-1946786.html |archive-date=24 October 2021}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ullasa Uthsaha |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ullasa-uthsaha/F1O0-QAmfME_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024012006/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ullasa-uthsaha/F1O0-QAmfME_ |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> Six songs were reused from the original.<ref name="S">{{Cite web |title=Ullasa Utsaha |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ullasa-utsaha--review-kannada-pclx81fjicgfj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024013154/https://www.sify.com/movies/ullasa-utsaha--review-kannada-pclx81fjicgfj.html |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The song "Chalisuva Cheluve" was reused in ''[[Saguni]]'' (2012) as "Manasellam Mazhaiye".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sonu-nigam-conferred-with-padma-shri-popular-tamil-songs-of-the-singer/photostory/89183924.cms|title=Sonu Nigam conferred with Padma Shri: Popular Tamil songs of the singer|date=29 January 2022|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 August 2023|archive-date=17 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817005305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sonu-nigam-conferred-with-padma-shri-popular-tamil-songs-of-the-singer/photostory/89183924.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chalisuva Cheluve
| note1 =
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Saindhavi]]
| length1 = 5:36
| title2 = Hello Namastey
| note2 =
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length2 = 4:30
| title3 = Love Made Nanne
| note3 =
| lyrics3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = [[Naresh Iyer]]
| length3 = 4:56
| title4 = Chakori Chakori
| note4 =
| lyrics4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Rita Thyagarajan]], [[Benny Dayal]]
| length4 = 4:47
| title5 = Kanasinolage
| note5 =
| lyrics5 =
| music5 =
| extra5 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| length5 = 5:33
| title6 = Laali Haada
| note6 =
| lyrics6 =
| music6 =
| extra6 = Karthik, Prasanna Rao, [[Prashanthini]]
| length6 = 3:09
| title7 = O Prema Yaakadaru
| note7 =
| lyrics7 =
| music7 =
| extra7 = Karthik
| length7 = 4:24
}}

== Reception ==

A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated that "While the first half is exhilarating, the second half is an excellent mixture of sentiments, romance and comedy".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ullasa Uthsaha Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ullasa-uthsaha/movie-review/5885469.cms |url-status=live |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024021701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ullasa-uthsaha/movie-review/5885469.cms |archive-date=24 October 2021}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' said that "What works for the film is the strict adherence to a well worked out storyline and the comedy situations that are worked into it".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ullasa Utsaha: Made for Ganesh |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ullasa-utsaha-made-for-ganesh/articleshow/21879752.cms |url-status=live |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024095136/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/ullasa-utsaha-made-for-ganesh/articleshow/21879752.cms |archive-date=24 October 2021}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' said that "For those who have already watched the original is strictly off limits unless you are die-hard fan of Ganesh".<ref name="S"/> Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says "All in all, Ullasaha Uthsaha is a time pass, feel good romantic comedy. It is a onetime watch for Ganesh's diehard fans and for those of you who haven't seen the original".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-ullasa-uthsaha/20100430.htm|title=Ullasa Uthsaha is good time-pass|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=30 April 2010|access-date=1 September 2022|archive-date=1 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901163837/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-ullasa-uthsaha/20100430.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Ullasa Utsaha'' was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Half-yearly report: Misses of 2010 |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/half-yearly-report-misses-of-2010-imagegallery-kannada-kg4tgKfifghsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024011344/https://www.sify.com/movies/half-yearly-report-misses-of-2010-imagegallery-kannada-kg4tgKfifghsi.html |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|3171844}}

[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2010 romance films]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]

Mohanmala Maladev Gohain

2026-02-27T09:49:28Z

WilhelminaBoswel: put up new data...

{{Infobox person
| name = Mohanmala Maladev Gohain
| father = [[Rudra Singha]]
| birth_place = Ahom kingdom
| death_date = c. 1769
| death_place = Ahom kingdom
}}

'''Mohanmala Maladev Gohain''', Barjana Gohain or simply known as Mohanmala Gohain, was the third son of [[Rudra Singha]], a king of the medieval [[kingdom of Ahom]] in Assam, present-day India.

== Denial to the throne ==
He had an attack of smallpox, but it was [[Keertichandra Borbarua]], grown as very prominent figure. The rising power denied the claims of Mohanmala Gohaindeo to the throne and gave it away to his younger brother [[Rajeswar Singha]]. On his advice, he was exiled to Namrup.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tungkhungia Buranji |publisher=Historical & Antiquarian Studies in Assam, Gauhati |pages=21}}</ref>

== Rebellion ==
After the death of [[Rajeswar Singha]], was succeeded by [[Lakshmi Singha]] he was sat on the throne by the help Keertichandra Borbarua, which was not a favourable choice. The dissatisfied Moamoria's rebelled against the monarch. Mohanmala Gohaindeo along with Maju Gohain and Saru Gohain (exiled sons of Rajeswar Singha) by Lakshmi Singha. The exiled royals befriended with the rebels and promised to make them king when needed. Little did they know they came from low quarters.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tungkhungia Buranji |publisher=Historical & Antiquarian Studies in Assam, Gauhati |pages=63}}</ref> Batgharia Mohanmala Gohain was made the chief of the rebels. With the rebels they fought with the Senapati phukan, destroyed the fort and captured the phukan. When the news reached to Swargodeo, he expressed his sorrow.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tungkhungia Buranji |publisher=Historical & Antiquarian Studies in Assam, Gauhati |pages=64}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
*S. K. Bhuyan, ''Tungkhungia Buranji''
*E. A. Gait, ''A History of Assam''

[[Category:People of the Ahom kingdom]]
[[Category:1780s deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]

Sipihr Shikoh

2026-02-27T03:13:19Z

WilhelminaBoswel: minor improved structure per sources and updated info

{{Short description|Mughal prince (1644–1708)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sipihr Shikoh {{nq|{{nobold|سِپهر شِکوہ}}}}
| image = Siphirshikoh.png
| caption = Siphir Shikoh in his youth
| title = [[Shahzada (title)|Shahzada]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]]<ref>[http://dawn.com/2011/01/02/past-present-emperors-new-names/ Mughal title ''Mirza''], the title of Mirza and not Khan or Padshah, which were the titles of the Mongol rulers.</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Zubdat-un-Nissa Begum]]|1673|1707|end={{Abbr|d.|death}}}}
| issue = Ali Tabar Mirza
| house = [[Mughal dynasty]]
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
| father = [[Dara Shikoh]]
| mother = [[Nadira Banu Begum]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1644|10|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[India]]
| death_date = 2 or {{death date and age|1708|7|3|1644|10|13|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], India
| burial_place = Ahmedabad
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| burial_date =
| full name = Shahzada Muhammad Sipihr Shikoh Mirza
| signature =
}}

'''Mirza Sipihr Shikoh''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: {{nq|میرزا سپهر شیکوه}}) (13 October 1644 – 2 or 3 July 1708) <ref>{{cite book |title=BadshahNamah |last=Lahori |first=Abdul Hamid |date=1872 |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.344016/page/n6/mode/1up}}</ref> also known as ''' Sipihr Shukoh''', was a Mughal prince as the fourth son of Crown Prince [[Dara Shikoh]] and his consort [[Nadira Banu|Nadira Banu Begum]].

==Life==
Sipihr Shukoh was born on Thursday, 11 Shaban, 1054 (13 October 1644),<ref>{{cite book |title=BadshahNamah |last=Lahori |first=Abdul Hamid |date=1872 |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.344016/page/n6/mode/1up}}</ref> to Dara Shukoh, and his consort, Nadira Banu Begum. He was the grandson of the fifth Mughal Emperor [[Shah Jahan]], as well as the nephew and son-in-law of the sixth Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]. On his mother’s side, Sipihr was the grandson of [[Parviz Mirza]], son of Emperor [[Jahangir]] and half brother of Shah Jahan. He was also descended from Sultan [[Murad Mirza (son of Akbar)]]. Shah Jahan visited Dara’s house on the occasion of the birth, as he did for all of Dara's children, and gave two lakh rupees for the birthday celebration. Sipihr was his parents' sixth child, and one of three children who survived to adulthood. His two surviving siblings were his older brother, [[Sulaiman Shikoh]], and younger sister, [[Jahanzeb Banu Begum]].

Sipihr played a role under his father in the War of Succession between the sons of Shah Jahan. When Dara's army, under the imperial banner, fought the joint forces of Aurangzeb and [[Murad Bakhsh]] in the [[Battle of Samugarh]] on 29 May 1658, Sipihr, alongside Dara's general Rustam Khan Dakhini, led a cavalry charge against Aurangzeb's artillery as part of the left wing of the imperial army. Although initially successful, they were soon overpowered by Aurangzeb's forces. Dara lost the war, and he, along with Sipihr and a few followers escaped the battlefield to evade capture. They retreated back to Agra, gathered their possessions, and along with Nadira, Jahanzeb and some servants, left the fort during the odd hours of the morning as Auranzeb and Murad's armies advanced upon the city. The small force reached Delhi a few days later, however, the governor of the city denied them entry, despite orders from Shah Jahan. Sipihr and his family then fled to Lahore, where they were permitted into the fort. <ref>{{cite book |title=The Mughal Throne - The Saga of India's Great Emperors |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |year=2004|publisher=Phoenix |location=London |page=352|isbn=9789351181286 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyVW0STaGBcC&pg=PT439|quote=With a wild war whoop, some 10,000 braves under Sipihr Shukoh, Dara's teenaged son, and Rustam Khan Dakhni, a legendary warrior, galloped out of the curtain of cannon smoke and swooped down on Aurangzeb's artillery in front of them.}}</ref> He was 13 years old at the time.

When Dara was camped at Lahore, it was suggested by his faithful commander, Daud Khan, that Sipihr be sent with him as a nominal commander-in-chief to oppose Aurangzeb’s army at Sultanpur, on the banks of the Beas. However, the prince’s arrival was delayed, forcing Daud Khan’s men to retreat, and thus the opportunity to take a stand was lost. Sipihr was recalled to Dara’s side soon after, as relations with Daud Khan soured.<ref name = "Qanugo">{{cite book |title=Biography of Dara Shukoh - Vol.1 |last=Qanugo |first=Kalika Ranjan |year=1935 |publisher= M.C Sarkar and Sons |location=Calcutta |url= https://ia801005.us.archive.org/15/items/darashikohbykalikaranjanqanungo/DARA%20SHIKOH-BY%20Kalika%20Ranjan%20Qanungo_text.pdf }}</ref>

After Dara’s flight from Lahore, through Multan and Thatta to the Rann of Cutch, Sipihr was betrothed to the daughter of the Rao of Cutch with the promise of an alliance.<ref name = "Qanugo"/> This marriage never came to fruition as the prince and his family had to resume their flight soon after. He and his family then travelled to Ahmedabad, where Dara put together a new army, deciding to fight Aurangzeb once more near Ajmer.

Sipihr also acted as Dara's ambassador in name, and visited Jodhpur in a vain attempt to persuade Maharaja [[Jaswant Singh of Marwar]] to join the cause against Aurangzeb, just prior to the Battle of Deorai on 12–14 April 1659. It was thought by Dara and his advisors that the presence of a Mughal Prince would turn the negotiations in their favour and compel Jaswant Singh to come to their aid.<ref>{{cite book |title=Moghul India 1653-1708 |last=Manucci |first=Niccolao |year=1907|publisher=John Murray |location=London |page=340|url=https://archive.org/details/storiadomogororm01manuuoft/page/n8|quote=Since Jaswant Singh sent no answer, the afflicted Dara repeated his letter, already dreading that Jaswant Singh would play him false. To compel him to come, he decided to send [240] to him his own son, Super Xaca (Sipihr Shukoh), entreating the rajah not to desert him on this occasion, for on him depended the victory and a decision about the crown.}}</ref> Although he was treated with great respect and hosted by the Maharaja at Jodhpur for a few days, Jaswant Singh eventually refused to come to Dara’s aid. During the ensuing battle at the pass of Deorai, Sipihr controlled the fourth section of Dara’s army, at the south-eastern corner, adjoining the hill of Gokla. The battle was eventually lost, and Dara and Sipihr were forced to flee to Ajmer by way of Merta, from where they proceeded once more to Ahmedabad. The new governor of Ahmedabad, following the death of Shah Nawaz Khan, refused to open the gates to the defeated party, and they had no choice but to continue their march eastwards, rapidly pursued by Aurangzeb's forces.

On 9 June 1659, Sipihr, along with Dara Shukoh and Jahanzeb Banu Begum, was captured and imprisoned by [[Malik Jiwan]], an Afghan chieftain, at Dadar in Balochistan. They were then handed over to Aurangzeb's forces, and brought to [[Delhi]]. To humiliate them further, Sipihr and Dara were then seated alongside each other on a dirty old female elephant and paraded through the streets of Delhi in chains, dressed in coarse, ragged clothes. A slave with a naked sword sat behind them, ready to cut them down at any sign of a struggle. Sipihr was then imprisoned with his father while Aurangzeb determined Dara's fate. On the night of 30 August 1659 (9 September, according to the Gregorian Calendar), some of Aurangzeb's henchmen, led by Nazar Beg, barged into the prison and forcibly separated Sipihr from Dara. Sipihr was held down by the men, while Dara, after a small skirmish, was killed. After his father's death, Sipihr was sent to [[Gwalior Fort]], where he would be imprisoned for the next thirteen years.

At Gwalior Fort, Sipihr was joined in his imprisonment by his uncle Murad Bakhsh, who he had previously fought at the Battle of Samugarh, and Murad's son Izzad Bakhsh. Two years later, in 1661, [[Sulaiman Shikoh]], Sipihr's older brother, and [[Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince)|Muhammad Sultan]], Aurangzeb's eldest son, were also brought to Gwalior. This was the first time that Sipihr had seen his brother in over three years, as Sulaiman's army had been unable to come to Dara's rescue during the war. Unlike Sulaiman and his uncle Murad, Sipihr, owing to his young age, was not administered the 'pousta', an opium-based poison designed to slowly deteriorate the health and mental capabilities of the drinker. Murad was executed in late 1661, and Sulaiman shortly after in 1662. Sipihr had at this point witnessed the deaths of his mother, father, uncle, and brother. He continued to remain imprisoned along with Izzad Bakhsh and Muhammad Sultan.

In 1672, Multafat Khan was sent to bring Sipihr and Muhammad Sultan to Delhi. Sipihr was temporarily assigned a palace in [[Salimgarh Fort]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |year=1947|publisher=B.R Publications |location=Delhi |page=74 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62691/mode/1up?view=theater|quote=Multafat Khan, who had gone to bring Muhammad Sultan and Sipihr Shukoh, had audience on Sunday, the 8th December 1672/27th Shaban. Palaces were assigned in the fort of Salimgarh for the residence of both.}}</ref> On 16 December 1672, Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] ordered Sipihr and Muhammad Sultan to be brought into his bedchamber, or 'khwabgah'. After an interview, Sipihr received a robe and an emerald sarpech (turban ornament).<ref>{{cite book |title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |year=1947|publisher=B.R Publications |location=Delhi |page=77 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62691/mode/1up?view=theater|quote=On Monday, the 16th December, 1672, the Emperor ordered that Darab Khan should bring Muhammad Sultan and Sipihr Shukoh into the khwabgah (sleeping chamber of His Majesty). Both of them had audience; after interview they received robes and emerald sarpeches.}}</ref>

On 30 January 1673, Sipihr was married to his first cousin, [[Zubdat-un-Nissa Begum]], a daughter of Aurangzeb and [[Dilras Banu Begum]]. The marriage was conducted in the presence of the emperor. Sipihr was presented with a jewelled dagger, a jewelled sarpech, a pearl necklace and a pearl chaplet. Sipihr's aunt [[Gauhar Ara Begum]], and Hamida Banu Begum arranged the ceremony.<ref>{{cite book |title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |year=1947|publisher=B.R Publications |location=Delhi |page=77 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62691/mode/1up?view=theater|quote=On Thursday, 30th January 1673/21st Shawwal, Zubdat-un-nisa Begam was married to Sipihr Shukoh the son of Dara Shukoh. Four lakhs of rupees was fixed as the marriage-portion. The knot was tied in the mosque, in the presence of His Majesty, Qazi Abdul Wahhab, Mulla ‘Auz Wajih, Mulla Y’aqub, Darbar Khan and Bakhtawar Khan. Sipihr Shukoh was presented with a jewelled dagger, a jewelled sarpech, a pearl necklace and a pearl chaplet. Gauharara Begam and Hamida Banu Begam, arranged the marriage ceremonies. }}</ref> He was given a yearly allowance of 6000 rupees.<ref>{{cite book |title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |year=1947|publisher=B.R Publications |location=Delhi |page=77 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62691/mode/1up?view=theater|quote=Prince Muhammad Sultan got a yearly allowance of12,000 rupees, Sipihr Shukoh of 6000 rupees, and Izid Bakhsh of 4000 rupees.}}</ref>

Sipihr and Zubdat-un-Nissa had a son named Ali Tabar, born on 13 July 1676. The emperor went to Sipihr Shukoh’s house to see the child. Ali Tabar died in December of the same year and the robe of mourning was given.<ref>{{cite book |title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |year=1947|publisher=B.R Publications |location=Delhi |page=95 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62691/mode/1up?view=theater|quote=On Thursday, the 13th July/12th Jamad, a son was born to Sipihr Shukoh and Zubdatunnissa Begam; he obtained the name of ‘Ali Tabar. The emperor went to Sipihr Shukoh’s house to see the child.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |year=1947|publisher=B.R Publications |location=Delhi |page=98 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.62691/mode/1up?view=theater|quote=Sultan ‘Ali Tabar, son of Sipihr Shukoh, died and the robe of mourning was given.}}</ref>

==Death==
He died in 1708, and his body was buried in Agra fort by Emperor [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahadur Shah]]

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Sipihr Shikoh'''
|2= 2. [[Dara Shikoh|Dara Shukoh]]
|3= 3. [[Nadira Banu Begum]]
|4= 4. [[Shah Jahan|Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Mughal Emperor]]
|5= 5. [[Mumtaz Mahal]]
|6= 6. [[Parviz Mirza]]
|7= 7. Jahan Banu Begum
|8= 8. [[Jahangir|Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir, Mughal Emperor]] (= 12)
|9= 9. [[Jagat Gosain]]
|10= 10. [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]
|11= 11. Diwanji Begum
|12= 12. [[Jahangir|Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir, Mughal Emperor]] (= 8)
|13= 13. [[Sahib Jamal|Sahib-i-Jamal]]
|14= 14. [[Murad Mirza (son of Akbar)|Murad Mirza]]
|15=
|16= 16. [[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Mughal Emperor]] (= 24, 28)
|17= 17. [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] (= 25)
|18= 18. [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]], Raja of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]
|19=19. Manrang Devi of [[Gwalior]]
|20= 20. [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg|I'timad-ud-Daulah]]
|21= 21. [[Asmat Begam]]
|22=22. Ghias ud-din ‘Ali Asaf Khan
|23=
|24=24. [[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Mughal Emperor]] (= 16, 28)
|25= 25. [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] (= 17)
|26= 26. [[Khwaja]] Hasan of [[Herat]]
|27=
|28= 28. [[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Mughal Emperor]] (= 16, 24)}}

==Positions==
* Governor of [[Odisha]] (1680–1696)
* [[Castellan|Qiledar]] of [[Red Fort]] (1701–1708)

==References==
{{commons category|Sipihr Shikoh}}
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sipihr Shikoh}}
[[Category:1644 births]]
[[Category:1708 deaths]]
[[Category:Mughal princes]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Thatta]]

Ratan Kahar

2026-02-10T02:57:10Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Started A Data.

{{Short description|Indian folk singer}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_suffix = [[Padma Shri]]
| name = Ratan Kahar
| image = Ratan kahar.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Bhandirban Kenduli]], [[Birbhum]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[West Bengal]])
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Jhumair|Jhumur]], [[Bhadu (festival)|Bhadu]] song lyricist, composer and singer
| years_active = 1964–present
| spouse = Shanti Kahar
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[:bn:বড় লোকের বিটি লো|Boroloker Biti Lo]]''<ref>{{cite web|title = My condition was very bad but I still received Padma Shri": Singer Ratan Kahar on being conferred with Padma Shri|website =[[ThePrint]]|date =26 January 2024|url =https://theprint.in/feature/my-condition-was-very-bad-but-i-still-received-padma-shri-singer-ratan-kahar-on-being-conferred-with-padma-shri/1940406/|access-date =2024-02-29}}</ref>
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2024)
}}

'''Ratan Kahar''' is a [[Padma Shri]] awarded folk singer from [[West Bengal]] state of [[India]].

==Biography==
Ratan Kahar (born 1935) is a veteran folk singer of Bhadu and Jhumur songs of rural Bengal in India. The [[Government of India]] awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the country's fourth highest civilian award, in 2024.<ref name ="Padmaawards2024">{{cite web|title = Padma Awards 2024 announced (in English)|url = https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1999790| access-date=2024-01-27}}</ref>
His famous song ''[[:bn:বড় লোকের বিটি লো|Boroloker Biti Lo]]'' gained popularity in 1972 with Swapna Chakraborty's voice.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Folk Origin Story Of Badshah And Jacqueline's 'Genda Phool' Is Unsettling|date= 30 March 2020|url= https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/12647/the-folk-origin-story-of-badshah-and-jacquelines-genda-phool-is-unsettling|access-date=2024-03-02}}</ref> The original line of this song Lal Genda Phul caused controversy<ref>{{cite web|title=Here's everything to know about Badshah's Genda Phool controversy|date= 4 April 2020|url= https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/music/everything-to-know-about-badshah-genda-phool-controversy-ratan-kahar-6346801/|access-date=2024-03-02}}</ref> when popular rap artist [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] released his "[[Genda Phool|Genda Phul]]" in 2020. Due to that controversy, Ratan Kahar's music creation, achievements, songs, artistry came to the fore. Badshah settled the dispute by giving him five lakh rupees.<ref>{{cite web|title =Genda Phool row: Badshah pays Rs 5 lakh to Ratan Kahar, folk singer happy to be credited for song|date= 8 April 2020|url= https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/celebrity/story/genda-phool-row-badshah-pays-rs-5-lakh-to-ratan-kahar-folk-singer-happy-to-be-credited-for-song-1664590-2020-04-08|access-date=2024-03-02}}</ref>

==Published works==
His other Bengali songs are:
* ''Didi jano ki go jano na''
* ''Pala Re Pala Re Ravana''
* ''⁠Thele de Mal Garita Chapabo Basta''
* ''Aghranete Naban khete amar bandhu keno elo na''

==Awards==
[[File:Ratan Kahar receiving Padma Shri award.jpg|thumb|Ratan Kahar receiving the Padma Shri award from President [[Droupadi Murmu]]]]
In 2024, [[Government of India]] honored him with country's fourth highest civilian award [[Padma Shri]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Award Dashboard|url= https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/|access-date=2024-03-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Haven't received any recognition from state: Bengal's Padma Shri recipient|url= https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/haven-t-received-any-recognition-from-state-bengal-s-padma-shri-recipient/1248136|access-date=2024-03-02}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{portal bar|biography|india|music}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kahar, Ratan}}
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Indian folk singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Good Wife (TV series)

2026-02-06T05:35:25Z

WilhelminaBoswel: started some data added tags

{{Infobox television
| image = Good Wife Tamil.png
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = {{ubl|[[Legal drama]]|[[Political drama]]}}
| based_on = {{Based on| ''[[The Good Wife]]'' | [[Robert King (writer)|Robert King]] | [[Michelle King]]}}
| writer = [[Halitha Shameem]]
| screenplay =
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Vibhaas Singh Gautam|Kirubakaran Ramasamy}}
| creator =
| director = [[Revathi]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Priyamani]]|[[Aari Arujunan]]|[[Sampath Raj]]|Mekha Rajan|[[Amrutha Srinivasan]]}}
| music = [[K (composer)|K]]
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| producer = {{ubl|Rajesh Chadha|Mrinalini Jain|Shyam Rathi|Deepak Dhar|Rishi Negi|S. Raj Narayanan}}
| cinematography = Siddharth Ramaswamy
| editor = Kishan Kumar Chezhian
| runtime = 38-42 minutes
| company = {{ubl|[[Banijay Entertainment|Banijay Asia]]|Circle Box Entertainment|[[Paramount Global Content Distribution]]}}
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|07|4|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Good Wife''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[legal drama]] television series starring [[Priyamani]], [[Aari Arujunan]], [[Sampath Raj]], Mekha Rajan, [[Amrutha Srinivasan]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Priya Mani and Sampath Raj starrer ‘Good Wife’ set for its OTT premiere soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/priya-mani-and-sampath-raj-starrer-good-wife-set-for-its-ott-premiere-soon/articleshow/121618949.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 June 2025}}</ref> and directed by [[Revathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Good Wife: Expected Release Date, Cast, Story, Everything We Know So Far About Priyamani’s Courtroom Drama|url=https://www.imdb.com/fr/news/ni65341733/|access-date=2025-06-19 |website=www.imdb.com|language=en}}</ref> The series is a homemaker and former lawyer who, after few years, starts working at a law firm to support her family when her husband gets stuck in a [[political scandal]]. It premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar|JioHotstar]] on 4 July 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=Priyamani’s fiery comeback in ‘The Good Wife’; Tamil courtroom thriller hits on July 4|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priyamanis-fiery-comeback-in-the-good-wife-tamil-courtroom-thriller-hits-on-july-4deets-inside/articleshow/122156540.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 June 2025}}</ref>

The second season of this series is planned to get released by 2026.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/14/jiohotstar-promises-higher-stakes-in-priyanani-starrer-good-wife-season-2|title=JioHotstar promises higher stakes in Priyanani starrer Good Wife season 2|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=14 December 2025|language=en}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #74E387
| episodes1 = 6
| start1 = {{Start date|2025|07|4|df=y}}
| end1 = {{N/A|TBA}}
}}

== Premise ==
The plot revolves around Tarunika, a law school graduate, who is a loving wife and mother who, after quitting her job following marriage. When her husband, Gunaseelan, is arrested for a sex and corruption scandal, she starts working as a junior lawyer at a law firm to support her family and faces courtroom battles and finding her identity in a male-dominated world.<ref>{{Cite web |last= indiatribune|title=Priyamani faces turmoil after husband gets entangled in sex scandal in the teaser of ‘The Good Wife’|url=https://www.indiatribune.com/priyamani-faces-turmoil-after-husband-gets-entangled-in-sex-scandal-in-the-teaser-of-the-good-wife|access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.indiatribune.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Priyamani]] as Tarunika Gunaseelan
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Gunaseelan; Tarunika's husband
* [[Aari Arujunan]] as Hari Deepak
* Mekha Rajan as Lavanya Umashankar
* [[Amrutha Srinivasan]] as Sneha Merlin

=== Recurring ===
* Adithya Shivpink as Sneha Merlin's love interest
* [[T. Siva]] as Gunaseelan's friend
* [[T. M. Karthik]]
* Mona Bedre as Tarunika's friend
* Nakkalites Dhanam as Gunaseelan's mother and Tarunika's mother-in-law
* Ajit Koshy

=== Episodic ===
* [[Revathi]]

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=FF642C |overall=5 |title=22 |director=20 |writer=20 |airdate=18 |episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = Her Honour
| DirectedBy = [[Revathi]]
| WrittenBy = [[Halitha Shameem]]
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|7|4}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = FF642C
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = The Betrayal
| DirectedBy = Revathi
| WrittenBy = Halitha Shameem
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|7|4}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = FF642C
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = The Taste of Victory
| DirectedBy = Revathi
| WrittenBy = Halitha Shameem
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|7|4}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = FF642C
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Henceforth known as Property
| DirectedBy = Revathi
| WrittenBy = Halitha Shameem
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|7|4}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = FF642C
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Old Flame
| DirectedBy = Revathi
| WrittenBy = Halitha Shameem
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|7|4}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = FF642C
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = What lies Beneath
| DirectedBy = Revathi
| WrittenBy = Halitha Shameem
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|7|4}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = FF642C
}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
It is an adaptation of [[Robert King (writer)|Robert King]] and [[Michelle King]]'s ''[[The Good Wife]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JioHotstar teases Tamil adaptation of The Good Wife, starring Priyamani and directed by Revathi|url=https://mediabrief.com/jiohotstar-teases-tamil-adaptation-of-the-good-wife/|access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.cinemaexpress.com|language=en}}</ref> It is the second Indian remake after the [[Hindi]] language ''[[The Trial (Indian TV series)|The Trial]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyamani's next web series titled Good Wife; Revathy to direct|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2025/Jun/04/priyamanis-next-web-series-titled-good-wife-revathy-to-direct|access-date=2025-06-04 |website=www.cinemaexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

The series was announced by [[Disney+ Hotstar|Jio Hotstar]] on June 3, a day ahead of actress [[Priyamani]]’s birthday. The series was written by [[Halitha Shameem]]. The show has been directed by actress and filmmaker [[Revathi]], who makes her Tamil directorial debut in a limited series with it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priya Mani’s web series directed by Revathy titled ‘Good Wife’|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/tamil/priya-manis-web-series-directed-by-revathy-titled-good-wife/|access-date=2025-06-04 |website=thesouthfirst.com|language=en}}</ref> Produced by Rajesh Chadha, Mrinalini Jain, Shyam Rathi, Deepak Dhar, Rishi Negi and S. Raj Narayanan under [[Banijay Entertainment|Banijay Asia]], Circle Box Entertainment and [[Paramount Global Content Distribution]]. The series was music composed by [[K (composer)|K]], while editing by Kishan Kumar Chezhian. Siddharth Ramaswamy served as co-director and cinematographer on the show.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Good Wife: When And Where To Watch The Priyamani-starrer Legal Drama|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-cinema/good-wife-when-and-where-to-watch-the-priyamani-starrer-legal-drama-ws-l-aa-aa-9412541.html|access-date=2025-06-30 |website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
The series stars Priyamani as lead role in his fourth collaboration acted in limited series after ''[[The Family Man (Indian TV series)|The Family Man]]'', ''[[His Story (web series)|His Story]]'' and ''Sarvam Shakthi Mayam''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyamani: We shouldn't shame women for choosing eye candy roles|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2025/Jul/08/priyamani-we-shouldnt-shame-women-for-choosing-eye-candy-roles|access-date=2025-07-08 |website=www.cinemaexpress.com|language=en}}</ref> Actor [[Sampath Raj]] was cast as Tarunika's husband Gunaseelan, Aari Arujunan was cast as Hari Deepak.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Priya Mani headlines new Tamil web series, Good Wife|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/priya-mani-headlines-new-tamil-web-series-good-wife/da3304bd51571|access-date=2025-06-04 |website=www.ottplay.com|language=en}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The first poster was released on 3 June 2025 featuring, The poster shows actress Priyamani holding a bunch of court documents and both side her kids, while Sampath Raj is in the background, behind bars, with the rest of the image filled up with newspaper clippings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Good Wife Teaser: Priyamani's world is turned upside down when her husband is accused of a sex scandal|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2025/Jun/13/good-wife-teaser-priyamanis-world-is-turned-upside-down-when-her-husband-is-accused-of-a-sex-scandal|access-date=2025-06-13 |website=www.cinemaexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>

The series Teaser was released on 12 June 2025 with the trailer on 26 June announcing the release date of 4 July.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Good Wife Teaser Out: Priyamani's Courtroom Drama Is All About Power, Law And Justice|url=https://www.news18.com/web-series-entertainment/good-wife-teaser-out-priyamanis-courtroom-drama-is-all-about-power-law-and-justice-ws-l-9388557.html|access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.news18.com|language=en}}</ref> The show premiered in Tamil, Telugu, Hindi, Malayalam, Kannada, Bengali and Marathi languages on JioHotstar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revathy’s directorial web series ‘The Good Wife’ to stream from 4 July|url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/tamil/revathys-directorial-web-series-the-good-wife-to-stream-from-4-july/|access-date=2025-07-01 |website=thesouthfirst.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Harshini SV of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "Such layered writing draws you in at times, as does the unusual premise of the legal cases, but you wish these were more than just fleeting moments".<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 2025|title=Good Wife Season 1 Review : Priyamani’s legal drama plays by the rules, but needs more depth|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/good-wife/season-1/seasonreview/122315711.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "Good Wife may not be with shocking twists and turns and that’s okay. It takes its time to do a slow start, and might have some interesting pockets of story arcs. It is a slow take-off, and (if) seasons to follow up can increase the pace, to make things move faster and interesting, then Good Wife can possibly be a good addition to the Tamil OTT space".<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2025|title=Good Wife series review: Priyamani’s courtroom drama has intriguing themes but gets slow on narrative pace|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/good-wife-series-review-priyamanis-courtroom-drama-has-intriguing-themes-but-gets-slow-on-narrative-pace/1c9912312d948|website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|33702419}}

{{The Good Wife}}
{{Disney+ Hotstar Tamil original programming}}

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language legal television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on American television series]]

Shylaja Chetlur

2026-01-17T15:43:43Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Created new stub

{{Short description|Indian television, film and theatre actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shylaja Chetlur
| image = File:ShylajaChetlur.jpg
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Director|Producer|Entrepreneur}}
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
}}
'''Shylaja Chetlur''' is an Indian television, films & theatre actress and an entrepreneur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visages of the past |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20140317-visages-of-the-past-800391-2014-03-04 |website=India Today |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120110052/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20140317-visages-of-the-past-800391-2014-03-04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2018 |title=Shylaja Chetlur | WEF |url=https://www.wef.org.in/shylaja-chetlur/,%20https://www.wef.org.in/shylaja-chetlur/ |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121192155/https://www.wef.org.in/shylaja-chetlur/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='I'd preach that karma and rebirths are true' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/mar/14/id-preach-that-karma-and-rebirths-are-true-1786676.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=14 March 2018 |access-date=17 September 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202174658/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/mar/14/id-preach-that-karma-and-rebirths-are-true-1786676.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 2011 |title=Heavy on nostalgia |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/heavy-on-nostalgia/article2071127.ece |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128214729/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/heavy-on-nostalgia/article2071127.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Channel
|-
| 1999|| Master Mayavi|| [[Sun TV (India)]]
|-
| 1999|| Sarthagam || [[Asianet (TV channel)]]
|-
| 1999|| Oonjal || [[Star Vijay]]
|-
| 2000|| Guesthouse || [[DD Podhigai]]
|-
| 2001|| [[Marmadesam#Edhuvum Nadakkum|Marmadesam – Edhuvum Nadakkum]]||[[Raj TV]]
|-
| 2002–2004||[[Rudraveena (teleserial)|Rudhra Veenai]]||[[Sun TV (India)]]
|-
| 2002–2006||Cinema Karam Coffee|| [[Star Vijay]]
|-
| 2006–2008||[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal (2006 TV series)|Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]|| [[Star Vijay]]
|-
| 2003 || [[Sahana (TV series)|Sahana]]|| [[Jaya TV]]
|-
| 2007 || [[Lakshmi (2006 TV series)|Lakshmi]]||[[Sun TV (India)]]
|-
| 2009 ||Vasantham|| [[Sun TV (India)]]
|-
| 2009 ||Arase|| [[Sun TV (India)]]
|}

== Movies ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
|-
| 2010||[[Enthiran]]
|-
| 2017|| [[Ticket (2017 film)]]
|-
| 2021|| [[Ainthu Unarvugal]]
|}

== Web Series ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Channel
|-
| 2018|| What's Up Velakkari|| [[ZEE5]]
|-
| 2024||[[Thalaivettiyaan Paalayam]]|| [[Amazon Prime Video]]
|}

== In Direction Department ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
|-
| 2002-04||Indira (Sun TV Serial)|| Associate Director
|-
| 2004-07||Maya Machindra (Vijay TV Serial)|| Associate Director
|-
| 2009|| Janaki (Malayalam movie)|| Assistant Director
|-
| 2024||[[Aindham Vedham]]|| Associate Director
|}
== Other works ==
She is the Founder & Managing Trustee of the not-for-profit Cinema Rendezvous Trust showcasing & discussing World Cinemas of substance to promote cross-cultural understanding.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Rajashree |date=8 May 2018 |title=Revist the classic 'Rushmore' this weekend in Chennai |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/revist-the-classic-rushmore-this-weekend-in-chennai/article23811105.ece |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121192107/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/revist-the-classic-rushmore-this-weekend-in-chennai/article23811105.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2016 |title=Ganesh & Nisha Celebrate Valentine Day With Cinema Rendezvous | RITZ |url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/ganesh-nisha-celebrate-valentine-day-with-cinema-rendezvous/ |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023175621/https://www.ritzmagazine.in/ganesh-nisha-celebrate-valentine-day-with-cinema-rendezvous/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The trust's objective is to create awareness about Cinema as a social tool.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shoot down the lockdown blues - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/chennai/2020/jun/24/shoot-down-the-lockdown-blues-2160466.html |website=www.newindianexpress.com |date=6 June 2020 |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=16 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216033752/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2020/jun/24/shoot-down-the-lockdown-blues-2160466.amp |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Death of the classics |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/aug/01/death-of-the-classics-1401.html |website=CinemaExpress |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=4 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204150323/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2017/aug/01/death-of-the-classics-1401.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It had instituted the Bala Kailasam Memorial Award (BKMA) since 2015, an annual recognition with a cash prize, for national level excellence in documentary filmmaking having a social impact.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2019 |title=Bala Kailasam Memorial Award for Assamese filmmaker |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/bala-kailasam-memorial-award-for-assamese-filmmaker/article26008463.ece |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121192039/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/bala-kailasam-memorial-award-for-assamese-filmmaker/article26008463.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Shylaar Production is her production house that produces corporate films, documentaries and Public Service Announcement films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2020 |title=Film personality and entrepreneur Shylaja Chetlur initiates mobile movie making workshop |url=https://ttncinema.com/kollywood-en/shylaja-chetlur-mobile-workshop/cid3149901.htm |website=ttncinema.com |access-date=20 November 2023 |archive-date=20 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120073435/https://ttncinema.com/kollywood-en/shylaja-chetlur-mobile-workshop/cid3149901.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> She co-promoted a contemporary art gallery – Art & Soul promoting visual artists, holding several exhibitions from 2010 to 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2012 |title=Art from trash |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/art-from-trash/articleshow/12817242.cms |access-date=17 September 2023 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410035114/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Art-from-trash/articleshow/12817242.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 June 2013 |title=What rubbish! |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/design/what-rubbish/article4836897.ece |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126030746/https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/design/what-rubbish/article4836897.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Wanderlust, the travel lounge she operates in Hotel Savera, is involved in conducting heritage & temple tours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On a Christian trail of St Thomas apostle - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/cities/chennai/2018/jan/07/on-a-christian-trail-of-st-thomas-apostle-1747235.html |website=www.newindianexpress.com |date=12 January 2018 |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121192123/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/jan/07/on-a-christian-trail-of-st-thomas-apostle-1747235.amp |url-status=live }}</ref>

She is a regular speaker & moderator on talks about women affairs, entertainment & entrepreneurship.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2012 |title=The director and the duchesses |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-director-and-the-duchesses/article3785914.ece |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=17 September 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121192153/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-director-and-the-duchesses/article3785914.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She was an executive committee member of the Chennai International Film Festival<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2012 |title=The making of a festival |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-metroplus/the-making-of-a-festival/article4217362.ece |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701044508/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-metroplus/the-making-of-a-festival/article4217362.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2016 |title=Where watching a film is only the beginning |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Where-watching-a-film-is-only-the-beginning/article13986983.ece |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121192039/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Where-watching-a-film-is-only-the-beginning/article13986983.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=6 October 2022 |title=My writing is an expression of my roots: Thamizhachi |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/my-writing-is-an-expression-of-my-roots-thamizhachi/article65976383.ece |via=www.thehindu.com |access-date=17 September 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116223817/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/my-writing-is-an-expression-of-my-roots-thamizhachi/article65976383.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=\\\'Energy Around the Wheel is Contagious\\\' - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/jun/30/Energy-Around-the-Wheel-is-Contagious-776716.amp/ |website=www.newindianexpress.com |access-date=21 November 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121192109/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/jun/30/Energy-Around-the-Wheel-is-Contagious-776716.amp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She is also a member of Andhra Chamber of Commerce, South Indian film Chamber of Commerce, The Duchess Club & Hindustan chamber of commerce. .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=25 February 2019 |title=The mega serial: TV actors Devadarshini, Shylaja discuss how the medium has changed |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/mega-serial-tv-actors-devadarshini-shylaja-discuss-how-medium-has-changed-97316 |website=The News Minute |access-date=17 September 2023 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121192040/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/mega-serial-tv-actors-devadarshini-shylaja-discuss-how-medium-has-changed-97316 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chetlur, Shylaja}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
{{improve categories|date=January 2024}}

Nupur Sheoran

2026-01-15T03:21:03Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Started Stub

{{Short description|Indian boxer}}
{{Infobox boxer
| name = Nupur Sheoran
| image =
| caption =Sheoran in 2025
| weight_class = [[Heavyweight]]
| height = 1.83 m
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|9|26}}
| birth_place = [[Umerwas]], [[Haryana]], India
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[amateur boxing]]}}[[File: Boxing pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalComp|[[World Boxing Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2025 World Boxing Championships|2025 Liverpool]]|[[2025 World Boxing Championships – Women's +80 kg|+80kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Boxing Cup|World Cup]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2025 World Boxing Cup|2025 Astana]]|[[2025 World Boxing Cup#Stage II|+80kg]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 World Boxing Cup|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Boxing Cup#Finals|+80kg]]}}
{{MedalComp|[[BRICS Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 BRICS Games|2024 Kazan]]|[[2024 BRICS Games|+80kg]]}}
}}
'''Nupur Sheoran''' (born 26 September 1998) is an Indian [[heavyweight boxer]].<ref>{{cite web | title=BoxRec: Login | url=https://boxrec.com/en/amateurboxer/916497 }}</ref> A five-time national champion, she is a two-time gold medallist at the [[2025 World Boxing Cup]] and silver medallist at the [[2025 World Boxing Championships]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-08 |title=World Boxing Cup {{!}} Hawa Singh's grandchild packs a punch, wins gold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/boxing/world-boxing-cup-hawa-singhs-grandchild-packs-a-punch-wins-gold/articleshow/122312798.cms |access-date=2025-07-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Boxing World Championships: Nupur Sheoran, Jaismine Lamboriya carry Hawa Singh's illustrious tradition forward by ensuring medals | date=11 September 2025 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/nupur-sheoran-jaismine-lamboriya-boxing-world-championships-10242621/ }}</ref> She is the granddaughter of boxing legend [[Hawa Singh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title='Boxing in her blood': Hawa Singh's granddaughter Nupur continues family legacy with gold at World Boxing Cup |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/nupur-singh-sheoran-hawa-singh-granddaughter-boxing-legacy-gold-10116444/ |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Medal of honour: Boxer Nupur building on family's rich legacy | date=10 September 2025 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2025/Sep/10/medal-of-honour-boxer-nupur-building-on-familys-rich-legacy }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheoran, Nupur}}
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women boxers]]
[[Category:Heavyweight boxers]]
[[Category:World Boxing Championships medalists]]

St. Mary's Forane Church, Athirampuzha

2026-01-13T04:16:05Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Created pg...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox church
| name = St. Mary's Forane Church, Athirampuzha
| image = St Marys Forane Church Athirampuzha 2013 Jan.JPG
| caption = Athirampuzha main church in 2013
| location = [[Athirampuzha]] in [[Kottayam district]], [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| pushpin map = India Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|9.658166|N|76.535182|E|display=inline,title}}
| denomination = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]]
| tradition =
| website =
| architectural type = {{ubl|Main church: American architectural style|Small church: [[Gothic architecture]]}}
| style =
| parish =
| membership =
| dedication = {{ubl|Main church: [[Saint Mary]]|Small church:[[Saint Sebastian]]}}
| archdiocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanassery|Changanassery]]
| founded date = {{Start date and age|835|08|15}}
| diocese =
| district = Kottayam
| archbishop =
| vicar =
| asstpriest =
}}
'''St. Mary's Syro Malabar Forane Church, Athirampuzha''' is a Catholic church located in [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Located in a small village named [[Athirampuzha]] near [[Ettumanur]], the church is also known as '''Athirampuzha church'''. Blessed on August 15, 835 AD, it is one of the oldest church and Christian pilgrim centre in Kottayam district.

==History==
The Athirampuzha Church was established as a chapel of the [[Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Church, Kuravilangad]], which was established in 337 AD. In the days when there were no transportation facilities, the people of Athirampuzha-Madappad region had to travel about fifteen kilometers to reach the Kuravilangad Church for their spiritual needs.<ref name="Census">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Census_of_India_1961/YvscAQAAMAAJ?hl=en |title=Census of India, 1961 |volume=7 |date= |publisher=Manager of Publications, India (Republic) Office of the Registrar General, Government of India |year=1966 |pages=218 |chapter=FAIRS AND FESTIVALS OF KOTTAYAM DISTRICT |language=en}}</ref> It was in this context that the church was established in Athirampuzha.

There is a popular legend about the establishment of the church. The eldest Namboothiri of Ettanasseri Illam, a [[Namboothiri]] family in Athirampuzha, was not blessed with children even after a long time of marriage. All the previous prayers were not fruitful. On the advice of Peruorthazhe Mappila, a devotee of Namboothiri's family, the people from the family prayed to the Holy Virgin Mary.<ref name="nativeplanet">{{cite web |title=ആയിരത്തിഒരുന്നൂറ് വര്‍ഷത്തെ ചരിത്രം പറയുന്ന അതിരമ്പുഴപ്പള്ളി |url=https://malayalam.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/st-mary-s-forane-church-athirampuzha-the-renowned-pilgrim-001941.html |website=malayalam.nativeplanet.com |language=ml-in |access-date=26 July 2025 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721094012/https://malayalam.nativeplanet.com/travel-guide/st-mary-s-forane-church-athirampuzha-the-renowned-pilgrim-001941.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> The collective prayer was fruitful. His wife gave birth to a son. As per the promise made to Peruorthazhe Mappila, the first church was built in the name of the Holy Virgin Mary on the land donated by the family of Namboothiri as a token of gratitude for the success of their prayer.<ref name="Kerala Tourism">{{cite web |title=St. Mary's Forane Church at Athirampuzha, Kottayam |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/st-marys-forane-church-kottayam/478/ |website=www.keralatourism.org |publisher=[[Department of Tourism (Kerala)|Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala]] |language=en}}</ref>

The Church was blessed on 15 August 835 AD.<ref name="Utsav">{{Cite web |title=Athirampuzha Perunnal |url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/athirampuzha-perunnal-1 |publisher=Ministry of Tourism, Government of India}}</ref> On 1 January 1929, St. Mary's Church in Athirampuzha was elevated to the status of Ferona Church on the instructions of Mar James Kalassery, Bishop of the Diocese of Changanassery.<ref name="News18">{{cite news |title=അമേരിക്കൻ ശില്പകലാ മാതൃകയിൽ നിർമ്മിച്ച സെന്റ് മേരിസ് ഫെറോനാ പള്ളി ; ഏഷ്യയിലെ ആദ്യ "റോസറി ഗാർഡൻ" ഇവിടെയാണ്‌ |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/kottayam-church-built-style-american-architecture-world-famous-pilgrimage-center-located-kottayam-district-local18-639002.html |work=malayalam.news18.com |date=22 November 2023 |language=ml}}</ref>

Leonard D'Cruz, a [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] sailor, brought a statue of [[Saint Sebastian]] here in 1687.<ref name="Kerala Tourism"/> The crucifix in this church is unique as it shows St. Sebastian without any wound.<ref name="Kerala Tourism"/> This is one of the three statues of Saint Sebastian brought to Kerala, the other two being at [[St. Andrew's Basilica, Arthunkal]] and [[Marth Mariam Syro-Malabar Church, Kuravilangad|Kuravilangad church]].<ref name="Census" /> The smallest of the three statues, it was brought here by local traders from Athirampuzha who traded with [[Kochi]].<ref name="Census" />

==Main Church==
[[File:St Marys Forane Church of Athirampuzha 3.JPG|thumb|Athirampuzha Church altar]]
The main church dedicated to St. Mary is built in the American architectural style.<ref name="News18"/> It is 180 feet long and 55 feet wide.<ref name="News18"/>

Along with sculpture adaptations of all [[Mysteries of the Rosary]], the "Rosary Garden" here also has a sculpture adaptation of [[Litany of the Blessed Virgin Mary]], making it Asia's first "Rosary Garden" with a sculpture adaptation of Litany.<ref name="News18"/>

The three bells in the 85-foot-tall bell tower here were brought from Germany in 1905.<ref name="Manorama 2">{{Cite web |title=കംപ്യൂട്ടർ പ്രോഗ്രാം റെഡി; അതിരമ്പുഴ പള്ളിയിൽ ഇനി കംപ്യൂട്ടർ മണിനാദം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kottayam/2024/07/06/athirampuzha-church-bells-work-on-electronically-with-help-of-computer.html |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=Manoramaonline |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}</ref> Historical records in the church indicate that the bells costed 2187 rupees, 26 chakram and 4 kashu that time.<ref name="Manorama 2" /> Each bell has been engraved with names; St Michael, St Sebastian and St Maria.<ref name="OM">{{Cite web |title=Century-old, German-made bells of Athirampuzha St Mary's forane church automated |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/12/st-marys-church-athirampuzha-cetury-old-bells-automated.html |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=OnManorama |language=en}}</ref> The main bell, the largest of the three, is 5 feet tall and weighs approximately 400 kilograms.<ref name="OM" /> From 2024 on, two of the church bells is rung by computer program with the help of electricity.<ref name="Manorama 2" /> The large bell has been exempted from electrification as it is a vow to be rung by hand.<ref name="Manorama 2" /> The bell is rung using a large rope. On the occasion of the church feast, the devotees will go up to the bell tower and ring the bell.<ref name="Manorama 2" /> In addition, during the feast the church bell will ring continuously from the time the procession descends until it. returns<ref name="Manorama 2" />

Another noted feature of the Athirampuzha Church is the elaborate altar, which features a carved image of the [[Mother Mary]]'s coronation and is decorated with gold.<ref name="nativeplanet"/> This altar remains unchanged even after renovation of the church.

==Small Church==
[[File:St Marys Forane Church of Athirampuzha 2.JPG|thumb|The granite cross at small church]]
It is said that when [[smallpox]] broke out in Athirampuzha and the surrounding areas and many people died, the entire people in the region prayed to Saint Sebastian on the instructions of the vicar to stop the epidemic and heal the sick, and the area was subsequently freed from that deadly disease.<ref name="nativeplanet"/> As a token of gratitude, a church was established in the name of St. Sebastian.<ref name="nativeplanet"/> It is now known as ''Cheriyapalli'' meaning small church.<ref name="nativeplanet"/> The small church is built in the [[Gothic architecture|Gothic architectural]] style.<ref name="nativeplanet" />

The 18th century granite cross, carved from a single stone, is the main attraction in the small church.<ref name="nativeplanet"/><ref name="OnManorama"/> Pouring oil into the lamp surrounding the granite cross is an important Friday ritual.<ref name="nativeplanet"/>

==Location==
The church is located at [[Athirampuzha]], about 10 km from [[Kottayam]] town.<ref name="Kerala Tourism"/> The nearest bus station is Ettumanoor [[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]] Bus Stand, about 2.7 km away, nearest railway station is [[Ettumanoor railway station]], about 2 km away, while the nearest major railway station is [[Kottayam railway station]], which is 11 km away and the nearest airport is [[Cochin International Airport]], which is 79 km away.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feast of St. Sebastian in St.Mary's Forane Church, Athirampuzha, Kottayam |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/event/feast-st-marys-church-athirampuzha/87/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.keralatourism.org |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala |language=en}}</ref>

==Feast==
[[File:St Marys Forane Church of Athirampuzha Festival 2013.JPG|thumb|Feast procession in 2013]]
Athirampuzha Church has two major festivals, feast of St Sebastian observed in January every year and the St Mary's feast day observed in September.<ref name="OnManorama">{{Cite web |title=Why you should visit Athirampuzha church now |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2018/06/30/athirampuzha-old-church-festival.html |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> The feast of Saint Sebastian has been celebrated from the year 1647.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feast of St. Sebastian in St.Mary's Forane Church, Athirampuzha, Kottayam |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/event/feast-st-marys-church-athirampuzha/87/ |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=www.keralatourism.org |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala |language=en}}</ref>

Although the Athirampuzha Church is dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, the main feast here is the feast of Saint Sebastian, which is celebrated every year in the month of January.<ref name="News18"/> During the feast of St Sebastian, the idol of the saint will be taken down from the altar in the large church, adorned with religious ornaments, and taken in a procession to the small church in the presence of a large crowd, before being enshrined in the center of the church.<ref name="Mathrubhumi 2">{{Cite web |date=20 January 2024 |title=അതിരമ്പുഴ തിരുനാൾ വിശുദ്ധ സെബസ്ത്യാനോസ് സഹദായുടെ തിരുസ്വരൂപം ചെറിയ പള്ളിയിൽ പ്രതിഷ്ഠിച്ചു |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/kottayam/news/kottayam-1.9257111 |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref> The image of the saint is brought out of the altar only twice a year, and this is one of them.<ref name="Mathrubhumi 2" /> After that, the gold ornaments stored in the cellar of the main church will be carried to the marhaba by four men, accompanied by music and drum performances.<ref name="Mathrubhumi 2" />

As part of the feast, a procession, which will start from the large church, will go around the small church and return to the large church.<ref name="Manoramaonline">{{cite news |title=അതിരമ്പുഴ പള്ളി തിരുനാൾ പ്രദക്ഷിണം ഇന്ന് (25) |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kottayam/2025/01/25/athirampuzha-st-marys-forane-church-festival.html |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}</ref> The images of more than twenty saints will be carried in the procession.<ref name="Manoramaonline" /> The images of the [[Infant Jesus]] will be at the forefront and the image of Saint Sebastian will be at the back.<ref name="Manoramaonline" /> However, the idol of Saint Sebastian, which is brought from the main church to the smaller church at the beginning of the feast, is not included in this.<ref>{{Cite web |title=അതിരമ്പുഴ പള്ളിയിൽ തിരുസ്വരൂപം ദർശിക്കാൻ ഭക്തിനിറവിൽ വിശ്വാസികൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kottayam/2022/01/22/kottayam-athirampuzha-church.html |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=Manoramaonline |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml}}</ref> People carrying traditional items such as different types of crosses made of gold, silver, bronze, and wood, flags, specially designed beaded ornate umbrellas, alavattom, venchamaram, etc., and musical ensemble including [[Chenda]] players will accompany the procession.<ref name="Manoramaonline" />

There are also fireworks at night to mark the church's feast day. The Athirampuzha feast fireworkswas is believed to be the biggest fireworks in Kerala after [[Thrissur Pooram]].<ref name="Manoramaonline"/>

On the occasion of the feast of Saint Sebastian in the church, the Indian railway may issue order allowing temporary stops for some important trains that do not stop at [[Ettumanur railway station|Ettumanoor railway station]], the nearest railway station to the church.<ref name="Times">{{Cite web |title=അതിരമ്പുഴ പള്ളി പെരുന്നാൾ: താത്കാലിക സ്റ്റോപ്പ് അനുവദിച്ച് റെയിൽവേ |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/kottayam/athirampuzha-church-perunnal-2024-additional-temporary-stoppage-at-ettumanoor-railway-station/articleshow/107080709.cms |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> This facility is being provided for the devotees who come to the church for the festival.<ref name="Times" />

A local holiday is sometimes declared to mark the Athirampuzha Church feast.<ref>{{Cite web |title=എംജി പ്രധാന ക്യാമ്പസിന് നാളെ അവധി |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/education/news_48/533621 |access-date=26 July 2025 |website=Deshabhimani |language=en}}</ref>

==Educational Institutions==
St. Aloysius Lower Primary School established in 1878, St. Mary's Girls High School established in 1929 and the St. Aloysius Higher Secondary School established in 1954 are the education institutions run by the St. Mary's Forane Church, Athirampuzha.<ref>{{cite web |title=Educational Institutions |url=https://www.athirampuzhachurch.org/educational-institutions/ |website=St. Mary's Forane Church Athirampuzha}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|St. Mary's Forane Church, Athirampuzha}}

[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic church buildings]]
[[Category:Churches in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Ancient churches of the Saint Thomas Christians (pre-1606)]]

Maharaja Suhel Dev Autonomous State Medical College, Bahraich

2026-01-05T18:22:06Z

WilhelminaBoswel: put up data

{{Infobox university
| name = Maharaja Suhel Dev Autonomous State Medical College
| other_name = GMC Bahraich
| image =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| type = [[Medical]] [[College]] and [[Hospital]]
| established = {{start date and age|2019}}
| principal = Dr. Sanjay Khattri
| address =
| city = [[Bahraich]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| postcode =
| coordinates = {{coord|27.5651|81.5896|type:edu_globe:earth_region:IN|display=ti}}
| campus_size = 10 acres
| colors =
| affiliations = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]]
| website = https://www.asmcbrh.edu.in/
}}

'''Maharaja Suhel Dev Autonomous State Medical College, Bahraich''', also known as '''Government Medical College, Bahraich''', is a full-fledged tertiary government Medical college and hospital. It is located at [[Bahraich]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The college imparts the degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). The yearly undergraduate student intake is 100. The college spread over campus area of 10 acres<ref>{{Cite web |title=मेडिकल कॉलेज की बुनियाद के पत्थर को पैसे का इंतजार |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/bahraich/the-foundation-stone-of-the-medical-college-awaiting-money |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

==Courses==
This medical college undertakes the education and training of 100 students in MBBS courses.

==Affiliated==
The college is affiliated with [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University]] and is recognized by the [[National Medical Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges, National Medical Commission|url=https://www.nmc.org.in/information-desk/for-students-to-study-in-india/list-of-college-teaching-mbbs/}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Colleges affiliated to Atal Bihari Vajpayee Medical University}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}

Bojhena Se Bojhena (TV series)

2026-01-05T10:22:25Z

WilhelminaBoswel: improved article

{{Short description|2013 Bengali television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = bojhenasebojhenaposter.jpg
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance (love)|Romance]] [[Comedy]]
| story = [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
| screenplay = Ashrunu Praneeta
| director = Soumik Chattapaddhay Srijit Roy Snehashish Jana Abira Majumdar<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/In-Pics-500th-episode-party-of-Bojhena-Shey-Bojhena/articleshow/47614930.cms |title=In Pics: 500th episode party of Bojhena Shey Bojhena |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Yash Dasgupta]]
* [[Madhumita Sarkar]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_episodes = 822
| executive_producer = Reshmi Roy ([[Star Jalsha]]) Lagna Ghosh ([[Star Jalsha]])
| producer = [[Shrikant Mohta]] Mahendra Soni
| editor = Sampreeti Amit
| location = [[Kolkata]] [[English Bazar|Malda]]
| cinematography = Tuban Dipankar
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| network = [[Star Jalsha]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2013|11|04|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2016|06|18|df=y}}
| related = ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''
}}

'''''Bojhena Se Bojhena''''' ({{translation|''They Don’t Understand''}}) is an Indian Bengali-language romantic television soap opera that premiered on 4 November 2013 on [[Star Jalsha]]. Produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], the series is an official remake of the Hindi television series ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]'', which aired on [[StarPlus]]. The show starred [[Yash Dasgupta]] and [[Madhumita Sarkar]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-06 |title=Actors Madhumita Sarkar and Yash Dasgupta recreate the ‘Bojhena Se Bojhena’ moment; see pic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actors-madhumita-sarkar-and-yash-dasgupta-recreate-the-bojhena-se-bojhena-moment-see-pic/articleshow/67847591.cms |access-date=2026-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The series concluded on 18 June 2016 after airing 822 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Bojhena Shey Bojhena shoots last episode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/team-bojhena-shey-bojhena-shoots-last-episode/articleshow/52401427.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 June 2016}}</ref>

Due to its sustained popularity, the series was re-telecast multiple times. During the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|COVID-19 lockdown]] in 2020, it was re-aired on [[Star Jalsha]] as part of nostalgia programming.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bojhena Se Bojhena and Sansaar Sukher Hoy Romonir Guney to be aired during lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/bojhena-se-bojhena-and-sansaar-sukher-hoy-romonir-guney-to-be-aired-during-lockdown/articleshow/74859268.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 March 2020}}</ref> The show returned for another rerun in July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yash Dasgupta–Madhumita Sarcar starrer Bojhena Se Bojhena set to entertain the audience again |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/yash-dasgupta-madhumita-sarcar-starrer-bojhena-se-bojhena-set-to-entertain-the-audience-again/articleshow/101298863.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-17 |title=‘Pakhi’ dress, three deaths, and a divorce |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/75500/%E2%80%98pakhi%E2%80%99-dress-three-deaths-and-a-divorce |access-date=2026-01-05 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Pakhi Ghosh Dastidar, a simple and traditional woman from Malda, crosses paths with Aranya Singha Roy, a wealthy and arrogant business magnate who has little faith in love or relationships. A misunderstanding between them leads to Pakhi’s public humiliation and divorce, forcing her family to relocate to Kolkata.

Pakhi later joins Aranya’s company, where conflicts gradually turn into emotional attachment. Several misunderstandings, conspiracies, and antagonists—including Krishnendu Sengupta—separate the couple repeatedly. Over time, Aranya and Pakhi confront deception, betrayal, and identity twists, including the introduction of Aranya’s lookalike Radhe.

After numerous obstacles, the truth is revealed, villains are punished, and the series concludes on a positive note with family reconciliations and marriages.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Yash Dasgupta]] as Aranya Singha Roy / Radhe
* [[Madhumita Sarkar]] as Pakhi Ghosh Dastidar Singha Roy / Khushi Pratap
* [[Koushik Roy]] / Manoj Ojha as Krishnendu Sengupta

=== Recurring ===
* Tania Kar as Piu Banik Singha Roy
* [[Abhishek Bose]] as Arko “Akki” Singha Roy
* [[Debaparna Chakraborty]] as Ananya “Anu” Singha Roy Sengupta
* [[John Bhattacharya]] as Hariharan “Harry” Singh
* Reshmi Sen as Sumitra Banik
* [[Anuradha Roy (actress)|Anuradha Roy]] as Ranibala Singha Roy
* [[Samrat Mukherjee]] as Raj Majumdar
* [[Dolon Roy]] as Mrs. Pratap

=== Special appearances ===
* [[Soham Chakraborty]]
* [[Koel Mallick]]
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]
* [[Mimi Chakraborty]]
* [[Srabanti Chatterjee]] and [[Sayantika Banerjee]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Srabanti-Sayantika-join-Pakhi-and-Aranya-at-the-sangeet/articleshow/38866212.cms |title=Srabanti, Sayantika join Pakhi and Aranya at the sangeet |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 July 2014}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Bojhena Se Bojhena'' received strong audience response and won multiple awards. The series won several honours at the ''Tele Samman Awards'' in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/tv/Bojhena-Shey-Bojhena-bag-8-awards/articleshow/40790658.cms |title=Bojhena Shey Bojhena bag awards |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=24 August 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt5777298}}
* ''Bojhena Se Bojhena'' on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]

2023 Bengaluru Open

2026-01-02T21:35:09Z

WilhelminaBoswel:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox tennis event|2023|Bengaluru Open|
| date= 20–26 February
| edition=7th
| surface=[[Hardcourt|Hard]]
| location=[[Bangalore]], India
| champs={{flagicon|AUS}} [[Max Purcell]]
| champd={{flagicon|KOR}} [[Chung Yun-seong]] / {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Hsu Yu-hsiou]]
| before_name=Bengaluru Open II
}}
The '''2023 [[Bengaluru Open]]''' was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the seventh edition of the tournament which was part of the [[2023 ATP Challenger Tour]]. It took place in [[Bangalore]], India from 20 to 26 February 2023.

==Singles main-draw entrants==
===Seeds===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! width="70"| Country
! width="185"| Player
! Rank1
! Seed
|-
|{{flag|TPE}}
|[[Tseng Chun-hsin]]
|132
|1
|-
|{{flag|AUS}}
|[[James Duckworth (tennis)|James Duckworth]]
|138
|2
|-
|{{flag|GBR}}
|[[Ryan Peniston]]
|147
|3
|-
|{{flag|AUT}}
|[[Sebastian Ofner]]
|155
|4
|-
|{{flag|ITA}}
|[[Luca Nardi]]
|158
|5
|-
|{{flag|ITA}}
|[[Francesco Maestrelli]]
|179
|6
|-
|{{flag|CZE}}
|[[Dalibor Svrčina]]
|187
|7
|-
|{{flag|BUL}}
|[[Dimitar Kuzmanov]]
|196
|8
|}
* 1 Rankings are as of 13 February 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.atptour.com/en/rankings/singles|title=Rankings | Singles | ATP Tour | Tennis|website=ATP Tour}}</ref>

===Other entrants===
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Leo Borg]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[S D Prajwal Dev]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sumit Nagal]]

The following player received entry into the singles main draw using a protected ranking:
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Marc Polmans]]

The following player received entry into the singles main draw as an alternate:
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Harold Mayot]]

The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prajnesh Gunneswaran]]
* {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Jason Jung]]
* {{flagicon|}} [[Alibek Kachmazov]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[James McCabe (tennis)|James McCabe]]
* {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nikola Milojević (tennis)|Nikola Milojević]]
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Giovanni Mpetshi Perricard]]

The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yasutaka Uchiyama]]

==Champions==
===Singles===
{{main|2023 Bengaluru Open – Singles}}
* {{flagicon|AUS}} '''[[Max Purcell]]''' def. {{flagicon|AUS}} [[James Duckworth (tennis)|James Duckworth]] 3–6, 7–5, 7–6(7–5).

===Doubles===
{{main|2023 Bengaluru Open – Doubles}}
* {{flagicon|KOR}} '''[[Chung Yun-seong]]''' / {{flagicon|TPE}} '''[[Hsu Yu-hsiou]]''' def. {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anirudh Chandrasekar]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]] 3–6, 7–6(9–7), [11–9].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2023 ATP Challenger Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengaluru Open, 2023}}
[[Category:2023 ATP Challenger Tour]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Open|2023]]
[[Category:February 2023 sports events in India]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian sport]]

Aruvi (soundtrack)

2025-12-09T01:55:02Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Started pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Aruvi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bindhumalini|Bindhumalini Narayanaswamy]] and [[Vedanth Bharadwaj]]
| cover = Aruvi (soundtrack).jpg
|border=yes
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2017|09|01|df=y}}
| recorded = 2014–2017
| venue =
| studio = Voice and Vision, [[Mumbai]] Krimson Avenue Studio, [[Chennai]]
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Original feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=26|s=01}}
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Bindhumalini|Bindhumalini Narayanaswamy]]|[[Vedanth Bharadwaj]]}}
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|w_SA25wMtb0|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Bindhumalini|Bindhumalini Narayanaswamy]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = Harikatha Prasanga
| prev_year = 2017
| title = Aruvi
| year = 2017
| next_title = [[Nathicharami]]
| next_year = 2018
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Vedanth Bharadwaj]]
| type = soundtrack
| prev_title = Suno Bhai
| prev_year = 2013
| title = Aruvi
| year = 2017
| next_title = His Father’s Voice
| next_year = 2019
}}
{{Singles
| name = Aruvi
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Anbin Kodi
| single1date = 21 June 2017
}}
}}

'''''Aruvi''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] to the 2017 film [[Aruvi|of the same name]] directed by [[Arun Prabu Purushothaman]] and produced by S. R. Prakash Babu and [[S. R. Prabhu]] under [[Dream Warrior Pictures]], starring [[Aditi Balan]], Anjali Vardhan, and [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]. The film score and soundtrack are composed and produced by independent musicians [[Bindhumalini|Bindhumalini Narayanaswamy]] and [[Vedanth Bharadwaj]] in their feature film debut, while lyrics were provided by [[Kutti Revathi]], Arun Prabu and [[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi]].

The music provided an unconventional approach in contrast to their Carnatic background. Each song emphasizes a variety of genres, despite being curated from a classical music approach. Both the composers had worked on the music during the pre-production and had turned for 33 compositions including the songs and score. The soundtrack was under production for three years, since 2014–2017, where it was parallelly recorded in [[Chennai]] and [[Mumbai]].

The album itself consisted of six songs, instead of the planned 33 tunes. One of the songs "Party Song (Anbin Kodi)" was released as a [[Single (music)|single]] on 21 June 2017, coinciding [[Fête de la Musique|World Music Day]]. The soundtrack was then released by the production company itself on 1 September 2017. It was acclaimed by critics for its unconventional and experimental approach as well as being a key element in the narrative.

== Background ==
''Aruvi''<nowiki/>'s soundtrack and score is curated and produced by the independent musicians [[Bindhumalini|Bindhumalini Narayanaswamy]] and [[Vedanth Bharadwaj]], which marked their maiden composition for a feature film.<ref name=":12">{{cite web |last=Naagarajan |first=S |date=2017-12-13 |title=Stories like Aruvi never go out of fashion: Director Arun Prabhu Purushothaman |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/dec/13/stories-like-aruvi-never-go-out-of-fashion-director-arun-prabhu-purushothaman-1725617.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723235719/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/dec/13/stories-like-aruvi-never-go-out-of-fashion-director-arun-prabhu-purushothaman-1725617.html |archive-date=23 July 2021 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Since the film was musically heavy and needed a soulful sound, Arun Prabu had listened to several compositions, until he listened to the duo's studio album ''Suno Bhai'' (2013) which Prabu was impressed with.<ref name=":12" /> During the music discussions, Bindhumalini admitted that music had been considered a strong element in the film and written the script while compiling a selection of songs in his playlist, adding that "[Prabu] was clear that for certain sequences, he wanted the scratch of the music before the shooting schedules, so that he can pace his shots according to that."<ref name=":4">{{cite news |last1=CR |first1=Sharanya |date=9 December 2017 |title=We did not make 'Aruvi' sound offbeat deliberately: Vedanth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/we-did-not-make-it-sound-offbeat-deliberately-vedanth/articleshow/61981282.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901100429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/we-did-not-make-it-sound-offbeat-deliberately-vedanth/articleshow/61981282.cms |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> As a result, both composers had to develop the tunes that aligned with Prabu's ideas. Bindhumalini added that some of the compositions were challenging and took them several attempts to get it right.<ref name=":4" />

{{Quote box
| quote = "When we met Arun for the brief, we were really impressed with the homework he had done on us even before approaching us. He had told us that the music is an integral part of the movie. In the places where he knew what he was looking for, his clarity helped us compose quickly and in places where he was unsure, he was honest about it and this helped us as there was no beating around the bush. For those parts we brainstormed to discover what we want. We also liked the synopsis of the story a lot. The best part was our music was not just an add on to the movie."
| source = — Bindhumalini on composing music for ''Aruvi''<ref name=":4" />
| align = right
| width = 25%
}}

Bindhumalini and Vedanth extensively researched about the film's musical landscape, with the classifications for moods, ideas, inspirations, detailed descriptions and even the duration of the tracks, and eventually planned for 33 original compositions, including the film's songs and score.<ref name=":4" /> Unlike their usual way of composing the tune to the lyrics, they developed the melody and structure of the songs and the lyrics were written afterwards. Prabu would explain each sequence in depth that helped them to compose the tunes. Both of them employed a minimalistic approach for curating the soundscape, while having a rawness that was consistent in the sounds and tunes.<ref name=":4" /> Prabu also wrote lyrics for two songs while majority of them were written by [[Kutti Revathi]].<ref name=":0" />

== Development and production ==
The entire soundscape of the film was offbeat and conventional, which in contrast to both of their calibre as they belonged to [[Carnatic music]] background.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Venkataraman |first=Deepa |date=2017-12-22 |title=The sound of 'Aruvi': Meet the composers behind the film that's got everyone raving |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sound-aruvi-meet-composers-behind-film-thats-got-everyone-raving-73563 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901094949/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sound-aruvi-meet-composers-behind-film-thats-got-everyone-raving-73563 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> The album accompanied various genres ranging from [[jazz]], [[Acappella (group)|a cappella]], [[Rock music|rock]], [[Country music|country]], Carnatic and [[Folk music|folk]], not restricting their ideas and the flow of the music to specific genre and allowing it to take its own course.<ref name=":4" />

With multiple discussions on the kind of music that they composed with Arun, one of them was noted on opening with a Carnatic track when the script needed it showing her in a dance class.<ref name=":0" /> They produced and re-arranged the song "Asaindhadum Mayil", a composition of the classical song by [[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi]], in the [[Simhendramadhyamam]] raga and then transmogrifies into jazz, that sticks to [[Hemavati (raga)|Hemavati]] raga.<ref name=":4" /> The use of Simhendramadhyamam allowed them to move into a hardcore European folk feel, as it allowed them to naturally flow to the experimental improvisation, which demanded both classical and street music flavour. They improvised the melodies and rhythms with vocals before the song shifts to Hemavati.<ref name=":0" /> The song "Merku Karaiyil" is based on the [[Pilu (raga)|Mishra Pilu]] raga, while "Kukkotti Kunaatti" emphasizes western classical harmonies that shifts from [[Major scale|major]] to [[minor scale]].<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" />

At certain instances, they distanced out of music while incorporating sounds, with a key music piece being a recurring pattern in the second half was layered with multiple sounds, such as using simple mic box, rubbing textured papers and the creaking sounds of the studio door being opened and closed;<ref name=":0" /> they also played certain instruments such as flute, [[erhu]] and [[ocarina]], keeping it raw and used off key notes, in a non-musical way. This eventually helped in building tension for the particular scenes.<ref name=":0" />

== Composition and recording ==
Bindhumalini and Vedanth started working on the film's music in 2014, and completed within 2017, taking three years for the entire music process.<ref name=":0" /> As both of them were working in different cities—Bindhumalini in [[Bengaluru]] and Vedanth in [[Mumbai]]—the former would record a tune on her phone and sent to the latter, and vice versa. Both of them communicated virtually while working on the music, while the final recording happened in [[Chennai]] with the presence of both composers and the musicians.<ref name=":0" />

The score was recorded at the Voice and Vision Studios in Mumbai and the Krimson Avenue Studios in Chennai, with the featuring veteran musicians—accordionist Federick Rosario, cellist Sekar, violinists Kalyan, trumpeter Babu, sarangi player Manonmani—and younger musicians—bass guitarist Naveen Napier, percussionist Krishna Kishor and violinist Niranjan—whom, according to Vedanth, "brought in their own fresh approaches and improvised with our compositions".<ref name=":0" /> The orchestral portions were performed by Chennai Strings Orchestra with conductor Yensone Bhagyanathan.<ref name=":0" /> Both composers, liked the originality and suggestions provided by other musicians, while also working with veteran musicians provided them a learning experience.<ref name=":0" />

== Release ==
On the occasion of [[World Music Day]] (21 June 2017), the track "Anbin Kodi", deciphered as the "Party Song", was released as a [[Single (music)|single]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-21 |title=Anbin Kodi – From Aruvi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/1OY0pGhG0Tr03t9A6FZzjk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215172508/https://open.spotify.com/album/1OY0pGhG0Tr03t9A6FZzjk |archive-date=2025-02-15 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref> The album consists of six tracks, was released on 1 September 2017; deciding not to collaborate with music labels, the album was released by the production company itself, while [[Divo (record label)|Divo]] served as the digital partner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-01 |title=Aruvi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/aruvi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1553026279 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215172313/https://music.apple.com/in/album/aruvi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1553026279 |archive-date=2025-02-15 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Karthik Srinivasan]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote "Bindhumalini and Vedanth Bharadwaj, given their decidedly offbeat musical inclination, add a beautiful hue to Aruvi’s soundtrack that is completely unique and highly original."<ref>{{cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=1 September 2017 |title=Aruvi (Music review), Tamil – Bindhumalini and Vedanth Bharadwaj |url=https://milliblog.com/2017/11/10/aruvi-music-review-tamil-bindhumalini-and-vedanth-bharadwaj/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901093429/https://milliblog.com/2017/11/10/aruvi-music-review-tamil-bindhumalini-and-vedanth-bharadwaj/ |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref> According to [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion South]]'', he reviewed: "Bindhu Malini and Vedanth Bharadwaj deliver an experimental soundtrack that works beautifully as a concept album (think Picasso meets early Pink Floyd) — it's certainly ''art'', a free-flowing mix of a cappella choruses and ocarinas and didgeridoos. But the ''newness'' of the music, the very thing that would make it stand out as an album, is distracting on screen."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=2018-01-16 |title=Aruvi Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/aruvi-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005113903/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/aruvi-movie-review |archive-date=2024-10-05 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=[[Film Companion South]] |language=en}}</ref> Vikram Venkateswaran of ''[[The Quint]]'' also praised the unconventional nature of the music and score, with the songs not following a specific style.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkateswaran |first=Vikram |date=2017-12-16 |title=Aruvi Review: Visual Poetry, A Kick in the Nuts, Beyond Judgement |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/aruvi-review-arun-prabhu-aditi-vedanth-shilpa-shankar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901093425/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/celebrities/aruvi-review-arun-prabhu-aditi-vedanth-shilpa-shankar |archive-date=2021-09-01 |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=[[The Quint]] |language=en}}</ref>

Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' called it as an "excellent score by Bindu Malini and Vedanth Bhardwaj."<ref>{{cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=2017-12-15 |title=Aruvi movie review: Aditi Balan's film is high on emotions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/aruvi-movie-review-entertaining-yet-gut-wrenchingly-emotional/story-tkgYOeCcquUNsMHf2NB4TN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901093423/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/aruvi-movie-review-entertaining-yet-gut-wrenchingly-emotional/story-tkgYOeCcquUNsMHf2NB4TN.html |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> Ashameera Aiyappan of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote "Bindhu Malini and Vedanth Bharadwaj's music acts as another narrator for Aruvi. Each song signifies the end or beginning of a chapter in her life, seamlessly interspersing through the narrative."<ref>{{cite web |last=Aiyappan |first=Ashameera |date=2017-12-14 |title=Aruvi movie review: This Aditi Balan film is a must watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/aruvi-movie-review-aditi-balan-star-rating-4981924/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901093423/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/aruvi-movie-review-aditi-balan-star-rating-4981924/ |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Sreedhar Pillai of ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "The musical score by Bindu Malini and Vedanth Bhardwaj heightens the mood and is in perfect sync with the narration."<ref>{{cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2017-12-15 |title=Aruvi movie review: Aditi Balan is pitch-perfect in this gutsy film that's Kollywood's best in 2017 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aruvi-movie-review-aditi-balan-is-pitch-perfect-in-this-gutsy-film-thats-kollywoods-best-in-2017-4260339.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901093424/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aruvi-movie-review-aditi-balan-is-pitch-perfect-in-this-gutsy-film-thats-kollywoods-best-in-2017-4260339.html |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' called the music "fabulous".<ref>{{cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2017-12-15 |title=Aruvi movie review: An absolute must watch! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/151217/aruvi-movie-review-an-absolute-must-watch.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217065708/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/151217/aruvi-movie-review-an-absolute-must-watch.html |archive-date=17 December 2017 |access-date=2021-09-01 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Baby Track (Kukkotti Kunaatti)
| extra1 = [[Vedanth Bharadwaj]], Praniti, [[Bindhu Malini|Bindhumalini Narayanaswamy]]
| length1 = 4:44
| lyrics1 = [[Kutti Revathi]]
| title2 = Teen Track (Asaindhadum Mayil)
| extra2 = Bindhumalini Narayanaswamy
| length2 = 3:00
| lyrics2 = [[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi]]
| title3 = Liberty Song (Cement Kaadu)
| extra3 = Bindhumalini Narayanaswamy
| length3 = 4:15
| lyrics3 = Kutti Revathi, [[Arun Prabu Purushothaman]]
| title4 = Party Song (Uchcham Thodum Anbin Kodi)
| extra4 = Vasu Dixit, Bindhumalini Narayanaswamy
| length4 = 3:50
| lyrics4 = Kutti Revathi
| title5 = Hope (Merku Karaiyil)
| extra5 = Vedanth Bharadwaj, Bindhumalini Narayanaswamy
| length5 = 5:00
| lyrics5 = Arun Prabu Purushothaman
| title6 = Aruvi Theme (Moods Of Aruvi)
| extra6 = Bindhumalini Narayanaswamy
| length6 = 5:12
| note6 =
| total_length = 26:01
| lyrics6 = [[Instrumental]]
}}

== Album credits ==
Credits adapted from [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]:<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_SA25wMtb0 |title=Aruvi - Official Jukebox {{!}} Arun Prabu {{!}} Bindhu Malini, Vedanth {{!}} Dream Warrior Pictures |date=2017-09-01 |last= |publisher=[[Dream Warrior Pictures]] |access-date=2025-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124002838/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_SA25wMtb0 |archive-date=2017-11-24 |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* [[Bindhumalini|Bindhumalini Narayanaswamy]] – singer (all tracks), composer (all tracks), producer (all tracks), musical arrangements (all tracks), programming (all tracks)
* [[Vedanth Bharadwaj]] – singer (tracks: 1, 5), composer (all tracks), producer (all tracks), musical arrangements (all tracks), programming (all tracks), ukulele (track: 1), rhythm guitar (track: 3), lead guitar (track: 3), acoustic guitar (tracks: 4, 6), banjo (track: 4, 5)
* V. R. Sekar – cello (track: 1, 6)
* Sasi – violin (track: 1)
* M. Kalyan – violin (track: 1)
* Niranjan – violin (track: 3)
* Chandran – viola (track: 1), violin (track: 6)
* Hemanth – viola (track: 1), violin (track: 6)
* Chennai Strings Orchestra – strings (track: 1, 6)
* Yensone Bhagyanathan – string conductor (track: 1, 6)
* Balu – trumpet (track: 2, 3)
* Fedrick Rosario – accordion (track: 2, 4)
* Naveen Napier – bass guitar (tracks: 2, 3)
* Krishna Kishore – percussion (track: 2, 4)
* Joraj Stanley George – drums (track: 3, 4)
* Manonmani – sarangi (track: 5)
* Navneet Balachandran – recording engineer (Voice and Vision Studios, [[Mumbai]]) [all tracks], mixing engineer (all tracks), mastering (all tracks)
* Prashant Techno – recording engineer (Voice and Vision Studios, Mumbai) [all tracks], mixing engineer (all tracks), mastering (all tracks)
* Avinash Satish – recording engineer (Krimson Avenue Studios, [[Chennai]]) [all tracks], mixing engineer (all tracks), mastering (all tracks)
* Sindhu Ramji – recording engineer (Voice and Vision Studios, Mumbai) [all tracks], mixing engineer (all tracks), mastering (all tracks)
* K. S. Maniratnam – recording engineer (Krimson Avenue Studios, Chennai) [all tracks], mixing engineer (all tracks), mastering (all tracks)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2017 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2010s debut albums]]

Lodhwari

2025-12-07T11:21:28Z

WilhelminaBoswel:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lodhwari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Lodhwāri
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Rahi block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Lodhwari (#522) in Rahi CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.158214|N|81.326221|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Search for "Lodhwari" here |title=Geographic Names Search WebApp }}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.176
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 10592
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-33
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lodhwari''' is a village in [[Rahi, Raebareli|Rahi]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=219–43 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> It is located 12 km from [[Rae Bareli]], the district headquarters,<ref name="Census 1981"/> on the left bank of the [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sai river]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |page=192 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35020 |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> The road to [[Parshadepur]] runs through the northeastern part of the village lands.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> As of 2011, Lodhwari has a population of 10,592 people, in 2,019 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/>

==History==
At the turn of the 20th century, Lodhwari was described as a large and dispersed village consisting of 32 hamlets.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> Its population as of 1901 was 3,218, a majority of whom were [[Ahir]]s.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> There was a small bazar, which held markets twice per week, and an aided indigenous school.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/> It had previously formed part of the estate belonging to [[Beni Madho Bakhsh]], but it was confiscated after the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and was held at the time by a [[Sikh]] Sardar.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Lodhwari as comprising 29 hamlets, with a total population of 3,646 people (1,980 male and 1,666 female), in 803 households and 792 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xlvi-xlvii of section "Rae Bareli Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 3,861 [[acre]]s and it had a medical practitioner and a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Lodhwari (as "Lodhawari") as having a population of 5,555 people, in 180 households, and having an area of 1,387.72 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=94–5 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=12 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

Unguturu, Eluru district

2025-12-06T03:09:55Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Created new place...

{{About|the village in Eluru district|the village in Krishna district|Unguturu, Krishna district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Unguturu
| other_name = Vungutur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline = File:Unguturu railway station board.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Unguturu railway station signboard
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.8230|N|81.4238|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Unguturu
| government_type = Panchayat
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Guntur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=22 September 2015|page=22,254|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 44.05
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14280
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 534411
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Unguturu''' is a village in [[Eluru district]] of the [[Indian state]] of Andhra Pradesh. It is in [[Unguturu mandal, Eluru district]].<ref name="census" /><ref>{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Andhra Pradesh |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=19 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208134347/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf|archive-date=8 February 2015|page=15|format=PDF}}</ref> [[Vasuki Sunkavalli]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Vasuki Sunkavalli is Miss Universe India 2011 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/176844/vasuki-sunkavalli-miss-universe-india.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=16 July 2011 |language=en}}</ref> from the village was elected Miss India Universe in 2011. It is 12 km from the nearest town, Tadepalligudem.

==Census==
As per the 2011 census of India, the village is spread over 4405 hectares with 3912 houses and a population of 14280. The number of males in the village is 7143 and the number of females is 7137. The number of Scheduled Castes is 3349 and the number of Scheduled Tribes is 130.{{cn|date=April 2025}}
==Economy==

'''Agriculture'''

Agriculture is one of the main occupation with [[paddy field|paddy]] being the main crop.<ref name=irrigation>{{cite web|title=Ground Water Brochure, West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh (AAP- 2012-13)|url=http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/AP/West%20Godavari.pdf|website=Central Ground Water Board|publisher=Ministry of Water Resources|access-date=10 February 2016|page=7|format=PDF}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Eluru district]]

Rajiv–Longowal Accord

2025-11-25T07:12:59Z

WilhelminaBoswel: small adjusted formatting also and corrected details

{{Short description|1985 Indian political accord on Sikh issues}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}

The '''Rajiv–Longowal Accord''' was an agreement signed by [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and the [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali]] leader, [[Harchand Singh Longowal]], on 24 July 1985. The government accepted the demands of Shiromani Akali Dal, which, in turn, agreed to end its agitation.

The accord attracted opposition from several orthodox Sikh leaders of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], as well as from the politicians of [[Haryana]]. Some of its promises could not be fulfilled because of the disagreements. In August 1985, [[Harchand Singh Longowal#Death|Longowal was assassinated]] by the Sikh militants opposed to the accord.<ref name="LA_accord">{{cite news |title=Sikh Leader in Punjab Accord Assassinated |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1985-08-21-mn-1021-story.html |access-date=14 June 2018 |agency=Times Wire Services |newspaper=LA Times |date=21 August 1985}}</ref>

==Provisions==
The following were the provisions of the accord:<ref name="JCSP1992">{{cite book | author1=J. C. Aggarwal | author2=S. P. Agrawal | title=Modern History of Punjab | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-CN0Q4g-dwC&pg=PA108 | accessdate=19 October 2012 | year=1992 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | isbn=978-81-7022-431-0 }}</ref>{{rp|108}}

{| class="wikitable"
! S. No.
! Provision
! Status
|-
| 1
| '''Compensation''' to the families of the innocent persons killed in agitation or any action after 1 August 1982. Plus, compensation for property damaged.
| Compensation was given to a number of victims and their families. As of 2005, the highest compensation paid to a victim's family was Rs. 3.5 lakhs, in 1996 in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/21/stories/2005102111171400.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070305220712/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/21/stories/2005102111171400.htm | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-03-05 | title = Higher compensation likely for 1984 anti-Sikh riot victims | author = Vinay Kumar | date = 2005-10-21 | work = [[The Hindu]] | accessdate = 2012-10-19 }}</ref> There were a few cases in which the victims complained that they were denied compensation or were not paid the full amounts.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-19/lucknow/28103871_1_sikh-riot-victims-compensation-petitions | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120517111249/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-19/lucknow/28103871_1_sikh-riot-victims-compensation-petitions | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2012-05-17 | title = Show details of compensation to 1984 Sikh riot victims: HC | date = 2009-12-19 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | accessdate = 2012-10-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/compensation-denied-1984-sikh-riots-victim-turns-to-court-101785-2012-05-09 | title = Compensation denied, 1984 Sikh riots victim turns to court | author = Vikas Kahol | newspaper = Mail Today | date = 2012-05-10 | access-date = 2012-10-19 }}</ref>
|-
| 2
| '''Army recruitment''': Merit will remain the sole criteria for selection in the Indian Army. All the citizens have the right to enroll in the Army.

(''Earlier, on 14 March 1974, the defence minister [[Jagjivan Ram]] had announced that the recruitment from Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh would be reduced as they were heavily and disproportionately represented in the Army.''<ref name="JCSP1992"/>{{rp|127}})
| The Defence Ministry clarified that [[Sikh Regiment]] and the [[Sikh Light Infantry]] regiments are entirely reserved for the Sikhs. The Sikhs have approximately 50% reservation in the [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab Regiment]], besides a sizable representation in other units.<ref name="JCSP1992"/>{{rp|127}}
|-
| 3
| '''Enquiry into the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|1984 killings]]''': Jurisdiction of Rangnath Mishra Commission enquiring into the 1984 Delhi riots will be extended to Bokaro and Kanpur.
| In February 1987, the Mishra Commission absolved Congress (I) of responsibility for the [[1984 anti-Sikh riots|riots]], placing the guilt on Delhi police.
|-
| 4
| '''Rehabilitation''': Those discharged from the Army for desertion will be rehabilitated and provided employment.
| Arjun Singh, the Governor of Punjab stated that 280 discharged armymen will be rehabilitated. The Sikh leader [[Parkash Singh Badal]] claimed that 12,000 armymen had been discharged, and must be rehabilitated.<ref name="JCSP1992"/>{{rp|122}} By August 1985, 2,606 deserters had been identified, out of which 900 had been rehabilitated.
|-
| 5
| '''[[Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925|All-India Gurdwara Act]]''' for structured governance of the Sikh shrines in India
| Not enacted. In December 1999, the Draft Bill on [[Sikh Gurdwaras Act, 1925|All India Sikh Gurdwara Act]] (AISGA) was introduced in the parliament. But it was severely criticized by the Sikh leaders especially on the clause which stated that the head priests of Akal Takht and four other superior Takhts will be appointed by a Central board.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19991214/ina14014.html | title = Sikh leaders, scholars oppose provisions of Gurdwara Act | newspaper = Indian Express | date = 1999-12-14 | accessdate = 2012-10-19 }}</ref>
|-
| 6
| '''Disposal of pending cases''': Notifications applying AFSPA in Punjab will be withdrawn, and the special courts will try only the cases relating to following offences: (1) Waging War (2) Hijacking. All other cases will be transferred to the ordinary courts.
| Limited releases were made
|-
| 7
| '''Territorial claims''': [[Chandigarh]] will be given to Punjab, overruling the Shah Commission's suggestion that it should be given to Haryana. In lieu of Chandigarh, the Hindi-speaking villages of Punjab will be given to [[Haryana]]. A Commission will constituted to determine which areas will go to Haryana. The Commission will present its findings on 31 December 1985, and these findings will be binding on both the sides. The actual transfer of Chandigarh and other villages will take place on 26 January 1986. Another commission will be appointed to study the other boundary disputes between the two states.
| A Commission headed by E.S. Venkataramiah was appointed on 3 April 1986 to determine which Hindi-speaking areas of Punjab will be given to Haryana. The Commission submitted its report on 7 June, and recommended the transfer of 70,000 acres of land from Punjab to Haryana.<ref name="JCSP1992"/>{{rp|126}} However, the actual transfer never took place due to disagreements. Three commissions (Matthew, Venkatarmiah and Desai) failed to provide an agreement. In July 1986, the Union government suspended the transfer for an indefinite period.
|-
| 8
| '''Centre-State relations''': The part of the [[Anandpur Sahib Resolution]] dealing with the Centre-State relations will be referred to the Sarkaria commission.
| Sarkaria Commission Report (October 1987) rejects the Anandpur Sahib Resolution approach to Center-State relations
|-
| 9
| '''Sharing of the river waters''': Punjab, Haryana and other states will continue to get their existing share of water (or more) from the Ravi-Beas system. A tribunal headed by a Supreme Court judge will verify the river water claims of Punjab and Haryana; its findings will be binding on both the states. The construction of the [[Sutlej Yamuna link canal]] will continue, and will be completed by 15 August 1986.
| On 30 January 1987, the [[V. Balakrishna Eradi|Eradi]] Tribunal decide the shares as follows:<ref name="Santosh1999">{{cite book | author=Santosh Kumar Garg | title=International and Interstate River Water Disputes | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrcqGF3agsEC&pg=PA57 | accessdate=19 October 2012 | year=1999 | publisher=Laxmi Publications | isbn=978-81-7008-068-8 | page=57}}</ref>
* Punjab - {{convert|5.00|e6acre-ft|e9m3|lk=on|sigfig=2|abbr=off}}, while 1985 usage was {{convert|3.106|e6acre-ft|e9m3|sigfig=2|abbr=unit}}
* Haryana - {{convert|3.83|e6acre-ft|e9m3|sigfig=2|abbr=unit}}, while 1985 usage was {{convert|1.620|e6acre-ft|e9m3|sigfig=2|abbr=unit}}
It also stated that the above allocated shares may be increased or decreased in case of fluctuations in the river water availability.
|-
| 10
| '''Representation of minorities''': The Prime Minister will re-instruct the Chief Ministers of the various states to protect the interests of the minorities.
| Circular sent to all the Chief Ministers.
|-
| 11
| '''Promotion of Punjabi''': The Central Government may take steps to promote the Punjabi language.
| [[Punjabi language]] was granted the secondary official status in Delhi and Haryana. Punjabi Academy (Delhi) is engaged in promotion of the language.
|}

==Opposition==
===Punjab===
On 26 July, Longowal announced that the accord had been unanimously approved by a congregation of former MPs, MLAs, ministers and jathedars. However, [[Gurcharan Singh Tohra]] (SGPC President) and [[Prakash Singh Badal]] opposed every clause of the accord.<ref name="JCSP1992"/>{{rp|122}} Even after a meeting between Longowal, Tohra, Badal and [[Surjit Singh Barnala]], the differences persisted. On 25 July, a group of Akali Dal leaders rejected the accord and called it a "sell-out". Joginder Singh, the father of Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale, presided over an Akali Dali meeting in which he described Longowal, Barnala and Balwant Singh as traitors to the Sikh ''panth''. The resolution passed at the meeting stated that those leaders did not represent the Sikh masses and accused Longowal of diluting the Anandpur Sahib Resolution.<ref name="JCSP1992"/>{{rp|123}}

===Haryana===
The Haryana Chief Minister, [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]], the [[Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee|HPCC (I)]] President Sultan Singh approved of the accord. However, the five opposition parties in Haryana - Lok Dal, BJP, Janata Party, Congress (S) and Congress (J) - declared that they would observe Haryana bandh on 31 July to protest the accord. After a rally in Rohtak, 29 members of the Haryana State Assembly resigned on 9 August. The protesters objected to the following:<ref name="JCSP1992"/>{{rp|124}}

* Consideration being given to the Anandpur Sahib Resolution, which the protestors believed to be the root cause of the trouble in Punjab
* Soft treatment being meted out to those who had deserted the Army
* "Absolutely vague" settlement regarding the territories that would be transferred to Haryana in lieu of Chandigarh
* Imposition of a ceiling on the use of the Ravi-Beas waters as per the current use: the protesters pointed out that Punjab was using more water than its allocated share, but Haryana was using less water than its share
* Uncertainty regarding who will control the [[headworks]]

==See also==
*[[Indira–Sheikh Accord]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sikhtimes.com/doc_072485a.html Rajiv-Longowal Memorandum of Settlement (Accord), 24 July 1985]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajiv-Longowal Accord}}
[[Category:1980s in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:1985 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Internal treaties of India]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

2017 Tamil Nadu farmers' protest

2025-11-24T03:41:28Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Started new info

{{short description|Protest by Tamil Nadu farmers in Delhi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox civil conflict
| place = [[Jantar Mantar]], [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| causes = Draught, Crop failures, Suicides of farmers
| goals = Loan waiver from the central government
| methods = *[[Dharna]]
* [[Demonstration (political)|Demonstration]]
| status = Ended
| injuries = 141 hospitalized (protester's claims)
| date = 14 March 2017 – 26 October 2017
| partof =
| image = Farmer protesting with a rat in his mouth.jpg
| caption = A farmer with a mouse in his mouth
}}The '''2017 Tamil Nadu farmers' protest''' was a protest against the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]-led central government by farmers from [[Tamil Nadu]] demanding waiver of their farm loans among other demands due to crop failures. The protests started after the [[2016–2017 Drought in Tamil Nadu]], which was caused after the worst rainfall to the state after 140 years. This led to many farmers committing suicides and dying of heart attacks.

The protest was started by a group of farmers led by 72-year old farmer [[P. Ayyakannu]] on March 14, 2017 at the [[Jantar Mantar]] in [[Delhi]] and went on for months. The protesting farmers shaved half of their moustaches and heads, held snakes and mice in their mouths, performed mock funerals, [[flogged]] themselves, brought the skulls of other farmers who had committed suicide, drank their urine and even ate [[human feces]] as protest.

== Background and causes ==

=== Kaveri River water dispute ===
{{Main|Kaveri River water dispute#2016}}
Protests started in Tamil Nadu in August 2016 after Karnataka declined to release water from the Cauvery River into Tamil Nadu. This created distress among the farmers in the Delta districts.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-06|title=Cauvery water war: SC order sparks protests in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/cauvery-water-war-sc-order-sparks-protests-in-tamil-nadu-karnataka/story-nU2Y2p1DYO12nbOBj4vIlK.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

=== Drought ===
The [[2016–2017 Drought in Tamil Nadu]] created the worst agricultural crisis in the state, where more than 40 percent of people earn a living from agriculture. The crisis was caused by [[water scarcity|water shortage]] due to poor rainfall, reduced crop costs, and decreasing access to formal financial services.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2017-04-21|title=Why are farmers in India protesting with mice and human skulls?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39650496|access-date=2020-12-20}}</ref> The state government announced the entire state as drought hit.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Madhav|first=Pramod|date=|title=CM O Panneerselvam declares entire Tamil Nadu drought hit, announces various schemes|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/o-panneerselvam-tamil-nadu-drought-hit-schemes-water-cauvery-water-954220-2017-01-10|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030014431/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/o-panneerselvam-tamil-nadu-drought-hit-schemes-water-cauvery-water-954220-2017-01-10 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |access-date=2021-01-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

In the year 2016, [[Tamil Nadu]] faced the [[2016-17 Drought in Tamil Nadu|worst rainfall]] for the prior 140 years which led to the decline state's cropping area by 41.5% and the paddy procurement by 84.4%.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Govindarajan|first=Vinita|title=Not everyone gets a monsoon: Tamil Nadu is still reeling from the worst drought in 140 years|url=https://scroll.in/article/840515/not-everyone-gets-a-monsoon-tamil-nadu-is-still-reeling-from-the-worst-drought-in-140-years|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> Average annual rainfall decreased by 62% in 2016. The [[Northeast monsoon]] season failed in the state with the worst rainfall ever, with scattered rain in some areas. This led to the highest deficit of reservoir levels in all of India with an 82% reduction.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-05|title=Tamil Nadu reservoir levels at 80% below normal, crisis looms|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-nadu-reservoir-levels-80-below-normal-crisis-looms-58121|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Waghmare|first=Abhishek|date=2017-01-11|title=NE monsoon worst in 140 Years, 144 farmers dead, TN declares drought|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ne-monsoon-worst-in-140-years-144-farmers-dead-tn-declares-drought-117011100782_1.html|access-date=2021-01-14}}</ref> This led to only one-third of the fields not sown in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":4" />

=== Farmer suicides ===
Tamil Nadu recorded 604 suicides of farm workers in 2015.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=With No Water and Many Loans, Farmers' Deaths Are Rising in Tamil Nadu|url=https://thewire.in/agriculture/drought-tamil-nadu-farmers-deaths|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The Wire}}</ref> A local fact-finding team reported that in the districts of [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]], [[Thiruvarur District|Thiruvarur]], [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]], [[Thanjavur district|Tanjavur]] and [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]] more than 120 farmers had committed suicide or died by suicide in two months in 2017. The reports stated that the numbers began with one or two deaths a day and grew to ten.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=TAMIL NADU FARMERS' SUICIDES AND SUDDEN DEATHS|url=https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/TAMIL-NADU-FARMERS39-SUICIDES-AND-SUDDEN-DEATHS.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004131725/https://www.newsecuritybeat.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/TAMIL-NADU-FARMERS39-SUICIDES-AND-SUDDEN-DEATHS.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2018 |access-date=|website=}}</ref> Since October 2016, over 270 farmers in the state have reportedly committed suicide or died naturally.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-27|title=Tamil Nadu farmers protest in Delhi: Desperate to be heard, agitators turn to the macabre|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/tamil-nadu-farmers-protest-in-delhi-desperate-to-be-heard-agitators-turn-to-the-macabre-3354740.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Firstpost}}</ref> A local farmers association insisted that there were more than 250 farmer suicides since October 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-04-24|title=Indian farmers suspend Delhi protest|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39689839|access-date=2021-01-14}}</ref> The farmers who protested claimed that more than 106 farmers had committed suicide in a month and they used skulls and bones to highlight the suicides of the farmers.<ref name="firstpost.com">{{Cite web|date=2017-04-06|title=Tamil Nadu farmers protest in Delhi: Is there a permanent solution to farmer debt and suicides?|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/tamil-nadu-farmers-protest-in-delhi-is-there-a-permanent-solution-to-farmer-debt-and-suicides-3370582.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== Demands ==
The Government of Tamil Nadu requested a relief fund of ₹ 40,000 crores but the Government of India only approved ₹ 2014 crores which led to discontent among the farmers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-17|title=Tamil Nadu wants Rs 40,000 crore for providing relief to farmers|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/170117/tamil-nadu-wants-rs-40000-crore-for-drought-to-provide-relief-to-farmers.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-12-03|title=Tamil Nadu farmer's cry and Modi's answer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/right2write/tamil-nadu-farmers-cry-and-modis-answer/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218181628/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/right2write/tamil-nadu-farmers-cry-and-modis-answer/ |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=2021-01-14|website=Times of India|language=en-US}}</ref> In addition to the ₹ 40,000 [[crore]] drought fund, the farmers have called for their farms loans to be cancelled and for pensions for those farmers who no longer work.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=MK Stalin wants special session of Tamil Nadu Assembly to address farmers' plight|url=https://scroll.in/latest/835072/mk-stalin-wants-special-session-of-tamil-nadu-assembly-to-address-farmers-plight|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> The loan waiver of Rs 36,359 crore announced by the Chief Minister of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Yogi Adityanath]], added more weight to the demands of the farmers.<ref name="firstpost.com"/>

'''The other main demands include:'''

# Prevent Tamil Nadu from transforming into a desert.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shetty|first=Sudhanva Shetty|date=2017-09-21|title=What Were The Means Tamil Nadu Farmers Protesting In Delhi Used To Get PM Modi's Attention?|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/story-feed/awareness/tamil-nadu-farmers-protest-delhi/|access-date=2021-01-14|website=thelogicalindian.com|language=en}}</ref>
# Prevent the river Cauvery from becoming dry.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Indian|first=The Logical|date=2017-03-21|title=TN Farmers Protest At Jantar Mantar With Skulls Of Fellow Farmers Who Committed Suicide|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/news/tn-farmers-protest-at-jantar-mantar/|access-date=2021-01-14|website=thelogicalindian.com|language=en}}</ref>
# Establishment Committee to manage the Cauvery.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2017-09-10|title=TN farmers protesting at Jantar Mantar 'eat' own excreta, say human flesh next|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/tamil-nadu-farmers-protesting-at-jantar-mantar-eat-own-excreta-threaten-to-eat-human-flesh/story-tMOsu6Og6EBN3eADCCkapO.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
# Linking all rivers, Write off loans borrowed by farmers.<ref name=":3" />
# Profitable price for agricultural commodities.<ref name=":3" />
# Fair drought relief packages for drought-hit Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":3" />

== Timeline of protests ==
[[File:A farmer with skulls during the 2017 Tamil Nadu Farmers Protest.jpg|thumb|300x300px|A farmer with skulls allegedly belonging to the farmers who had committed suicide]]
'''March 14:''' Around 80 farmers started their protests in [[Jantar Mantar]], [[Delhi]] led by a 72 year old farmer, [[P. Ayyakannu]] demanding loan waivers from the central government.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Sunaina|title=The theatre of protest: Tamil Nadu farmers have got attention, but will they get results?|url=https://scroll.in/article/834565/the-theattamil-nadu-farmers-unusual-protest-has-got-attention-but-will-it-get-results|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=2017-04-23|title=Tamil Nadu farmers call off Delhi strike after 40 days|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/w3wdRcuxI4NOBK7P5tpg7H/Tamil-Nadu-farmers-call-off-strike-at-Jantar-Mantar-in-Delhi.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> The first day the farmers protested with the skulls of the farmers who had committed suicide.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-03|title=Acts of anguish: 5 desperate steps TN farmers in Delhi have resorted to|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/acts-anguish-5-desperate-steps-tn-farmers-delhi-have-resorted-59743|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

'''March 15:''' The group started a provocative campaign during their. The protestors wore [[noose]]s around their heads, held [[skull]]s they said belonged to the farmers who had committed suicide, performed mock funerals and kept dead rats and snakes in their mouths. Although these protests received media and political attention due to their exceptional appearance, they did not contribute in any of their requests being addressed.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Regi|first=Abhay|title="This Country has Forgotten Us": How the Tamil Farmers' Protest Received Media and Political Attention Without Any Resolution|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/vantage/tamil-farmers-protest-media-political-attention-without-resolution|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The Caravan|language=en}}</ref>

'''March 17:''' The farmers protested by holding dead snakes in the mouth.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-05|title=After skulls and snakes, TN farmers protesting in Delhi roll on ground for Centre's attention|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/after-skulls-and-snakes-tn-farmers-protesting-delhi-roll-ground-centre-s-attention-59870|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-29|title=TN farmers in Delhi hold dead snakes in mouth on Day 16 of protests|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-farmers-delhi-hold-dead-snakes-mouth-day-16-protests-59474|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

'''April 2:''' The farmers shaved half of their heads symbolize half-barren lands.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Half-shaved heads to symbolise half-barren lands: Tamil Nadu farmers' new move in Jantar Mantar|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/top-stories/video/tamil-nadu-farmers-protest-delhi-jantar-mantar-shaved-heads-relief-package-846828-2017-04-02|access-date=2021-01-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> They also had shave half of their moustaches.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Tamil Nadu CM Meets Farmers At Jantar Mantar, Advises Them To Call Off Protest|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/tamil-nadu-cm-meets-farmers-at-jantar-mantar-advises-them-to-call-off-protest/968420|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425001902/http://www.outlookindia.com:80/newswire/story/tamil-nadu-cm-meets-farmers-at-jantar-mantar-advises-them-to-call-off-protest/968420 |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=2021-01-14|website=outlookindia.com}}</ref>

'''April 4:''' On the 22nd day of the protest, the [[Madras High Court|Tamil Nadu High Court]] gave judgement waiving farmers loan in cooperative banks.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/apr/04/madras-hc-asks-tamil-nadu-government-to-waive-farmers-loans-in-cooperative-banks-1589735.html|title=Madras HC asks Tamil Nadu government to waive farmers' loans in cooperative banks|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=4 April 2017|access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref>

'''April 10:''' After 28 days, a group of farmers led by Ayyakannu reportedly went to the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO) to send a memorandum, but they were not given access. They jumped out of the vans on their way back to Jantar Mantar and stripped off their clothing. The farmers protesting were soon arrested. Some of the farmers also rolled naked on the road as they were pulled away by police.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Minute|first=The News|date=2017-04-10|title=Angered Tamil Nadu Farmers Run Naked Near PM Modi's Office|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/tamil-nadu-farmers-run-naked-outside-narendra-modi-prime-minister-office-delhi|access-date=2021-01-14|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> Ayyakannu who was leading the protests told the media. "The Prime Minister declined to meet us, which is why we're running naked. This is our miserable state, look at our pathetic state."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-10|title=Tamil Nadu farmers run naked near PM's office, ask why Modi refused to meet them|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tamil-nadu-farmers-run-naked-near-pm-s-office-ask-why-modi-refused-meet-them-60114|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Tamil Nadu farmers protest in the nude outside Prime Minister's Office, demand drought relief fund|url=https://scroll.in/latest/834217/tamil-nadu-farmers-protest-in-nude-outside-prime-ministers-office-demand-drought-relief-fund|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''April 14:''' After 32 days of the protest, the farmers dressed up as women wearing sarees to get the attention of Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lobo|first=Shalini|last2=Purkayastha|first2=Parbina|date=|title=To get an audience from Narendra Modi, Tamil Nadu farmers dress as women|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/narendra-modi-tamil-nadu-jantar-mantar-971427-2017-04-14|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020138/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/narendra-modi-tamil-nadu-jantar-mantar-971427-2017-04-14 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> They wore sarees and beat their chests and cried out to display their opposition.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lobo|first=Shalini|date=|title=Delhi: Tamil Nadu farmers wear sarees, break bangles on 34th day of protest|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-tamil-nadu-farmers-protest-bangles-loan-waiver-971775-2017-04-16|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116121343/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-tamil-nadu-farmers-protest-bangles-loan-waiver-971775-2017-04-16 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-14|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

'''April 15:''' During their 33rd day at protest, the farmers wore [[Mangala sutra|mangalsutras]] around their necks. They started singing funeral songs and screamed at the Prime Minister Narendra Modi to come and make a visit to their grief stricken women and pay attention of their sufferings.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lobo|first=Shalini|date=|title=Delhi: Protesting Tamil Nadu farmers up the ante, cut mangalsutras|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-farmers-protest-jantar-mantar-prime-minister-narendra-modi-971605-2017-04-15|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115101520/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tamil-nadu-farmers-protest-jantar-mantar-prime-minister-narendra-modi-971605-2017-04-15 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Screaming the name of Narendra Modi, the farmers cut Mangalsutra to show the pain of the widows of farmers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu farmers cut Mangalsutra showcasing pain of widows|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/apr/16/tamil-nadu-farmers-cut-mangalsutra-showcasing-pain-of-widows-1594168.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

'''April 16:''' The [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) organized an all-party meeting and called for a state wide [[bandh]] on April 25 to highlight the issues of the farmers. The [[AIADMK]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] were not invited.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-04-17|title=All-party meet calls for bandh on April 25|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/all-party-meet-calls-for-bandh-on-april-25/article18075045.ece|access-date=2021-01-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=All-party meet calls for Tamil Nadu bandh on April 25|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2017/apr/17/all-party-meet-calls-for-tamil-nadu-bandh-on-april-25-1594423.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> 500,000 hotels and food joints all across Tamil Nadu were set to participate in the Bandh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=5 lakh hotels, food joints to participate in bandh|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/5-lakh-hotels-food-joints-to-participate-in-bandh/1033746|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117173949/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/5-lakh-hotels-food-joints-to-participate-in-bandh/1033746 |archive-date=17 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-14|website=outlookindia.com}}</ref> Around 55,000 sand lorries were set to not operate in the bandh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=அஸ்வினி.சி|first=|date=|title=வேலைநிறுத்தப் போராட்டம் : ஏப்ரல் 25-ல் 55,000 மணல் லாரிகள் ஓடாது!|url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/environment/87212-tamil-nadu-bandh-55000-sand-lorries-won’t-be-operated-on-april-25|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115104921/https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/environment/87212-tamil-nadu-bandh-55000-sand-lorries-won%E2%80%99t-be-operated-on-april-25 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |access-date=2021-01-14|website=vikatan.com|language=ta}}</ref>

'''April 22:''' 38 days into the protest''',''' the protesting farmers drank their [[urine]] in protest. Ayyakannu who led the protest stated "This is our hopelessness. Who wants to sit in this heat and drink urine in Delhi? We are powerless and we have been compelled to do this by the government. In Tamil Nadu, we do not get water to drink, and Modi has ignored our thirst."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Perappadan|first=Bindu Shajan|date=2017-04-22|title=Protesting T.N. farmers drink urine|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/protesting-tn-farmers-drink-urine/article18192439.ece|access-date=2021-01-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> They also said they would eat their [[Human feces|feces]] on the weekend if their demands are not addressed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-21|title=Now, Tamil Nadu farmers to drink urine, eat faeces at Delhi's Jantar Mantar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/bizarre-protest-tn-farmers-to-drink-urine-eat-faeces-at-delhi-s-jantar-mantar/story-urngJBHcTKNmPO5XBoX7UM.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> A demonstration was held were a man wearing a mask of Narendra Modi whipped the protestors to show what they were going through.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=40 days in, protesting Tamil Nadu farmers drink urine to get Centre's attention|url=https://scroll.in/latest/835345/40-days-in-protesting-tamil-nadu-farmers-drink-urine-to-get-centres-attention|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''April 23:''' after Tamil Nadu's Chief Minister [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami|Edappadi Palanisamy]] met them and agreed to address their problems, the farmers temporarily stalled their protests. They also said they would resume their protests in a bigger way on May 25 if their demands were not met.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Perappadan|first=Bindu Shajan|date=2017-04-23|title=Tamil Nadu farmers put off stir till May 25|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-farmers-put-off-stir-till-may-25/article18195370.ece|access-date=2021-01-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

'''April 25:''' The DMK and other opposition parties organized demonstrations all across Tamil Nadu. DMK's M.K Stalin was arrested, Shops, hotels were shut down and government busses stopped along the roads.<ref>{{Cite web|last=PTI|date=2016-09-16|title=TN Bandh Over Cauvery Issue Ends Peacefully, DMK's Stalin Arrested|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/cauvery-dispute-tamil-nadu-bandh-dmk-leader-mk-stalin-arrested-kanimozhi-bengaluru-jayalalithaa-siddaramaiah|access-date=2021-01-14|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> Police have been mobilized in large numbers to avoid any adverse events in major locations across the state.<ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2017-04-25|title=TN bandh: Shops, hotels down shutters, DMK's Stalin arrested|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/tn-bandh-shops-hotels-down-shutters-dmk-s-stalin-arrested-117042500256_1.html|access-date=2021-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Thangavelu|first=Dharani|date=2017-04-25|title=Lukewarm response to Tamil Nadu bandh, MK Stalin calls it a success|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/uKSCxe7LYGobjSYTDuDJ6L/Tamil-Nadu-bandh-hits-normal-life-DMKs-Stalin-detained-in.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> Earlier the DMK also accused the BJP-led central government of not being bothered about the protests.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-01|title=MK Stalin meets protesting farmers of Tamil Nadu at Jantar Mantar|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/dmk-mk-stalin-meets-protesting-farmers-of-tamil-nadu-at-jantar-mantar-delhi-assures-to-convene-all-party-meeting/610774/|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''June 9:''' The farmers resume their protest at Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-09|title=To stay if demands not met in 32 days: TN farmers resume protest in Delhi|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/090617/here-for-32-days-tn-farmers-resume-protest-in-delhi-might-expand-across-india.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:A Tamil farmer during a protest in 2017.jpg|thumb|300x300px|A farmer taking rest]]
'''July 7:''' Approximately 70 farmers were arrested when they tried to perform a demonstration near the Prime Minister's house in Lok Kalyan Marg. Later they were taken to the Parliament Street Police Station.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-16|title=Tamil Nadu farmers take protest to New Delhi, stopped from demonstrating in front of PM's residence|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/tamil-nadu-farmers-take-protest-to-new-delhi-stopped-from-demonstrating-in-front-of-pms-residence-3819109.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

'''August 29:''' The farmers ate raw meat to show their protest.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-29|title=Tamil Nadu farmers eat raw meat as mark of protest|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tamil-nadu-farmers-eat-raw-meat-as-mark-of-protest-4819517/|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

'''September 11:''' The farmers ate human excreta and also threatened to march naked to Prime Minister Narendra Modi's office and also eat human flesh.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Protesting Tamil Nadu farmers eat human excreta to draw Centre's attention|url=https://scroll.in/latest/850208/protesting-tamil-nadu-farmers-eat-human-excreta-to-draw-centres-attention|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''September 12:''' The farmers completed their 100 days of protest and said they would continue until their demands were met.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu farmers complete 100 days of protests in Delhi, say will continue till demands are met|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2017/sep/12/tamil-nadu-farmers-complete-100-days-of-protests-in-delhi-say-will-continue-till-demands-are-met-1656195.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

'''September 18:''' After 107 days of protests, Ayyakannu the President of South Indian Rivers Inter-Linking Farmers Association who led the protests stated that more than 141 farmers were hospitalized during the protests.<ref>{{Cite web|last=m.mahalingam|title=The Forgotten Farmers Of Tamil Nadu: 107 Days of Protest in Delhi and Still Counting|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/1/11766/The-Forgotten-Farmers-Of-Tamil-Nadu-107-Days-of-Protest-in-Delhi-and-Still-Counting-|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The Citizen|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''October 26:''' The farmers returned after completing their protests as the rainy season and beginning of winter left most of its members sick.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Swamy|first=Rohini|date=2021-01-12|title=Freezing winter cut short Tamil Nadu farm protest, but our hearts in Delhi, leader says|url=https://theprint.in/india/freezing-winter-cut-short-tamil-nadu-farm-protest-but-our-hearts-in-delhi-leader-says/581493/|access-date=2021-01-14|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyakannu spoke to the media that more than 5 [[lakh]] farmers from all across the country will march to Delhi on November 20, 2017 to corner the Bhartiya Janata Party-led NDA Government. He also claimed that the Chief Minister Eddapadi Palaniswami betrayed them by not keeping his words.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-26|title=Tamil Nadu: 5 Lakh farmers to march to Parliament on November 20|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/261017/tamil-nadu-5-lakh-farmers-to-march-to-parliament-on-november-20.html|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Farmers to protest before parliament on November 20 {{!}} Trichy News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/farmers-to-protest-before-parliament-on-november-20/articleshow/61252665.cms|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The food for the farmers were prepared by volunteers belonging to the [[Delhi Sikh Gurdwara Management Committee]] (DSGMC). The committee claimed that the food was delivered two times to the farmers by the committee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=For Tamil Nadu Farmers Protesting In Delhi, Daily Langar From Gurdwara|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/for-tamil-nadu-farmers-protesting-in-delhi-daily-langar-from-gurdwara-1731687|access-date=2021-01-14|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-02|title=TN farmers protesting in Delhi don't go hungry, thanks to the generosity of this Gurudwara|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tn-farmers-protesting-delhi-don-t-go-hungry-thanks-generosity-gurudwara-66135|access-date=2021-01-14|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/rights/why-farmers-are-protesting-with-human-skulls-at-jantar-mantar|title=Watch: Why Farmers Are Protesting With Human Skulls at Jantar Mantar|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-05-23}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Nadu Formers protest, 2017}}
[[Category:2017 Tamil Nadu farmers' protest| ]]
[[Category:2017 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:2017 protests]]
[[Category:Indian farmers]]
[[Category:Political history of Tamil Nadu]]

Kerala State Club Football Championship

2025-11-20T14:31:59Z

WilhelminaBoswel: New

{{More citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament
|name=Kerala State Club Football Championship
|organisers=[[Kerala Football Association]]
|founded=1970
|abolished=2017
|current champions=[[SBI Kerala (football team)|SBI Kerala]] (5th title)
|most successful team=[[Travancore Titanium Products|Titanium FC]] (10 titles)
|region=[[Kerala]], [[India]]
}}

'''Kerala State Club Football Championship''' was one of the most prestigious [[association football|football]] tournaments organised by [[Kerala Football Association]]. Founded in 1970, it was a favourite competition for [[football in Kerala]] until the late 2000s.

==History==
The inaugural tournament was won by AGORC, (Accountant General's Office Recreation Club) or commonly known as AG's Office team, by beating [[Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore|FACT Aluva]].

===Premier Tyres and formation of Titanium XI===
[[Apollo Tyres|Premier Tyres]], [[Ernakulam]] reached its glory days during the 1970s, which produced prominent footballers like Xavier Pious, KP Sethumadhavan, Victor Manjila, Muhammed Basheer and PP Prasannan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Sayan|date=2021-02-11|title=Remembering Xavier Pius, one of India’s most aesthetically pleasing strikers|url=https://thebridge.in/featured/remembering-xavier-pius-indias-aesthetically-pleasing-strikers/|access-date=2021-09-05|website=thebridge.in|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905120717/https://thebridge.in/featured/remembering-xavier-pius-indias-aesthetically-pleasing-strikers/|url-status=live}}</ref> Premier Tyres were later acquired by Apollo Tyres and club was shut.

Formed in 1972, [[Travancore Titanium Products|Titanium XI]] produced some of the finest footballers during this period. Najumuddin and Thomas Sebastian were some of the great players who represented the club during its early years.<ref>{{Cite news|title=For TTPL, football and volleyball teams are a distant dream|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/feb/20/for-ttpl-football-and-volleyball-teams-are-a-distant-dream-2105866.html|first=Ramu|last=R|date=20 February 2020|access-date=2022-08-01|newspaper=The New Indian Express|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905120718/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/feb/20/for-ttpl-football-and-volleyball-teams-are-a-distant-dream-2105866.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Formation of Kerala Police and glory days of Titanium XI===
In 1984, the then Kerala Director General of Police (DGP) took initiative and formed [[Kerala Police Football Team]]. The Kerala Police team of the mid-80s had several names who went on to make a mark in Indian football such as [[V. P. Sathyan]], [[U. Sharaf Ali]], [[I. M. Vijayan]], and Rajendran Kaladharan. The team, which trained at the Police Training College in Trivandrum, had a new signing soon after it was put together in the form of [[C. V. Pappachan]], who had impressed manager Abdul Kareem with his displays, initially for the [[Calicut University]] team.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Down the memory lane: The magnificent Kerala Police of the 1980-90s {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-kerala-police-federation-cup/1ljikndkrvf0c1glbrfuh9ujnb|access-date=2021-09-05|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905120722/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-kerala-police-federation-cup/1ljikndkrvf0c1glbrfuh9ujnb|url-status=live}}</ref>

Titanium XI became champions in two consecutive seasons, 1989 and 1990.

===Battle between Titanium XI and Kerala Police===
While Titanium XI became back-to-back champions in 1992, 1993 and 1994, Kerala Police became champions in 1995, resisting Titanium XI.<ref>{{Cite web|title=For TTPL, football and volleyball teams are a distant dream|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/feb/20/for-ttpl-football-and-volleyball-teams-are-a-distant-dream-2105866.html|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905120718/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/feb/20/for-ttpl-football-and-volleyball-teams-are-a-distant-dream-2105866.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2000s===
Titanium XI, Kerala Police and [[SBI Kerala (football team)|SBI Kerala]] were the three most consistent and successful teams during this era.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Staff|date=2006-04-05|title=Top six teams for Kerala Football League|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-reg05.html#kera/Kerala|access-date=2021-09-05|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430225834/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/india-reg05.html#kera/Kerala|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Scrapping of tournament===
Not all teams in the [[Kerala Premier League]] took part in the State Club Football Championship, which led to scrapping the tournament in 2017.<ref name=Goal1>{{Cite web|title=All you need to know about the league structure in Kerala {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/all-you-need-to-know-league-structure-in-kerala-football/1smg39dpbggjb1ojjhpnu8htgy|access-date=2021-09-05|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905120718/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/all-you-need-to-know-league-structure-in-kerala-football/1smg39dpbggjb1ojjhpnu8htgy|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Quote box
| quote = "We place less importance for the State Club Football Championship and are looking to organise a Super Cup involving best teams from the KPL soon."
| source = Anilkumar, secretary of the Kerala Football Association
| align = left
}}
{{clear}}

==Results==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Winners (number of titles)
!Runners-up
|-
| align="center" |1970
|'''AGORC, Thiruvananthapuram'''
|'''FACT, Alwaye'''
|-
| align="center" |1971
|'''Tournament not held'''
|
|-
| align="center" |1972
|[[Apollo Tyres|'''Premier Tyres, Ernakulam''']] (1)
|'''AGORC, Thiruvananthapuram'''
|-
| align="center" |1973
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|Titanium XI]] (1)
|'''Spirit Youth Club'''
|-
| align="center" |1974
|'''Tournament not held'''
|
|-
| align="center" |1975
|'''N/A'''
|
|-
| align="center" |1976
|[[Apollo Tyres|'''Premier Tyres, Ernakulam''']] (2)
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']]
|-
| align="center" |1977
|[[Apollo Tyres|'''Premier Tyres, Kalamassery''']]
|'''Customs & Central Excise'''
|-
| align="center" |1978
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']] (2)
|[[Apollo Tyres|'''Premier Tyres, Kalamassery''']]
|-
|1979
|'''N/A'''
|
|-
|1980
|'''N/A'''
|
|-
|1981
|'''N/A'''
|
|-
|1982
|'''Kochin Port Trust'''
|[[Apollo Tyres|'''Premier Tyres, Ernakulam''']]
|-
|1983
|'''Central Excise RC'''
|'''Lucky Star Club'''
|-
|1984
|[[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|'''KSRTC''']] (1)
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']]
|-
|1985
|[[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|'''KSRTC''']] (2)
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']]
|-
|1986
|[[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|'''KSRTC''']] (3)
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']]
|-
|1987
|[[Kerala Police]] (1)
|'''Central Excise RC'''
|-
|1988
|'''[[Kerala Police]] (2)'''
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']]
|-
|1989
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']] (3)
|[[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]]
|-
|1990
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']] (4)
|'''[[Kerala Police]]'''
|-
|1991
|[[Keltron|Keltron FC]]
|[[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|'''KSRTC''']]
|-
|1992
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']] (5)
|[[Keltron|'''Keltron FC''']]
|-
|1993
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']] (6)
|'''[[Kerala Police]]'''
|-
|1994
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']] (7)
|'''[[Kerala Police]]'''
|-
|1995
|'''[[Kerala Police]] (3)'''
|'''Titanium XI'''
|-
|1996
|[[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|'''State Bank of Travancore''']] (1)
|'''[[Kerala Police]]'''
|-
|1997
|[[FC Kochin]]
|[[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|'''State Bank of Travancore''']]
|-
|1998
|'''[[Kerala Police]] (4)'''
|[[Keltron|'''Keltron FC''']]
|-
|1999
|'''[[KSEB]]'''
|'''Central Excise RC'''
|-
|2000
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']] (8)
|[[KSEB]]
|-
|2001
|'''Tournament not held'''
|
|-
|2002
|[[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|'''State Bank of Travancore''']] (2)
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']]
|-
|2003
|'''Tournament not held'''
|
|-
|2004
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']] (9)
| -
|-
|2005
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']] (10)
|[[Viva Kerala]]
|-
|2006
|[[KSEB]] (1)
|[[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|State Bank of Travancore]]
|-
|2007
|'''Tournament not held'''
|
|-
|2008
|[[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|'''State Bank of Travancore''']] (3)
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']]
|-
|2009
|'''- unknown -'''
|
|-
|2010
|[[Josco FC]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 January 2011|first=Biju Babu|last=Cyriac|title=Josco FC won the NI David memorial Kerala state club football championship. In the final, Josco FC defeated State Bank of Travancore 3-0.|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/josco-fc-won-the-ni-david-memorial-kerala-state-club-football-championship-in-the-final-josco-fc-defeated-state-bank-of-travancore-3-0-/articleshow/7254633.cms|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905141619/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/josco-fc-won-the-ni-david-memorial-kerala-state-club-football-championship-in-the-final-josco-fc-defeated-state-bank-of-travancore-3-0-/articleshow/7254633.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|State Bank of Travancore]]
|-
|2011
|'''[[KSEB]] (2)'''
|[[Golden Threads FC]]
|-
|2012
|'''AGORC, Thiruvananthapuram'''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chandran|first=M. R. Praveen|date=2012-12-21|title=AG’s Office is a force to reckon with|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/ags-office-is-a-force-to-reckon-with/article4226289.ece|access-date=2021-09-05|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208110030/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/ags-office-is-a-force-to-reckon-with/article4226289.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|State Bank of Travancore]]
|-
|2013
|'''[[Kerala Police]] (5)'''
|[[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|State Bank of Travancore]]
|-
|2014
|'''[[Kerala Police]] (6)'''
|[[Eagles F.C.]]
|-
|2015
|[[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|'''State Bank of Travancore''']] (4)
|'''AGORC, Thiruvananthapuram'''
|-
|2016
|'''[[Kerala Police]] (7)'''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-18|title=Kerala U-21 Football Team aims for Santosh Trophy as Kerala Premier League kicks off|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-u-21-football-team-aims-santosh-trophy-kerala-premier-league-kicks-41783|access-date=2021-09-05|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905122220/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-u-21-football-team-aims-santosh-trophy-kerala-premier-league-kicks-41783|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[KSEB]]
|-
|2017
|[[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|'''State Bank of Travancore''']] (5)
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|}

==Records==
{| class="wikitable"
!Club
!Wins
!First final won
!Last final won
!Runners-up
!Last final lost
!Total final appearances
|-
|[[Travancore Titanium Products|'''Titanium XI''']]
|10
|1973
|2005
|8
|2008
|18
|-
|'''[[Kerala Police]]'''
|7
|1987
|2016
|4
|1996
|11
|-
|[[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|'''State Bank of Travancore''']]
|5
|1996
|2017
|4
|2006
|9
|-
|'''[[KSEB]]'''
|3
|1999
|2011
|2
|2016
|5
|-
|[[Kerala State Road Transport Corporation|'''KSRTC''']]
|3
|1984
|1986
|2
|1991
|5
|-
|[[Apollo Tyres|'''Premier Tyres, Ernakulam''']]
|2
|1972
|1976
|1
|1982
|3
|-
|'''Central Excise RC'''
|1
|1983
|1983
|2
|1999
|3
|-
|[[Keltron|'''Keltron FC''']]
|1
|1991
|1991
|2
|1998
|3
|-
|'''AGORC, Thiruvananthapuram'''
|2
|1970
|2012
|2
|2015
|2
|-
|[[Apollo Tyres|'''Premier Tyres, Kalamassery''']]
|1
|1977
|1977
|1
|1978
|2
|-
|[[FC Kochin]]
|1
|1997
|1997
|-
|-
|1
|-
|'''Kochin Port Trust'''
|1
|1982
|1982
|-
|-
|1
|-
|[[Josco FC]]
|1
|2010
|2010
|-
|-
|1
|-
|[[Gokulam Kerala FC]]
|-
|-
|-
|1
|2017
|1
|-
|[[Viva Kerala]]
|-
|-
|-
|1
|2005
|1
|-
|'''Lucky Star Club - Kannur'''
|-
|-
|-
|1
|1983
|1
|-
|'''Customs & Central Excise'''
|-
|-
|-
|1
|1977
|1
|-
|'''Spirit Youth Club - Kannur'''
|-
|-
|-
|1
|1973
|1
|-
|'''FACT, Alwaye'''
|-
|-
|-
|1
|1970
|1
|}

==See also==
* [[All India Sevens Football]]
* [[Indian football league system]]
* [[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]]
* [[Kerala Super League|Super League Kerala]]
* [[Kerala Premier League]]
* [[Malabar Premier League]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Football in India}}
{{Football in Kerala}}

[[Category:Football cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:Football in Kerala]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct football competitions in India]]

Sanal Kumar Sasidharan

2025-09-29T03:10:55Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Created a bio

{{short description|Indian poet, lawyer, and filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Sanal Kumar Sasidharan
| image = Director Sanal Kumar Sasidharan.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1977|04|08}}
| birth_place = [[Perumkadavila]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = [[Filmmaking|Filmmaker]]
| years_active = 2001{{En dash}}present
| known_for = film directing
| notable_works = Sexy Durga
| spouse = {{Marriage|Sreeja|2002|2022|end=divorced}}<ref name="Vanitha">{{cite news|url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/multiplex/sanal-kumar-sasidharan-about-divorce-news.html|title=വിവാഹശേഷം ഉണ്ടായ നിരവധി പ്രണയബന്ധങ്ങളും ദാമ്പത്യജീവിതത്തിൻ്റെ തകർച്ചയ്ക്ക് കാരണമായി|publisher=Vanitha|date=11 August 2022}}</ref>
| parents = {{Plainlist|
* Sasidharan
* Sarojam
}}
}}
'''Sanal Kumar Sasidharan''' (born 8 April 1977) is an Indian poet, lawyer, and [[film director|filmmaker]].<ref name="Express News">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/KSFDC-Body-Blow-to-Noted-Filmmaker-Sanal-Kumar/2015/10/08/article3068389.ece|title=KSFDC Body Blow to Noted Filmmaker Sanal Kumary|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=8 October 2015|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-date=29 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629142740/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/KSFDC-Body-Blow-to-Noted-Filmmaker-Sanal-Kumar/2015/10/08/article3068389.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Manja">{{cite news|url=http://www.epathram.com/magazine/poetry/2009/11/blog-post_27.shtml|title=Neenaal Vazhatte Maunam|publisher=Epathram|date=27 November 2009}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Sanal Kumar Sasidharan was born in [[Perumkadavila]] village, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] district, Kerala on 8 April 1977.<ref name=Website>{{cite news|url=http://www.sanalsasidharan.com/p/about-me.html?m=1|title= About Me|publisher= Sanalsasidharan.com}}</ref> He graduated in [[Zoology]] from VTM NSS College Dhanuvachapuram, Thiruvananthapuram and law, then started his job as a lawyer.<ref name="Rediff">{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/interview/i-was-surprised-that-oraalppokkam-captured-the-hearts-of-the-majority/20150104.htm|title=I was surprised that Oraalppokkam captured the hearts of the majority|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=4 January 2015}}</ref> He was associated with [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP), a student organization associated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and was the unit secretary of the ABVP during his days at the Law College. He later left ABVP over political differences, and became a critic of the BJP-controlled Central government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/197958/s-durga-sanal-kumar-sasidharan/|title=Unprecedented, Unconstitutional Action by I&B Ministry to Remove Two Films From IFFI List: 'S Durga' Director|author=Rajeev Ramachandran|publisher=The Wire|date=19 November 2017|access-date=2017-11-27}}</ref> In 2001, he formed a film society, [[Kazhcha Chalachithra Vedi]]<ref name="Filmmakers fan">{{cite news|url=http://filmmakersfans.com/interview-with-sanal-kumar-sasidharan-filmmaker/|title=In-A-Dialogue with Sanal Kumar Sasidharan|publisher=filmmakersfans|date=2015-10-14}}</ref> with his colleagues, for making independent movies through crowd funding.<ref name="oralpokkamcrowd">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/11/26/Oralpokkam-One-Mans-Soul-Searching-Journey/article2540831.ece|title=One Man's Soul-Searching Journey|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222090542/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2014/11/26/Oralpokkam-One-Mans-Soul-Searching-Journey/article2540831.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> He has started his film making journey by directing three short films and one feature film through crowdfunding. Later on, he directed six more critically acclaimed feature films and a documentary.<ref name="Mubi">{{cite news|url=https://mubi.com/cast/sanal-kumar-sasidharan|title= Sanal Kumar Sasidharan|publisher= Mubi}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] in the [[Kerala State Film Award]]s 2014.<ref name="statefilmawards2014">{{cite news|url=http://www.keralafilm.com/images/2014/statefilmawards2014_fiction.pdf|title=45th KERALA STATE FILM AWARDS-2014|publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]|archive-date=15 January 2016|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115082727/http://keralafilm.com/images/2014/statefilmawards2014_fiction.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was awarded the Tiger Award in the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] for his film [[Sexy Durga]].

[[File:Prakash Raj with sanalkumar sasidharan at KLF 18.jpg|thumb|left|Prakash Raj with Sanal Kumar Sasidharan at KLF 18]]

==Film career==
His film career started in 2000 as an art assistant in the [[Malayalam]] film ''Mankolangal''.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/A-Taxing-Journey-to-Glory/2015/08/13/article2971176.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008095117/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/A-Taxing-Journey-to-Glory/2015/08/13/article2971176.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 October 2015|title=A Taxing Journey to Glory|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=13 August 2015}}</ref> In 2001, he made his first short film ''Wonder World,'' with cinematography by [[Sunny Joseph]], editing by [[Beena Paul]] and production by [[Kazhcha Chalachithra Vedi]] through crowd funding. In 2008 he directed ''Parole'' produced by a group of friends from Malayalam blog community. His third short film ''Frog'', won a Kerala State Television Award for best short film in 2008.<ref name="frogyoutube">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MxRpLZGBQSE|title=Frog|date=21 October 2013 |publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> In 2014 [[Kazhcha Chalachithra Vedi]] produced his first feature-length movie ''[[Oraalppokkam]]'' for which he had been awarded the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]. The film has got [[fipresci]] and [[Network for the Promotion of Asian Cinema]] awards for the best Malayalam film in the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] 2014. He has also bagged the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director]] in 2014. His second movie ''Ozhivudivasathe Kali'' (An Off-Day Game), which was completed in 2015 was officially selected for the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] and [[Mumbai Film Festival]]. It was also awarded the Kerala State Film Awards, best film in 2015. The film was in the Film Basar Recommends in the Film Basar in Goa.<ref name="Film Bazaar">{{cite news|url=http://www.filmbazaarindia.com/uploads/file-manager/FBR%20Films%202015.pdf|title=Film Bazaar Recommends: Selection|publisher=Filmbazaarindia}}</ref>

His next film after ''[[Sexy Durga]]'', ''Unmadiyude Maranam'' produced in 2018 has not been censored and released. The film was not screened in any major film festivals.<ref name="highonfilms">{{cite news|url=https://www.highonfilms.com/death-of-insane-unmadiyude-maranam-2019-review/|title=DEATH OF INSANE (UNMADIYUDE MARANAM) [2019]: 'HFF' REVIEW – AN ABSTRACT SATIRE ON MORAL POLICING AND CENSORED ART |work=highonfilms.com|date=27 May 2019}}</ref>

His next feature film ''Chola'' premiered at the [[76th Venice International Film Festival]] in the Orizzonti Competition section.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-film-chola-selected-for-venice-film-festival/article28710166.ece|title= Malayalam film 'Chola' selected for Venice Film Festival|work= The Hindu|date=25 July 2019}}</ref> The main actors, [[Nimisha Sajayan]] has received the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] and actor [[Joju George]] has won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Character Actor]] and [[Kerala State Film Award – Special Mention]] for Direction and Sound design to Sanal Kumar Sasidharan.<ref name="Variety">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-excellent-performance-of-the-cast-and-crew-of-sanal-kumar-sasidharans-chola-helped-the-team-bag-four-kerala-state-film-awards/article26408858.ece|title= When awards come calling for Sanal Kumar Sasidharan|work= The Hindu|date=1 March 2019}}</ref>

His sixth feature film project [[Kayattam|Ah'r (Kayattam)]], announced in 2019 has been noted for the presence of acclaimed Malayalam actress [[Manju Warrier]] as protagonist and a co-producer.<ref name="asianet.in">{{cite news|url=https://www.asianet.in/entertainment/first-look-poster-of-manju-warriers-ahar-kayattam-is-out.html|title= First look poster of Manju Warrier's 'Ahr' (kayattam) is out|work= Asianet | date=31 August 2019}}</ref> The film was premiered in the [[Busan International Film Festival]] in the year 2020 and nominated for Kim Jiseok Award.<ref name=":0" /> The film has also been screened in the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] in 2021 under the Malayalam Cinema Today category.<ref name="Cinemaexpress">{{cite news|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2021/feb/20/iffk-2021-of-elusive-women-and-minimalism-22942.html|title= of elusive women and minimalism|work= Cinemaexpress|date=20 Feb 2021}}</ref> Kayattam has also competed in the [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] in August 2021 and Sanal Kumar Sasidharan was awarde the first "Disruptor in Cinema Award". The film was entirely shot using iPhone camera in the Himalayan peaks.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kayattam-wins-sanal-kumar-sasidharan-the-first-disruptor-in-cinema-award-at-melbourne/article36199290.ece|title= 'Kayattam' wins Sanal Kumar Sasidharan the first 'Disruptor in Cinema' award at Melbourne|work= The Hindu|date=31 Aug 2021}}</ref> Later the film also won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]] to its cinematographer [[Chandru Selvaraj]] and coulourist Liju Prabhakar for the excellence in colour grading in the [[51st Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഐ ഫോണിൽ ഷൂട്ട് ചെയ്തു; മികച്ച ക്യാമറമാനായി; തിളങ്ങി 'കയറ്റം' |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2021/10/16/chandru-selvaraj-kayattam-movie-camera-state-award.html |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Manoramanews |date=16 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

He has made another feature film immediately after Kayattam with [[Tovino Thomas]] as hero titled, [[Vazhakku]]. Tovino Thomas has co-produced the film along with Sanal Kumar Sasidharan. The film premiered in the International Film Festival of South Asia - Seoul 2022 under the theme of “Journey to South Asia through the Movie”.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/no-filmmaking-till-proven-innocent-says-malayalam-director-accused-of-stalking/articleshow/92918053.cms|title= No filmmaking till proven innocent, says Malayalam director|work= Times of India |date=16 July 2022}}</ref> The film has also been screened in the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] in the Malayalam Cinema Today section in December 2022 and received rave reviews.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://lensmenreviews.com/vazhakk-malayalam-movie-review-2022-iffk/|title= Vazhakk Review - A Metaphor-Rich Drama Narrated as a Thriller|work=Lensmanreviews.com |date=13 Dec 2022}}</ref> Huge audience influx to watch Vazhakk caused the delegates to protest in front of the theatre alleging that many who had not reserved seats through prior online booking were allowed to attend the theatre <ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/tovino-s-vazhakku-screening-ends-up-in-quarrel-at-iffk-delegates-mark-protest-1.8126948|title= Tovino's 'Vazhakku' screening ends up in quarrel at IFFK, delegates mark protest |work= Mathrubhumi|date=12 December 2022}}</ref>

=== International recognition ===
Sasidharan's 2017 film Sexy Durga, was renamed as [[S Durga]] following controversy of the original title which was banned by the Indian [[Central Board of Film Certification]]. The film [[S Durga]] (Sexy Durga), received the Hivos Tiger Award at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] 2017,<ref name="India Times">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sexy-durga-wins-at-international-film-festival-of-rotterdam/articleshow/56970797.cms|title= Sexy Durga wins at International Film Festival of Rotterdam|date=26 February 2017}}</ref> making it the first ever Indian film win this award.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/A-film-maker%E2%80%99s-tryst-with-a-%E2%80%98sexy%E2%80%99-title-and-after/article17284392.ece|title= Sexy Durga wins at International Film Festival of Rotterdam|work=The Hindu|date=10 February 2017}}</ref> The film, cinematographed by [[Prathap Joseph]] also has won eight more international awards including the Award for Professional Achievement in the [[Tarkovsky Film Festival]] in Russia for the excellence in cinematography,<ref name="TARKOVSKYFEST">{{cite news|url=http://tarkovskyfest.ru/2017/news2017/943.html|title=WINNERS OF THE XI INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL|publisher=tarkovskyfest.ru|date=18 June 2017|archive-date=9 October 2018|access-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009175421/http://tarkovskyfest.ru/2017/news2017/943.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> the [[Golden Apricot]] Award in the International Feature Competition category in [[Yerevan International Film Festival]] 2017,<ref name="FILMIBEAT”A">{{cite news|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/sanal-kumar-sasidharan-s-sexy-durga-continues-win-big-awards-265665.html|title=Sanal Kumar Sasidharan's Sexy Durga Continues To Win Big Awards|publisher=filmibeat.com}}</ref> Best International Feature Narrative in Guanajuato International Film Festival, Mexico [[Expresión en Corto International Film Festival]] 2017,<ref name="foo">{{cite news|url=http://screenanarchy.com/2017/07/guanajuato-2017-dispatch-film-awards-go-to-sexy-durga-los-anos-azules-an-more-gallery.html|title=Guanajuato 2017 Dispatch: Film Awards Go To SEXY DURGA, LOS AÑOS AZULES, And More|publisher=screenanarchy.com}}</ref> Best International Feature award Reflet d’Or in the Geneva International Film Festival,<ref name="screenanarchy.com">{{cite news|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/342807/|title=Sanal Sasidharan's Sexy Durga takes home the Reflet d'Or from Geneva|publisher=cineuropa.com}}</ref> The Young Jury award and a Special mention from the official Jury in the 53rd Pesaro Film Festival in Italy,<ref name="PESARO FILM FESTIVAL">{{cite news|url=http://www.pesarofilmfest.it/the-winners-of-the-53rd-pesaro-film-festival?lang=it|title=THE WINNERS OF THE 53RD PESARO FILM FESTIVAL|publisher=pesarofilmfest.it}}</ref> Jury Mention for Direction and Original Music track in Cinema Jove - International Film Festival of Valencia, Spain, Special Jury mention in the 19th Mumbai Academy of Moving Image (MAMI). The work in progress project of the film had also received NFDC FILM BAZAAR – DI Award 2016.<ref name="variety.com">{{cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/asia/facebook-film-bazaar-awards-1201926610/|title=Facebook Launches Film Bazaar Awards|work=Variety|date=25 November 2016}}</ref> The film faced huge controversy making headlines following the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] denying permission to screen the film in the [[International Film Festival of India]] after Jury selection, due to the title.<ref name="news18.com">{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/iffi-jury-head-sujoy-ghosh-quits-after-s-durga-nude-dropped-from-fest-1575901.html|title= IFFI Jury Head Sujoy Ghosh Resigns After S Durga, Nude Dropped from Festival|work=News18|date=14 November 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''Athisayalokam'' || Short film Crowd funded by [[Kazhcha Chalachithra Vedi]]<ref name="Kazhcha Website">{{cite news|url=http://www.kazhcha.in/projects.html|title=Our Projects|publisher=Kazhcha Film Forum}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || ''Parole'' || Short film Blog cinema from Malayalam blogosphere <ref name="Filmm Beat">{{cite news|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2009/parole-short-film-children-120109.html/|title=Parole:Blogger's Film On Children|publisher=filmBeat.com|date=12 January 2009}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''Frog'' || Short film Awarded as the best short film in the Kerala State Television Awards 2012 <ref name="keralafilm">{{cite news|url=http://keralafilm.com/images/2012%20TV%20Award%20Announcement%20for%20Press%20print.pdf|title=കേരള സംസ്ഥാന ടെലിവിഷൻ അവാർഡ്‌|publisher=keralafilm|archive-date=5 May 2022|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505161405/http://keralafilm.com/images/2012%20TV%20Award%20Announcement%20for%20Press%20print.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Hindu Feature">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/matter-of-life-and-death/article4123324.ece|title=Matter of life and death|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 November 2012}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Oraalppokkam]]'' || First feature film First online crowd funded feature film in Malayalam<ref name="Businesline">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/a-guerrilla-attempt-in-film-financing/article5368441.ece|title=A guerrilla attempt in film financing|publisher=[[Business Line]]|date=19 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="Economic Times">{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-13/news/44031210_1_malayalam-film-industry-crowd-funding-route-prakash-bare|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116193108/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-13/news/44031210_1_malayalam-film-industry-crowd-funding-route-prakash-bare|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 November 2013|title=Malayalam film 'Oraalpokkam' to be launched through crowd funding|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=13 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Ozhivudivasathe Kali]]'' || Feature film 2015 [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film]]
|-
| 2017 ||''[[Sexy Durga]]'' || Feature film <ref name="Hindusthan times">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sexy-durga-a-new-film-by-kerala-director/story-gm9byWwrZ5hsklFM72RvSL.html | title=Sexy Durga, a new film by Kerala director | date=23 February 2016 | newspaper=Hindustan Times | first=Gautaman | last=Bhaskaran | access-date=14 February 2019 }}</ref> 2017 Hivos Tiger Award [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]]<ref name="Scroll.in">{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/latest/828505/sexy-durga-wins-tiger-award-at-international-film-festival-rotterdam | title= Sexy Durga wins tiger award}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''Unmadiyude Maranam'' || Feature film <ref name="Deccan Chronicle">{{cite news|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/250418/sanals-ready-with-death-of-insane.html |title= Sanal's ready with Death of Insane }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 ||[[Chola (film)|''Chola'']] || Feature film <ref name="The Week">{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2019/07/25/Sanal-Kumar-Sasidharan-Chola-chosen-for-Venice-Film-Festival.html | title= Sanal Kumar Sasidharan's 'Chola' chosen for Venice Film Festival | date=29 July 2019 | newspaper= The Week }}</ref> 2019 Orizonti Competition [[Venice Film Festival]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-film-chola-selected-for-venice-film-festival/article28710166.ece | title= Malayalam film 'Chola' selected for Venice Film Festival}}</ref>
|-
|2020||''[[Kayattam|Ah'r Kayattam]]''||Feature film 2020 Nomination for [[Kim Jiseok Award]] at the [[Busan International Film Festival]]<ref name="New Indian Express">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/sep/16/sanal-kumars-kayattam-selected-at-busan-film-fest-2197327.html| title= Sanal Kumar's Kayattam selected at Busan Film Fest | date= 16 September 2020 | newspaper= New Indian Express }}</ref>
|-
|2021||''[[Vazhakku]]''||Feature film <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sanal-kumar-sasidharan-shooting-vazhakk-was-a-great-experience/articleshow/80168996.cms| title= Sanal Kumar Sasidharan: Shooting 'Vazhakk' was a great experience | date= 8 January 2021 | newspaper= Times of India }}</ref> Premiered in the IFFSA-SEOL <ref name="latestly">{{cite news|url=https://www.latestly.com/socially/entertainment/south/tovino-thomas-vazhakku-officially-selected-for-iffsa-seoul-2022-3953615.html| title= Tovino Thomas' Vazhakku Officially Selected for IFFSA-SEOUL 2022 | date= 15 July 2022 | newspaper= Latestly.com }}</ref> and officially selected in the [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/sanal-kumar-sasidharan-says-vazhakkugetting-an-official-selection-at-the-27th-iffk-is-important-to-him-as-several-people-have-been-trying-to-paint-him-as-a-women-abuser-in-film-circles/articleshow/94841479.cms| title= Sanal Kumar Sasidharan says 'Vazhakku'getting an official selection at the 27th IFFK is important to him, as several people have been trying to paint him as a 'women abuser' in film circles | date= 13 October 2022 | newspaper= Times of India }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards==
* Hivos Tiger Award [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] in 2017<ref name="ieentertainment">{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-film-sexy-durga-wins-hivos-tiger-award-4508476/|title=Malayalam film 'Sexy Durga' wins Hivos Tiger Award|publisher=Indian Express}}</ref>
* Golden Apricot Award [[Yerevan International Film Festival]] in 2017<ref name="The Winners">{{cite news|url=http://www.gaiff.am/en/1500138573|title=THE WINNERS OF 14TH GOLDEN APRICOT YEREVAN IFF ARE ANNOUNCED|publisher= Golden Apricot}}</ref>
* Award for the Best International Feature in the [[Expresión en Corto International Film Festival]]/Guanajuato International Film Festival, Mexico <ref name="foo" />
*Disruptor Award [[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]] in 2021 for the film Kayattam <ref name="onmanormana">{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/08/23/iifm-2021-winners-list-suirya-vidya-balan-samantha-manoj-nimisha-sajayan.html|title=IFFM 2021 winners: Sanal Kumar Sasidharan wins Disruptor Award|publisher= Onmanorama}}</ref>
* Special Jury Award For Direction in Valencia International Film Festival - Cinema Jove, in 2017 <ref name="cineytele">{{cite news|url=http://www.cineytele.com/2017/07/03/la-sudafricana-the-wound-obtiene-la-luna-de-valencia-en-cinema-jove-2017/|title=La sudafricana 'The Wound' obtiene la Luna de Valencia en Cinema Jove 2017
|publisher= cineytele}}</ref>
*Special Jury mention for best film scoring for [[Sexy Durga]] for music by Basil Joseph in Valencia International Film Festival - Cinema Jove, in 2017 <ref name="cinemajove">{{cite news|url=https://www.cinemajove.com/en/palmares-32-cinema-jove-the-wound-gana-la-luna-de-valencia-al-mejor-largometraje/|title=Noticias Festival|publisher=Cinemajove}}</ref>
*Young Jury Award in the [[Pesaro International Film Festival]]2017 for [[Sexy Durga]]<ref name="Cinemaillusions">{{cite news|url=https://cinematicillusions.com/top-film-reviews/s-durga/|title=S Durga|publisher= cinemaillusions}}</ref>
*Special Jury Mention in the [[Pesaro International Film Festival]] 2017 for [[Sexy Durga]]<ref name="Reelsuspects">{{cite news|url=https://www.reelsuspects.com/portfolio-item/sexy-durga/#toggle-id-2|title=Sexy Durga|publisher= Reelsuspects}}</ref>
*Award for professional Achievement - Excellence in cinematography for [[Sexy Durga]] in the Tarkovsky Zerkalo International Film Festival, Russia <ref name="Indiaherald">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/274796/Sexy-Durga-Movie-is-in-process-of-winning-award|title=Sexy Durga movie is in process of winning awards|publisher= indiaherald}}</ref>
*[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film]] in the [[2015 Kerala State Film Awards]]
*[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director award]] in the [[2014 Kerala State Film Awards]]<ref name="bestdirectoraward">{{cite news|url=http://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/kca-updates/318-state-film-award-2014|title=State Film Award 2014|publisher=Keralafilm|archive-date=13 August 2015|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813000251/http://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/kca-updates/318-state-film-award-2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Fipresci Award for [[Oraalppokkam]] in the 19th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fipresci.org/festival/19th-kerala-international-film-festival/|title=19th Kerala International Film Festival|publisher=fipresci.org}}</ref>
*Fipresci Award for [[Ozhivudivasathe Kali]] in the 20th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://fipresci.org/festival/20th-international-film-festival-of-kerala-trivandrum/|title=20th Kerala International Film Festival|publisher=fipresci.org}}</ref>
*Special Jury Mention in the Jio MAMI Mumbai film festival [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image]] 2017 for [[Sexy Durga]]<ref name="Onmanorama">{{cite news|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2017/10/19/s-durga-bags-special-jury-mention-at-jio-mami-mumbai-film-festival.html|title='S Durga' bags special jury mention at Jio MAMI Mumbai film festival|publisher=Onmanoram}}</ref>
*Special Jury Mention in the [[49th Kerala State Film Awards]] for Direction for [[Chola (film)]] in the year 2019
*Special Jury Mention in the [[49th Kerala State Film Awards]] for sound design for [[Chola (film)]] in the year 2019
*Special Jury award in the [[John Abraham (director)|John Abraham]] Awards 2014<ref name="specialjuryjohnabraham">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/winners-of-video-film-fete/article7804766.ece|title=Winners of video film fete|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*Special Jury mention in the [[Aravindan Puraskaram]] 2014<ref name="specialjuryaravindpuraskaram">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Wins-Aravindan-Puraskaram/2015/02/25/article2685370.ece|title=Wins Aravindan Puraskaram|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=6 December 2015|archive-date=26 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126122433/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/Wins-Aravindan-Puraskaram/2015/02/25/article2685370.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Mohan Raghavan award Best director 2014<ref name="mohanraghavanaward">{{cite news|url=http://www.ytalkies.com/mollywood-film-news/oraalppokkam-wins-mohan-raghavan-award|title=Oraalppokkam wins Mohan Raghavan award|publisher=ytalkies}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|6427447}}
* [http://www.sanalsasidharan.com/ Official Website]
* [http://www.fipresci.org/people/sanalkumar-sasidharan Fipresci Profile]
* [http://kff.in/film.php?f=4 Kiff2014 profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213011254/http://kff.in/film.php?f=4 |date=13 December 2017 }}

{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Director}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sasidharan, Sanal Kumar}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Kotabi

2025-09-20T08:07:47Z

WilhelminaBoswel: quick fix

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kotabi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.9262034|N|72.8013252|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of Sovereign States|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Dahanu]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 26
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1507
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551616
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kotabi''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Dahanu]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Kotabi has 306 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 55.22%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archive-date=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1507 || 747 || 760
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 299 || 153 || 146
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1487 || 737 || 750
|-
| Literates || 667 || 386 || 281
|-
| Workers (all) || 842 || 411 || 431
|-
| Main workers (total) || 663 || 378 || 285
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 110 || 58 || 52
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 411 || 229 || 182
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 8 || 3 || 5
|-
| Main workers: Other || 134 || 88 || 46
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 179 || 33 || 146
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 2 || 0 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 100 || 11 || 89
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 76 || 21 || 55
|-
| Non-workers || 665 || 336 || 329
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Dahanu taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Dahanu taluka]]

{{Palghar-district-geo-stub}}

Swaraj Dweep

2025-09-14T12:41:06Z

WilhelminaBoswel: made a page

#REDIRECT [[Havelock Island]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Faggan Singh Kulaste

2025-09-07T15:07:32Z

WilhelminaBoswel: fixed issues

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Faggan Singh Kulaste
| image = Shri Faggan Singh Kulaste taking charge as the Minister of State for Steel, in New Delhi on May 31, 2019 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kulaste in 2019
| office = [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Minister of State]]
| term_start = 30 May 2019
| term_end = 10 June 2024
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| 1blankname = {{centre|Ministry}}
| 1namedata = {{centre|'''Term'''}}
| 2blankname = [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Rural Development]]
| 2namedata = 7 July 2021 – 10 June 2024
| 3blankname = [[Ministry of Steel|Steel]]
| 3namedata = 30 May 2019 – 10 June 2024
| term_start1 = 5 July 2016
| term_end1 = 3 September 2017
| primeminister1 = Narendra Modi
| 1blankname1 = {{centre|Ministry}}
| 1namedata1 = {{centre|'''Term'''}}
| 2blankname1 = [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Health & Family Welfare]]
| 2namedata1 = 5 July 2016 – 3 September 2017
| term_start2 = 13 October 1999
| term_end2 = 22 May 2004
| primeminister2 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| 1blankname2 = {{centre|Ministry}}
| 1namedata2 = {{centre|'''Term'''}}
| 2blankname2 = [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs|Tribal Affairs]]
| 2namedata2 = 22 November 1999 – 22 May 2004
| 3blankname2 = [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Parliamentary Affairs]]
| 3namedata2 = 13 October 1999 – 22 November 1999
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency3 = [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla, Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 16 May 2014
| predecessor3 = [[Basori Singh Masram]]
| term_start4 = 10 May 1996
| term_end4 = 16 May 2009
| predecessor4 = [[Mohan Lal Jhikram]]
| successor4 = [[Basori Singh Masram]]
| constituency4 = [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla, Madhya Pradesh]]
| office5 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start5 = 3 April 2012
| term_end5 = 16 May 2014
| constituency5 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
| successor5 = [[Prakash Javadekar]]
| office6 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start6 = 1990
| term_end6 = 1992
| predecessor6 = Dayal Singh Tumrachi
| successor6 = Dayal Singh Tumrachi
| constituency6 = [[Niwas (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Niwas]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|05|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mandla]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| residence = [[New Delhi|8, Safdarjung Lane, New Delhi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Savitri Kulaste|1985}}
| children = 4 (1 son and 3 daughters)
| website =
| occupation = {{hlist|Agriculturist|politician}}
| date = 22 September|
| year = 2006|
| source = http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=207
}}

'''Faggan Singh Kulaste''' (born 18 May 1959; {{IPA|hi|pʰəgːən̪ sɪŋgʱ kʊləst̪eː}}) is an Indian politician. He is a 7th term MP. He served as the [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Minister of State for Rural Development]] and [[Ministry of Steel|Steel of India]] in the Government of India. He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).
He was sworn in as Union Minister of State in the Ministry of Steel<ref>{{Cite web|last=Desk|first=Sentinel Digital|date=2021-08-19|title=Union Minister Faggan Singh Kulaste inspects Hajo Rurban Cluster - Sentinelassam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/union-minister-faggan-singh-kulaste-inspects-hajo-rurban-cluster-551093|access-date=2021-08-24|website=www.sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref> on 30 May 2019 under Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].
Kulaste is elected as a member of the 18th Lok Sabha (2024–2029).
He represents the [[Mandla (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mandla]] constituency of Madhya Pradesh.
He was also Minister of State in Modi government.
He has previously been a member of the 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 16th and 17th Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=207|access-date=2021-08-24|website=164.100.47.194}}</ref>

He represented the Mandla Lok Sabha Parliamentary seat from 1996 to 2009.
After losing in 2009 to Basori Singh Masram of Congress, he was elected to Rajya Sabha in 2012. He regained the seat in 2014 Lok Sabha, defeating his Congress rival Omkar Markam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mandla Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mandla-lok-sabha|access-date=2021-08-24|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

In [[2024 lok sabha election|2024 Lok Sabha Election]], Kulaste won with a margin of 103846 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandla Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/mandla-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Parliamentary Constituency 14 - MANDLA |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1214.htm |website=ECI}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in Barbati, District, Mandla (Madhya Pradesh), Faggan Singh Kulaste is married to Mrs. Savitri Kulaste. He has 3 daughters and 1 son.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faggan Singh Kulaste: Age, Biography, Education, Wife, Caste, Net Worth & More - Oneindia|url=https://www.oneindia.com/politicians/faggan-singh-kulaste-34152.html|access-date=2021-08-24|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en}}</ref>{{clarify|date=March 2020}}

==Education==
Kulaste completed his post graduation MA., BEd and LL.B.
He completed his early education from Mandla College, Dr. Hari Singh Gaur University, Sagar and Rani Durgawati University, Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh).{{clarify|date=March 2020}}

==Positions held==

=== Legislative ===
[[File:H2019053068355.jpg|thumb|Kulaste during the oath taking ceremony at [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]]]]
* Union Minister of State, [[Ministry of Steel]] (2019 onwards)
* Union Minister of State, [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] (July 2016 – Sept 2017)
* Union Minister of State, [[Ministry of Tribal Affairs]] (Nov 1999 – May 2004)
* Union Minister of State, [[Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)|Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs]] (Oct – Nov 1999)
* Member of Legislative Assembly, [[Madhya Pradesh]] (1990–92)

=== Within BJP ===

* National President : BJP Scheduled Tribes Morcha, 2004 & 2010 (two terms)
* General Secretary : [[BJP Madhya Pradesh]] 2006-2010 (two terms)

=== Non-political activities ===

* Akhil Bhartiya Adivasi Vikash Parishad, Madhya Pradesh, 2000
* National Secretary (In-charge) : BJP (ST Cell), 1996
* State General Secretary (In-charge) : BJP (ST Cell), 1993
* President : Akhil Bharatiya Adivasi Vikash Parishad, Madhya Pradesh, 1980
* Patron : Akhil Bharatiya Gond Sangh since 1998

=== Social and cultural activities ===
Kulaste has been working for the propagation of education in society; encouraging tribals to keep alive their cultural activities by forming several committees; founder and organiser of educational units; providing free education to the weaker sections of the society; established Babalia Development Block for the upliftment of Adivasis and promotion of education. According to him liquor is a tonic in the COVID-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-07|title=Liquor is a Tonic, Crucial in Times of Pandemic: Union Minister Faggan Singh Kulaste|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/liquor-is-a-tonic-crucial-in-times-of-pandemic-union-minister-faggan-singh-kulaste-3818606.html|access-date=2021-08-24|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> He had inaugurated an oxygen plant.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faggan Singh Kulsate Inaugurated Oxygen Plant|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/335280-Faggan-Singh-Kulsate-Inaugurated-Oxygen-Plant|access-date=2021-08-24|website=5 Dariya News}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060426182211/http://164.100.24.208/ls/lsmember/biodata.asp?mpsno=207 Members of Fourteenth Lok Sabha - Parliament of India website]
* [http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=207 Members' Profile 17th Lok Sabha - Parliament of India Website]

{{Second Narendra Modi Cabinet}}
{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{16th LS members from Madhya Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{17th LS members from Madhya Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulaste, Faggan Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:People from Mandla]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

Mawphlang

2025-08-28T06:13:22Z

WilhelminaBoswel:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mawphlang
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = Mawphlang village.jpg
| image_alt = Mawphlang valley and village
| image_caption = Mawphlang valley and village
| pushpin_map = India Meghalaya#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Meghalaya, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|28|N|91|46|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Meghalaya]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = East Khasi Hills
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
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| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = ML
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Mawphlang
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Oceanic climate#Subtropical highland variety (Cfb, Cwb)|Cwb]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Mawphlang''' is a village in the [[East Khasi Hills district]] of [[Meghalaya]] state in north-eastern [[India]], 25 kilometers from [[Shillong]]. The word ''maw'' means "stone", ''maw phlang'' means "grassy stone," and is one of many settlements in the Khasi hills named after [[monolith]]s.<ref>Encyclopaedia of Tourism Resources in India – Volume 1 – Page 234 Manohar Sajnani – 2003 "... visitors to the area is the large number of monoliths, table stones and [[Dolmen|cromlech]]s that are seen in most of the villages. .. Maw-smai the oath-stone, Maw-phlang the grassy stone and many others."</ref> Mawphlang is the site of one of the Khasi Hills sacred groves.<ref>Economic Studies of Indigenous and Traditional Knowledge – Page 42 Nirmal Sengupta, Indian Economic Association Trust for Research and Development - 2007 "In more traditional societies such as the tribal societies of the Northeast, the concept of sacred grove is very prevalent. Thus, in the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya at one time each village has had a small patch of forest preserved in a virgin state. ... of these sacred groves such as 'U Basa' or 'U Ryngkew' for the 'Mawphlang' sacred grove locally called 'Law Lyngdoh'."</ref><ref>Indian forest records: Botany – Volumes 3–4 – Page 161 Forest Research Institute (Dehra Dūn, India) – 1941 "The sacred grove at Mawphlang, called Law Lyngdoh, has the following story connected with it. One of the Khasi clans "Iangblah ", originating from Jaintia is said to have constituted this sacred grove, which is of considerable extent, in order to provide a home for a spirit called " U Basa " or " U Ryngkew ". These names indicate that the spirit is regarded as a keeper or defender of the land. The current belief in regard to this grove is that anyone who commits any damage in it will be throttled to death by the spirit in residence."</ref>
Khasi heritage village - located in the Mawphlang district - is considered to be the hub of Khasi culture. As per digital media NewsGram, the village project is in shambles. The heritage project was started with much fanfare, but has suffered losses due to governmental apathy and charges of corruption.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsgram.com/hub-of-khasi-culture-khasi-heritage-village-in-shambles/ |title=Hub of Khasi culture, Khasi Heritage Village in shambles |newspaper=NewsGram |date=29 June 2015 |access-date=25 March 2017 }}</ref>

Mawphlang was the centre of [[Presbyterian Church of Wales]] missionary and medical activity in the [[Khasi Hills]] during the 1890s. A dispensary and then clinic were established in 1878 by Dr Griffith Griffiths of Brynmawr, [[Aberdaron]] who died at Mawphlang, 22 April 1892.<ref>D. Ben Rees ''Vehicles of Grace and Hope: Welsh Missionaries in India 1800–1970'' Page 54 – 2002 "GRIFFITHS, ANNIE married Mary Gertrude in Edgbaston, Birmingham on 28 June, and they both sailed for ... Their first centre was Mawphlang, and resulting from a combination of missionary and evangelical work, a number of local people of ..."</ref><ref>Shaji Joseph Puykunnel ''Christianity and change in Northeast India'' Page 208 - 2009 "The child was treated by Dr. Griffiths and healed. To meet the growing needs of the people, Dr. Griffiths soon built a small dispensary at Mawphlang and also three houses for the patients' relatives and friends. During the outbreak of cholera at ..."</ref><ref>John Hughes Morris ''The history of the Welsh Calvinistic Methodists' foreign mission'' Page 317 – 1996 "GRIFFITH GRIFFITHS, M.B., C.M. — Born at Brynmawr, Aberdaron, December 19th, 1852, son of Capt. Richard and Ellen Griffiths. In 1872 proceeded to Glasgow University ... Died at Mawphlang, April 22nd, 1892."</ref><ref>Maurice G. Lyngdoh ''Recapture: a collection of articles on the works of the ... '' Page 22 – 1992 "Dr.Griffiths built a small dispensary at Mawphlang and also three houses for the accommodation of the patients' relatives and friends. During the outbreak of Cholera at Shillong in 1879, Dr. Griffiths assisted by Rev. Thomas Jerman Jones and ."</ref> After Griffiths came [[William Williams (missionary)]] who also died at Mawphlang.<ref name=lloyd>{{cite book| author=J. Meirion Lloyd |title=History of the Church in Mizoram: Harvest in the Hills |year= 1991 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BkgFAQAAIAAJ| publisher= Synod Publication Board|pages=17–23}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}

[[Category:Villages in East Khasi Hills district]]

Aaj Rang Hai

2025-06-01T12:27:54Z

WilhelminaBoswel: typo fix

{{Infobox song
| name = Aaj Rang Hai
| cover =
| alt =
| type = Song
| artist =
| album =
| released =
| format =
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Qawwali]]
| length =
| label =
| writer = [[Amir Khusrau]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{Italic title}}'''''Aaj Rang Hai''''' ({{Langx|ur|آج رنگ ہے}}; {{Langx|hi|आज रंग है}}; {{Translation|Today There is a Glow}}) also known as '''Rang''' or '''Rung''' ({{Translation|'''Color'''}}) is a [[Qawwali]] written by the 13th-century Sufi poet, [[Amir Khusrau]]<ref>[http://www.hindi-kavita.com/HindiAmirKhusro.php Amir Khusro]. hindi-kavita.com.</ref> in [[Hindustani language|Hindavi]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Sukrita Paul|date=2015-09-03|title=The language of many tongues|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-language-of-many-tongues/article7612174.ece|access-date=2021-12-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and [[Braj Bhasha]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-28|title=Amjad Sabri’s assassination: How the sufi qawwali rattles the jihadists’ grey worldview|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/amjad-sabris-assassination-how-the-sufi-qawwali-rattles-the-jihadists-grey-worldview/?frmapp=yes|access-date=2021-12-22|website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> dialects. In the song, Khusrau describes to his mother his ecstasy upon finding his ''[[murshid]]'' (spiritual master) in the [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint [[Nizamuddin Auliya]]. The song is a staple of most Qawwali sessions in North India and Pakistan, especially in the [[Chishti Order|Chishti]] shrines of [[Delhi]]. It is traditionally sung as a closing piece at the end of a Qawwali session.

The song is celebratory in tone and holds a prominent place in the landscape of [[Sufi music]]. The word "rang" or "rung" literally translates into "color." The theme of saturated colors, dyes, and hues is a well-known motif in [[Sufi poetry]] and imagery and is understood to symbolize union between the seeker and God (as the Beloved).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sufism - Symbolism in Sufism {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sufism/Symbolism-in-Sufism|access-date=2021-12-22|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> In the context of the song, however, "rang" or "rung" refers to the happiness, splendor, or glow that Khusrau feels after having met his ''[[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]'' (spiritual guide). In this sense, "rang" or "rung" symbolizes Khusrau's euphoric and enraptured state, and this is borne out later in the song where Khusrau repeatedly refers to his world now being ablaze with divine light and a sublime glow. Consistent with Sufi poetry, the song intentionally blurs the lines between the seeker, the beloved, the spiritual master, and God.

The 1978 Indian film [[Junoon (1978 film)|''Junoon'']] opens with a rendition of ''Aaj Rung Hai'', and the film's plot sees the poem employed as a symbol of rebellion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/how-amir-khusraus-rung-inspired-the-film-and-music-culture-of-south-asia-4228239.html|title=How Amir Khusrau's 'rung' inspired the film and music culture of South Asia|website=Firstpost|access-date=2020-03-28}}</ref> In 2015 movie indian musical trio Nizami Bandhu sung Aaj Rang Hai in the movie [[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]].
The song has been sung by numerous vocalists over the years, notably by renowned qawwali singer [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]] and Sufi vocalist [[Abida Parveen]]. Excerpts from the qawwali were incorporated into the song ''Jhin Min Jhini'' from the soundtrack of [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]'s 2004 film, ''[[Maqbool]]''. In 2012, prominent Pakistani singer [[Hadiqa Kiani]] performed a rendition of the song in [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 5)|Season 5]] of [[Coke Studio (Pakistan)|Coke Studio]] Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.koolmuzone.pk/2012/06/rung-hadiqa-kiani-coke-studio-season-5-audio-video/ Hadiqa Kiani - Coke Studio Season 5]. koolmuzone.pk.</ref> In 2015, a version of this song was released by [[Shafqat Amanat Ali|Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan]] as part of his third solo album ''[[Muh Dikhai]]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Muh Dikhai by Shafqat Amanat Ali|date=2015-03-23|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/muh-dikhai/976512408|language=en-US|access-date=2021-12-14}}</ref> The renowned Qawwali singer [[Amjad Sabri]] also performed this song with [[Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]] in the season finale of [[Coke Studio (Pakistani season 9)|Coke Studio Season 9]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2-dKd0D4ZM Rang — Amjad Sabri & Rahat Fateh Ali Khan]. [[YouTube]].</ref> It was also featured in the 2017 Indian [[Hindi]]-language film [[Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain (film)|''Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain'']], where it was sung by Jatinder Pal Singh, Sameer Naza, Mahesh Kumar Rao, and Mustafa with additional lyrics by [[Yogesh (lyricist)|Yogesh]] and music by [[Oni-Adil]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/1382728743?ign-mpt=uo%3D4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180512183127/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/1382728743?ign-mpt=uo%3D4 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 12, 2018 |title=Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |publisher=[[iTunes]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Qawwali songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Year of song missing]]

{{song-stub}}

Mackworth Young

2025-05-30T12:56:31Z

WilhelminaBoswel: put up new details...

{{Short description|Member of the Indian Civil Service, Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

[[File:William Mackworth Young.jpg|thumb|Former Governor of Punjab]]

'''Sir William Mackworth Young''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCSI}} (15 August 1840 – 10 May 1924)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Young, Sir William Mackworth, (15 Aug. 1840–10 May 1924), JP|url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-205019|access-date=2021-06-12|website=WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO|language=en|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u205019}}</ref> was a member of the [[Indian Civil Service]], who became [[Lieutenant-Governor]] of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] 1897–1902.

== Early life ==
Young was the son of [[Sir George Young, 2nd Baronet|Captain Sir George Young, 2nd Baronet]]. He attended [[Eton College|Eton]] and [[King's College, Cambridge]], receiving a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1863 and a [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|master of arts]] in 1866. Young joined the I.C.S. in [[Bengal]] in 1863, subsequently holding the title of Financial Commissioner of the Punjab from 1889 to 1895, Resident at Mysore (1895 to 1897) and [[List of Governors of Punjab (British India)|Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab]] 1897–1902. He stepped down in early March 1902, and left Bombay for the United Kingdom on 8 March 1902.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular|date=10 March 1902 |page=9 |issue=36711}}</ref> He also briefly served as a [[vice-chancellor]] of [[University of the Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pu.edu.pk/page/show/former-vcs.html|title=University of the Punjab - Former Vice Chancellors|website=pu.edu.pk}}</ref>

Young also served as a member of the [[Imperial Legislative Council (India)|Imperial Legislative Council]] in 1893.<ref name="IndianBio">{{cite IBD1915|wstitle= Young, Sir William Mackworth |volume= 25.2 |pages= 470 |year=1915|short=}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Family ==
Young married, firstly, in 1869, Isabel Maria Elliott, daughter of the Rev. Charles Boileau Elliott. She died in 1870, two weeks after giving birth to their daughter, Isabel Mary Young.

He married, secondly, in 1881, Frances Mary Egerton, daughter of [[Robert Eyles Egerton|Sir Robert Eyles Egerton]], Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab. They had four sons, all of whom entered government service and achieved high office:

* [[Gerard Mackworth Young|Gerard Mackworth-Young]], [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (1884–1965), member of the [[Indian Civil Service]] and director of the [[British School at Athens]];<ref>Dilys Powell, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34769 "Young, Gerard Mackworth- (1884–1965)"], rev. Katherine Prior, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', [[Oxford University Press]], 2004; online edn, May 2012.</ref>
* [[Hubert Winthrop Young|Sir Hubert Winthrop Young]], [[Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (1885–1960), Governor of Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia, and Trinidad and Tobago;
* [[Mark Aitchison Young|Sir Mark Aitchison Young]], [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George|GCMG]] (1886–1974), Governor of Barbados, Tanganyika, and Hong Kong;
* [[Norman Egerton Young]], CB, CMG, MC (1892–1964), Secretary and Comptroller-General of the National Debt Office.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef |before= [[Dennis Fitzpatrick (colonial administrator)|Sir Dennis Fitzpatrick]]}}
{{s-ttl |title=[[List of Governors of Punjab (British India)|Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab]] |years=1897–1902}}
{{s-aft |after=[[Charles Montgomery Rivaz|Sir Charles Montgomery Rivaz]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors of Punjab (British India)}}
{{Vice-Chancellors of University of the Punjab}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Young, William Mackworth}}
[[Category:Governors of Punjab (British India)]]
[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1924 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Members of the Imperial Legislative Council of India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:British resident at Mysore]]
[[Category:Younger sons of baronets]]

{{India-politician-stub}}

Barnadi River

2025-05-30T12:17:35Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Updated entries and formatting

#REDIRECT [[Bornadi river]]

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Palayam, Dindigul district

2025-05-07T23:23:00Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Started A Place.

{{other uses|Palayam (disambiguation)}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}

'''Palayam''' is a town panchayat in [[Dindigul district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It falls under [[Vedasandur Assembly constituency]] and [[Karur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.townpanchayat.in/palayam பாளையம் பேரூராட்சியின் இணையதளம்]</ref>

==Geography==
Palayam town panchayat is 40 km from [[Dindigul]], Dindigul district headquarters; It is also 35 km from Karur.

==Demographies==
As of 2011 census, the municipality has 3,686 houses and a population of 15,336, an area of 25.10 km2 and 15 wards. Also, the municipality has a literacy rate of 71.9% and a sex ratio of 988 females per 1,000 males. Child Sex Ratio There are 895 female children per 1000 male children. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are 1,525 and 1 respectively.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dindigul Block}}
{{Dindigul District}}

{{coord|10|43|33|N|78|08|10|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Dindigul district]]

Nasir Aminuddin Dagar

2025-04-30T04:02:57Z

WilhelminaBoswel: put up new entry

{{Short description|Indian classical musician (1923–2000)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aminuddin Dagar
| birth_name = Nasir Aminuddin Dagar
| birth_date = 20 October 1923
| birth_place = [[Indore]], [[Indore State]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 28 December 2000
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| occupation = Singer - [[dhrupad]] style of Dagar Gharana [[Hindustani classical music]]
|awards = {{ubl|[[Padma Bhushan]] (1986)|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1985)}}
}}
'''Ustad Nasir Aminuddin Dagar''' (20 October 1923 – 28 December 2000) was an Indian [[dhrupad]] singer in the Dagarvani style, the second-eldest among four Dhrupad singing brothers.<ref name=dhrupad/><ref name="Britannica">[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nasir-Aminuddin-Dagar Nasir Aminuddin Dagar profile on Encyclopedia Britannica] Published 24 December 2021, Retrieved 8 January 2022</ref>

He is also remembered as the younger brother in the legendary [[jugalbandi]] or duo of Senior Dagar Brothers.<ref name="dhrupadsangeetashram.com">{{cite web |title=Dagar Dhrupad Sangeet Ashram |url=http://www.dhrupadsangeetashram.com/dagarsangeetashram.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421030811/http://www.dhrupadsangeetashram.com/dagarsangeetashram.html |archive-date=21 April 2011 |access-date=2022-01-08 |publisher=Dhrupadsangeetashram.com website |df=dmy-all}}</ref> He and his elder brother [[Nasir Moinuddin Dagar|Ustad Nasir Moinuddin Dagar]] revived the dhrupad tradition in Dagar Gharana that had fallen off after the death of their father Ustad Nasiruddin Khan Dagar. Ustad Nasiruddin Khan had an early premonition of his death and spent ten years imparting his musical knowledge to his two elder sons. After Ustad Nasiruddin Khan's demise, the brothers trained under Ustad Riyazuddin Khan and Ustad Ziauddin Khan Dagar.<ref name=dhrupad/>

According to Encyclopedia Britannica's profile of Nasir Aminuddin Dagar:

"Nasir Aminuddin Dagar, ...Indian singer, exponent of the dhrupad tradition, a spiritual and intensely demanding form of Hindustani vocal music, involving gesture as well as sound. He and his brothers, who were also dhrupad singers, were believed to be the 19th generation of singers–dating to the 18th century–in the Dagar family."<ref name=Britannica/>

==Senior Dagar Brothers==
Young Aminuddin gave his first performance at the age of 11. In the 1940s, Moinuddin and Aminuddin had a meteoric rise as the Senior Dagar Brothers — two of the brightest stars in the Dhrupad singing field. Within themselves, they not only transformed the art of Dhrupad singing but also breathed new life into the form of duet or ''jugalbandi'' singing. Previously ''jugalbandi'' in classical music had degenerated into a competition between the two singers. Moinuddin and Aminuddin brought back the concept of a harmonious synchronization between the two. In a typical performance, Aminuddin's voice would draw the audience into a deep meditative mood by gradually descending the notes of the lower octaves and Moinuddin would dazzle the listeners with his ''alankars'', ornamentations in the upper octave. After having established Dhrupad in India, they were invited to perform abroad. They visited [[Russia]] and [[Japan]]. Their music was so charming that [[Alain Danielou]], the renowned musicologist and adviser to [[UNESCO]]'s [[International Music Council]], invited them to tour Europe and perform under the UNESCO banner in [[Berlin]], [[Venice]], and [[Paris]]. In 1964, Europeans listened enthralled to their singing, and newspaper after newspaper declared the glory of Dhrupad and the Senior Dagar Brothers. A review of their performance in ''[[Le Monde]]'', dated 17 November 1964, perhaps best expresses the mood of the western audience: "we will remain under the deep impression of an art of such greatness and intensity that...we feel touched and moved to the deepest of our being." Ustad Nasir Moinuddin Dagar died soon after this concert in 1966. Aminuddin, who regarded his brother as his greatest guru and a father substitute, was devastated but continued as a solo performer.<ref name="dhrupadsangeetashram.com"/><ref name=dhrupad>[http://dhrupad.info/aminuddin.htm Maestros - Nasir Aminuddin Dagar (a profile)] dhrupad.info website, Retrieved 8 January 2022</ref><ref name=Scroll>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/829513/rythmic-interplay-marks-nasir-aminuddin-dagar-and-nasir-moinuddin-dagars-rendition-of-raag-kaafi |title=Rhythmic interplay marks Nasir Aminuddin Dagar and Nasir Moinuddin Dagar's rendition of raag Kafi|author=Aneesh Pradhan|date=18 February 2017|website=Scroll.in website|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref>

==Documentary film==
Nasir Aminuddin Dagar was also the subject of a documentary film portrait called ''The Recluse''.<ref name=Britannica/>

==Dhrupad Sangeet Ashram==
The next phase of Aminuddin's life unfolded in Kolkata where he came in January 1966 as the founder principal of Birla Academy Swar Sangam. In 1975 he founded his own Dhrupad institute and named after his elder brother '''Ustad Nasir Moinuddin Dagar Dhrupad Sangeet Ashram'''. He planned it as an Ashram where disciples will stay close to their guru and learn the subtle nuances of Dhrupad through the age old ''guru sishya parampara''. It is now the oldest surviving institute solely dedicated to the preservation and propagation of dagar-vani Dhrupad. It is here that Aminuddin trained some of the best dhrupad singers of the next generation including Samir Kumar Dutta, Alaka Nandy, Ashoka Dhar (famous as the Nandy Sisters), Sujata Moitra, Gopal Banerjee, Anu Burman and Dr. Samiran Chatterjee. Ustad Aminuddin Dagar sahib also trained legendary Rabindra Sangeet exponent Maya Sen.<ref name="dhrupadsangeetashram.com"/><ref name=Britannica/>

Presently the Ashram (Ustad Nasir Moinuddin Dagar Dhrupad Sangeet Ashram) is being organised by renowned artist and disciple of senior Dagar bandhu Aloka Nandy.<ref name="dhrupadsangeetashram.com"/>

==Awards==
Ustad Nasir Aminuddin Dagar had been honoured with numerous awards and accolades. Below is a list of some important awards that he received:
* [[Padma Bhushan]] award by the [[Government of India]] (one of the highest civilian honours in India) in 1986<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=September 2014|access-date=8 January 2022|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] as a vocalist (the most prestigious award in India in the field of performing arts) in 1985<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |title=SNA: List of Akademi Awardees (see (Music - Vocal) section of the list)|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217185616/http://www.sangeetnatak.org/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-date=17 February 2012|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=Britannica/>
* [[Swami Haridas]] Award in 1979
* [[D.Litt.]] from [[Rabindra Bharati University]] in 1991
* Producer emeritus of [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]] (the Indian national television network) from 1986–89

==See also==
*[[Younger Dagar Brothers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://dhrupad.info/aminuddin.htm Dhrupad.info]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dagar, Aminuddin}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Dagarvani]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:People from Indore]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Musicians from Indore]]

Keeriparai

2025-04-11T16:19:52Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Keeriparai
|native_name =
|native_name_lang = ta
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline = File:Keeriparai_-_Vattaparai_falls.JPG
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Tamil Nadu
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Keeriparai (Tamil Nadu)
|coordinates = {{coord|8|23|35.2|N|77|24|35.6|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File: TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 =
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 267
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 629854
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code = +914652
|registration_plate = TN 74 yy xxxx
|blank1_name_sec1 = Neighbourhoods
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Thittuvilai]], [[Boothapandi]], [[Vadasery]], [[Nagercoil]] and [[Kulasekaram]]
|blank2_name_sec1 = Local Body
|blank2_info_sec1 = [[Thovalai Panchayat Union]]
|blank3_name_sec1 =
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[Vijay Vasanth]]
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 = [[Thalavai Sundaram N]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Keeriparai''' is a hillock area in [[Kanniyakumari district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the peninsular [[India]]. It is located at an altitude of about 267 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of {{coord|8|23|35.2|N|77|24|35.6|E}} (i.e., 8.393100°N, 77.409900°E). [[Thittuvilai][Boothapandi]], [[Vadasery]], [[Nagercoil]] and [[Kulasekaram]] are some of the important neighbourhoods of Keeriparai. (Government-run) Arasu Rubber Corporation has a rubber factory in Keeriparai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TNFOREST :: Tamil Nadu Forest Department |url=https://www.forests.tn.gov.in/pages/view/dist-kanyakumari |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=www.forests.tn.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=No relief, Arasu Rubber Corpn workers' protest on for nearly a month |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/dec/05/no-relief-arasu-rubber-corpn-workers-protest-on-for-nearly-a-month-2525137.html |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=2022-12-04 |title=Rubber plantation workers' demand should be met: Thirumavalavan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/rubber-plantation-workers-demand-should-be-met-thirumavalavan/article66219895.ece |access-date=2023-01-08 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Keeriparai area falls under the [[Kanniyakumari Assembly constituency]]. The winner of the election held in the year 2021 as the member of its assembly constituency is [[Thalavai Sundaram N]]. Also, this area belongs to [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Vijay Vasanth]] won the 2019 and 2021 elections, as the member of its Lok Sabha constituency.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
# [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Keeriparai&params=8_23_35.2_N_77_24_35.6_E_type:city_region:IN]
# [https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Keeriparai_-_Vattaparai_falls.JPG]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kanyakumari district]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Olive production in India

2025-01-31T19:27:39Z

WilhelminaBoswel: Started Post.

{{Short description|none}}
'''Olive production in India''' is concentrated in the state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-19|title=India Olive Oil Market Outlook (2020-2025) - Drivers and Challenges - ResearchAndMarkets.com|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20200219005396/en/India-Olive-Oil-Market-Outlook-2020-2025---Drivers-and-Challenges---ResearchAndMarkets.com|access-date=2021-11-28|website=www.businesswire.com|language=en}}</ref> Olives are not [[Native species|native]] to India. Olive production in the country began in 2007 when olive saplings were imported from [[Israel]] and planted in the [[Thar Desert]]. The first olive yield in India occurred in 2012, and commercial [[olive oil]] production began in September 2013. The first Indian-made olive oil brand called Raj Oil was launched on 9 November 2016. India produced 150 tonnes of olives in 2020.

== History ==
An Indian delegation led by [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare|Agriculture Minister]] [[Sharad Pawar]] visited Israel in May 2006 to attend the 16th International Agriculture Exhibition. Rajasthan [[List of chief ministers of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]] [[Vasundhara Raje]] was also part of the delegation. During a visit to [[Nitzanei Sinai]], Raje observed olives being grown in the [[Negev]] desert and felt that they could potentially be grown in Rajasthan's [[Thar Desert]]. After returning to Rajasthan, she met with the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|Indian Council for Agricultural Research]] but they rejected her proposal citing a previous failed attempt to grow olives in [[Himachal Pradesh]] in 1985. Despite the setback, the [[Government of Rajasthan]] decided to proceed with the project on its own.<ref name="Sood">{{Cite web|last=Sood|first=Jyotika|title=Rajasthan's olive dream|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/rajasthans-olive-dream-41780|access-date=2021-11-28|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|language=en}}</ref> It incorporated Rajasthan Olive Cultivation Ltd (ROCL) on 19 April 2007, in which the Rajasthan State Agriculture Marketing Board (RSAMB), [[Pune]]-based [[horticulture]] company Plastro Plasson Industries (India) Limited (now Finolex Plasson Industries (India) Limited) and Israeli company Indolive Limited held equal stakes, to implement a pilot project to grow olives in Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://rajolive.com/|access-date=2021-11-28|website=Rajasthan Olive Cultivation Limited|language=en-US}}</ref> The Rajasthan government provided land and $3 million funding for the project,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-04-04|title=Greening India's deserts with olives {{!}} Nishika Patel|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/apr/04/india-deserts-olives-cultivation|access-date=2021-11-28|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> [[Finolex Group|Finolex]] [[Plasson]] Industries supplied [[micro-irrigation]] solutions and equipment, while Indolive provided the expertise required for the project.<ref name="Sood" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-07-19|title=Indian exotica|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/indian-exotica/103503/|access-date=2021-11-28|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Olive has begun thriving in Rajasthan|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/features/story/olive-mediterranean-fruit-has-begun-thriving-in-rajasthan-46675-2014-05-29|access-date=2021-11-28|website=Business Today|language=en}}</ref> The RSAMB and Finolex also invested {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} each in the project.<ref name="Sood" />

Subsequently, 112,339 saplings from 7 olive varieties - [[List of olive cultivars|Barnea]], [[Arbequina]], [[Coratina|Cortina]], [[Koroneiki]], [[Picual]], [[Frantoio]] and [[Picholine]] - were imported from Israel and planted across 182 hectares of land provided by the State Government.<ref>{{cite web|title=Olive Cultivation an Innovative Project|url=https://rkvy.nic.in/Uploads/SucessStory/RAJASTHAN/2018/2018120458Olive%20Cultivation%20an%20Innovative%20Project.pdf|access-date=28 November 2021|website=Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana}}</ref> Eight olive farms were established in the districts of [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]], [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]], [[Bikaner district|Bikaner]], [[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar]], [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]], [[Jalore]] and [[Alwar]] for the project.<ref name="IANS">{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=2016-10-28|title=Rajasthan promotes progressive farming with olive cultivation (Lead, with Images)|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/rajasthan-promotes-progressive-farming-with-olive-cultivation-lead-with-images-116102800446_1.html|access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref> A [[Plant nursery|nursery]] was established in Durgapura, near [[Jaipur]] to harden the rooted cuttings of the saplings before transplanting them in the farms. The saplings began [[flower]]ing in 2011 and started yielding fruit by 2012. However, only 3 of the 7 varieties bore fruit resulting in a total production of just 10 tonnes. ROCL Chief Operations Officer Yogesh Verma described the pilot project as a success stating that lab tests had shown that the olives had an oil content ranging from 9-14% compared with an oil content of 12-16% in other olive producing countries, and that they would now focus on boosting yields. Gideon Peleg, Indolive's lead for the project, noted that conditions in Rajasthan were not similar to Israel as the former had extremely high temperatures, long [[monsoon]]s and chilly winters. He also felt that previous attempts to grow the plant in Himachal Pradesh and in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] had failed due to a lack of expertise.<ref name="Sood" />

The Rajasthan government subsequently established a nursery at [[Bassi, India|Bassi]], Jaipur with a capacity to produce 1 million plants annually, and announced significant subsidies on olive saplings, [[Fertilizer|fertilisers]] and [[drip irrigation]] systems to promote olive cultivation among farmers in the state.<ref name="Sood" /><ref name="IANS" />

Commercial [[olive oil]] production began in Rajasthan in September 2013. Over 144,000 olive trees had been planted on almost {{convert|260|ha|acre|abbr=off}} of public and private land in the state by 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-07-16|title=India's plan to become a leading olive oil producer|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-23123801|access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref> Rajasthan produced 100-110 tonnes of olives in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan produces 100 Tonnes of olives, production expected to grow manyfold|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-rajasthan-produces-100-tonnes-of-olives-production-expected-to-grow-manyfold-2021191|access-date=2021-11-28|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> In the same year, an [[Olive oil extraction|oil extracting]] machine was procured from [[Italy]] and an [[Cooking oil#Refinement|olive oil refinery]] was established in [[Bikaner]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=How the Italian olive is blooming in Rajasthan desert - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/how-the-italian-olive-in-blooming-in-rajasthan-desert/articleshow/71292954.cms|access-date=2021-11-28|website=The Times of India}}</ref> In August 2015, the Rajasthan announced plans to scale up olive production to cover 5,200 hectares in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajasthan to scale up olive cultivation area to 5,200 hectares|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/rajasthan-to-scale-up-olive-cultivation-area-to-5200-hectares/articleshow/48315237.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref> The Government of Rajasthan launched India's first olive oil brand called Raj Oil at the Global Rajasthan Agri-tech Meet (GRAM) in Jaipur on 9 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-01|title=India Set to Launch its Own Olive Oil Brand|url=https://www.oliveoiltimes.com/business/asia/india-set-launch-olive-oil-brand/53436|access-date=2021-11-28|website=Olive Oil Times|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Rajasthan to launch country's first indigenous olive oil brand|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/rajasthan-to-launch-countrys-first-indigenous-olive-oil-brand/articleshow/55008967.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2021-11-28}}</ref>

Rajasthan produced 150 tonnes of olives in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tripathy|first=Srikanta|title=Rajasthan: Olive oil crushing starts, farmers expect record harvest|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/olive-oil-crushing-starts-farmers-expect-record-harvest/articleshow/77880071.cms|access-date=2021-11-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Agriculture in India}}
{{Olives}}
{{Asia topic|Olive production in}}

[[Category:Olive production by country|India]]
[[Category:Agricultural production in India by commodity]]