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Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1443)

2026-05-07T15:28:24Z

Wilfred0198: new basic info v1

{{Short description|Last war between the Bahmanis and Vijayanagar}}
{{AI-generated|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1443)
| place = [[Mudgal]], [[Karnataka]]
| partof = [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (disambiguation)|Bahmani–Vijayanagar Wars]]
| image = Mudgal fort 3.jpg
| caption = Mudgal fort, where Deva Raya II was besieged
| date = 1443
| coordinates = {{coord|16.02|N|76.43|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Karnataka#India
| result = See [[Bahmani–Vijayanagar War (1443)#Aftermath|Aftermath]]
| territory = [[Bankapur]] and [[Raichur]] recaptured by the Bahmanis
| combatant1 = [[Bahmani Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| commander1 = [[Alau'd-din Ahmad Shah]] Malik Tujjar
| commander2 = [[Deva Raya II]] Son of Deva Raya II{{KIA}}
| strength1 = 60,000 infantry 50,000 cavalry{{sfn|Sarma|1992|p=61}}
| strength2 = 10,000 mounted archers 60,000 horsemen 300,000 infantry<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egY9AAAAIAAJ |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India. |publisher=CUP Archive |language=en|page=283}}</ref>
}}
The '''Bahmani–Vijayanagar War'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaques |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century [3 Volumes] |date=2006-11-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 |pages=694 |language=en}}</ref> of 1443 marked the seventh war between the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] and the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara empire]] in peninsular India. It commenced between the Bahmanis under [[Alau'd-din Ahmad Shah|Alauddin Ahmad Shah]] and the Vijayanagar under [[Deva Raya II]], taking place in present-day [[Mudgal]], [[Karnataka]]. During the course of two months, three battles unfolded, with the Vijayanagara forces initially securing victory, followed by two subsequent wins by the Bahmanis. These defeats compelled the Vijayanagara ruler to seek peace, agreeing to pay tribute to the Bahmanis.

Following the [[Siege of Vijayanagar|Siege of Vijayanagara]] by Bahmani ruler [[Ahmad Shah I Wali]] in 1423, there were no military conflicts between the Bahmanis and the Vijayanagara empire until the ascension of his son, Alauddin Ahmad Shah. Upon assuming power, Alauddin dispatched his brother, Muhammad Khan, to demand tribute from the Vijayanagara ruler, Deva Raya II, which had been withheld. Muhammad Khan successfully defeated the Vijayanagara forces, compelling Deva Raya to pay tribute. This event prompted Deva Raya to incorporate Muslim forces into his army to enhance its training. Returning from the campaign, Muhammad Khan received counsel from certain officers suggesting that he possessed equal rights to the Bahmani Sultanate as his brother Alauddin, as promised by their father, Ahmad Shah. Seeking support from various chiefs, including the Vijayanagara emperor, Muhammad Khan captured several locations, prompting Alauddin to mobilize against him. Despite his defeat, Muhammad Khan was pardoned by Alauddin and granted the [[jagir]] of Rajachal.

After surviving an assassination attempt orchestrated by his brother in Vijayanagara, Deva Raya II retaliated by executing all his opponents. Seizing this moment of vulnerability, Bahmani Sultan Alauddin saw an opportunity to invade Vijayanagara and exact tribute, which Deva Raya II had promised but failed to pay. In response, Vijayanagara troops launched attacks on Bahmani territories, plundering their positions. Alauddin mobilized his forces against Deva Raya, deploying his general Malik Tujjar against Deva Raya's sons. The Bahmanis successfully recaptured territories, compelling Vijayanagara troops to retreat from the occupied regions. The decisive battles took place at Mudgal, where Bahmani forces initially faced setbacks but ultimately emerged victorious. Deva Raya agreed to pay tribute under the condition that Alauddin would not cross the [[Tungabhadra River]] again. This conflict marked the final war between the Bahmanis and Vijayanagara.

== Background ==
[[File:Devaraya II coin.png|thumb|Bronze coins of Deva Raya II]]
Following the severe blow dealt by the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmanis]] during the [[Siege of Vijayanagar|Siege of Vijayanagara]] in 1423, [[Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya|Vira Vijaya]] died, and was succeeded by his brother [[Deva Raya II]].{{Sfn|Allan|1964|p=283}} The ascension of Devaraya II heralded the peak of prosperity for Vijayanagara under the first dynasty.{{Sfn|Rapson|1928|p=491}} The repeated defeats suffered at the hands of the Bahmanis prompted Deva Raya II to overhaul his military strategy. He received counsel suggesting that the success of the Bahmanis stemmed from the superiority of their [[cavalry]] and their expertise in [[archery]]. Consequently, he enlisted Muslims into his service, granted them [[Jagir|jagirs]] (land grants), and even constructed a [[mosque]] at Vijayanagar for their worship.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Narendra Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xvs_Q7g2A30C |title=History of India |last2=Banerjee |first2=Anil Chandra |date=1944 |publisher=A. Mukherjee & Bros. |pages=294 |language=en}}</ref>

After his victory against Vijayanagara in 1423, [[Ahmad Shah I Wali]] proceeded to subjugate the [[Recherla Nayakas|Velama chiefs]] of [[Telangana]], who had aided Vijayanagara in their war against the Bahmanis. He defeated and killed Anapota II, capturing the entire Telangana region in the process.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|pp=201-202}} Following this campaign, Ahmad Shah I focused more on the northern part of his realm. Throughout the remainder of his reign, he engaged in wars with the rulers of [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]], [[Malwa Sultanate|Malwa]], [[Konkan]], and [[Gujarat Sultanate|Gujarat]], ensuring Vijayanagara's immunity from northern attacks for about a decade.{{Sfn|Nizami|1970|p=1057}}

However, the heirs of the late Velama king managed to reclaim various districts of Telangana. But their success was short-lived, as Ahmad Shah I returned to Telangana around 1433 and reduced them to vassalage.{{Sfn|Nizami|1970|p=1057}} Similar to Ahmad Shah I, Deva Raya also sought to avenge the support of kingdoms that had allied with his enemies in the past. Deva Raya could not overlook the alliance between [[Reddi Kingdom|Pedakomati Vema]] of [[Kondaveedu Fort|Kondavidu]] and [[Taj ud-Din Firuz Shah|Firuz Shah Bahmani]]. Capitalizing on the weakness of Vema's incompetent successors, Deva Raya conquered the kingdom and incorporated it into his empire. An epigraph at Kondavidu, dated 1432, documents his grant to a [[Brahman]] from the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=General |first=India Office of the Registrar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yt4cAQAAMAAJ |title=Census of India, 1961 |date=1962 |publisher=Manager of Publications |pages=114 |language=en}}</ref>{{Sfn|Nizami|1970|pp=1057-1058}} Ahmad Shah died in 1436, and he was succeeded by his son [[Alau'd-din Ahmad Shah|Alauddin II]] on July 14th, 1436, who assumed the title of Ahmad upon his accession. He renewed war with Vijayanagara upon his succession due to the Vijayanagara king's failure to pay tribute.{{Sfn|Nizami|1970|p=987}}
=== Deva Raya II's attitude towards Muslim soldiers ===
[[File:OttomanHorseArcher.jpg|thumb|Turkish mounted Archer]]
In the years leading up to 1440, Vijayanagara launched offensive attacks against the Bahmani kingdom but suffered defeat. Upon investigating the causes of this defeat, it was concluded that the superiority of the Muslim forces lay in their [[Turkish archery|Turkish mounted archers]]. In response, Devaraya took immediate steps to address this weakness by recruiting a special force of 2000 Muslim archers. He housed them in a designated quarter of the city where they had a mosque and a separate [[slaughterhouse]]. Devaraya showed them respect by placing a copy of the [[Quran]] in front of his throne, so that obeisance made before the monarch was offered to the Quran.{{Sfn|Rapson|1928|p=491}} He widely recruited Muslims and utilized them both within the ranks and as trainers for his [[Hindus|Hindu]] troops.{{Sfn|Allan|1964|p=283}}

This force was not the first Muslim contingent to serve in the Vijayanagara armies. Historical records suggest that during the battle at [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichinopoly]], the last [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysala]] ruler commanded a contingent of 20,000 Muslims. Additionally, inscriptions indicate that [[Deva Raya I|Devaraya I]], a predecessor of Devaraya II, also employed a force of Muslim cavalry. Devaraya II utilized these Muslim troops to train other archers in [[cavalry tactics]]. As a result, within the next few years, he had amassed a body of 60,000 archers ready to take the field.{{Sfn|Rapson|1928|p=492}} Altogether, Deva Raya's army comprised 10,000 mounted foreign archers, 60,000 Hindu horsemen proficient in archery, and 300,000 adequately trained infantry soldiers.{{Sfn|Allan|1964|p=283}}

=== Record of Nicolo Conti about Bahmanis ===
The fifteenth-century [[Italian language|Italian]] traveler [[Niccolò de' Conti|Nicolo Conti]] provides a description of Indian life during the rule of Alauddin Ahmad Shah, the Bahmani ruler at the time. He observed Indian ships, noting their distinctiveness, especially those anchored in the ports of the Deccan. Conti remarked that these ships were notably larger than those constructed in the shipyards of Italy, each equipped with five sails and as many masts. The lower part of these vessels was constructed with triple planks to withstand the force of the storms prevalent in monsoon climates. Conti mentioned that some of these ships were designed in a way that if one part were damaged by the tempest, the remaining portion could safely complete the voyage to port.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=230}}

Regarding the arts of war, Conti mentions that the army utilized [[Javelin|javelins]], [[swords]], arm-pieces, round [[Shield|shields]], [[Bow and arrow|bows, and arrows]]. In particular, he notes that the inhabitants of Central India also employed [[Ballista|ballistae]], bombarding machines, and siege pieces. Conti finds it peculiar that pestilence was unknown among the people, and they were not susceptible to the diseases that afflicted populations in his own country.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=230}}

=== Record of Abd al-Razzaq about Vijayanagara ===
Shortly after the war, [[Abd al-Razzaq Samarqandi|Abd-ur-Razzaq]], the ambassador of [[Shah Rukh]] from [[Samarkand|Samarqand]], who had spent some time in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], visited Vijayanagara and stayed in the capital for a few months. According to his account, by 1442, the fortifications, temples, palaces, and public buildings of Vijayanagara had been completed. The city occupied an area of approximately sixty-four square miles, with seven enclosures, the accepted number of circuits for a first-class city. The three outermost enclosures consisted of fields designated for cultivation, along with the huts of those working on the land. The four inner enclosures were occupied by houses, with the innermost enclosure containing the palace and its precincts. Several channels had been directed into the city from the [[Tungabhadra River]]; one of them is still known as the Räya channel. These channels served the dual purpose of cultivation and supplying water to the city. Despite the potential for exaggeration in Abd-ur-Razzaq's account, Vijayanagara under Devaraya II must have been a splendid city, boasting exceptional fortifications.{{Sfn|Rapson|1928|p=492}}

== Prelude ==
[[File:Raichur Doab.jpg|Map of the Deccan India|thumb]]
In 1435, immediately following the accession of Alauddin II, he launched a war against Vijayanagara. The King of Vijayanagara had withheld payment of tribute to the Bahmanis, which had been in arrears for five years. Consequently, Alauddin sent his brother Muhammad Khan and his [[Amir al-umara|Amirul Umara]] Imadul Mulk to demand tribute by force. Additionally, another reason for the conflict was that Deva Raya II, the king of Vijayanagara, had wrongfully seized [[Anegundi]], a Bahmani fort.{{Sfn|Nizami|1970|p=987}}{{Sfn|Sarma|1992|p=59}}

As the Bahmani army advanced, they ravaged the Vijayanagara countryside and caused significant devastation. With no other option left, Deva Raya was compelled to sue for peace. Consequently, the Sultan granted peace terms, which included the exchange of twenty elephants, a substantial sum of money, and two hundred females skilled in music and dancing. Additionally, valuable presents were given to Prince Muhammad Khan as part of the peace agreement.{{Sfn|Sarma|1992|p=60}}

=== Rebellion of Muhammad Khan ===
While returning home from Vijayanagara, Muhammad Khan halted for a few days at [[Mudgal]]. During his stay, he was approached by individuals who were hostile to the interests of his own dynasty. Discontented officers from his own army informed him that it was his late father's wish for him to rule the country jointly with his brother. They claimed that his brother had marginalized him to a subordinate role. They suggested that it was only appropriate for him to demand a partition of the kingdom and receive his rightful share.{{Sfn|Nizami|1970|p=987}} Muhammad Khan was swayed by these proposals and, influenced by them, he executed Imadul-Mulk and sought assistance from Deva Raya of Vijayanagara. Deva Raya, likely the instigator of the conspiracy himself, readily provided Muhammad Khan with the assistance he sought. In doing so, he attempted to achieve through deceit what he had failed to achieve on the battlefield. The prince promptly seized several forts, including Mudgal, [[Raichur]], [[Solapur|Sholapur]], and [[Naldurg|Naldrug]], and even crowned himself at a location along the banks of the Krishna River.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=232}} Alauddin had to personally move to the south to confront his brother. Despite Muhammad's defeat, he was pardoned and granted the jagir of Rajachal.{{Sfn|Nizami|1970|p=988}}

Deva Raya of Vijayanagara was reeling from the defeat inflicted upon him by Prince Muhammad and had also been unsuccessful in his attempts to manipulate the prince against his brother. Around 1442, he started to contemplate that perhaps his weakness on the battlefield had contributed to these setbacks, prompting him to embark on reforms for his fighting forces. The nature and implementation of these reforms are an intriguing episode. These were the events that prompted him to recruit Muslim soldiers in his army.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=236}}

{{Quote|text="About this time Dew Ray (Deva Raya) of Beejanuggar (Vijayanagar) summoned a council of his nobility and principle brahmins; observing to them that as his country (the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]]), in extent, population and revenue, far exceeded that of the house of Bahmuny (Bahmani), and also as his army was more numerous, he requested them to point out the cause of the successes of the Mahomedans (Muslims) and of his being reduced to pay them tribute. Some said that the Almighty had decreed to them a superiority over the Hindoos (Hindus) for thirty thousand years, a circumstance which was foretold to them in their own writings Others said that the superiority of the Muslims arose out of two circumstances: first, that their horses were stronger; ... .secondly, that a great body of excellent archers were always maintained by the kings of the house of Bahmuny Dew Ray, upon this, gave orders to enlist Mussulmans (Muslims) in his service, allotting them estates, and erecting a mosque for their use in the city of Beejanuggur . He also commended that no one should molest them in the exercise of their religion, and moreover, he ordered a Quran to be placed before his throne on a rich desk, so that the faithful might perform the ceremony of obeisance in his presence without sinning against their laws. He also made all the Hindoo soldiers learn the art of archery He could soon muster two thousand Mahomedans and sixty thousand Hindoos well skilled in archery, besides eighty thousand cavalry and two hundred thousand infantry, armed in the usual manner with pikes and lances."|author=[[John Briggs (East India Company officer)|John Briggs]], translation of [[Firishta]].|title=History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India|source={{sfn|Sherwani|1985|pp=236-237}}}}

=== Assassination attempt on Deva Raya ===
Sometime after the aforementioned events, a significant incident occurred in Vijayanagara. A brother of the king, driven by jealousy and perhaps harboring ambitions for the kingship, devised a plot to assassinate him.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=237}} Under the guise of hosting guests for the inauguration of his new house, he invited key state officials who were loyal to the king. As each guest arrived, they were discreetly dispatched by specially appointed assassins. Subsequently, the brother hurried to the palace and confronted the king, unleashing multiple violent blows upon him with a dagger. Believing Deva Raya to be dead, the assailant then proceeded to the palace portico and declared himself as the new king before the gathered crowd. The king, though severely wounded, was not dead and soon arrived at the scene.{{Sfn|Sarma|1992|p=60-61}} Upon presenting himself to his people, they apprehended the assassin and executed him. Following this, Deva Raya exacted vengeance on all those who had supported the murderer in this treacherous conspiracy. He ordered their capture and subjected them, along with their families, to gruesome tortures before putting them to death.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nagaraju |first=Hettagonahalli Masthigowda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=By9uAAAAMAAJ |title=Devaraya II and His Times: History of Vijayanagara |date=1991 |publisher=Prasaranga, University of Mysore |pages=19–21 |language=en}}</ref>

Viewing the situation as an opportunity, Alauddin decided to invade Vijayanagara as the promised seven lakhs of Tankas (Vijayanagara currency) were not paid by Deva Raya. Deva Raya's refusal to pay the tribute led to the renewal of war between the two parties.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|pp=237-238}}

== The war ==
[[File:Mudgal fort 3.jpg|thumb|The Mudgal fort]]
Deva Raya resolved to personally take the field and aimed to reclaim the [[Raichur]] Doab, which had been lost in the previous war. He dispatched his two sons, with one heading to Raichur and the other to [[Bankapura|Bankapur]], while he himself crossed the Tungabhadra River and seized Mudgal. Subsequently, he established his camp near the banks of the [[Krishna River]] and dispatched troops to raid Bahmani territories. The Vijayanagara troops conducted successful plundering raids, employing fire and sword to devastate everything in their path as far as [[Sagara, Karnataka|Sagar]] and [[Bijapur]].{{Sfn|Sarma|1992|p=61}}

The Bahmani Sultan grew increasingly concerned and personally led his forces southward. Alauddin dispatched Khalaf Hasan Maliku't-Tujjar with the army of [[Daulatabad Fort|Daulatabad]] against the son of Deva Raya.{{Sfn|Nizami|1970|p=989}} The Bahmani forces consisted of 50,000 horsemen, and 60,000 Infantry. Additionally, he sent Khan-i Zaman Sarlashkar of [[Bijapur]] and Khan-i Zaman Sarlashkar of [[Berar Province|Berar]] against Deva Raya himself. Khalaf Khan successfully lifted the siege of Raichur against the son of Deva Raya II,{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|p=238}} during which the latter sustained injuries. Subsequently, the wounded Vijayanagara prince retreated from the battlefield.{{Sfn|Sarma|1992|p=61}}

With the Bahmani forces advancing, Deva Raya II withdrew to Mudgal, where his troops were stationed. Simultaneously, the second son of Deva Raya faced defeat at Bankapur and was forced to retreat as well.{{Sfn|Sarma|1992|p=61}} The two primary forces, led by Deva Raya II and Alauddin, clashed at Mudgal, engaging in a fierce battle. Initially, the Vijayanagara forces gained the upper hand, delivering a severe blow to the Bahmani forces. However, as the battle dragged on for two months, the Bahmani forces ultimately emerged victorious. The eldest son of Deva Raya, who had been wounded, was killed in the battle. Deva Raya managed to capture two officers of Alauddin, namely Fakhrul Mulk Dehlavi and his brother, before retreating to the safety of the Mudgal fort.{{Sfn|Sherwani|1985|pp=238-239}}{{Sfn|Sarma|1992|pp=61-62}} Upon learning of this, Alauddin sent a message to Deva Raya warning that if the two high-ranking officers were harmed, he would not hesitate to exact retribution by killing two [[lakh]] of his men when the time came. Deva Raya was not in a mood to continue the conflict furthermore. In response, Deva Raya said that he would pay tribute and stop fighting if the Sultan promises not to cross the frontier in the future.<ref>{{harvnb|Sherwani|1985|p=239}}: "On hearing this the Sultan sent a message to Deva Raya that if these two high officers were killed he would not deter from killing two lacs of his men to atone for their lives when time came. The Raya, evidently not in a mood to carry on the conflict any further, replied that he was willing to pay up all the arrears of tribute and to cease fighting if the Sultan promised that he would not cross the frontier in future. The Sultan agreed and treaty was forthwith signed, while Fakhru'l-Mulk was sent back to the Sultan's camp along with his brother and all the arrears of tribute duly paid."</ref>

== Aftermath ==
After Deva Raya responded stating that he is ready to pay all the outstanding tribute and stop the war if the Sultan promises not to cross the frontier in the future, Alauddin agreed with these terms, and a treaty was promptly signed. Fakhru’l-Mulk, along with his brother, was returned to the Sultan's camp, and all overdue tribute payments were duly settled.<ref>{{harvnb|Sherwani|1985|p=239}}: "On hearing this the Sultan sent a message to Deva Raya that if these two high officers were killed he would not deter from killing two lacs of his men to atone for their lives when time came. The Raya, evidently not in a mood to carry on the conflict any further, replied that he was willing to pay up all the arrears of tribute and to cease fighting if the Sultan promised that he would not cross the frontier in future. The Sultan agreed and treaty was forthwith signed, while Fakhru'l-Mulk was sent back to the Sultan's camp along with his brother and all the arrears of tribute duly paid."</ref>

According to Firishta, the two parties fought battles on three separate occasions within the space of two months. During the first encounter, Devaraya gained a massive victory, causing heavy casualties to the Bahmani army. However, the tide turned in the second battle, and after the third, the conflict ended with a peace treaty between them.<ref>{{Citation |last=Wagoner |first=Phillip B. |title=India, c.1200–c.1500 |date=2020 |work=The Cambridge History of War: Volume 2: War and the Medieval World |volume=2 |pages=498 |editor-last=Curry |editor-first=Anne |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-history-of-war/india-c1200c1500/A9B0F7E07C20ECBA03C08BF4259B3849 |access-date=2025-02-16 |series=Cambridge History of War |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-87715-2 |quote=Firishta notes that three engagements took place between the two armies in the space of two months, and that in the first, Devaraya emerged victorious after inflicting heavy losses on the Bahmani troops. Although the tide turned in the second engagement, and the conflict ultimately ended with a peace treaty after the third, the campaign seems to have marked the dawn of a new era for Vijayanagara's military culture. |editor2-last=Graff |editor2-first=David A.}}</ref>

This marked the final conflict between Vijayanagara and the Bahmani kings, concluding the historical record of their interactions and relations with their southern neighbor.{{Sfn|Allan|1964|p=283}} Abd-ur-Razzaq visited Vijayanagara shortly after this war, where he embellished the city's grandeur, praising its splendid architecture and formidable fortifications. Deva Raya lived for six more years following these events, during which the only source of concern was the northern frontier, particularly due to the activities of the monarch of Orissa, the Gajapatis. Therefore, upon Devaraya II's demise, the kingdom remained in a highly satisfactory state and smoothly passed on to his eldest surviving son, Mallikarjuna, without any disputes. Devaraya II had lost one or two of his adult sons during the wars against the Bahmanis throughout his reign. Additionally, it is believed that during the massacre that culminated in the attempt on his life, one of his grown-up sons was also killed. Consequently, it is likely that Mallikarjuna ascended to the throne at a relatively young age.{{sfn|Rapson|1928|pp=492-493}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Allan |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMSFAAAAIAAJ |title=The Cambridge Shorter History of India |date=1964 |publisher=S. Chand |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rapson |first=Edward James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhJkPK1cJEQC |title=The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans |date=1928 |publisher=Macmillan |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kIeAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bahmanis of the Deccan |date=1985 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarma |first=P. Sree Rama |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmhuAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Vijayanagar Empire |date=1992 |publisher=Prabhakar Publications}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nizami |first=Khaliq Ahmad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526), ed. by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |date=1970 |publisher=People's Publishing House |language=en}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahmani-Vijayanagar War (1443)}}
[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Looting in India]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Bahmani Sultanate]]

Kunduru Jayaveer Reddy

2026-04-28T14:50:17Z

Wilfred0198: creating new info first draft!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Kunduru Jayaveer Reddy''' (born 1982) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is an MLA from [[Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly constituency]] in [[Nalgonda district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagarjuna Sagar Constituency Election Results 2023: Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/nagarjuna-sagar |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagarjuna Sagar assembly election results 2023: Nagarjuna Sagar Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/nagarjuna-sagar-assembly-result-29087 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| name = Kunduru Jayaveer Reddy
| image =
| constituency = [[Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly constituency|Nagarjuna Sagar]]
| predecessor = [[Nomula Bhagath Yadav]]
| successor =
| term_start = 3 Dec 2023
| term_end =
| birth_date = 1982
| birth_place = [[Nalgonda, Telangana]], India
| parents = [[Kunduru Jana Reddy]] (father)
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Politician
| education = Post Graduate Master of Science in Financial Engineering
| alma_mater = Polytechnic Institute of [[New York University]]
| relations = [[Kunduru Raghuveer]] (Brother)
}}

== Early life and education ==
Reddy is from Nagarjuna Sagar, [[Nalgonda district]]. He is born to [[Kunduru Jana Reddy]]. He completed his Master of Science in Financial Engineering in 2008 at [[Polytechnic Institute of New York]], [[University of New York]], [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunduru Jayaveer(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- NAGARJUNA SAGAR(NALGONDA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=217 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy won from [[Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 119,831 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Nomula Bhagath Kumar of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], by a huge margin of 44,849 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Nagarjuna Sagar Election Result 2023 Live, Nagarjuna Sagar Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 {{!}} ABPLive |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-nagarjuna-sagar-constituency-87.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunduru Jayaveer, INC Candidate from Nagarjuna Sagar Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana/kunduru-jayaveer-assembly-candidate-s29aed2008a087e2023c002/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayaveer Reddy, Kunduru}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Nalgonda district]]

T. J. Govindrajan

2026-04-21T23:10:53Z

Wilfred0198: Made New Page...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. J. Govindarajan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[K. S. Vijayakumar]]
| successor =
| father = S. V. Jayaraman
| spouse = G. Geetha
}}
'''T. J. Govindrajan''' (15 January 1961) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Govindarajan T.J(DMK):Constituency- GUMMIDIPOONDI(THIRUVALLUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate:|url=https://myneta.info/TamilNadu2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=1089|access-date=2021-12-26|website=myneta.info}}</ref> He represents Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency in Thiruvallur district. He became a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Govindarajan T J : Tamil Nadu Assembly Election Results Live, Candidates News, Videos, Photos|url=https://www.news18.com/amp/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/govindarajan-t-j-gummidipoondi-candidate-s22a001c001/|access-date=2021-12-26|website=www.news18.com}}</ref> representing [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Gummidipoondi Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Govindarajan T J of DMK Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/gummidipoondi-election-result-2021-live-updates-gummidipoondi-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3696401.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=🗳️ GOVINDARAJAN T.J winner in Gummidipoondi, Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections 2021: LIVE Results & Latest News: Election Dates, Polling Schedule, Election Results & Live Election Updates|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/2021/gummidipoondi/|access-date=2021-12-26|website=LatestLY|language=en}}</ref> He won the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=TimesNow |title=Gummidipoondi Assembly Election Results 2021 - Gummidipoondi Vidhan Sabha Election Results |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/gummidipoondi-tamil-nadu-election-result-2021 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Gummidipoondi Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners Tamil nadu Gummidipoondi Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/tamil-nadu-election-results-2021/tn-gummidipoondi-constituency-1.html |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Govindrajan is from Gummidipoondi, Thiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu. He is the son of S. V. Jayaraman. He owns TJS Group of institutions, TJS Fuel station, TJS Brick Works, Motivational Speaker, Organic Farmer. He completed his S.S.L.C. in 1977 at Government Higher Secondary School.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Govindrajan won the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency representing DMK Party. He polled 126,452 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Prakash M of PMK, by a margin of 50,938 votes.<ref name=":1" />

==Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election
!colspan="2"|Party
!Constituency Name
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote share%
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|rowspan="2" {{party color cell|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|rowspan="2" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] 
|rowspan="2" |[[Gummidipoondi Assembly constituency|Gummidipoondi]]
|{{Won}}
|126,452
|57.40%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Govindrajan,}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Kaiborta Gaon

2026-04-20T16:26:57Z

Wilfred0198: creating first pg v1

{{Short description|Village in Golaghat district, Assam, India}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kaiborta Gaon
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = Village
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Assam#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Map of Assam
| coordinates = {{coord|26.69338|93.90826|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name3 = Rongamati Koibarta
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type =
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 100
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 6327
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 785614
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD Code]]
| area_code = 03774
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 294307
| footnotes =
| pushpin_map_alt = [[Golaghat district]]
| area_total_ha = 369.46
| registration_plate = AS-05
}}

'''Kaiborta Gaon'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Choudhury |first1=N. K |title=Census of India, 1981. Series 3 |last2=India |last3=Director of Census Operations |first3=Assam |publisher=Controller of Publications |year=1990 |location=Delhi |pages=108 |language=English}}</ref> is a census village in [[Golaghat district]], [[Assam]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khaiyam |first1=Mohsin |last2=Hazarika |first2=Sanjoy |title=Two die, properties damaged in storm in Assam |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/two-die-properties-damaged-in-storm-in-assam/cid/1763829 |access-date=15 July 2022 |work=Telegraph India |publisher=[[The Telegraph (India)]] |date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Roadmap- Progres in opening brick and morter branches in villages with population more than 5000 |url=http://slbcne.nic.in/repo/assam_sept2016/Page%20120-122%20Annexure%20-%20D%20Part%20B.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715125746/http://slbcne.nic.in/repo/assam_sept2016/Page%20120-122%20Annexure%20-%20D%20Part%20B.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2022 |access-date=15 July 2022 |website=State Level Bankers' Committee : North Eastern States }}</ref> As per the [[2011 Census of India]], Kaiborta Gaon has a total population of 6,327 people, including 3,227 males and 3,100 females with a literacy rate of 55.56%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kaiborta Gaon Population (2021/2022), Village in Khumtai Block |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Assam/Golaghat/Khumtai/Kaiborta_Gaon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715124133/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Assam/Golaghat/Khumtai/Kaiborta_Gaon |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 15, 2022 |website=indiagrowing.com |access-date=15 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kaiborta Gaon Village in Khumtai, Golaghat, Assam – Info & Details |url=https://villageatlas.com/assam/golaghat/khumtai/kaiborta-gaon |website=villageatlas.com |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715124946/https://villageatlas.com/assam/golaghat/khumtai/kaiborta-gaon |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Golaghat district]]

Indira Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:32Z

Wilfred0198: creating new post first draft!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Puducherry legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no =8
| electors ={{formatnum:35492}}
| union_territory = [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
| name = Indira Nagar
| type= SLA
| map_image = Indira-Nagar-assembly-constituency-8.png
| mla = [[A.K.D V. Arumugam]]
| party = {{Party index link|All India N.R. Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Puducherry (Lok Sabha constituency)|Puducherry]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
}}

'''Indira Nagar''' is a [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituency in the Union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] in [[India]].<ref name=pyceo>{{cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |title=Map showing the Assembly constituencies of the U.T. of Pondicherry |date= |access-date=9 November 2021 |publisher=Chief Electoral Office, Puducherry |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608111413/https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/img/maps/overall.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref> Indira Nagar Assembly constituency is a part of [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| 2011
| [[N. Rangasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India N.R. Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 2011 by-election
| [[A. T. Selvane]]
|-
| 2016
| N. Rangasamy
|-
| 2021
| [[A. K. D. Arumugam]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Indira Nagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=Secular Progressive Alliance |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=|party=All India N.R. Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Devika|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= S. Mourougne |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =32411 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Indira Nagar<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13417-puducherry-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Puducherry General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[A. K. D. Arumugam]]
|party = All India N.R. Congress
|votes = 21,841
|percentage = 75.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =Kannan
|votes = 3,310
|percentage = 11.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 569
|percentage = 2.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 18531
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 29212
|percentage = 82.04%
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election]]: Indira Nagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India N.R. Congress
|candidate = [[N. Rangaswamy]]
|votes = 15,463
|percentage = 52.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = V. Aroumougam A. K. D.
|votes = 12,059
|percentage = 41.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = T. Gunasegaran
|votes = 612
|percentage = 2.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = V. Murugan
|votes = 228
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
|candidate = E. Vadivel
|votes = 224
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = NTK
|candidate = C. Selvaraj
|votes = 149
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = K. Lenin
|votes = 63
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = I. Senthil Kumar
|votes = 48
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = R. Annadurai
|votes = 15
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi
|candidate = R. Shanmugam
|votes = 14
|percentage = 0.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 470
|percentage = 1.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,404
|percentage = 11.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 29,345
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All India N.R. Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Puducherry district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{cite web|title=Schedule XXII Puducherry Table A - Assembly Constituencies|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/puducherry_Delimitation.pdf|accessdate=2011-05-13}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}
{{coord|11.954|79.791|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Politics of Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Puducherry]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Sabita Mahato

2026-04-09T17:49:33Z

Wilfred0198: started first pg w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Sabita Mahato''' (born 1974)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian politician from [[Jharkhand]]. She is a MLA from [[Ichagarh Assembly constituency]] in [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela district]] representing [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]. She won the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Ichagarh Election Result Updates: JMM's Sabita Mahto wins |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/jharkhand-assembly-election/story/ichagarh-jharkhand-assembly-election-result-live-updates-1630685-2019-12-23 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Ichagarh Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Sabita Mahato of JMM Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ichagarh-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-2430853.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sabita Mahato
| office = Member of the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ichagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichagarh]]
| preceded = [[Sadhu Charan Mahato]]
| term_start = 23 December 2019
| birth_date = 1974
| birth_place = [[Chandil]]
| image =
| spouse = [[Sudhir Mahato]]
}}

== Early life and education ==
Mahato is from [[Jamshedpur]]. She is the wife of late Sudhir Mahato, also an MLA and a former deputy chief minister.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-10 |title=Jharkhand: With division of Kurmi votes, tough fight for BJP in Ichagarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jamshedpur/jharkhand-with-division-of-kurmi-votes-tough-fight-for-bjp-in-ichagarh/articleshow/72462531.cms |access-date=2024-06-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She discontinued her studies after Class 8 in 1991. She studied at Kandra High School, [[Kandra]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sabita Mahato(JMM):Constituency- ICHAGARH(SARAIKELA KHARSAWAN ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/jharkhand2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=11668 |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mahato won the [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Ichagarh Assembly constituency]] on [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] ticket.<ref name="Jharkhand Assembly results: Women kin of top politicians fare badly; two ex-CMs’ wives lose">{{cite news |date=23 November 2024 |title=Jharkhand Assembly results: Women kin of top politicians fare badly; two ex-CMs’ wives lose |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jharkhand-assembly/jharkhand-assembly-results-women-kin-of-top-politicians-fare-badly-two-ex-cms-wives-lose/article68902277.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241123150051/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/jharkhand-assembly/jharkhand-assembly-results-women-kin-of-top-politicians-fare-badly-two-ex-cms-wives-lose/article68902277.ece |archive-date=23 November 2024 |access-date=23 November 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref> She polled 57,546 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Hare Lal Mahato of All Jharkhand Students Union by a margin of 18,710 votes.<ref name=":0" /> Earlier, her husband Sudhir Mahato won the [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]] on JMM ticket but lost the next election in 2009. After his death, she contested the [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014 Assembly election]] without success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-23 |title=Ichagarh (Jharkhand) Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/ichagarh-jharkhand-assembly-election-chunav-results-2019-live-winner-name-runner-up-6177142/ |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ichagarh Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Ichagarh Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/jharkhand-election/ichagarh-assembly-election-result-2019-50.html |access-date=2024-06-25 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahato, Sabita}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Seraikela Kharsawan district]]

Taraji P. Henson

2026-03-29T01:56:40Z

Wilfred0198:

{{Short description|American actress (born 1970)}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Taraji|Faraji|Toraji}}
{{for|the Tunisian football club nicknamed "Taraji"|Espérance Sportive de Tunis}}{{for|the Palestinian football team|Taraji Wadi Al-Nes}}{{for|the Saudi Arabian football club|al-Taraji Club}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Taraji P. Henson
| image = TarajiPHenson-byPhilipRomano.jpg
| caption = Henson in 2026
| birth_name = Taraji Penda Henson
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|9|11}}
| birth_place = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| education = [[North Carolina A&T State University]] [[Howard University]] ([[Bachelor of Fine Arts|BFA]])
| partner = [[Kelvin Hayden]] (2015–2020)
| children = 1
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1997–present
| awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Taraji P. Henson|Full list]]
| module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Taraji P. Henson on mental health treatment within the African American community.ogg
|title=Taraji P. Henson's voice|type=speech|description=Taraji P. Henson on [[mental health]] treatment within the [[African Americans|African American community]]. Recorded June 7, 2019}}
}}
'''Taraji Penda Henson''' ({{IPAc-en|t|ə|'|r|ɑː|dʒ|i}} {{respell|tə|RAH|jee}}; born September 11, 1970) is an American actress, producer, author, and mental health advocate. [[List of awards and nominations received by Taraji P. Henson|Her accolades]] include a [[Golden Globe Award]], alongside nominations for an [[Academy Award]], six [[Emmy Awards]], and a [[Tony Award]]. In 2016 and 2024, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' named Henson one of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]].

After studying acting at [[Howard University]], she made her film debut in the crime film ''[[Streetwise (1998 film)|Streetwise]]'' (1998). Henson gained recognition for playing a prostitute in ''[[Hustle & Flow]]'' (2005) and as nursing home caretaker, Queenie, in [[David Fincher]]'s ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'' (2008). The latter earned her a nomination for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]]. In 2016, she portrayed mathematician [[Katherine Johnson]] in ''[[Hidden Figures]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/01/sag-awards-2017-winners/amp?client=safari|title= SAG Awards 2017: See the Complete Winners List|magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|date=January 29, 2017}}</ref> She has also acted in ''[[Baby Boy (film)|Baby Boy]]'' (2001), ''[[The Karate Kid (2010 film)|The Karate Kid]]'' (2010), ''[[Think Like a Man]]'' (2012), ''[[Acrimony (film)|Acrimony]]'' (2018), ''[[What Men Want]]'' (2019), ''[[The Best of Enemies (2019 film)|The Best of Enemies]]'' (2019), and ''[[The Color Purple (2023 film)|The Color Purple]]'' (2023).

Henson has also had an extensive career in television. From 2011 to 2013, she co-starred as [[List of Person of Interest characters#Joss Carter|Joss Carter]] in the [[CBS]] drama series ''[[Person of Interest (TV series)|Person of Interest]]''. From 2015 to 2020, she starred as [[Cookie Lyon]] in the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] drama series ''[[Empire (2015 TV series)|Empire]]'', for which she won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama]] and was nominated for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series|Primetime Emmy Awards]] in 2015 and 2016. Her other Emmy-nominated roles were for the [[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]] movie ''[[Taken from Me: The Tiffany Rubin Story]]'' (2011) and for her guest role in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] sitcom ''[[Abbott Elementary]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abc7.com/archive/8359122/|title=Emmys 2011 winners: Full list|access-date=March 15, 2017|archive-date=March 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320082244/http://abc7.com/archive/8359122/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Henson also released a [[New York Times Best Seller List|''New York Times'' best selling]] autobiography titled ''Around the Way Girl'' in 2016.<ref>[http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/around-the-way-girl-taraji-p-henson/1123565092 Around The Way Girl] Retrieved March 11, 2016</ref> In 2019, she received a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Roffman |first=Marisa |date=January 28, 2019 |title=Taraji P. Henson Talks Importance of Being Paid What She 'Deserved' on Road to Walk of Fame Honor |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/features/taraji-p-henson-empire-pay-parity-walk-of-fame-interview-1203109010/ |access-date=November 23, 2020 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Piña |first=Christy |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Taraji P. Henson Joins 'Abbott Elementary' in Major Guest Role |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/taraji-p-henson-abbott-elementary-quinta-brunson-1235365543/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Taraji Penda Henson<ref name="bio">{{cite web |title=Taraji P. Henson – Biography |url=http://www.biography.com/people/taraji-henson-21192695#synopsis |access-date=September 18, 2014 |publisher=[[Biography.com]] ([[FYI (TV channel)|FYI]] / [[A&E Networks]])}}</ref><ref name="tvg">{{cite magazine |title=Taraji Penda. Henson |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/taraji-p-henson-191266/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[TVGuide.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305215321/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/taraji-p-henson/191266/ |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |access-date=September 18, 2014}}</ref> was born September 11, 1970, in Southeast [[Washington, D.C.]], the daughter of Bernice ([[née]] Gordon), a corporate manager at [[Woodward & Lothrop]], and Boris Lawrence Henson, a janitor and metal fabricator.<ref name="bio"/><ref name=tvg/><ref name=WashingtonPost>Tucker, Neely (October 6, 2011). Henson, spent most of her summers as a child in Scotland Neck, NC a small town in between Rocky Mount and Ronoake Rapids, NC about an hour and a half from Raleigh, NC and 45 mins from VA stateline. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/the-real-taraji-henson/2011/09/02/gIQAIfZEQL_story.html "The real Taraji Henson"]. ''[[The Washington Post]]''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Henson, Taraji P.|title=Boris Lawrence Henson RIP...I no u got heaven in stitches cause u had the best sense of humor even in your last moments you kept us laughin.|url=https://twitter.com/therealtaraji/status/7676062665 |publisher=[[Twitter]]|date=January 12, 2010}}</ref> She has often spoken of the influence of her maternal grandmother, Patsy Ballard, who accompanied her at the Academy Awards the year she was nominated.<ref>Oldenburg, Ann (February 22, 2009). [http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2009/02/63205015/1#.WBuh_CmTus4 "Taraji P. Henson: 'I'll never forget this'"]. ''[[USA Today]]''.</ref><ref name=Wiltz>{{Citation|last = Wiltz| first= Teresa|title = Drama Queen: Taraji Henson Moved to Hollywood And Smacked It Right Upside the Head| newspaper= [[The Washington Post]]|page= C01| date=July 21, 2005| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/20/AR2005072002355.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123507540420025655 |title=Veteran Actors, First Time Nominees |work= [[The Wall Street Journal]] |date= February 19, 2009}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref name="thr2008">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscar-roundtable-actresses-124073 |title=Oscar Roundtable: The Actresses |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter |date=December 8, 2008 |first1=Stephen |last1=Galloway |first2=Elizabeth |last2=Guider |access-date=November 3, 2014}}</ref> She was raised [[Catholic]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomasos |first=Christine |date=April 6, 2014 |title=Celebration Of Gospel Exclusive: Taraji P. Henson Says Show Will 'Blow Your Head Back' |url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/celebration-of-gospel-exclusive-taraji-p-henson-says-show-will-blow-your-head-back.html#:~:text=Henson%20is%20no%20stranger%20to,baptised%20in%20a%20Baptist%20church. |access-date=January 25, 2025 |website=www.christianpost.com |language=en}}</ref>

Her first and middle names are of [[Swahili]] origin: Taraji ("hope") and Penda ("love").<ref>Lanz, Michelle (August 10, 2016). [http://www.scpr.org/programs/the-frame/2016/08/10/51175/empire-star-taraji-p-henson-on-the-pros-and-cons-o/ "'Empire' star Taraji P. Henson on the pros and cons of being Cookie"]. [[89.3 KPCC]].</ref><ref>{{cite interview |last = Henson |first = Taraji P. |interviewer = [[David Letterman]] |title = [[The Late Show with David Letterman]] |date =December 5, 2013 |publisher=[[Worldwide Pants]]}}. Approximately 4 minutes before the end of the show, Henson said that first name is Taraji and "means hope in Swahili" and that her middle name is "Penda, P-E-N-D-A, and that means 'to love' in Swahili".</ref> According to a [[mitochondrial DNA]] analysis, her matrilineal lineage can be traced to the [[Masa people]] of [[Cameroon]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EaKWkmRbbs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022184343/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EaKWkmRbbs&feature=relmfu |archive-date=October 22, 2013 |url-status=dead|title=Taraji P. Henson Ancestry Reveal|publisher=The Africa Channel via [[YouTube]]| date= January 31, 2012|access-date=January 14, 2013}}</ref> She has said that North Pole explorer [[Matthew Henson]] was "the brother of [her] great-great-grandfather."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://aalbc.com/reviews/taraji_p_henson.htm | title= Taraji Shares All, Even the Surprising Color of Her Panties |publisher=African American Literature Book Club | first=Kam|last= Williams| date= 2008 |access-date= April 13, 2015| quote=Yes, he's my great-great cousin. He was the brother of my great-great-grandfather. Matthew would send him letters about his travels while out on his expeditions. | archive-date= November 21, 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081121123915/http://www.aalbc.com/reviews/taraji_p_henson.htm | url-status=live}}</ref>

Henson graduated from [[Oxon Hill High School]] in [[Oxon Hill, Maryland]], in 1988.<ref name="bio"/> She attended [[North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University]], where she intended to study electrical engineering, before transferring to [[Howard University]] to study drama.<ref name=Wiltz/><ref name="thr2008"/> To pay for college, she worked mornings as a secretary at [[The Pentagon]] and evenings as a singing-dancing waitress on a dinner-cruise ship, the ''Spirit of Washington''.<ref name="Meet the Nominees: Taraji P. Henson">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2009/02/meet-the-nominees-taraji-p-henson |title=Meet the Nominees: Taraji P. Henson| magazine=Vanity Fair| date= February 12, 2009 |first=Andi| last=Teran |access-date=April 7, 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
=== 2001–2014: Early career ===
Henson received her [[Screen Actors Guild|SAG]] membership card in the early 1990s for doing three roles as a [[Extra (acting)|background performer]]. Her first prominent role was in the 2001 comedy-drama film ''[[Baby Boy (film)|Baby Boy]]'', where she portrayed Yvette, alongside singer [[Tyrese Gibson]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Taraji P. Henson Talks Cookie Taking Over Her Life, Kerry Washington, Baby Boy Sequel, Season 2 Of Empire + More |url=http://www.power1051fm.com/onair/angie-martinez-54909/taraji-p-henson-talks-cookie-taking-13412740|publisher=power1051fm.com|access-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Taraji P. Henson 2011.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Henson in 2011]]
Henson has guest-starred on several television shows, including [[The WB]]'s ''[[Smart Guy]]'', the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] series ''[[House (TV series)|House]]'' in 2005, and [[CBS]]'s ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]'' in 2006. She also appeared in an episode of ''[[Sister, Sister (TV series)|Sister, Sister]].''<ref name="bio"/> In 2005, Henson was in the independent film ''[[Hustle & Flow]]'' as Shug, the love interest of the male lead, DJay, portrayed by [[Terrence Howard]]. She made her singing debut in the film, which was nominated for two [[Academy Awards]] and won one. In 2008, she appeared with [[Brad Pitt]] in [[David Fincher]]'s drama film ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]'',<ref name="kam">{{cite news |first=Kam |last=Williams |title=Taraji P. Henson: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Interview |date=December 14, 2008 | publisher=KamWilliams.com |url=http://www.kamwilliams.com/2008/12/taraji-p-henson-curious-case-of.html |access-date=June 30, 2009}}</ref> where she played Queenie, Benjamin's mother, and for which she received an Academy Award nomination for [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]].<ref>{{Citation | last = MacDonald |first = Gayle| title=Benjamin Button Leads Race for What Pitt Calls – Our Highest Honour| newspaper=Globe & Mail |location=Toronto |page= R13|date= January 23, 2009}}</ref> In an interview with Lauren Viera of ''The Chicago Tribune'', Henson described Queenie as "the embodiment of unconditional love."<ref>Viera, Lauren (December 21, 2008). [https://www.chicagotribune.com/2008/12/21/the-curious-case-of-taraji-p-henson/ "The curious case of Taraji P. Henson"]. ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''.</ref>

Henson acted in two [[Tyler Perry]] films, ''[[The Family That Preys]]'' in 2008 and ''[[I Can Do Bad All By Myself (film)|I Can Do Bad All By Myself]]'' in 2009. In 2010, she appeared in the remake of ''[[The Karate Kid (2010 film)|The Karate Kid]]'' with [[Jaden Smith]] and [[Jackie Chan]]. Though reviews were lackluster, the film was a commercial success.<ref>{{cite news|title=Taraji P. Henson Interview: The Karate Kid, Beijing Culture and Working for Will Smith|url=http://www.pr.com/article/1154|access-date=March 18, 2015|publisher=pr.com|date=June 9, 2010}}</ref> Additionally, Henson has been a cast member on several television shows, including [[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]]'s ''[[The Division]]'' and [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC's]] ''[[Boston Legal]]'' for one season. Her recurring characters include Angela Scott on ABC's ''[[Eli Stone]]''. In 2011, she was cast in the [[CBS]] crime-suspense series ''[[Person of Interest (TV series)|Person of Interest]].''<ref>{{cite web|title=Person of Interest: Cast & Details|url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/person-ofinterest/cast/319389|work=[[Tvguide]]|access-date=July 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Taraji P. Hanson|url=http://www.buddytv.com/info/taraji-p-henson-info.aspx|publisher=Buddytv |access-date=February 18, 2015}}</ref> In the November 20, 2013, episode, "The Crossing", after co-starring for two and a half years, Henson's character, 'Joss' Carter was killed as part of the series' new storyline.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/article/2013/11/20/person-interest-taraji-p-henson-interview-carter-death/|title='Person of Interest' mid-season shocker: Taraji P. Henson talks Carter's big [SPOILER!]|last=Snetiker|first=Marc|date=November 20, 2013|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|access-date=December 16, 2013}}</ref>

In 2011, Henson starred as Tiffany Rubin in the [[Lifetime Movie Network]] film ''[[Taken from Me: The Tiffany Rubin Story]]''. It was based on true events in the life of a New York woman whose son, Kobe, was abducted by his biological father to [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Morales|first=Wilson|title=First Look at Taraji P. Henson's Lifetime Movie 'Taken From Me: The Tiffany Rubin Story|url=http://www.bvnewswire.com/2011/01/04/taraji-p-henson-lifetime-taken-from-me-tiffany-rubin|work=Black News, Entertainment, Style and Culture – HuffPost Black|date=January 4, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110011534/http://www.bvnewswire.com/2011/01/04/taraji-p-henson-lifetime-taken-from-me-tiffany-rubin|archive-date=January 10, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Taken from Me: The Tiffany Rubin Story: TV review [Lifetime] |url=http://entertainmentrealm.com/2011/01/30/taken-from-me-the-tiffany-rubin-story-tv-review-lifetime-movie/|access-date=March 19, 2015|publisher=entertainmentrealm.com}}</ref> Her portrayal of Rubin received positive reviews<ref>{{cite web|title=Taken from Me: The Tiffany Rubin Story|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/taken_from_me_the_tiffany_rubin_story_2010/|website=Rotten Tomatoes|access-date=March 19, 2015}}</ref> and earned her several award nominations, including a [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Taraji P. Henson|url=http://www.emmys.com/bios/taraji-p-henson |publisher=Emmys|access-date=March 19, 2015}}</ref> In 2012, Henson was in the large ensemble cast film ''[[Think Like a Man]]'', based on [[Steve Harvey]]'s 2009 book ''[[Act Like a Lady, Think Like a Man]]''. She reprised the role in the film's sequel, ''[[Think Like a Man Too]]'', released in June 2014.<ref name="think">{{cite news|title=Production starts on 'Think Like a Man Too'| url= http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/Movies/2013/05/28/Production-starts-on-Think-Like-a-Man-Too/UPI-48371369775541/|access-date=September 19, 2013|newspaper=upi.com|date=May 28, 2013}}</ref>

=== 2015–present: ''Empire'' and beyond ===
[[File:Taraji P. Henson 2016.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Henson in 2016]]
In 2015, Henson was cast to headline in the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] series ''[[Empire (2015 TV series)|Empire]],'' a musical drama set in the [[hip hop]] recording industry,<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/taraji-p-henson-nabs-female-683622 | title= Taraji P. Henson Nabs Female Lead in Fox's Lee Daniels Hip-Hop Drama 'Empire' |date=February 26, 2014 | first= Lesley |last= Goldberg |work= [[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date= August 11, 2014}}</ref> where she plays [[Cookie Lyon]] opposite former ''Hustle & Flow'' costar [[Terrence Howard]]. Fox ordered the pilot in May 2014, and the series debuted on January 7, 2015, with positive critical reviews and wide commercial success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2014/05/07/lee-daniels-empire-picked-up-by-fox-will-likely-film-in-chicago/ |title=Lee Daniels' 'Empire' picked up by Fox, will 'likely' film in Chicago|date=July 5, 2014|access-date=November 29, 2014|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|first=Luis|last=Gomez}}</ref><ref name="rottentomatoes">{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/empire/s01/|title=Empire: Season 1|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|date=January 29, 2015|access-date= January 8, 2015}}</ref> The role brought Henson widespread recognition and critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cookie Monster: How Cookie Lyon Became the Most Compelling Character on TV|url=http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2015/02/cookie_monster_how_cookie_lyon_became_the_most_compelling_character_on_tv.html|access-date=April 22, 2015|website=root.com|date=February 15, 2015|archive-date=May 21, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521204328/http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2015/02/cookie_monster_how_cookie_lyon_became_the_most_compelling_character_on_tv.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="post">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/act-four/wp/2015/03/18/empires-cookie-lyon-is-tvs-best-new-female-character/|title='Empire's' Cookie Lyon is TV's best new female character |date=March 18, 2015|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Alyssa|last=Rosenberg |access-date=April 22, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Harris|first1=Aisha|title=Just Give Taraji P. Henson the Emmy Already |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2015/03/18/taraji_p_henson_for_an_emmy_how_cookie_lyon_became_the_most_fascinating.html|access-date=April 22, 2015|website=[[Slate.com]]|date=March 18, 2015}}</ref> In July 2015, she was nominated for the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series]], and submitted the show's [[Pilot (Empire)|pilot]] for Emmy voting, for which she became the first African-American woman to win the [[Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series]]. In January 2016, she won the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama]] for ''Empire'', becoming only the third African-American actress to take home the award after [[Gail Fisher]] (1972) and [[Regina Taylor]] (1992).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empireboobookitty.com/2016/03/cookie-from-empire-quotes.html|title=Cookie From Empire Quotes|date=March 22, 2017|work=EmpireBBK.com|access-date=May 2, 2017|archive-date=June 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616124521/http://www.empireboobookitty.com/2016/03/cookie-from-empire-quotes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the [[46th NAACP Image Awards]], she was named the 2015 [[NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year|Entertainer of the Year]] for her roles in ''Empire'' and ''No Good Deed.''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/naacp-image-awards-2015-winners-771018|title=2015 Image Award Winners|last=Washington|first=Arlene|date=February 6, 2015|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=May 12, 2016}}</ref>

In 2015, Henson teamed up with Howard to produce and host a variety holiday special for [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]], ''Taraji and Terrence's White Hot Holidays''. The special was produced again in 2016 and 2017, without Howard.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/taraji-p-henson-fox-special-tarajis-white-hot-holidays-1201911699/ |title=Taraji P. Henson to Host Second Annual Fox Holiday Special |first=Elizabeth |last=Wagmeister|date=March 25, 2017 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> In 2016, Henson starred in the biographical drama film ''[[Hidden Figures]]'', a major box-office success nominated for numerous awards, including three [[Oscars]] ([[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]], [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]], and [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for [[Octavia Spencer]]) and two [[Golden Globes]] ([[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actress]] for Spencer and [[Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]]). It won the [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]].

In January 2018, she starred in [[Screen Gems|Sony Screen Gems]]'s thriller-drama film ''[[Proud Mary (film)|Proud Mary]]'', as a [[hit woman]] whose life is turned around when she meets a young boy who awakens the maternal instinct she never knew she had.<ref name="Fleming Jr">{{cite magazine |url=https://deadline.com/2017/01/taraji-p-henson-proud-mary-screen-gems-hidden-figures-empire-1201883396/#respond |title=Hidden Figures Taraji P. Henson Set For Screen Gems Proud Mary |first=Mike Jr. |last=Fleming |date=January 11, 2017 |magazine=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=May 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518192150/https://deadline.com/2017/01/taraji-p-henson-proud-mary-screen-gems-hidden-figures-empire-1201883396/#respond |url-status=dead}}</ref> In March, she starred in the film ''[[Tyler Perry's Acrimony]]'' as a faithful wife who, after tiring of standing by her husband, is enraged when she believes herself betrayed.<ref>{{cite web|first=Ashley|last=Lee|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tyler-perrys-taraji-p-henson-movie-gets-march-release-1016091|title=Tyler Perry's Taraji P. Henson Movie Gets Easter Release|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=June 22, 2017}}</ref> In November, she voiced the character Yesss in [[Disney's]] ''[[Ralph Breaks the Internet]]'',<ref name="disney.com">{{cite web|url=https://ohmy.disney.com/news/2017/07/14/surprise-taraji-p-henson-will-voice-a-character-in-wreck-it-ralph-2-who-name-drops-oh-my-disney/?cmp=smc%7C981482216|title=Surprise! Taraji P. Henson Will Voice a Character in Wreck-It-Ralph 2 Who Name-Drops Oh My Disney!|date=July 14, 2017|website=Oh My Disney!}}</ref> a sequel to the studio's ''[[Wreck-It Ralph]]''.

In February 2019, Henson starred in ''[[What Men Want]]'' (based on the 2000 [[Mel Gibson]] romantic comedy ''[[What Women Want]]'')<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/taraji-p-henson-what-men-want-paramount-players-1202614807/|title=Taraji P. Henson to Star in 'What Men Want' for Paramount Players|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=November 14, 2017|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=November 15, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> as a female sports agent, looked down upon by male colleagues, who gains the power to hear men's thoughts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2017/11/what-women-want-taraji-p-henson-mel-gibson-paramount-players-what-men-want-1202208131/|title=Paramount Players Plots 'What Men Want'; 'Empire's Taraji P. Henson To Star| first=Mike Jr. |last=Fleming|date=November 14, 2017|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=November 15, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> In April 2019, she starred in the historical drama ''[[The Best of Enemies (2019 film)|The Best of Enemies]]'', portraying civil rights activist [[Ann Atwater]].<ref name="deadline.com">{{cite magazine |url=https://deadline.com/2015/06/empire-taraji-p-henson-danny-strong-the-best-of-enemies-ann-atwater-cp-ellis-robin-bissell-1201453074/ |title=Empire's Taraji P. Henson And Danny Strong Re-Team On Robin Bissell-Helmed 'The Best Of Enemies' | first=Mike Jr. |last=Fleming|date=June 24, 2015 |magazine=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>

In July 2020, it was reported that a [[spin-off (media)|spin-off]] ''Empire'' series focusing on Henson's character, Cookie Lyon, was in development, with Henson producing and starring, as part of Henson's two-year first-look deal with 20th Century Fox Television through her production company, TPH Entertainment. The deal includes developing projects for the network across multiple platforms. Henson said she hopes to tackle a number of sensitive topics while cultivating young, fresh voices. FOX decided to not move forward with the spin-off, currently putting the series on hold.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://defpen.com/taraji-p-henson-develop-empire-spinoff/|title=Taraji P. Henson To Develop 'Empire' Spin-Off At FOX|work=Def Pen|last=Shepard|first=Ryan|date=July 24, 2020|access-date=July 24, 2020}}</ref> In December 2020, Henson began hosting the talk show ''Peace of Mind with Taraji'' on [[Facebook Watch]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2021/08/peace-of-mind-with-taraji-renewed-season-2-facebook-watch-1234818874/ | title='Peace of Mind with Taraji' Renewed for Season 2 by Facebook Watch | date=August 23, 2021}}</ref>

On December 2, 2021, Henson played the role of Miss Hannigan in ''[[Annie Live!]]'' on NBC.<ref>{{cite news|last= Pedersen|first= Erik|title='Annie Live!': Taraji P. Henson To Play Miss Hannigan In NBC's Adaptation Of Tony-Winning Musical| url=https://deadline.com/2021/06/annie-live-taraji-p-henson-miss-hannigan-nbc-musical-1234771029/ |access-date=June 17, 2021|website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|date=June 8, 2021}}</ref>

Henson also portrayed Shug Avery in the 2023 film ''[[The Color Purple (2023 film)|The Color Purple]]'' acting alongside Danielle Brooks, who portrayed Sofia. The film was released on December 25, 2023.

In 2026, Henson competed in [[The Masked Singer (American TV series) season 14|season fourteen]] of ''[[The Masked Singer (American TV series)|The Masked Singer]]'' as "Scarab". She was eliminated on "[[Clueless]] Night" alongside [[Tone Loc]] as "Handyman".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2026/tv/news/the-masked-singer-season-14-episode-3-recap-handyman-scarab-1236636437/|title=‘The Masked Singer’ Reveals the Identities of Handyman and Scarab: Here Are the Celebrities Under the Costumes|website=Variety|first=Michael|last=Schneider|date=January 21, 2026|access-date=January 22, 2026}}</ref> Henson later returned as a guest panelist for "[[Spice Girls]] Night" in the same season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2026/tv/news/the-masked-singer-season-14-episode-7-recap-snow-cone-1236673079/|title=‘The Masked Singer’ Reveals the Identity of Snow Cone: Here Is the Celebrity Under the Costume|website=Variety|first=Michael|last=Schneider|date=February 25, 2026|access-date=February 26, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/creative-content/tv-shows/the-masked-singer-snow-cone-reveal-heidi-montag-spencer-pratt-mayor/|title='The Masked Singer': Snow Cone Says She'll Continue to Focus on Music Amid Her Husband's Mayoral Run|website=The Wrap|first=Andi|last=Ortiz|date=February 25, 2026|access-date=February 26, 2026}}</ref>

Henson will make her Broadway debut as Bertha Holly in a revival of the [[August Wilson]] play ''[[Joe Turner's Come and Gone]]'', directed by [[Debbie Allen]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paulson |first1=Michael |title=Taraji P. Henson to Make Broadway Debut in August Wilson Play |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/30/theater/taraji-henson-cedric-entertainer-august-wilson-broadway.html |access-date=October 20, 2025 |work=The New York Times |date=June 30, 2025}}</ref> Previews will begin on March 30, 2026 and opening night set for April 25, 2026.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hall |first=Margaret |date=November 24, 2025 |title=See Who's Joined the Broadway Revival of Joe Turner's Come and Gone |url=https://playbill.com/article/see-whos-joined-the-broadway-revival-of-joe-turners-come-and-gone |url-status=live |access-date=March 16, 2025 |work=Playbill}}</ref>

==Other work==
Henson made her singing debut in the film ''[[Hustle & Flow]]'', where she provided the vocals for the [[Three 6 Mafia]] track "[[It's Hard out Here for a Pimp]]".<ref name="Meet the Nominees: Taraji P. Henson"/> The song won an [[Academy Award for Best Original Song]] in 2006, giving Three 6 Mafia the distinction of becoming the first African-American hip hop act to win in that category.<ref>{{cite web|last=Swash|first=Rosie|title=Three Six Mafia win an Oscar |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2011/jun/13/three-six-mafia-win-oscar|work=The guardian |date=June 12, 2011|access-date=July 9, 2012}}</ref> Henson and the group performed the song at the live Oscar ceremony on March 5, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|title=Three 6 Mafia Oscar Performance| date=March 6, 2006 | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OtIOHw80dFg |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/OtIOHw80dFg |archive-date=December 19, 2021 |url-status=live| publisher= youtube.com| access-date=February 19, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She also sang "In My Daughter's Eyes" on the 2006 charity album ''[[Unexpected Dreams|Unexpected Dreams – Songs From the Stars]].''<ref>{{cite web|title=Unexpected Dreams: Songs from the Stars|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/unexpected-dreams-songs-from-the-stars-mw0000400426|work=[[allmusic]]}}</ref>

Henson has made several appearances in music videos and television. In 2005, she starred in the rapper [[Common (rapper)|Common]]'s music video "[[Testify (Common song)|Testify]]" as the wife of a soon-to-be-convicted murderer,<ref>{{cite web|title=Common – Testify | date=December 24, 2009 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZRH68Ib1Ko |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/CZRH68Ib1Ko |archive-date=December 19, 2021 |url-status=live|publisher=youtube.com|access-date=April 12, 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and appeared in [[Tyrese Gibson]]'s music video "Stay" as his love interest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tyrese "Stay" (official music video) feat. Taraji P. Henson | date=September 20, 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=51mR-z80X_o |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/51mR-z80X_o |archive-date=December 19, 2021 |url-status=live|publisher=Youtube|access-date=March 19, 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> On March 16, 2015, she was a guest co-host on ''[[Live! with Kelly and Michael]],'' filling in for [[Kelly Ripa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Scoop: ''Live with Kelly and Michael'' Week of March 16, 2015|url=http://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Scoop-LIVE-WITH-KELLY-AND-MICHAEL-Week-of-March-16-2015-20150313#|publisher=broadwayworld.com|access-date=March 18, 2015}}</ref>

Henson collaborated with MAC Cosmetics to create the Taraji P. Henson makeup collection in late August 2016. The #MACTaraji collection debuted the following month.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mic.com/articles/152478/mac-cosmetics-continues-its-long-history-of-diversity-with-taraji-p-henson-collaboration#.QBv96INYe |title=MAC Cosmetics continues its long history of diversity with Taraji P. Henson collaboration |first=Hayley|last=Wilbur| publisher=Mic|date=August 24, 2016| access-date= August 31, 2016}}</ref> In November 2016, she again collaborated with MAC as the spokesperson for their Viva Glam Campaign, along with [[Jussie Smollett]], to benefit the MAC HIV/AIDS fund. Their collection debuted in February 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.essence.com/beauty/makeup/taraji-p-henson-viva-glam-collection |title=Taraji P. Henson's MAC Viva Glam Collection Is Finally Here |first=Nikki|last=Brown| publisher=Essence|date=February 3, 2017| access-date= February 3, 2017}}</ref>

Henson has appeared in a few stage roles, including a production of [[August Wilson|August Wilson's]] ''[[Joe Turner's Come and Gone]]'' and the [[Pasadena Playhouse|Pasadena Playhouse's]] ''Above the Fold''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Before there was 'Empire', there was August Wilson: Listen to Taraji P. Henson in Wilson's 'Joe Turner's Come and Gone'|url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/there-was-empire-there-was-august-wilson-listen-taraji-p-henson-wilsons-american-century-cycle/|publisher=WNYC Digital|access-date=May 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/fold-theater-review-678124/| title=Above the Fold: Theater Review|author-first1=Myron|author-last1=Meisel| website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]| date=February 6, 2014}}</ref> She also started The Boris Lawrence Henson Foundation.<ref>{{cite web|last=Wagmeister|first=Elizabeth|date=April 2, 2019|title=Taraji P. Henson Works to Eradicate Mental Health Stigmas in Black Communities|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/news/taraji-p-henson-boris-lawrence-henson-foundation-mental-health-1203177514/|access-date=January 18, 2021|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref> Named after her father, it deals with cultural mental illness.

On April 1, 2022, Henson was appointed by President [[Joe Biden]] to the President's Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 31, 2022 |title=President Biden Announces Appointments to Board of Advisors on Historically Black Colleges and Universities |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/03/31/president-biden-announces-appointments-to-board-of-advisors-on-historically-black-colleges-and-universities/ |access-date=April 2, 2022 |website=The White House |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ted |date=March 31, 2022 |title=Joe Biden Names Taraji P. Henson To Historically Black Colleges and Universities Advisory Board |url=https://deadline.com/2022/03/taraji-p-henson-joe-biden-hbcus-1234992053/ |access-date=April 2, 2022 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:Inauguration of Aisha Braveboy - 54602080709.jpg|thumb|Henson speaks at the inauguration of Prince George's County Executive [[Aisha Braveboy]], 2025]]
In June 2025, Henson spoke at the inauguration of [[Aisha Braveboy]] as [[county executive]] of [[Prince George's County, Maryland]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lifke |first1=Lauren |title=Braveboy celebrates election as Prince George's County executive |url=https://marylandmatters.org/2025/06/20/braveboy-celebrates-election-as-prince-georges-county-executive/ |access-date=June 20, 2025 |work=Maryland Matters |date=June 20, 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In 1994, Henson gave birth to her son, Marcell.<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/taraji-p-henson-sends-son-marcel-to-howard-after-racial-profiling-2015233 |title= Taraji P. Henson Sends Son Marcel to Howard University After Racial Profiling |work=[[Us Weekly]] | date=March 23, 2015 |access-date=March 23, 2015 |first=Madeline |last=Boardman}} Note: Source spells son's first name "Marcel".</ref><ref>{{cite magazine| magazine=[[Harper's Bazaar]] |url=http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a11818/taraji-p-henson-0915/|title=Fortune Cookie: Taraji P. Henson|first=Laura |last=Brown |date=August 13, 2015|access-date=December 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name=latimes-march2015/> His father, Henson's high-school sweetheart William LaMarr Johnson, was murdered in 2003.<ref name=blackracekids>{{cite news|title=Taraji Henson Talks 'Think Like A Man' and Motherhood |url=http://www.blackcelebkids.com/actors-and-their-kids/taraji-henson-talks-think-like-a-man-and-motherhood/|publisher=[[The Wendy Williams Show]] via BlackRaceKids.com |access-date=October 22, 2012|date=April 25, 2012|quote=...her 17-year-old son... |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231072926/http://www.blackcelebkids.com/2012/04/25/taraji-henson-talks-think-like-a-man-and-motherhood|archive-date=December 31, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Oscars 2009: Meet the Nominees You've Never Heard Of |url=http://www.hollywood.com/general/oscars-2009-fresh-face-taraji-p-henson-57177639/ |website=Hollywood|date=February 13, 2009}}</ref> In 2014, Henson said that her son had been [[racially profiled]] by police and that his car had been illegally searched during a traffic stop in [[Glendale, California]]. A video obtained by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' showed Marcell had driven through a lighted crosswalk while a pedestrian was crossing, given verbal consent to search his vehicle, and admitted to smoking [[marijuana]] two hours before driving. [[Hashish oil]] and marijuana were found inside the car.<ref name=latimes-march2015>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-actress-taraji-p-henson-son-racial-profile-20150327-story.html#navtype=outfit|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|title=Actress Taraji Henson apologizes to Glendale police for racial profile claims| first= Veronica| last= Rocha| date= March 27, 2015|access-date=March 28, 2015| archive-date= April 9, 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150409093239/http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-actress-taraji-p-henson-son-racial-profile-20150327-story.html | url-status=live}}</ref> Forty minutes after the video was made public,<ref name=latimes-march2015/> Henson said in an [[Instagram]] message, "I would like to publicly apologize to the officer and the Glendale Police Department. A mother's job is not easy, and neither is a police officer's."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://instagram.com/p/0v0KjQOuFM/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153245/https://instagram.com/p/0v0KjQOuFM/|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 2, 2015|title=#TurningANegativeIntoAPositive #LoveTarajiPHenson | publisher= Taraji P. Henson [[Instagram]] page | date= March 27, 2015|access-date=March 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2015/03/27/taraji-p-henson-apologizes-for-claiming-glendale-police-racially-profiled-her-son/ "Actress Taraji P. Henson Apologizes For Claiming Glendale Police Racially Profiled Her Son"], CBS Los Angeles, March 27, 2015.</ref>

A supporter of [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]] (PETA), Henson appeared nude in an ad for the ''I'd Rather Be Naked Than Wear Fur'' campaign in January 2011.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110130005120/http://mrsgrapevine.com/2011/01/taraji-henson-nude-again-time-peta/ "Taraji P Henson Goes Nude Again, This Time For PETA"] January 27, 2011, Mrs Grapevine</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Weiss|first=Shari|date=January 28, 2011|url=http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-01-28/gossip/27738053_1_taraji-p-henson-skinned-fur|title=Taraji P. Henson poses nude for PETA's 'I'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur' ad campaign|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York City|access-date=April 17, 2012|archive-date=January 3, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103211810/http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-01-28/gossip/27738053_1_taraji-p-henson-skinned-fur|url-status=dead}}</ref> She joined PETA again for their 2013 campaign, "Be an Angel for Animals", where Henson posed with her family dog Uncle Willie. "Chained dogs suffer day in and day out," the ad stated. "They are cold, hungry, thirsty, vulnerable, and lonely. Keep them inside, where it's safe and warm."<ref>{{cite web| url= http://globalgrind.com/style/taraji-p-henson-angel-nude-peta-campaign-photos | first= Theresa | last= Dinh | title= Taraji P. Henson Steals Her Pooch's Spotlight in Nude PETA Campaign (PHOTOS) |publisher= GlobalGrind.com |date=February 27, 2013| access-date= August 11, 2014}}</ref>

Henson posed nude for the May issue of [[Allure (magazine)|''Allure'']] magazine in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allure.com/celebrity-trends/2012/the-naked-truth-celebrities-go-nude#slide=3 |title=The Naked Truth: Five Celebrities Go Nude for Allure |work=[[Allure (magazine)|Allure]] |date=April 17, 2012 |access-date=March 18, 2014 |archive-date=July 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160710011836/http://www.allure.com/celebrity-trends/2012/the-naked-truth-celebrities-go-nude#slide=3 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In February 2015, Henson was featured in an ad for the [[NOH8 Campaign]] supporting the [[LGBT community]].<ref name="essence">{{cite web|url=http://www.essence.com/2015/02/04/photo-fab-taraji-p-henson-supports-noh8-campaign-lgbt-rights|title=Photo Fab: Taraji P. Henson Supports NOH8 Campaign for LGBT Rights|work=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]]|last=Doggett|first=Jolie A.|date=February 4, 2015|access-date=February 5, 2015}}</ref> In late 2017, she switched to a [[vegan diet]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livekindly.co/taraji-p-henson-went-vegan-to-avoid-stomach-cancer/|title=Taraji P. Henson Went Vegan to Avoid Stomach Cancer|last=Stutzer|first=Abbie|date=March 10, 2018|website=LIVEKINDLY|language=en-GB|access-date=October 10, 2019}}</ref>

On May 13, 2018, Henson was engaged to former NFL player [[Kelvin Hayden]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Melas|first1=Chloe|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/14/entertainment/taraji-p-henson-engaged/index.html|title=Taraji P. Henson engaged to NFL star Kelvin Hayden|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=May 14, 2018|access-date=May 16, 2018}}</ref> She disclosed the end of their engagement during an episode of ''[[The Breakfast Club (radio show)|The Breakfast Club]]'' on October 19, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last1=France|first1=Lisa Respers|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/19/entertainment/taraji-henson-kelvin-hayden-split|title=Taraji P. Henson confirms split from fiancé Kelvin Hayden|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=October 19, 2020|access-date=October 19, 2018}}</ref>

Henson is a Christian and considers acting to be a spiritual experience.<ref>{{Citation|title=Taraji P. Henson on new movie, mental health, & Jussie Smollett {{!}} The View|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aPw3DXIfKU|language=en|access-date=October 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/09/everything-you-need-to-know-about-taraji-p-henson|title=Everything You Need to know About Taraji P. Henson (Including What the "P" Is For)|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=September 19, 2016|language=en|access-date=October 10, 2019}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{{main|List of awards and nominations received by Taraji P. Henson}}

Henson has received [[List of awards and nominations received by Taraji P. Henson|many accolades]] for her work in film and television. In 2015, Henson won the [[Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Drama Series]] (for ''Empire''), and became the first black actress in the history of the awards to do so.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Mannie |last=Holmes |url=https://variety.com/2015/scene/vpage/empire-critics-choice-tv-awards-red-carpet-diversity-1201509399/ |title=Taraji P. Henson's 'Empire' Win Highlights Critics' Choice Awards' Diverse Selections |magazine=Variety.com |access-date=March 14, 2017}}</ref> She also won a [[Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Television Series Drama|Golden Globe in the same category]] for the series. Additionally, Henson has received nominations for the [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress]] (for ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''), multiple [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]] (winning [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Motion Picture Cast]] in 2017 for ''[[Hidden Figures]]'') and three [[Primetime Emmy Awards]] (for ''Taken from Me: The Tiffany Rubin Story'' and ''Empire'').

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Streetwise (1998 film)|Streetwise]]''
| Tammy
|
|-
| 2000
| ''[[The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle (film)|The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle]]''
| Left-Wing Student
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 2001
| ''All or Nothing''
| Kiko
| Video
|-
| ''[[Baby Boy (film)|Baby Boy]]''
| Yvette
|
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Book of Love (2002 film)|Book of Love]]''
| Date #4/Ghetto Girl
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Hair Show]]''
| Tiffany
|
|-
|rowspan=3| 2005
| ''[[Hustle & Flow]]''
| Shug
|
|-
| ''[[Four Brothers (film)|Four Brothers]]''
| Camille Mercer
|
|-
| ''[[Animal (2005 film)|Animal]]''
| Ramona
| Video
|-
|rowspan=2| 2006
| ''[[Something New (film)|Something New]]''
| Nedra
|
|-
| ''[[Smokin' Aces]]''
| Sharice Watters
|
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Talk to Me (2007 film)|Talk to Me]]''
| Vernell Watson
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 2008
| ''[[The Family That Preys]]''
| Pam Evans
|
|-
| ''[[The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)|The Curious Case of Benjamin Button]]''
| Queenie
|
|-
|rowspan=3| 2009
| ''[[Not Easily Broken]]''
| Clarice Clark-Johnson
|
|-
| ''[[I Can Do Bad All by Myself (film)|I Can Do Bad All by Myself]]''
| April Jones
|
|-
| ''[[Hurricane Season (2009 film)|Hurricane Season]]''
| Dayna Collins
|
|-
|rowspan=4| 2010
| ''[[Date Night]]''
| Detective Arroyo
|
|-
| ''[[Once Fallen]]''
| Pearl
|
|-
| ''[[The Karate Kid (2010 film)|The Karate Kid]]''
| Sherry Parker
|
|-
| ''[[Peep World]]''
| Mary
| <ref>{{Cite news |last=Dargis |first=Manohla |date=March 24, 2011 |title=Things Fall Apart When a Family Gets Together |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/25/movies/peep-world-directed-by-barry-w-blaustein-review.html |access-date=September 11, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3| 2011
| ''[[The Good Doctor (2011 film)|The Good Doctor]]''
| Nurse Theresa
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Sura |date=October 16, 2011 |title=''The Good Doctor'': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/good-doctor-film-review-249127/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Larry Crowne]]''
| B'Ella
|
|-
| ''[[From the Rough]]''
| [[Catana Starks]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=August 5, 2010 |title=Taraji P. Henson swings for golf drama |url=http://variety.com/2010/film/markets-festivals/taraji-p-henson-swings-for-golf-drama-1118022637/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230046/http://variety.com/2010/film/markets-festivals/taraji-p-henson-swings-for-golf-drama-1118022637/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=Variety}}</ref>
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Think Like a Man]]''
| Lauren Harris
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Stephanie |date=April 27, 2012 |title=''Think Like A Man'' and the legacy of ''Love Jones'' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2012/04/27/showbiz/movies/love-jones-think-like-a-man/index.html |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Madly Madagascar]]''
| [[Okapi]]
| Voice, direct-to-video<ref name="btva">{{cite web |title=Taraji P. Henson (visual voices guide) |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/Taraji-P-Henson/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors}} A green check mark indicates that a role has been confirmed using a screenshot (or collage of screenshots) of a title's list of voice actors and their respective characters found in its credits or other reliable sources of information.</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3| 2014
| ''[[Think Like a Man Too]]''
| Lauren Harris
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Justin |date=June 19, 2014 |title=Film Review: ''Think Like a Man Too'' |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/film-review-think-like-a-man-too-1201222996/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Top Five]]''
| Herself
|
|-
| ''[[No Good Deed (2014 film)|No Good Deed]]''
| Terri Granger
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blay |first=Zebra |date=March 3, 2012 |title=Idris Elba and Taraji P. Henson join ''No Good Deed'' |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a369165/idris-elba-and-taraji-p-henson-join-no-good-deed/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2| 2016
| ''[[Term Life]]''
| Samantha Thurman
|
|-
| ''[[Hidden Figures]]''
| [[Katherine Johnson]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=February 17, 2016 |title=Octavia Spencer to Play Mathematician Opposite Taraji P. Henson in ''Hidden Figures'' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/octavia-spencer-taraji-p-henson-mathematicians-hidden-figures-1201708407/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3| 2018
| ''[[Proud Mary (film)|Proud Mary]]''
| Mary Goodwin
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike |date=January 12, 2017 |title=Hidden Figures' Taraji P. Henson Set For Screen Gems' ''Proud Mary'' |url=http://deadline.com/2017/01/taraji-p-henson-proud-mary-screen-gems-hidden-figures-empire-1201883396/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112080333/http://deadline.com/2017/01/taraji-p-henson-proud-mary-screen-gems-hidden-figures-empire-1201883396/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 12, 2017 |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=Deadline}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Acrimony (film)|Acrimony]]''
| Melinda Gayle
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gallagher |first=Brian |date=October 19, 2017 |title=Tyler Perry's ''Acrimony'' Trailer Sends Taraji P. Henson Into a Rampage |url=https://movieweb.com/acrimony-movie-trailer-taraji-p-henson/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=MovieWeb |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ralph Breaks the Internet]]''
| Yesss
|Voice<ref>{{Cite web |last=Truitt |first=Brian |date=May 30, 2018 |title=See exclusive first photos of Taraji P. Henson, Disney princesses in ''Wreck-It Ralph 2'' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2018/05/30/exclusive-photos-taraji-p-henson-disney-princesses-wreck-ralph-sequel/652233002/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="btva"/>
|-
|rowspan=2| 2019
| ''[[What Men Want]]''
| Ali Davis
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike |date=November 14, 2017 |title=Paramount Players Plots ''What Men Want''; Empire's Taraji P. Henson To Star |url=https://deadline.com/2017/11/what-women-want-taraji-p-henson-mel-gibson-paramount-players-what-men-want-1202208131/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Best of Enemies (2019 film)|The Best of Enemies]]''
| [[Ann Atwater]]
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike |date=June 24, 2015 |title=Empire's Taraji P. Henson And Danny Strong Re-Team On Robin Bissell-Helmed ''The Best Of Enemies'' |url=https://deadline.com/2015/06/empire-taraji-p-henson-danny-strong-the-best-of-enemies-ann-atwater-cp-ellis-robin-bissell-1201453074/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Coffee & Kareem]]''
| Vanessa Manning
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=N'Duka |first=Amanda |date=March 7, 2019 |title=Taraji P. Henson & Ed Helms To Star In Netflix Film ''Coffee & Kareem'' |url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/taraji-p-henson-ed-helms-coffee-kareem-netflix-film-1202570952/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Minions: The Rise of Gru]]''
| Belle Bottom
|Voice<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gomez |first=Dessi |date=June 30, 2022 |title=''Minions: The Rise of Gru'' Cast and Character Guide (Photos) |url=https://www.thewrap.com/minions-the-rise-of-gru-cast-characters/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="btva"/>
|-
|rowspan=2| 2023
| ''[[Paw Patrol: The Mighty Movie]]''
| Victoria Vance
| Voice<ref>{{cite web|last=Milligan|first=Mercedes|title=Taraji P. Henson Joins the Pack as First New Voice for 'PAW Patrol: The Mighty Movie'|url=https://www.animationmagazine.net/features/taraji-p-henson-joins-the-pack-as-first-new-voice-for-paw-patrol-the-mighty-movie/|date=May 24, 2022|access-date=May 24, 2022|website=[[Animation Magazine]]}}</ref><ref name="btva"/>
|-
| ''[[The Color Purple (2023 film)|The Color Purple]]''
| Shug Avery
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jackson |first=Angelique |date=February 1, 2022 |title=Taraji P. Henson to Star as Shug Avery in Blitz Bazawule's ''The Color Purple'' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/taraji-p-henson-the-color-purple-shug-avery-1235167803/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Straw (film)|Straw]]''
|Janiyah Wiltkinson
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cordero |first=Rosy |date=May 14, 2025 |title=Taraji P. Henson Spirals In Heartbreaking Trailer For Tyler Perry's 'Straw' |url=https://deadline.com/2025/05/tyler-perry-straw-trailer-netflix-taraji-p-henson-1236398018/ |access-date=May 17, 2025 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|rowspan=2| 1997
| ''[[The Parent 'Hood]]''
| Aida
| Episode: "Fast Cash"
|-
| ''[[Sister, Sister (TV series)|Sister, Sister]]''
| Briana
| Episode: "Two's Company"
|-
| 1997–98
| ''[[Smart Guy]]''
| Monique/Leslie
| Guest cast (seasons 2–3)
|-
|rowspan=2| 1998
| ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''
| Patrice Robbins/Elan
| Guest cast (seasons 4–5)
|-
| ''[[Saved by the Bell: The New Class]]''
| Girl #3
| Episode: "Loser"
|-
| 1998–99
| ''[[Felicity (TV series)|Felicity]]''
| R.A. #2/Art Student
| Episode: "Drawing the Line Part 1" & "Todd Mulcahy Part 2"
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Pacific Blue (TV series)|Pacific Blue]]''
| Rhonda
| Episode: "The Right Thing"
|-
| rowspan=2|2000
| ''[[Strong Medicine]]''
| Crystal
| Episode: "Drug Interactions"
|-
| ''[[Satan's School for Girls (2000 film)|Satan's School for Girls]]''
| Paige
| Television film
|-
| rowspan=2|2001
| ''The Test''
| Herself/Panelist
| Episode: "The Friendship Test"
|-
| ''[[Murder She Wrote]]: The Last Free Man''
| Bess Pinckney
| Television film
|-
| {{nowrap|2002–04}}
| ''[[The Division]]''
| Inspector Raina Washington
| Main cast (seasons 2–4)
|-
|rowspan=2| 2004
| ''The Drop''
| Herself
| Episode: "[[Pitbull (rapper)|Pitbull]] ft [[Lil Jon]]/Taraji"
|-
| ''[[All of Us]]''
| Kim
| Episode: "In Through the Out Door"
|-
|rowspan=2| 2005
| ''[[Half & Half]]''
| Gabrielle
| Episode: "The Big How to Do & Undo It Episode"
|-
| ''[[House (TV series)|House]]''
| Moira
| Episode: "[[Spin (House)|Spin]]"
|-
| 2006
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Christina
| Episode: "I Like to Watch"
|-
| 2007–08
| ''[[Boston Legal]]''
| Whitney Rome
| Main cast (season 4)
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Eli Stone]]''
| Angela Scott
| Recurring cast (season 2)
|-
| 2009–10
| ''[[Soul Train Music Awards]]''
| Herself/Co-Host
| Television specials
|-
| 2010
| ''[[The Cleveland Show]]''
| Chanel Williams
| Voice, episode: "Brotherly Love"
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Taken from Me: The Tiffany Rubin Story]]''
| Tiffany Rubin
| Television film
|-
| 2011–15
| ''[[Person of Interest (TV series)|Person of Interest]]''
| {{nowrap|Detective Jocelyn "Joss" Carter}}
| Main cast (seasons 1–3), guest cast (season 4)
|-
| 2013
| ''The 365Black Awards''
| Herself/Host
| Television special
|-
| rowspan=2|2014
| ''[[Hollywood Game Night]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "Clue Boom-Boom Pow"
|-
| ''Seasons of Love''
| Jackie
| Television film
|-
|rowspan=5| 2015
| ''[[Unsung (TV series)|Unsung Hollywood]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "Baby Boy"
|-
| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| Herself/Host
| Episode: "Taraji P. Henson/[[Mumford & Sons]]"
|-
| ''[[Guys Choice Awards]]''
| Herself/Host
| Television special
|-
| {{nowrap|''Taraji and Terrence's White Hot Holidays''}}
| Herself/Co-Host
| Television special
|-
| ''[[Lip Sync Battle]]''
| Herself/Competitor
| Episode: "[[Terrence Howard]] vs. Taraji P. Henson"
|-
| 2015–20
| ''[[Empire (2015 TV series)|Empire]]''
| [[Cookie Lyon|Loretha "Cookie" Lyon]]
| Main cast
|-
|rowspan=2| 2016
| ''[[Ice Age: The Great Egg-Scapade]]''
| Ethel
| Voice, television film<ref name="btva"/>
|-
| ''Celebration of Gospel''
| Herself/Host
| Television special
|-
| 2016–17
| ''Taraji's White Hot Holidays''
| Herself/Host
| Television specials
|-
|rowspan=2| 2017
| ''[[Carpool Karaoke: The Series]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "[[John Legend]] and [[Alicia Keys]]"<ref>{{cite web|last=Vena|first=Jocelyn|title=James Corden and Will Smith Get Jiggy with It in a Helicopter|url=https://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/james-corden-carpool-karaoke-series-trailer-video?amp|work=[[Bravo (American TV network)|Bravo]]|publisher=[[The Daily Dish]]|date=February 15, 2017|access-date=March 7, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Simpsons]]''
| Praline
| Voice, episode: "[[The Great Phatsby]]"
|-
|rowspan=3| 2018
| ''[[Lip Sync Battle]]''
| Herself/Competitor
| Episode: "A Michael Jackson Celebration"
|-
| ''D'Astrain No Cinema''
| Herself
| Episode: "Review de "Ralph Breaks the Internet"
|-
| ''Nick Jr. Bedtime Stories''
| Herself/Storyteller
| Episode: "A Snowy Day"
|-
|rowspan=2| 2019
| ''My Houzz''
| Herself
| {{nowrap|Episode: "'Empire' Star Taraji P. Henson Gives Stepmom a Remodel"}}
|-
| ''[[Tuca & Bertie]]''
| Terry
| Voice, episode: "Sweetbeak"
|-
|rowspan=2| 2020
| ''[[American Music Awards of 2020|American Music Awards]]''
| Herself/Host
| Television special
|-
| ''Jacked''
| Herself/Host
| Television special
|-
| 2020–21
| ''Peace of Mind with Taraji''
| Herself/Host
| Television special
|-
|rowspan=6| 2021
| ''[[Nickelodeon's Unfiltered]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "As Seen On Burrito"
|-
| ''[[Soul of a Nation]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "Black Joy"
|-
| ''[[Legendary (TV series)|Legendary]]''
| Herself/Guest Judge
| Episode: "Pop Tart"
|-
| ''[[Project Runway]]''
| Herself/Guest Judge
| Episode: "If You Got It, Haunt It"
|-
| ''[[Muppets Haunted Mansion]]''
| Constance Hatchaway
| Television film<ref>{{Cite web |last=Serba |first=Josh |date=October 11, 2021 |title=''Muppets Haunted Mansion'' Disney+ Review: Stream It or Skip It? |url=https://decider.com/2021/10/11/muppets-haunted-mansion-disney-plus-review/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=Decider |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Annie Live!]]''
| Miss Hannigan
| Television film
|-
| 2021–22
| ''[[BET Awards]]''
| Herself/Host
| Television special
|-
| 2022
| ''[[RuPaul's Drag Race]]''
| Herself/Guest Judge
| Episode: "[[Glamazon Prime]]"<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Nolfi |first=Joey |date=December 9, 2021 |title=Jennifer Lopez finally joins RuPaul's Drag Race as season 14 trailer teases major twist |url=https://ew.com/tv/jennifer-lopez-joins-rupauls-drag-race-season-14-trailer/ |access-date=December 9, 2021 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly}}</ref>
|-
| 2022–23
| ''[[That's My Jam]]''
| Herself
| 2 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2023
| ''Celebrity Prank Wars''
| Herself
| Episode: "Taraji P Henson V. [[Fantasia (singer)|Fantasia]]"
|-
| ''[[America in Black]]''
| Herself
| Episode: "Taraji P. Henson, [[Chloe Bailey]] and [[Will Packer]]"
|-
|2023-2025
|''[[Abbott Elementary]]''
|Vanetta Teagues
|Guest cast (season 2 & 5)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Piña |first=Christy |date=April 2, 2023 |title=Taraji P. Henson Joins 'Abbott Elementary' in Major Guest Role |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/taraji-p-henson-abbott-elementary-quinta-brunson-1235365543/ |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Fight Night: The Million Dollar Heist]]''
| Vivian Thomas
| Miniseries<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cordero |first=Rosy |date=January 31, 2024 |title=Taraji P. Henson Joins Cast Of Peacock's Muhammad Ali Limited Series ''Fight Night'' |url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/taraji-p-henson-cast-peacock-muhammad-ali-limited-series-fight-night-1235809888/ |access-date=September 11, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| ''[[The Masked Singer (American TV series) season 14|The Masked Singer Season 14]]''
| Scarab; Contestant; Guest Panelist
| 3 episodes
|}

===Documentary===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
|-
|rowspan=3| 2011
| ''Bowl of Dreams''
|-
| ''[[Kevin Hart: Laugh at My Pain]]''
|-
| ''Mama & Me''
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Mary J. Blige's My Life]]''
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Going to Mars: The Nikki Giovanni Project]]''
|}

===Theatre===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
| Director
! Theatre
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Joe Turner's Come and Gone]]''
| Bertha Holly
| [[Debbie Allen]]
| TBA
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Song
! Artist
|-
| 2005
| "[[Testify (Common song)|Testify]]"
| [[Common (rapper)|Common]]
|-
| 2008
| "[[Just Like Me (Jamie Foxx song)|Just Like Me]]"
| [[Jamie Foxx]] featuring [[T.I.]]
|-
| 2011
| "Stay"
| [[Tyrese]]
|-
| 2020
| "[[Body (Megan Thee Stallion song)|Body]]"
| [[Megan Thee Stallion]]
|-
| 2023
| "[[Jealousy (Offset and Cardi B song)|Jealousy]]"
| [[Offset (rapper)|Offset]] & [[Cardi B]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|378245}}
* {{TV Guide person|191266}}
* {{Facebook|TherealTaraji}}

* [http://www.tv.com/people/taraji-henson/ Taraji P. Henson] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225190613/http://www.tv.com/people/taraji-henson/ |date=February 25, 2021}}

{{Navboxes
|title = [[List of awards and nominations received by Taraji P. Henson|Awards for Taraji P. Henson]]
|list =
{{BET Award for Best Actress}}
{{Black Reel Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress}}
{{Black Reel Award for Outstanding Actress, TV Movie or Limited Series}}
{{Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Drama Actress}}
{{Golden Globe Award Best Actress TV Drama}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Hero}}
{{NAACP Image Award for Entertainer of the Year}}
{{NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture}}
{{NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture}}
{{NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series}}
{{NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series}}
{{NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special}}
{{NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work – Children}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Henson, Taraji P.}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American actresses]]
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[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American voice actresses]]
[[Category:Best Drama Actress Golden Globe (television) winners]]
[[Category:Howard University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:North Carolina A&T State University alumni]]
[[Category:Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Oxon Hill, Maryland]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:African-American Christians]]
[[Category:Shorty Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American actresses]]
[[Category:American people of Cameroonian descent]]
[[Category:American women human rights activists]]

Caste system in Goa

2026-03-26T13:45:06Z

Wilfred0198: basic improve citations further and corrected details

{{short description|Hindu and Christian caste system in the Indian state of Goa}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}

The '''caste system in Goa''' consists of various ''[[Jāti]]s'' or sub-castes found among [[Hindus]] belonging to the four ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]s'' ([[Brahmin]], [[Kshatriya]], [[Vaishya]], and [[Shudra]]), as well as those [[Avarna|outside of them]]. A variation of the traditional Hindu caste system was also retained by the [[Goan Catholics|Goan Catholic]] community.

==Hindu caste system==
According to the [[Gazetteer of India, Union Territory: Goa, Daman and Diu]], Part I, published in 1979 the 'chief castes' found in Goa are:

===Brahman===
*[[Pancha-Gauda|Pancha Gauda Brahmin]]s Saraswat Brahmins are spread over widely separated regions spanning from [[Kashmir]] and [[Punjab]] in the north to the [[Konkan]] region of southwest India covering the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Kerala. The word Saraswat is derived from the Rigvedic Sarasvati River.
**[[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]s popularly known as GSBs. They are landowning though most were engaged in clerical jobs, trade, priests and landlords.
**[[Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahman]] were landowning class generally associated with agriculture and trade.
**[[Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin]] were associated with trade.
**[[Rajapur Saraswat Brahmin]] also known as Bhalavalikar Saraswat Brahmins.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti" by B.D. Satoskar.</ref><ref name=dhume>{{cite book
|last=Sinai Dhume
|first=Anant Ramkrishna
|title=The Cultural History of Goa from 10000 B.C. to 1352 A.D.
|year=1986
|publisher=University of Michigan
}}</ref><ref name="Mitragotri 1999">{{cite book
|title=A Socio-cultural History of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara
|first=Vithal Raghavendra
|last=Mitragotri
|date=1999
|publisher=Institute Menezes Braganza
|location=Panjim}}</ref>

*[[Pancha-Dravida|Pancha Dravida Brahmins]]
**The two sub-castes was known as the [[Padye]] Brahmins and [[Bhatt Prabhu]]s, popularly known as 'Bhatt' and 'Prabhu' respectively. They generally associate themselves with [[Karhade Brahmin]]s. They are landowning castes and were engaged as temples priests and in agriculture, some into money lending.<ref name="Pereira1978">{{cite book|last1=Gomes Pereira|first1=Rui|title=Goa: Hindu temples and deities (translated from the original in Portuguese by Antonio Victor Couto)|date=1978|publisher=Pereira, 1978|pages=1–231}}</ref>
**[[Chitpavan Brahmins]] also known as ''[[Konkanastha]] Brahman'' are priests, few in area like Sattari are landowners and work in other professions.<ref name="Pereira1978"/>
**Kramavanta Joshi or Kriyavant Joshi, they were a class of priests who officiated Hindu funeral ceremony and were looked down upon by the above-mentioned castes.

=== 96 Kuli Maratha ===

Kshatriyas of Goa historically belonged to different clans, and they were collectively referred to as ''[[Christian Cxatria|Chardo]]'' prior to the Portuguese rule in Goa.

Historian and Journalist B.D. Satoskar has cited [[Shenoi Goembab]] Konkani Author and Grammerian had said that "The Konkani word Chardo comes from the Sanskrit word Chatur-Rathi & the Prakrit word Chau-radi literally means The one who rides a chariot yoked with four horses, like Maha-Rathi for the origin of the word 'Maratha'.Chatur-rathi have entered Goa through Dwaraka & Cheddis."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The term ''Chardo'' fell into disuse among the Hindu Kshatriyas, in order to differentiate from those Kshatriyas who converted to [[Catholic Christian]]ity. Later, the Hindus Kshatriyas began to identify themselves as ''Marathas'' of the Mahratta confederacy of the Deccan.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

===Vaishya Vani===
Vaishya/[[Vaishya Vani]]: are the traditional community of traders, and are commonly known as ''Vani''s.

===Daivadnya===
[[Daivadnya Brahmin]]s are popularly known as [[Shett]]s, they mainly work as jewellers.They are Mahajan of [[Kasarpali]] Kalika devi Temple in [[Bicholim]] . They're [[Forward Caste]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Survey Report on Village: Goa, Daman & Diu|last=Rajendran|first=S.|publisher=CPublications|location=Director of Census Operations, functions Goa, for Daman & Diu|pages=10}}</ref><ref name="Ghurye 1969 https://archive.org/details/casteraceinindia0000ghur/page/449 449">{{Cite book|title=Caste and Race in India |url=https://archive.org/details/casteraceinindia0000ghur |url-access=registration |series=Popular library of Indian sociology and social thought|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1969|isbn=9788171542055|pages=[https://archive.org/details/casteraceinindia0000ghur/page/449 449]}}</ref><ref name="Pereira1978"/>

===Bhandaris===
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2024}}

B.D. Satoskar notes that the Naik/Hetkari subcaste of the Bhandari community from the Konkan region served as naval warriors during the [[Maratha kingdom]], with Mainak Bhandari being a notable naval commander. In later periods, members of this community also served in the British Army Called [[Bhandari Militia]]. Traditionally, their primary occupation has been toddy tapping. The Bhandari community is classified under the [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) and is one of the largest social groups in Goa.

===Kalavants===
Commonly known as ''Kalavants'' and now known as [[Gomantak Maratha Samaj]] is a group of various sub-castes who served the temples and the aristocrats in the olden days. Gomantak Maratha is relatively a new ameliorative name (coined in the late 20th century <ref name="ReferenceA"/>) given to these groups for uniting and emancipating them.<ref>{{cite book|last= Gracias|first=Fatima da Silva|title=Kaleidoscope of women in Goa, 1510-1961 |pages=80}}</ref>

===Artisan castes===
These include ''Chari''s, ''Chitaris'' who call themselves [[Vishwakarma Manu Maya Brahmin]], Sutars and Kasars. They are included in the [[Other Backward Class]] list of the [[Government of India]].
Rest of castes generally referred to as [[Shudra]]s or ''Sudir''s in Konkani do not really follow the four-fold [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system, but have recently started claiming higher status. Most of them have been practicing different occupations historically and now are categorized as Other Backward Class by Govt of Goa, these include [[dhobi|Madval]] (Rajak, Dhobi), Gosavi , Shimpi, Khumbar, Teli, Nathjogi, this list also includes Roman Catholic counterparts of few Hindu castes too].<ref name="Pereira1978"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/goa.html |title=Central list of other backward classes |access-date=2009-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619081822/http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/goa.html |archive-date=2009-06-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Scheduled Castes of Goa===
Following castes are commonly known as [[Dalit]]s.
* [[Chambhar]]
* [[Mahar]]
* [[Mahyavanshi]] ([[Vankar]])
* [[Mang (caste)|Mang]]

===Scheduled Tribes of Goa===
These include the castes Velip, [[Gauda and Kunbi]], which are considered as [[adivasis]] in the state of Goa.

===Historically outside Comunidade===

====Dhangars====
[[Dhangar]], also referred as Gouly or [[Gavli]], is the state's only ancient pastoral community. In Goa under colonialism, the community kept away from the rest of society as they wanted to escape the grazing tax and the ban on ''Kumeri'' ([[shifting cultivation]]) introduced by the [[Portuguese Empire]]. Dhangar leaders claim that they had fled to remote hilly and forested areas to avoid religious persecution and religious conversion. They were not part of the ''comunidade'' anywhere in Goa. It is claimed that throughout the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]] in Goa they were so insulated that not a single Dhangar was converted to [[Christianity]].<ref name="Herald">{{cite news |first=Team | last=Herald| date= 2013-10-24| title=Dhangars-Gouly treated like outsiders, says report| url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/dhangarsgouly-treated-like-outsiders-says-report/71208| location=Goa| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024214457/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/dhangarsgouly-treated-like-outsiders-says-report/71208| archive-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> Their knowledge and experience of deep forests played a major part in finding specific locations to build forts for the Maratha kingdom to flourish. A study carried out by [[Government of Goa]] in 2013 stated that the community had a unique identity, and are known for their martial prowess.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kerkar |first=Rajendra |date=2019-01-11 |title=Tribal tag for Dhangars long pending|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tribal-tag-for-dhangars-long-pending/articleshow/67478622.cms |location=Goa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024214451/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tribal-tag-for-dhangars-long-pending/articleshow/67478622.cms |archive-date=24 October 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Herald"/><ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Draxe |first=M. J. |date=1987 |title=The dange dhangars of Kolhapur district: A sociological study |publisher=Shivaji University | url= https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/138156/9/09_chapter%204.pdf | page=71}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=L. K. |last=Singh |title=Indian Cultural Heritage Perspective For Tourism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u21tp_JG9I0C |year=2008 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788182054752 |page=57}}</ref> In [[Goa]], they are classified in the [[Other Backward Classes]] category in India's [[Reservation in India|system of reservation]].<ref>{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Goa|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLv%2BpzkDbfVwy7KkMoLIvvaceTAbtkdOdl%2F2XEmG8ajygAg6ldNVbPZ9|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162529/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLv%2BpzkDbfVwy7KkMoLIvvaceTAbtkdOdl%2F2XEmG8ajygAg6ldNVbPZ9|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref>

==Christianity==
In [[Goa]], mass conversions were carried out by Portuguese Catholic missionaries from [[Portuguese conquest of Goa|the 1510 conquest]] onwards. The Portuguese clergy imposed Portuguese surnames on the converts at the time of [[baptism]] so that it would be difficult to ascertain their original caste. The Portuguese authorities also suppressed [[untouchability]] among the converts and attempted to homogenize them into a single class.<ref>{{Cite book
|last=Boxer
|first=C. R.
|year=1963
|title=Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825
|publisher=Oxford Clarendon Press
|page=75
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book
|last=Prabhu
|first=Alan Machado
|year=1999
|title=Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians
|publisher=I.J.A. Publications
|isbn=978-81-86778-25-8
}}</ref>

However, the converts retained a variation of their caste status based on patrilineal descent from their previous caste affiliations. All Brahmin sub-castes ([[Saraswat]]s, [[Padye]]s and [[Daivadnya]]s) were merged into the Christian caste of ''[[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonns]]'' (Konkani: Brahmins).<ref name="Bamonn">{{Cite document
|last2=Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept
|last1=Gune
|first1=Vithal Trimbak
|year=1979
|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1
|page=238
|publisher=Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu
}}</ref> The converts from the [[Kshatriya]] and [[Vaishya Vani]] castes were merged together as ''[[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Chardos]]'' (Kshatriyas)<ref name="Bamonn"/> and those [[Vaishyas]] who did not become ''Chardos'' formed a new caste called ''Gauddos''.<ref>{{Cite book
|last=Gomes
|first=Olivinho
|year=1987
|title=Village Goa: a study of Goan social structure and change
|publisher=S. Chand
|page=78
}}</ref> The converts from all the lower castes, as well as the previously [[Dalit]] and [[adivasi]] groups, were grouped together as ''Sudirs'', equivalent to [[Shudra]]s.<ref>{{Cite book
|last3=National Folklore Support Centre (India)
|last2=University of Madras. Dept. of Anthropology
|last1=Muthukumaraswamy
|first1=M. D.
|editor3-last=National Folklore Support Centre (India)
|editor2-last=University of Madras. Dept. of Anthropology
|editor1-last=Muthukumaraswamy
|editor1-first=M. D.
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lC6FCZ9VcaAC
|title=Folklore as discourse
|publisher=National Folklore Support Centre
|year=2006
|isbn=978-81-901481-6-0
|access-date=25 February 2012
}}</ref><ref name="Bhatt">{{cite book
|title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories (Goa)
|first1=Gopal K.
|last1=Bhargava
|first2=S. C.
|last2=Bhatt
|year=2006
|publisher=Kalpaz Publications
|page=39}}</ref> The ''Bamonns'', ''Chardos'' and ''Gauddos'' have been hierarchically seen as the high castes in the [[Goan Christian]] society.<ref>{{Cite book
|last=Gomes
|first=Olivinho
|year=1987
|title=Village Goa: a study of Goan social structure and change
|publisher=S. Chand
|page=79
}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Hinduism in Goa]]
*[[Maratha Clan System]]
*[[Christianity in Goa]]
*[[Christianity in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[[Gazetteer of India, Union Territory: Goa, Daman and Diu]], Part I which looks at Goa (published in 1979)
*[[The Gazette of India]], Extraordinary, Part-1, section-1, published by authority, India{{Cite web|url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/bc111296.pdf|title=The Gazette of India, Extraordinary|access-date=2009-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410023019/http://socialjustice.nic.in/bc111296.pdf|archive-date=2009-04-10|url-status=dead}}
{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caste System In Goa}}
[[Category:Society of Goa]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Goa]]
[[Category:Religion in Goa]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]

Pradyut Bordoloi

2026-03-23T06:11:01Z

Wilfred0198: Improved article clarity and structure

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Pradyut Bordoloi
| image = File:Pradyut.jpg
| caption =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 23 May 2019
| term_end1 = 18 March 2026
| majority 1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Rajen Gohain]]
| constituency1 = [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]]
| office2 = [[Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Assam]]
| termstart3 = 21 May 2006
| termend3 = 18 May 2011
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 2blankname3 = Departments
| 2namedata3 = {{bulleted list|Industries and Commerce|Power|Public Enterprises}}
| termstart2 = 27 May 2011
| termend2 = 25 January 2015
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| 2blankname2 = Departments
| 2namedata2 = {{bulleted list|Industries and Commerce|Power|Public Enterprises|Education {{small|(2014{{ndash}}2015)}}}}
| office4 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member, Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency4 = [[Margherita Assembly constituency|Margherita]]
| term_start4 = 1998
| predecessor4 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| successor4 = [[Bhaskar Sharma]]
| term_end4 = 2016
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1959|04|28}}
| birth_place = [[Margherita, Assam]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children = Two Sons
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] (2026 - Present)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (1998 - 2026)
| alma_mater = [[Cotton University|Cotton College]], [[Gauhati University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]], [[Master of Arts|M.A]]) [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ([[MPhil]])
| profession =
| nationality = Indian
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Pradyut Bordoloi''' (born 28 April 1959) is a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician from [[Assam]] who served as the [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]] [[Lok Sabha]] constituency since [[2019 Indian general election|2019]] until 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/pradyut-quits-cong-gets-offer-from-himanta-to-join-bjp/articleshow/129639799.cms|title=Assam assembly elections: MP Pradyut Bordoloi quits Congress after 30 years, gets offer from Himanta Biswa Sarma to join BJP|work=Times of India|access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref><ref name="business-standard1">[https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bjp-increases-seats-in-assam-119052401613_1.html Pradyut Bordoloi- Wins in Nagaon]</ref> He was previously a four-term [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Margherita (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Margherita]] from 1998 to 2016, and a minister in the [[Government of Assam]] between 2001 and 2015.<ref name="telegraph">[https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/congress-key-posts-for-pradyut-ne-leaders/cid/1668650 Congress key posts for Pradyut, NE leaders]</ref><ref name="business-standard2">[http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pradyut-bordoloi-appointed-govt-spokesperson-in-assam-115060501086_1.html Pradyut Bordoloi appointed govt spokesperson in Assam]</ref>
Bordoloi was previously a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] until 2026.

== Early life ==
Bordoloi was born on 28 March 1959 in [[Margherita, Assam]].<ref name="Lok Sabha bio">[https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/pradyut-bordoloi Pradyut Bordoloi]</ref> He graduated from [[Cotton College]], [[Gauhati University]] with a [[Master of Arts|MA]], and from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] with an [[MPhil]].<ref name="Lok Sabha bio"/> He was the President of the Assam unit of the [[National Students’ Union of India]].<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/pradyut-bordoloi-cong-hand-joins-call-for-transparency-in-party-chief-polls-8126982/ Pradyut Bordoloi, old Cong hand from Tinsukia joins call for transparency in party chief polls]</ref><ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/congress-mp-from-nagaon-pradyut-bordoloi-tests-positive-for-covid-19-575034 Congress MP From Nagaon, Pradyut Bordoloi, Tests Positive For COVID-19]</ref>

==Political career ==
Bordoloi was elected to the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Margherita (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Margherita]] in a by-poll in 1998,<ref>[https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jun/06bypoll.htm Congress stuns BJD-BJP in Orissa]</ref> and was re-elected in 2001, 2006, and 2011.<ref>[https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase1/margherita-vidhan-sabha-in-assam-assembly-election-529004 Margherita Constituency - Population, Polling Percentage, Facilities, Parties Vote Share, Last Election Results]</ref> He was a minister of state in the [[First Tarun Gogoi Ministry|first]] Tarun Gogoi-led Indian National Congress government from 2001 to 2006.<ref name="telegraph"/> He held portfolios of Industries, Commerce, Power, and Public Enterprises as a senior cabinet minister in the [[Second Tarun Gogoi Ministry|second]] and [[Third Tarun Gogoi Ministry|third]] Tarun Gogoi-led Congress ministries from 2006 to 2015.<ref name="telegraph"/> He stepped down as a minister in the 2015 cabinet reshuffle,<ref name="telegraph"/> and was subsequently appointed senior government spokesperson and advisor to the Chief Minister.<ref name="business-standard2"/> In [[2019 Indian general election|2019]], Bordoloi was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Nagaon Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaon]].<ref name="business-standard1"/> He was re-elected from Nagaon in [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]. He joined the [[BJP]] in the presence of Assam Chief Minister [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] on 18th March, 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/pradyut-quits-cong-gets-offer-from-himanta-to-join-bjp/articleshow/129639799.cms|title=Assam assembly elections: MP Pradyut Bordoloi quits Congress after 30 years, gets offer from Himanta Biswa Sarma to join BJP|work=Times of India|access-date=2026-03-18}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bordoloi, Pradyut}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category: Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:People from Tinsukia district]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

Kalliasseri

2026-03-22T09:23:12Z

Wilfred0198: expanded content

{{multiple issues|
{{Cleanup list|date=October 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalliasseri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline = File:KurunthayaVayal.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Kalliasseri
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.9712|N|75.3616|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 15.74
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 31,122
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/|title = Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670562
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0497
| registration_plate = KL-13
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kalliasseri''' is a [[census town]] in [[Kannur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]]. Kalliaseri Panchayat comprises two villages: Kalliasseri and [[Irinave]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 Census of India|2011 Census]], Kalliasseri had a population of 31,122, of which males constitute 14,111 (45.3%) of the population and 17,011 (54.7%) are females. Kalliasseri census town spreads over an area of {{cvt|15.74|km2}} with 7,149 families residing in it. The sex ratio of Kalliasseri was 1,205 higher than the state average of 1,084.
In Kalliasseri, 10.2% of the population is under 6 years old. Kalliasseri had an overall literacy of 95.9%, higher than the state average of 94%. The male literacy rate stands at 98%, and female literacy rate was 94.2%.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kerala |first1=Directorate of Census Operations |title=District Census Handbook, Kannur |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=186,187 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3202_PART_B_KANNUR.pdf |access-date=14 July 2020}}</ref>

{{bar box
|title = Social composition in Kalliasseri (2011) <ref>International Journal of Research Publication Analysis (IJRPA). “Political Killings in Malabar (Kerala), 1978–2018: Patterns by Political Affiliation, Religion and Caste.” PDF. IJRPA,. https://www.ijrpa.com/myimgup/155126327IJRPA-1453.pdf. Accessed [jan 8 2025].</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Community
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Thiyyar|Thiyyar]]|darkorange|47.90}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Kerala|Other Hindu]]|darkorange|29.13}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Kerala|Islam]]|green|23.48}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Kerala|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.08}}
}}

==Religions==
As of 2011 census, Kalliasseri [[census town]] had total population of 31,122 among which 23,411 (75.2%) are Hindus, 7,307 (23.5%) are Muslims, 335 (1%) are Christians and 0.3% others.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web |title=Religion – Kerala, Districts and Sub-districts |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General}}</ref>

==Geography==
Kalliasseri is located at {{Coord|11.95|N|75.35|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Pappinisseri.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Pappinisseri]</ref> It has an average elevation of 1 metre (3 feet).

Two major roads viz NH 17 and [[Kannur]]-[[Payyannur]] Highway goes through Kalliasseri. A major portion of Kalliasseri is surrounded by the [[Anthoor|Anthoor Municipality]]. Kalliasseri shares borders with [[Pappinisseri]] to the south-west, [[Kannapuram]] to the north and [[Anthoor]] to the East. Having an area of 15.37 km2, 40% of Kalliasseri Panchayath is a part of middle land and 60% comes under Coastal Plain.

The highest point of Kalliasseri is Kalapram Motta, near the northern boundary of the panchayath. This point gives a view of the [[paddy field]]s and coconut groves of Kolath vayal. The Kandanchira Thodu, starting from chudala motta, near Kannur Engineering College, flows along from east to west of the panchayath, to which another stream which flows out from Kunhikulam and joins near Parakkadav. This streamlet reaches Irinav, where it is called Irinav puzha, and at its mouth a saline water regulator was constructed, connecting the islet of Madakkara. Recently, this was converted into a bridge. In the last century, Kolath vayal primarily planted paddy fields, but now it almost entirely consists of coconut plantations. [[Mauvadi Vayal Bird Watching Point]] is located in Kalliassery Village, where various types of migratory birds can be seen year-round.

==Administration==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
[[File:Keecheri Junction (12200096135).jpg|thumbnail|Keecheri Kunnu]]
* District: [[Kannur]]
* Taluk/Tehsil: [[Kannur]]
* Block: Kalliasseri
* Assembly Constituency: Kalliasseri
* Police Station: [[Kannapuram]]
* Post Office: 670562
* Telephone Exchange: Mangattuparambu (0497)
* Nearest Railway Station: Kannapuram.

==Culture and politics ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
Kalliasseri is notable for its contribution to the political space in Kerala, especially through [[E. K. Nayanar]] (former [[Chief Minister of Kerala]]) and [[K. P. R. Gopalan]] (freedom fighter who escaped the gallows following the intervention of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] (whose efforts proved successful in raising the issue inside the British Parliament which culminated in Queen Victoria reducing the death penalty to life imprisonment). Kalliassery also played a prominent role in the freedom movement of India, as well as the emergence of the [[Communist Party of India]] as a leading political movement in India. Kalliasseri was the centre of Karshaka Sangham of Chirakkal Taluk. Morazha incident, one of the famous events in the National Movement of Kerala in which a police sub inspector and a head constable was killed during the police intervention on the Anti-imperialist day public meeting on 15 September 1940, took place in Anchampeetika, on the northern border of Kalliasseri Panchayath. Sri.T.Damodaran Nambiar was the first President of Kalliasseri Grama Panchayat and K.V.Narayanan Nambiar. K.P.R.Rayarappan and M.P.Narayanan Nambiar were some of the notable leaders who became presidents of Kalliasseri GP.

During 1991–93, the [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] of Kalliassery was chosen for an experiment of Panchayath Level Participatory Planning in continuation with Panchayath Resource Mapping Programme, which was later known as "Kalliasseri Planning Model". A national seminar, "Learning From Kalliasseri" organised by Centre for Development Studies (CDS) Thiruvananthapuram in 1995, inaugurated by Sri A.K. Antony, Chief Minister of Kerala and validated by Sri E.M.S. Namboodipad, proclaimed the Kalliasseri planning model to be replicated. Later, this planning model became the role model for the "People's Planning Campaign" (PPC) of Kerala. Kalliasseri was the first Gram Panchayath in Kerala to establish a Panchayath Vikasana Samithi (PDS) based on Neighborhood Groups and a Panchayath level School Complex.

== Educational institutions ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
Kalliasseri has an average literacy rate of more than 90%.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} The Schools in this area often score well in state-level examinations including scholarship exams.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

The important Educational Institutions in Kalliasseri are:
EKNM Model Polytechnic College Kallyassery
* KPR Gopalan memorial Govt. Higher Secondary School
* Kendriya Vidyalaya, Mangattuparambu
* Odayammadam UP School
* Kalliassery South UP School (Vayalile School) Keechery
* Irinav UP School
* Irinav Muslim UP School
* Mangad L.P.School.
* Mangad East L.P. School
* Kalliassery Gov. LP School
* Kalliasseri Central LP School
* Irinav Hindu L.P. School
* Darul Iman L.P. School
* Kalliasseri Kannapuram L.P.School
* Model Polytechnic college, Kalliasseri
* AMSTEC co-operative Arts and Science College

The Coast Guard Training Institute established by the Government of India is a major training institution under development in Kalliasseri.

== Industries ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
[[K. P. P. Nambiar]], a technocrat from Kalliasseri, was the first managing director of [[Keltron]], which has some of its prominent industrial units in Mangattuparamba, Viz, Keltron Component Complex Limited (KCCL), Keltron Crystals Limited, Keltron Magnetics Limited and Keltron Capacitors Limited. Recently, a container complex was established by the GOI at Manatparamba.

The other major industries are:
* Handloom weaving and Garment making
* Wood-based industries
* Milk production and marketing
* Co-Op Banking

== Religious institutions ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
The major religious institutions within the Panchayat are Kandanthalli Sreekrishna Temple, Manakulangara Bhagavathi Temple, Mangad Pottan Theyya Sthanam, Chirakkutti Puthiya Kaavu (Vayalile Kottam), Kanhiramkunnu Poyyil Bhagawati temple, Elanchikkeel Temple, Mangad, Kappoth Kaav, Parakkadav, Vattakkil Muchilottu Kaav, Anchampeetika, Sree kurumba Kaav, Irinav, Ozhakroth Temple, Mangad Juma Masjid, Anchampeedika Juma Masjid, Hajimotta Masjid and Irinave Juma Masjid.

==Transportation==
{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
The national highway passes through [[Dharmashala, Kannur|Dharmashala]] junction. [[Mangalore]] and [[Mumbai]] can be accessed on the northern side. [[Cochin]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]] can be accessed on the southern side. The road to the east connects to [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]]. The nearest railway stations are [[Kannapuram]] and [[Kannur railway station|Kannur]] on Mangalore-[[Palakkad]] line. There are airports at [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]] [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://wikimapia.org/#lat=11.959731&lon=75.3268147&z=14&l=0&m=b&show=/16156905/KALLIASSERI-PANCHAYAT Wiki Map - Kaalliasseri]

{{Kerala}}
{{Kannur district}}
{{Malabar}}
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|title = [[North Malabar]]
|list =
{{North Malabar}}
{{Places of interest in North Malabar}}
}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Kannur district]]

Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology, Serampore

2026-03-21T09:32:11Z

Wilfred0198: adding initial post added tags

{{short description|Engineering College in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology, Serampore
| image = Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology Serampore logo.jpg
| type = [[Public college|Public]] [[Engineering college|Engineering]]
| established = {{start date and age|30 November 1908}}
| city = 12, William Carry Road, [[Serampore]]-712201
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|45|02.82|N|88|21|03.89|E|display=title}}
| website = [http://www.gcetts.ac.in/ www.gcetts.org]
| officer_in_charge = S. S. Mahesh
| parent = College of Textile Technology (1908)
| affiliation = [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]
}}

The '''Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology, Serampore''' ('''GCETTS''') is an engineering college in [[Serampore]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>[https://makautwb.ac.in/page.php?id=363 MAKAUT, WB - Affiliated College Links of MAKAUT, WB]. [[MAKAUT, WB]]. 2020-07-17.</ref>

==History==
A [[textile industry]] was established in India in the middle of 19th century. The need for trained technical personnel to drive that was felt in Bengal which led to the establishment of the institution. The Government College of Engineering and Textile Technology Serampore was established in 1908 as the '''Government Central Weaving Institute''' with a two-year certificate course in weaving in a rented house in Serampore.<ref>[https://www.gcetts.ac.in/institute GCETTS - Institute]. GCETTS. 2024-10-14.</ref>
In 1938, a three-year diploma course in [[Textile manufacturing|textile technology]] was started which was upgraded to degree course in 1957 under the affiliation of [[Calcutta University]].

The institution was renamed as '''College of Textile Technology Serampore''', which was changed to its present name in 2005.
From the year 2009 B.Tech in Apparel Production Management and M.Tech in Chemical Processing of Textile was started.
The institution is currently affiliated with [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]].

==Academic programmes==
[[File:Admin building gcetts.jpg|right|thumb|Administrative building]]
Undergraduate and post graduate courses are:
* [[Bachelor of Technology]] in [[Textile Technology]]
* [[Bachelor of Technology]] in [[Computer Science and Engineering]]
* [[Bachelor of Technology]] in [[Information Technology]]
* [[Bachelor of Technology]] in [[Clothing technology|Apparel Production and Management]]
* [[Master of Technology]] in [[Textile Technology]]
* [[Master of Technology]] in Chemical Processing Of Textiles

== Department of Textile Technology ==
This is the oldest department of the institution and has contributed significantly to the textile industry in India by producing trained technical manpower. Earlier affiliated with University of Calcutta, the department has long been associated with textile education and training in [[eastern India]].

The department offers undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in Textile Technology. It is equipped with laboratory facilities and machinery for practical training and research in [[Spinning (textiles)|spinning]], [[weaving]], [[textile processing]], [[textile testing]] and [[clothing technology]].

==Department of Computer Science and Engineering & Information Technology==
[[File:CSE & IT Dept gcetts.jpg|thumb|CSE and IT department buildings]]
The Computer Science and Engineering Department and Information Technology Department were formed in 2001 and 2000 respectively. Due to the formation of [[West Bengal University of Technology]], the Serampore Textile College incorporated in its curriculum the CSE and IT departments and changed its name to the present name. The CSE and IT departments share all the labs as the subjects are very similar.

Laboratories include electronics, microprocessors, communication engineering, software labs (operating systems, database management systems (DBMS), media, control and systems simulation), basic programming (subjects like [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[World Wide Web]], [[Artificial Intelligence]]). The physics lab, chemistry lab, and mechanical workshop and electrical workshop, are shared among all departments.

==Alumni and professional affiliation==

The institution has a strong alumni network, with graduates contributing significantly to academia, research, [[Administration (law)|administration]], and the [[textile industry]] in India and abroad. Alumni of the institution remain actively engaged through academic collaboration, professional interaction, mentorship, and participation in institutional development activities.

One of the professional alumni bodies associated with the institution is TANTU,<ref>[http://www.tantutextile.com/home.html Home]. TANTU. 2026-03-21.</ref> which serves as a platform for professional networking, technical exchange, and alumni engagement in the textile sector.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:mechworkshop_gcetts.jpg|Mechanical workshop
Image:wlab_gcetts.jpg|Weaving lab
Image:elab_gcetts.jpg|Electrical lab
Image:slab_gcetts.jpg|Spinning lab
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology, Berhampore]]
* [[Institute of Jute Technology]]
* [[National Institute of Fashion Technology Kolkata]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links==
* [http://www.gcetts.org Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090619091259/http://www.wbut.net/ Official website of MAKAUT]
{{commons category}}
{{West Bengal University of Technology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Government College of Engineering and Textile Technology Serampore}}
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Textile schools in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:1908 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1908]]

Telangana movement

2026-03-17T04:51:13Z

Wilfred0198:

{{Short description|Revolt for the separate state of Telangana, in India}}
{{For|the rebellion of 1946–1951|Telangana Rebellion}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Telangana movement}}
The '''Telangana movement''' refers to the movement for the separation of [[Telangana]], from the pre-existing state of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. The new state corresponds to the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-speaking portions of the former [[Hyderabad State|princely state of Hyderabad]], which were merged with Andhra Pradesh in 1956, leading to the [[1952 Mulkhi Agitation (Telangana)|Mulki Agitations]].

After decades of protests and agitation, the central government, under the [[United Progressive Alliance]], decided to bifurcate the Andhra Pradesh state and on 2 June 2014, the Union Cabinet unilaterally cleared the bill for the creation of Telangana. Lasting for almost 5 decades, it was one of the longest lasting movements for statehood in South India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/cabinet-clears-telangana-bill/article5664852.ece |title=Cabinet clears Telangana Bill |first1=B. Muralidhar |last1=Reddy |first2=Vinay |last2=Kumar |work=The Hindu |date=7 February 2014 |access-date=8 February 2014 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225064347/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/cabinet-clears-telangana-bill/article5664852.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> On 18 February 2014, the [[Lok Sabha]] passed the bill with a [[voice vote]]. The bill was passed by the [[Rajya Sabha]] two days later, on 20 February.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Sabha passes Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Bill|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/lok-sabha-passes-andhra-pradesh-reorganization-bill/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=18 February 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225064350/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/lok-sabha-passes-andhra-pradesh-reorganization-bill/|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the bill, [[Hyderabad]] would be the capital of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of the residual state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] for no more than ten years. Hyderabad was the ''de jure'' joint capital. On 2 June 2014, Telangana was created with [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] as its first chief minister.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana state to be formally carved out on June 2|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/telangana-state-to-be-formally-carved-out-on-june-2/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=6 March 2014|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225064346/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/03/telangana-state-to-be-formally-carved-out-on-june-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==

{{Main|History of the Telangana movement}}
[[File:India Telangana locator map.svg|thumb|Map of India with the Telangana region highlighted in red colour]]

In December 1953, the [[States Reorganisation Commission]] was appointed to prepare for the creations of states on linguistic lines.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301045415/http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 March 2006 |title=SRC submits report |date= 1 October 2005|access-date=9 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The commission, due to public demand, recommended disintegration of Hyderabad State and a merge of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-speaking region with [[Bombay state]] and of the [[Kannada]]-speaking region with [[Mysore state]]. The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) discussed pros and cons of the merger of Telugu speaking Telangana region of [[Hyderabad state]] with [[Andhra state]]. Paragraph 374 of the SRC report said "The creation of [[Vishalandhra Movement|Vishalandhra]] is an ideal to which numerous individuals and public bodies, both in Andhra and Telangana, have been passionately attached over a long period of time, and unless there are strong reasons to the contrary, this sentiment is entitled to consideration". Discussing the case of Telangana, paragraph 378 of the SRC report said "One of the principal causes of opposition of Vishalandhra also seems to be the apprehension felt by the educationally backward people of Telangana that they may be swamped and exploited by the more advanced people of the coastal areas who were swamped by people of [[Tamil Nadu]] already". In its final analysis SRC recommended against the immediate merger. In paragraph 386 it said "After taking all these factors into consideration we have come to the conclusions that it will be in the interests of Andhra as well as Telangana, if for the present, the Telangana area is to constitute into a separate State, which may be known as the Hyderabad State with provision for its unification with Andhra after the general elections likely to be held in or about 1961 if by a two-thirds majority the legislature of the residuary Hyderabad State expresses itself in favor of such unification." The first movement was in Illandu, [[Khammam district]]
Starting with Polikeka, 1965, 1966 from there Starting from and reaching 1967 Reaching out to universities and students.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagaraju |first=Pandari |date=2023-06-22 |title=సంతోషం ఒక పాలు... విషాదం రెండు పాళ్లు...... |url=https://www.manatelangana.news/cm-kcr-speech-at-amara-jyothi-tower/ |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=Mana Telangana |language=en-US |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714062108/https://www.manatelangana.news/cm-kcr-speech-at-amara-jyothi-tower/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Telangana state arguments ==
[[File:Godavari River.png|thumb|right|A map showing several rivers including the Godavari and Krishna. Both the rivers flow into Coastal Andhra and through Telangana]]
Telangana was the largest of the three regions of Andhra Pradesh state, covering 41.47% of its total area. It is inhabited by 40.54% of the state's population. The following is the breakup of Andhra Pradesh's revenue by region:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andhrajyothy.com/editshow.asp?qry=/2008/feb/12edit3 |title=Andhra Jyothy Telugu News Paper Online edition published from Andhra Pradesh, India |publisher=Andhrajyothy.com |access-date=2011-10-09 |archive-date=2 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002102130/http://www.andhrajyothy.com/editshow.asp?qry=%2F2008%2Ffeb%2F12edit3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Source!! Percentage of total revenue
|-
| Telangana (including Hyderabad) ||45.47%
|-
| Telangana (excluding Hyderabad District, but including parts of GHMC in suburbs) || 8.30%
|-
| Hyderabad District || 37.17%
|-
| Coastal Andhra || 24.71%
|-
| Rayalaseema || 8.90%
|-
| Central Government || 19.86%
|}
Note: The income generated by the capital city of the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh is a complex issue with income being generated from all regions. This has caused a lot of confusion in region-wise income distribution. Also, after the bifurcation, companies will pay their portion of taxes to Telangana or present day Andhra Pradesh depending on where they operate. Before the bifurcation, many companies paid taxes to capital city Hyderabad for their operations in Seemandhra.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revenues from Hyderabad: Fact and fiction|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Revenues-from-Hyderabad-Fact-and-fiction/2013/08/28/article1755635.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130830210831/http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Revenues-from-Hyderabad-Fact-and-fiction/2013/08/28/article1755635.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 August 2013|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=21 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AP bifurcation: Truth about Hyderabad|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-01-16/AP-bifurcation-Truth-about-Hyderabad-82361|access-date=21 June 2014|publisher=The Hans India|date=16 January 2014|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808111954/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-01-16/AP-bifurcation-Truth-about-Hyderabad-82361|url-status=live}}</ref>

Proponents of a separate Telangana state cite perceived injustices in the distribution of water, budget allocations, and jobs. Within the state of Andhra Pradesh, 68.5% of the [[Drainage basin|catchment area]] of the [[Krishna River]] and 69% of the catchment area of the [[Godavari River]] are in the plateau region of Telangana and flowing through the other parts of the state into the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Telangana and non-coastal parts of [[Karnataka]] and [[Maharashtra]] states form [[Deccan Plateau]]. Telangana supporters state that 74.25% of irrigation water through the canal system under major irrigation projects goes to the Coastal Andhra region, while Telangana gets 18.20%. The remaining 7.55% goes to the [[Rayalaseema]] region.<ref name="Jayashankar">{{cite web|url=http://www.telangana.org/Papers/Article10.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227203941/http://www.telangana.org/Papers/Article10.pdf|archive-date=27 December 2013|title=Telangana Movement: The Demand for a Separate State: A Historical Perspective|last=Jayashankar|first=K.|access-date=22 January 2015}}</ref>

As per Volume-II of Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal Award, "The area which we are considering for irrigation formed part of Hyderabad State and had there been no division of that State, there were better chances for the residents of this area to get irrigation facilities in Mahboobnagar District. We are of the opinion that this area should not be deprived of the benefit of irrigation on account of the reorganisation of States."<ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{cite web|url=http://www.irrigation.ap.gov.in/kwdtaward.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012064455/http://www.irrigation.ap.gov.in/kwdtaward.html|archive-date=12 October 2013|publisher=Government of India Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal|title=The Report of The Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal with the Decision, Volume II|location=New Delhi|access-date=22 January 2015}} [https://archive.org/stream/KrishnaWaterDisputeTribunalAwardVolumeIi/volume2_djvu.txt Alt URL] }}</ref>

The share of education funding for Telangana ranges from 9.86% in government-aided primary schools to 37.85% in government degree colleges. The above numbers include the expenditure in Hyderabad. Budget allocations to Telangana are generally less than 1/3 of the total Andhra Pradesh budget. There are allegations that in most years, funds allocated to Telangana were never spent. Since 1956, Andhra Pradesh government established 11 new medical colleges in the state. 8 were in Seemandhra and only 3 were in Telangana. Telangana was not compensated for lost opportunities because of inward migration of lot of students into Hyderabad from Seemandhra.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Colleges Teaching MBBS|url=http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/ForStudents/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx|publisher=Medical Council of India|access-date=20 June 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607111811/http://www.mciindia.org/InformationDesk/ForStudents/ListofCollegesTeachingMBBS.aspx|archive-date=7 June 2013}}</ref>

According to [[Kothapalli Jayashankar|Professor Jayashankar]] only 20% of the total Government employees, less than 10% of employees in the secretariat, and less than 5% of department heads in the Andhra Pradesh government are from Telangana; those from other regions make up the bulk of employment.<ref name="Jayashankar" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/25/stories/2004052503490500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040629194904/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/25/stories/2004052503490500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-06-29 |title=Andhra Pradesh News : JAC urges YSR to implement GO 610 |date=2004-05-25 |access-date=2010-09-14 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/09/stories/2007070959780500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220105639/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/09/stories/2007070959780500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-02-20 |title=Andhra Pradesh / Visakhapatnam News : Heated debate over GO 610 |date=2007-07-09 |access-date=2010-09-14 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> He also alleged that the state was represented by Telangana [[List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh|chief ministers]] for only {{frac|6|1|2}} years out of over five decades of its existence, with no chief minister from the region being in power continuously for more than {{frac|2|1|2}} years.<ref name="Jayashankar" /> As per [[Srikrishna committee on Telangana]], Telangana held the position of CM for 10.5 years while Seema-Andhra region held it for 42 years.<ref name="Srikrishna Committee Report – Vol I" />

According to the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]] 2009–10, 13 backward districts are located in Andhra Pradesh: nine (all except Hyderabad) are from Telangana and the rest are from other regions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.panchayat.gov.in/details-of-brgf-districts |title=BRGF District |publisher=panchayat.gov.in |access-date=19 June 2014 }}{{dead link|date=January 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BRGF districts in AP (screen shot taken in 2010)|url=http://tinypic.com/view.php?pic=20tj63a&s=6#.U59gXPldXKk|publisher=Govt of Inda|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=About BRGF (screen shot taken in 2010)|url=http://tinypic.com/view.php?pic=11c8dj5&s=6#.U59gc_ldXKk|publisher=Govt of India|access-date=16 June 2014}}</ref>

Proponents of a separate Telangana state feel that the [[Gentlemen's Agreement of 1956|agreements]], [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690412&printsec=frontpage plans], and [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19551126&printsec=frontpage assurances] from the legislature and Lok Sabha over the last fifty years have not been honoured, and as a consequence Telangana has remained neglected, exploited, and backward. They allege that the experiment to remain as one state has proven to be a futile exercise and that separation is the best solution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telangana.org/Papers.asp |title=Telangana Development Forum-USA |publisher=Telangana.org |access-date=2010-09-14 |archive-date=5 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105191643/http://www.telangana.org/Papers.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4139882072561017394 |title=Still seeking justice(30min video) |access-date=21 December 2009 |archive-date=21 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091221134141/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4139882072561017394 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/std_pattrnAP.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 December 2009 |archive-date=5 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005024510/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/std_pattrnAP.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Views of political parties between 2009 and 2013 ==
Most of the parties in the state changed their stance on Telangana statehood several times. Here are the stances taken by various parties in the state when the movement was at its peak between 2009 and 2013. The Congress Party, the ruling party at the centre, took its final decision to go ahead with creating the Telangana state in July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Congress gives nod to Telangana; Hyderabad to be joint capital|date=30 July 2013|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/congress-gives-nod-to-telangana-hyderabad-to-be-joint-capital_865388.html|publisher=Zee News|access-date=29 September 2014|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612140608/https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/congress-gives-nod-to-telangana-hyderabad-to-be-joint-capital_865388.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In parentheses (MP seats/MLA seats from Andhra Pradesh)<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/APPORTAL/List-of-MLAs.html|publisher=AP state govt|access-date=7 December 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212065510/http://www.aponline.gov.in/APPORTAL/List-of-MLAs.html|archive-date=12 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetail.aspx?state_code=Andhra%20Pradesh |title=Lok Sabha |publisher=164.100.47.132 |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108112750/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/statedetail.aspx?state_code=Andhra%20Pradesh |archive-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; width: 70%"
|-
! style="width:100px;"| In Favor
! style="width:100px;"| Against
! style="width:100px;"| Neutral
|-
| [[Indian National Congress]] (31/155) acg
| [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]]f(1/7)
| [[YSR Congress Party|YSR Congress]]b (2/17)

|-
| [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] (2/17)
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (0/1)
| Independents (0/2)
|-
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (0/3)
|
|[[Telugu Desam Party]]ae (6/86)
|-
| [[Communist Party of India]] (1/4)
|
|
|-
| [[Lok Satta Party|Lok Satta]]ad (0/1)<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Satta Chief speaks in favour of Telangana state|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lok-satta-chief-speaks-in-favour-of-telangana-state/297460-60-114.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006035533/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lok-satta-chief-speaks-in-favour-of-telangana-state/297460-60-114.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 October 2012|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=4 October 2012}}</ref>
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|-
| Independent (0/1)
|
|
|}

(a) Parties which were in favor of Telangana state before 9 December 2009, but changed the stand to neutral on 10 December 2009, the day the process for formation of Telangana state was announced by central government and later retracted on 23 December.

(b) On 9 December 2009, [[Jagan Mohan Reddy]] as a Congress MP opposed the Telangana state formation. After he formed the YSR Congress party, it adopted a neutral stand.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jagan's stand on Telangana ambiguous|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Jagans-stand-on-Telangana-ambiguous/articleshow/9168933.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202112627/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-10/hyderabad/29757464_1_telangana-leaders-jaganmohan-reddy-idupulapaya|url-status=live|archive-date=2 February 2014|access-date=29 December 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 July 2011}}</ref>

(c) The [[Praja Rajyam Party]] of actor-politician [[Chiranjeevi]] was against the division of the state, but merged into the Congress in 2011.

(d) The [[Lok Satta Party|Lok Satta]] adds that it will welcome the formation of a separate state as part of a comprehensive and amicable solution. It, however, states that the real issue is to improve the lives of people irrespective of the formation of a separate state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.loksatta.org/cms/index.php?view=items&cid=1%3AGeneral&id=7%3AWhat+is+the+position+of+Lok+Satta+on+Telangana%3F&option=com_quickfaq&Itemid=68 |title=General – What is the position of Lok Satta on Telangana? |publisher=Loksatta.org |access-date=2013-07-31 |archive-date=6 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406045704/http://www.loksatta.org/cms/index.php?view=items&cid=1%3AGeneral&id=7%3AWhat+is+the+position+of+Lok+Satta+on+Telangana%3F&option=com_quickfaq&Itemid=68 |url-status=live }}</ref>

(e) During the all party meeting on 28 December 2012, TDP representatives gave a letter signed by its president to Home minister of India which said that the party had never withdrawn its letter to [[Pranab Mukherjee]] in 2008 which supported Telangana state formation.

(f) MIM wants the state to remain united. If division is unavoidable, the party wants a separate state of Rayala-Telangana with Telangana and Rayalseema regions along with Hyderabad as capital. They oppose Hyderabad being declared as a union territory.

(g) The Congress Working Committee (CWC) unanimously passed a resolution on 30 July to create the State of Telangana.

== Early incidents (1969 to 1985) ==
{{Main|Pre-2004 Telangana protests}}

1969 to 1973:
This period was marked by two political namely 'Jai Telangana' and 'Jai Andhra' movements. Social tensions arose due to influx of people from the Coastal Andhra region. Protests started with the hunger strike of a student from Khammam district for the implementation of safe-guards promised during the creation of Andhra Pradesh. The movement slowly manifested into a demand for a separate Telangana.

Some students protested for "implementation of the safe guards from Andhra Pradesh" while some protested for a "Separate Telangana". The local newspaper ''Indian Express'' reported that the latter group were dominant.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690116&printsec=frontpage |title=College students in Telangana agitation (Indian Express 16 January 1969; page 8-bottom) |date=16 January 1969 |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303012853/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690116&printsec=frontpage |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the 19 January 1969 edition of ''The Indian Express'', the agitation turned violent when a crowd attempted to set fire to a [[sub-inspector]]'s residence. 17 were injured in police firing. Discussions about the promised safe-guards were held. The Telangana Regional Committee was, however, not fully convinced of the outcome.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690125&printsec=frontpage|title=The Indian Express – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227175510/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690125&printsec=frontpage|url-status=live}}</ref> This agitation was met by a counter agitation by the Andhra students accusing the transfer of Andhra employees as a discrimination between one region and the other. The transfers were eventually challenged in the high-court.

The army had to be called in. After several days of talks with leaders of both regions, on 12 April 1969, Prime minister put forth, an eight-point plan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690412&printsec=frontpage |title=Eight point plan for Telangana (IE 12 April) |date=12 April 1969 |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228172543/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19690412&printsec=frontpage |url-status=live }}</ref> Telangana leaders rejected the plan and protests continued under the leadership of newly formed political party [[Telangana Praja Samithi]] in 1969 asking for the formation of Telangana. Under the Mulki rules in force at the time, anyone who had lived in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] for 12 years was considered a local, and was thus eligible for certain government posts.

Telangana Praja Samithi was formed under the leadership of Pratap Kishore with the intention of leading the movement. The party however, split in November 1969 with the exit of dissident Congress leaders.

1971: In the May 1971 parliamentary elections, Telangana Praja Samithi won 10 out of the 14 Parliament seats in Telangana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf|title=TitlePage-VolII LS99.PDF|access-date=14 September 2010|archive-date=7 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007032449/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_II_LS71.pdf |title=TitlePage-VolII LS99.PDF|access-date=14 September 2010}}</ref> Despite these electoral successes, some of the new party leaders gave up their agitation in September 1971 after realising that the Prime Minister was not inclined to towards a separate state of Telangana, and rejoined the safer political haven of the Congress ranks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0075) |title=India |publisher=Lcweb2.loc.gov |access-date=14 September 2010 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227005343/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+in0075%29 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Political Crisis in 1969 and 1972">{{cite web | url=http://www.ap.gov.in/political-crisis-in-1969-and-1972/ | title=Political Crisis in 1969 and 1972 | publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh | access-date=30 August 2015 | archive-date=23 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172731/http://www.ap.gov.in/political-crisis-in-1969-and-1972/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Chief Minister [[Brahmananda Reddy]] resigns to make room for a Telangana Chief Minister. On 30-September-1971, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|P.V.Narasimha Rao]] – who would later become the Prime Minister of India – was appointed the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. "The Telangana Praja Samithi was dissolved and its members rejoined the Congress."<ref name="Political Crisis in 1969 and 1972" />

1972: When the Supreme Court upheld the Mulki rules the [[Jai Andhra movement]], with the aim of re-forming a separate state of Andhra, was started in [[Coastal Andhra]] and [[Rayalaseema|Rayalseema]] regions. The movement lasted for 110 days. The Supreme Court upheld the implementation of Mulki rules. The people from the Andhra region viewed the Mulki rules as "treating them like aliens in their own land".

1973: a political settlement was reached with the [[Government of India]] with a Six-Point Formula. It was agreed upon by the leaders of the two regions to prevent any recurrence of such agitations in the future. To avoid legal problems, constitution was amended (32nd amendment) to give the legal sanctity to the Six-point formula.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article1071468.ece |title=Nineteenth Century politics over Telangana |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date=12 December 2009 |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112075242/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/article1071468.ece? |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1985, when Telangana employees complained about the violations to six-point formula, a government order 610 (GO 610) was issued to correct the violations in recruitment. As Telangana people complained about the non-implementation of GO 610, in 2001, the government formed the Girglani commission to look into violations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/GO-610-will-benefit-60000-in-Telangana-/articleshow/74249.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216184757/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-07-14/hyderabad/27208960_1_repatriation-telangana-non-gazetted-officers-recruitment-process |url-status=live |archive-date=16 December 2013 |title=GO 610 will benefit 60,000 in Telangana |access-date=13 January 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 July 2003}}</ref>

== 1997 to 2010 ==

In 1997, the state unit of the BJP passed a resolution seeking a separate Telangana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/24/stories/2010012455140100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125170327/http://www.hindu.com/2010/01/24/stories/2010012455140100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2010 |title=Front Page : Sushma pitches for Telangana |date=24 January 2010 |access-date=14 September 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In 2000, Congress party MLAs from the Telangana region who supported a separate Telangana state formed the Telangana Congress Legislators Forum and submitted memorandum to their president Sonia Gandhi requesting to support the Telangana state.<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/08/12/stories/0412201q.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130927234824/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2000/08/12/stories/0412201q.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 27 September 2013 |title= Sonia urged to back demand for separate Telangana |work= [[The Hindu]]|date= 12 August 2000 |access-date=16 February 2008}}</ref>

A new party called [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] (TRS; Now Bharat Rashtra Samithi:BRS), led by [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]] (KCR), was formed in April 2001 with the single-point agenda of creating a separate Telangana state with Hyderabad as its capital.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://ia.rediff.com/news/2001/may/17ap1.htm |title= Massive rally demands Telangana state |last= Amin Jafri |first= Syed |date= 17 May 2001 |access-date= 16 February 2008 |work= rediff.com |archive-date= 15 March 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110315163138/http://ia.rediff.com/news/2001/may/17ap1.htm |url-status= live }}</ref>

In 2001, the Congress Working Committee sent a resolution to the NDA government for constituting a second SRC to look into the Telangana state demand. This was rejected by then union home minister [[L.K. Advani]] citing that smaller states were neither viable nor conducive to the integrity of the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/aug/23trs2.htm|title=Congress stand clear on Telangana issue: Andhra CM|work=rediff.com|access-date=14 March 2012|archive-date=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928174510/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/aug/23trs2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In April 2002, Advani wrote a letter to MP A. Narendra rejecting a proposal to create Telangana state explaining that "regional disparities in economic development could be tackled through planning and efficient use of available resources". He said that the NDA government, therefore, does "not propose creation of a separate state of Telangana"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111020/jsp/nation/story_14646312.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802105619/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111020/jsp/nation/story_14646312.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 August 2013 |title=Advani amnesia and prod on Telangana |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota, India |date=20 October 2011 |access-date=13 January 2012 |first=G.S. |last=Radhakrishna}}</ref> However, in 2012, Advani said that if their then partner [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] cooperated during NDA tenure, a separate state of Telangana could have been created.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana would have been reality had TDP cooperated: LK Advani|date=30 October 2012|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_telangana-would-have-been-reality-had-tdp-cooperated-lk-advani_1758120|publisher=DNA|access-date=5 November 2012|archive-date=1 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101010739/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_telangana-would-have-been-reality-had-tdp-cooperated-lk-advani_1758120|url-status=live}}</ref> This was confirmed by the President of the TDP, [[Chandrababu Naidu]], on 1 September 2013 in a public meeting.<ref>{{cite news|title=NDA could not divide Andhra due to my opposition: N Chandrababu Naidu|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/NDA-could-not-divide-Andhra-due-to-my-opposition-N-Chandrababu-Naidu/articleshow/22215531.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2 September 2013|access-date=3 September 2013|archive-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130002420/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/NDA-could-not-divide-Andhra-due-to-my-opposition-N-Chandrababu-Naidu/articleshow/22215531.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Main|2004–10 Telangana protests}}

In the run-up to the 2004 Assembly and Parliament elections, then Union Home Minister [[L. K. Advani]] ruled out inclusion of Telangana in the NDA agenda and said "Unless there is consensus among all political parties in the state and unless that consensus is reflected in a resolution of the state Assembly, we don't propose to include it in the NDA agenda"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar182004/n13.asp |title=BJP against Telangana state: Advani – Deccan Herald |access-date=14 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127185634/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar182004/n13.asp |archive-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

For these elections, the Congress party and the TRS forged an electoral alliance in the Telangana region to consider the demand of separate Telangana State.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/05/stories/2004030505830600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040923074647/http://www.hindu.com/2004/03/05/stories/2004030505830600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-09-23 |title= Controversy over SRC blows over |access-date=2008-02-16 |date= 2004-03-05 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Congress came to power in the state and formed a coalition government at the centre; TRS joined the coalition after the [[common minimum programme|common minimum program]] of the coalition government included that the demand for separate Telangana state will be considered after due consultations and consensus.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.aicc.org.in/common-minimum-programme.php |title= Common Minimum Programme of the Congress led United Progressive Alliance |publisher= Indian National Congress |access-date=2008-02-16 |date=May 2004 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071212084846/http://www.aicc.org.in/common-minimum-programme.php  |archive-date = 2007-12-12}}</ref>

In February 2009 the state government declared that it had no objection, in principle, to the formation of separate Telangana and that the time had come to move forward decisively on this issue. To resolve related issues, the government constituted a joint house committee.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/13/stories/2009021350230100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217164628/http://hindu.com/2009/02/13/stories/2009021350230100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2009 |title=Telangana: YSR moots joint panel |location=India |date=13 February 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> In the lead-up to the 2009 General [[Elections in India]], all the major parties in Andhra Pradesh supported the formation of Telangana.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/07/stories/2009040756451200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409133508/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/07/stories/2009040756451200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2009 |title=Why it is Telangana that holds the key? |location=India |date=7 April 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref>

In the 2009 elections TRS managed to win only 10 assembly seats out of the 45 it contested and only 2 MP seats. Some media analysts thought Telangana sentiment faded.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/fast-forward/552833/0 |title=Fast forward |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=11 December 2009 |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612133356/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/fast-forward/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Within few months of getting re-elected as popular CM, [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]] (YSR) died in a helicopter crash in September 2009. This resulted in a leadership crisis within the Congress party and also created a political vacuum in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-kcr-116785|title=Who is KCR?|work=NDTV.com|access-date=29 March 2012|archive-date=11 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011171610/http://www.ndtv.com/article/people/who-is-kcr-116785|url-status=dead}}</ref> During this time, TRS president [[K. Chandrashekar Rao]] (KCR) raised his pitch for the separate state. On 29 November 2009, he started a fast-unto-death, demanding that the Congress party introduce a Telangana bill in Parliament.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/17/stories/2009111756350400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121110710/http://www.hindu.com/2009/11/17/stories/2009111756350400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2009 |title=KCR to launch fast on Nov. 29 |location=India |date=17 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> Student organisations, employee unions, and various organisations joined the movement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/03/stories/2009120358790300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091206051210/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/03/stories/2009120358790300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2009 |title=OU turns hotspot of students' angst |location=India |date=3 December 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> General strikes shut down Telangana on 6 and 7 December.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/07/stories/2009120756460300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212225032/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/07/stories/2009120756460300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 December 2009 |title=Telangana bandh total on first day |location=India |date=7 December 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> In an all party meeting called by the state government on the night of 7 December to discuss regarding KCR's fast and how to handle it,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/MIM-TDP-members-demand-resolution-in-assembly-on-Srikrishna-committee-report/articleshow/7683102.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928034547/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-12/hyderabad/28683097_1_srikrishna-committee-report-home-minister-tdp |url-status=live |archive-date=28 September 2013 |title=MIM, TDP members demand resolution in assembly on Srikrishna committee report |date=12 March 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> all major Opposition parties extended their support for a separate state for Telangana. The state Congress and its ally Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen have left it to the Congress high command to take a final decision. Minutes of the meeting were faxed to Congress high command.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telangana-forces-andhra-assemblys-adjournment/106696-37.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091213011434/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telangana-forces-andhra-assemblys-adjournment/106696-37.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 December 2009 |title=TRS disrupt Andhra Assembly over Telangana |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref>

=== Announcement of bifurcation and subsequent rollback ===

On 9 December 2009, Union Minister of Home Affairs [[P. Chidambaram]] announced that the central government would start the process of forming a separate Telangana state, pending the introduction and passage of a separation resolution in the Andhra Pradesh assembly. Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) Chief [[K. Chandrashekar Rao|K Chandrasekhar Rao's]] failing health in the wake of his fast unto death was a major factor that led to the UPA government conceding the demand for carving out Telangana from Andhra Pradesh on December 9, said former Union Minister [[Jairam Ramesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Press Trust Of India |date=June 11, 2016 |title=Chandrasekhar Rao's fast unto death major factor in Telangana formation: Jairam Ramesh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chandrasekhar-rao-s-fast-unto-death-major-factor-in-telangana-formation-jairam-ramesh-116061100243_1.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=16 May 2024 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516093838/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chandrasekhar-rao-s-fast-unto-death-major-factor-in-telangana-formation-jairam-ramesh-116061100243_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This resulted in protests across both Andhra and [[Rayalseema]]. Students, workers, lawyers and various organisations in the regions launched the [[Samaikyandhra Movement]] demanding that the state be kept united.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/19/stories/2009121952620300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222221621/http://www.hindu.com/2009/12/19/stories/2009121952620300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-12-22 |title=Samaikhya Andhra stir continues |date=2009-12-19 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2013-07-31}}</ref> MLAs from these regions also submitted their resignations in protest seeking a reversal of the home minister's statement.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/aicc-report-says-ysr-did-not-favour-t-state-277 |title=AICC report says YSR did not favour T state |work=Deccan Chronicle |location=India |access-date=20 December 2010 |date=20 December 2010 |archive-date=10 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110134438/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/aicc-report-says-ysr-did-not-favour-t-state-277 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On 23 December, keeping in view the reactions of people of other regions, the Government of India announced that no action on Telangana will be taken until a consensus is reached by all parties and groups in the state.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article69617.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Telangana: Text of Home Minister's statement | date=23 December 2009 | access-date=26 June 2013 | archive-date=30 January 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130002420/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article69617.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema region MLAs started withdrawing their resignations while MLAs and ministers from Telangana started submitting their resignations, and demanded that the Centre take immediate steps to initiate the process of bifurcating Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Telangana-crisis-13-AP-ministers-resign-send-letter-to-Sonia/articleshow/5378916.cms |title=Telangana crisis: 13 AP ministers resign, send letter to Sonia |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=25 December 2009 |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=28 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228101618/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Telangana-crisis-13-AP-ministers-resign-send-letter-to-Sonia/articleshow/5378916.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

A [[TJAC|Joint Action Committee]] (also known as JAC or TJAC) comprising political and non-political groups was formed to lead the demand for separate Telangana with [[Osmania University]] professor [[M. Kodandaram|M Kodandaram]] as its convenor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/allparty-jac-trs-to-attend-jan-5-meeti.../561603/ |title=All-party JAC, TRS to attend Jan 5 meeting in Delhi |publisher=Indian Express |date=2009-12-30 |access-date=2013-07-31}}</ref>

On 3 February, the government appointed a five-member committee headed by Justice SriKrishna to look into the issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/242/20100203/1334/tnl-govt-constitutes-5-member-expert-com.html |title=Govt constitutes 5-member expert committee on Telangana – Yahoo! India News |publisher=In.news.yahoo.com |access-date=14 September 2010 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206220635/http://in.news.yahoo.com/242/20100203/1334/tnl-govt-constitutes-5-member-expert-com.html |archive-date=6 February 2010}}</ref>

== 2010: Srikrishna Committee ==
{{Main|Srikrishna committee's involvement in the Telangana movement|l1=Committee for Consultations on the situation in Andhra Pradesh}}


The Srikrishna Committee headed by former Chief Justice B. N. Srikrishna toured all the regions of state extensively and invited people from all sections of the society to give their opinion on the statehood. It received over one lakh petitions and representations from political parties, organisations, NGOs and individuals. It also held consultations with political parties and general public while also factoring in the impact of recent developments on different sections of people such as women, children, students, minorities, Other Backward Classes, [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/article948053.ece |title=Justice Srikrishna panel to visit Hyderabad to meet leaders |work=The Hindu |date=2010-12-12 |access-date=2013-07-31 |archive-date=1 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201074630/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/article948053.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 16 December 2010, two weeks before the deadline for the submission of the Srikrishna report, TRS organised a public meeting in [[Warangal]]. It was estimated that over 2.6 million people attended this meeting. It was reported that even more would have attended, but were stranded due to traffic jams along roads leading to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/AJ/AJYOTHI/2010/12/17/ArticleHtmls/17_12_2010_011_026.shtml?Mode=1 |title=Traffic blocked for over 20 km. Half the people on the roads |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-date=2 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502045734/http://epaper.andhrajyothy.com/aj/ajyothi/2010/12/17/articlehtmls/17_12_2010_011_026.shtml?Mode=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.eenadu.net/archives/archive-17-12-2010/panelhtml.asp?qrystr=htm/panel1.htm Telangana Maha Grajana: Traffic jam up to 35km] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223071353/http://www.eenadu.net/archives/archive-17-12-2010/panelhtml.asp?qrystr=htm%2Fpanel1.htm |date=23 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://i52.tinypic.com/30aypsl.jpg |title=Telangana Maha Grajana: Traffic jam up to 35 km – Eenadu Dec-17-2010 |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717062121/http://i52.tinypic.com/30aypsl.jpg |url-status=live }}</ref> TRS president K. Chandrasekhar Rao appealed to Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] to note that the people of Telangana were losing patience. He demanded that the Centre introduce the Bill on Telangana in the next session of Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/all-set-trs-maha-garjana-294 |title=All set for TRS Maha Garjana |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-date=29 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129023026/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/all-set-trs-maha-garjana-294 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/17/stories/2010121761810700.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220050327/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/17/stories/2010121761810700.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2010-12-20|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=News Archives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/KCR-fails-to-roar-at-Garjana/articleshow/7114288.cms |title=TRS would not allow the government to function if there is delay in T-formation :KCR |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 December 2010 |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-date=19 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219225939/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/KCR-fails-to-roar-at-Garjana/articleshow/7114288.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcihKP3_ugc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/KcihKP3_ugc |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|title=Largest Peaceful Gatherings in Indian History [Telangana Maha Garjana] 2.7M|work=YouTube|date=18 December 2010 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Days before the [[Srikrishna committee on Telangana|Srikrishna committee]] submitted its report to the Central government, KCR declared that his party was ready to wash [[Sonia Gandhi]]'s feet if she agrees to the Telangana demand. He said his party is associated with the movement and was willing to dissolve the party if the state was formed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Take-party-give-me-state-KCR-to-Congress/articleshow/7164890.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130901150833/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-26/india/28241325_1_telangana-bill-telangana-congress-leaders-kcr |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-09-01 |title=Take party, give me state: KCR to Congress |date=2010-12-26 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-07-31}}</ref>

=== Release of the report and summary of findings ===
The Indian Home Ministry released the 505-page [[Srikrishna Committee]] on 6 January 2011. The committee opined that most regions of Telangana (excluding Hyderabad) were either "on par or a shade lower" than Coastal Andhra. When Hyderabad is included, Telangana fared better. The most backward of all regions was in fact Rayalaseema. The committee, however, agreed with the violations of GO 610, which was issued by the former chief minister of the combined state of Andhrapradesh [[N. T. Rama Rao|N.T.Rama Rao]] on December 30, 1985 following pressure from Telangana non-gazetted officers to repatriate non-locals who were recruited in Telangana in violation of the six-point formula, a positive discrimination policy of the government of India for the Telangana region, reached as a political settlement on 21 September 1973. Most violations, however, have been in the education and health sectors due to dearth of qualified locals. It also noted that the funds released for educational institutions in Telangana were lower than in the other two regions of the state. The committee did not see the Telangana movement as a threat to national integrity. Noting the emotions in the general public about the issue, a perceived neglect in implementation of assurances given to the region, it also said that "The continuing demand, therefore, for a separate Telangana, the Committee felt, has some merit and is not entirely unjustified". The conclusion of the report included the following statements "Therefore, after taking into account all the pros and cons, the Committee did not think it to be the most preferred, but the second best, option. Separation is recommended only in case it is unavoidable and if this decision can be reached amicably amongst all the three regions"

=== Solutions proposed ===
The report discusses six solutions to the problem, the preferred option being keeping the State united by simultaneously providing certain definite constitutional and statutory measures for socio-economic development and political empowerment of Telangana region through the creation of a statutorily empowered Telangana Regional Council. The second best option is bifurcation of the State into Telangana and Seemandhra as per existing boundaries, with Hyderabad as the capital of Telangana and Seemandhra to have a new capital.<ref name="Srikrishna Committee Report – Vol I">{{citation-attribution|1={{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2011/jan/d2011010502.pdf|title=Srikrishna Committee Report – Vol I (Main Report)|access-date=13 January 2012|pages=407, 450|archive-date=4 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104052049/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2011/jan/d2011010502.pdf|url-status=live}} }}</ref><ref>[http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2011/jan/d2011010503.pdf Srikrishna Committee Report – Vol II (Appendix to the report)]</ref>

=== Reactions to the report ===
The eighth chapter of the report was not made public for undisclosed reasons. After a judgement delivered by Justice L Narasimha Reddy of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]], the contents of the "secret" chapter were submitted to the High Court.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/telangana-hc-verdict-brings-out-secret-portion-of-srikrishna-report/766634/ |title=Telangana: HC verdict brings out 'secret' portion of Srikrishna report |publisher=Indian Express |date=24 March 2011 |access-date=4 August 2014 |archive-date=6 August 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140806170057/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/telangana-hc-verdict-brings-out-secret-portion-of-srikrishna-report/766634/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Chief Justice, in his 60-page judgement,<ref>[http://hc.ap.nic.in/orders/wp_1569_2011.html 60 page judgement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929171622/http://hc.ap.nic.in/orders/wp_1569_2011.html |date=29 September 2011 }}</ref> said "The Committee travelled beyond the terms of reference in its endeavour to persuade the Union of India not to accede to the demand for Telangana". The judgement also quoted the SKC report's 8th chapter and said "The manoeuvre suggested by the Committee in its secret supplementary note poses an open challenge, if not threat, to the very system of democracy." The eighth chapter was not made public after division bench comprising the Chief Justice of the AP high court has stayed the order of Justice L Narasimha Reddy.<ref>{{cite web |author=DC Correspondent Hyderabad |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/secret-t-report-sealed-cover-157 |title=Secret T-report in sealed cover |work=Deccan Chronicle |location=India |date=26 April 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=29 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429034814/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/secret-t-report-sealed-cover-157 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=DC Correspondent Hyderabad |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/hc-bench-keeps-t-report-secret-164 |title=HC bench keeps T-report secret |work=Deccan Chronicle |location=India |date=26 April 2011 |access-date=12 October 2011 |archive-date=26 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426232733/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/hc-bench-keeps-t-report-secret-164 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hence, the facts of the comments of the judge on the eighth chapter remain unverified.

== 2011 ==

=== Non-cooperation movement and Million March ===
{{Main|Early 2011 Telangana protests}}
On 17 February 2011, a noncooperation movement was started which lasted for 16 days with participation by 3,00,000 government employees. It caused a loss of Rs 8 billion per day in revenue to government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-telangana-fury-is-costing-ap-rs-800-cr-a-day/20110224.htm |title=Telangana fury is costing AP Rs 800 cr a day |work=Rediff.com |date=24 February 2011 |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=25 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325054340/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-telangana-fury-is-costing-ap-rs-800-cr-a-day/20110224.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/04/stories/2011030455490900.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307090901/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/04/stories/2011030455490900.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2011 |title=Telangana issue disrupts Parliament proceedings |location=India |date=4 March 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> In February and March, Assembly session was boycotted for weeks and Parliament session was disrupted for several days by Telangana representatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/pro-telangana-mlas-to-boycott-ap-assembly-budget-session-news-national-ldcwaciifed.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019190621/http://www.sify.com/news/pro-telangana-mlas-to-boycott-ap-assembly-budget-session-news-national-ldcwaciifed.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 October 2012 |title=Pro-Telangana MLAs to boycott AP Assembly budget session |website=[[Sify]] |date=2 March 2011 |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article1537080.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Telangana Cong MLAs end boycott of AP House | date=14 March 2011 | access-date=14 March 2011 | archive-date=16 March 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316170017/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article1537080.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/congress-telangana-mps-sport-black-bands-lok-sabha |title=Congress' Telangana MPs sport black bands in Lok Sabha |publisher=Siasat.com |date=4 March 2011 |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref>

Million March was organised by Telangana JAC in Hyderabad on 10 March 2011. Many seemandhra bound police were dropped into Hyderabad city to stop the Telangana movement. In a move to disrupt the march, seemandhra police arrested over thousand activists throughout the region and closed down entry to Hyderabad city by stopping certain transportation services and diverting traffic.<ref>{{cite web|author=DC Hyderabad |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/1-lakh-arrested-across-telangana-tjac-035 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311015144/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/1-lakh-arrested-across-telangana-tjac-035 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2011 |title=1 lakh arrested across Telangana: TJAC |work=The Deccan Chronicle |location=India |date=10 March 2011 |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=10 March 2011 DC Karimnagar/Nizamabad |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/karimnagar/cops-block-all-roads-capital-003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311070557/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/karimnagar/cops-block-all-roads-capital-003 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2011 |title=Cops block all roads to capital |work=The Deccan Chronicle |location=India |date=10 March 2011 |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/thousands-defy-government-march-for-telangana-news-national-ldkvajffhbe.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110313070814/http://www.sify.com/news/thousands-defy-government-march-for-telangana-news-national-ldkvajffhbe.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 March 2011 |title=Thousands defy government, march for Telangana |website=[[Sify]] |date=10 March 2011 |access-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> Around 50,000 people reached the venue of the march, Tank Bund by hoodwinking police.<ref>[http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/t-men-fool-cops-wedding-350] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311213755/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/hyderabad/t-men-fool-cops-wedding-350|date=11 March 2011}}</ref> Telangana activists damaged 16 statues of personalities representing Andhra culture and threw some of the remnants into the lake.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/million-march-intensifies-in-hyderabad-statues-on-tank-bund-damaged-3823#tabs |title=Million March In Hyderabad: Statues On Tank Bund Demolished – Hyderabad News on fullhyd.com |publisher=Fullhyderabad.com |date=10 March 2011 |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=26 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926110319/http://www.fullhyderabad.com/hyderabad-news/million-march-intensifies-in-hyderabad-statues-on-tank-bund-damaged-3823#tabs |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2011, Telangana Rashtra Samiti Vidyarthi Vibhagam (TRSV) state president Balka Suman was arrested by Hyderabad police after cases were registered against him in connection with damaging statues on Tank Bund during the 'Million March,' attacking police personnel, damaging police and Seemandhra media vehicles.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Telangana-student-wing-leader-arrested/articleshow/10912518.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232509/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-29/hyderabad/30453669_1_ccs-police-stations-ou | url-status=live | archive-date=30 December 2013 |location=India | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Telangana student wing leader arrested |date=29 November 2011}}</ref>

=== Mass resignations ===
{{Main|Mid 2011 Telangana protests}}
From April till June, the movement saw a lull,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dayafterindia.com/detail.php?headline=content&catid=2134|title=Telangana movement set to enter crucial phase|work=dayafterindia.com|access-date=29 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404210002/http://dayafterindia.com/detail.php?headline=content&catid=2134|archive-date=4 April 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> with different parties citing various reasons and fresh deadlines to renew the agitation. In July, 81 of 119 Telangana MLAs in the state, 12 out of 15 Telangana ministers in state, 13 out of 17 Telangana MPs in Lok Sabha, 1 Rajyasabha MP (Congress), 20 MLCs resigned protesting delay in the formation of Telangana. On 20 July 30-year-old Yadi Reddy was found dead 100 yards from Parliament House in Delhi. An eight-page suicide note says the young driver from greater Hyderabad region of Telangana was upset over the government not creating a new state for his homeland. The speaker of the AP assembly on 23 July summarily rejected the resignations of all 101 MLAs citing that they were made in an emotionally surcharged atmosphere. All Telangana MPs who earlier submitted their resignations and were boycotting the parliament session also decided to attend the parliament monsoon session citing Sonia Gandhi's ill health.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/T-MPs-on-goodwill-mode/articleshow/9486507.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116123630/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-05/hyderabad/29854199_1_upa-government-telangana-congress-mps-goodwill | url-status=live | archive-date=2014-01-16 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=T MPs on 'goodwill' mode | date=2011-08-05}}</ref>

=== Sakala Janula Samme ===
{{Main|Late 2011 Telangana protests}}
On 12 September 2011, a day before Sakala Janula Samme (All people's strike), TRS organised a public meeting in Karimnagar which was attended by over a million people including [[TJAC]] leaders, BJP and New Democracy party leaders.<ref name="KCR on 9 October">{{cite web|title=Telangana is angry and will erupt in flames: KCR|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/telangana-is-angry-and-will-erupt-in-flames-kcr/20110912.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=9 October 2011|archive-date=28 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928132721/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/telangana-is-angry-and-will-erupt-in-flames-kcr/20110912.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Starting 13 September, as part of 'strike by all section of people' supporting Telangana statehood, government employees throughout Telangana stayed out of work, lawyers boycotted courts<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana: Administrative work affected|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telangana-administrative-work-affected/183823-60-114.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017195916/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telangana-administrative-work-affected/183823-60-114.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2012|publisher=IBNLive.com India|access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref> and 60,000 coal miners of Singareni Collieries (SCCL Ltd.) also joined the strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=Strike at Singareni Collieries may hit power production|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/article2450632.ece|publisher=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=9 October 2011|archive-date=10 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010061013/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/article2450632.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana collieries strike hits power supplies in south India|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=115879|publisher=Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd|access-date=9 October 2011|archive-date=14 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014021110/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=115879|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon government teachers, state road transport corporation employees and state electricity board employees joined the strike.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt teachers join hands for Telangana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Govt-teachers-join-hands-for-Telangana/articleshow/10012570.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927183231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-17/hyderabad/30168912_1_telangana-region-swamy-goud-telangana-protagonists|url-status=live|archive-date=27 September 2012|location=India|access-date=9 October 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Transport employees' strike paralyse Telangana|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-19/hyderabad/30175479_1_rtc-management-rtc-strike-separate-telangana-state|location=India|access-date=9 October 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 September 2011}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref>

On a call given by JAC, road blockades on national highways throughout Telangana, rail blockade and the strike of [[auto rikshaw]] union were organised on 24 and 25 September causing disruption in transport services.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana activists block highway|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article2467382.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=9 October 2011|location=Chennai, India|first=S. Harpal|last=Singh|date=19 September 2011|archive-date=24 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024031039/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article2467382.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Statehood protests paralyse transport in Telangana|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-25/news/30200846_1_rail-blockade-services-or-local-trains-telangana-joint-action-committee|work=The Times of India |location=India|access-date=9 October 2011|date=25 September 2011}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref> Virtually all sections of people joined this strike.<ref>{{cite web|title=People power driving Telangana agitation|date=30 September 2011 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/people-power-fuels-agitation-for-telangana-142309-2011-09-29|publisher=India Today|access-date=9 October 2011|archive-date=2 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002134733/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/people-power-fuels-agitation-for-telangana/1/153130.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
On 30 September, as the strike entered the 18th day, even while Congress central leadership met several Telangana congress leaders, JAC called a bundh in Hyderabad city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana crisis: Bandh in Hyderabad, talks in Delhi|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/telangana-crisis-bandh-in-hyderabad-talks-in-delhi-137452|publisher=NDTV|access-date=9 October 2011|archive-date=10 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010231358/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/telangana-crisis-bandh-in-hyderabad-talks-in-delhi-137452|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 October, JAC leaders, employee unions leaders and TRS leaders including KCR met Prime minister to explain the situation in [[Telangana]] due to the strike and asked to expedite the decision on the statehood demand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana issue: PM steps in, meets KCR and says working on solution|date=3 October 2011|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/telangana-issue-pm-steps-in-meets-kcr-and-says-working-on-solution/855001/|publisher=The Indian Express Limited|access-date=9 October 2011|archive-date=28 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028220132/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Telangana-issue-pm-steps-in-meets-kcr-and-says-working-on-solution/855001/|url-status=live}}</ref> The strike has resulted in an unprecedented power crisis in the state with only 223 MU of power generated against the demand of 275MU impacting both the industry and agriculture.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana stir, energy crisis could hit economy of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-05/news/30246969_1_coal-production-ntpc-s-ramagundam-heavy-power-cuts|work=The Times of India|location=India|access-date=9 October 2011|date=5 October 2011|archive-date=31 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531080508/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-10-05/news/30246969_1_coal-production-ntpc-s-ramagundam-heavy-power-cuts|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Due to Rail blockade call on 15 October 110 trains were cancelled and 68 trains were diverted by authorities. The railways operated 12 trains and Hyderabad metro trains with full police protection. Telangana protestors tried to have sit in on rail platforms or on railway tracks at various places. Police arrested thousands of protesters including 8 MPs and 4 MLAs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana rail roko: 8 MPs, 4 MLAs among several arrested|date=15 October 2011|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/telangana-rail-roko-8-mps-4-mlas-among-several-arrested/860273/|publisher=Indian Express 15 October 2011|access-date=17 October 2011|archive-date=6 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406042937/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/telangana-rail-roko-8-mps-4-mlas-among-several-arrested/860273/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Railway station turns battleground|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Railway-station-turns-battleground/articleshow/10383797.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092611/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-17/hyderabad/30289463_1_railway-station-rail-roko-protesters|url-status=live|archive-date=2 February 2014|access-date=17 October 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 October 2011}}</ref> On 16 October public transport employees called off the strike. Within days other unions too called off the strike one after another. After 42 days, on 24 October, remaining employees unions called off the strike. [[M. Kodandaram]] said that the strike had impacted the overall thinking of the Centre towards creation of separate State and the movement will continue with other protest activities.<ref>{{cite web|title=42-day Telangana strike ends|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/government-and-policy/article2568330.ece|publisher=Business Line|access-date=31 October 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026191103/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/government-and-policy/article2568330.ece|archive-date=26 October 2011}}</ref>

On 29 October 2011, three Congress party MLAs belonging to Telangana region resigned and joined TRS in protest as they were disappointed with Congress leadership's delay in Telangana state formation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Three AP Congress MLAs quit over Telangana issue, join TRS|date=30 October 2011 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/telangana/telangana-proponents/story/telangana-congress-mlas-join-trs-144461-2011-10-29|publisher=India Today|access-date=31 October 2011|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612140608/https://www.indiatoday.in/telangana/telangana-proponents/story/telangana-congress-mlas-join-trs-144461-2011-10-29|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 November, Congress MLA [[Komatireddy Venkat Reddy]] started an indefinite hunger strike until the central government announced a roadmap for Telangana state.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/T-ministers-main-hurdle/articleshow/10574093.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226044420/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-02/hyderabad/30349650_1_telangana-ministers-komatireddy-venkat-reddy-telangana-congress-mps | url-status=live | archive-date=26 December 2012 |location=India | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=T ministers main hurdle |date=2 November 2011}}</ref> 5 days later, the fast was broken when police arrested him under Section 309 of IPC (attempt to commit suicide) and shifted him to NIMS, Hyderabad where he was kept under intravenous fluids. He ended his fast on 9 November.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_telangana-congress-mla-breaks-eight-day-old-fast_1609984 |title=Telangana: Congress MLA breaks eight-day-old fast – India – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=9 November 2011 |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612133519/https://api.retargetly.com/api?id=1473&src=0&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-telangana-congress-mla-breaks-eight-day-old-fast-1609984&browserUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Findia%2Freport-telangana-congress-mla-breaks-eight-day-old-fast-1609984&ref=&utmz=&n=Telangana%3A%20Congress%20MLA%20breaks%20eight-day-old%20fast&md=Komatireddy%20Venkata%20Reddy%20Wednesday%20called%20off%20his%20eight-day-long%20fast%20in%20support%20of%20the%20separate%20Telangana%20demand.&mk=Telangana%2C%20Congress%2C%20Delhi%2C%20Nalgonda%2C%20Komatireddy%20Rajagopal%20Reddy%2C%20Telangana%20Congress%2C%20Gutta%20Sukhend&il=0&limit_drop=&userid=7d84fcd7-0846-4511-a01c-4c6d710cffcf&fp=c1d57394-8f5c-4e42-a8a2-f30aaee9365f&_rlid=7d84fcd7-0846-4511-a01c-4c6d710cffcf |url-status=live }}</ref> 97-year-old freedom fighter Konda Laxman Bapuji also launched his week-long satyagraha at Jantar Mantar in New Delhi, demanding statehood to the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/telangana/telangana-proponents/story/telangana-congress-leaders-protests-konda-lakshman-bapuji-144651-2011-11-01 |title=Pro-statehood Congress leaders rekindle Telangana fire, 97-year-old joins stir : Telangana Proponents News – India Today |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=2 November 2011 |access-date=13 January 2012 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612141116/https://www.indiatoday.in/telangana/telangana-proponents/story/telangana-congress-leaders-protests-konda-lakshman-bapuji-144651-2011-11-01 |url-status=live }}</ref> at last the whole Telangana people participated in the movement

== 2012 ==
{{Main|2012 Telangana protests}}
In January, BJP led by State party president [[G. Kishan Reddy]] started the 22-day Telangana 'Poru Yatra', across 88 assembly constituencies stressing the need for Telangana state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gadkari flags off BJP's Telangana Yatra|date=19 January 2012|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/220508/gadkari-flags-off-bjps-telangana.html|publisher=Deccan Helard, 19 January 2012|access-date=30 January 2012|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612141116/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/220508/gadkari-flags-off-bjps-telangana.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the tour was successful in reiterating the party's pro-Telangana stance, it could not garner as much support as hoped because of the indifferent attitude of the TRS and TJAC. In fact the failure of the TRS in declaring its support to Kishan Reddy's yatra has resulted in growing differences between the two parties.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dailypioneer.com/nation/42239-only-bjp-can-fulfill-the-dream-of-telangana.html |title='Only BJP can fulfill the dream of Telangana' |access-date=13 February 2012 |archive-date=23 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423181146/http://dailypioneer.com/nation/42239-only-bjp-can-fulfill-the-dream-of-telangana.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

By-elections took place on 18 March in 6 Telangana assembly seats. TRS won four out of five seats it contested with huge majorities ranging from 15,024 to 44,465. In two out of the four seats won by TRS (Kamareddy and Adilabad), the TRS candidates polled fewer votes compared to 2009 assembly elections when they contested as candidates from TDP which was in alliance with TRS.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assemblyelections.com/north-telangana-assembly-elections/nizamabad-district/kamareddy-assembly/ |title=Kamareddy Assembly {{!}} Assembly Elections |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=25 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325104056/http://www.assemblyelections.com/north-telangana-assembly-elections/nizamabad-district/kamareddy-assembly/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.assemblyelections.com/north-telangana-assembly-elections/adilabad-district/adilabad-assembly/ |title=Adilabad Assembly {{!}} Assembly Elections |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=25 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325111112/http://www.assemblyelections.com/north-telangana-assembly-elections/adilabad-district/adilabad-assembly/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ex-TDP MLA Nagam Janardhan Reddy won from Nagarkurnool seat as an independent with TJAC support. Congress lost [[Deposit (politics)#India|deposit]] in one constituency and TDP in 3 constituencies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/51654-telangana-fury-singes-congress-in-andhra-.html |title=Telangana fury singes Congress in Andhra |access-date=22 March 2012 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116103304/http://www.dailypioneer.com/home/online-channel/360-todays-newspaper/51654-telangana-fury-singes-congress-in-andhra-.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/in-andhra-pradesh-by-polls-pro-telangana-trs-wins-four-out-of-seven-seats-188284|title=In Andhra Pradesh by-polls, pro-Telangana TRS scores big|work=NDTV.com|access-date=21 March 2012|archive-date=24 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324153019/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/in-andhra-pradesh-by-polls-pro-telangana-trs-wins-four-out-of-seven-seats-188284|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bye-polls were conducted for 18 Assembly seats and 1 Parliament seat on 12 June. The YSRCP won 15 assembly seats and the lone Parliament seat in Seema-Andhra region. TRS's candidate managed to win the Parkal seat with a slender majority of 1562 votes over YSRCP candidate Konda Surekha. TDP finished third after polling 30,000 votes and retained its deposit. Both BJP and Congress lost their deposits.<ref>{{cite web|title=TRS 'car' hit by 'auto', again|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/trs-%E2%80%98car%E2%80%99-hit-%E2%80%98auto%E2%80%99-again-353|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619203017/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/trs-%E2%80%98car%E2%80%99-hit-%E2%80%98auto%E2%80%99-again-353|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2012|work=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Parkal warning forces Telangana Rashtra Samithi to stir up T again|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Parkal-warning-forces-Telangana-Rashtra-Samithi-to-stir-up-T-again/articleshow/14219753.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929190515/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/hyderabad/32298084_1_telangana-sentiment-seemandhra-telangana-rashtra-samithi|url-status=live|archive-date=29 September 2013|access-date=19 June 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 June 2012}}</ref>

In September 2012, [[Sushilkumar Shinde]], the newly appointed Home minister of India commented that the Telangana demand needs to be handled carefully since similarly carved smaller states saw increased Naxal problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naxal-fear-stalling-telangana-shinde/290529-62-127.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914000222/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naxal-fear-stalling-telangana-shinde/290529-62-127.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-09-14 |title=Naxalite fear stalling Telangana state, claims Shinde |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=2013-07-31}}</ref> Addressing a public meeting in Nizamabad district, [[AIMIM]] president Asaduddin Owaisi said that formation of a separate Telangana state is not possible and reaffirmed his party's stand on the issue. He also said that Muslims would not accept a separate state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Separate-T-state-not-possible-Asad/articleshow/16390254.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224820/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-14/hyderabad/33843190_1_telangana-bodhan-town-separate-t-state |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-12-02 |title=Separate T-state not possible: Asad |date=2012-09-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-07-31}}</ref>

On 14 August 2012, KCR gave a deadline to the centre to declare statehood in 2 weeks and promised to launch another round of agitation if the centre doesn't.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article589707.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818073458/http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article589707.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2012|title=Decide in 14 days: KCR to Centre|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> He later declared that he got feelers that a positive announcement will be made by Eid.<ref>{{cite web |author=T S Sudhir |url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/with-delhi-silent-telangana-parties-to-get-into-agitation-mode-423590.html |title=With Delhi silent, Telangana parties to get into agitation mode |date=20 August 2012 |publisher=Firstpost |access-date=2013-07-31 |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612141231/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/with-delhi-silent-telangana-parties-to-get-into-agitation-mode-423590.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In another interview after Eid, he remarked that Sonia Gandhi has always been in favour of Telangana and that the central government will call his party for discussions in "few weeks or so"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-27/news/33425300_1_telangana-state-telangana-rashtra-samithi-telangana-region|title=Got positive signals from UPA for Telangana state but readying contingency strategy: KC Rao, TRS|work=The Economic Times|access-date=4 October 2012|archive-date=16 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116123611/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-08-27/news/33425300_1_telangana-state-telangana-rashtra-samithi-telangana-region|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 6 September, KCR left for Delhi and announced that the issue will be resolved by end of September.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/centre%E2%80%99s-t-word-sept-30-kcr-877 |title=Centre's T word by Sept. 30: KCR |access-date=4 October 2012 |archive-date=8 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908004342/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/hyderabad/centre%E2%80%99s-t-word-sept-30-kcr-877 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After his 23-day stay in Delhi, KCR returned to Hyderabad hoping for a final round of talks with the Congress leadership on the issue. He claimed that his discussions with several leaders was fruitful.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telangana-trs-wants-more-talks-with-congress/297822-62-127.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116134517/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telangana-trs-wants-more-talks-with-congress/297822-62-127.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2014-01-16 |title=Telangana: TRS wants more talks with Congress |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2012-10-04 |access-date=2013-07-31}}</ref>

=== Telangana March ===
After setting 30 September as the deadline for the Centre to announce the formation of Telangana, the TJAC threatened to organise a 'Telangana March' in Hyderabad on the lines of the '[[Dandi March]]' .<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana Political Joint Action Committee plans 'Dandi March' like agitation for Telangana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Telangana-Political-Joint-Action-Committee-plans-Dandi-March-like-agitation-for-Telangana/articleshow/16375154.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024195703/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-13/hyderabad/33815944_1_chalo-hyderabad-m-kodandaram-political-joint-action-committee|url-status=live|archive-date=24 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=18 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="atimes.com">Francesco Brunello Zanitti {{cite web|title=Telangana issue sparks more turmoil|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NJ19Df02.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018113806/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NJ19Df02.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=18 October 2012|publisher=Asia Times Online|date= 19 October 2012}}</ref>
Anticipating violence and possibility of attack on properties of Andhraites,<ref name="zeenews.india.com">{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/andhra-pradesh/telangana-march-police-warn-of-action_801946.html |title=Telangana march: Police warn of action |publisher=Zeenews.india.com |date=2012-09-26 |access-date=2013-07-31 |archive-date=24 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224005221/http://zeenews.india.com/news/andhra-pradesh/telangana-march-police-warn-of-action_801946.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Police initially refused permission to the march which is scheduled around the time of [[Ganesh Chaturthi#Celebration, rituals and tradition|Ganesh Nimmajjan]] on 29 September and [[Convention on Biological Diversity#2012 COP 11|UN conference on Bio diversity]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Un Convention on Bio Diversity|url=http://www.cbdcop11india.in/home.html|access-date=27 September 2012|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612141116/http://www.cbdcop11india.in/home.html|url-status=live}}</ref> on 1 October.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/AndhraPradesh/Telangana-groups-insist-on-march-govt-says-no/Article1-936864.aspx |title=Andhra police say no to Telangana march, to act tough |work=Hindustan Times|date=2012-09-28 |access-date=2013-07-31 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031093704/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/AndhraPradesh/Telangana-groups-insist-on-march-govt-says-no/Article1-936864.aspx |archive-date=31 October 2012}}</ref> The Police begun checking buses and trains entering the city and students who are trying to enter the city to participate in the protest are being sent back.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana Million March banned by government will take place, vow activists|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/telangana-million-march-banned-by-government-will-take-place-vow-activists-272995|access-date=27 September 2012|archive-date=28 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928095813/http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/telangana-million-march-banned-by-government-will-take-place-vow-activists-272995|url-status=live}}</ref> They identified troublemakers<ref name="zeenews.india.com" /> and arrested certain pro-Telangana activists throughout the Telangana region. Police said that there are intelligence reports that the protestors could attack properties of people of Seemandhra.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana groups, government heading for confrontation over march|date=27 September 2012|url=http://twocircles.net/2012sep27/telangana_groups_government_heading_confrontation_over_march.html|access-date=27 September 2012|archive-date=23 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223052439/http://twocircles.net/2012sep27/telangana_groups_government_heading_confrontation_over_march.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 September, after long discussions between JAC leaders and ministers from Telangana region, the state government ignoring warnings about the possible breakdown of law and order, gave permission for the march. The JAC leaders gave written assurance to the government that the agitation programme would be conducted in a peaceful and "gandhian" manner from 15:00 to 19:00 on 30 September on the Necklace Road on the edge of Hussain Sager lake.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government blinks, allows Telangana march|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Government-blinks-allows-Telangana-march/articleshow/16597819.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-29/hyderabad/34163281_1_telangana-march-telangana-ministers-chalo-hyderabad-march|url-status=live|archive-date=3 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/andhra-pradesh-government-gives-permission-for-telangana-million-march-273491 |title=Andhra Pradesh government gives permission for Telangana Million March |publisher=NDTV.com |date=2012-09-29 |access-date=2013-07-31 |archive-date=1 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001152948/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/andhra-pradesh-government-gives-permission-for-telangana-million-march-273491 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Indian Railways]] cancelled several express and passenger trains and all local and sub-urban train services in Hyderabad reportedly on the advice of police.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana march: Over 40 trains to Hyderabad cancelle|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/telangana-march-over-40-trains-to-hyderabad-cancelled-473723.html|work=First post|date=30 September 2012|access-date=1 October 2012|archive-date=30 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930234106/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/telangana-march-over-40-trains-to-hyderabad-cancelled-473723.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 30 September, the day of the march, Police closed the gates and blocked students at the [[Osmania University]] gate and other protestors at several places in the city when they were proceeding in rallies towards the March venue. Congress MPs from Telangana were arrested in front of Chief minister's office when they staged a dharna as they were not allowed to meet him over the detention of their party supporters who were stopped from reaching the venue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Violence mars 'Telangana March' in Hyderabad|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/violence-mars-telangana-march-in-hyderabad/1009994/0|work=The Indian Express|date=30 September 2012|access-date=1 October 2012|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612133429/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/violence-mars-telangana-march-in-hyderabad/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Though police sealed all the entry points to the Necklace Road and opened only the Buddha Bhavan route, by 4pm around 2 lakh protestors including various party leaders and their supporters reached the venue from all routes. Coming under attack from both sides, the police ceded the entire Necklace Road to the protesters who marched on till Jal Vihar. According to the Police, the protesters torched two police vehicles at People's Plaza on the Necklace Road.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Hyderabad/Violence-around-protest-venue-as-Telangana-march-begins/Article1-937866.aspx |title=Pro-Telangana activists defy prohibitory orders in Hyderabad |work=Hindustan Times|date=2012-09-30 |access-date=2013-07-31 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102163114/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Hyderabad/Violence-around-protest-venue-as-Telangana-march-begins/Article1-937866.aspx |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref> The mobs also set afire three police vehicles, a couple of media outdoor broadcasting vans, machinery and a temporary cabin room of a construction company.<ref name="ibnlive.in.com">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/surge-of-telangana-wave/296751-60-114.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126051021/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/surge-of-telangana-wave/296751-60-114.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-26 |title=Surge of Telangana wave |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2012-10-01 |access-date=2013-07-31}}</ref> The protesters made an attempt to set on fire a local train at Khairatabad station.<ref name="punemirror.in">{{cite web |url=http://www.punemirror.in/article/4/20121001201210010806322829dfe191f/2-lakh-march-for-Telangana-amid-clashes-in-Hyderabad.html |title=2 lakh march for Telangana amid clashes in Hyderabad, News |publisher=Punemirror.in |date=2012-10-01 |access-date=2013-07-31 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127081445/http://www.punemirror.in/article/4/20121001201210010806322829dfe191f/2-lakh-march-for-Telangana-amid-clashes-in-Hyderabad.html |archive-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> At the railway's Hussainsagar junction cabin, around 1,000 Telangana supporters went on a rampage overpowering over 100 uniformed men stationed in the area and burnt down the cabin after manhandling railway staff. The entire signalling system was damaged and officials pegged the loss at around Rs. 60 lakh.<ref name="asianage.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/india/string-cases-telangana-march-leaders-859 |title=Archived copy |access-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929083209/http://www.asianage.com/india/string-cases-telangana-march-leaders-859 |archive-date=29 September 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

After 19:00, TJAC leaders violated the deadline and refused to leave the venue till the government issues a statement on Telangana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana march leaves government red-faced|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/telangana-march-leaves-government-redfaced/article3952161.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002001424/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/telangana-march-leaves-government-redfaced/article3952161.ece|archive-date=2 October 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Police first used water cannons and later lobbed tear gas shells on the crowd and on to the stage to force the protestors to leave the venue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Leaders of Telangana march ask protesters to stay put at venue|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Leaders-of-Telangana-march-ask-protesters-to-stay-put-at-venue/articleshow/16617282.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007082617/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-30/hyderabad/34176806_1_telangana-supporters-telangana-joint-action-committee-telangana-demand|url-status=live|archive-date=7 October 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 October 2012}}</ref> Finally at midnight the JAC called off the March citing heavy rain and injured supporters.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana March: Protestors play dodge as cops cut off access to Hyderabad|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article1281012.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505022647/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article1281012.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 May 2014|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=2 October 2012}}</ref>

The next day, local police registered 15 cases against Kodandaram and others for conducting the march beyond the permitted time of 7 pm and till midnight and also for violence during the march. Railway police also registered cases against unidentified persons for damage to the signalling system at Lakdikapul. Cases were booked against the student leaders of TSJAC, OUJAC, Telangana Vidyarti Parishad and TVV.<ref name="asianage.com" /> The bandh drew little response in Hyderabad and was partial in Telangana districts. [[Osmania University]] students again resorted to stone throwing and police retaliated by using tear gas shells.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-01/news/34198113_1_telangana-bandh-pro-telangana-partial-response |title=Little response to Telangana bandh; students-police clash at Osmania University |publisher=Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2012-10-01 |access-date=2013-07-31 |archive-date=5 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505015846/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-01/news/34198113_1_telangana-bandh-pro-telangana-partial-response |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bandh-partial-in-telangana-districts/297082-60-114.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007022122/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bandh-partial-in-telangana-districts/297082-60-114.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-10-07 |title=Bandh partial in Telangana districts |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2012-10-02 |access-date=2013-07-31}}</ref>

On 27 December 2012 a meeting was organised by Home minister of India to discuss the Telangana issue. It was attended by 8 political parties having significant presence in the state legislature. After hearing views of all the parties, the home minister said that this will be the last such meeting on this issue and that the government will come up with a decision within 30 days. In the meeting, MIM and CPI (M) reiterated their strong opposition to division of the state. YSR Congress remained neutral and requested the central government to take a decision. Congress representatives gave conflicting views, one supporting the division and one opposing it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Final call on Telangana in a month: Shinde|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Final-call-on-Telangana-in-a-month-Shinde/Article1-982153.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105044100/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Final-call-on-Telangana-in-a-month-Shinde/Article1-982153.aspx|archive-date=5 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Centre promises Telangana decision in 30 days; Will Cong finally shed ambivalence?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Centre-promises-Telangana-decision-in-30-days-Will-Cong-finally-shed-ambivalence/articleshow/17801255.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230235143/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-29/india/36050580_1_statehood-sentiment-telangana-separate-state|url-status=live|archive-date=30 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=785105 |title=Andhra Parties Want Early Decision on Telangana |publisher=news.outlookindia.com |access-date=2013-07-31 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231002303/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=785105 |archive-date=31 December 2013}}</ref> TDP representatives gave a letter signed by its president which said that it never withdrawn its letter to Pranab Mukharjee in 2008 supporting Telangana state formation.<ref>{{cite web|title=TDP letter to Shinde|url=http://www.telugudesam.org/tdpcms/press/december2012/281212/Letter_to_Sushil_Kumar%20shinde.jpg|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314022217/http://telugudesam.org/tdpcms/press/december2012/281212/Letter_to_Sushil_Kumar%20shinde.jpg|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2013|publisher=Telugu Desam Party|access-date=2 January 2013}}</ref> Telangana JAC demanded more clarity from Telugu Desam before they allow TDP to be a member of JAC.<ref>{{cite web|title=TRS disposes proposal: no entry for TDP into T-JAC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/TRS-disposes-proposal-no-entry-for-TDP-into-T-JAC/articleshow/17834680.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234800/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-31/hyderabad/36078833_1_jac-m-kodandaram-pro-telangana|url-status=live|archive-date=30 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 January 2013}}</ref>

== 2013 ==
2013 witnessed more protest by the TJAC including blockade of roads such as that of [[National Highway 7 (India)|NH 7]] in Mahbubnagar district. Public property was destroyed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sadak Bandh: 8 T-leaders sent to jail|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Sadak-Bandh-8-T-leaders-sent-to-jail/articleshow/19120493.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419053754/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-22/hyderabad/37935790_1_hyderabad-bangalore-highway-sadak-bandh-sadakbandh|url-status=live|archive-date=19 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 April 2013}}</ref> This year also witnessed protest by five Congress MPs for 48 hours at the entrance of the Indian Parliament.<ref>{{cite news|title='T' sentiment echoes in Delhi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/t-sentiment-echoes-in-delhi/article4669465.ece|work=The Hindu|date=30 April 2013|access-date=30 April 2013|archive-date=1 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501114648/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/t-sentiment-echoes-in-delhi/article4669465.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Leaders from various political parties joined TRS in support of the movement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Senior TDP leader Kadiyam Srihari quits party|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Senior-TDP-leader-Kadiyam-Srihari-quits-party/articleshow/19999664.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614023226/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-11/india/39186228_1_party-chief-chandrababu-naidu-tdp-telangana-statehood-issue|url-status=live|archive-date=14 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=2 MPs, Keshava Rao join Telangana Rashtra Samithi|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/2-mps-keshava-rao-join-telangana-rashtra-samithi-113060200534_1.html|date=5 June 2013|work=Business Standard|access-date=4 June 2013|archive-date=26 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114856/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/2-mps-keshava-rao-join-telangana-rashtra-samithi-113060200534_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Chalo Assembly ===
In May 2013, chalo assembly the TJAC gave a call to lay siege to the state legislative Assembly in Hyderabad on 14 June 2013 to demand the formation of Telangana. Government refused permission to the march as they had information that anti-social elements might participate in the event and cause violence like in previous events of [[2012 Telangana protests#Telangana March|''Sagara Haram'']] and [[Early 2011 Telangana protests#Million March 2011|''Million March'']] where violence erupted despite promises made by the TJAC. Police made pre-emptive arrests of activists through the region which led to stalling of the assembly proceedings by opposition parties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Andhra assembly remains paralysed over Telangana issue|date=13 June 2013|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1847670/report-andhra-assembly-remains-paralysed-over-telangana-issue|publisher=DNA|access-date=13 June 2013}}</ref> The chief minister directed the Director-General of Police at a high-level review meeting not to use even rubber bullets in their efforts and observe utmost restraint in maintaining law and order. Amid fear of violence by [[Naxalite]]s after an open letter claimed to have been written by them on the rally,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Chalo-assembly-Govt-Telangana-Political-JAC-set-for-a-joust/articleshow/20566657.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617011839/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-13/hyderabad/39951242_1_sagara-haram-trs-mlas-chalo-assembly |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-06-17 |title=Chalo assembly: Govt, Telangana Political JAC set for a joust |date=2013-06-13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-07-31}}</ref> police sounded a high alert across the state and almost sealed all the arterial roads leading to the Assembly. Over 25,000 policemen belonging to both central and state security forces were deployed. The TJAC leaders alleged that the government has been using repressive measures to prevent them from representing the aspirations of Telangana people in a peaceful manner.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tension mounts as State goes all out to thwart 'Chalo Assembly' march|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tension-mounts-as-state-goes-all-out-to-thwart-chalo-assembly-march/article4811465.ece|work=The Hindu|date=13 June 2013|access-date=13 June 2013|archive-date=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618092444/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tension-mounts-as-state-goes-all-out-to-thwart-chalo-assembly-march/article4811465.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Educational institutions declared a holiday and public transport went off the roads and shops and establishments shut as a precautionary measure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Government waves an iron fist to thwart 'Chalo Assembly'|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/government-waves-an-iron-fist-to-thwart-chalo-assembly/article4811471.ece|work=The Hindu|date=14 June 2013|access-date=14 June 2013|archive-date=18 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618211044/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/government-waves-an-iron-fist-to-thwart-chalo-assembly/article4811471.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad under siege; shutdown today|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Telangana-Hyderabad-under-siege-shutdown-today/articleshow/20582683.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618014503/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-14/hyderabad/39975514_1_m-kodandaram-telangana-political-jac-tjac|url-status=live|archive-date=18 June 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 June 2013}}</ref>

On the day of the event in spite of the restrictions placed, police could not totally prevent Telangana activists from sneaking into prime locations and making a vain bid to rush towards the Assembly.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana agitation returns to centre stage|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tagitation-returns-to-centre-stage/article4813768.ece|work=The Hindu|date=14 June 2013|access-date=14 June 2013|archive-date=5 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505022523/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tagitation-returns-to-centre-stage/article4813768.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Hundreds of people including state legislators, the JAC Chairman and other leaders were arrested across the city. Osmania University campus witnessed pitched battles as police closed the campus gate to stop students leaving campus in a rally then resorted to tear gas shelling when student started stone pelting. After the march, the TJAC Chairman remarked that their goal to reach the Assembly complex and highlight their demand was fulfilled.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iron fist on Telangana protesters, bandh called today|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/iron-fist-on-telangana-protesters-bandh-called-today/1129420/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=14 June 2013|archive-date=15 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615030705/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/iron-fist-on-telangana-protesters-bandh-called-today/1129420/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Congress Core Committee Meeting ===

According to an internal survey reportedly done for the state government (cited by media sources in June), the Congress party will get around 35-40 seats out of 294 MLA seats in the state, with TRS ahead in Telangana region while YSRCP in the Seema-Andhra region. This survey was reportedly being considered to arrive at a decision on the statehood issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Congress-Telangana-options-Pack-up-patch-up-or-break-up/2013/06/28/article1656658.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630092527/http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Congress-Telangana-options-Pack-up-patch-up-or-break-up/2013/06/28/article1656658.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 June 2013 |title=Congress' Telangana options: Pack up, patch up or break up |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=2013-07-31}}</ref>

On 30 June, Congress leaders belonging to Telangana region organised a public meeting in Hyderabad with a turn out of over 100,000 to show their support to Telangana state. It was attended by [[Damodar Raja Narasimha]], Deputy Chief minister of the state, central ministers, state ministers, MPs and MLAs who expressed the confidence that their party leadership will create the separate state soon and said that Congress will perform well in the next elections in such a situation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana anytime now, say Congress leaders|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/telangana-anytime-now-say-congress-leaders/article4866883.ece|work=The Hindu|date=July 2013|access-date=1 July 2013|archive-date=2 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702171628/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/telangana-anytime-now-say-congress-leaders/article4866883.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Cong Leaders Demand Formation of Telangana|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=802376|publisher=Outlook|access-date=1 July 2013|archive-date=5 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505021303/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=802376|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Congress too manages huge Telangana rally in Hyderabad|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Congress-too-manages-huge-Telangana-rally-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/20850511.cms|work=The Times of India|date=July 2013|access-date=1 July 2013|archive-date=2 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102210933/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Congress-too-manages-huge-Telangana-rally-in-Hyderabad/articleshow/20850511.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 July, Congress party's in-charge of the state, [[Digvijaya Singh (politician)|Digvijay Singh]] said that party is at the final stages of taking decision on Telangana issue. He also directed state chief minister, deputy chief minister and state party president (they represent assembly constituencies in [[Rayalaseema]], Telangana and [[Coastal Andhra]] regions respectively) to furnish a roadmap, keeping both options open, that could help lead to a decision.<ref>{{cite web|title=Decision on Telangana issue is final stage: Digvijaya|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Decision-on-Telangana-issue-is-final-stage-Digvijaya/articleshow/20862496.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705025120/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-01/india/40306607_1_telangana-issue-digvijaya-singh-final-stage|url-status=live|archive-date=5 July 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 July 2013}}</ref> On 11 July the three leaders presented their views in the Congress core committee meeting, post which it was announced that a decision will be taken by the [[Congress Working Committee]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Crucial meet on Telangana today|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/crucial-meet-on-telangana-today/article4905359.ece|work=The Hindu|date=11 July 2013|access-date=12 July 2013|last1=Gupta|first1=Smita|archive-date=12 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712210300/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/crucial-meet-on-telangana-today/article4905359.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130712/news-current-affairs/article/congress-core-committee-meet-ends-telangana-issue-referred |title=Congress Core Committee meet ends, Telangana issue referred to Congress Working Committee |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=2009-12-09 |access-date=2013-07-31 |archive-date=15 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715144652/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130712/news-current-affairs/article/congress-core-committee-meet-ends-telangana-issue-referred |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Chief Minister [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]] met several MPs, MLAs and MLCs on 29 July in a bid to resolve the issue being taken up by the central Congress government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Strife-in-Congress-over-Telangana-Andhra-leaders-meet-CM-Kiran-Reddy/articleshow/21458501.cms |title=Strife in Congress over Telangana, Andhra leaders meet CM Kiran Reddy |newspaper=The Times of India |date=29 July 2013 |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=2013-07-31 |archive-date=29 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729182730/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Strife-in-Congress-over-Telangana-Andhra-leaders-meet-CM-Kiran-Reddy/articleshow/21458501.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== CWC resolution on bifurcation ===
{{See also|Samaikyandhra_Movement#Public_Protests_Aftermath|label 1=Samaikyandhra Protests due to the decision}}
The Congress Working Committee (CWC) unanimously passed a resolution on 30 July to create the State of Telangana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/congress-gives-nod-telangana-set-to-be-a-separate-state_865388.html|title=Congress gives nod to Telangana; Hyderabad to be joint capital|work=Zee News|access-date=30 July 2013|archive-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801092146/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/congress-gives-nod-telangana-set-to-be-a-separate-state_865388.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The committee also assured that the concerns of people from the remaining regions regarding sharing of water and power resources will be addressed. The bifurcation decision sparked off fresh [[Samaikyandhra Movement#Public Protests Aftermath|protests]] as part of the [[Samaikyandhra Movement]].

==== Reactions ====

TRS welcomed the decision and its chief K. Chadrashekhar Rao said that his party is fine with Hyderabad being the joint capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hyderabad-joint-capital-as-ap-to-be-split-into-telangana-seemandhra/410704-62-127.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802102818/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hyderabad-joint-capital-as-ap-to-be-split-into-telangana-seemandhra/410704-62-127.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-08-02|title=Hyderabad joint capital as AP to be split into Telangana, Seemandhra|work=IBNLive}}</ref> This was seen as an attempt by the INC to merge TRS into itself for the general and provincial election after being marginalised in the Rayalseema and coastal regions by the [[YSR Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-telangana-demand-met-congress-eyes-merger-with-trs/20130731.htm|title=Telangana demand met, Congress eyes merger with TRS|date=31 July 2013|work=Rediff|access-date=30 July 2013|archive-date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801193256/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-telangana-demand-met-congress-eyes-merger-with-trs/20130731.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/bjp-to-monitor-carefully-upa%e2%80%99s-intention-on-telangana|title=News|work=msn.com|access-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801184416/http://news.in.msn.com/national/bjp-to-monitor-carefully-upa%E2%80%99s-intention-on-telangana|archive-date=1 August 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and that their party supports the creation of Telangana and Vidarbha. They demanded that other requests for the creation of new states such as those of Gorkhaland and [[Bodoland]] need to be done by appointing a Second States Reorganisation Commission earlier too. We now demand that the government should set it up and seek a report within a specific timeframe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/telangana-now-set-up-commission-for-other-states-says-bjp/1148814|title=Telangana: Now set up commission for other states, says BJP|author=Express news service|work=The Financial Express|date=31 July 2013|access-date=30 July 2013|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017173608/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/telangana-now-set-up-commission-for-other-states-says-bjp/1148814|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many parties and politicians including the Chief Minister-who hails from Rayalaseema- protested the bill. Some even termed it as "undemocratic". The congress and YSRCP were wiped out in the following elections, however in all three regions of the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh. [[2014 Indian general election]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/telangana-announcement-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-kiran-kumar-reddy-leaves-for-delhi-398746 |title=Telangana announcement: Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Kiran Kumar Reddy leaves for Delhi |publisher=NDTV.com |access-date=2013-07-31 |archive-date=31 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731022413/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/telangana-announcement-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-kiran-kumar-reddy-leaves-for-delhi-398746 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/telangana/story/ysr-congress-terms-telangana-decision-undemocratic-threatens-protest-172201-2013-07-29 |title=YSR Congress terms Telangana decision undemocratic, threatens protest |date=30 July 2013 |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |access-date=2013-07-31 |archive-date=30 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730230640/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ysr-congress-terms-telangana-decision-undemocratic-threatens-protest/1/297161.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The decision sparked protests by the [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]] (GJM) in the form of an indefinite strike for [[Gorkhaland]]. GJM President [[Bimal Gurung]] also resigned from the [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]] in demand for Gorkhaland, citing West Bengal government's interference with its autonomy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/telangana-gjm-ratchets-gorkhaland-demand-174805877.html?.tsrc=inucbr |title=After Telangana, GJM ratchets up Gorkhaland demand |publisher=In.news.yahoo.com |access-date=2013-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022010435/http://in.news.yahoo.com/telangana-gjm-ratchets-gorkhaland-demand-174805877.html?.tsrc=inucbr |archive-date=22 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It was even speculated by the media that more such moves could gain steam, such as that by the [[Bundelkhand Mukti Morcha]] for [[Bundelkhand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Telangana-could-spur-more-statehood-demands/articleshow/21046961.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717034140/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-13/india/40553694_1_statehood-demand-gorkha-territorial-administration-separate-state |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-07-17 |title=Telangana could spur more statehood demands |date=2013-07-13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-07-31}}</ref> Meanwhile, the national Home Ministry opined that the lack of development in the proposed areas and the proximity to other hotbeds in Chattishgarh's Bastar and Maharashtra's Gadhidoli regions might cause an increase in Naxalism in Telangana [[Communist Party of India (Maoist)]] if the administration is not quickly consolidated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telangana-may-witness-spurt-in-naxalism-home-ministry/410696-62-127.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802124636/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telangana-may-witness-spurt-in-naxalism-home-ministry/410696-62-127.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-08-02 |title=Telangana may witness spurt in Naxalism: Home Ministry |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |access-date=2013-07-31}}</ref>

The next steps towards the re-formation of Telangana, expected by early 2014, are: The national cabinet sharing its plans with the President of India and the Andhra Pradesh legislature. The Prime Minister would then organise a committee to negotiate a consensus between the leaders from the three regions for issues such as sharing revenue and water. Both national houses of parliament would then have to pass a resolution to create Telangana.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/telangana-announcement-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-kiran-kumar-reddy-leaves-for-delhi-398746|title=Telangana announcement: Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister Kiran Kumar Reddy leaves for Delhi|work=NDTV.com|access-date=30 July 2013|archive-date=31 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731022413/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/telangana-announcement-andhra-pradesh-chief-minister-kiran-kumar-reddy-leaves-for-delhi-398746|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Cabinet approval of Telangana state ===
3 October 2013, the Union Cabinet approved the creation of the new State of Telangana. A Group of Ministers (GoM) was created to settle issues concerning the new state and the State of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Creation of a new state of Telangana by bifurcating the existing State of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99854|publisher=Home Ministry, Govt. of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214211/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=99854|archive-date=4 October 2013|access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] will be the shared capital for 10 years, after which it will belong to Telangana, said the Home Minister.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana state cleared, Hyderabad shared capital; Seemandhra erupts in protest|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/telangana-state-cleared-hyderabad-shared-capital-seemandhra-erupts-in-protest-427407?curl=1380825978|publisher=NDTV|access-date=3 October 2013|archive-date=12 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612141120/https://www.ndtv.com/cheat-sheet/telangana-state-cleared-hyderabad-shared-capital-seemandhra-erupts-in-protest-536565|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Text of Cabinet note on Telangana|url=http://epaper.thehansindia.com/PUBLICATIONS/THEHANSINDIA/THI/2013/10/06/ArticleHtmls/Text-of-Cabinet-Note-on-Telangana-06102013007003.shtml?Mode=1|publisher=The Hans India|access-date=7 October 2013|archive-date=13 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013165402/http://epaper.thehansindia.com/PUBLICATIONS/THEHANSINDIA/THI/2013/10/06/ArticleHtmls/Text-of-Cabinet-Note-on-Telangana-06102013007003.shtml?Mode=1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 8 October, recently retired director general of police Dinesh Reddy said the Chief minister, Kiran Kumar Reddy pressured him to issue a public statement that the creation of Telangana would lead to intensification of Maoist activities. He also charged that the CM had reprimanded him for seeking additional central forces for containing expected trouble in Seemandhra in the run up to the Congress Working Committee's Telangana resolution at the end of July.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kiran Kumar Reddy wanted to use me to stall Telangana plan: Former Andhra Pradesh DGP V Dinesh Reddy|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kiran-Kumar-Reddy-wanted-to-use-me-to-stall-Telangana-plan-Former-Andhra-Pradesh-DGP-V-Dinesh-Reddy/articleshow/23749838.cms|work=The Times of India|date=9 October 2013|access-date=10 October 2013|archive-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130002420/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kiran-Kumar-Reddy-wanted-to-use-me-to-stall-Telangana-plan-Former-Andhra-Pradesh-DGP-V-Dinesh-Reddy/articleshow/23749838.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Events leading to the formation of Telangana ==

=== Formation of Group of Ministers (GoM) ===
Govt of India set up the Group of Ministers (GOM) headed by union home minister [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] to address all the issues that need resolution at the central and state government levels during the formation of Telangana state. GOM met on 11 October for the first time released its [[terms of reference]] on 16 Oct.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana GoM Seeks Feedback on Terms of Reference|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=813753|publisher=Outlook|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=17 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017052835/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=813753|url-status=dead}}</ref> GOM met 2nd time on 19 October and considered
the background notes which had been prepared by the Home Ministry regarding the various issues pertaining to the bifurcation. It also asked feedback from public to send their suggestions pertaining to the specific terms of reference before 5 November.<ref>{{cite web|title=Second Meeting of GoM on Telangana Held|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=100133|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs|access-date=30 October 2013|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101212616/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=100133|url-status=live}}</ref> On 29 October, the background notes prepared by Home ministry for GOM appeared in the media.<ref>{{cite web|title=BACKGROUND NOTE FOR THE GROUP OF MINISTERS (GoM) REGARDING THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF TELANGANA FROM THE EXISTING STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2013/oct/29creation-of-state-of-telangana.pdf|publisher=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS|access-date=30 October 2013|archive-date=1 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101104942/http://www.rediff.com/news/2013/oct/29creation-of-state-of-telangana.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 October, Union Home Minister Sushil Kumar Shinde called for an all-party meeting, to be attended by representatives of national and regional parties of the state, to discuss the issues related to bifurcation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana: Govt convenes all-party meeting on Andhra Pradesh division|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Telangana-Govt-convenes-all-party-meeting-on-Andhra-Pradesh-division/articleshow/24950258.cms?|work=The Times of India|date=30 October 2013 |access-date=30 October 2013|archive-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130002420/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Telangana-Govt-convenes-all-party-meeting-on-Andhra-Pradesh-division/articleshow/24950258.cms?|url-status=live}}</ref> In a letter to 8 major political parties in the state, home ministry asked the parties to submit their suggestions to the GoM by 5 November, following which an all-party meeting will be held.<ref>{{cite web|title=GoM on Telangana seeks suggestions from parties|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/GoM-on-Telangana-seeks-suggestions-from-parties/articleshow/25017295.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=31 October 2013|archive-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130002420/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/GoM-on-Telangana-seeks-suggestions-from-parties/articleshow/25017295.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 13-14 November GOM met the representatives all parties of the state to discuss (TDP boycotted the meeting) about the issues related to bifurcation.<ref>{{cite web|title=GoM on Telangana meets representatives of political parties|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-12/india/43979345_1_telangana-rashtra-samithi-gom-seemandhra|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131116025605/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-11-12/india/43979345_1_telangana-rashtra-samithi-gom-seemandhra|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-11-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Andhra Pradesh should be kept united: YSR Congress, CPM|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/andhra-pradesh-should-be-kept-united-ysr-congress-cpm-113111300657_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=13 November 2013|access-date=30 November 2013|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-date=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010414/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/andhra-pradesh-should-be-kept-united-ysr-congress-cpm-113111300657_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> GOM had meetings including some with CM, Deputy CM, cabinet ministers from the state and other state leaders while finalizing the Telangana draft bill.<ref>{{cite news|title=Group of Ministers finalizes draft Telangana bill|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Group-of-Ministers-finalizes-draft-Telangana-bill/articleshow/26483314.cms|work=The Times of India|date=27 November 2013 |access-date=30 November 2013|archive-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130002420/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Group-of-Ministers-finalizes-draft-Telangana-bill/articleshow/26483314.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 3 December, Talk of including two [[Rayalaseema]] districts, [[Ananthapur district]] and [[Kurnool district]], in Telangana state by GOM was criticised by pro-Telangana groups. TRS and JAC called for Telangana wide bandh (strike) on 5 December 2013 which had a good response.<ref>{{cite web|title=TRS' Telangana bandh evokes good response against creation of Rayala-Telangana|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/trs-telangana-bandh-evokes-good-response-against-creation-of-rayalatelangana/1203766|publisher=The Financial Express|access-date=5 December 2013|archive-date=30 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234759/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/trs-telangana-bandh-evokes-good-response-against-creation-of-rayalatelangana/1203766|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the evening of 5 December 2013, the cabinet approved the Telangana draft bill prepared by Group of Ministers (GoM). The bill have to approved by Parliament before it becomes 29th state of the union.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cabinet clears bill for creation of Telangana with 10 districts|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cabinet-clears-bill-for-creation-of-telangana-with-10-districts/articleshow/26918625.cms|work=Economic Times|access-date=5 December 2013|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731154957/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cabinet-clears-bill-for-creation-of-telangana-with-10-districts/articleshow/26918625.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Legislative proceedings ===

6 December 2013: India's Union Home Ministry sends the Telangana draft bill to The President of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana bill sent to president|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/telangana-bill-sent-to-president-455545|publisher=NDTV|access-date=13 December 2013|archive-date=10 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210071722/http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/telangana-bill-sent-to-president-455545|url-status=live}}</ref>

11 December 2013: The President of India reviews the bill and passes it on to the Andhra Pradesh State Assembly to elicit its views, giving it until 23 January to respond with its views. The bill was urgently hand-delivered the following day, to Assembly secretariat by the Joint Secretary of Union Home Ministry.<ref>{{cite news|title=President gives Andhra time till jan 23 to debate Telangana Bill|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-gives-Andhra-time-till-Jan-23-to-debate-Telangana-Bill/articleshow/27253291.cms|work=The Times of India|date=13 December 2013|access-date=13 December 2013|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213164937/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-gives-Andhra-time-till-Jan-23-to-debate-Telangana-Bill/articleshow/27253291.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

16 December 2013: The Telangana draft bill<ref>[http://www.aplegislature.org/en_GB/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=7d75ff22-eb59-4a24-9c03-348d89498ee4&groupId=11343 The Telangana draft bill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518043714/http://www.aplegislature.org/en_GB/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=7d75ff22-eb59-4a24-9c03-348d89498ee4&groupId=11343 |date=18 May 2014 }}</ref> was introduced in Andhra Pradesh state assembly by deputy speaker [[Mallu Bhatti Vikramarka]] in the speaker's absence. This was met by protests and chaos created by the Seemandhra MLAs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana bill tabled in Andhra Pradesh Assembly|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telanganathetroubledstate/telangana-bill-tabled-in-ap-assembly-amid-din/article1-1163043.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216161042/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telanganathetroubledstate/telangana-bill-tabled-in-ap-assembly-amid-din/article1-1163043.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2013|work=Hindustan times|access-date=16 December 2013}}</ref>

17 December 2013: Assembly's proceedings remain disrupted. The Business Advisory Committee (BAC) of the State Assembly decides to discuss the Bill starting the following day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Draft Telangana Bill: Assembly to take up discussion from Wednesday|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/draft-telangana-bill-assembly-to-take-up-discussion-from-wednesday-113121700848_1.html|work=Business Standard|date=17 December 2013|access-date=17 December 2013|archive-date=17 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217221413/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/draft-telangana-bill-assembly-to-take-up-discussion-from-wednesday-113121700848_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This evokes mixed reactions including allegations on Seemandhra leaders' attempt to derail the bill by delaying the process.

18,19 December 2013: Assembly proceedings continue to be disrupted. The situation forces the speaker, [[Nadendla Manohar]] to adjourn the house until 3 January. This is met with protests from the Telangana MLAs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana MLAs protest Speaker's action to adjourn AP assembly|date=19 December 2013 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/telangana-mlas-protest-speaker-action-to-adjourn-ap-assembly-221321-2013-12-18|publisher=India Today|access-date=19 December 2013|archive-date=19 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219140728/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/telangana-mlas-protest-speaker-action-to-adjourn-ap-assembly/1/331933.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Telangana and Seemandhra leaders meet The President [[Pranab Mukherjee]] vying with each other to complain about the way the Telangana bill was being handled.<ref>{{cite web|title=Seemandhra, T Leaders Vie with One Another to Complain to Pranab|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Seemandhra-T-Leaders-Vie-with-One-Another-to-Complain-to-Pranab/2013/12/23/article1960484.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227031046/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Seemandhra-T-Leaders-Vie-with-One-Another-to-Complain-to-Pranab/2013/12/23/article1960484.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2013|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref>

1 January 2014: 2 days before the start of the next assembly session, the Chief Minister Kiran kumar Reddy replaces D [[Sridhar Babu]] with S Sailajanath. This move comes criticised as the former hails from Telangana and the latter is actively involved with [[Samaikyandhra Movement]]. [[Sridhar Babu]] resigns from the cabinet in protest.<ref>{{cite web|title=Minister from Telangana Sridhar Babu quits after losing key portfolio|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-02/india/45798344_1_education-minister-n-kiran-kumar-reddy-chief-minister|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212721/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-02/india/45798344_1_education-minister-n-kiran-kumar-reddy-chief-minister|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref>

3,4 January 2014: Situation fails to improve as Assembly sessions remain disrupted.<ref>{{cite web|title=All Eyes on Speaker as Telangana Debate Goes Nowhere|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/All-Eyes-on-Speaker-as-Telangana-Debate-Goes-Nowhere/2014/01/04/article1981872.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105013741/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/All-Eyes-on-Speaker-as-Telangana-Debate-Goes-Nowhere/2014/01/04/article1981872.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2014|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AP Assembly adjourned amidst noisy scenes|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/ap-assembly-adjourned-amidst-noisy-scenes/article5537753.ece|publisher=Hindu Business Line|access-date=4 January 2014|archive-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104111528/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/ap-assembly-adjourned-amidst-noisy-scenes/article5537753.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

6 January 2014: Unable to continue Assembly sessions amid chaos, the speaker requests members to submit written amendments, if any, to the clauses of the Bill by 10 January.<ref>{{cite news|title=AP Reorganisation Bill: Speaker asks members to submit written amendments by 10 Jan|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/ap-reorganisation-bill-speaker-asks-members-to-submit-written-amendments-by-jan-10-114010601022_1.html|work=Business standard|date=6 January 2014|access-date=6 January 2014|archive-date=7 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107191829/http://www.business-standard.com/article/politics/ap-reorganisation-bill-speaker-asks-members-to-submit-written-amendments-by-jan-10-114010601022_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

8 January 2014: The bill is finally taken up for debate. However, this lasts for only a few minutes with the YSR Congress Party MLAs resuming protests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/politics/ap-houses-begin-debate-on-tbill-amid-ruckus/article5554090.ece|title=AP Houses begin debate on T-Bill amid ruckus|publisher=Hindu Business Line|access-date=9 January 2014|archive-date=9 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109084948/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/politics/ap-houses-begin-debate-on-tbill-amid-ruckus/article5554090.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

9 January: The debate continues only after YSRCP MLAs were suspended. While there was polarisation on regional lines, debate more or less turned into a blame game over the state bifurcation issue as every party indulged in a game of political one-upmanship. Congress leader from Seemandhra and minister Vatti Vasanth Kumar spoke opposing the Telangana bill and said bifurcation is against Seemandhra interests.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana: Debate on draft Bill turns into political slugfest|date=10 January 2014|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140110/news-current-affairs/article/telangana-debate-draft-bill-turns-political-slugfest|publisher=Deccan Chronicle(PTI)|access-date=10 January 2014|archive-date=10 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110001157/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140110/news-current-affairs/article/telangana-debate-draft-bill-turns-political-slugfest|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=T-Bill Debate Generates Heat|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/T-Bill-Debate-Generates-Heat/2014/01/10/article1992452.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110093612/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/T-Bill-Debate-Generates-Heat/2014/01/10/article1992452.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2014|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=10 January 2014}}</ref> On 10 January, debate started after YSRCP members staged walk out. Among others, TRS floor leader, E Rajender spoke in length supporting Telangana bill while highlighting the grievances of Telangana people and the history of the movement. CPI floor leader G Mallesh, Congress leader from Telangana and government chief whip Gandra Venkaramana Reddy spoke supporting Telangana bill. House was adjourned until 17 January.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tempers Run High Again During Debate|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Tempers-Run-High-Again-During-Debate/2014/01/11/article1994762.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111070841/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Tempers-Run-High-Again-During-Debate/2014/01/11/article1994762.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2014|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=11 January 2014}}</ref> After 17 January, debate had less disruptions. Chief Minister requested the President four weeks of additional time for the debate a move opposed by Telangana leaders.<ref>{{cite news|title=T-leaders oppose extra time, fax plea to President|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tleaders-oppose-extra-time-fax-plea-to-president/article5598363.ece|work=The Hindu|date=21 January 2014|access-date=24 January 2014|archive-date=28 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128215744/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tleaders-oppose-extra-time-fax-plea-to-president/article5598363.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> On 23 January, President gave 7days extension, until 30 January, for assembly to give its views on Telangana draft bill.<ref>{{cite news|title=President gives 7 days to AP assembly to discuss Telangana Bill|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-gives-7-days-to-AP-assembly-to-discuss-Telangana-Bill/articleshow/29248577.cms|work=The Times of India|date=23 January 2014|access-date=24 January 2014|archive-date=23 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123105003/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/President-gives-7-days-to-AP-assembly-to-discuss-Telangana-Bill/articleshow/29248577.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

23-25 Jan 2014: The Chief Minister presents his analysis on how the bifurcation is detrimental to both regions, the highlights being the effect on current irrigation projects in Telangana and better subsidised electricity given to farmers of Telangana. Telangana MLAs ridicule the Chief Minister and prevent the proceedings citing no opportunity to make a counter argument. The Chief Minister later expresses his opinion as the AP Reorganisation Bill-2013 being defective. Other members view this as an unduly delayed reaction.<ref>{{cite web|title=Division Will Hit All Regions: Kiran Kumar Reddy|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Division-Will-Hit-All-Regions-Kiran-Kumar-Reddy/2014/01/24/article2017100.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124061939/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/Division-Will-Hit-All-Regions-Kiran-Kumar-Reddy/2014/01/24/article2017100.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2014|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Kiran finds holes in T Bill|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kiran-finds-holes-in-T-Bill/articleshow/29378998.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202215902/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-26/india/46635986_1_draft-bill-kiran-kumar-reddy-original-bill|url-status=live|archive-date=2 February 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref>

27 Jan 2014: Chief Minister Kirankumar Reddy, gave notice to assembly speaker requesting to move resolution rejecting the Telangana bill. The move was criticised by Telangana MLAs including the ministers and deputy chief minister saying that cabinet was not consulted on the subject. They said this "''amounts to defying the Union Cabinet, Constitution and President''". After this, no debate was possible in the assembly as Telangana members insisted that speaker reject the Chief minister's notice.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stalemate continues over Telangana bill in Andhra legislature|date=28 January 2014|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-stalemate-continues-over-telangana-bill-in-andhra-legislature-1957953|publisher=DNA India|access-date=31 January 2014|archive-date=30 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130064314/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-stalemate-continues-over-telangana-bill-in-andhra-legislature-1957953|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 30 January 2014, Andhra Pradesh assembly speaker declared that assembly completed the debate and all the members gave their views. He said, he would send to the President of India a compilation of 9,072 suggestions and amendments he received in writing from members, including 87 members who had spoken on the Bill in the house. Further he accepted the Chief minister's notice of resolution to reject the AP Reorganisation Bill and declared that resolution passed by voice vote without even waiting for the MLAs in the house to say 'aye', amidst pandemonium and protests from Telangana MLAs. Earlier in the day Seemandhra members rushed to the well of the House demanding that the resolution moved by the CM, without cabinet approval, be put to vote, those from the Telangana region, including the ministers and deputy chief minister, did the same with the demand that there should be no voting. At 11.30 pm, in what appears to be a coordinated strategy between the speaker, the chief minister and the Seemandhra legislators, all the members from that region converged at the well of the House and formed a wall around the speaker even as Manohar read out the resolution, put it to voice vote and declared it as having been passed. The bill will now be sent back to President Pranab Mukherjee after which it is slated to be tabled in Parliament.<ref name="ap res">{{cite news|last=Lakshman|first=Ganesh|title=Andhra Pradesh assembly rejects Telangana Bill|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-Pradesh-assembly-rejects-Telangana-Bill/articleshow/29594366.cms|access-date=30 January 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=30 January 2014|archive-date=30 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130142637/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Andhra-Pradesh-assembly-rejects-Telangana-Bill/articleshow/29594366.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AP Assembly rejects Telangana Bill, final say with Parliament|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/ap-assembly-rejects-telangana-bill-final-say-with-parliament/|work=The Indian Express|date=31 January 2014|access-date=31 January 2014|archive-date=31 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131033012/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/ap-assembly-rejects-telangana-bill-final-say-with-parliament/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Seemandhra leaders' strategy takes T-counterparts by surprise|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/seemandhra-leaders-strategy-takes-tcounterparts-by-surprise/article5638041.ece|work=The Hindu|date=31 January 2014|access-date=31 January 2014|archive-date=2 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202205207/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/seemandhra-leaders-strategy-takes-tcounterparts-by-surprise/article5638041.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The resolution was placed in the house and was declared passed within 15 seconds.<ref>{{cite web|title=AP assembly approves cm's resolution to oppose the bill(video)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nv7XwzVWWCc|publisher=V6 News|access-date=1 February 2014}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref> Analysts say "rejection of Telangana bill" is not valid and is useful only for political grand standing.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Valid Is the Chief Minister's Resolution Adopted by Voice Vote ?|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/How-Valid-Is-the-Chief-Ministers-Resolution-Adopted-by-Voice-Vote-/2014/01/31/article2029490.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131145245/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/How-Valid-Is-the-Chief-Ministers-Resolution-Adopted-by-Voice-Vote-/2014/01/31/article2029490.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 January 2014|publisher=The New Indian Express|access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref> Union cabinet minister Jaipal Reddy said that the resolution to reject the Telangana bill was passed in the assembly by cheating and it has no statutory and political sanctity.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana State soon: Jaipal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/telangana-state-soon-jaipal/article5640660.ece|work=The Hindu|date=February 2014|access-date=1 February 2014|archive-date=4 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204005036/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/telangana-state-soon-jaipal/article5640660.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> General secretary of Congress Party and party's in-charge for Andhra Pradesh, Digvijay Singh said that the bill that the President sent to the Assembly was never meant to be put to vote and said that the Congress high command and the Center would go ahead with its plans to introduce and pass the Telangana Bill in Parliament during the forthcoming session.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hopeful of opposition support on Telangana Bill: Congress|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hopeful-of-opposition-support-on-telangana-bill-congress/articleshow/29635081.cms|work=Economic Times|access-date=31 January 2014|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411031954/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hopeful-of-opposition-support-on-telangana-bill-congress/articleshow/29635081.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 4 February, GOM cleared the Telangana bill after making few amendments to it based upon the input from state assembly.<ref>{{cite web|title=GoM clears Telangana Bill, suggests changes|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/GoM-clears-Telangana-Bill-suggests-changes/articleshow/29872046.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=4 February 2014|archive-date=6 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206111502/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/GoM-clears-Telangana-Bill-suggests-changes/articleshow/29872046.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 7 February, Union cabinet cleared the Telangana bill and plans to introduce in upper house of Parliament with 32 amendments. Amendments include the details of financial package to Seemandhra to address their concerns.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana bill to face RS test on 12 February, cabinet says no to UT status for Hyderabad|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/union-cabinet-clears-telangana-bill-hyderabad-to-be-joint-capital/article1-1181657.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208042729/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/union-cabinet-clears-telangana-bill-hyderabad-to-be-joint-capital/article1-1181657.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2014|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=7 February 2014}}</ref>

On 13 February, Telangana bill was introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of Parliament, by Union home minister, [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] despite protests, disruptions of Seemandhra MPs. In an unprecedented incidence, the use of pepper spray by Seemandhra MP, [[Lagadapati Rajagopal]] in the Lok Sabha during the introduction of the bill caused all the members to leave the house and some members to be hospitalised.<ref>{{cite news|title=Telangana bill: Pepper spray in Parliament leaves Indian democracy in tears|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Telangana-bill-Pepper-spray-in-Parliament-leaves-Indian-democracy-in-tears/articleshow/30358994.cms|work=The Times of India|date=14 February 2014 |access-date=14 February 2014}}</ref>

18 February 2014: the Telangana Bill is passed by the [[Lok Sabha]] with support from the Congress, BJP and other local parties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana bill passed in Lok Sabha; Congress, BJP come together in favour of new state|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telanganathetroubledstate/parliament-adjourned-till-noon-over-telangana-issue/article1-1185194.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218081502/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telanganathetroubledstate/parliament-adjourned-till-noon-over-telangana-issue/article1-1185194.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2014|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> Broadcast of the proceedings enters a blackout during the voice vote. This caused widespread criticism of the manner in which the bill was passed.<ref name="Loksabha Blackout">{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/blacking-out-lok-sabha-tv-for-telangana-did-the-end-justify-the-means-1397221.html | title=Loksabha Blackout | work=First Post | date=19 February 2014 | access-date=19 June 2014 | archive-date=19 February 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219064123/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/blacking-out-lok-sabha-tv-for-telangana-did-the-end-justify-the-means-1397221.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

20 February 2014: The Telangana bill is passed by [[Rajya Sabha]] with the support from the Congress, BJP and other local parties.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajya Sabha passes Telangana bill|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telanganathetroubledstate/rajya-sabha-passes-telangana-bill/article1-1186266.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223445/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telanganathetroubledstate/rajya-sabha-passes-telangana-bill/article1-1186266.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2014|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref>

1 March 2014: The bill receives the assent of the President and published in the [[The Gazette of India|gazette]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India|access-date=3 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2016}}</ref>

4 March 2014: The Government of India declares 2 June 2014 as the [[Telangana Formation Day]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Notification|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf|work=The Gazette of India|publisher=Government of India|access-date=4 March 2014|date=4 March 2014|archive-date=27 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327091502/http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Telangana is the 28th state of the Union of India with Hyderabad as its capital. Both states will share the capital for 10 years until Seemandhra can establish its own. However, the revenues of Hyderabad and state governing power will go only to Telangana. No special status was accorded to Seemandhra, though it was hinted in the Telangana Bill.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-special-category-status-for-seemandhra-plan-panel/article6111403.ece|title=No special category status for Seemandhra: plan panel|author=PTI|work=The Hindu|date=13 June 2014|access-date=19 June 2014|archive-date=16 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616063500/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-special-category-status-for-seemandhra-plan-panel/article6111403.ece?|url-status=live}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
;Literature
* ''[[Battleground Telangana: Chronicle of an Agitation]]'' by Kingshuk Nag.
* ''[[Telangana: The State of Affairs]]'' by M. Bharath Bhushan and N. Venugopal.
* ''[https://www.amazon.com/Old-History-Geography-Jairam-Ramesh-ebook/dp/B01FXQCVIE#navbar Old History, New Geography : Bifurcating Andhra Pradesh] by [[Jairam Ramesh]][http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/YkIhBxDT4PwbwiJYXdUOaJ/Book-review-Old-History-New-Geography.html]''

;Film
* ''[[Jai Bolo Telangana]]'' (2011). It won [[Nandi Awards of 2011|Nandi awards]] for Best Director, Lyricist, National Integration, Male Playback Singer, Male Dubbing Artist.
* ''Inkennallu'' (2011). It won [[Nandi Awards of 2011|Nandi award]] for Best Supporting actress.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nandi Awards in 2011|url=http://idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2011.html|access-date=12 August 2013|archive-date=30 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230024704/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2011.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Samaikyandhra Movement]]
*[[Vishalandhra Movement]]
*[[Jai Andhra movement]]
*[[Disputes between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana]]

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* Sumanth Inukonda. 2019. ''Media, Nationalism and Globalization: The Telangana Movement and Indian Politics''. Routledge.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140518043714/http://www.aplegislature.org/en_GB/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=7d75ff22-eb59-4a24-9c03-348d89498ee4&groupId=11343 Telangana draft bill]
*{{Country study |country=India |abbr=in |date=September 1995 |section=[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+in0075) Regionalism: Telangana Movement] |pd=no}}
*{{Official website |1=http://www.ap.gov.in/history-of-andhra-pradesh/ |2=Official history of Andhra Pradesh}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j9K3JzT3C2M Promises Betrayal & Repression – The Saga of Telangana]
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mISVwxcF5asC&pg=PA175 |title=Committees and commissions in India, 1947–1973 |first=Virendra |last=Kumar |year=1975 |page=175 |volume=9 |section=Committee on Telangana surpluses, 1969 – Report by Justice Bhargava |isbn=8170221978 |publisher=D. K. Publishing House |location=New Delhi |access-date= }}
* {{Cite journal |jstor=2753831 |title=Subregionalism in India: The Case of Telangana |journal=Pacific Affairs |volume=43 |number=1 |date=Spring 1970 |pages=5–21 |publisher=University of British Columbia |first=Duncan B. |last=Forrester |doi=10.2307/2753831 }}
* {{cite web|title=Telangana: Research Papers and Analysis|url=http://www.telangana.org/Papers.asp|publisher=TDF|access-date=24 July 2014|archive-date=5 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105191643/http://www.telangana.org/Papers.asp|url-status=dead}}

{{Coord|17.99|79.59|display=title}}

[[Category:Telangana movement| ]]
[[Category:Reorganisation of Indian states]]
[[Category:Political conferences]]
[[Category:Political history of India]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh (1947–2014)]]
[[Category:Regionalism in India]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
[[Category:Statehood movements in India]]

2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election

2026-03-15T08:32:13Z

Wilfred0198: updated details

{{Short description|none}}
{{For|Lok Sabha elections|2004 Indian general election in Maharashtra}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = Maharashtra State Assembly Elections 2004
| country = India
| flag_year =
| type = Parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| previous_election = 1999 Maharashtra state assembly elections
| previous_year = 1999
| next_election = 2009 Maharashtra state assembly elections
| next_year = 2009
| seats_for_election = All 288 assembly constituencies
| election_date = 13 October 2004
| turnout = 63.44% ({{increase}} 2.49%)
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sharad Pawar addressing the National Conference on Cooperatives for the celebration of International Year of Cooperatives, 2012, in New Delhi on May 15, 2012 (cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader1 = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| party1 = Nationalist Congress Party
| alliance1 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| leaders_seat1 = ''Did not contest''
| last_election1 = 58
| seats1 = '''71'''
| popular_vote1 = 7,841,962
| percentage1 = 18.75%
| swing1 = {{down}} 3.85%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader2 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| alliance2 = [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City]]
| last_election2 = 75
| seats2 = 69
| popular_vote2 = '''8,810,363'''
| percentage2 = '''21.06%'''
| swing2 = {{down}} 6.14%
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Bal_Thackeray_at_70th_Master_Dinanath_Mangeshkar_Awards_(1)_(cropped).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=10|oTop=03}}
| leader4 = [[Balasaheb Thackeray]]
| party4 = Shiv Sena
| alliance4 = [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| leaders_seat4 = ''Did not contest''
| last_election4 = 69
| seats4 = 62
| popular_vote4 = 8,351,654
| percentage4 = 19.97%
| swing4 = {{up}} 2.64%
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Gopinath Ji Munde.jpg|bSize=170|cWidth=80|cHeight=100|oLeft=45|oTop=66}}
| leader5 = [[Gopinath Munde]]
| party5 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance5 = [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|NDA]]
| leaders_seat5 = [[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur]]
| last_election5 = 56
| seats5 = 54
| popular_vote5 = 5,717,287
| percentage5 = 13.67%
| swing5 = {{down}} 0.87%
|map_image ={{Switcher|[[File:11th Maharashtra Assembly Composition party wise.svg|300px]]|Partywise structure|[[File:Composition of the Maharashtra Assembly post 2004 Maharashtra elections- Alliance Wise.svg|300px]]|Alliance wise structure}}
| map_size = 250 px
| map_caption =
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Sushil Kumar Shinde]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| majority_seats = 145
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 13
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 6
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}} 7
| seat_change5 = {{decrease}} 2
| 1blank = Alliance seats
| 1data1 = '''140'''
| 1data2 = '''140'''
| 1data4 = 116
| 1data5 = 116
| 2blank = Seat change
| 2data1 = {{decrease}} 9
| 2data2 = {{decrease}} 9
| 2data4 = {{decrease}} 12
| 2data5 = {{decrease}} 12
}}

[[Deliberative assembly|Assembly]] elections was held in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] on October 13, 2004. The major alliances were the [[Democratic Front (India)|Democratic Front]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] - [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] alliance. Other political parties contested were the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]], the [[Samajwadi Party]], the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], and the [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]. 66,000 [[electronic voting machine]]s were used to elect the 288 members of the Maharashtra legislative assembly.

==Results==

'''List of Political Parties participated in 2004 Maharashtra Assembly Elections.'''

{| class="wikitable"
! Colspan=2|Party
! Abbreviation
|-
! Colspan=4|National Parties
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPM]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
|-
! Colspan=4|State Parties
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
| [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Muslim League Kerala State Committee}}
| [[Muslim League Kerala State Committee|MUL]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| [[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|-
! Colspan=4|Registered (Unrecognised) Parties
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha}}
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha|HMS]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Bharat Paksha}}
| [[Swatantra Bharat Paksha|STBP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Sena}}
| [[Akhil Bharatiya Sena|ABHS]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Janata Party|JP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Hindustan Janata Party}}
| [[Hindustan Janata Party|HJP]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|SJP(R)]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Samajwadi Janata Party (Maharashtra)]]
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|SJP(M)]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Jan Parishad}}
| [[Samajwadi Jan Parishad|SWJP]]
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]]
| [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWP]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[All India Forward Bloc (Subhasist)]]
| [[All India Forward Bloc (Subhasist)|AIFB(S)]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
| [[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
| [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]
| [[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India}}
| [[Republican Party of India (Democratic)]]
| [[Republican Party of India (Democratic)|RPI(D)]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India}}
| [[Republican Party of India (Kamble)]]
| [[Republican Party of India (Kamble)|RPI(KM)]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Peoples Republican Party}}
| [[Peoples Republican Party]]/[[Peoples Republican Party|RPI (Kawade)]]
| [[Peoples Republican Party|PRBP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}
| [[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh|BBM]]
|-
| {{Party color cell|Jan Surajya Shakti}}
| Jan Surajya Shakti
| JSS
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}
| [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSPS]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)}}
| [[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|AD]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
| [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Rajya Party}}
| [[Lok Rajya Party|LRP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Indian Justice Party}}
| [[Indian Justice Party|IJP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh}}
| [[Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh|BMSM]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|National Loktantrik Party}}
| [[National Loktantrik Party|NLP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Womanist Party of India}}
| [[Womanist Party of India|WPI]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}
| [[Gondwana Ganatantra Party|GGP]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Vidharbha Janata Congress}}
| [[Vidharbha Janata Congress|VJC]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti}}
| [[Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti|NVAS]]
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Vidharbha Rajya Party}}
| VRP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Native People's Party}}
| NVPP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Hindu Ekta Andolan Party}}
| HEAP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Shivrajya Party}}
| SVRP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Sachet Bharat Party}}
| SBHP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Rashtriya Swadeshi Congress Paksh}}
| BRSCP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena}}
| KKJHS
|-
| {{Full party name with color|All India Krantikari Congress}}
| AIKC
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Rajiv Congress}}
| MRRC
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Maharashtra Secular Front}}
| MSF
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Prabuddha Republican Party}}
| PRCP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Ambedkarist Republican Party}}
| ARP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Mahasangha Paksha}}
| BMSP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Samajik Nayak Paksha}}
| RSNP
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Savarn Samaj Party}}
| SVSP
|-
|}

The result was announced on October 17, 2004, the [[Nationalist Congress Party]](NCP) emerged as the largest party with 71 Seats along with its ally [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in second position with 69 Seats.The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] Alliance lost election winning 54 and 62 seats respectively that lead to resignation of [[Venkaiah Naidu]] and followed by leading command of party to [[Lal Krishna Advani]].<ref name="2004_results">{{cite web |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election Results in 2004 |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/2004-election-results.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316192020/https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/2004-election-results.html |archive-date=16 March 2022 |accessdate=28 May 2020 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

'''Summary of results of the Maharashtra State Assembly election, 2004'''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"|
! rowspan="2" |Political Party
! colspan="3" |Seats
! colspan="3" |Popular Vote
|-
!Contested
!Won
!+/-
!Votes polled
!Votes%
!+/-
|-
| {{party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]{{Composition bar|71|288|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|124
|{{Composition bar|71|124|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Increase}} 13
|7,841,962
|18.75%
|{{decrease}} 3.85%
|-
| {{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]{{Composition bar|69|288|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|157
|{{Composition bar|69|157|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Decrease}} 6
|8,810,363
|21.06%
|{{decrease}} 6.14%
|-
| {{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]{{Composition bar|62|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|163
|{{Composition bar|62|163|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Decrease}} 7
|8,351,654
|19.97%
|{{increase}} 2.64%
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]{{Composition bar|54|288|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|111
|{{Composition bar|54|111|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Decrease}} 2
|5,717,287
|13.67%
|{{Decrease}} 0.87%
|-
| {{party color cell|Jan Surajya Shakti}}
|Jan Surajya Shakti{{Composition bar|4|288|{{party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|19
|{{Composition bar|4|19|{{party color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Increase}} 4
|368,156
|0.88%
|{{Increase}} 0.88% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]{{Composition bar|3|288|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|16
||{{Composition bar|3|16|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Increase}} 1
|259,567
|0.62%
|{{decrease}} 0.02%
|-
| {{party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]{{Composition bar|2|288|{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|43
|{{Composition bar|2|43|{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|549,010
|1.31%
|{{decrease}} 0.18%
|-
| {{party color cell|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|83
|{{Composition bar|1|83|{{party color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Decrease}} 2
|516,221
|1.23%
|{{decrease}} 0.62%
|-
| {{party color cell|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|20
|{{Composition bar|1|20|{{party color|Republican Party of India (Athawale)}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Up}}1
|206,175
|0.49%
|{{Up}} 0.49% ''(New Party)''
|-
| {{party color cell|Swatantra Bharat Paksh}}
|[[Swatantra Bharat Paksh]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Swatantra Bharat Paksh}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|7
|{{Composition bar|1|7|{{party color|Swatantra Bharat Paksh}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{increase}} 1
|176,022
|0.42%
|{{increase}} 0.05%
|-
| {{party color cell|Akhil Bharatiya Sena}}
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Sena]]{{Composition bar|1|288|{{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|20
|{{Composition bar|1|20|{{party color|Akhil Bharatiya Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{increase}} 1
|69,986
|0.17%
|{{increase}} 0.01%
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| 272
|0
|{{Steady}}
|1,671,429
|4.00%
|{{Up}}3.61%
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
| 95
|0
|{{Down}}2
|471,425
|1.13%
|{{Up}}0.44%
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| [[Janata Dal (Secular)]]
| 34
|0
|{{Down}}2
|242,720
|0.58%
|{{Down}}0.93%
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
| 4
|0
|{{Down}}1
|62,531
|0.15%
|{{Down}}0.54%
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Gondwana Ganatantra Party}}
| 30
|0
|{{Down}}1
|58,288
|0.14%
|{{Down}}0.06%
|-
| {{Party color cell|Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)}}
| [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)|Samajwadi Janata Party (Maharashtra)]]
|4
|0
|{{Down}}1
|25,866
|0.06%
|{{Down}}0.07%
|-
| {{Full party name with color|Native People's Party}}
| 1
|0
|{{Down}}1
|315
|0.00%
|{{Down}}0.19%
|-
| {{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]{{Composition bar|19|288|{{party color|Independents}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|1083
|{{Composition bar|19|1083|{{party color|Independents}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{increase}} 7
|58,77,454
|14.05%
|{{increase}} 4.56%
|-style="background-color:#E9E9E9"
|
|Total
|2678
|288
|{{nochange}}
|4,18,29,645
|63.44%
|{{increase}} 2.49%
|}

== Region-wise Breakup ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="3" |Region
! rowspan="3" |Total seats
! colspan="2" |[[File:Flag_of_Nationalist_Congress_Party.svg|95x95px]]
! colspan="2" |[[File:INC_Logo.png|70x70px]]
! colspan="2" |[[File:Logo_of_Shiv_Sena.svg|88x88px]]
! colspan="2" |
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Seats Won
! colspan="2" |Seats Won
! colspan="2" |Seats Won
! colspan="2" |Seats Won
|-
|Western Maharashtra
|67
|'''26'''
|{{Increase}} 03
|17
|{{Decrease}} 01
|10
|{{Increase}} 01
|08
|{{Increase}} 04
|-
|Vidarbha
|60
|09
|{{Increase}} 05
|18
|{{Decrease}} 06
|04
|{{Decrease}} 03
|'''19'''
|{{Decrease}} 04
|-
|Marathwada
|46
|10
|{{Increase}} 04
|07
|{{Decrease}} 08
|'''14'''
|{{Decrease}} 02
|12
|{{Increase}} 01
|-
|Thane+Konkan
|35
|11
|{{Increase}} 06
|02
|{{Increase}} 02
|'''12'''
|{{Decrease}} 02
|04
|{{Decrease}} 01
|-
|Mumbai
|35
|03
|{{Decrease}} 10
|'''15'''
|{{Increase}} 05
|09
|{{Decrease}} 02
|05
|{{Decrease}} 03
|-
|North Maharashtra
|44
|12
|{{Increase}} 05
|10
|{{Increase}} 02
|'''13'''
|{{Increase}} 01
|06
|{{Decrease}} 01
|-
!'''Total'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Spoils of five-point duel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020001027/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 20, 2014 |access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref>
!'''288'''
!71
!'''{{Increase}} 13'''
!69
!{{Decrease}} 06
!62
!{{Decrease}} 07
!54
!{{Decrease}} 02
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" |Region
! rowspan="2" |Total seats
! colspan="4" |United Progressive Alliance
! colspan="4" |National Democratic Alliance
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
! colspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|Western Maharashtra
|67
|{{Composition bar|26|67|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|17|67|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|10|67|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|08|67|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|-
|Vidarbha
|60
|{{Composition bar|09|60|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|18|60|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|04|60|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|19|60|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|-
|Marathwada
|46
|{{Composition bar|10|46|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|07|46|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|14|46|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|12|46|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|-
|Thane+Konkan
|35
|{{Composition bar|11|35|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|02|35|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|12|39|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|04|39|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|-
|Mumbai
|35
|{{Composition bar|03|35|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|15|36|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|09|36|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|04|35|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|-
|North Maharashtra
|44
|{{Composition bar|12|44|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|10|44|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|13|44|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|{{Composition bar|06|35|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|
|-
!'''Total'''<ref>{{cite news|title=Spoils of five-point duel|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020001027/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1141020/jsp/nation/story_18944791.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 20, 2014|access-date=26 September 2017}}</ref>
!'''288'''
!{{Composition bar|71|288|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
!
!{{Composition bar|69|288|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
!
!{{Composition bar|62|288|{{party color|Shiv Sena}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
!
!{{Composition bar|54|288|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
!
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Region
!Total Seats
! colspan="2" |[[United Progressive Alliance]]
! colspan="2" |[[National Democratic Alliance]]
! colspan="2" |Others
|-
|Western Maharashtra
|70
|{{Decrease}} 3
|{{Composition bar|45|70|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Decrease}} 1
|{{Composition bar|17|70|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Decrease}} 4
|{{Composition bar|8|70|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
|Vidarbha
|62
|{{Steady}}
|{{Composition bar|23|62|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Increase}} 7
|{{Composition bar|32|62|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Decrease}} 7
|{{Composition bar|7|70|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
|Marathwada
|46
|{{Increase}} 6
|{{Composition bar|26|46|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Increase}} 1
|{{Composition bar|18|46|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Decrease}} 5
|{{Composition bar|2|46|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
|Thane +Konkan
|39
|{{Steady}}
|{{Composition bar|7|39|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Increase}} 5
|{{Composition bar|29|39|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Decrease}} 5
|{{Composition bar|3|39|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
|Mumbai
|36
|{{Increase}} 2
|{{Composition bar|9|36|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Decrease}} 3
|{{Composition bar|15|36|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Increase}} 1
|{{Composition bar|12|36|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
|North Maharashtra
|35
|{{Increase}} 2
|{{Composition bar|30|35|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Decrease}} 6
|{{Composition bar|5|35|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Steady}}
|{{Composition bar|0|35|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!{{Increase}} 7
!{{Composition bar|140|288|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
!{{Decrease}} 9
!{{Composition bar|116|288|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
!{{Decrease}} 12
!{{Composition bar|32|288|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name of Division
!District
!Seats
! colspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|SHS]]
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Amravati Division]]
|[[Akola district|Akola]]
|5
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|01
|{{Decrease}} 04
|'''02'''
|{{Increase}} 02
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|-
|[[Amravati district|Amravati]]
|8
|02
|{{Increase}} 01
|'''03'''
|{{Increase}} 01
|01
|{{Decrease}} 2
|02
|{{Steady}}
|-
|[[Buldhana district|Buldhana]]
|7
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|'''02'''
|{{Decrease}} 01
|01
|{{Decrease}} 3
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|-
|[[Yavatmal]]
|7
|'''03'''
|{{Increase}} 02
|02
|{{Increase}} 02
|01
|{{Steady}}
|0
|{{Decrease}} 01
|-
|[[Washim district|Washim]]
|3
|02
|{{Increase}} 01
|02
|{{Increase}} 01
|01
|{{Steady}}
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Total Seats
!30
!9
!{{Increase}} 7
!10
!{{Decrease}} 5
!6
!{{Decrease}} 5
!4
!{{Increase}} 1
|-
! rowspan="8" |[[Aurangabad Division]]
|[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
|9
|02
|{{Increase}} 02
|'''03'''
|{{Decrease}} 01
|01
|{{Decrease}} 4
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|-
|[[Beed district|Beed]]
|6
|'''03'''
|{{Increase}} 02
|02
|{{Increase}} 01
|2
|{{Increase}} 01
|01
|{{Decrease}} 2
|-
|[[Jalna district|Jalna]]
|5
|5
|{{Increase}} 4
|0
|{{Decrease}} 3
|0
|{{Decrease}} 01
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|-
|[[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]
|4
|3
|{{Increase}} 01
|01
|{{Steady}}
|01
|{{Steady}}
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|-
|[[Nanded district|Nanded]]
|9
|4
|{{Steady}}
|5
|{{Increase}} 5
|2
|{{Increase}} 01
|01
|{{Decrease}} 2
|-
|[[Latur district|Latur]]
|6
|01
|{{Steady}}
|3
|{{Increase}} 02
|01
|{{Steady}}
|01
|{{Decrease}} 2
|-
|[[Parbhani]]
|4
|0
|{{Decrease}} 01
|0
|{{Decrease}} 01
|01
|{{Decrease}} 01
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|-
|[[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]
|3
|0
|{{Steady}}
|0
|{{Decrease}} 01
|0
|{{Decrease}} 2
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Total Seats
!46
!18
!{{Increase}} 8
!15
!{{Increase}} 3
!8
!{{Decrease}} 7
!7
!{{Decrease}} 2
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Konkan Division]]
|[[Mumbai City]]
|9
|1
|{{Increase}} 01
|3
|{{Steady}}
|5
|{{Decrease}} 01
|1
|{{Increase}} 1
|-
|[[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
|26
|02
|{{Decrease}} 3
|8
|{{Increase}} 4
|14
|{{Decrease}} 01
|2
|{{Steady}}
|-
|[[Thane district|Thane]]
|24
|02
|{{Decrease}} 2
|0
|{{Decrease}} 1
|4
|{{Decrease}} 01
|0
|{{Decrease}} 5
|-
|[[Raigad district|Raigad]]
|7
|02
|{{Steady}}
|1
|{{Increase}} 01
|02
|{{Decrease}} 3
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|[[Ratnagiri district|Ratnagiri]]
|3
|1
|{{Steady}}
|0
|{{Steady}}
|02
|{{Increase}} 1
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
! colspan="2" |Total Seats
!69
!8
!{{Increase}} 1
!12
!{{Increase}} 4
!27
!{{Decrease}} 6
!3
!{{Decrease}} 4
|-
! rowspan="6" |[[Nagpur Division]]
|[[Bhandara district|Bhandara]]
|3
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|02
|{{Increase}} 01
|01
|{{Decrease}} 01
|3
|{{Increase}} 3
|-
|[[Chandrapur district|Chandrapur]]
|6
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|02
|{{Steady}}
|01
|{{Steady}}
|02
|{{Decrease}} 01
|-
|[[Gadchiroli district|Gadchiroli]]
|3
|01
|{{Steady}}
|01
|{{Steady}}
|01
|{{Steady}}
|3
|{{Increase}} 3
|-
|[[Gondia district|Gondia]]
|4
|01
|{{Steady}}
|02
|{{Increase}} 01
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|4
|{{Increase}} 2
|-
|[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|12
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|6
|{{Increase}} 5
|01
|{{Steady}}
|4
|{{Decrease}} 6
|-
|[[Wardha district|Wardha]]
|4
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|'''03'''
|{{Increase}} 02
|0
|{{Steady}}
|4
|{{Increase}} 4
|-
! colspan="2" |Total Seats
!32
!6
!{{Increase}} 4
!16
!{{Increase}} 9
!5
!{{Steady}}
!20
!{{Increase}} 5
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Nashik Division]]
|[[Dhule]]
|5
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|'''02'''
|{{Steady}}
|01
|{{Decrease}} 2
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|-
|[[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
|11
|'''4'''
|{{Increase}} 3
|02
|{{Increase}} 02
|2
|{{Increase}} 01
|3
|{{Decrease}} 2
|-
|[[Nandurbar district|Nandurbar]]
|4
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|1
|{{Decrease}} 3
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|-
|[[Nashik district|Nashik]]
|15
|'''5'''
|{{Decrease}} 2
|02
|{{Decrease}} 01
|3
|{{Increase}} 2
|02
|{{Decrease}} 2
|-
|[[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
|12
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|1
|{{Decrease}} 01
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|4
|{{Increase}} 02
|-
! colspan="2" |Total Seats
!47
!12
!{{Increase}} 4
!8
!{{Decrease}} 10
!8
!{{Increase}} 3
!11
!{{Steady}}
|-
! rowspan="5" |[[Pune Division]]
|[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]
|10
|'''5'''
|{{Decrease}} 2
|01
|{{Decrease}} 01
|02
|{{Increase}} 01
|02
|{{Increase}} 2
|-
|[[Pune district|Pune]]
|21
|'''07'''
|{{Decrease}} 06
|3
|{{Decrease}} 5
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|04
|{{Increase}} 4
|-
|[[Sangli district|Sangli]]
|8
|3
|{{Increase}} 02
|3
|{{Increase}} 01
|02
|{{Increase}} 02
|01
|{{Decrease}} 3
|-
|[[Satara district|Satara]]
|8
|2
|{{Increase}} 01
|0
|{{Decrease}} 01
|02
|{{Increase}} 02
|02
|{{Decrease}} 3
|-
|[[Solapur district|Solapur]]
|13
|05
|{{Decrease}} 01
|02
|{{Decrease}} 01
|03
|{{Increase}} 01
|01
|{{Increase}} 01
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="3" |Total Seats
!58
!18
!{{Decrease}} 5
!8
!{{Decrease}} 7
!8
!{{Increase}} 6
!9
!{{Decrease}} 2
|-
!''288''
!71
!{{Increase}} 13
!69
!{{Decrease}} 6
!62
!{{Decrease}} 7
!54
!{{Decrease}} 2
|-
!
! colspan="4" |140
! colspan="4" |116
|}

== Alliance-wise Results ==
{| style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
| style="background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}; width:27.7%;" |'''71'''
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; width:27%;" |'''69'''
| style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}; width:24.2%;" |'''62'''
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}; width:21.1%;" |'''54'''
|-
|'''NCP'''
|'''INC'''
|'''SHS'''
|'''BJP'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
!Alliance
! colspan="2" |Political Party
!Seats
!Total Seats
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|71
| rowspan="5" |'''152'''
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|69
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" |
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|3
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}" |
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]
|2
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|7
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
|62
| rowspan="3" |'''128'''
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|54
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|12
|}

== Results by constituency ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results by constituency |
* Winner, runner-up, voter turnout, and victory margin in every constituency
! colspan="2" |Assembly Constituency
!Turnout
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" data-sort-type=number |Margin
|-
! #k
! Names
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
!%
|-
! colspan="14" |Sindhudurg District
|-
|1||[[Sawantwadi Assembly constituency|Sawantwadi]]||65.84%||Dalvi Shivram Gopal||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||39,152||36.85%||Bhonsle Pravin Prataprao||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||34,868||32.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''4,284'''
|-
|2||[[Vengurla Assembly constituency|Vengurla]]||64.45%||Shankar Shivram Kambli||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||49,474||55.67%||Pushpasen Sawant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,532||35.48%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''17,942'''
|-
|3||[[Malvan Assembly constituency|Malvan]]||72.54%||[[Narayan Rane|Narayan Tatu Rane]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||63,784||65.88%||Vijay Sawant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,639||30.61%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''34,145'''
|-
|4||[[Deogad Assembly constituency|Deogad]]||73.26%||Ajit Pandurang Gogate||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||42,384||48.28%||Kuldeep Pednekar||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||41,312||47.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''1,072'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Ratnagiri District
|-
|5||[[Rajapur Assembly constituency|Rajapur]]||66.61%||Kadam Ganpat Daulat||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||52,231||56.07%||Harish Sitaram Rogye||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,952||38.60%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''16,279'''
|-
|6||[[Ratnagiri Assembly constituency|Ratnagiri]]||65.76%||[[Uday Samant|Uday Ravindra Samant]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||63,233||46.95%||Balasaheb Mane||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||57,188||42.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''6,045'''
|-
|7||[[Sangameshwar Assembly constituency|Sangameshwar]]||68.68%||Bane Subhash Shantaram||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||55,431||53.15%||Bhayaje Suresh Laxman||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||21,662||20.77%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''33,769'''
|-
|8||[[Guhagar Assembly constituency|Guhagar]]||68.32%||Dr. Vinay Shridhar Natu||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||59,119||58.77%||Nandkishor Rajaram Pawar||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||30,936||30.75%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''28,183'''
|-
|9||[[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]]||74.24%||Kadam Rameshbhai Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||53,311||47.65%||[[Bhaskar Jadhav]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||48,025||42.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''5,286'''
|-
|10||[[Khed Assembly constituency|Khed]]||66.49%||[[Ramdas Kadam|Ramdas Gangaram Kadam]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||52,881||57.10%||Jadhav Babaji Gopal||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||27,460||29.65%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''25,421'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Raigad District
|-
|11||[[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli]]||66.73%||Dalvi Suryakant Shivram||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||48,219||49.52%||Mokal Chandrakant Jagannath||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,385||25.04%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''23,834'''
|-
|12||[[Mahad Assembly constituency|Mahad]]||76.49%||Jagtap Manik Motiram||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||56,972||47.92%||[[Prabhakar More (politician)|Prabhakar Sundarrao More]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||53,193||44.74%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''3,779'''
|-
|13||[[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]]||70.58%||Sawant Shyam Tukaram||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||52,998||42.92%||Antulay Mushtaq Ataullah||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,873||37.15%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''7,125'''
|-
|14||[[Mangaon Assembly constituency|Mangaon]]||69.37%||[[Sunil Tatkare]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||69,865||55.80%||Anant Vasant Alias Bal Lokhande||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||37,591||30.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''32,274'''
|-
|15||[[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen]]||72.57%||[[Ravisheth Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||56,841||38.66%||Bhai Mohan Mahadev Patil||{{party name with color|Peasants And Workers Party of India}}||41,905||28.50%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,936'''
|-
|16||[[Alibag Assembly constituency|Alibag]]||71.67%||Thakur Madhukar Shankar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||65,828||43.28%||[[Meenakshi Patil]]||{{party name with color|Peasants And Workers Party of India}}||59,961||39.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,867'''
|-
|17||[[Panvel Assembly constituency|Panvel]]||65.21%||[[Vivek Patil|Vivek Shankar Patil]]||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||93,559||47.51%||Shyam Mhatre||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||73,836||37.49%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''19,723'''
|-
|18||[[Khalapur Assembly constituency|Khalapur]]||69.45%||[[Devendra Satam|Devendra Vitthal Satam]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||51,632||31.95%||[[Suresh Narayan Lad]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||48,662||30.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''2,970'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Mumbai City District
|-
|19||[[Colaba Assembly constituency|Colaba]]||42.20%||[[Annie Shekhar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,266||41.71%||Adv.Rahul Suresh Narwekar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||12,576||25.88%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,690'''
|-
|20||[[Umarkhadi Assembly constituency|Umarkhadi]]||39.80%||[[Bashir Moosa Patel]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||25,180||61.05%||Oza Sharda Sohanlal||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||8,767||21.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''16,413'''
|-
|21||[[Mumbadevi Assembly constituency|Mumbadevi]]||42.70%||[[Raj K. Purohit]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||19,862||56.37%||Adv. Sushil D. Vyas||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||14,006||39.75%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''5,856'''
|-
|22||[[Khetwadi Assembly constituency|Khetwadi]]||44.12%||[[Bhai Jagtap|Ashok Arjunrao Alias Bhai Jagtap]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23,650||52.09%||Atul Shah||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||19,876||43.78%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,774'''
|-
|23||[[Opera House Assembly constituency|Opera House]]||48.32%||Arvinda Nerkar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||24,968||56.54%||Kisan Jadhav||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||17,948||40.65%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''7,020'''
|-
|24||[[Malabar Hill Assembly constituency|Malabar Hill]]||50.56%||[[Mangal Lodha|Mangal Prabhat Lodha]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||41,365||50.27%||Raj Shroff||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,052||46.24%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''3,313'''
|-
|25||[[Chinchpokli Assembly constituency|Chinchpokli]]||50.51%||[[Arun Gawli]]||{{party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Sena}}||31,964||51.24%||Anna Alias Madhu Chavan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,146||32.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Akhil Bharatiya Sena}}"|'''11,818'''
|-
|26||[[Nagpada Assembly constituency|Nagpada]]||44.06%||[[Syed Ahmed (politician)|Dr. Syed Ahmed (politician)]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,869||45.02%||[[Yashwant Jadhav]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||17,095||36.88%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,774'''
|-
|27||[[Mazgaon Assembly constituency|Mazgaon]]||55.85%||[[Bala Nandgaonkar]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||27,684||42.91%||[[Pankaj Bhujbal]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||26,212||40.63%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''1,472'''
|-
|28||[[Parel Assembly constituency|Parel]]||55.98%||Dagdu Haribhau Sakpal||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||50,646||66.36%||Ghandat Sandeep Sitaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||20,967||27.47%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''29,679'''
|-
|29||[[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi]]||53.71%||[[Sachin Ahir| Sachin Mohan Ahir]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||43,816||55.61%||Sunil Rane||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||27,225||34.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''16,591'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Mumbai Suburban District
|-
|30||[[Worli Assembly constituency|Worli]]||52.80%||Nalawade Datta Shankar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||30,106||44.13%||Kudatarkar Vijay Bhau||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||21,012||30.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''9,094'''
|-
|31||[[Naigaon Assembly constituency|Naigaon]]||52.76%||[[Kalidas Kolambkar|Kolambkar Kalidas Nilkanth]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||46,353||56.66%||Rupawate Premanand Dadasaheb||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||24,495||29.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''21,858'''
|-
|32||[[Dadar Assembly constituency|Dadar]]||58.72%||[[Sada Sarvankar]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||42,390||57.12%||Bhosale Shahaji Alias Rajan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,341||39.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''13,049'''
|-
|33||[[Matunga Assembly constituency|Matunga]]||45.97%||Jagannath Achanna Shetty||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||48,266||43.48%||Babubhai Bhawanji||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||43,610||39.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,656'''
|-
|34||[[Mahim Assembly constituency|Mahim]]||49.74%||Suresh Anant Gambhir||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||35,585||48.84%||Ajit Pandurang Sawant||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,581||46.09%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''2,004'''
|-
|35||[[Dharavi Assembly constituency|Dharavi]]||40.08%||[[Varsha Gaikwad|Varsha Eknath Gaikwad]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||64,981||52.78%||Jadhav Snehal Sudhir||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||49,151||39.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,830'''
|-
|36||[[Vandre Assembly constituency|Vandre]]||43.17%||[[Baba Siddique]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,517||56.19%||Shaina Nana Chudasama||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||25,877||32.66%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,640'''
|-
|37||[[Kherwadi Assembly constituency|Kherwadi]]||50.49%||Janardan Chandurkar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||50,157||50.04%||Prakash(Bala) Vasant Sawant||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||43,609||43.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,548'''
|-
|38||[[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]]||50.69%||Ashok Bhau Jadhav||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||56,436||49.56%||[[Vinayak Raut|Vinayak Bhaurao Raut]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||47,453||41.67%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,983'''
|-
|39||[[Amboli Assembly constituency|Amboli]]||44.70%||[[Baldev Khosa]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||82,153||47.51%||Jaywant Mahadeo Parab||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||72,206||41.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,947'''
|-
|40||[[Santacruz Assembly constituency|Santacruz]]||53.60%||[[Kripashankar Singh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||78,263||55.05%||Alavani Parag Madhusudan||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||56,074||39.44%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''22,189'''
|-
|41||[[Andheri Assembly constituency|Andheri]]||52.78%||[[Suresh Shetty]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||96,514||47.98%||Ravindra Dattaram Waikar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||87,445||43.47%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,069'''
|-
|42||[[Goregaon Assembly constituency|Goregaon]]||51.54%||[[Subhash Desai]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||66,050||50.04%||Sharad Rao||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||56,911||43.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''9,139'''
|-
|43||[[Malad Assembly constituency|Malad]]||50.24%||[[Gajanan Kirtikar]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||143,082||48.51%||Nirmala Samant Prabhavalkar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||129,292||43.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''13,790'''
|-
|44||[[Kandivali Assembly constituency|Kandivali]]||44.33%||P. U. Mehta||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||107,851||48.73%||Jai Prakash Thakur||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||93,731||42.35%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,120'''
|-
|45||[[Borivali Assembly constituency|Borivali]]||48.41%||[[Gopal Shetty]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||1,52,748||52.63%||Shashee Prabhu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,00,475||34.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''52,273'''
|-
|46||[[Trombay Assembly constituency|Trombay]]||44.95%||Abrahani Yusuf Mohamed Hussain||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||115,823||52.69%||Rahul Shewale||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||72,095||32.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''43,728'''
|-
|47||[[Chembur Assembly constituency|Chembur]]||50.33%||[[Chandrakant Handore]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||46,196||39.43%||Pramod Shirwalkar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||43,746||37.33%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''2,450'''
|-
|48||[[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar]]||51.35%||[[Nawab Malik]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||67,115||57.21%||Suryakant Mahadik||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||36,854||31.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''30,261'''
|-
|49||[[Kurla Assembly constituency|Kurla]]||43.35%||[[Naseem Khan (politician)|Mohammed Arif Naseem Khan]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||119,612||55.36%||Dattaram Gujar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||77,119||35.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''42,493'''
|-
|50||[[Ghatkopar Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar]]||51.19%||[[Prakash Mehta]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||73,548||65.51%||Maheshbhai Bhanushali||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||33,859||30.16%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''39,689'''
|-
|51||[[Bhandup Assembly constituency|Bhandup]]||53.00%||[[Sanjay Dina Patil]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||79,440||44.90%||[[Liladhar Dake]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||73,760||41.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''5,680'''
|-
|52||[[Mulund Assembly constituency|Mulund]]||48.18%||[[Tara Singh (Mumbai politician)|Sardar Tara Singh]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||90,882||53.33%||Alka Anant Desai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||70,124||41.15%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''20,758'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Thane District
|-
|53||[[Thane Assembly constituency|Thane]]||52.73%||[[Eknath Shinde]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||131,159||56.14%||Manoj Tukaram Shinde||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||93,981||40.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''37,178'''
|-
|54||[[Belapur Assembly constituency|Belapur]]||46.08%||[[Ganesh Naik]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||3,24,706||55.08%||Bhoir Sitaram Hendar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||2,06,430||35.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''1,18,276'''
|-
|55||[[Ulhasnagar Assembly constituency|Ulhasnagar]]||37.50%||[[Kumar Ailani|Kumar Uttamchand Ailani]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||55,397||37.88%||Karotiya Radhacharan Ramkisan||{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}||6,615||4.52%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''48,782'''
|-
|56||[[Ambernath Assembly constituency|Ambernath]]||46.09%||[[Kisan Kathore]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||114,675||45.60%||[[Sabir Shaikh]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||106,582||42.38%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''8,093'''
|-
|57||[[Kalyan Assembly constituency|Kalyan]]||38.06%||[[Harishchandra Patil]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||110,752||51.26%||Alka Avalaskar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||92,491||42.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''18,261'''
|-
|58||[[Murbad Assembly constituency|Murbad]]||73.43%||Gotiram Padu Pawar||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||63,763||44.48%||Salvi Rajaram Rama||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||46,698||32.58%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''17,065'''
|-
|59||[[Wada Assembly constituency|Wada]]||51.41%||[[Vishnu Savara| Vishnu Rama Savar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||77,351||47.15%||Suresh Haribhau Pawar||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||43,261||26.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''34,090'''
|-
|60||[[Bhiwandi Assembly constituency|Bhiwandi]]||54.51%||Yogesh Ramesh Patil||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||1,18,561||45.19%||Abu Asim Azmi||{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}||78,467||29.91%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''40,094'''
|-
|61||[[Vasai Assembly constituency|Vasai]]||56.77%||[[Hitendra Thakur|Hitendra Vishnu Thakur]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||161,718||60.40%||Pandit Vivek Raghunath||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||93,801||35.04%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''67,917'''
|-
|62||[[Palghar Assembly constituency|Palghar]]||58.27%||Manisha Manohar Nimkar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||58,627||47.37%||[[Rajendra Gavit|Rajendra Dhedya Gavit]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||50,186||40.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''8,441'''
|-
|63||[[Dahanu Assembly constituency|Dahanu]]||54.87%||[[Krushna Ghoda]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||72,715||49.82%||Ishwar Kisan Dhodi||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||47,843||32.78%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''24,872'''
|-
|64||[[Jawhar Assembly constituency|Jawhar]]||60.07%||Ozare Rajaram Nathu||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||60,050||42.19%||Bhoye Harishchandra Sakharam||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||36,819||25.87%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''23,231'''
|-
|65||[[Shahapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shahapur]]||68.50%||Mahadu Nago Barora||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||47,895||39.30%||[[Daulat Daroda|Daulat Bhika Daroda]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||41,534||34.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''6,361'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Nashik District
|-
|66||[[Igatpuri Assembly constituency|Igatpuri]]||56.46%||Mengal Kashinath Dagdu||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||37,233||36.44%||Damse Vasant Madhavrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,985||29.34%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''7,248'''
|-
|67||[[Nashik Assembly constituency|Nashik]]||42.94%||[[Bachhav Shobha Dinesh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||85,786||45.38%||[[Daulatrao Aher|Dr. Daulatrao Aher Sonuji]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||79,625||42.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,161'''
|-
|68||[[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali]]||45.44%||[[Babanrao Gholap]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||85,297||48.94%||Sadaphule Ramdas Dayaram (Baba)||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||79,695||45.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''5,602'''
|-
|69||[[Sinnar Assembly constituency|Sinnar]]||71.98%||[[Manikrao Kokate|Manikrao Shivajirao Kokate]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||67,722||50.03%||Tukaram Sakharam Dighole||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||47,708||35.24%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''20,014'''
|-
|70||[[Niphad Assembly constituency|Niphad]]||71.23%||[[Diliprao Shankarrao Bankar]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||82,706||53.61%||Kadam Mandakini Raosaheb||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||35,409||22.95%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''47,297'''
|-
|71||[[Yevla Assembly constituency|Yevla]]||66.60%||[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||79,306||54.84%||Patil Kalyanrao Jayawantrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||43,657||30.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''35,649'''
|-
|72||[[Nandgaon Assembly constituency|Nandgaon]]||65.16%||Pawar Sanjay Sayaji||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||50,783||37.23%||Aher Anilkumar Gangadhar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,359||31.79%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''7,424'''
|-
|73||[[Malegaon Assembly constituency|Malegaon]]||66.25%||Shaikh Rashid Haji Shaikh Shaffi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||80,579||49.85%||Gaikwad Sunil (Aaba) Babulal||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||10,398||6.43%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''70,181'''
|-
|74||[[Dabhadi Assembly constituency|Dabhadi]]||71.56%||[[Dadaji Bhuse]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||68,079||45.01%||Hiray Prashant Vyankatrao||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||59,062||39.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''9,017'''
|-
|75||[[Chandwad Assembly constituency|Chandwad]]||70.63%||Uttam Ganpat Bhalerao||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||50,953||38.48%||[[Shirishkumar Vasantrao Kotwal]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||42,485||32.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''8,468'''
|-
|76||[[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori]]||61.93%||[[Narhari Zirwal|Narhari Sitaram Zirwal]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||61,205||43.08%||Ramdas Kisanrao Charoskar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||31,606||22.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''29,599'''
|-
|77||[[Surgana Assembly constituency|Surgana]]||74.40%||[[Jiva Pandu Gavit]]||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||73,370||53.45%||Gavit Bhaskar Gopal||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||58,749||42.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''14,621'''
|-
|78||[[Kalwan Assembly constituency|Kalwan]]||63.48%||[[Arjun Tulshiram Pawar]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||74,938||59.39%||Gangurde Dhanraj Krishna||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||45,514||36.07%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''29,424'''
|-
|79||[[Baglan Assembly constituency|Baglan]]||52.88%||Chavan Sanjay Kantilal||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||37,155||34.80%||Umaji Manglu Borse||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||35,714||33.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''1,441'''
|-
|80||[[Sakri Assembly constituency|Sakri]]||58.79%||[[Dhanaji Sitaram Ahire]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||62,823||46.94%||Chaudhari Govindrao Shivram||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||47,561||35.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,262'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Nandurbar District
|-
|81||[[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur]]||75.79%||[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,21,613||73.55%||Bagul Anil Sukram||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||23,179||14.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''98,434'''
|-
|82||[[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar]]||66.92%||[[Vijaykumar Gavit|Dr.Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit ]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||72,132||52.04%||Gaikwad Namdevrao Ghamaji||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||33,534||24.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''38,598'''
|-
|83||[[Talode Assembly constituency|Talode]]||69.21%||[[Padmakar Valvi|Padmakar Vijaysing Valvi]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||57,397||44.93%||Dr. Padvi Narendrasing Bhagatsing||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||50,595||39.61%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,802'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Dhule District
|-
|84||[[Akrani Assembly constituency|Akrani]]||61.42%||[[Kagda Chandya Padvi]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||38,165||33.85%||Padvi Udesing Kocharu||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||20,225||17.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''17,940'''
|-
|85||[[Shahada Assembly constituency|Shahada]]||72.96%||[[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||55,674||36.37%||Dr. Deshmukh Hemant Bhaskar||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||43,314||28.30%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''12,360'''
|-
|86||[[Shirpur Assembly constituency|Shirpur]]||65.87%||[[Amrish Patel|Amrishbhai Rasiklal Patel]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||104,535||66.09%||Chaudhari Baban Rawaji||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||44,279||28.00%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''60,256'''
|-
|87||[[Sindkheda Assembly constituency|Sindkheda]]||66.12%||Annasaheb D. V. Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||34,495||29.37%||Patil Ramkrushna Dodha||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||28,823||24.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''5,672'''
|-
|88||[[Kusumba Assembly constituency|Kusumba]]||70.49%||Rohidas Chudaman Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||80,419||55.26%||Prof.Patil Sharad Madhavrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||41,122||28.26%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''39,297'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Jalgaon District
|-
|89||[[Dhule Assembly constituency|Dhule]]||53.40%||Kadambande Rajwardhan Raghojirao Alias Raju Baba||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||54,457||39.26%||[[Subhash Bhamre|DR. SUBHASH RAMRAO BHAMRE]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||49,114||35.41%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''5,343'''
|-
|90||[[Chalisgaon Assembly constituency|Chalisgaon]]||57.07%||Ghode Sahebrao Sitaram||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||44,915||33.74%||Jadhav Ananda Pundlik||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||35,362||26.56%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''9,553'''
|-
|91||[[Parola Assembly constituency|Parola]]||69.20%||Dr. Satish Bhaskarrao Patil||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||65,346||41.88%||Patil Chimanrao Rupchand||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||65,199||41.78%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''147'''
|-
|92||[[Amalner Assembly constituency|Amalner]]||63.72%||Dr. Abasaheb B S Patil||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||51,103||41.29%||Adv. Lalita Sham Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||50,371||40.70%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''732'''
|-
|93||[[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda]]||77.28%||Patil Kailas Gorakh||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||72,715||52.42%||Arunlal Gowardhandas Gujrathi||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||57,209||41.24%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''15,506'''
|-
|94||[[Erandol Assembly constituency|Erandol]]||70.53%||[[Gulab Raghunath Patil]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||68,767||48.49%||Patil Mahendrasinh Dharamsinh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||57,429||40.50%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''11,338'''
|-
|95||[[Jalgaon Assembly constituency|Jalgaon]]||55.01%||[[Suresh Jain|Sureshkumar Bhikamchand Jain]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||73,987||47.90%||Prof. Sonawane Chandrakant Baliram||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||68,099||44.09%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''5,888'''
|-
|96||[[Pachora Assembly constituency|Pachora]]||69.34%||[[Tatyasaheb R.O. Patil]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||75,862||52.35%||[[Dilip Wagh|Dilip Onkar Wagh]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||59,674||41.18%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''16,188'''
|-
|97||[[Jamner Assembly constituency|Jamner]]||72.67%||[[Girish Mahajan|Girish Dattatraya Mahajan]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||71,813||49.50%||Sanjay Bhaskarrao Garud||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||42,500||29.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''29,313'''
|-
|98||[[Bhusawal Assembly constituency|Bhusawal]]||65.71%||Chaudhari Satoshbhau Chabildas||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||92,430||54.88%||Bhole Dilip Atmaram||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||64,664||38.40%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''27,766'''
|-
|99||[[Yawal Assembly constituency|Yawal]]||66.43%||Chaudhary Ramesh Vitthal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||51,148||45.95%||Jawale Haribhau Madhav||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||46,726||41.98%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,422'''
|-
|100||[[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver]]||70.71%||Arun Pandurang Patil||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||61,111||47.62%||D.K Mahajan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||50,180||39.10%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''10,931'''
|-
|101||[[Edlabad Assembly constituency|Edlabad]]||75.53%||[[Eknath Khadse]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||69,006||47.74%||Ravindra Pralhadrao Patil||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||67,157||46.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''1,849'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Buldhana District
|-
|102||[[Malkapur Assembly constituency|Malkapur]]||73.05%||[[Chainsukh Madanlal Sancheti]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||48,719||35.88%||Dr. Arvind Vasudev Kolte||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,898||33.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''2,821'''
|-
|103||[[Buldhana Assembly constituency|Buldhana]]||70.56%||Vijayraj Haribhau Shinde||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||55,546||33.89%||More Muktayarsingh Julalsingh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,908||24.96%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''14,638'''
|-
|104||[[Chikhali Assembly constituency|Chikhali]]||72.81%||Dr. Rajendra Bhaskarrao Shingane||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||71,527||45.54%||Rekha Purushottam Khedekar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||68,969||43.91%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''2,558'''
|-
|105||[[Sindkhed Raja Assembly constituency|Sindkhed Raja]]||74.63%||[[Rajendra Shingne|Dr. Rajendra Bhaskarrao Shingane]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||71,527||45.83%||Dr. Khedekar Shashikant Narsngrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||57,918||37.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''13,609'''
|-
|106||[[Mehkar Assembly constituency|Mehkar]]||74.36%||[[Prataprao Ganpatrao Jadhav|Prataprao Jadhav]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||80,277||54.02%||Bhagwat Mhataraji Magar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||35,456||23.86%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''44,821'''
|-
|107||[[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon]]||74.76%||[[Dilip Sananda|Dilip Kumar Gokulchand Sananda]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||68,034||39.34%||Dhondiram Sonaji Khandare||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||51,995||30.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''16,039'''
|-
|108||[[Jalamb Assembly constituency|Jalamb]]||73.17%||[[Sanjay Kute|Dr. Sanjay Kute]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||50,267||35.09%||Krushnarao Ganpatrao Ingle||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,466||30.34%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''6,801'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Akola District
|-
|109||[[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]]||73.06%||Gulabrao Ramraoji Gawande||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||52,000||36.35%||Hidayatullah Barkatullah Patel||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||31,889||22.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''20,111'''
|-
|110||[[Borgaon Manju Assembly constituency|Borgaon Manju]]||59.43%||Bhade Haridas Pandhari||{{party name with color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}||44,140||26.93%||Malokar Vijay Onkarrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||39,341||24.00%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}"|'''4,799'''
|-
|111||[[Akole Assembly constituency|Akole]]||57.70%||[[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||48,073||36.55%||Khetan Ramakant Umashankar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,545||30.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''7,528'''
|-
|112||[[Balapur Assembly constituency|Balapur]]||65.07%||Gavhankar Narayanrao Haribhau||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||52,157||40.71%||Sy. Mohsin Bhai||{{party name with color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}||44,889||35.04%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''7,268'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Washim District
|-
|113||[[Medshi Assembly constituency|Medshi]]||67.96%||Jadhao Vijay Tulshiram||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||38,525||32.79%||Dr. Ingole Arun Gyanuji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||37,997||32.34%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''528'''
|-
|114||[[Washim Assembly constituency|Washim]]||58.66%||Suresh Bhivaji Ingle||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,131||37.12%||Motiram Saudagar Tupsande||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||32,859||28.95%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,272'''
|-
|115||[[Mangrulpir Assembly constituency|Mangrulpir]]||70.47%||Subhash Pandharinath Thakre||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||45,175||31.25%||Surve Bhimrao Namdeo||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||36,806||25.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''8,369'''
|-
|116||[[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur]]||63.89%||[[Tukaram Bidkar]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||47,580||40.09%||Kambe Raosaheb Dattuji||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||35,633||30.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''11,947'''
|-
|117||[[Karanja Assembly constituency|Karanja]]||67.20%||[[Rajendra Sukhanand Patni]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||36,695||30.01%||[[Prakash Dahake|Prakash Uttamrao Dahake]]||{{party name with color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}||36,648||29.98%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''47'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Amravati District
|-
|118||[[Daryapur Assembly constituency|Daryapur]]||69.64%||[[Prakash Gunvantrao Bharsakale]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||53,329||42.23%||Arun Tryamba Krao Gawande||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||29,029||22.98%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''24,300'''
|-
|119||[[Melghat Assembly constituency|Melghat]]||61.65%||[[Rajkumar Dayaram Patel]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||61,354||45.98%||Patel Ramu Mhatang||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||57,582||43.15%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''3,772'''
|-
|120||[[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur]]||73.05%||[[Bachchu Kadu]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||56,471||38.24%||[[Vasudhatai Pundlikrao Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||51,085||34.59%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''5,386'''
|-
|121||[[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi]]||72.30%||Harshwardhan Pratapsinha Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}||36,524||27.66%||[[Anil Bonde|Dr. Anil Sukhdeorao Bonde]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||35,143||26.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Jan Surajya Shakti}}"|'''1,381'''
|-
|122||[[Teosa Assembly constituency|Teosa]]||66.90%||Sahebrao Ramchandra Tatte||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||38,894||34.29%||Yashomati Bhayyasaheb Thakur||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||31,956||28.17%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''6,938'''
|-
|123||[[Walgaon Assembly constituency|Walgaon]]||67.46%||Band Sanjay Raosaheb||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||41,109||37.53%||Warhade Sunil Gopalrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,346||25.88%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''12,763'''
|-
|124||[[Amravati Assembly constituency|Amravati]]||55.48%||[[Sunil Deshmukh|Dr. Sunil Panjabrao Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||81,698||55.05%||Jagdish Gupta||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||49,435||33.31%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''32,263'''
|-
|125||[[Badnera Assembly constituency|Badnera]]||62.52%||[[Sulbha Sanjay Khodke]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||54,995||36.88%||Dyaneshwar Dhane Patil||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||49,236||33.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''5,759'''
|-
|126||[[Chandur Assembly constituency|Chandur]]||70.59%||[[Virendra Jagtap|Virendra Walmikrao Jagtap]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,536||39.81%||[[Pratap Adsad|Pratap Arunbhau Adsad]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||32,233||28.18%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''13,303'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Wardha District
|-
|127||[[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]]||70.46%||[[Amar Sharadrao Kale]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||70,938||51.03%||[[Dadarao Keche]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||45,861||32.99%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''25,077'''
|-
|128||[[Pulgaon Assembly constituency|Pulgaon]]||65.12%||[[Ranjit Kamble|Ranjit Prataprao Kamble]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||58,836||42.46%||Shende Pramod Bhusaheb||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||53,963||38.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''4,873'''
|-
|129||[[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha]]||62.06%||Pramod Bhauraoji Shende||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||53,963||42.51%||Shyam Gaikwad||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||34,731||27.36%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''19,232'''
|-
|130||[[Hinganghat Assembly constituency|Hinganghat]]||69.39%||Timande Raju Alias Mohan Wasudeorao||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||82,630||52.08%||Ashok Shamrao Shinde||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||56,258||35.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''26,372'''
|-
|131||[[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred]]||73.71%||[[Rajendra Mulak]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||66,539||47.94%||Vitthalrao Jagobaji Raut Patil||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||41,573||29.95%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''24,966'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Nagpur District
|-
|132||[[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi]]||66.04%||[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||56,128||34.86%||[[Sulekha Kumbhare|Sulekha Narayan Kumbhare]]||{{party name with color|Republican Party of India}}||48,734||30.27%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''7,394'''
|-
|133||[[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North]]||45.99%||[[Nitin Raut|Dr. Nitin Kashinath Raut]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||70,758||50.26%||Shamkule Nanaji Sitaram||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||33,556||23.83%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''37,202'''
|-
|134||[[Nagpur East Assembly constituency|Nagpur East]]||53.87%||[[Satish Chaturvedi|Satish Jhaulal Chaturvedi]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||96,246||46.47%||Shekhar Jayram Sawarbandhe||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||84,415||40.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,831'''
|-
|135||[[Nagpur South Assembly constituency|Nagpur South]]||52.95%||Govindrao Marotrao Wanjari||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,551||36.21%||[[Mohan Mate|Mohan Gopalrao Mate]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||35,537||28.88%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,014'''
|-
|136||[[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central]]||56.73%||[[Anees Ahmed]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39,684||49.86%||Dayashankar Chandrashekhar Tiwari||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||28,401||35.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,283'''
|-
|137||[[Nagpur West Assembly constituency|Nagpur West]]||52.30%||[[Devendra Fadnavis]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||113,143||48.59%||Deshmukh Ranjeetbabu Arvindbabu||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||95,533||41.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''17,610'''
|-
|138||[[Kalmeshwar Assembly constituency|Kalmeshwar]]||69.56%||Bang Rameshchandra Gopikisan||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||48,643||31.17%||Gawande Sunita Ramesh||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||45,579||29.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''3,064'''
|-
|139||[[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol]]||71.73%||[[Anil Deshmukh|Anil Vasantrao Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||75,173||64.56%||Shinde Satish Sunil||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||30,324||26.04%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''44,849'''
|-
|140||[[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner]]||74.55%||[[Sunil Chhatrapal Kedar]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||61,863||41.30%||Asole Deorao Vitthalrao||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||48,396||32.31%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''13,467'''
|-
|141||[[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek]]||70.09%||[[Ashish Jaiswal|Ashish Nandkishor Jaiswal]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||41,115||27.79%||Kimmatkar Madhukar Ghanshyamrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||27,539||18.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''13,576'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Bhandara District
|-
|142||[[Tumsar Assembly constituency|Tumsar]]||75.80%||[[Madhukar Kukde|Madhukar Yashwantrao Kukde]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||29,725||25.36%||Anil Bawankar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||25,524||21.77%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''4,201'''
|-
|143||[[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara]]||73.46%||Panchabudhe Nana Jairam||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||43,269||32.78%||Aswale Ram Gopal||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||42,158||31.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''1,111'''
|-
|144||[[Adyar Assembly constituency|Adyar]]||75.73%||Sawarbandhe Bhuishchandra Alies Bandubhau Harishchandra||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,627||33.11%||Dahare Naresh Keshaorao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||37,860||28.73%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,767'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Gondia District
|-
|145||[[Tirora Assembly constituency|Tirora]]||69.54%||Dilip Waman Bansod||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||49,271||45.90%||Vaidya Bhajandas Vithoba||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||32,202||30.00%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''17,069'''
|-
|146||[[Gondiya Assembly constituency|Gondiya]]||68.61%||[[Gopaldas Shankarlal Agrawal]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||51,453||41.19%||Kuthe Rameshkumar Sampatrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||45,932||36.77%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''5,521'''
|-
|147||[[Goregaon, Gondia Assembly constituency|Goregaon]]||76.02%||Patle Hemant (Tanubhau) Shrawan||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||51,209||44.63%||Baghele Dr. Zamsinghbhau Fagalalbhau||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||48,435||42.22%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''2,774'''
|-
|148||[[Amgaon Assembly constituency|Amgaon]]||77.30%||Nagpure Bhersinh Dukluji||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||48,760||31.94%||Nareshkumar Amritlal Maheshwari||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||48,167||31.55%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''593'''
|-
|149||[[Sakoli Assembly constituency|Sakoli]]||76.82%||Sewakbhau Nirdhanji Waghaye||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||57,293||42.77%||Girhepunje Shiwram Sonabaji||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||43,173||32.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,120'''
|-
|150||[[Lakhandur Assembly constituency|Lakhandur]]||81.60%||Patole Nanabhau Falgunrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||85,593||53.87%||Kapgate Dayaram Maroti||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||43,833||27.59%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''41,760'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Gadchiroli District
|-
|151||[[Armori Assembly constituency|Armori]]||73.90%||Anandrao Gangaram Gedam||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||53,567||37.83%||Madavi Ramkrushna Hariji||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||40,841||28.84%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,726'''
|-
|152||[[Gadchiroli Assembly constituency|Gadchiroli]]||72.11%||[[Ashok Nete]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||60,516||42.12%||Poreti Tulshiram Raoji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||50,823||35.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''9,693'''
|-
|153||[[Sironcha Assembly constituency|Sironcha]]||72.48%||[[Dharamrao Baba Atram|Dharamraobaba Bhagwantrao Atram]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||42,198||30.61%||Atram Dipak Dada||{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}||34,831||25.26%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''7,367'''
|-
|154||[[Rajura Assembly constituency|Rajura]]||73.34%||[[Wamanrao Chatap|Wamanrao Sadashivrao Chatap]]||{{party name with color|Swatantra Bharat Paksha}}||66,216||37.66%||Nimkar Sudarshan Bhagwanrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||57,155||32.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Swatantra Bharat Paksha}}"|'''9,061'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Chandrapur District
|-
|155||[[Chandrapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]]||61.93%||[[Sudhir Mungantiwar|Sudhir Sachchidanand Mungantiwar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||94,003||49.99%||Gawande ( Guruji ) Gajanan Balaji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||67,102||35.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''26,901'''
|-
|156||[[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli]]||66.43%||[[Shobha Fadnavis]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||48,004||31.99%||Deorao Bhayyaji Bhandekar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,094||28.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''4,910'''
|-
|157||[[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri]]||72.26%||Atul Devidas Deshkar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||52,953||36.78%||Misar Damodhar Shravan||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||38,777||26.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''14,176'''
|-
|158||[[Chimur Assembly constituency|Chimur]]||74.49%||[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||45,332||30.98%||Dr. Avinash Manoharrao Warjukar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,529||30.43%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''803'''
|-
|159||[[Bhadrawati Assembly constituency|Bhadrawati]]||65.54%||Sanjay Wamanrao Deotale||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||48,422||34.10%||Dr. Anil Laxmanrao Bujone||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||29,979||21.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,443'''
|-
|160||[[Wani Assembly constituency|Wani]]||73.10%||Vishwas Ramchandra Nandekar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||61,926||45.35%||[[Wamanrao Bapurao Kasawar|Wamanrao Kasawar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||47,860||35.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''14,066'''
|-
|161||[[Ralegaon Assembly constituency|Ralegaon]]||72.64%||[[Vasant Purke|Prof. Vasantrao Chindhuji Purke]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||64,686||45.92%||[[Ashok Uike|Ashok Ramaji Uike]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||53,468||37.96%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,218'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Yavatmal District
|-
|162||[[Kelapur Assembly constituency|Kelapur]]||70.67%||[[Sandip Prabhakar Dhurve]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||50,427||40.27%||Moghe Shivajirao Shivaramji||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,897||36.65%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''4,530'''
|-
|163||[[Yavatmal Assembly constituency|Yavatmal]]||56.96%||[[Madan Yerawar|Madan Madhukar Yerawar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||49,234||35.76%||Kirti Gandhi||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,875||31.14%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''6,359'''
|-
|164||[[Darwha Assembly constituency|Darwha]]||75.57%||[[Sanjay Rathod]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||68,586||48.94%||[[Manikrao Thakare|Manikrao Govindrao Thakare]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||47,044||33.57%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''21,542'''
|-
|165||[[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras]]||75.54%||[[Sanjay Deshmukh|Sanjay Uttamrao Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||42,991||28.22%||Shreekant Alias Balasaheb Munginwar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||40,473||26.56%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''2,518'''
|-
|166||[[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]||71.01%||[[Manohar Naik|Manohar Rajusing Naik]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||92,647||57.76%||Phupate Aarti Haribhau||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||51,226||31.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''41,421'''
|-
|167||[[Umarkhed Assembly constituency|Umarkhed]]||70.13%||Ingle Uttam Raghoji||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||52,143||35.24%||Adv.Devsarkar Anantrao Apparao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,234||25.17%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''14,909'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Nanded District
|-
|168||[[Kinwat Assembly constituency|Kinwat]]||76.42%||[[Pradeep Hemsingh Jadhav]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||64,558||45.64%||Keram Bhimrao Ramaji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||36,042||25.48%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''28,516'''
|-
|169||[[Hadgaon Assembly constituency|Hadgaon]]||73.88%||[[Subhash Bapurao Wankhede]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||51,842||34.42%||[[Jawalgaonkar Madhavrao Nivruttirao Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||48,104||31.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''3,738'''
|-
|170||[[Nanded Assembly constituency|Nanded]]||55.57%||Anusayatai Prakash Khedkar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||84,610||38.99%||Omprakash Ganeshlal Pokrna||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||63,835||29.42%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''20,775'''
|-
|171||[[Mudkhed Assembly constituency|Mudkhed]]||73.31%||[[Ashok Chavan|Ashokrao Shankarrao Chavan]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,05,932||62.15%||Kunturker Gangadharrao Mohanrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||35,478||20.81%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''70,454'''
|-
|172||[[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]||74.34%||[[Bapusaheb Gorthekar]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||51,694||36.61%||Ghisewad Naganath Lakshman||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||44,992||31.86%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''6,702'''
|-
|173||[[Biloli Assembly constituency|Biloli]]||67.71%||Abhiyanta Bhaskarrao Patil Khatgaonkar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||59,639||36.67%||Kasralikar Thakkarwad Gangaram Poshetty||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||51,421||31.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''8,218'''
|-
|174||[[Mukhed Assembly constituency|Mukhed]]||66.76%||[[Subhash Piraji Sabne]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||63,525||42.67%||Avinash Madhukarrao Ghate||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||58,172||39.07%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''5,353'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Parbhani District
|-
|175||[[Kandhar Assembly constituency|Kandhar]]||74.70%||Chikhlikar Prataprao Govindrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||49,191||30.85%||Shankar Anna Dhondge||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||43,218||27.11%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''5,973'''
|-
|176||[[Gangakhed Assembly constituency|Gangakhed]]||66.13%||Gaikwad Vitthal Purbhaji||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||43,065||34.21%||Ghandant Sitaram Chimaji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||33,764||26.82%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''9,301'''
|-
|177||[[Singnapur Assembly constituency|Singnapur]]||72.36%||Suresh Ambadasrao Warpudkar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||45,561||35.75%||Ambegaonkar Manikrao Sopanrao (Jadhav)||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||26,158||20.52%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''19,403'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Hingoli District
|-
|178||[[Parbhani Assembly constituency|Parbhani]]||61.57%||[[Sanjay Haribhau Jadhav]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||74,939||47.20%||Ashok Anandrao Deshmukh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||65,192||41.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''9,747'''
|-
|179||[[Basmath Assembly constituency|Basmath]]||78.51%||Jayprakash R. Salunke Dandegaonkar||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||80,935||46.47%||Dr. Jayprakash Shankarlal Mundada||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||80,627||46.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''308'''
|-
|180||[[Kalamnuri Assembly constituency|Kalamnuri]]||68.63%||Ghuge Gajanan Vitthalrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||72,221||49.86%||Ramrao Sakharam Wadkute||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||48,248||33.31%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''23,973'''
|-
|181||[[Hingoli Assembly constituency|Hingoli]]||69.07%||Patil Bhaurao Baburao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||48,646||31.86%||Patil Sahebrao Narayanrao||{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}||32,649||21.38%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''15,997'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Jalna District
|-
|182||[[Jintur Assembly constituency|Jintur]]||72.44%||Ramprasad Kadam Bordikar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||65,451||44.99%||Kundlikrao Bhagwanrao Nagre||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||29,458||20.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''35,993'''
|-
|183||[[Pathri Assembly constituency|Pathri]]||72.26%||[[Babajani Durrani|Abdullah "Babajani" Khan Durrani]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||49,801||38.24%||Haribhau Vitthalrao Lahane||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||43,331||33.27%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''6,470'''
|-
|184||[[Partur Assembly constituency|Partur]]||67.70%||[[Babanrao Lonikar|Babanrao Dattatray Yadav]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||41,515||30.43%||Gopalrao Govindrao Borade||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28,110||20.61%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''13,405'''
|-
|185||[[Ambad Assembly constituency|Ambad]]||78.03%||Rajeshbhaiyya Tope||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||76,816||46.29%||Vilasbapu Vithalrao Kharat||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||40,127||24.18%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''36,689'''
|-
|186||[[Jalna Assembly constituency|Jalna]]||63.57%||[[Arjun Khotkar]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||86,696||51.50%||Kailas Kisanrao Gorantyal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||70,022||41.59%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''16,674'''
|-
|187||[[Badnapur Assembly constituency|Badnapur]]||72.78%||Arvind Bajirao Chavan||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||56,539||38.06%||Ghuge Bhanudas Ambuji||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||48,910||32.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''7,629'''
|-
|188||[[Bhokardan Assembly constituency|Bhokardan]]||72.80%||[[Chandrakant Danve]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||73,611||45.48%||Thote Shivajirao Dhondiba||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||70,472||43.54%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''3,139'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Aurangabad District
|-
|189||[[Sillod Assembly constituency|Sillod]]||74.37%||Lokhande Sandu Ananada||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||54,290||37.45%||[[Abdul Sattar (Maharashtra politician)|Abdul Sattar Abdul Nabi]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||53,989||37.24%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''301'''
|-
|190||[[Kannad Assembly constituency|Kannad]]||73.41%||Namdev Ramrao Pawar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||35,951||21.14%||Patil Nitin Suresh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||35,251||20.73%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''700'''
|-
|191||[[Vaijapur Assembly constituency|Vaijapur]]||73.24%||[[Rangnath Wani|Rangnath Murlidhar Wani]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||41,365||30.46%||Bhausaheb Ramrao Chikatgaonkar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||32,413||23.87%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''8,952'''
|-
|192||[[Gangapur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Gangapur]]||62.89%||Annasaheb Mane Patil||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||50,985||32.11%||Chavan Vilas Dadarao||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||46,342||29.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''4,643'''
|-
|193||[[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West]]||59.80%||[[Rajendra Darda]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,54,056||45.86%||Jaiswal Pradeep||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||1,46,170||43.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,886'''
|-
|194||[[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East]]||68.32%||[[Kalyan Kale|Dr. Kalyan Kale]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||97,278||48.20%||[[Haribhau Bagade]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||88,168||43.69%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''9,110'''
|-
|195||[[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]]||70.82%||[[Sandipanrao Bhumre|Sandipanrao Asaram Bhumare]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||48,462||39.68%||Shinde Sunil Shivaji||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||43,336||35.48%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''5,126'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Beed District
|-
|196||[[Georai Assembly constituency|Georai]]||80.22%||[[Amarsinh Pandit]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||80,414||50.82%||[[Badamrao Pandit]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||63,814||40.33%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''16,600'''
|-
|197||[[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon]]||72.03%||[[Prakashdada Solanke]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||71,937||41.92%||Jagtap Bajirao Sonaji||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||36,907||21.51%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''35,030'''
|-
|198||[[Beed Assembly constituency|Beed]]||71.35%||Dhande Sunil Suryabhan||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||86,581||49.52%||Syed Salim Ali Syed Ali||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||71,308||40.79%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''15,273'''
|-
|199||[[Ashti Assembly constituency|Ashti]]||77.35%||[[Suresh Dhas]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||92,706||52.07%||Dhonde Bhimrao Anandrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||41,085||23.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''51,621'''
|-
|200||[[Chausala Assembly constituency|Chausala]]||77.29%||Andhale Keshavrao Yadavrao||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||78,439||47.81%||Jaydattaji Kshirsagar||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||75,062||45.75%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''3,377'''
|-
|201||[[Kaij Assembly constituency|Kaij]]||70.97%||[[Vimal Mundada|Dr. Vimal Mundada]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||86,720||54.73%||Chandrashekhar Vishnupant Wadmare||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||59,380||37.48%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''27,340'''
|-
|202||[[Renapur Assembly constituency|Renapur]]||73.72%||[[Gopinath Munde|Gopinath Pandurang Munde]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||92,745||56.56%||Fulchand Yedba Karad||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||54,312||33.12%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''38,433'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Latur District
|-
|203||[[Ahmedpur Assembly constituency|Ahmedpur]]||74.63%||Khandade Babruwan Ramkrishna||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||48,406||33.15%||Kalegaonkar Vinayakrao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,720||29.94%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''4,686'''
|-
|204||[[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir]]||71.02%||Bhosale Chandrashekhar Dhoniba||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||57,605||36.84%||Kendre Govind Dnyanoba||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||54,488||34.85%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''3,117'''
|-
|205||[[Her Assembly constituency|Her]]||69.15%||Kamble Trimbak Pandurang||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||45,058||39.21%||Prof.Ramkishan Bhimrao Sonkamble||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||43,588||37.93%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''1,470'''
|-
|206||[[Latur Assembly constituency|Latur]]||67.48%||[[Vilasrao Deshmukh|Vilasrao Dagadojirao Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,47,033||61.50%||[[Shivajirao Patil Kavhekar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||70,000||29.28%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''77,033'''
|-
|207||[[Kalamb Assembly constituency|Kalamb]]||66.50%||Dayanand Bhimrao Gaikwad||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||38,255||31.72%||Kamble Shivaji Vitthal||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36,952||30.64%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''1,303'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Osmanabad District
|-
|208||[[Paranda Assembly constituency|Paranda]]||73.02%||Rahul Maharuda Mote||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||56,225||40.05%||Balasaheb Bhagwantrao Patil||{{party name with color|Rashtriya Samaj Paksha}}||44,734||31.87%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''11,491'''
|-
|209||[[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad]]||68.04%||[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Dr. Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||68,834||45.77%||Pawan Raje Bhopalsinh Santajirao Rajenimbalkar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||68,350||45.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''484'''
|-
|210||[[Ausa Assembly constituency|Ausa]]||66.64%||Mane Dinakar Baburao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||71,324||52.88%||Patil Shesherao Trimbakrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||49,865||36.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''21,459'''
|-
|211||[[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga]]||71.90%||[[Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||66,346||43.42%||[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||63,990||41.88%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''2,356'''
|-
|212||[[Omerga Assembly constituency|Omerga]]||70.49%||[[Ravindra Gaikwad]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||64,401||43.36%||Basavraj Madhavrao Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||61,848||41.64%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''2,553'''
|-
|213||[[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur]]||71.27%||[[Madhukarrao Chavan| Madhukarao Deorao Chavan]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||40,958||35.10%||Devanand Sahebrao Rochkari||{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}||37,513||32.15%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''3,445'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Solapur District
|-
|214||[[Akkalkot Assembly constituency|Akkalkot]]||68.94%||[[Siddharam Satlingappa Mhetre]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||62,701||52.20%||Patil Sidramappa Malakappa||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||50,207||41.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''12,494'''
|-
|215||[[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]]||65.19%||[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||62,196||51.90%||Uday Ramesh Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||32,344||26.99%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''29,852'''
|-
|216||[[Solapur City South Assembly constituency|Solapur City South]]||56.19%||Adam Narsayya Narayan||{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}||32,552||30.63%||Shivsharan Hanmantappa Birajdar-Patil||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||27,361||25.74%||style="background:{{party colour|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}"|'''5,191'''
|-
|217||[[Solapur City North Assembly constituency|Solapur City North]]||58.79%||[[Vijay Deshmukh|Vijay Siddramappa Deshmukh ]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||32,665||51.11%||Chakote Vishwanath Baburao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||25,392||39.73%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''7,273'''
|-
|218||[[North Sholapur Assembly constituency|North Sholapur]]||43.49%||Khandare Uttamprakash Baburao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||78,252||46.81%||Laxman Bapurao Mane||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||55,986||33.49%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''22,266'''
|-
|219||[[Mangalwedha Assembly constituency|Mangalwedha]]||58.63%||Sale Ramchandra Dnyanoba||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||47,251||40.04%||Gopal Sambhu Shivsharan||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||32,303||27.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''14,948'''
|-
|220||[[Mohol Assembly constituency|Mohol]]||76.40%||Patil Rajan Baburao||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||80,128||59.84%||Nimbalkar Chandrakant Dattaji||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||48,903||36.52%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''31,225'''
|-
|221||[[Barshi Assembly constituency|Barshi]]||79.57%||[[Rajendra Raut]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||73,401||50.39%||[[Dilip Gangadhar Sopal]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||68,181||46.81%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''5,220'''
|-
|222||[[Madha Assembly constituency|Madha]]||76.32%||[[Babanrao Vitthalrao Shinde]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||92,851||61.13%||Sawant Shivaji Jaywant||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||50,106||32.99%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''42,745'''
|-
|223||[[Pandharpur Assembly constituency|Pandharpur]]||79.73%||Sudhakar Ramchandra Paricharak||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||84,554||42.11%||Pandurang Patil Yashwantrao||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||60,415||30.08%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''24,139'''
|-
|224||[[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola]]||78.28%||[[Ganpatrao Deshmukh|Ganpatrao Abasaheb Deshmukh]]||{{party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}||1,00,000||52.64%||[[Shahajibapu Rajaram Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||79,404||41.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|'''20,596'''
|-
|225||[[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras]]||78.27%||[[Vijaysinh Mohite–Patil]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||132,543||69.92%||Deshmukh Ramdas Abasaheb||{{party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}||27,831||14.68%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''104,712'''
|-
|226||[[Karmala Assembly constituency|Karmala]]||79.77%||Jaywantrao Namdeorao Jagtap||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||62,692||49.23%||Bagal Digambar Murlidhar||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||59,052||46.37%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''3,640'''
|-
|227||[[Karjat Assembly constituency|Karjat]]||59.66%||Sadashiv Kisan Lokhande||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||56,524||47.76%||Arvind Shahurao Kalookhe||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||50,051||42.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''6,473'''
|-
|228||[[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda]]||72.80%||[[Babanrao Pachpute|Pachpute Babanrao Bhikaji]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||61,573||37.10%||Nagwade Shivajirao Narayan||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,288||25.48%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''19,285'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Ahmednagar District
|-
|229||[[Ahmednagar South Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar South]]||56.25%||[[Anil Rathod]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||78,192||58.32%||Kalamkar Dadabhau Dasarth Rao||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||52,742||39.34%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''25,450'''
|-
|230||[[Ahmednagar North Assembly constituency|Ahmednagar North]]||68.26%||[[Shivaji Bhanudas Kardile]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||76,436||42.49%||Shelke Maruti Deoram||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||44,591||24.79%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''31,845'''
|-
|231||[[Pathardi Assembly constituency|Pathardi]]||73.74%||[[Rajeev Rajale]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||66,846||44.27%||Dhakane Partap Babanrao||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||60,845||40.30%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''6,001'''
|-
|232||[[Shegaon Assembly constituency|Shegaon]]||71.54%||Ghule Narendra Marutraoji||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||69,566||48.08%||Langhe Vitthal Vakilrao||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||68,764||47.52%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''802'''
|-
|233||[[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]]||74.22%||Jayant Murlidhar Sasane||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||61,521||49.71%||Murkute Bhanudas Kashinath||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||54,358||43.92%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''7,163'''
|-
|234||[[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]]||69.04%||[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||95,204||79.71%||Gadekar Dhanjay Shravan||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||24,237||20.29%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''70,967'''
|-
|235||[[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon]]||81.15%||Ashokrao Shankarrao Kale||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||77,326||53.55%||Kolhe Bipin Shankarrao||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||61,012||42.26%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''16,314'''
|-
|236||[[Rahuri Assembly constituency|Rahuri]]||74.78%||Kadam Chandrashekar Laxmanrao||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||70,751||51.32%||[[Prasad Tanpure|Prasadrao Baburao Tanpure]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||61,020||44.26%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''9,731'''
|-
|237||[[Parner Assembly constituency|Parner]]||69.46%||[[Vijayrao Bhaskarrao Auti]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||59,528||50.01%||Patil Vansantrao Kishanrao||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||50,391||42.34%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''9,137'''
|-
|238||[[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]]||72.62%||[[Balasaheb Thorat|Vijay Bhausaheb Thorat]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,20,058||71.04%||Sambhajirao Ramchandra Thorat||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||44,301||26.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''75,757'''
|-
|239||[[Nagar–Akola Assembly constituency|Nagar–Akola]]||70.54%||[[Madhukar Pichad]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||73,405||47.97%||Ashok Yashwant Bhangare||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||68,485||44.76%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''4,920'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Pune District
|-
|240||[[Junnar Assembly constituency|Junnar]]||71.27%||[[Vallabh Benke]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||73,855||50.00%||Janardan Alias Balasaheb Sawlerambuwa Dangat||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||59,724||40.43%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''14,131'''
|-
|241||[[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon]]||74.94%||[[Dilip Walse Patil]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||81,830||64.02%||Adv. Avinash Tukaram Rahane||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||42,194||33.01%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''39,636'''
|-
|242||[[Khed Alandi Assembly constituency|Khed Alandi]]||62.84%||[[Dilip Mohite|Dilip Dattatray Mohite]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||76,769||52.51%||Narayanrao Baburao Pawar||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||62,439||42.71%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''14,330'''
|-
|243||[[Maval Assembly constituency|Maval]]||66.48%||Bhegde Digambar Baloba||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||49,612||33.73%||Bafna Madanlal Harakchand||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||46,300||31.48%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''3,312'''
|-
|244||[[Mulshi Assembly constituency|Mulshi]]||49.00%||Dhamale Sharad Bajirao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||78,701||38.33%||Rajendra Tukaram Hagawane||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||61,594||30.00%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''17,107'''
|-
|245||[[Haveli, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Haveli]]||39.26%||Vilas Vithoba Lande||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||149,057||47.12%||[[Gajanan Dharmshi Babar]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||131,981||41.72%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''17,076'''
|-
|246||[[Bopodi Assembly constituency|Bopodi]]||43.19%||Adv. Chandrakant Chhajed||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||47,534||45.47%||Aba Alias Prabhakar Sadashiv Nikam||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||34,524||33.03%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''13,010'''
|-
|247||[[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar]]||49.72%||[[Vinayak Nimhan| Vinayak Mahadeo Nimhan]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||114,713||57.91%||Anil Shivajirao Bhosale||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||76,532||38.64%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''38,181'''
|-
|248||[[Parvati Assembly constituency|Parvati]]||43.81%||Bagve Ramesh Anandrao||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||96,853||54.09%||Gangurde Vishwas Krishnarao||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||70,179||39.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''26,674'''
|-
|249||[[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth]]||54.84%||[[Girish Bapat]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||38,160||55.81%||Anna Thorat||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||28,542||41.74%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''9,618'''
|-
|250||[[Bhavani Peth Assembly constituency|Bhavani Peth]]||48.12%||Kamal Ulhas Dhole Patil||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||39,861||44.50%||Deepak Natharam Paigude||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||39,604||44.21%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''257'''
|-
|251||[[Pune Cantonment Assembly constituency|Pune Cantonment]]||42.26%||Balasaheb Alias Chandrakant Shivarkar||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||101,802||56.66%||Leelavati Vithal Tupe||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||68,984||38.39%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''32,818'''
|-
|252||[[Shirur Assembly constituency|Shirur]]||68.69%||Baburao Kashinath Pacharne||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||70,601||49.12%||Gawade Popatrao Hariba||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||61,041||42.46%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''9,560'''
|-
|253||[[Daund Assembly constituency|Daund]]||71.04%||Ranjana Subhashrao Kul||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||102,264||52.59%||Rameshappa Kisan Thorat||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||78,037||40.13%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''24,227'''
|-
|254||[[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur]]||74.50%||[[Harshvardhan Patil|Harshvardhan Shahajirao Patil]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||94,409||55.51%||Garatkar Pradeep Prabhakar||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||69,836||41.06%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''24,573'''
|-
|255||[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]||66.67%||[[Ajit Pawar]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||96,302||69.07%||Popatrao Mansingrao Tupe||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||30,145||21.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''66,157'''
|-
|256||[[Purandar Assembly constituency|Purandar]]||65.40%||Ashok Kondiba Tekawade||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||63,011||41.49%||Dada Jadhavrao||{{party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}||49,551||32.60%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''30,897'''
|-
|257||[[Bhor Assembly constituency|Bhor]]||68.84%||Anantrao Thopate||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||61,536||55.15%||Dhumal Mansing Khanderao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||43,102||38.63%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''18,434'''
|-
|258||[[Phaltan Assembly constituency|Phaltan]]||67.67%||[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||82,996||61.69%||Naik Nimbalkar Ranjatsinh Hindurao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||42,051||31.25%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''40,945'''
|-
|259||[[Man Assembly constituency|Man]]||68.54%||Awaghade Sampatrao Ganapat||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||58,398||40.64%||Mane Baburao Jotiram||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||39,095||27.20%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''19,303'''
|-
|260||[[Khatav Assembly constituency|Khatav]]||71.52%||Dilip Muralidhar Yelgaonkar||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||76,435||55.72%||Gharge Prabhakar Devaba||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||30,744||22.41%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''45,691'''
|-
|261||[[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon]]||67.10%||[[Shalini Patil|Dr. Shalini Patil]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||61,326||51.29%||Mahadik Shivajirao Anandrao (Sir)||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||26,322||22.01%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''35,004'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Satara District
|-
|262||[[Wai Assembly constituency|Wai]]||75.43%||Madanrao Prataprao Bhosale||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||68,660||53.69%||[[Makrand Jadhav|Makrand Laxmanrao Jadhav-Patil]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||50,395||39.41%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''18,265'''
|-
|263||[[Jaoli Assembly constituency|Jaoli]]||71.71%||Shinde Shashikant Jayawantrao||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||89,240||59.78%||Sapkal Sadashiv Pandurang||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||45,701||30.61%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''43,539'''
|-
|264||[[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]]||70.26%||Bhonsale Shrimant Shivendrasinh Abhayasinhraje||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||82,238||52.60%||Bhonsle Shrimant Chhatrapati Udayanraje Pratapsinh Maharaj||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||71,324||45.62%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''10,914'''
|-
|265||[[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]]||81.13%||[[Shambhuraj Desai|Shambhuraj Shivajirao Desai]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||72,214||50.88%||[[Vikramsinh Patankar|Vikramsinh Ranjitsinh Patankar]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||66,363||46.75%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''5,851'''
|-
|266||[[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]]||70.03%||[[Shamrao Pandurang Patil]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||71,541||47.94%||Arun Sopanrao Jadhav||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||67,920||45.52%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''3,621'''
|-
|267||[[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South]]||68.02%||Vilasrao Balkrishna Patil||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||108,367||84.07%||Subhedar Kamlakar Gopal||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||12,914||10.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''95,453'''
|-
|268||[[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]]||82.28%||Shivajirao Yashwantrao Naik||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||65,717||39.94%||[[Mansing Fattesingrao Naik]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||56,256||34.19%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''9,461'''
|-
|269||[[Walva Assembly constituency|Walva]]||75.15%||[[Jayant Patil|Jayant Rajaram Patil]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||120,830||74.43%||Raghunath Dada Patil||{{party name with color|Swatantra Bharat Paksha}}||35,740||22.02%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''85,090'''
|-
|270||[[Bhilwadi Wangi Assembly constituency|Bhilwadi Wangi]]||75.41%||[[Patangrao Kadam|Dr. Patangrao Shripatrao Kadam]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||121,941||77.60%||Dr. Prithviraj Sampatrao Chavan||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||20,041||12.75%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''101,900'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Sangli District
|-
|271||[[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]]||70.79%||[[Madan Patil|Madan Vishwanathrao Patil]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||66,563||45.55%||[[Sambhaji Pawar]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||39,796||27.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''26,767'''
|-
|272||[[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]]||64.31%||Dhatture Hafijabhai Husen||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||45,181||32.17%||Patil Bajrang Tukaram||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||33,766||24.05%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''11,415'''
|-
|273||[[Tasgaon Assembly constituency|Tasgaon]]||79.98%||[[R. R. Patil|Raosaheb Ramrao Patil]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||70,483||50.36%||[[Sanjaykaka Patil|Sanjay Ramchandra Patil]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||64,179||45.86%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''6,304'''
|-
|274||[[Khanapur Atpadi Assembly constituency|Khanapur Atpadi]]||72.97%||Sadashivrao Hanmantrao Patil||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||79,813||50.94%||Anilbhau Kaljerao Babar||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||54,726||34.93%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''25,087'''
|-
|275||[[Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Kavathe Mahankal]]||73.21%||Ajitrao Shankarrao Ghorpade||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||72,597||50.57%||Jaysingrao(Tatya) Dhondiram Shendage||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||58,501||40.75%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''14,096'''
|-
|276||[[Jat Assembly constituency|Jat]]||66.69%||[[Suresh Khade|Sureshbhau Dagadu Khade]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||63,059||46.11%||Sanamadikar Umaji Dhanappa||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37,610||27.50%||style="background:{{party colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|'''25,449'''
|-
|277||[[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol]]||73.92%||[[Raju Shetti]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||61,254||35.10%||Magdum Rajanitai Vishwanath||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42,507||24.36%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''18,747'''
|-
! colspan="14" |Kolhapur District
|-
|278||[[Ichalkaranji Assembly constituency|Ichalkaranji]]||69.24%||[[Prakashanna Awade]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1,07,846||58.89%||Pujari Shankarrao Ramchandra||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||34,672||18.93%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''73,174'''
|-
|279||[[Vadgaon Assembly constituency|Vadgaon]]||71.43%||Awale Raju Kisan||{{party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}||67,489||42.99%||Avale Jayawant Gangaram||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||56,356||35.90%||style="background:{{party colour|Jan Surajya Shakti}}"|'''11,133'''
|-
|280||[[Shahuwadi Assembly constituency|Shahuwadi]]||83.26%||[[Satyajeet Patil|Satyajeet (Aaba) Babasaheb Patil Sarudkar]]||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||51,075||35.88%||Karnasinh Sanjaysinh Gaikwad (Bal)||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||44,600||31.33%||style="background:{{party colour|Shiv Sena}}"|'''6,475'''
|-
|281||[[Panhala Assembly constituency|Panhala]]||84.40%||[[Vinay Kore|Vinay Vilasrao Kore]]||{{party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}||66,256||48.94%||Patil Yeshwant Eknath||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||56,525||41.75%||style="background:{{party colour|Jan Surajya Shakti}}"|'''9,731'''
|-
|282||[[Sangrul Assembly constituency|Sangrul]]||84.91%||P. N. Patil (Sadolikar)||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||99,439||60.21%||Sampatbapu Shamrao Pawarpatil||{{party name with color|Peasants And Workers Party of India}}||54,442||32.97%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''44,997'''
|-
|283||[[Radhanagari Assembly constituency|Radhanagari]]||78.93%||[[Krishnarao Patil]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||95,235||60.74%||Bajarang Anandrao Desai||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||39,895||25.45%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''55,340'''
|-
|284||[[Kolhapur Assembly constituency|Kolhapur]]||65.24%||[[Malojiraje Chhatrapati|Chhatrapati Malojiraje Shahu]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||76,157||53.62%||Suresh Balwant Salokhe||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||48,015||33.80%||style="background:{{party colour|Indian National Congress}}"|'''28,142'''
|-
|285||[[Karvir Assembly constituency|Karvir]]||75.36%||[[Satej Patil]]||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||116,909||60.10%||Digvijay Bhausaheb Khanvilkar||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||74,305||38.20%||style="background:{{party colour|Independent politician}}"|'''42,604'''
|-
|286||[[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal]]||88.64%||[[Hasan Mushrif|Hasan Miyalal Mushrif]]||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||79,533||49.04%||Ghatge Sanjay Anandrao||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||78,408||48.34%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''1,125'''
|-
|287||[[Gadhinglaj Assembly constituency|Gadhinglaj]]||75.99%||Desai Krishnarao Rakhamajirao||{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}||74,503||55.39%||Chavan Prakash Bhimrao||{{party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}||27,216||20.23%||style="background:{{party colour|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|'''47,287'''
|-
|288||[[Chandgad Assembly constituency|Chandgad]]||82.02%||Narsingrao Gurunath Patil||{{party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti}}||47,738||32.48%||Bharamu Subarao Patil||{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}||47,727||32.48%||style="background:{{party colour|Jan Surajya Shakti}}"|'''11'''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|India}}
*[http://us.rediff.com/news/2004/aug/24poll.htm?headline=Elections~in~Maharashtra~on~Oct~13 "''Maharashtra assembly polls on October 13''"] - [[rediff.com]] article dated August 24, 2004
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040824233635/http://ww1.mid-day.com/news/city/2004/august/90742.htm "''State Assembly polls on October 13''"] - [[Mid-Day]] articled dated August 24, 2004
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050228051146/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1004989,001301310001.htm "''Maharashtra gears up for assembly election''"] - Hindustantimes.com article dated September 14, 2004

{{Maharashtra State Assembly election}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2000s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2004 State Assembly elections in India|M]]

Adelaide

2026-03-10T12:05:47Z

Wilfred0198: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Capital city of South Australia, Australia}}
{{About|the Australian metropolis|the local government area|City of Adelaide|other uses|Adelaide (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Australian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}

{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}{{Infobox Australian place
| type = city
| name = Adelaide
| native_name = {{llang|zku|Tarndanya}}
| state = sa
| image = {{multiple image
| total_width = 280
| border = infobox
| perrow = 1/3/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Adelaide skyline, December 2022 b.jpg
| alt1 = Adelaide city centre
| caption1 = [[List of tallest buildings in Adelaide|Adelaide skyline]] and the [[River Torrens]]
| image2 = Adelaide, Australia (February 2017) (33505366456) (cropped).jpg
| alt2 = Adelaide Town Hall
| caption2 = [[Adelaide Town Hall]]
| image3 = St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide, Southeast view 20230214 1.jpg
| alt3 = St Peter's Cathedral
| caption3 = [[St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide|St Peter's Cathedral]]
| image4 = Adelaide General Post Office (cropped).jpg
| alt4 = General Post Office
| caption4 = [[General Post Office, Adelaide|General Post Office]]
| image5 = SAHMRI.jpg
| alt5 = SAHMRI
| caption5 = [[South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute|SAHMRI]]
| image6 = Brookman Building on North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia (cropped).jpg
| alt6 = University of South Australia
| caption6 = [[University of South Australia]]
| image7 = Victoria Square, central Adelaide.jpg
| alt7 = Victoria Square
| caption7 = [[Victoria Square, Adelaide|Victoria Square]]
}}
| pop = 1,469,163
| pop_year = 2024
| pop_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Greater Adelaide |date=27 March 2025 |url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2023-24#capital-cities |publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=1 April 2025 |archive-date=27 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250327052657/https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2023-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| poprank = 5th
| density = 450
| density_footnotes =
| area = 3259.8
| area_footnotes = <ref name="ABS-GA">{{cite web|title=Greater Adelaide (GCCSA) (4GADE)|url=https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=4GADE&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=12 November 2019|archive-date=6 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406204831/https://itt.abs.gov.au/itt/r.jsp?RegionSummary&region=4GADE&dataset=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&geoconcept=ASGS_2016&measure=MEASURE&datasetASGS=ABS_REGIONAL_ASGS2016&datasetLGA=ABS_REGIONAL_LGA2018&regionLGA=LGA_2018&regionASGS=ASGS_2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| mayor =
| mayortitle =
| established = [[Proclamation Day#South_Australia|28 December 1836]]
| alternative_location_map = Australia#South Australia#Oceania
| mapframe = yes
| coordinates = {{coord|34|55|39|S|138|36|00|E|type:city(1,400,000_region:AU-SA|display=inline,title}}
| relief = yes
| timezone = [[Australian Central Standard Time|ACST]]
| utc = +9:30
| timezone-dst = [[Australian Central Daylight Time|ACDT]]
| utc-dst = +10:30
| dist1 = 730
| dir1 = NW
| location1 = [[Melbourne]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=248650&placename=melbourne&placetype=0&state=VIC&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692 |title=Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and MELBOURNE |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004 |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128151001/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=248650&placename=melbourne&placetype=0&state=VIC&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692 |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| dist2 = 1160
| dir2 = West
| location2 = [[Canberra]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=131&placename=canberra&placetype=0&state=ACT&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692 |title=Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and CANBERRA |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004 |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128151001/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=131&placename=canberra&placetype=0&state=ACT&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692 |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| dist3 = 1373
| dir3 = West
| location3 = [[Sydney]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=87421&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=NSW&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692 |title=Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and SYDNEY |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004 |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128151001/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=87421&placename=sydney&placetype=0&state=NSW&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692 |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| dist4 = 2007
| dir4 = SW
| location4 = [[Brisbane]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=126867&placename=brisbane&placetype=0&state=QLD&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692 |title=Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and Brisbane |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004 |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128151001/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=126867&placename=brisbane&placetype=0&state=QLD&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692 |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| dist5 = 2607
| dir5 = East
| location5 = [[Perth]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=WA+&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692 |title=Great Circle Distance between ADELAIDE and Perth |publisher=Geoscience Australia |date=March 2004 |access-date=17 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128151001/http://www.ga.gov.au/cocky/cgi/run/distancedraw2?rec1=304529&placename=perth&placetype=0&state=WA+&place1=ADELAIDE&place1long=138.601013&place1lat=-34.928692 |archive-date=28 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| lga = [[Local government areas of South Australia#Metropolitan Adelaide|19 municipalities across Metropolitan Adelaide]]
| stategov = [[Electoral districts of South Australia|Various]] (34)
| fedgov = [[Division of Spence|Spence]], [[Division of Makin|Makin]], [[Division of Hindmarsh|Hindmarsh]], [[Division of Adelaide|Adelaide]], [[Division of Sturt|Sturt]], [[Division of Boothby|Boothby]], [[Division of Kingston|Kingston]]
| maxtemp = 21.9
| mintemp = 11.9
| rainfall = 536.5
|image_flag=Flag of Adelaide.svg|image_seal=COA Adelaida.svg}}

'''Adelaide''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|d|ɪ|l|eɪ|d|audio=En-au-Adelaide.oga}} {{respell|AD|il|ayd}};<ref>{{cite book |title=Macquarie ABC Dictionary |publisher=The Macquarie Library Pty Ltd |year=2003 |page=10 |isbn=1-876429-37-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite LPD|3}}</ref> {{langx|zku|Tarndanya}} {{IPA|zku|ˈd̪̥aɳɖaɲa|}}) is the [[list of Australian capital cities|capital]] and most populous city of [[South Australia]], as well as the [[list of cities in Australia by population|fifth-most populous city in Australia]]. The name "Adelaide" may refer to either '''Greater Adelaide''' (including the [[Adelaide Hills]]) or the [[Adelaide city centre]]; the [[demonym]] ''Adelaidean'' is used to denote the city and the residents of Adelaide. The [[Native title in Australia#Traditional owner|traditional owners]] of the Adelaide region are the [[Kaurna]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200428025119/http://www.nntt.gov.au/searchRegApps/NativeTitleClaims/Pages/Determination_details.aspx?NNTT_Fileno=SCD2018%2F001 SCD2018/001 – Kaurna Peoples Native Title Claim] [[National Native Title Tribunal]]. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/about-adelaide/kaurna-heritage/ Kaurna Heritage] [[City of Adelaide]]. Retrieved 1 October 2022.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.experienceadelaide.com.au/visit/things-to-do/aboriginal-culture/|title=Aboriginal Culture|website=Experience Adelaide|access-date=13 October 2022}}</ref> with the name {{lang|zku|Tarndanya|italic=yes}} referring to the area of the city centre and surrounding [[Adelaide Park Lands|Park Lands]], in the [[Kaurna language]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaurna Place Names |url=http://kaurnaplacenames.com/primary.php?id=4625 |access-date=9 June 2022 |website=kaurnaplacenames.com}}</ref> Adelaide is situated on the [[Adelaide Plains]] north of the [[Fleurieu Peninsula]], between the [[Gulf St Vincent]] in the west and the [[Mount Lofty Ranges]] in the east. Its metropolitan area encompasses over [[List of Adelaide suburbs|430 suburbs]], extending {{convert|96|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Gawler]] in the north to [[Sellicks Beach]] in the south and {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the western coast to the eastern [[Adelaide Hills|foothills]] of the Mount Lofty Ranges.

Named in honour of [[Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen]], wife of [[William IV|King William IV]], the city was founded in 1836 as the [[new town|planned capital]] for the only freely settled British province in Australia, distinguishing it from Australia's [[penal colony|penal colonies]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/how-well-do-you-really-know-our-queen-adelaide/news-story/b249bd054376d472496f232a7f3d75ed|title=How well do you know our Queen?|date=3 May 2013|website=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide|access-date=7 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807040642/https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/how-well-do-you-really-know-our-queen-adelaide/news-story/b249bd054376d472496f232a7f3d75ed|archive-date=7 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[William Light|Colonel William Light]], one of Adelaide's founding fathers, designed the city centre and chose its location close to the [[River Torrens]]. Light's design, now [[Australian National Heritage List|listed as national heritage]], set out the city centre in a [[grid plan|grid layout]] known as "[[Light's Vision]]", interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares, and entirely surrounded by park lands. Colonial Adelaide was noted for its leading examples of religious freedom and progressive political reforms and became known as the "[[City of Churches]]" due to its diversity of faiths. It was Australia's third-most populous city until the [[postwar]] era.<ref>{{cite web |title=A History of Australian Capital City Centres Since 1945 |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/966b54c8-8d78-4fa5-8e95-7b3eb3c3554a/content#:~:text=Brisbane%20overtook%20Adelaide%20as%20the%20third%20largest%20city%20in%20the%20early%201940s. |website= openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au |date=October 1997 |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=[[Australian National University]] |url-status=live |archive-date=20 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520152648/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/966b54c8-8d78-4fa5-8e95-7b3eb3c3554a/content}}</ref>

Today, Adelaide is one of Australia's most visited [[Tourism in Australia|travel destinations]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tourism.sa.gov.au/news-articles/most-liveable-city-now-one-of-most-visited-cities|title=Most liveable city now one of most visited cities|date=11 March 2022 |website=Tourism SA|publisher=Government of South Australia|access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://travel.nine.com.au/latest/surprising-aussie-city-named-our-favourite-domestic-destination/79dffe3c-736d-43e5-a63f-7dfce25c7e37|title=Australia's favourite domestic travel spot for 2023 named in new ranking
|date=11 March 2023 |website=Travel 9Now |last = Skelley |first = Jemima Travel 9Now |publisher=nine.com.au|access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref> and hosts [[:Category:Organised events in Adelaide|many festivals and sporting events]], such as the [[Adelaide 500]], [[Tour Down Under]], [[Gather Round]], [[LIV Golf Adelaide]], and the [[Adelaide Fringe]], the world's second largest annual arts festival. Adelaide also hosts men's tennis with an [[ATP 250 tournaments|ATP 250]] event and women's tennis with a [[WTA 500 tournaments|WTA 500]] event, and will also become the new host of the [[Australian motorcycle Grand Prix|Australian MotoGP Grand Prix]] from 2027.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adelaidefringe.com.au/fringefeed/news/adelaide-fringe-announces-2022-impact-results|title=Adelaide Fringe Announces 2022 Impact Results|date=24 June 2022 |website=Adelaide Fringe|publisher=Solstice Media |access-date=17 February 2025}}</ref> The city has also been renowned for its [[Automotive industry in Australia#Holden|automotive industry]], having been the original host of the [[Australian Grand Prix]] in the [[Formula One|FIA Formula One World Championship]] from 1985 to 1995. Other features include its [[South Australian wine|food and wine]] industries, its coastline and hills, its large defence and manufacturing operations, and its emerging space sector, including the [[Australian Space Agency]] being headquartered there. With [[Foreign born#Cities with largest foreign born populations|one of the world's largest foreign-born populations]], Adelaide has consistently ranked within the [[world's most liveable cities|top-ten most liveable cities globally]] for much of the 21st century, being named in 2021 the most liveable city in the country and third in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indaily.com.au/news/2021/06/09/adelaide-ranked-australias-most-liveable-city/ |title=Adelaide named Australia's most liveable city, third in the world |last=Kelsall |first=Thomas |date=9 June 2021 |website=InDaily |publisher=Solstice Media |access-date=2 October 2021}}</ref> Its aesthetic appeal has also been recognised by ''[[Architectural Digest]]'', which ranked Adelaide as the most beautiful city in the world in 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/the-most-beautiful-cities-in-the-world|title=The Most Beautiful Cities in the World|date=22 July 2024|accessdate=31 July 2024|work=[[Architectural Digest]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621083901/https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/the-most-beautiful-cities-in-the-world |archive-date=21 June 2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

As South Australia's government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated in the [[Adelaide central business district|central business district]] along the cultural boulevards of [[North Terrace, Adelaide|North Terrace]] and [[King William Street, Adelaide|King William Street]]. Adelaide has also been classed as a [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network#Gamma +|Gamma + level]] [[global city]] as categorised by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]], with the city further linking economic regions to the worldwide economy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |access-date=14 November 2021 |website=lboro.ac.uk |publisher=[[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] |archive-date=24 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824031341/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Adelaide is connected by extensive [[Transport in Adelaide|bus, train and tram networks]], all of which are operated by [[Adelaide Metro]], with its main railway terminus at the [[Adelaide railway station]]. The city is also served by [[Adelaide Airport]] and [[Port Adelaide]], both of which are among the busiest airports and seaports in Australia, respectively.

== History ==
{{Main|History of Adelaide|Timeline of Adelaide history}}

=== Before European settlement ===
[[File:Kaurnaland.png|thumb|upright|alt= Area to the east of Gulf St Vincent highlighted|The approximate extent of Kaurna territory, based on the description by Amery (2000)]]
The amount of time Aboriginal people have been living in the area around modern-day Adelaide has been described as "millennia",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ahc.sa.gov.au/discover/history-and-heritage|work=[[Adelaide Hills Council]]|title=History of the Adelaide Hills' first nations peoples|access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref> "tens of thousands of years",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hallettcovecp.com.au/history/|work=Friends of [[Hallett Cove Conservation Park]]|title=History|access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref> "thousands of generations",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parks.sa.gov.au/parks/hallett-cove-conservation-park#about|work=[[National Parks and Wildlife Service South Australia]]|title=Hallett Cove Conservation Park: About|access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref> or "innumerable generations".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kaurnawarra.org.au/about-kaurna|author=[[Kaurna]] Warra Pintyanthi|work=[[University of Adelaide]]|title=Kaurna Peoples Native Title Claim|access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref> At [[Hallett Cove Conservation Park]] in Adelaide's southern suburbs, archaeological evidence of Aboriginal culture has been found dating back 40,000 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marion.sa.gov.au/assets/sp/Hallett-Cove-Beach-Coastal-Management-Study-Report.pdf|title=Coastal Management Study Hallett Cove, SA|author=Coastal Environment Pty Ltd|website=[[City of Marion]]|date=2011|access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://adelaideaz.com/articles/internationally-significant-hallett-cove-glacier-evidence-protected-by-national-trust-of-south-australia-in-1960s|title=Hallett Cove glacier evidence of global significance protected by National Trust of South Australia, 1960s|work=Adelaide Az|access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ourdustybackroads.com/odbProd/hallett-cove-enjoying-a-walk-on-the-geological-wild-side/|work=Our Dusty Back Roads|date=20 January 2018|title=Hallett Cove: Enjoying a walk on the geological (wild) side|access-date=20 January 2026}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Academic source with more detail on the evidence at Hallett Cove needed.|date=January 2026}}

The area was originally inhabited by the [[Kaurna]] people, one of many [[Aboriginal Australian|Aboriginal]] tribes in South Australia. The city and [[Adelaide park lands|parklands]] area also known as ''Tarndanyangga''{{efn|group=note|A dual name for [[Victoria Square, Adelaide|Victoria Square]] in the [[Kaurna language]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kaurnaplacenames.com/primary.php?id=4697 |title=Kaurna Name: Tarndanyangga |access-date=28 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312102340/http://kaurnaplacenames.com/primary.php?id=4697 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} ''Tandanya''{{efn|group=note|Presently the shortened name of [[Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute]]}}, ''Tarndanya''<ref>{{cite web | title=Reconciliation | website=Adelaide City Council | url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/areas/map_tarndanyangga.html | access-date=5 July 2021 | archive-date=12 July 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712144205/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/areas/map_tarndanyangga.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> or ''Tarntanya''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/subjects/kaurna-people|title=Kaurna people|website=Adelaidia|date=20 March 2017 |access-date=28 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908065802/http://adelaidia.sa.gov.au/subjects/kaurna-people|archive-date=8 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The name means 'male red kangaroo rock', referring to a rock formation on the site that has now been destroyed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do you know what Aboriginal land you're on today? |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/article/do-you-know-what-aboriginal-land-youre-on-today/ytff85vi1 |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=NITV |date=4 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

The surrounding area was an open, grassy plain with patches of trees and shrubs, which had been managed by hundreds of generations. Kaurna country encompassed the plains stretching north and south of Tarntanya, as well as the wooded foothills of the [[Mount Lofty Ranges|Mt Lofty Ranges]]. The River Torrens was known as the Karrawirra Pari (Red Gum forest river). About 300 Kaurna populated the Adelaide area,{{When|date=January 2026}} and were referred to by the settlers as the Cowandilla.<ref name="KaurnaSA">{{cite web|url=https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au:443/subjects/kaurna-people?hh=1&|website=SA History Hub|title=Kaurna People|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428075730/http://sahistoryhub.com.au/subjects/kaurna-people|archive-date=28 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The more than 20 local clans across the plain lived seminomadic lives, with extensive [[Mound|mound settlements]] where huts were built repeatedly over centuries and a complex social structure, including a class of sorcerers separated from regular society.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Owen |first1=Timothy |last2=Pate |first2=Donald |date=1 December 2014 |title=A Kaurna burial, Salisbury, South Australia: Further evidence for complex late Holocene Aboriginal social systems in the Adelaide region |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03122417.2014.11682018 |journal=Australian Archaeology |language=en |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.1080/03122417.2014.11682018 |s2cid=148063575 |issn=0312-2417|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Within a few decades of [[European settlement of South Australia]], Kaurna culture was almost completely lost, with the last speaker of [[Kaurna language]] having died in 1929.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.history.sa.gov.au/history/adelaide_history/adelaide_brief_history.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515205647/http://www.history.sa.gov.au/history/adelaide_history/adelaide_brief_history.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Adelaide: A Brief History (SA Govt)|archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> Extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both,<ref name=Amery>{{cite book |title=Warrabarna Kaurna! – Reclaiming an Australian Language |last=Amery |first=Rob |year=2000 |publisher=Swets & Zeitlinger |location=The Netherlands |isbn=90-265-1633-9}}</ref> which has included a commitment by local and state governments to rename or include Kaurna names for many local places.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://adelaideparklands.com.au/parks-and-squares/victoria-square-tarntanyangga|title=Victoria Square/Tarntanyangga|website=City of Adelaide|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427083524/https://adelaideparklands.com.au/parks-and-squares/victoria-square-tarntanyangga|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/|website=Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi|title=Adelaide City Council Placenaming Initiatives|access-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427083521/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/kwp/placenames/council/|archive-date=27 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 19th century ===
[[File:Beechey, William - Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen - NPG 1533.jpg|upright|thumb|alt= Painting of person|[[Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen|Queen Adelaide]], after whom the city was named]]
[[File:Adelaide supplement to the Illustrated Sydney News.png|thumb|right|alt= Refer to caption|In July 1876, the ''Illustrated Sydney News'' published a special supplement that included an early aerial view of the City of Adelaide: (South) Adelaide (the CBD), River Torrens, and portion of North Adelaide from a point above Strangways Terrace, [[North Adelaide]]]]

Based on the ideas of [[Edward Gibbon Wakefield]] about colonial reform, [[Robert Gouger]] petitioned the British government to create a new colony in Australia, resulting in the passage of the [[South Australia Act 1834]]. Physical establishment of the colony began with the arrival of the first British colonisers in February 1836, followed by the commencement of colonial government in South Australia on 28 December 1836. Proclaimed by the [[Governor of South Australia|governor]] near [[The Old Gum Tree]] in what is now the suburb of [[Glenelg North]], this day is annually commemorated in South Australia as [[Proclamation Day (South Australia)|Proclamation Day]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.holdfast.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=1463 |title=City of Holdfast Bay – Proclamation Day |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713121428/http://www.holdfast.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=1463 |archive-date=13 July 2012 }}</ref> Named for [[Queen Adelaide]], the site of the colony's capital was surveyed and laid out by Colonel [[William Light]], the first surveyor-general of South Australia, with his own original, unique and topographically sensitive design.<ref>{{cite book|first=Rodney|last=Cockburn|title=South Australia: What's in a Name?|publisher=Axiom|edition=3rd|date=1990|page=3|url=http://www.gastonrenard.com.au/Short%20List%2068.pdf|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416185434/http://www.gastonrenard.com.au/Short%20List%2068.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Adelaide was established as a planned colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution, based upon the ideas of [[Edward Gibbon Wakefield]]. Wakefield had read accounts of Australian settlement while in prison in London for attempting to abduct an heiress,<ref>Wakefield cites:
* Edward Curr, ''An Account of the Colony of Van Diemen's Land, principally designed for the use of emigrants'', George Cowie & Co., London, 1824;
* Henry Widdowson, ''Present State of Van Diemen's Land; comprising an account of its agricultural capabilities, with observations on the present state of farming, &c. &c. pursued in that colony: and other important matters connected with Emigration'', S. Robinson, W. Joy and J. Cross, London, and J. Birdsall, Northampton, 1829; and
* James Atkinson, ''An Account of the State of Agriculture & Grazing in New South Wales; Including Observations on the Soils and General Appearance of the Country, and some of its most useful natural productions; with an account of the Various Methods of Clearing and Improving Lands, Breeding and Grazing Live Stock, Erecting Buildings, the System of employing Convicts, and the expense of Labour generally; the Mode of Applying for Grants of Land; with Other Information Important to those who are about to emigrate to that Country: The result of several years' residence and practical experience in those matters in the Colony''., J. Cross, London, 1826</ref> and realised that the eastern colonies suffered from a lack of available labour, due to the practice of giving land grants to all arrivals.<ref>Wakefield, ''Letter from Sydney'', December 1829, pp. 99–185, written from Newgate prison. Editor Robert Gouger.</ref> Wakefield's idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen.<ref>Wakefield wrote about this under a pseudonym, purporting to be an Australian settler. His subterfuge was so successful that he confused later writers, including [[Karl Marx]], who wrote "It is the great merit of E.G. Wakefield to have discovered not anything new about the Colonies, but to have discovered in the Colonies the truth of as to the condition of capitalist production in the mother-country.' ''Das Kapital'', Moscow, 1958, p 766"</ref> Funds raised from the sale of land were to be used to bring out working-class emigrants, who would have to work hard for the monied settlers to ever afford their own land.<ref>''Plan of a Company to be Established for the Purpose of Founding a Colony in Southern Australia, Purchasing Land Therein, and Preparing the Land so Purchased for the Reception of Immigrants'', 1832; in Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, Prichard, M. F., (ed.) ''The Collected Works of Edward Gibbon Wakefield'', Collins, London, 1968, p 290.</ref> As a result of this policy, Adelaide does not share [[Convictism in Australia|the convict settlement history]] of other Australian cities like [[Sydney]], [[Brisbane]] and [[Hobart]].

[[File:North Terrace, 1841.jpg|thumb|alt= Painting of a town near a river with woodlands and hills in the background|[[North Terrace, Adelaide|North Terrace]] in 1841]]

As it was believed that in a colony of free settlers there would be little crime, no provision was made for a [[Prison|gaol]] in Colonel Light's 1837 plan. But by mid-1837 the ''[[South Australian Register]]'' was warning of escaped convicts from New South Wales and tenders for a temporary gaol were sought. Following a burglary, a murder, and two attempted murders in Adelaide during March 1838, Governor Hindmarsh created the South Australian Police Force (now the [[South Australia Police]]) in April 1838 under 21-year-old [[Henry Inman (police commander)|Henry Inman]].<ref>[[John Wrathall Bull|J. W. Bull]]; [[Early Experiences of Colonial Life in South Australia]] (Adelaide, 1878) p.67</ref> The first sheriff, Samuel Smart, was wounded during a robbery, and on 2 May 1838 one of the offenders, Michael Magee, became the first person to be hanged in South Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Free Settlement |url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/free-settlement.html |work=History of Adelaide Gaol |publisher=Environment.sa.gov.au |access-date=7 September 2010 |archive-date=24 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024014707/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/free-settlement.html}}</ref> William Baker Ashton was appointed governor of the temporary gaol in 1839, and in 1840 George Strickland Kingston was commissioned to design Adelaide's new gaol.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaol Founders |url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/History/Gaol_founders |work=History of Adelaide Gaol |publisher=Environment.sa.gov.au |access-date=14 August 2012 |archive-date=25 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025022018/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/goal-founders.html}}</ref> Construction of [[Adelaide Gaol]] commenced in 1841.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/lights-vision.html |title=Light's Vision |work=History of Adelaide Gaol |publisher=Environment.sa.gov.au |access-date=7 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025021816/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/adelaidegaol/lights-vision.html |archive-date=25 October 2009}}</ref>

Adelaide's early history was marked by economic uncertainty and questionable leadership.{{Dubious|date=October 2015}} The first governor of South Australia, [[John Hindmarsh]], clashed frequently with others, in particular the Resident Commissioner, [[James Hurtle Fisher]]. The rural area surrounding Adelaide was surveyed by Light in preparation to sell a total of over {{convert|405|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of land. Adelaide's early economy started to get on its feet in 1838 with the arrival of livestock from [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]], [[New South Wales]] and [[Tasmania]]. Wool production provided an early basis for the South Australian economy. By 1860, wheat farms had been established from [[Encounter Bay]] in the south to [[Clare, South Australia|Clare]] in the north.

[[File:Adelaide MKL Bd. 1 1890 (133265370).jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt= Refer to caption|1890 map of Adelaide, showing the gradual development of its urban layout]]
[[George Gawler]] took over from Hindmarsh in late 1838 and, despite being under orders from the ''Select Committee on South Australia'' in Britain not to undertake any public works, promptly oversaw construction of a governor's house, the [[Adelaide Gaol]], police barracks, a hospital, a customs house and a wharf at [[Port Adelaide]]. He was criticised for his response to the [[Maria massacre]]. Gawler was recalled and replaced by [[George Edward Grey]] in 1841. Grey slashed public expenditure against heavy opposition, although its impact was negligible at this point: silver was discovered in [[Glen Osmond]] that year, agriculture was well underway, and other mines sprung up all over the state, aiding Adelaide's commercial development. The city exported meat, wool, wine, fruit and wheat by the time Grey left in 1845, contrasting with a low point in 1842 when one-third of Adelaide houses were abandoned.

Trade links with the rest of the Australian states were established after the [[Murray River]] was successfully navigated in 1853 by [[Francis Cadell (explorer)|Francis Cadell]], an Adelaide resident. South Australia became a [[self-governing colony]] in 1856 with the ratification of a new constitution by the British parliament. [[Secret ballot]]s were introduced, and a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] parliament was elected on 9 March 1857, by which time 109,917 people lived in the province.<ref>{{cite web |author=Blair, Robert D. |year=2001 |title=Events in South Australian History 1834–1857 |work=Pioneer Association of South Australia |url=http://www.users.on.net/~rdblair/events-sa.htm |access-date=10 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607150032/http://www.users.on.net/~rdblair/events-sa.htm |archive-date=7 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1860, the [[Thorndon Park Reserve|Thorndon Park reservoir]] was opened, providing an alternative water source to the now turbid River Torrens. [[Gas lighting|Gas street lighting]] was implemented in 1867, the [[University of Adelaide]] was founded in 1874, the [[South Australian Art Gallery]] opened in 1881 and the [[Happy Valley Reservoir]] opened in 1896. In the 1890s Australia was affected by a severe economic depression, ending a hectic era of land booms and tumultuous expansionism. Financial institutions in Melbourne and banks in Sydney closed. The national fertility rate fell and immigration was reduced to a trickle.<ref name="Guide">{{Cite web|url=https://clickacity.com/history-of-adelaide/|title=History of Adelaide, Australia. A short overview of the city history|last=Guide|first=Airport|date=6 January 2019|website=clickAcity|access-date=14 June 2019|archive-date=10 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810001633/https://clickacity.com/history-of-adelaide/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The value of South Australia's exports nearly halved. Drought and poor harvests from 1884 compounded the problems, with some families leaving for Western Australia.<ref name="Guide"/> Adelaide was not as badly hit as the larger gold-rush cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and silver and lead discoveries at [[Broken Hill]] provided some relief. Only one year of deficit was recorded, but the price paid was retrenchments and lean public spending. Wine and copper were the only industries not to suffer a downturn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.australian-travel-directory.com/page21.html|title=Adelaide & Suburbs|website=australian-travel-directory.com|access-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928013231/http://australian-travel-directory.com/page21.html|archive-date=28 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
[[File:North Terrace in 1938.jpg|thumb|alt= Electric trams and motor cars at a crossroads in a densely built up area|The intersection of North Terrace and [[King William Street, Adelaide|King William Street]] viewed from [[Parliament House, Adelaide|Parliament House]], 1938]]
[[File:Aerial view of Adelaide, 1935 (adjusted).jpg|thumb|alt= Refer to caption|An aerial view of Adelaide in 1935, when it was Australia's third largest city. Of note is that only the eastern half of the new Parliament House (to left of station) had been completed.]]

Adelaide was Australia's third largest city for most of the 20th century.<ref name="Marsden">{{cite web|title=A history of Australian capital city centres since 1945|first=Susan|last=Marsden|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/116290/1/apo-nid90876-207481.pdf|date=October 1997|access-date=23 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404162603/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/116290/1/apo-nid90876-207481.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Faculty of Arts at the University of Adelaide 1876–2012|date=2012|pages=245|isbn=978-1-922064-36-3|last1=Harvey|first1=Nick|last2=Fornasiero|first2=Jean|last3=McCarthy|first3=Greg|last4=MacIntyre|first4=Clem|last5=Crossin|first5=Carl|publisher=[[University of Adelaide Press]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Patrick |last=Troy |title=A History of European Housing in Australia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-521-77733-9 |page=188}}</ref> [[Street light|Electric street lighting]] was introduced in 1900 and electric trams were transporting passengers in 1909. 28,000 men were sent to fight in World War I. Historian F. K. Crowley examined the reports of visitors in the early 20th century, noting that "many visitors to Adelaide admired the [[Light's Vision|foresighted planning]] of its founders", as well as pondering the riches of the young city.<ref>F.K. Crowle y(1973). ''Modern Australia in Documents: 1901–1939''. Wren. {{isbn|085885032X|9780858850323}}</ref>

Adelaide enjoyed a postwar boom, entering a time of relative prosperity. Its population grew, and it became the third most populous metropolitan area in the country, after Sydney and Melbourne. Its prosperity was short-lived, with the return of droughts and the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s. It later returned to fortune under strong government leadership. [[Secondary sector of industry|Secondary industries]] helped reduce the state's dependence on [[primary sector of industry|primary industries]]. World War II brought industrial stimulus and [[economic diversity|diversification]] to Adelaide under the [[Thomas Playford IV|Playford]] Government, which advocated Adelaide as a safe place for manufacturing due to its less vulnerable location.<ref>Cockburn, S (1991): ''Playford – Benevolent Despot.'' Axiom Publishing. P. 85. {{ISBN|0 9594164 4 7}}</ref> Shipbuilding was expanded at the nearby port of [[Whyalla, South Australia|Whyalla]].

The South Australian Government in this period built on former wartime manufacturing industries but neglected cultural facilities which meant South Australia's economy lagged behind.<ref name="Marsden" /> International manufacturers like [[Holden]] and [[Fiat Chrysler Australia|Chrysler]]<ref>When Chrysler stopped manufacturing in Adelaide, [[Mitsubishi Motors Australia]] took over the [[Tonsley Park]] factory. After many years of mixed fortunes, Mitsubishi ceased manufacturing at Tonsley Park on 27 March 2008.</ref> made use of these factories around the Adelaide area in suburbs like [[Elizabeth, South Australia|Elizabeth]], completing its transformation from an [[agricultural economy|agricultural service centre]] to a 20th-century motor city. The [[Mannum–Adelaide pipeline]] brought [[River Murray]] water to Adelaide in 1955 and [[Adelaide Airport|an airport]] opened at [[West Beach, South Australia|West Beach]] in 1955. [[Flinders University]] and the [[Flinders Medical Centre]] were established in the 1960s at Bedford Park, south of the city. Today, Flinders Medical Centre is one of the largest teaching hospitals in South Australia. In the post-war years around the early 1960s, Adelaide was surpassed by [[Brisbane]] as Australia's third largest city.<ref name="Marsden" />

The [[Don Dunstan|Dunstan Governments]] of the 1970s saw something of an Adelaide "cultural revival",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southaustraliaremovalists.com.au/south-australia/adelaide.html|title=Adelaide Removalists South Australia|website=southaustraliaremovalists.com.au|access-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304114350/http://southaustraliaremovalists.com.au/south-australia/adelaide.html|archive-date=4 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> establishing a wide array of social reforms. The city became noted for its [[progressivism]] as South Australia became the first Australian state or territory to [[LGBT rights in South Australia|decriminalise homosexuality]] between [[sexual consent|consenting]] adults in 1975.<ref name=carbery>{{cite book |last=Carbery |first=Graham |title=Towards Homosexual Equality in Australian Criminal Law: A Brief History |year=2010 |edition=2nd |url=http://www.alga.org.au/files/towardsequality2ed.pdf |publisher=Australian Lesbian and Gay Archives Inc. |access-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305143829/https://www.alga.org.au/files/towardsequality2ed.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adelaide became a centre for the arts, building upon the biennial "[[Adelaide Festival of Arts]]" that commenced in 1960. The [[State Bank of South Australia|State Bank]] collapsed in 1991 during an economic recession. The effects lasted until 2004, when [[Standard & Poor's]] reinstated South Australia's AAA credit rating.<ref>{{Cite news |title=All-round country |work=The Australian |page=14 |date=29 September 2004}}</ref> Adelaide's tallest building, completed in 2020, is called the Adelaidean and is located at 11 Frome Street.<ref>{{cite web|title=Frome Central Tower|url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350710/frome-central-tower-one-adelaide-australia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607154918/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/1350710/frome-central-tower-one-adelaide-australia|url-status=usurped|archive-date=7 June 2020|work=[[Emporis]]|access-date=20 January 2021}}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
[[File:Adelaide 2022 Skyline.jpg|alt=Adelaide City Skyline during 2022 Australia Day Celebrations Forefront: Torrens River, Elder Bank and Riverbank Precinct. From Right to Left: Stanford Hotel, Convention Centre, Myer Centre, The Switch, Realm Adelaide, Frome Central Tower One, GSA North Terrace, Schulz Building (Adelaide University). |thumb|250px|left|Adelaide's eastern skyline during 2022 [[Australia Day]] celebrations]]

In the early years of the 21st century, a significant increase in the state government's spending on Adelaide's infrastructure occurred. The [[Mike Rann|Rann government]] invested A$535 million in a major upgrade of the Adelaide Oval to enable [[Australian Football League]] to be played in the city centre<ref>Michael Owen, The Australian, 3 December 2009</ref> and more than A$2 [[billion]] to build a new [[Royal Adelaide Hospital]] on land adjacent to the Adelaide Railway Station.<ref>ABC News, Wednesday 7 June 2006</ref> The Glenelg tramline was extended through the city to Hindmarsh<ref>ABC News, 6 April 2005</ref> down to East Terrace<ref>{{cite web |title=City Tram Extension |url=https://www.dpti.sa.gov.au/infrastructure/public_transport_projects/city_tram_extension |website=dpti.sa.gov.au |publisher=Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure |access-date=20 November 2019 |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106063842/https://dpti.sa.gov.au/infrastructure/public_transport_projects/city_tram_extension |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the suburban railway line extended south to Seaford.<ref>ABC News, 13 May 2009</ref>

Following a period of stagnation in the 1990s and 2000s, Adelaide began several major developments and redevelopments. The Adelaide Convention Centre was redeveloped and expanded at a cost of A$350 million beginning in 2012.<ref>ABC News, 29 June 2011</ref> Three historic buildings were adapted for modern use: the [[Torrens Building]] in Victoria Square as the Adelaide campus for Carnegie Mellon University, University College London, and Torrens University;<ref>News Release Government of SA, 15 May 2005</ref> the Stock Exchange building as the Science Exchange of the Royal Institution Australia; and the Glenside Psychiatric Hospital as the Adelaide Studios of the [[South Australian Film Corporation|SA Film Corporation]]. The government invested more than A$2 billion to build [[Adelaide Desalination Plant|a desalination plant]], powered by renewable energy, as an "insurance policy" against droughts affecting Adelaide's [[water supply]].<ref>Nick Harmsen, ABC News, 11 September 2007</ref> The [[Adelaide Festival]], [[Adelaide Fringe Festival|Fringe]], and [[Womadelaide]] became annual events.<ref>Adelaide Advertiser 26 February 2010</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Adelaide, Australia ESA384290.jpg|thumb|Adelaide's metropolitan area as seen by the [[European Space Agency|ESA]]'s [[Sentinel-2]]]]
Adelaide is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the relatively low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges (Mount Lofty, the highest point, is 710 metres above sea level). The city stretches {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the coast to the foothills, and {{convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Gawler, South Australia|Gawler]] at its northern extent to [[Sellicks Beach, South Australia|Sellicks Beach]] in the south. According to Regional Development Australia, an Australian government planning initiative, the "Adelaide Metropolitan Region" has a total land area of {{convert|870|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, while a more expansive definition by the Australian Bureau of Statistics defines a "Greater Adelaide" statistical area totalling {{convert|3259.8|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ABS-GA" /> The city sits at an average elevation of {{convert|50|m|ft}} above sea level. [[Mount Lofty]], east of the Adelaide metropolitan region in the Adelaide Hills at an elevation of {{convert|727|m|ft}}, is the tallest point of the city and in the state south of [[Burra, South Australia|Burra]]. The city borders the [[Temperate Grassland of South Australia]] in the east, an endangered vegetation community.<ref>[https://grasslands.ecolinc.vic.edu.au/grassland_communities/iron-grass-natural-temperate-grasslands-south-australia Iron-grass Natural Temperate Grasslands of South Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907090934/https://grasslands.ecolinc.vic.edu.au/grassland_communities/iron-grass-natural-temperate-grasslands-south-australia |date=7 September 2022 }} Grasslands Biodiversity of South-Eastern Australia. Retrieved 7 September 2022.</ref>

Much of Adelaide was bushland before British settlement, with some variation – sandhills, swamps and marshlands were prevalent around the coast. The loss of the sandhills to urban development had a particularly destructive effect on the coastline due to erosion.<ref>[http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/sharedassets/public/coasts/no27.pdf The Adelaide Metropolitan Coastline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208214443/http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/sharedassets/public/coasts/no27.pdf |date=8 December 2015 }} ''Coastline'', South Australian Coastal Protection Board, No. 27, April 1993. Retrieved 6 December 2015.</ref> Where practical, the government has implemented programs to rebuild and vegetate sandhills at several of Adelaide's beachside suburbs. [[Tennyson Dunes Conservation Reserve|Tennyson Dunes]] is the largest contiguous, tertiary dune system contained entirely within Metropolitan Adelaide, providing refuge for a variety of remnant species formerly found along the entire coastline.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parks.sa.gov.au/parks/wara-wayingga-tennyson-dunes-conservation-reserve|title=Wara Wayingga-Tennyson Dunes Conservation Reserve|website=National Parks and Wildlife Service South Australia}}</ref> Much of the original vegetation has been cleared with what is left to be found in reserves such as the [[Cleland National Park]] and [[Belair National Park]]. A number of creeks and rivers flow through the Adelaide region. The largest are the Torrens and [[Onkaparinga River National Park|Onkaparinga]] catchments. Adelaide relies on its many reservoirs for water supply with the [[Happy Valley Reservoir]] supplying around 40% and the much larger [[Mount Bold Reservoir]] 10% of Adelaide's domestic requirements respectively.

===Geology===
Adelaide and its surrounding area is one of the most seismically active regions in Australia. On 1 March 1954 at 3:40 am Adelaide experienced its largest recorded earthquake to date, with the epicentre 12 km from the city centre at [[Darlington, South Australia|Darlington]], and a reported magnitude of 5.6.<ref>C. Kerr-Grant (1955): ''The Adelaide Earthquake of 1 March 1954'' (PDF). South Australian Museum, 10 November 1955. Retrieved 5 April 2009.</ref><ref>''Adelaide, SA: Earthquake''. EMA Disasters Database. Emergency Management Australia, 13 September 2006. Retrieved 5 April 2009.</ref> There have been smaller earthquakes in 2010,<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-04-17/adelaide-hit-by-earth-tremor/399538 Adelaide hit by earth tremor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811220012/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-04-17/adelaide-hit-by-earth-tremor/399538 |date=11 August 2018 }} ''ABC News'', 17 April 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2018.</ref> 2011,<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-10-19/earthquake-adelaide-upper-sturt/3578192 Shallow earthquake jolts Adelaide awake] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426190649/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-10-19/earthquake-adelaide-upper-sturt/3578192 |date=26 April 2017 }} ''ABC News'', 20 October 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2018.</ref> 2014,<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-06/earth-tremor-shakes-adelaide/5185964 Adelaide shaken by earth tremor which sounded like 'jet taking off'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423133944/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-06/earth-tremor-shakes-adelaide/5185964 |date=23 April 2019 }} ''ABC News'', 6 January 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2018.</ref> 2017,<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-10/second-tremor-in-less-than-two-weeks-shakes-adelaide/8259468 Tremor shakes Adelaide nine days after larger earthquake in city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417200511/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-10/second-tremor-in-less-than-two-weeks-shakes-adelaide/8259468 |date=17 April 2018 }} ''ABC News'', 10 February 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2018.</ref> 2018<ref>[http://abc.net.au/news/2018-08-08/earthquake-shakes-adelaide-hills/10091262 Earthquake near Mannum felt across Adelaide suburbs and hills rumbled 'like a train'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809111153/http://abc.net.au/news/2018-08-08/earthquake-shakes-adelaide-hills/10091262 |date=9 August 2018 }} ''ABC News'', 9 August 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2019.</ref> and 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-06/adelaide-earthquake-tremor-mt-barker/100886238|title=Earthquake rattles Adelaide but no reports of damage|work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC News]]|date=6 March 2022|access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>

The uplands of the [[Adelaide Hills]], part of the southern [[Mount Lofty Ranges]] to the east of Adelaide, are defined on their western side by a number of arcuate faults (the Para, Eden, Clarendon and Willunga Faults), and consist of rocks such as [[siltstone]], [[Dolomite (rock)|dolomite]] and [[quartzite]], dating from the [[Neoproterozoic]] to the middle [[Cambrian]], laid down in the Adelaide Rift Complex, the oldest part of the [[Adelaide Superbasin]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Veevers|first1=J. J.|last2=Walter|first2=M. R.|last3=Scheibner|first3=E.|date=1997|title=Neoproterozoic Tectonics of Australia-Antarctica and Laurentia and the 560 Ma Birth of the Pacific Ocean Reflect the 400 M.Y. Pangean Supercycle|journal=The Journal of Geology|language=en|volume=105|issue=2|pages=225–242|doi=10.1086/515914|bibcode=1997JG....105..225V|s2cid=140652348|issn=0022-1376}}</ref>

Most of the Adelaide metropolitan area lies in the downthrown St Vincent Basin and its embayments, including the [[Adelaide Plains]] Sub-basin, and the Golden Grove, Noarlunga and Willunga Embayments. These basins contain deposits of [[Tertiary (period)|Tertiary]] marine and non-marine sands and limestones, which form important aquifers.<ref>Lindsay J.M. & Alley, N.F. (1995): St Vincent Basin. In: Drexel, J.F. & Preiss, W.V. (Eds.) ''The geology of South Australia. Vol.2, The Phanerozoic.'' pp. 163–171. South Australia Geological Survey, Bulletin 54. {{ISBN|0 7308 0621 9}}</ref> These deposits are overlain by [[Quaternary]] [[alluvial fan]]s and [[Foothills|piedmont]] slope deposits, derived from erosion of the uplands, consisting of sands, clays and gravels,<ref>Callan, R.A., Sheard, M.J., Benbow, M.C. & Belperio, A.P. (1995): Alluvial fans and piedmont slope deposits. In: Drexel, J.F. & Preiss, W.V. (Eds.) ''The geology of South Australia. Vol.2, The Phanerozoic.'' pp. 241–242. South Australia Geological Survey, Bulletin 54. {{ISBN|0 7308 0621 9}}</ref> interfingering to the west with [[Marine transgression|transgressive]] [[Pleistocene]] to [[Holocene]] marine sands and coastal sediments of the shoreline of Gulf St Vincent.<ref>Belperio, A.P. (1995): Coastal and marine sequences. In: Drexel, J.F. & Preiss, W.V. (Eds.) ''The geology of South Australia. Vol.2, The Phanerozoic.'' pp. 220–240. South Australia Geological Survey, Bulletin 54. {{ISBN|0 7308 0621 9}}</ref>

=== Urban layout ===
{{Further|William Light}}
Adelaide is a planned city, designed by the first Surveyor-General of South Australia, Colonel [[William Light]]. His plan, sometimes referred to as "Light's Vision" (also the name of a statue of him on [[Montefiore Hill]]), arranged Adelaide in a [[Grid plan|grid]], with [[:Category:Squares in Adelaide|five squares]] in the [[Adelaide city centre]] and a ring of parks, known as the [[Adelaide Parklands]], surrounding it. Light's selection of the location for the city was initially unpopular with the early settlers, as well as South Australia's first governor, John Hindmarsh, due to its distance from the harbour at Port Adelaide, and the lack of fresh water there.<ref>Page, M. (1981): ''Port Adelaide and its Institute, 1851–1979.'' Rigby Publishers Ltd. Pp.17–20. {{ISBN|0-7270-1510-9}}</ref>
[[File:Adelaide South Australia - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The [[Adelaide city centre|city centre]] was built on a [[grid plan]], known as "Light's Vision".]]
Light successfully persisted with his choice of location against this initial opposition. Recent evidence suggests that Light worked closely with George Kingston as well as a team of men to set out Adelaide, using various templates for city plans going back to [[Ancient Greece]], including [[Italian Renaissance]] designs and the similar layouts of the American cities [[Philadelphia]] and [[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]]–which, like Adelaide, follow the same layout of a central city square, four complementing city squares surrounding it and a parklands area that surrounds the city centre.<ref>{{cite book|title=Adelaide|first=Kerryn|last=Goldsworthy|year=2011|publisher=NewSouth|isbn=9-7817-4224092-3|pages=83}}</ref>
[[File:Transformers - Victoria Square Adelaide SA - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Victoria Square, Adelaide|Victoria Square]], one of the five main squares in the city centre and considered the heart of Adelaide's [[Grid plan|grid layout]]]]
The benefits of Light's design are numerous: Adelaide has had wide multi-lane roads from its beginning, an easily navigable [[cardinal direction]] grid layout and an expansive green ring around the city centre. There are two sets of [[ring road]]s in Adelaide that have resulted from the original design. The [[City Ring Route, Adelaide|inner ring route]] ([[A21 road (Australia)|A21]]) borders the parklands, and the outer route (A3/[[South Road, Adelaide|A13]]/[[A16 highway (Australia)|A16]]/[[A17 highway (Australia)|A17]]) completely bypasses the inner city via (in clockwise order) [[Grand Junction Road]], Hampstead Road, Ascot Avenue, [[Portrush Road]], Cross Road and [[South Road, Adelaide|South Road]].<ref>[http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/transport_network/projects/better_roads/adelaides_inner_outer_ring_routes.asp ''Adelaide's Inner and Outer Ring Routes''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306220115/http://www.transport.sa.gov.au/transport_network/projects/better_roads/adelaides_inner_outer_ring_routes.asp |date=6 March 2014 }}, 24 August 2004, South Australian Department of Transport.</ref>

Suburban expansion has to some extent outgrown Light's original plan. Numerous former outlying villages and "country towns", as well as the satellite city of [[Elizabeth, South Australia|Elizabeth]], have been enveloped by its [[urban sprawl|suburban sprawl]]. Expanding developments in the Adelaide Hills region led to the construction of the [[South Eastern Freeway]] to cope with growth, which has subsequently led to new developments and further improvements to that transport corridor. Similarly, the booming development in Adelaide's [[City of Onkaparinga|South]] led to the construction of the [[Southern Expressway (Australia)|Southern Expressway]].

New roads are not the only transport infrastructure developed to cope with the urban growth. The [[O-Bahn Busway]] and Adelaide Metro are examples of a unique solution to [[Tea Tree Gully, South Australia|Tea Tree Gully's]] transport woes in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adelaide's Freeways – A History from MATS to the Port River Expressway |work=Ozroads |url=http://www.ozroads.com.au/SA/freeways.htm |access-date=21 January 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927114830/http://www.ozroads.com.au/SA/freeways.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The development of the nearby suburb of [[Golden Grove, South Australia|Golden Grove]] in the late 1980s followed a planned approach to urban growth.

In the 1960s, a [[Metropolitan Adelaide Transport Study]] Plan was proposed to cater for the future growth of the city. The plan involved the construction of freeways, [[Controlled-access highway|expressways]] and the upgrade of certain aspects of the public transport system. The then premier [[Steele Hall (Australian politician)|Steele Hall]] approved many parts of the plan and the government went as far as purchasing land for the project. The later [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] government elected under [[Don Dunstan]] shelved the plan, but allowed the purchased land to remain vacant, should the future need for freeways arise. In 1980, the [[Liberal party of Australia|Liberal party]] won government and premier [[David Tonkin]] committed his government to selling off the land acquired for the MATS plan, ensuring that even when needs changed, the construction of most MATS-proposed freeways would be impractical. Some parts of this land have been used for transport, (e.g. the O-Bahn Busway and Southern Expressway), while most has been progressively subdivided for residential use.

In 2008, the [[Government of South Australia|SA Government]] announced plans for a network of [[transport-oriented development]]s across the Adelaide metropolitan area and purchased a [[Clipsal site development|10 hectare industrial site]] at [[Bowden, South Australia|Bowden]] for $52.5 million as the first of these developments.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081206075528/http://www.ministers.sa.gov.au/news.php?id=3826 "Clipsal site at Bowden to become a green village"], Ministerial Press Release, 24 October 2008, SA Govt. Retrieved 20 November 2008.</ref><ref> "Government reveals Clipsal site purchase price"], Ministerial Press Release, 15 November 2008, SA Govt, archived. Retrieved 27 November 2018.</ref>

==== Housing ====
{{Main|Australian residential architectural styles}}

[[File:Heritage terraces on Adelaide's North Terrace.jpg|thumb|right|Terraced housing on [[North Terrace, Adelaide|North Terrace]]]]
Historically, Adelaide's suburban residential areas have been characterised by single-storey detached houses built on {{convert|1/4|acre|m2|adj=on|order=flip}} blocks. A relative lack of suitable, locally available timber for construction purposes led to the early development of a brick-making industry, as well as the use of stone, for houses and other buildings. By 1891, 68% of houses were built of stone, 15% of timber, and 10% of brick, with brick also being widely used in stone houses for quoins, door and window surrounds, and chimneys and fireplaces.<ref>Gibbs, R.M. (2013): ''Under the burning sun: a history of colonial South Australia, 1836–1900''. Peacock Publications. Pp. 58, 333–4. {{ISBN|978-1-921601-85-9}}</ref>

There is a wide variety in the styles of these houses. Until the 1960s, most of the more substantial houses were built of red brick, though many front walls were of ornamental stone. Then cream bricks became fashionable, and in the 1970s, deep red and brown bricks became popular.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} Until the 1970s, roofs tended to be clad with (painted) [[corrugated iron]] or cement or clay tiles, usually red "terracotta". Since then, [[Colorbond]] corrugated steel has dominated. Most roofs are pitched. Flat roofs are not common.<ref name=Cadden/>

Up to the 1970s, most houses were of "double brick" construction on concrete footings, with timber floors laid on joists supported by "dwarf walls". Later houses have mainly been of "[[brick veneer]]" construction – structural [[Framing (construction)|timber]] or, more recently, [[steel frame#Cold-formed steel frames|lightweight steel]] frame on a [[concrete slab]] [[Foundation (engineering)|foundation]], lined with [[Gyprock]], and with an outer skin of brickwork,<ref name=Cadden>Rosemary Cadden: ''Building South Australia: celebrating 125 years''. Solstice Media. pp. 77, 87. {{ISBN|978-0-646-51343-0}}</ref> to cope with Adelaide's [[Shrink–swell capacity|reactive soils]], particularly Keswick Clay, black earth and some red-brown earth soils.<ref>Sheard, M. J., & A. P. Belperio (1995): "Problem soils". In: Drexel, J. F. & Preiss, W. V. (eds.) ''The geology of South Australia''. Vol.2, The Phanerozoic. p. 274. South Australia Geological Survey, Bulletin 54. {{ISBN|978-0-7308-0621-9}}</ref> The use of precast concrete panels for floor and wall construction has also increased.<ref name=Cadden /> In addition to this, a significant factor in Adelaide's suburban history is the role of the [[South Australian Housing Trust]].{{Why|date=January 2023}}
<gallery mode="packed">
File:OIC n adelaide carclew (cropped).jpg|[[Carclew, North Adelaide|Carclew House]]
File:Bluestone Balcony (16746204054).jpg|Two-storey house in [[North Adelaide]]. Much of Adelaide's early housing was built with bluestone.
File:House in Adelaide.jpg|Heritage-listed [[bluestone]] 19th-century house in the city centre
File:Tudor Revival house, Adelaide (01).jpg|[[Tudor Revival]] house in [[Unley Park, South Australia|Unley Park]]
File:House in Lockleys, South Australia.jpg|House in [[Lockleys, South Australia|Lockleys]] with two distinguishing features that characterise Adelaide houses: a brush fence and red brick veneer.
</gallery>

=== Climate ===
{{Main|Climate of Adelaide}}

[[File:Lightning in Adelaide, South Australia, 2014.jpg|thumb|A spring storm over Adelaide]]
Adelaide has a hot-summer [[Mediterranean climate]] (''Csa'') under the [[Köppen climate classification]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tapper |first1=Andrew |last2=Tapper |first2=Nigel |title=The weather and climate of Australia and New Zealand |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Melbourne, Australia |isbn=0-19-553393-3 |edition=First |editor=Gray, Kathleen |page=300}}</ref> The city has hot, dry summers and cool winters with moderate rainfall. Most rain falls in the winter months, leading to the suggestion that the climate be classified as a "cold monsoon".<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-03/term-cold-monsoon-used-to-describe-adelaide-climate/9723122 What's a 'cold monsoon'? And is it the best way to describe Adelaide's climate?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529095345/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-03/term-cold-monsoon-used-to-describe-adelaide-climate/9723122 |date=29 May 2018 }} ''ABC News'', 3 May 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018.</ref> Rainfall is unreliable, light and infrequent throughout summer, although heavy falls can occur. The winter has fairly reliable rainfall with June being the wettest month of the year, averaging around 80 mm. [[Frost]]s are occasional, with the most notable occurrences in 1908 and 1982. Hail may occur in winter.

Adelaide is a windy city with significant [[wind chill]] in winter, which makes the temperature [[apparent temperature|seem colder than it actually is]]. Snowfall in the metropolitan area is extremely rare, although light and sporadic falls in the nearby hills and at [[Mount Lofty]] occur during winter. Dewpoints in the summer typically range from {{convert|8|to|10|°C|°F}}. There are usually several days in summer where the temperature reaches {{convert|40.0|°C|°F}} or above.

While conditions vary from year-to-year, a warming trend has been [[Climate of Adelaide#Climate data and extremes|increasing in recent years]],<ref>Richards, Stephanie (6 February 2019). [https://indaily.com.au/news/local/2019/02/06/planners-warn-of-climate-change-risks-for-sa/ Planners warn of climate change risks for Adelaide], ''[[InDaily]]''. Retrieved 24 February 2023.</ref><ref>Saunders, Tom (28 February 2025). [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-28/nsw-end-of-summer-weather-spring-warmest/104990526 Australia's heat spell ongoing; spring and summer warmest on record] ''[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]'', Retrieved 28 February 2025.</ref> and with drought conditions experienced in SA in 2024−25, Adelaide has had to rely on [[Adelaide Desalination Plant|desalination]] to augment its water supply.<ref>Mason, Olivia (27 January 2025). [https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-01-27/desalination-production-to-ramp-up-as-reservoir-levels-drop/104864230 Lonsdale desalination plant to quadruple output as reservoirs drop to 20-year low]''[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]'', Retrieved 27 January 2025.</ref>

Temperature extremes range from −2.6 °C (31.4 °F), 8 June 1982 to 47.7 °C (117.9 °F), 24 January 2019. The city features 90.6 clear days annually.

The average sea temperature ranges from {{convert|13.7|°C|°F}} in August to {{convert|21.2|°C|°F}} in February.<ref>{{cite web |title=Glenelg Sea Temperature | Australia Water Temperatures |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/glenelg.htm |publisher=Seatemperature.org |access-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920141807/https://www.seatemperature.org/australia-pacific/australia/glenelg.htm |archive-date=20 September 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Weather box
| collapsed =
| location = Adelaide Airport M.O. (7km W of Adelaide, 2m ASL, 1991–2020 averages, 1887–2025 extremes{{refn|group=note|Temperature extremes are taken additionally from Adelaide (West Terrace) - site no. 023000}})
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| rain colour = green
| Jan record high C = 47.7
| Feb record high C = 44.7
| Mar record high C = 42.2
| Apr record high C = 36.9
| May record high C = 32.3
| Jun record high C = 26.1
| Jul record high C = 26.6
| Aug record high C = 30.4
| Sep record high C = 35.1
| Oct record high C = 39.0
| Nov record high C = 43.1
| Dec record high C = 45.3
| Jan high C = 28.6
| Feb high C = 28.4
| Mar high C = 25.6
| Apr high C = 22.5
| May high C = 18.7
| Jun high C = 16.0
| Jul high C = 15.2
| Aug high C = 16.1
| Sep high C = 18.7
| Oct high C = 21.7
| Nov high C = 24.5
| Dec high C = 26.4
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = 22.7
| Feb mean C = 22.6
| Mar mean C = 20.2
| Apr mean C = 17.3
| May mean C = 14.3
| Jun mean C = 12.0
| Jul mean C = 11.3
| Aug mean C = 11.9
| Sep mean C = 14.1
| Oct mean C = 16.4
| Nov mean C = 19.1
| Dec mean C = 20.8
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 16.8
| Feb low C = 16.8
| Mar low C = 14.8
| Apr low C = 12.1
| May low C = 9.9
| Jun low C = 8.0
| Jul low C = 7.4
| Aug low C = 7.7
| Sep low C = 9.4
| Oct low C = 11.1
| Nov low C = 13.6
| Dec low C = 15.2
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = 7.9
| Feb record low C = 7.8
| Mar record low C = 4.6
| Apr record low C = 3.1
| May record low C = -0.3
| Jun record low C = -2.6
| Jul record low C = -1.1
| Aug record low C = -0.3
| Sep record low C = 1.1
| Oct record low C = 3.1
| Nov record low C = 4.2
| Dec record low C = 5.9
| Jan rain mm = 21.2
| Feb rain mm = 20.0
| Mar rain mm = 24.9
| Apr rain mm = 37.6
| May rain mm = 59.3
| Jun rain mm = 77.7
| Jul rain mm = 71.1
| Aug rain mm = 66.9
| Sep rain mm = 59.6
| Oct rain mm = 40.0
| Nov rain mm = 31.0
| Dec rain mm = 28.3
| year rain mm = 536.5
| unit rain days = 0.2 mm
| Jan rain days = 4.7
| Feb rain days = 3.7
| Mar rain days = 5.9
| Apr rain days = 8.2
| May rain days = 12.7
| Jun rain days = 14.6
| Jul rain days = 16.3
| Aug rain days = 16.2
| Sep rain days = 13.5
| Oct rain days = 9.9
| Nov rain days = 8.3
| Dec rain days = 7.2
| year rain days = 121.2
| humidity colour = green
| Jan afthumidity = 36
| Feb afthumidity = 36
| Mar afthumidity = 41
| Apr afthumidity = 47
| May afthumidity = 55
| Jun afthumidity = 61
| Jul afthumidity = 60
| Aug afthumidity = 55
| Sep afthumidity = 51
| Oct afthumidity = 45
| Nov afthumidity = 40
| Dec afthumidity = 39
| Jan percentsun = 74
| Feb percentsun = 75
| Mar percentsun = 71
| Apr percentsun = 65
| May percentsun = 53
| Jun percentsun = 45
| Jul percentsun = 48
| Aug percentsun = 54
| Sep percentsun = 55
| Oct percentsun = 64
| Nov percentsun = 65
| Dec percentsun = 67
| Jan sun = 325.5
| Feb sun = 285.3
| Mar sun = 266.6
| Apr sun = 219.0
| May sun = 167.4
| Jun sun = 135.0
| Jul sun = 145.7
| Aug sun = 189.1
| Sep sun = 204.0
| Oct sun = 257.3
| Nov sun = 273.0
| Dec sun = 294.5
| year sun =
| source 1 = Adelaide Airport M.O. (averages 1991–2020, extremes 1955–2025)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_023034_All.shtml
| publisher = Bureau of Meteorology |title = Climate statistics for ADELAIDE AIRPORT M.O. |accessdate = 9 November 2025}}</ref>
| source 2 = Adelaide (Kent Town, rainfall 1991–2020, extremes 1977–2025)<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_023090_All.shtml
| publisher = Bureau of Meteorology |title = Climate statistics for ADELAIDE (KENT TOWN) |accessdate = 9 November 2025}}</ref>
| date = November 2025
| source =
}}

{{Weather box
| collapsed =
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes 
| location = Parafield Airport (15km N of Adelaide, 10m ASL, 1991−2020 averages, 1939−2024 extremes)


| Jan record high C =47.7
| Feb record high C =44.7
| Mar record high C =42.7
| Apr record high C =38.2
| May record high C =31.1
| Jun record high C =26.3
| Jul record high C =26.5
| Aug record high C =30.4
| Sep record high C =35.0
| Oct record high C =39.2
| Nov record high C =44.3
| Dec record high C =46.7
| year record high C =

| Jan high C =30.9
| Feb high C =30.6
| Mar high C =27.4
| Apr high C =23.7
| May high C =19.3
| Jun high C =16.2
| Jul high C =15.6
| Aug high C =16.7
| Sep high C =19.6
| Oct high C =23.2
| Nov high C =26.6
| Dec high C =28.6
| year high C =

| Jan mean C =23.8
| Feb mean C =23.7
| Mar mean C =20.9
| Apr mean C =17.6
| May mean C =14.2
| Jun mean C =11.5
| Jul mean C =10.9
| Aug mean C =11.6
| Sep mean C =13.9
| Oct mean C =16.8
| Nov mean C =19.9
| Dec mean C =21.8
| year mean C =

| Jan low C =16.7
| Feb low C =16.7
| Mar low C =14.3
| Apr low C =11.5
| May low C =9.0
| Jun low C =6.8
| Jul low C =6.2
| Aug low C =6.4
| Sep low C =8.2
| Oct low C =10.3
| Nov low C =13.1
| Dec low C =14.9
| year low C =


| Jan record low C =7.6
| Feb record low C =5.0
| Mar record low C =5.9
| Apr record low C =0.6
| May record low C =-1.4
| Jun record low C =-2.4
| Jul record low C =-2.8
| Aug record low C =-2.0
| Sep record low C =-0.2
| Oct record low C =1.4
| Nov record low C =2.5
| Dec record low C =5.6
| year record low C =
| rain colour = green 
| Jan rain mm =19.7
| Feb rain mm =18.4
| Mar rain mm =22.4
| Apr rain mm =33.2
| May rain mm =46.9
| Jun rain mm =54.2
| Jul rain mm =55.6
| Aug rain mm =50.7
| Sep rain mm =46.6
| Oct rain mm =31.8
| Nov rain mm =23.0
| Dec rain mm =22.6
| year rain mm =

| Jan rain days =4.3
| Feb rain days =3.5
| Mar rain days =5.3
| Apr rain days =7.9
| May rain days =11.5
| Jun rain days =12.9
| Jul rain days =15.4
| Aug rain days =14.6
| Sep rain days =12.8
| Oct rain days =8.5
| Nov rain days =6.9
| Dec rain days =5.8
| year rain days =
|source =<ref name="cw_023013_All">{{cite web
|url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_023013_All.shtml
|title = Climate statistics for Australian locations
|publisher = BoM
|access-date = 18 May 2024}}</ref>
}}

=== Liveability ===
[[File:Rymill Park in autumn.jpg|thumb|[[Rymill Park, Adelaide|Rymill Park]] in autumn]]
Adelaide was consistently ranked in the world's 10 [[Global Liveability Ranking|most liveable cities]] through the 2010s by [[The Economist Intelligence Unit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eiu.com/topic/liveability|title=Global Liveability Ranking|website=eiu.com|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501141508/http://www.eiu.com/topic/liveability|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/msn/the-worlds-most-liveable-cities-in-2018/ar-BBLTwDy|title=The world's most liveable cities in 2018|publisher=MSN|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164406/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/msn/the-worlds-most-liveable-cities-in-2018/ar-BBLTwDy|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=Liveability2016|title=Global Liveability Ranking 2016|first=EIU digital|last=solutions|website=eiu.com|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504225324/https://www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=liveability2016|archive-date=4 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/17/melbourne-vienna-vancouver-ranked-top-three-most-livable-cities-by-the-economist-intelligence-unit.html|title=These are the most livable cities in the world|first=Saheli Roy|last=Choudhury|website=[[CNBC]]|date=17 August 2016|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815164523/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/17/melbourne-vienna-vancouver-ranked-top-three-most-livable-cities-by-the-economist-intelligence-unit.html|archive-date=15 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
In June 2021, ''The Economist'' ranked Adelaide the third most liveable city in the world, behind [[Auckland]] and [[Osaka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-09/adelaide-declared-worlds-third-most-liveable-city/100200836 |title=Adelaide outperforms interstate rivals to be declared world's third most liveable city |date=9 June 2021 |website=ABC News |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref> In June 2023, Adelaide was ranked the twelfth most liveable city in the world by the Economist Intelligence Unit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/the-worlds-most-liveable-cities-have-been-revealed-heres-how-australia-ranked/hjbxpsogp|title=The world's most liveable cities have been revealed. Here's how Australia ranked|work=[[SBS Australia|SBS]]|date=22 June 2023|access-date=24 June 2023}}</ref>

In December 2021, Adelaide was named the world's second National Park City, after the state government had lobbied for this title.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/lifestyle/adelaide-named-the-worlds-second-national-park-city-at-the-world-urban-park-congress/news-story/7ed9eb6a39dbfed5c3de337b9081a5eb?amp&nk=18fdf904b5b20207861d6efb7319548e-1639211239|website =Adelaide Now |title =Adelaide becomes world's second National Park City|date =10 December 2021|url-access =subscription }}</ref><ref>[https://www.adelaidenationalparkcity.org/ Adelaide National Park City] Green Adelaide. Retrieved 9 January 2022.</ref>

It was ranked the [[most liveable city]] in Australia by the [[Property Council of Australia]], based on surveys of residents' views of their own city, between 2010 and 2013,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/01/22/3118843.htm?section=business |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726142952/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-01-22/adelaide-crowned-nations-most-livable-city/1914576?section=business |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2011 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News Online]] |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=22 January 2011 |title=Adelaide crowned nation's most livable city |access-date=23 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/adelaide-voted-nations-most-liveable/story-e6frea83-1226309173646 |work=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)|The Advertiser]]|location=Adelaide |date=25 March 2012 |title=Adelaide voted nation's most liveable |access-date=2 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701092114/http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/adelaide-voted-nations-most-liveable/story-e6frea83-1226309173646 |archive-date=1 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/adelaide-the-countrys-most-liveable-city-20130304-2ffeh.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=4 March 2013 |title=Adelaide the country's most liveable city |access-date=4 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305150329/http://www.smh.com.au/national/adelaide-the-countrys-most-liveable-city-20130304-2ffeh.html |archive-date=5 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> dropping to second place in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.propertycouncil.com.au/Web/Content/Media_Release/NSW/2014/Novocastrians_Crave_Change.aspx|website=Australian Property Council|title=Novocastrians Crave Change|first=Andrew|last=Fletcher|date=4 March 2014|access-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407062505/http://propertycouncil.com.au/Web/Content/Media_Release/NSW/2014/Novocastrians_Crave_Change.aspx|archive-date=7 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Governance ==
{{Main|Government of South Australia}}

[[File:Parliament House, South Australia.jpg|thumb|[[Parliament House, Adelaide]]]]

Adelaide, as the capital of South Australia, is the seat of the [[Government of South Australia]]. The [[bicameral]] [[Parliament of South Australia]] consists of the [[lower house]] known as the [[South Australian House of Assembly|House of Assembly]] and the [[upper house]] known as the [[South Australian Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]. [[South Australian state elections|General elections]] are held every four years, the last being the [[2022 South Australian state election]].

As Adelaide is South Australia's capital and most populous city, the [[Government of South Australia|State Government]] co-operates extensively with the [[City of Adelaide]]. In 2006, the Ministry for the City of Adelaide was created to facilitate the State Government's collaboration with the [[Adelaide City Council]] and the Lord Mayor to improve Adelaide's image. The State Parliament's Capital City Committee is also involved in the governance of the City of Adelaide, being primarily concerned with the planning of Adelaide's urban development and growth.<ref>[https://www.dpc.sa.gov.au/responsibilities/intergovernmental-relations/capital-city-committee Capital City Committee] Government of South Australia,
Department of the Premier and Cabinet. Retrieved 23 July 2021.</ref>

Reflecting South Australia's status as Australia's most centralised state, Adelaide elects a substantial majority of the South Australian House of Assembly. Of the 47 seats in the chamber, 34 seats (three-quarters of the legislature) are based in Adelaide, and two rural seats include Adelaide suburbs.

=== Local governments ===

{{Further|Local government areas of South Australia}}

The Adelaide metropolitan area is divided between nineteen [[Local Government Areas of South Australia|local government areas]]. At its centre, the [[City of Adelaide]] administers the [[Adelaide city centre]], [[North Adelaide]], and the surrounding [[Adelaide Parklands]]. It is the oldest municipal authority in Australia and was established in 1840, when Adelaide and Australia's first mayor, [[James Hurtle Fisher]], was elected. From 1919 onwards, the city has had a [[List of Mayors and Lord Mayors of Adelaide|Lord Mayor]], the current being Lord Mayor ''The Right Honourable'' [[Jane Lomax-Smith]].

== Demography ==
[[File:Adelaide density.jpg|thumb|Adelaide's population density by mesh blocks (MB), 2016 census]]
Adelaide's inhabitants are known as Adelaideans.<ref name="Salt">{{cite web |url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/ipad/salt-adelaides-european-twin/story-fn6br25t-1226028653784 |first=Bernard |last=Salt |date=27 March 2011 |access-date=16 April 2011 |title=Adelaide's European twin |work=[[Sunday Mail (Adelaide)|Sunday Mail]] |location=Adelaide |publisher=[[News Corp Australia|News Limited]] |quote=[...] the Adelaideans could withdraw to vantage points within the city centre [...] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810171115/http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/ipad/salt-adelaides-european-twin/story-fn6br25t-1226028653784 |archive-date=10 August 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Adelaidean">{{cite web |url=https://www.adelaide.edu.au/adelaidean/issues/81286/news81290.html |title=On your bike, Adelaide |year=2015 |work=Adelaidean |publisher=[[University of Adelaide]] |location=Adelaide |access-date=7 March 2016 |quote=It could be argued that Adelaideans are easily influenced by all things wheels [...] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307115258/https://www.adelaide.edu.au/adelaidean/issues/81286/news81290.html |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Compared with Australia's other state capitals, Adelaide is growing at a rate similar to Sydney and Hobart (see [[List of cities in Australia by population]]). In 2024, it had a metropolitan population (including suburbs) of 1,469,163,<ref name=GreaterAdelaide>{{cite web|title=Regional Population, 2023-2024 financial year|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/regional-population/2023-24#capital-cities|website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|date=27 March 2025|access-date=1 April 2025}} Estimated resident population, 30 June 2024.</ref> making it Australia's fifth-largest city. 77%<ref>[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features352013-14?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2013-14&num=&view= 3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2013–14] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220171206/http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs%40.nsf/Latestproducts/3218.0Main%20Features352013-14?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=3218.0&issue=2013-14&num=&view= |date=20 February 2016 }} SOUTH AUSTRALIA STATE SUMMARY Australian Bureau of Statistice, 31 March 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2016.</ref> of the population of South Australia are residents of the Adelaide metropolitan area, making South Australia one of the most centralised states.

Major areas of population growth in recent years have been in outer suburbs such as [[Mawson Lakes, South Australia|Mawson Lakes]] and Golden Grove. Adelaide's inhabitants occupy 366,912 houses, 57,695 semi-detached, row terrace or town houses and 49,413 flats, units or apartments.<ref name="ABS2011">{{cite web |url=http://australiapopulation2016.com/population-of-adelaide-in-2016.html |title=Population Of Adelaide in 2016 |publisher=Australiapopulation2016.com |date=13 January 2016 |access-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024051824/http://australiapopulation2016.com/population-of-adelaide-in-2016.html |archive-date=24 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

About one sixth (17.1%) of the population had university qualifications. The number of Adelaideans with vocational qualifications (such as tradespersons) fell from 62.1% of the labour force in the 1991 census to 52.4% in the 2001 census.

Adelaide is aging more rapidly than other Australian capital cities. More than a quarter (27.5%) of Adelaide's population is aged 55 years or older, in comparison to the national average of 25.6%. Adelaide has the lowest number of children (under-15-year-olds), who comprised 17.7% of the population, compared to the national average of 19.3%.<ref name="ABS2011" />

=== Ancestry and immigration ===
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+ Country of Birth (2021)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/4GADE|title=2021 Greater Adelaide, Census Community Profiles |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>
! Birthplace{{NoteTag|In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England, Scotland, [[Mainland China]] and the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and [[Macau]] are listed separately}} !! Population
|-
| [[Australia]] ||953,200
|-
| [[England]] ||78,486 
|-
| [[India]] || 42,933
|-
| [[Mainland China]] || 24,921 
|-
| [[Vietnam]] || 16,564
|-
| [[Italy]] || 15,667
|-
| [[Philippines]] ||12,826
|-
| [[New Zealand]] ||10,238
|-
| [[Scotland]] ||9,381
|-
| [[Malaysia]] ||8,509
|-
| [[Afghanistan]] ||7,909
|-
| [[Germany]] ||7,680
|-
| [[Greece]] ||7,590
|-
| [[Nepal]] ||7,055
|-
| [[South Africa]] ||6,983
|-
| [[Pakistan]] ||5,432
|-
| [[Iran]] ||5,147
|}
[[File:Adelaide Chinatown.jpg|thumb|A [[paifang]] at the entrance of [[Chinatown, Adelaide|Chinatown]] on Moonta Street in the [[Adelaide Central Market|Central Market precinct]]]]

At the 2021 census, the most commonly nominated ancestries were:<ref name="auto"/> 
{{columns-list|colwidth=13em|
* [[English Australians|English]] (35.7%)
* Australian (29.2%){{NoteTag|The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of the [[Anglo-Celtic Australian|Anglo-Celtic]] group.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument|title = Feature Article – Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article) |author = [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]] |website=abs.gov.au |date = January 1995 |access-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160420205113/http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs%40.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182%21OpenDocument|archive-date=20 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
* [[Scottish Australians|Scottish]] (7.9%)
* [[Irish Australians|Irish]] (7.5%)
* [[Italian Australians|Italian]] (7.1%)
* [[German Australians|German]] (6.3%)
* [[Chinese Australians|Chinese]] (4.5%)
* [[Indian Australians|Indian]] (3.3%)
* [[Greek Australian|Greek]] (2.9%)
* [[Vietnamese Australians|Vietnamese]] (1.7%)
* [[Aboriginal Australians|Australian Aboriginal]] (1.6%){{refn|group="N"|Those who nominated their ancestry as "Australian Aboriginal". Does not include [[Torres Strait Islanders]]. This relates to nomination of ancestry and is distinct from persons who identify as Indigenous (Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander) which is a separate question.}}
* [[Dutch Australians|Dutch]] (1.6%)
* [[Filipino Australians|Filipino]] (1.4%)
* [[Polish Australians|Polish]] (1.3%)
}}

Overseas-born Adelaideans composed 31.3% of the total population at the 2021 census. The five largest groups of overseas-born were from England (5.7%), India (3.1%), [[Mainland China]] (1.8%), Vietnam (1.2%) and Italy (1.1%).<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/4GADE|title=2021 Greater Adelaide, Census All persons QuickStats |website=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>

Suburbs including [[Newton, South Australia|Newton]], [[Payneham, South Australia|Payneham]] and [[Campbelltown, South Australia|Campbelltown]] in the east and [[Torrensville, South Australia|Torrensville]], [[West Lakes, South Australia|West Lakes]] and [[Fulham, South Australia|Fulham]] to the west, have large [[Greek Australian|Greek]] and [[Italian Australian|Italian]] communities. The Italian consulate is located in the western suburb of [[Hindmarsh, South Australia|Hindmarsh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://protocol.dfat.gov.au/Public/Consulates/97/State/5|title=Foreign embassies and consulates in Australia - Consulate of Italy (SA) |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=19 April 2024}}</ref> Large [[Vietnamese Australian|Vietnamese]] populations are settled in the north-western suburbs of [[Woodville, South Australia|Woodville]], [[Kilkenny, South Australia|Kilkenny]], [[Pennington, South Australia|Pennington]], [[Mansfield Park, South Australia|Mansfield Park]] and [[Athol Park, South Australia|Athol Park]] and also [[Parafield Gardens, South Australia|Parafield Gardens]] and [[Pooraka, South Australia|Pooraka]] in Adelaide's north. Migrants from [[Indian Australian|India]] and [[Sri Lankan Australian|Sri Lanka]] have settled into inner suburban areas of Adelaide including the inner northern suburbs of [[Blair Athol, South Australia|Blair Athol]], [[Kilburn, South Australia|Kilburn]] and [[Enfield, South Australia|Enfield]] and the inner southern suburbs of [[Plympton, South Australia|Plympton]], [[Park Holme, South Australia|Park Holme]] and [[Kurralta Park, South Australia|Kurralta Park]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

Suburbs such as [[Para Hills, South Australia|Para Hills]], [[Salisbury, South Australia|Salisbury]], [[Ingle Farm, South Australia|Ingle Farm]] and [[Blair Athol, South Australia|Blair Athol]] in the north and [[Findon, South Australia|Findon]], [[West Croydon, South Australia|West Croydon]] and [[Seaton, South Australia|Seaton]] and other Western suburbs have sizeable [[Afghan Australian|Afghan]] communities. [[Chinese Australian|Chinese migrants]] favour settling in the eastern and north eastern suburbs including [[Kensington Gardens, South Australia|Kensington Gardens]], [[Greenacres, South Australia|Greenacres]], [[Modbury, South Australia|Modbury]] and [[Golden Grove, South Australia|Golden Grove]]. [[Mawson Lakes, South Australia|Mawson Lakes]] has a large international student population, due to its proximity to the [[University of South Australia]] campus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zysk |first=Ania |year=2005 |title=Network Mawson Lakes: International and Local Links |url=https://isana.proceedings.com.au/docs/2005/papers%20(pdf)/fri_1030_zysk.pdf#:~:text=Mawson%20Lakes%20is%20the%20main%20campus%20for%20the,approximately%201%20400%20of%20those%20are%20international%20students. |access-date=10 May 2024 |website=Isana Conference Proceedings |page=2 |quote=There are around 5 147 students and approximately 1 400 of those are international students.}}</ref>

At the 2021 census, 1.7% of Adelaide's population identified as being [[Indigenous Australians|Indigenous]] — [[Aboriginal Australians]] and [[Torres Strait Islanders]].{{refn|group="N"|Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.}}<ref name="auto1"/>

=== Language ===
At the 2016 census, 75.4% of the population spoke [[Australian English|English]] at home. The other languages most commonly spoken at home were Italian (2.1%), [[Standard Mandarin]] (2.1%), Greek (1.7%) Vietnamese (1.4%), and [[Cantonese]] (0.7%).<ref name="quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au">{{cite web |url = https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/4GADE?opendocument |title=2016 Greater Adelaide, Census Community Profiles | Australian Bureau of Statistics |access-date=16 June 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190622062053/https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/communityprofile/4GADE%3Fopendocument |archive-date=22 June 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Kaurna language]], spoken by the area's original inhabitants, had no living speakers in the middle of the 20th century, but since the 1990s there has been a sustained revival effort from academics and Kaurna elders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sahistoryhub.history.sa.gov.au/subjects/kaurna-language-kaurna-warra|title=Kaurna language (Kaurna warra)|last=Amery|first=Rob|date=9 December 2013|access-date=22 October 2022|website=SA History Hub}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
[[File:St. Nicholas Church, Wayville.jpg|left|thumb|St Nicholas Church, a Russian Orthodox church in [[Wayville, South Australia|Wayville]]. Adelaide's 19th century moniker was ''The City of Churches''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maps.cityofadelaide.com.au/journey/bf1d1188-c13b-11e8-a4a7-024bc0398b11/adelaide-the-city-of-churches|title=Adelaide – the City of Churches|work=cityofadelaide.com.au|access-date=7 August 2022}}</ref>]]
Adelaide was founded on a vision of religious tolerance that attracted a wide variety of religious practitioners. This led to it being known as ''The City of Churches''.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1455 |title=Religion: Diversity |access-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810123558/http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1455 |archive-date=10 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1466 |title=Religious freedom |access-date=15 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309190732/https://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1466 |archive-date=9 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1455 Religion: Diversity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810123558/http://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=1455 |date=10 August 2013 }}, SA Memory. Retrieved 23 December 2010.</ref> But approximately 28% of the population expressed no religious affiliation in the 2011 Census, compared with the national average of 22.3%, making Adelaide one of Australia's least religious cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/4GADE?opendocument&navpos=220 |title=2011 Census – Greater Adelaide |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=2 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502004913/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/4GADE?opendocument&navpos=220 |url-status=dead }}</ref> According to 2021 census, 39.8% of the population of Adelaide identify as Christian, with the largest denominations being [[Roman Catholic Church in Australia|Catholic]] (16.4%), [[Anglican Church of Australia|Anglican]] (7.0%), [[Uniting Church in Australia|Uniting Church]] (3.9%) and [[Greek Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox]] (2.4%). Non-Christian faith communities, representing 9.5% from Adelaide's population, include [[Islam]] (2.8%), [[Hinduism]] (2.7%) and [[Buddhism]] (2.3%).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion {{!}} City of Adelaide {{!}} Community profile |url=https://profile.id.com.au/adelaide/religion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715093651/http://profile.id.com.au/adelaide/religion |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2013 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=profile.id.com.au }}</ref>

The Jewish community of the city dates back to 1840. Eight years later, 58 Jews lived in the city.<ref name=JVL>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0001_0_00409.html Adelaide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015195622/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0001_0_00409.html |date=15 October 2015 }}, Jewish Virtual Library, Encyclopaedia Judica, 2008.</ref> A synagogue was built in 1871, when 435 Jews lived in the city. Many took part in the city councils, such as [[Judah Moss Solomon]] (1852–66). Three Jews have been elected to the position of [[List of mayors and lord mayors of Adelaide|city mayor]].<ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/793-adelaide Adelaide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108003822/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/793-adelaide |date=8 November 2014 }}, JewishEncyclopedia.com, 1906.</ref> In 1968, the Jewish population of Adelaide numbered about 1,200;<ref>{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Adelaide |url = https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/adelaide |website=Beit Hatfutsot Open Databases Project |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot |access-date=22 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155442/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/adelaide |archive-date=22 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> in 2001, according to the Australian census, 979 persons declared themselves to be Jewish by religion.<ref name="JVL" /> In 2011, over 1,000 Jews were living in the city, served by an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] synagogue, [[Adelaide Hebrew Congregation]] and a [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] synagogue, '''Beit Shalom''', in addition to a virtual Jewish museum. [[Massada College, Adelaide|Massada College]], a Jewish day school opened in the city in 1976 and closed in 2011.<ref>[https://www.jta.org/2011/07/04/global/south-australias-only-jewish-school-to-close South Australia’s only Jewish school to close] ''Jewish Telegraphic Agency''. 4 July 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://adelaidejmuseum.org/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131216161346/http://www.adelaidejmuseum.org/|url-status=live |title=Adelaide Jewish Museum |archive-date=16 December 2013 |website=adelaidejmuseum.org }}</ref> The [[Adelaide Holocaust Museum and Andrew Steiner Education Centre]] opened in 2020.<ref>[https://gandelfoundation.org.au/2020/11/adelaide-holocaust-museum-is-opening-its-doors-and-the-hearts-of-south-australians/ Adelaide Holocaust Museum is opening its doors and the hearts of South Australians] Gandel Foundation. Retrieved on 17 December 2024</ref>

The "[[Afghan (Australia)|Afghan]]" community in Australia first became established in the 1860s when camels and their Pathan, Punjabi, Baluchi and Sindhi handlers began to be used to open up settlement in the continent's arid interior.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Westrip |first1=J. |last2=Holroyde |first2=P. |year=2010 |title=Colonial Cousins: a surprising history of connections between India and Australia |publisher=[[Wakefield Press (Australia)|Wakefield Press]] |location=[[Kent Town, South Australia]] |isbn=978-1-86254-841-1 |ol=24582860M }}</ref> Until eventually superseded by the advent of the railways and motor vehicles, camels played an invaluable economic and social role in transporting heavy loads of goods to and from isolated settlements and mines. This is acknowledged by the name of [[The Ghan]], the passenger train operating between Adelaide, Alice Springs, and Darwin. The [[Central Adelaide Mosque]] is regarded as Australia's oldest permanent mosque; an earlier [[Marree Mosque|mosque at Marree]] in northern South Australia, dating from 1861 to 1862 and subsequently abandoned or demolished, has now been rebuilt.

== Economy ==
[[File:NRAHfront.jpg|thumb|The new [[Royal Adelaide Hospital]] opened in 2017. Health care and social assistance is the largest [[Australian Bureau of Statistics|ABS]]-defined employment sector in South Australia.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web |url = http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/BDE38EF07F5984D0CA2576F50011FE7D?OpenDocument |title = 1345.4 – SA Stats, June 2011 |access-date=24 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111116061953/http://abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/mediareleasesbyReleaseDate/BDE38EF07F5984D0CA2576F50011FE7D?OpenDocument |archive-date=16 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

South Australia's largest employment sectors are health care and social assistance,<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/business/health-now-our-biggest-employer/story-e6frede3-1226046526798 |title = Health now our biggest employer – Adelaide Now |work = AdelaideNow |access-date=24 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430211448/http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/business/health-now-our-biggest-employer/story-e6frede3-1226046526798 |archive-date=30 April 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> surpassing manufacturing in SA as the largest employer since 2006–07.<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name=autogenerated1 /> In 2009–10, manufacturing in SA had average annual employment of 83,700 persons compared with 103,300 for health care and social assistance.<ref name=autogenerated2 /> Health care and social assistance represented nearly 13% of the state average annual employment.<ref name=autogenerated3>[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1345.4Feature%20Article1Apr%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1345.4&issue=Apr%202011&num=&view= 1345.4 – SA Stats, Apr 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502133036/http://www8.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/1345.4Feature%20Article1Apr%202011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=1345.4&issue=Apr%202011&num=&view= |date=2 May 2012 }}. abs.gov.au. Retrieved 26 July 2013.</ref> The [[Adelaide Hills wine region]] is an iconic and viable economic region for both the state and country in terms of wine production and sale. The 2014 vintage is reported as consisting of {{convert|5836|t|abbr=on}} red grapes crushed valued at A$8,196,142 and {{convert| 12,037|t|abbr=on}} white grapes crushed valued at $14,777,631.<ref name=PGIBSA25>PGIBSA, 2014, page 25</ref>

The retail trade is the second largest employer in SA (2009–10), with over 91,900 jobs, and 12 per cent of the state workforce.<ref name=autogenerated3 />

Manufacturing, defence technology, high-tech electronic systems and research, commodity export and corresponding service industries all play a role in the SA economy. Almost half of all cars produced in Australia were made in Adelaide at the [[Holden Elizabeth Plant]] in [[Elizabeth, South Australia|Elizabeth]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southaustralia.biz/fact_sheets/fact_automotive.biz.pdf |title=South Australia Fact Sheet: Automotive Industry |publisher=Government of South Australia |access-date=26 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809022714/http://www.southaustralia.biz/fact_sheets/fact_automotive.biz.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2007}}</ref> The site ceased operating in November 2017.

The [[State Bank of South Australia|collapse of the State Bank in 1992]] resulted in large levels of state public debt (as much as A$4 billion). The collapse meant that successive governments enacted lean budgets, cutting spending, which was a setback to the further economic development of the city and state. {{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}As of January 2026, the government has an AA+ credit rating.

The global media conglomerate [[News Corporation]] was founded in, and until 2004 incorporated in, Adelaide, and the city is still considered the Corporation's "spiritual" home by its founder, [[Rupert Murdoch]].<ref>{{Cite episode |title=News Corp bids Adelaide farewell |access-date=24 October 2021 |series=AM |first=Nance |last=Haxton |station=ABC Radio |date=26 October 2004 |time=08:24:42 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2004/s1227927.htm}}
</ref> Australia's largest oil company, [[Santos Limited|Santos]], prominent South Australian brewery, [[Coopers Brewery|Coopers]], and national retailer [[Harris Scarfe]] also call Adelaide their home.

In 2018, at which time more than 80 organisations employed 800 people in the space sector in South Australia, Adelaide was chosen for the headquarters of a new [[Australian Space Agency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-11/australian-space-agency-to-be-based-in-adelaide/10608202 |title=South Australia beats strong competition to be home to Australia's new space agency |work=ABC News (Australia) |last1=Maclennan |first1=Leah |last2=Winter |first2=Caroline |date=11 December 2018 |access-date=28 September 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211160327/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-11/australian-space-agency-to-be-based-in-adelaide/10608202 |archive-date=11 December 2018 }}</ref> The agency opened its in 2020. It is working to triple the size of the Australian space industry and create 20,000 new jobs by 2030.<ref>{{cite web|title=Australian Space Agency opens in Adelaide|publisher=Department of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources of Australia|date=19 February 2020|url=https://www.industry.gov.au/news-media/australian-space-agency-news/australian-space-agency-opens-in-adelaide|access-date=22 July 2021|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219053024/https://www.industry.gov.au/news-media/australian-space-agency-news/australian-space-agency-opens-in-adelaide|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Defence industry ===
[[File:US Navy 040823-N-3019M-003 The Australian Collins-class submarine, HMAS Rankin (SSK 78), enters Pearl Harbor for a port visit after completing exercises in the Pacific region.jpg|thumb|The Adelaide-built {{sclass|Collins|submarine|2}} {{HMAS|Rankin|SSG 78|6}} entering [[Pearl Harbor]], August 2004]]
Adelaide is home to a large proportion of Australia's defence industries, which contribute over A$1 billion to South Australia's Gross State Product.<ref>[http://indaily.com.au/news/2013/08/28/defence-interactive/ Visualised: How Defence dominates govt tenders in SA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128151001/http://indaily.com.au/news/2013/08/28/defence-interactive/ |date=28 January 2016 }} ''InDaily'', 28 August 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2016.</ref> The principal government military research institution, the [[Defence Science and Technology Organisation]], and other defence technology organisations such as [[BAE Systems Australia]] and Lockheed Martin Australia, are north of Salisbury and west of Elizabeth in an area now called "Edinburgh Parks", adjacent to [[RAAF Base Edinburgh]].

Others, such as Saab Systems and Raytheon, are in or near [[Technology Park, Adelaide|Technology Park]]. [[ASC Pty Ltd]], is based in the industrial suburb of [[Osborne, South Australia|Osborne]] and is also a part of [[Technology Park, Adelaide|Technology Park]]. South Australia was charged with constructing Australia's {{sclass|Collins|submarine|1}}s and more recently the A$6 billion contract to construct the [[Royal Australian Navy]]'s new [[Hobart-class destroyer|air-warfare destroyers]].<ref>[http://www.defencesa.com/ ''South Australia: The Defence Industry Choice''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731112615/http://www.defencesa.com/ |date=31 July 2012 }}, Defence SA.</ref>

=== Employment statistics ===
{{as of|2015|November}}, Greater Adelaide had an unemployment rate of 7.4% with a youth unemployment rate of 15%.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.skills.sa.gov.au/workforce-information/labour-market |title=Workforce Wizard | WorkReady – Skills and Employment |website = Skills.sa.gov.au |date=14 September 2017 |access-date=20 September 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160223171250/http://www.skills.sa.gov.au/workforce-information/labour-market |archive-date=23 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The median weekly individual income for people aged 15 years and over was $447 per week in 2006, compared with $466 nationally. The median family income was $1,137 per week, compared with $1,171 nationally.<ref name=ABS>{{Census 2006 AUS|id=405|name=Adelaide (Statistical Division)|quick=on|access-date=28 February 2008}}</ref> Adelaide's housing and living costs are substantially lower than that of other Australian cities, with housing being notably cheaper. The median Adelaide house price is half that of Sydney and two-thirds that of Melbourne. The three-month trend unemployment rate to March 2007 was 6.2%.<ref>[http://www.workplace.gov.au/lmip/LabourForceData/SouthAustralia/Adelaide/ ''Adelaide''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904085208/http://www.workplace.gov.au/lmip/LabourForceData/SouthAustralia/Adelaide/ |date=4 September 2007 }}, Labour Market Information Portal.</ref> The Northern suburbs' unemployment rate is disproportionately higher than the other regions of Adelaide at 8.3%, while the East and South are lower than the Adelaide average at 4.9% and 5.0% respectively.<ref>[http://www.workplace.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/1E5ADA69-1DF0-4680-A16A-F376109E9091/0/SA_6_Regions_2007_04.pdf ''SA Regional Labour Force Data''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619211401/http://www.workplace.gov.au/NR/rdonlyres/1E5ADA69-1DF0-4680-A16A-F376109E9091/0/SA_6_Regions_2007_04.pdf |date=19 June 2007 }}, April 2007, Australian Bureau of Statistics Labour Force Survey.</ref>

=== House prices ===
Over the decade March 2001 – March 2010, Metropolitan Adelaide median house prices approximately tripled. (approx. 285% – approx. 11%p.a. compounding)
In the five years March 2007 – March 2012, prices increased by approx. 27% – approx. 5%p.a. compounding. March 2012 – March 2017 saw a further increase of 19% – approx. 3.5%p.a. compounding.<ref>{{cite web |title=State and Metro Adelaide Historical Median House Prices |url=https://www.reisa.com.au/documents/item/54 |website=reisa.com.au |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317073307/https://www.reisa.com.au/documents/item/54 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=statistics |url=https://www.reisa.com.au/documents/item/58 |website=reisa.com.au |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317073340/https://www.reisa.com.au/documents/item/58 |archive-date=17 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SA house prices surge ahead |url=http://wic003lc.server-web.com/~admin417/uploads/Stats/Stats |website=Wic003lc.server-web.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704192553/http://wic003lc.server-web.com/~admin417/uploads/Stats/Stats%20Mar10.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2010}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/planning-and-property/buying-a-home-or-property/researching-a-property/median-house-sales-by-quarter|title=Median house sales by quarter|last=Australia|first=Government of South|website=sa.gov.au|access-date=21 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704200642/http://www.sa.gov.au/topics/planning-and-property/buying-a-home-or-property/researching-a-property/median-house-sales-by-quarter|archive-date=4 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

In summary:
{| class=wikitable
|- align=right
! March|| 2001 || 2002 || 2003 || 2004 || 2005 || 2006 || 2007 || 2008 || 2009 || 2010
|- align=right
| Median || $140,000 || $170,000 || $200,000 || $250,000 || $270,000 || $280,000 || $300,000 || $360,000 || $350,000 || $400,000
|- align=right
|% change || || 21% || 18% || 25% || 8% || 4% || 7% || 20% || −3% || 14%
|- align=right
! March || 2011 || 2012 || 2013 || 2014 || 2015 || 2016 || 2017 || 2018 || 2019 || 2020
|- align=right
| Median || $400,000 || $380,000 || $393,000 || $413,000 || $425,000 || $436,000 || $452,000 || $470,000 || $478,500 ||
|- align=right
|% change || 0% || −5% || 3% || 5% || 3% || 3% || 4% || || ||
|-
| colspan=11 |''All numbers approximate and rounded. Since March 2012, the REISA<ref name=RESIA>Real Estate Institute of South Australia (REISA)</ref> no longer release a median house price for the Adelaide Metropolitan area, so figures retrieved are from Dept of the Premier and Cabinet.''<ref name=":0" />
|}

Each quarter, The Alternative and Direct Investment Securities Association (ADISA) publishes a list of median house sale prices by suburb and [[Local government in Australia|Local Government Area]].{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} (Previously, this was done by REISA<ref name=RESIA />) Due to the small sizes of many of Adelaide's suburbs, the low volumes of sales in these suburbs, and (over time) the huge variations in the numbers of sales in a suburb in a quarter, statistical analysis of "the most expensive suburb" is unreliable; the suburbs appearing in the "top 10 most expensive suburbs this quarter" list is constantly varying. Quarterly Reports for the last two years can be found on the REISA website.<ref>{{cite web |last= |first= |date=23 August 2023 |title=Median House Prices – REISA |url=https://members.reisa.com.au/publicinfo/median-house-prices |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203220313/http://www.reisa.com.au/publicinfo/median-house-prices |archive-date=3 December 2012 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=The Real Estate Institute of South Australia (REISA)}}</ref>


== Education and research ==
{{Main|South Australia#Education|l1 = Education in South Australia}}

[[File:Adelaide (AU), Barr Smith Library -- 2019 -- 0677.jpg|thumb|[[Barr Smith Library]], part of the [[University of Adelaide]]]]
Education forms an increasingly important part of the city's economy, with the [[Government of South Australia|South Australian Government]] and educational institutions attempting to position Adelaide as "Australia's education hub" and marketing it as a "Learning City".<ref name="eduhub">{{cite news |first=Verity |last=Edwards |title=Education attracts record numbers |work=The Weekend Australian |date=3 May 2008}}</ref> The number of international students studying in Adelaide has increased rapidly in recent years to 30,726 in 2015, of which 1,824 were secondary school students.<ref name="thecity">{{cite news |first=Amelia |last=Broadstock |title=International Uni student numbers a billion dollar boom for Adelaide |work=The City Messenger |date=6 May 2015}}</ref>

Adelaide is the birthplace of three Nobel laureates, [[List of Australian Nobel laureates#Australian laureates by birthplace|more than any other Australian city]]: physicist [[William Lawrence Bragg]] and pathologists [[Howard Florey]] and [[Robin Warren]], all of whom completed secondary and tertiary education at [[St Peter's College, Adelaide|St Peter's College]] and the [[University of Adelaide]].

Adelaide is also the hometown of mathematician [[Terence Tao]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2024 |title=Vitae and Bibliography for Terence Tao |url=https://www.math.ucla.edu/~tao/preprints/cv.html |access-date=12 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Primary and secondary education ===
There are two systems of primary and secondary schools, a public system operated by the South Australian Government's [[Department for Education (South Australia)|Department for Education]], and a private system of independent and Catholic schools.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://australia101.com/lifestyle/education/|title=Australia 101 – Education in Australia|website=australia101.com|access-date=14 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190309142858/http://australia101.com/lifestyle/education|archive-date=9 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[List of schools in South Australia|South Australian schools]] provide education under the [[Australian Curriculum]] for reception to Year 10 students. In Years 10 to 12, students study for the [[South Australian Certificate of Education]] (SACE). They have the option of incorporating [[Vocational education|vocational education and training]] (VET) courses or a flexible learning option (FLO).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/education-and-learning/curriculum-and-learning/south-australian-curriculum|title=Curriculum in South Australian schools|access-date=12 October 2022|website=sa.gov.au}}</ref> South Australia also has 24 schools that use [[International Baccalaureate]] programs as an alternative to the Australian Curriculum or SACE. These programs include the [[IB Primary Years Programme]], the [[IB Middle Years Programme]], and the [[IB Diploma Programme]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ibaustralasia.org/schools/SA|title=Find an IB school South Australia|access-date=12 October 2022|website=ib schools australasia|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012045333/https://ibaustralasia.org/schools/SA|url-status=dead}}</ref>

For South Australian students who cannot attend a traditional school, including students who live in rural or remote areas, the state government runs the Open Access College (OAC), which provides virtual teaching. The OAC has a campus in [[Marden, South Australia|Marden]] which caters to students from reception to Year 12 and adults who haven't been able to complete their SACE.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/education-and-learning/schools/alternative-schooling/external-education|title=External education|access-date=12 October 2022|website=sa.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.openaccess.edu.au/about-oac/marden-campus|title=Marden Campus|date=20 March 2019|access-date=12 October 2022|website=Open Access College}}</ref> Guardians are also able to apply for their child to be educated from home as long as they provide an education program which meets the same requirements as the Australian Curriculum as well as opportunities for social interaction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sa.gov.au/topics/education-and-learning/schools/alternative-schooling/home-education|title=Home education|access-date=12 October 2022|website=sa.gov.au}}</ref>

=== Tertiary education ===
[[File:Torrens Building, Wakefield St, Adelaide.JPG|thumb|Historic Torrens Building in [[Victoria Square, Adelaide|Victoria Square]] houses campuses of several international universities operating in South Australia]]
There are three public universities local to Adelaide, as well as one private university and three constituent colleges of foreign universities. [[Flinders University of South Australia]], the [[University of Adelaide]], the [[University of South Australia]] and [[Torrens University Australia]]—part of the [[Laureate International Universities]] are based in Adelaide. The University of Adelaide was ranked in the top 150 universities worldwide. Flinders ranked in the top 250 and Uni SA in the top 300. Torrens University Australia is part of an international network of over 70 higher education institutions in more than 30 countries worldwide.


The [[University of Adelaide]], with 25,000 students,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adelaide.edu.au/uni/facts/ |title=Facts & Figures |publisher=University of Adelaide |access-date=1 June 2012 |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721020522/http://www.adelaide.edu.au/uni/facts/}}</ref> is Australia's third-oldest university and a member of the leading "[[Group of Eight (Australian universities)|Group of Eight]]". It has five campuses throughout the state, including two in the city-centre, and a campus in Singapore. The [[University of South Australia]], with 37,000 students,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w3.unisa.edu.au/news/facts.asp |title=Facts about UniSA |publisher=University of South Australia |access-date=1 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516160441/http://w3.unisa.edu.au/news/facts.asp |archive-date=16 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> has two North Terrace campuses, three other campuses in the metropolitan area and campuses in the regional cities of [[Whyalla]] and [[Mount Gambier]]. The University of Adelaide and the University of South Australia have had multiple proposals to merge into a single university. A proposal in 2018 failed due to uncertainty as to the new name and leadership of the merged university.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-21/documents-shed-light-on-university-of-adelaide-sa-failed-merger/12960276|title=University of Adelaide, UniSA merger proposal failed after uncertainty over name and leadership|last=Siebert|first=Bension|date=21 January 2021|access-date=23 December 2022|website=ABC News}}</ref> In 2022, the universities announced a new merger proposal, with the name and leadership issues settled and support from the South Australian government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-12-07/universities-of-adelaide-and-south-australia-move-to-merge/101746396|title=University of Adelaide and UniSA revive merger talks, with new combined uni pitched for 2026|date=7 December 2022|access-date=23 December 2022|website=ABC News}}</ref>

[[Flinders University]], with 25,184 students,<ref>[https://www.flinders.edu.au/about/fast-facts/student-staff-numbers Student and staff numbers, 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211709/https://www.flinders.edu.au/about/fast-facts/student-staff-numbers |date=26 February 2018 }} Flinders University, 21 July 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2018.</ref> is based in the southern suburb of [[Bedford Park, South Australia|Bedford Park]], alongside the [[Flinders Medical Centre]], with additional campuses in neighbouring [[Tonsley]] and in Victoria Square in the city centre.

In 2024, the [[University of the Sunshine Coast]] opened a new campus in Adelaide where undergraduate and master's courses in [[Information and communications technology|ICT]] and business are offered.<ref name="p920">{{cite web | title=UniSC announces Adelaide campus | website=UniSC | date=23 April 2024 | url=https://www.usc.edu.au/about/unisc-news/news-archive/2024/may/unisc-announces-adelaide-campus | access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="d156">{{cite web | title=UniSC Adelaide | website=UniSC | url=https://www.usc.edu.au/study/life-at-unisc/study-locations/unisc-adelaide | access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref>

The [[Adelaide College of Divinity]] is at [[Brooklyn Park, South Australia|Brooklyn Park]].

There are several South Australian [[TAFE South Australia|TAFE]] (Technical and Further Education) campuses in the metropolitan area that provide a range of vocational education and training. The [[Adelaide College of the Arts]], as a school of TAFE SA, provides nationally recognised training in visual and performing arts.

StudyAdelaide, a collaboration between the South Australian government and the tertiary education sector, maintains an on-line list of schools, universities, and higher education institutions in SA.<ref>[https://studyadelaide.com/study/institutions Institutions]. StudyAdelaide. Retrieved 30 March 2025.</ref>

=== Research ===
[[File:Bonython Hall, Adelaide by Paul Weston (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[University of Adelaide|Bonython Hall, University of Adelaide]]]]
In addition to the universities, Adelaide is home to research institutes, including the [[Royal Institution of Australia]], established in 2009 as a counterpart to the two-hundred-year-old [[Royal Institution]] of Great Britain.<ref>{{cite news |first=Verity |last=Edwards |title=RI Australia plugs into world science |work=The Weekend Australian |date=3 May 2008}}</ref> Many of the organisations involved in research tend to be geographically clustered throughout the Adelaide metropolitan area:
* The east end of [[North Terrace, Adelaide|North Terrace]]: [[SA Pathology]];<ref>[http://www.imvs.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/SA+Pathology+Internet+Content/IMVS/About+Us/History/ History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116192755/http://www.imvs.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/SA+Pathology+Internet+Content/IMVS/About+Us/History/ |date=16 January 2011 }}, [http://www.imvs.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/SA+Pathology+Internet+Content/IMVS/About+Us/Our+Research/ Our research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116192806/http://www.imvs.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/SA+Pathology+Internet+Content/IMVS/About+Us/Our+Research/ |date=16 January 2011 }}, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science</ref> [[Hanson Institute]];<ref>[http://www.hansoninstitute.sa.gov.au/ About us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725031302/http://www.hansoninstitute.sa.gov.au/ |date=25 July 2008 }}, [http://www.hansoninstitute.sa.gov.au/aboutus/history.php History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725031302/http://www.hansoninstitute.sa.gov.au/ |date=25 July 2008 }} , Hanson Institute</ref> [[National Wine Centre of Australia|National Wine Centre]].
* The west end of North Terrace: [[South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute]] (SAHMRI), located next to the [[Royal Adelaide Hospital]].
* The [[Waite Research Precinct]]: [[South Australian Research and Development Institute|SARDI]] Head Office and Plant Research Centre; [[Australian Wine Research Institute|AWRI]];<ref>[http://www.awri.com.au/ The Australian Wine Research Institute (AWRI)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225174859/https://www.awri.com.au/ |date=25 December 2010 }}, awri.com.au</ref> [[Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics|ACPFG]];<ref>[http://www.acpfg.com.au/ Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics (ACPFG)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218142922/http://www.acpfg.com.au/ |date=18 December 2010 }}, acpfg.com.au</ref> [[CSIRO]] research laboratories.<ref name="CSIROWaite">{{cite web | title=Waite Campus, Urrbrae | website=CSIRO | date=6 September 2019 | url=https://www.csiro.au/en/Locations/SA/Urrbrae | access-date=6 September 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906061825/https://www.csiro.au/en/Locations/SA/Urrbrae | archive-date=6 September 2019 | url-status=live }}</ref> SARDI also has establishments at [[Glenside, South Australia|Glenside]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/about_us_2/facilities/glenside_laboratories |title=Livestock – Glenside Laboratories |access-date=6 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219151446/http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/about_us_2/facilities/glenside_laboratories |archive-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[West Beach, South Australia|West Beach]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/about_us_2/facilities/sa_aquatic_sciences_centre/sa_aquatic_sciences_centre |title=SARDI |access-date=6 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219154303/http://www.sardi.sa.gov.au/about_us_2/facilities/sa_aquatic_sciences_centre/sa_aquatic_sciences_centre |archive-date=19 February 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Edinburgh, South Australia]]: [[Defence Science and Technology Organisation|DSTO]]; [[BAE Systems]] (Australia); [[Lockheed Martin]] Australia Electronic Systems.
* [[Technology Park Adelaide|Technology Park]] ([[Mawson Lakes, South Australia|Mawson Lakes]]): BAE Systems; [[Optus]]; [[Raytheon]]; [[Topcon]]; Lockheed Martin Australia Electronic Systems.
* Research Park at [[Thebarton, South Australia|Thebarton]]: businesses involved in materials engineering, biotechnology, environmental services, information technology, industrial design, laser/optics technology, health products, engineering services, radar systems, telecommunications and petroleum services.
* Science Park (adjacent to Flinders University): Playford Capital.
* The [[Basil Hetzel]] Institute for Translational Health Research<ref>{{cite web |title=A great of the SA science world |url=https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/a-great-of-the-sa-science-world/news-story/9338949922d55092230a3a77e2b749c9 |website=The Advertiser|location=Adelaide |date=24 May 2012 |access-date=9 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223914/https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/a-great-of-the-sa-science-world/news-story/9338949922d55092230a3a77e2b749c9 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> in [[Woodville, South Australia|Woodville]] the research arm of the [[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide]]
* The [[The Joanna Briggs Institute|Joanna Briggs Institute]], a global research collaboration for evidence-based healthcare with its headquarters in North Adelaide.
<gallery mode="packed">
File:OIC adelaide north terrace bldg nr east end.jpg|Mitchell Building, University of Adelaide
File:Hawke Building, UniSA.jpg| The Hawke Building, part of [[University of South Australia|UniSA]]'s City West Campus
File:Flinders from hill 3.jpg| [[Flinders University]] buildings from the campus hills
File:Torrens Building, Victoria Square.jpg| Torrens University
File:SAHMRI.jpg| South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
</gallery>

== {{anchor|culture}}Cultural life ==
[[File:Art Gallery of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide.jpg|thumb|The [[Art Gallery of South Australia]] on North Terrace]]
{{see also|Tourism in Adelaide|South Australia#Cultural life|Department of the Premier and Cabinet (South Australia)#Arts and culture|List of festivals in Australia#South Australia}}
[[File:ACC - NYE low res-69.jpg|thumb|New Year's Eve celebrations in [[Elder Park]] on the River Torrens (mid right), Adelaide Oval (further, left) and Adelaide Festival Centre (near right) are also in view.]]
While established as a [[British colonisation of South Australia|British province]], and very much English in terms of its culture, Adelaide attracted immigrants from other parts of Europe early on, including German and other European non-conformists escaping religious persecution. The first [[German Australians#Old Lutherans|German Lutherans arrived in 1838]],<ref>Monteath, P., Paul, M., & Martin, R. (2014): ''Interned: Torrens Island 1914–1915'', Wakefield Press, {{ISBN|9781743053386}} p. 8</ref> bringing with them the [[vine cuttings]] that they used to found the acclaimed wineries of the [[Barossa Valley]].

The [[Royal Adelaide Show]] is an annual [[agricultural show]] and [[state fair]], established in 1839 and now a huge event held in the [[Adelaide Showground]] annually.

Adelaide's arts scene flourished in the 1960s and 1970s with the support of successive premiers from both major political parties. The renowned [[Adelaide Festival of Arts]] was established in 1960 under Thomas Playford, which in the same year spawned an unofficial uncurated series of performances and exhibits which grew into the [[Adelaide Fringe]]. Construction of the [[Adelaide Festival Centre]] began under Steele Hall in 1970 and was completed under the subsequent government of [[Don Dunstan]], who also established the [[South Australian Film Corporation]] in 1972 and the [[State Opera of South Australia]] in 1976.

Over time, the Adelaide Festival expanded to include [[Adelaide Writers' Week]] and [[WOMADelaide]], and other separate festivals were established, such as the [[Adelaide Cabaret Festival]] (2002), the [[Adelaide Festival of Ideas]] (1999), the [[Adelaide Film Festival]] (2013), [[Feast Festival|FEAST]] (1999, a [[LGBT culture|queer culture]]), [[Tasting Australia]] (1997, a food and wine affair), and [[Illuminate Adelaide]] (2021). With the Festival, the Fringe, WOMADelaide, Writers' Week and the [[Adelaide 500]] street motor racing event (along with evening music concerts) all happening in early March, the period became known colloquially as "Mad March".

In 2014, [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] founded the [[Adelaide Language Festival]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/linguistics/alf/|title=Adelaide Language Festival 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310023446/http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/linguistics/alf/|archive-date=10 March 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lcnau2017.org/adelaide-languages-festival|title=Adelaide Language Festival, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909142218/https://www.lcnau2017.org/adelaide-languages-festival|archive-date=9 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There are many international cultural fairs, most notably the German [[Schützenfest (Adelaide)|Schützenfest]] and Greek [[Glendi]]. Adelaide holds an annual [[Adelaide Christmas Pageant|Christmas pageant]], the world's largest [[Santa Claus parade|Christmas parade]].
[[File:Palm House, Adelaide Botanic Gardens.jpg|thumb|Palm House at the [[Adelaide Botanic Garden]]]]

=== North Terrace institutions ===
As the state capital, Adelaide has a great number of cultural institutions, many of them along the boulevard of [[North Terrace, Adelaide|North Terrace]]. The [[Art Gallery of South Australia]], with about 35,000 works, holds Australia's second largest state-based collection. Adjacent are the [[South Australian Museum]] and [[State Library of South Australia]]. The [[Adelaide Botanic Garden]], [[National Wine Centre]] and [[Tandanya National Aboriginal Cultural Institute]] are nearby in the [[East End, Adelaide|East End]] of the city. In the back of the State Library lies the [[Migration Museum, Adelaide|Migration Museum]], Australia's oldest museum of its kind.

Further west, the [[Lion Arts Centre]] is home to [[ACE Open]], which showcases contemporary art; [[Dance Hub SA]]; and other studios and arts industry spaces. The [[Mercury Cinema]] and the [[JamFactory]] ceramics and design gallery are just around the corner.

=== Performing arts venues ===
[[File:Adelaide, Australia (February 2017) (33505366456).jpg|thumb|The [[Adelaide Town Hall]]]]
[[File:The Orb, Adelaide Entertainment Centre.jpg|thumb|The [[Adelaide Entertainment Centre]], the largest indoor sports and entertainment venue in Adelaide]]
The Adelaide Festival Centre (which includes the Dunstan Playhouse, Festival Theatre and Space Theatre), on the banks of the Torrens, is the focal point for much of the cultural activity in the city and home to the [[State Theatre Company of South Australia]]. Other live music and theatre venues include the [[Adelaide Entertainment Centre]]; [[Adelaide Oval]]; [[Memorial Drive Park]]; [[Thebarton Theatre]]; [[Adelaide Town Hall]]; [[Her Majesty's Theatre, Adelaide|Her Majesty's Theatre]]; [[Queen's Theatre, Adelaide|Queen's Theatre]]; [[Holden Street Theatres]]; and the Hopgood Theatre.

The [[Lion Arts Factory]], within the Lion Arts Centre, hosts contemporary music in a wide range of genres, as does "[[The Gov]]" in [[Hindmarsh, South Australia|Hindmarsh]]. The city also has numerous smaller theatres, pubs and cabaret bars which host performances.

===Music===
[[File:Thebarton Theatre 2021.jpg|thumb|The [[Thebarton Theatre]], colloquially known as the "Thebby", is one of South Australia's most popular live music venues.]]
{{further|Music of Adelaide}}
In 2015, it was said that there were now more live music venues per capita in Adelaide than any other capital city in the southern hemisphere,<ref>{{cite news|website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-04/cold-chisel-a-reminder-of-sa-music-scene-before-decentralisation/6276746|title=Cold Chisel a reminder of SA's music scene before pokies and inner-city apartments 'decentralised' it|date=4 March 2015|first=Malcolm|last=Sutton|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031033946/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-04/cold-chisel-a-reminder-of-sa-music-scene-before-decentralisation/6276746|archive-date=31 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|website=The Conversation|url=http://theconversation.com/is-melbourne-the-music-capital-of-australia-sydney-or-adelaide-might-pip-it-to-the-post-77087|title=Is Melbourne the music capital of Australia? Sydney or Adelaide might pip it to the post|first=Andrea Jean|last=Baker|date=16 May 2017|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208075500/http://theconversation.com/is-melbourne-the-music-capital-of-australia-sydney-or-adelaide-might-pip-it-to-the-post-77087|archive-date=8 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Lonely Planet]]'' labelled Adelaide "Australia's live music city",<ref>{{cite web|website=Music SA|url=http://www.musicsa.com.au/south-australian-live-music-venues-open-for-business/|title=South Australian Live Music Venues Open for Business|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305153042/http://www.musicsa.com.au/south-australian-live-music-venues-open-for-business/|archive-date=5 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and the city was recognised as a "[[City of Music (UNESCO)|City of Music]]" by the [[UNESCO Creative Cities Network]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/node/309|title=Adelaide: Creative Cities Network|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=4 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915231624/https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/node/309|archive-date=15 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Although there were many pubs hosting live music in the CBD in past, the number has slowly diminished. The [[Grace Emily]] on [[Waymouth Street]], which was refurbished as a live music venue around 2000, is popular with musicians and patrons alike.<ref>{{cite web | last=Marsh | first=Walter | title='We've had one fight in 15 years': is the Grace Emily hotel Australia's best music venue? | website=the Guardian | date=23 March 2024 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2024/mar/24/best-music-gig-venue-australia-grace-emily-hotel-adelaide-john-darnielle-tim-rogers | access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref> The [[Crown & Anchor, Adelaide|Crown & Anchor]] ("the Cranker") was saved from demolition in 2024 after a vigorous campaign by the public as well as many musicians and politicians. New legislation passed on 11 September 2024 designates the entire Adelaide CBD as a "live music venue area", and gives protection to selected live music venues.<ref>{{cite web | title=Pop-up venue hunt continues as Save the Cranker laws pass|first=David |last=Simmons | website=[[InDaily]] | date=11 September 2024 | url=https://www.indaily.com.au/news/community/2024/09/11/pop-up-venue-hunt-continues-as-save-the-cranker-laws-pass | access-date=13 September 2024}}</ref>

In addition to its own [[WOMAD]] ([[WOMADelaide]]), Adelaide has attracted several touring music festivals, including [[Creamfields Australia|Creamfields]], [[St Jerome's Laneway Festival|Laneway]], and [[Groovin' the Moo|Groovin']] (some since defunct).

Adelaide has produced musical groups and individuals who have achieved national and international fame. These include the [[Adelaide Symphony Orchestra]], the [[Adelaide Youth Orchestra]], rock bands [[The Angels (Australian band)|The Angels]], [[Atlas Genius]], [[Cold Chisel]], [[The Superjesus]], [[Wolf & Cub]], roots/blues group [[The Audreys]], internationally acclaimed metal acts [[I Killed The Prom Queen]] and [[Double Dragon (band)|Double Dragon]], popular Australian hip-hop outfit [[Hilltop Hoods]], as well as pop acts like [[Sia]], [[Orianthi]], [[Guy Sebastian]], and [[Wes Carr]], and the internationally successful tribute act, The [[Australian Pink Floyd Show]].

Noted rocker [[Jimmy Barnes]] (formerly lead vocalist with Cold Chisel) spent most of his youth in the northern suburb of [[Elizabeth, South Australia|Elizabeth]]. Australian singer-songwriter [[Paul Kelly (Australian musician)|Paul Kelly]] grew up in Adelaide and was head prefect at [[Rostrevor College]]. The first ''[[Australian Idol]]'' winner, Guy Sebastian, hails from the north-eastern suburb of [[Golden Grove, South Australia|Golden Grove]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Guy cancels shows |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/guy-cancels-shows-20031210-gdhyep.html |access-date=23 March 2022 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=10 December 2003 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Television ===
Adelaide is served by numerous digital [[free-to-air]] television channels:{{citation needed|reason=Originally stated 28, 30 in following list, not common knowledge|date=January 2018}}

{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
# [[ABS (TV station)|ABC]]
# [[ABC HD (Australia)|ABC HD]] (ABC broadcast in [[High-definition television|HD]])
# [[ABC Family (Australian TV channel)|ABC Family]]
# [[ABC Entertains]]
# [[ABC News (TV channel)|ABC News]]
# [[SBS (Australian TV channel)|SBS]]
# [[SBS HD]] (SBS broadcast in [[High-definition television|HD]])
# [[SBS World Movies]] HD
# [[SBS Viceland HD]]
# [[SBS Food]]
# [[National Indigenous Television|NITV]]
# [[SBS WorldWatch]]
# [[SAS (TV station)|Seven]]
# [[7HD]] (Seven broadcast in HD)
# [[7two]]
# [[7mate]]
# [[7Bravo]]
# [[7flix]]
# [[Racing.com]]
# [[NWS (TV station)|Nine]]
# [[9HD]] (Nine broadcast in HD)
# [[9Gem]]
# [[9Go!]]
# [[9Life]]
# [[9Gem HD]]
# [[9Rush]]
# [[Extra (Australian TV channel)|Extra]]
# [[ADS (TV station)|10]]
# [[10 HD]] (10 broadcast in HD)
# [[10 Drama]]
# [[10 Comedy]]
# [[Nickelodeon (Australian TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]
# [[TVSN]]
# Gecko TV
# [[Channel 44 (Adelaide)|C44 Adelaide]] (Adelaide's community TV station)
{{div col end}}

All of the five Australian national television networks broadcast both [[High-definition television|high-definition digital]] and [[standard-definition television|standard-definition digital television]] services in Adelaide. They share three transmission towers on the ridge near the summit of [[Mount Lofty]]. There are two other transmission sites at 25 [[Grenfell Street]], Adelaide and [[Elizabeth Downs, South Australia|Elizabeth Downs]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Digital television reception in Craigmore/Hillbank |url=http://www.archive.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/128912/Craigmore-Hillbank_Fact_Sheet_-_Final_-_Web_ready.pdf |publisher=Australian Government |access-date=29 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505080550/http://www.archive.dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/128912/Craigmore-Hillbank_Fact_Sheet_-_Final_-_Web_ready.pdf |archive-date=5 May 2013 }}</ref> The two government-funded stations are run by the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] ([[ABS (TV station)|ABC South Australia]]) and the [[Special Broadcasting Service]] (SBS). The [[Seven Network]] and [[Network Ten]] both own their Adelaide stations ([[SAS-7]] and [[ADS-10]] respectively). Adelaide's [[NWS-9]] is part of the [[Nine Network]]. Adelaide also has a [[Community television in Australia|community television]] station, [[Channel 44 (Adelaide)|Channel 44]].

As part of a nationwide phase-out of [[analogue television]] in Australia, Adelaide's analogue television service was shut down on 2 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://myswitch.digitalready.gov.au/default.aspx?search=5000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705181200/http://myswitch.digitalready.gov.au/default.aspx?search=5000 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2014 |title=mySwitch }}</ref>

=== Radio ===
{{Main list|List of radio stations in Australia#Adelaide
}}

There are 20 radio stations that serve the metropolitan area, as well as four stations that serve only parts of the metropolitan area; six commercial stations, six community stations, six national stations and two narrowcast stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldradiomap.com/au/adelaide|title=World Radio Map – Adelaide|access-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190705/http://worldradiomap.com/au/adelaide|archive-date=24 December 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[DAB+]] digital radio has been broadcasting in metropolitan Adelaide since 20 May 2009, and currently offers a choice of 41 stations all operated by the existing licensed radio broadcasters, which includes high-quality [[simulcast]] of all AM and FM stations.

== Sport ==
{{Main|Sport in South Australia}}

[[File:Adelaide Oval - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[Adelaide Oval]] is the home of [[Australian Rules football]] and [[cricket]] in South Australia.]]
[[File:Adelaide United FC vs. Sydney FC at Hindmarsh Stadium - April 2023.JPG|thumb|[[Hindmarsh Stadium|Coopers Stadium]] hosts [[Adelaide United]].]]

The main sports played professionally in Adelaide are [[Australian Rules football]], soccer, [[cricket]], [[netball]], and basketball. Adelaide is the home of two [[Australian Football League]] teams: the [[Adelaide Football Club]] and [[Port Adelaide Football Club]], and one [[A-League]] soccer team, [[Adelaide United]]. A local [[Australian rules football]] league, the [[South Australian National Football League]] (SANFL), is made up of 10 teams from around Adelaide. The SANFL has been in operation since 1877 when it began as the South Australian Football Association (SAFA) before changing its name to the SANFL in 1927. The [[South Australian National Football League|SANFL]] is the oldest surviving football league of any code played in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=History Centre |url=https://sanfl.com.au/history/historycentre/ |website=sanf |access-date=16 November 2025}}</ref>

Until the completion of the 2012–14 renovation and upgrade of the [[Adelaide Oval]], most large sporting events took place at either [[Football Park]] (the then home base of the [[Adelaide Crows]], and the then [[Port Adelaide Football Club|Port Adelaide]] home game venue), or the historic [[Adelaide Oval]], home of the [[South Australia cricket team|South Australia Redbacks]] and the [[Adelaide Strikers]] cricket teams. Since completion of the upgrade, home games for Adelaide Crows and Port Adelaide now take place at Adelaide Oval.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Since 1884, [[Adelaide Oval]] has also hosted an international cricket test every summer, along with a number of [[One Day International]] cricket matches. [[Memorial Drive Park]], adjacent to the Adelaide Oval, used to host Davis Cup and other major tennis events, including the Australian Open and the Adelaide International.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}} Adelaide's professional association football team, [[Adelaide United FC|Adelaide United]], play in the [[A-League Men|A-League]]. Founded in 2003, their home ground is [[Hindmarsh Stadium|Coopers Stadium]], which has a capacity of 16,500 and is one of the few [[Soccer-specific stadium|purpose-built soccer stadia]] in Australia. Prior to United's foundation, [[Adelaide City FC|Adelaide City]] and [[West Adelaide SC|West Adelaide]] represented the city in the [[National Soccer League]]. The two sides, which contest the [[Adelaide derby]] against one another, now play in the [[National Premier Leagues South Australia]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

For two years, 1997 and 1998, Adelaide was represented in Australia's top level [[rugby league]], after the [[New South Wales Rugby League]] had played a single game per season at the Adelaide Oval for five years starting in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/venues/adelaide-oval/results.html |title=Rugby League Project – Adelaide Oval |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201212057/http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/venues/adelaide-oval/results.html |archive-date=1 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Adelaide Rams]] were formed and played in the breakaway [[Super League (Australia)|Super League]] (SL) competition in [[1997 Super League (Australia) season|1997]] before moving to the new [[National Rugby League]] in [[1998 NRL season|1998]]. Initially playing at the Adelaide Oval, the club moved to the more suitable Hindmarsh Stadium late in the 1998 season. As part of a peace deal with the [[Australian Rugby League]] to end the [[Super League war]], the club's owners [[News Limited]] (who were also owners of the SL) suddenly closed the club only weeks before the start of the [[1999 NRL season|1999 season]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Adelaide has two professional basketball teams, the men's team being the [[Adelaide 36ers]] which plays in the [[National Basketball League (Australasia)|National Basketball League]] (NBL) and the women's team, the [[Adelaide Lightning]] which plays in the [[Women's National Basketball League]] (WNBL). The Adelaide 36ers play at the [[Adelaide Entertainment Centre]] while the Adelaide Lightning play at the [[Adelaide Arena]] (Previously Titanium Security Arena). Adelaide has a professional [[netball]] team, the [[Adelaide Thunderbirds]], which plays in the national netball competition, the [[Super Netball]] championship, with home games played at [[Netball SA Stadium]]. The Thunderbirds occasionally play games or finals at the Titanium Security Arena, while international netball matches are usually played at the 10,500 seat Adelaide Entertainment Centre. The Titanium Security Arena has a capacity of 8,000 and is the largest purpose-built basketball stadium in Australia.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

[[File:Tourdownunder2.jpg|thumb|The [[Tour Down Under]] is the first event of the [[UCI World Tour]] calendar.]]

Since 1999 Adelaide and its surrounding areas have hosted the [[Tour Down Under]] [[Bicycle racing|bicycle race]], organised and directed by Adelaide-based [[Michael Turtur]]. Turtur won an [[Summer Olympics|Olympic]] gold medal for Australia in the [[Cycling at the 1984 Summer Olympics – Men's team pursuit|4000 m team pursuit]] at the [[1984 Summer Olympics|1984 Los Angeles Olympics]]. The Tour Down Under is the largest cycling event outside Europe and was the first event outside Europe to be granted [[UCI ProTour]] status.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The [[2024 Women's Tour Down Under]] cycle stage race was held in and around Adelaide, South Australia from 12 to 14 January 2024.

Adelaide maintains a franchise in the [[Australian Baseball League]], the [[Adelaide Giants]]. They have been playing since 2009, and their home stadium (until 2016) was [[Norwood Oval]]. From 2016 the team moved to the [[Diamond Sports Stadium]] located near the [[Adelaide International Airport]] due to renovations at Norwood.<ref>{{cite web | title=Baseball Australia | website=Adelaide Giants Baseball | date=8 November 2022 | url=https://adelaidegiants.com.au/news/adelaide-giants-return-as-bite-rebrand/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108074904/https://adelaidegiants.com.au/news/adelaide-giants-return-as-bite-rebrand/ | archive-date=8 November 2022 | url-status=live | access-date=8 November 2022}}</ref>

Adelaide also has an ice hockey team, [[Adelaide Adrenaline]] in the [[Australian Ice Hockey League]] (AIHL). It was national champions in 2009 and plays its games at the [[Ice Arena (Adelaide)|IceArenA]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adelaideadrenaline.com.au/ |title=adelaideadrenaline.com.au |work=Adelaide Adrenaline 2014 |access-date=25 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703132801/http://www.adelaideadrenaline.com.au/ |archive-date=3 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Adelaide Street Circuit.jpg|thumb|right|The Adelaide Street Circuit as seen from a helicopter in November 2024. The Adelaide Oval can also be seen on the right.]]
The [[Australian Grand Prix]] for World Championship [[Formula One]] racing was hosted by Adelaide from [[1985 Australian Grand Prix|1985]] to [[1995 Australian Grand Prix|1995]] on the [[Adelaide Street Circuit]] which was laid out in the city's East End as well as the eastern parklands including the [[Victoria Park, Adelaide|Victoria Park Racecourse]].<ref name="f1-move">{{cite web|title=Adelaide Street Circuit |publisher=Formula 1 Database |url=http://www.f1db.com/f1/page/Adelaide_Street_Circuit |access-date=13 June 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011110633/https://www.f1db.com/f1/page/Adelaide_Street_Circuit |archive-date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> The Grand Prix became a source of pride, and losing the event to Melbourne in a surprise announcement in mid-1993 left a void that has since been filled with the [[Adelaide 500]] for [[Supercars Championship|V8 Supercar]] racing, held on a modified version of the same street circuit. The Classic Adelaide, a [[rallying|rally]] of classic sporting vehicles, is also held in the city and its surrounds.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Adelaide formerly had three horse racing venues. [[Victoria Park, Adelaide|Victoria Park]], [[Cheltenham Park Racecourse]], both of which have now closed, and [[Morphettville Racecourse]] that remains the home of the [[South Australian Jockey Club]]. It also has [[Globe Derby Park (harness racing)|Globe Derby Park]] for [[Harness racing]] that opened in 1969, and by 1973 had become Adelaide's premier harness racing venue taking over from the [[Adelaide Showgrounds|Wayville Showgrounds]], as well as [[Greyhound Park]] for [[greyhound racing]] that opened in 1972.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

The [[World Solar Challenge]] race attracts teams from around the world, most of which are fielded by universities or corporations, although some are fielded by high schools. The race has a 20-years' history spanning nine races, with the inaugural event taking place in 1987. Adelaide hosted the 2012 World Bowls Championships<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldbowls2012.com/ |title=2012 World Bowls Championships |website=Worldbowls2012.com |access-date=11 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105120813/http://www.worldbowls2012.com/ |archive-date=5 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at Lockleys Bowling Club, becoming the third city in the world to have held the championships twice, having previously hosted the event in 1996.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

[[Dirt track racing|Dirt track speedway]] is also popular in Adelaide with three operating speedways. [[Adelaide Motorsport Park]], located adjacent to the [[Adelaide International Raceway]] road racing circuit at [[Virginia, South Australia|Virginia]] ({{convert|24|km|0|abbr=on}} north of the city centre) has been in continuous operation since 1979 after the closure of the popular [[Rowley Park Speedway]]. [[Gillman Speedway]] located in the semi-industrial suburb of [[Gillman, South Australia|Gillman]], has been in operation since 1998 and caters to [[Motorcycle speedway]] and [[Sidecar speedway|Sidecars]], while the [[Sidewinders Speedway]] located in [[Wingfield, South Australia|Wingfield]] is also a motorcycle speedway dedicated to Under-16 riders and has been in operation since 1978.

In 2016, backed by South Australia's [[Peregrine Corporation]] opened up a multi-purpose facility; a state-of-the-art motorsporting park and a hotel alongside its newer OTR service station outside a small township of [[Tailem Bend]] currently named [[The Bend Motorsport Park]]. Design for thrill seekers and rev-heads the facility currently host South Australia's second Supercars motoring event during a round in August.<ref>[https://autoaction.com.au/2023/08/22/strong-crowd-heads-to-the-bend Stong crowd head to The Bend] ''[[Auto Action]]'' 22 August 2023</ref>

Adelaide is home to the [[Great Southern Slam]], the world's largest [[roller derby]] tournament. The tournament has been held biennially over Australia's Queen's Birthday holiday weekend since 2010. In 2014, and 2016 the tournament featured 45 teams playing in two divisions. In 2018, the tournament has expanded to 48 teams competing in three divisions.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

== Infrastructure ==

=== Transport ===
{{Main|Transport in Adelaide}}

[[File:TransAdelaideRailwayMap.svg|thumb|Adelaide's railway and tram network, served by the [[Adelaide Metro]]]]

Being centrally located on the Australian mainland, Adelaide forms a strategic transport hub for east–west and north–south routes. The city itself has a metropolitan public transport system managed by and known as the [[Adelaide Metro]]. The Adelaide Metro consists of a contracted bus system including the [[O-Bahn Busway]], [[Railways in Adelaide|7 commuter rail lines]] (diesel and electric), and a small tram network operating between inner suburb [[Hindmarsh, South Australia|Hindmarsh]], the city centre, and seaside [[Glenelg tram line|Glenelg]] with more recent small offshoots in the city (to Botanical Gardens and Festival Plaza). Tramways were largely dismantled in the 1950s, but saw a revival in the 2010s with upgrades and extensions.

Road transport in Adelaide has historically been easier than many of the other Australian cities, with a well-defined city layout and wide multiple-lane roads from the beginning of its development. Adelaide was known as a "twenty-minute city", with commuters having been able to travel from metropolitan outskirts to the city proper in roughly twenty minutes. However, such arterial roads often experience traffic congestion as the city grows.<ref>{{cite web|title=Metro Malcontent – The Twenty Minute City No More |work=Royal Automobile Association, South Australia |year=2005 |url=http://www.raa.net/download.asp?file=documents\document_677.pdf |access-date=28 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115022910/http://www.raa.net/download.asp?file=documents%5Cdocument_677.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2009 }} (1.18MB)</ref>

[[File:Adelaide O-Bahn tunnel passes under Rymill Park in autumn.jpg|thumb|left|The [[O-Bahn Busway]] tunnel passes under [[Rymill Park]] and serves the northeastern suburbs.]]

The Adelaide metropolitan area has one freeway and four expressways. In order of construction, they are:
* The [[South Eastern Freeway]] (M1), connects the south-east corner of the Adelaide Plain to the Adelaide Hills and beyond to [[Murray Bridge, South Australia|Murray Bridge]] and [[Tailem Bend]], where it then continues as National Highway 1 south-east to Melbourne.
* The [[Southern Expressway (Australia)|Southern Expressway]] (M2), connecting the outer southern suburbs with the inner southern suburbs and the city centre. It duplicates the route of [[South Road]].
* The [[North-South Motorway]] (M2), is an ongoing major project that will become the major north–south corridor, replacing most of what is now [[South Road]], connecting the [[Southern Expressway (Adelaide)|Southern Expressway]] and the [[Northern Expressway]] via a motorway with no traffic lights. As of 2024 the motorway's northern half is complete, connecting the Northern Expressway to Adelaide's inner north-west; the section running through Adelaide's inner west and inner south-west will begin major construction in 2025 with completion estimated for 2031.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About construction - River Torrens to Darlington - Department for Infrastructure and Transport |url=https://www.t2d.sa.gov.au/construction/about-construction |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=www.t2d.sa.gov.au |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Port River Expressway]] (A9), connects Port Adelaide and [[Outer Harbor, South Australia|Outer Harbor]] to Port Wakefield Road at the northern "entrance" to the metropolitan area.
* The [[Northern Expressway]] (Max Fatchen Expressway) (M2), is the northern suburbs bypass route connecting the Sturt Highway (National Highway 20) via the [[Gawler Bypass]] to Port Wakefield Road at a point a few kilometres north of the Port River Expressway connection.
* The [[Northern Connector]], completed in 2020, links the North South Motorway to the Northern Expressway.

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Light-City Buses Scania K280UB (BUS 1568).jpg|A [[Custom Coaches]] bodied Scania bus on King William Street.
File:AECExtensionCitadisFlexity.jpg|An Adelaide Metro [[Alstom Citadis]] and [[Flexity Classic]]
File:Mountosmondinterechange sefreeway.JPG|The [[Mount Osmond, South Australia|Mount Osmond Interchange]] on the [[South Eastern Freeway]]; like many cities with urban sprawl, Adelaide has been criticised for car dependency.
</gallery>

==== Airports ====
[[File:Qatar Airways at Adelaide Airport in 2023 by Mitch Coad.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Qatar Airways]] plane at [[Adelaide Airport]] with the city skyline in the background]]

The Adelaide metropolitan area has two commercial airports, [[Adelaide Airport]] and [[Parafield Airport]]. Adelaide Airport, in Adelaide's south-western suburbs, serves almost 9 million passengers annually,<ref name="Adelaide Airport">{{cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=Adelaide Airport grows to a record 8.7 million passengers in FY25 |url=https://corporate.adelaideairport.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Q4-FY25-Passenger-Statistics.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822014154/http://www.adelaideairport.com.au/corporate/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/June-17-Traffic-Performance.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=18 September 2024 |publisher=Adelaide Airport}}</ref> with an extensive number of direct flight routes within Australia, as well as other destinations in Oceania, Asia and North America. Parafield Airport, Adelaide's second airport {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=off}} north of the city centre, is used for small aircraft, pilot training and recreational aviation purposes. Parafield Airport served as Adelaide's main aerodrome until the opening of the Adelaide Airport in February 1955.

Adelaide is also home to a military airport, known as [[RAAF Base Edinburgh]], located in the northern suburbs. It was built in 1955 in a joint initiative with the United Kingdom for weapon development.

=== Health ===
[[File:North Terrace's BioMed precinct at night.jpg|thumb|right|The [[University of Adelaide]] Health and Medical Sciences Building, located in the BioMed City precinct on North Terrace]]

Adelaide's two largest hospitals are the [[Royal Adelaide Hospital]] (RAH) in Adelaide Parklands, a [[teaching hospital]] affiliated with the University of Adelaide (800 beds), and the [[Flinders Medical Centre]] (580 beds) at Bedford Park, affiliated with Flinders University. The RAH also operates additional campuses for specialist care throughout the suburbs including the Hampstead Rehabilitation Centre (150 beds) at [[Northfield, South Australia|Northfield]] and the [[Glenside Hospital (Adelaide)|Glenside Campus]] (129 beds) for acute mental health services.

Other major public hospitals are the [[Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide|Women's and Children's Hospital]] (305 beds), at North Adelaide; the [[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide|Queen Elizabeth Hospital]] (340 beds) at Woodville; [[Modbury Hospital]] (174 beds) at Modbury; and the [[Lyell McEwin Hospital]] (198 beds) at Elizabeth Vale. Numerous private hospitals are also located throughout the city, with the largest operators being not-for-profits [[Adelaide Community Healthcare Alliance]] (three hospitals) and [[Sisters of the Little Company of Mary|Calvary Care]] (four hospitals).

In 2017, the RAH was relocated from the city's [[East End, Adelaide|East End]] to a new AU$2.3 billion facility built over former railyards in the West End.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sexton |first=Mike |title = New Royal Adelaide Hospital: All you need to know about the delayed high-tech project |newspaper=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |date=1 February 2017 |url = https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-24/new-royal-adelaide-hospital-all-you-need-to-know/8206416 |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190821201512/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-24/new-royal-adelaide-hospital-all-you-need-to-know/8206416 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The state-of-the-art hospital forms part of a new biomedical precinct called [[BioMed City]] that collocates the [[South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute]] (SAHMRI), the University of Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences building, the University of South Australia's Health Innovation Building, and the state's Dental Hospital.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+reform/the+new+royal+adelaide+hospital/south+australian+health+and+biomedical+precinct/south+australian+health+and+biomedical+precinct |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140707091617/http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+reform/the+new+royal+adelaide+hospital/south+australian+health+and+biomedical+precinct/south+australian+health+and+biomedical+precinct |url-status= dead |archive-date= 7 July 2014 |title=South Australian Health and Biomedical Precinct }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+services/dental+services/adelaide+dental+hospital/new+adelaide+dental+hospital |title=New Adelaide Dental Hospital :: SA Health |access-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904204107/http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/health+services/dental+services/adelaide+dental+hospital/new+adelaide+dental+hospital |archive-date=4 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> SAHMRI, with additional external funding, has built a $300 million second facility completed in 2024, which was intended to house the [[Australian Bragg Centre for Proton Therapy and Research|Australian Bragg Centre]] with Australia's first [[proton therapy]] unit.<ref name="SAHMRI 2">{{cite web |title=SAHMRI 2 |url=http://www.commercialgeneral.com.au/projects/sahmri-2/ |website=Commercial & General |access-date=26 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318203100/https://www.commercialgeneral.com.au/projects/sahmri-2/ |archive-date=18 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Construction is underway for the [[Women's and Children's Hospital]] to be relocated to the precinct adjacent the RAH by 2030.<ref name="NWMAC">{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Women's and Children's Health |title=About the Project |url=https://www.newwch.sa.gov.au/about-the-project |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=New Women’s and Children’s Hospital Project |language=en-AU}}</ref>
[[File:Adelaide (25092999627).jpg|thumb|The [[South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute]] (SAHMRI), located on [[North Terrace, Adelaide|North Terrace]]]]

The largest provider of community health care within Adelaide is the not-for-profit [[Royal District Nursing Service (South Australia)|Royal District Nursing Service]], which provides out of hospital care and hospital avoidance care.

=== Energy ===
Adelaide's energy requirements were originally met by the [[Adelaide Electric Supply Company]], which was nationalised by the [[Thomas Playford IV|Playford]] government in 1946,<ref>{{Cite Australian Dictionary of Biography |id2=norrie-sir-charles-willoughby-moke-11254 |title=
Sir Charles Willoughby Moke Norrie (1893–1977) |year=2000 |volume=15 |first=P.A. |last= Howell |access-date=16 June 2012 |url=https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/norrie-sir-charles-willoughby-moke-11254 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620195359/http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/norrie-sir-charles-willoughby-moke-11254 |archive-date=20 June 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> becoming the [[Electricity Trust of South Australia]] (ETSA). Despite significant public opposition and the Labor party's anti-privatisation stance which left the Liberal party one vote short of the numbers needed to pass the legislation, ETSA was privatised by the [[John Olsen|Olsen]] Government in 1999 by way of a 200-year lease for the distribution network (ETSA Utilities, later renamed [[SA Power Networks]]) and the outright purchase of ETSA Power{{Clarify|date=July 2019}} by the [[Cheung Kong Holdings]] for $3.5 billion (11 times ETSA's annual earnings) after Labor MP [[Trevor Crothers]] resigned from the party and voted with the government.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s27853.htm |title=''7:30 Report'' – 03/06/1999: Shock Labor "betrayal" allows SA Govt to effectively privatise power utility |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=20 September 2017 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034139/http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s27853.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The electricity retail market was opened to competition in 2003 and although competition was expected to result in lower retail costs, prices increased by 23.7% in the market's first year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-110318191.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501052319/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-110318191.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 May 2013 |title=Power crisis 'as bad as California'. }}</ref> In 2004, the privatisation was deemed to be a failure with consumers paying 60% more for their power and with the state government estimated to lose $3 billion in power generation net income in the first ten years of privatisation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-115625174.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502161236/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-115625174.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2013 |title=Privatisation 'will cost state billions'. }}</ref> In 2012, the industry came under scrutiny for allegedly reducing supply by shutting down generators during periods of peak demand to force prices up. Increased media attention also revealed that in 2009 the state government had approved a 46% increase in retail prices to cover expected increases in the costs of generation while generation costs had in fact fallen 35% by 2012.{{citation needed|date=June 2011}} South Australia has the highest retail price for electricity in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theconversation.com/factcheck-does-south-australia-have-the-highest-energy-prices-in-the-nation-and-the-least-reliable-grid-92928 |title=FactCheck: does South Australia have the 'highest energy prices' in the nation and 'the least reliable grid'? |work=The Conversation |author1=Dylan McConnell |author2=David Blowers |date=13 March 2018 |access-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709153620/https://theconversation.com/factcheck-does-south-australia-have-the-highest-energy-prices-in-the-nation-and-the-least-reliable-grid-92928 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Privatisation led to competition from a variety of companies who now separately provide for the generation, transmission, distribution and retail sales of gas and electricity. Electricity generation comes from a range of technologies and operators. [[ElectraNet]] operates the high-voltage electricity transmission network. [[SA Power Networks]] distributes electricity to end users. The largest electricity and gas retailing companies are also the largest generating companies.

The largest fossil fuel power stations are the [[Torrens Island Power Station]] gas-fired plant operated by [[AGL Energy]] and the [[Pelican Point Power Station]] operated by [[Engie]]. South Australia also has wind and solar power and connections to the national grid. [[Natural gas|Gas]] is supplied from the [[Moomba, South Australia|Moomba]] Gas Processing Plant in the [[Cooper Basin]] via the [[Moomba Adelaide Pipeline System]]<ref name="EnergySA2">{{cite web|title=Supply Security |work=Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure |url=http://www.energy.sa.gov.au/pages/conventional/planning/supply/security.htm:sectID=10&tempID=1 |access-date=5 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050624044821/http://www.energy.sa.gov.au/pages/conventional/planning/supply/security.htm%3AsectID%3D10%26tempID%3D1 |archive-date=24 June 2005 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[SEAGas pipeline]] from [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]].

In 2011, South Australia generated 18% of its electricity from [[wind power]], and had 51% of the installed capacity of wind generators in Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/Water,+energy+and+environment/Energy/Renewable+energy/Wind+energy/Wind+energy+in+South+Australia |title=Wind Energy in South Australia |publisher=Government of South Australia |access-date=16 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018043135/http://www.sa.gov.au/subject/Water%2C%2Benergy%2Band%2Benvironment/Energy/Renewable%2Benergy/Wind%2Benergy/Wind%2Benergy%2Bin%2BSouth%2BAustralia |archive-date=18 October 2012 }}</ref>

Due to almost universal blackouts within the city during September 2016,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-28/sa-power-outage-explainer/7886090 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929142924/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-28/sa-power-outage-explainer/7886090|archive-date=29 September 2016 |title=SA power outage: How did it happen?. |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=28 September 2016}}</ref> the state worked with [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] to produce the world's largest electricity battery at [[Hornsdale Wind Farm|Hornsdale Power Reserve]] which has increased that state's electrical security to the extent in which large blackouts are no longer an event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-27/tesla-battery-cost-revealed-two-years-after-blackout/10310680 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930201754/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-27/tesla-battery-cost-revealed-two-years-after-blackout/10310680|archive-date=30 September 2018 |title=Tesla battery cost revealed two years after SA blackout. |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=27 September 2018}}</ref>

=== Water ===

[[File:Happy Valley Reservoir 20070223.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of [[Happy Valley Reservoir]], 2007]]

The provision of water services is by the government-owned [[SA Water]]. Adelaide's water is supplied from its seven reservoirs: [[Mount Bold Reservoir|Mount Bold]], [[Happy Valley Reservoir|Happy Valley]], [[Myponga Reservoir|Myponga]], [[Millbrook Reservoir|Millbrook]], [[Hope Valley Reservoir|Hope Valley]], [[Little Para Reservoir|Little Para]] and [[South Para Reservoir|South Para]]. The yield from these reservoir catchments can be as little as 10% of the city's requirements (90GL per annum<ref name=desal />) in drought years and about 60% in average years. The remaining demand is met by the pumping of water from the [[River Murray]].<ref name=desal />

A [[Adelaide Desalination Plant|sea-water desalination plant]] capable of supplying 100GL per annum was built during the [[2000s Australian drought|2001–2009 drought]]; however, it operated at about 8% of its capacity until 2019. In December 2018, the State and Federal Governments agreed to fund a $2m study to determine how the plant could be used to reduce reliance on river water, in an effort to help save the Murray River basin and mouth (including the [[Coorong]]) from further ecological damage.<ref name =desal>{{cite news|website=ABC News|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-14/adelaide-desal-plant-revival-plan-to-ease-use-of-murray-water/10619960|first1=Marty|last1=McCarthy|first2=Matt|last2=Coleman|date=14 December 2018|title=Plan to revive Adelaide's desalination plant to help Murray River|access-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730175120/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-12-14/adelaide-desal-plant-revival-plan-to-ease-use-of-murray-water/10619960|archive-date=30 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Communications===
AdelaideFree WiFi is a citywide free [[Wi-Fi]] network covering most of the inner city areas of Adelaide, primarily the [[Adelaide city centre|Adelaide CBD]] and Northern Adelaide precincts.<ref name="inone">{{Cite web|url=https://hotspot.internode.on.net/partners/adelaidefree/|title=Internode :: Products :: WiFi Hotspots :: Partners :: AdelaideFree|website=Hotspot.internode.on.net|access-date=23 December 2016|archive-date=25 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125093422/https://hotspot.internode.on.net/partners/adelaidefree/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was officially launched at the Adelaide Central Markets on Tuesday 25 June 2014.<ref name="inone"/><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/newsroom/adelaide-connects-up-to-large-scale-fast-free-wi-fi/
|title=Adelaide connects up to large-scale fast, free WiFi
|publisher=City of Adelaide
|author=Rebecca Draysey
|date=25 June 2014
|access-date=16 March 2020
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://dpti.sa.gov.au/newconnections/news?a=141907
|title=200 new Wi-Fi locations across city
|publisher=Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure, Government of South Australia
|date=25 June 2014
|access-date=16 March 2020
|archive-date=24 July 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724232659/https://dpti.sa.gov.au/newconnections/news?a=141907
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> It was originally provided by [[Internode (ISP)|Internode]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.internode.on.net/news/2014/06/339.php | title=Internode :: About :: News and Media :: Internode Wi-Fi sets Adelaide free|website=Internode.on.net|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref> with infrastructure provided by outdoor [[Cisco]] WiFi N access points attached to the top of lighting poles, as well as inside cafes and businesses across the city. In 2023, a new agreement was reached between the City of Adelaide and [[TPG Telecom]] to replace the network infrastructure, improving network speed and coverage.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/media-centre/faster-free-wifi-for-adelaide/
|title=Faster Free WiFi For Adelaide
|publisher=City of Adelaide
|author=Jack Berketa
|date=10 November 2023
|access-date=5 June 2025
}}</ref>

===City of Adelaide===
{{Main|City of Adelaide (1864)}}

The [[City of Adelaide]], was a 10 sail [[Composite ship|composite]] (timber planking on a wrought-iron frame) [[clipper]]. It was rescued from the mooring where it sank, as the HMS Carrick, in [[Glasgow]] in 1991. In 2001, it was decided that the ship's name would be reverted to the City of Adelaide, formally renamed in 2013, and arrived in Port Adelaide on 3 February 2014. It was not until June 2024 that the ship was moved from the barge Bradley by Wallbridge Gilbert Aztec (WGA)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wga.com.au/news/2024/07/03/city-of-adelaide/ |archive-url=|archive-date= |title='City of Adelaide' finds a new forever home |website=Wallbridge Gilbert Aztec (WGA)|date=|access-date=21 December 2025}}</ref> to the current home on Dock 2, as the centerpiece of a planned village in Port Adelaide's inner harbour. The ship is owned by the Clipper Ship City of Adelaide Ltd (CSCOAL).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cityofadelaide.org.au/ |archive-url=|archive-date= |title=Clipper Ship City of Adelaide |website=Wallbridge Gilbert Aztec (WGA)|date=|access-date=21 December 2025}}</ref> The STV [[One and All]], a 42-metre two-masted square-rigged [[brigantine]] and the ketch ''The Failie'' are moored at McLaren Wharf.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://adelaideaz.com/articles/-one-and-all--widens-its-possibilities-beyond-south-australian-youth-training-ship-with-government-funding-to-stop- |archive-url=|archive-date= |title='One and All' widens its possibilities beyond South Australian youth training ship; part of port's heritage strategy |website=Wallbridge Gilbert Aztec (WGA)|date=|access-date=21 December 2025}}</ref>

==Sister cities==
The City of Adelaide has been involved in the [[sister cities]] movement since 1972. {{as of |2023}} it has long-term international partnership arrangements with five cities, known as [[sister cities]], based on formal agreements between Adelaide and each city. This allows collaboration in the cultural, educational, business, and technical spheres. The five sister cities are:<ref name=sister>{{cite web | title=Sister cities | website=City of Adelaide | date=1 April 2019 | url=https://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/about-adelaide/sister-cities/ | access-date=14 November 2023}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Austin, Texas]], United States, since 1983
*{{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Christchurch]], New Zealand, since 1972
*{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[George Town, Penang]], Malaysia, since 1973
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Himeji, Hyogo]], Japan, since 1982
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Qingdao, Shandong]], China, since 2013

Three cities are known as friendship cities, based on informal partnerships that promote collaboration and a friendly relationship:<ref name=sister/>
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Dalian, Liaoning]], China
*{{flagicon|China}} [[Chengdu, Sichuan]], China

== See also ==
{{Portal|South Australia}}

* [[Music of Adelaide]]

; Lists
* [[:Category:Images of Adelaide|Images of Adelaide]]
* [[List of Adelaide obsolete suburb names]]
* [[List of Adelaide parks and gardens]]
* [[List of Adelaide railway stations]]
* [[List of Adelaide suburbs]]
* [[List of films shot in Adelaide]]
* [[List of people from Adelaide]]
* [[List of protected areas in Adelaide]]
* [[List of public art in South Australia]]
* [[List of public transport routes in Adelaide]]
* [[List of South Australian commercial icons]]
* [[List of sporting clubs in Adelaide]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Adelaide]]
* [[:Category:Tourist attractions in South Australia|Tourist attractions in South Australia]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}
{{reflist|group=N}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tourdownunder.com.au/about |website=Santos Tour Down Under |publisher=UCI World Tour |title=tourdownunder.com.au |access-date=2026-03-05}}</ref>

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book| last = Pascoe| first = J.J.| title = History of Adelaide and vicinity : with a general sketch of the province of South Australia and biographies of representative men | publisher = Hussey & Gillingham | place = Adelaide| year = 1972| orig-year = 1st pub. 1901| isbn = 9780858720329| url =https://archive.org/details/historyofadelaid00pascuoft}}
*{{cite book|title=Adelaide: A literary city|editor-first=Philip|editor-last=Buttress|year=2013|publisher=University of Adelaide Press|jstor=10.20851/j.ctt1sq5x41|chapter=Adelaide|isbn=978-1-922064-63-9}} (full text)
* {{cite book|last1=Gargett|first1=Kathryn|last2=Marsden|first2=Susan|title=Adelaide, a Brief History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBSfPQAACAAJ|year=1996|publisher=State History Centre, History Trust of South Australia in association with [[City of Adelaide|Adelaide City Council]]|isbn=978-0-7308-0116-0|oclc=35990524 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Marsden | first1=Susan | last2=Stark | first2=Paul | last3=Sumerling | first3=Patricia | title=Heritage of the city of Adelaide: an illustrated guide | publisher=Corp. of the City of Adelaide | year=1990 | isbn=0-909866-30-9 | oclc=27614046 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VEAgAAAACAAJ}}
* {{cite book | last1=Whitelock | first1=Derek | last2=Baker | first2=Tony | title=Adelaide : a sense of difference | publisher=Australian Scholarly Publishing | year=2000 | isbn=1-875606-57-2 | oclc=1058005288 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsEoV4xtpxkC}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=Adelaide|Adelaide}}
* [http://www.cityofadelaide.com.au/ Adelaide City Council > Official City Guide]
* [http://www.adelaidecitycouncil.com/ Adelaide City Council]

* [https://www.kidsinadeide.com Kids in Adelaide] Retrieved 12 May 2020.

{{Clear}}
{{Adelaide landmarks}}
{{Adelaide Sports Teams}}
{{South Australia}}
{{Capital cities of Australia}}
{{Cities of Australia}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Adelaide| ]]
[[Category:1836 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Australian capital cities]]
[[Category:Cities in South Australia]]
[[Category:Coastal cities in Australia]]
[[Category:Planned capital cities]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1836]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of Australia]]
[[Category:Cities built on a grid]]

Chandrasena (1935 film)

2026-03-07T07:03:54Z

Wilfred0198: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chandrasena
| image = Chandrasena_(1935).jpg

| caption =
| director = [[V. Shantaram]]
| producer = [[Prabhat Film Company]]
| writer = Shivram Vashikar
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|Nalini Tarkhad|[[Sureshbabu Mane]]|Kelkar|Azurie}}
| music = Keshavrao Bhole
| cinematography = Keshavrao Dhaiber
| editing =
| distributor =
| studio = Prabhat Film Company
| released = {{Film date|1935}}
| runtime = 136 min
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]/[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Chandrasena''''' is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1935|1935]] [[Hindi]]/[[Marathi language|Marathi]] [[Drama (genre)|mythology drama]] film directed by [[V. Shantaram]] for his [[Prabhat Film Company]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/chandrasena-movie/42454|title=Chandrasena (1935)|publisher=Gomolo.com|access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref> The film was the first Indian trilingual film to be made simultaneously in Hindi, [[List of Marathi films of 1935|Marathi]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA261|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema, Chandrasena (1935)|isbn=9781135943189 |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge }}</ref> The [[cinematographer]] was K. Dhiaber and the story and dialogue were by Shivram Vashikar. The music direction was by Keshavrao Bhole, with lyrics written by K. Narayan Kale.<ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen2014">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|author2=Paul Willemen|author3=Professor of Critical Studies Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA261|access-date=8 February 2015|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|pages=261–}}</ref> The cast included Nalini Tarkhud, [[Sureshbabu Mane]], Kelkar, Rajani, Shantabai and [[Madame Azurie|Azurie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/film58061.htm|title=Chandrasena (1935)|publisher=Alan Goble|access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>

The film was a remake of the Shantaram and Dhaiber-directed [[Marathi film]] ''[[Chandrasena (1931 film)|Chandrasena]]'' of 1931. The story revolves around an episode in the [[Ramayana]], where Chandrasena, wife of Ahiravan, (Mahiravan's (brother), helps Hanuman defeat Mahiravana's army, and in the process free Rama and Lakshmana from Pataal.<ref name=RajadhyakshaWillemen2014 />

==Plot==
Indrajit, Son of [[Ravana]], has [[Rama]] and [[Lakshmana]] kidnapped by [[Ahiravan]] and Mahiravana. Mahi hides them away in [[Patala|Pataal]]. [[Hanuman]], the monkey-god, goes to their help. He is stopped by [[Makardhwaja]], whom he defeats. Makar takes him to Chandrasena, wife of Mahi, who worships Rama and desires to spend her life with him. With her help, Hanuman manages to defeat the entire army of Mahi and ultimately Mahi himself when he continues to multiply into a vast army. Chandrasena tells Hanuman the secret of destroying Mahi, because of which he is able to release Rama and Lakshmana from Pataal.

==Cast==
* Nalini Tarkhad as Chandrasena
* Rajni
* [[Sureshbabu Mane]] as [[Rama|Ram]]
* Kulkarni as [[Lakshmana|Lakshman]]
* Mane Pahelwan
* Kelkar as Mahiravan
* Manajirao as [[Hanuman]]
* Buwasaheb
* Shantabai
* [[Madame Azurie|Azurie]]

==Production==
The film is cited to be the first to make use of the trolley.<ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|title=A Navrang of Shantaram's films|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/02/stories/2002050200380100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021019173247/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/02/stories/2002050200380100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2002|access-date=8 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 May 2002}}</ref> It made excessive use of special effects, especially showing flying figures, magic arrows and a gigantic Hanuman.<ref name=RajadhyakshaWillemen2014 />

==Remakes==
Several remakes of the episode from the Ramayana involving the episode of Chandrasena have been produced. This 1935 version itself was made both in Hindi, [[Marathi language|Marathi]].<ref name=RajadhyakshaWillemen2014 /> The Prabhat Film Company had made the early version ''[[Chandrasena (1931 film)|Chandrasena]]'' in 1931. [[Homi Wadia]] made ''[[Chandrasena (1959 film)|Chandrasena]]'' (1959) under his Basant Pictures banner, which was directed by [[Babubhai Mistry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/chandrasena-movie/3009|title=Chandrasena (1959)|publisher=Gomolo.com|access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music composer for the film was Keshavrao Bhole, with lyrics written by K. Narayan Kale. The singers were Rajni, Nalini Tarkhud, Sureshbabu Mane and Buwa Saheb.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/es907907/songs/#tabs|title=Chandrasena (1935)|publisher=Muvyz, Inc.|access-date=8 February 2015}}</ref>

===Song list===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Kaisi Manohar hai Maaya Prachalit Chhaya Sansar Saara"
| Sureshbabu Mane
|-
| 2
| "Bhootnath Bhakton Ka Sada Ubaara"
|
|-
| 3
| "Madira Chhalkan Laagi Gore Gore Haathon Se Paani"
| Rajni
|-
| 4
| "Abla Ki Pukar Suno Bhagwan Mere Ram Prabhu"
| Nalini Tarkhud
|-
| 5
| "Jai Jai Jagdish Ish Sharan Main Tihari"
| Sureshbabu Mane
|-
| 6
| "Chori Chori Nahin Yeh Kamaal Hai"
| Buwa Saheb
|-
| 7
| "Matwari Mori Yaad Vhandrasena Meri Yaad Nahin"
| Sureshbabu Mane
|-
| 8
| "Sura Pi Lo Swarg Ghar Ho Jaana"
|
|-
| 9
| "Pee Lo Pee Lo Surahi Main Naav Ki"
| Sureshbabu Mane
|-
| 10
| "Pal Chhin Laagi Lagan Tori"
| Nalini Tarkhud
|-
| 11
| "Rangili Raswali Phoolon Ki Behti Laali"
| Rajni
|-
| 12
| "Nek Thehr More Mann Aas Khaaye Bawre Aali"
| Rajni
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id =0266400 }}

{{V. Shantaram}}

[[Category:1935 films]]
[[Category:Prabhat Film Company films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Shantaram]]
[[Category:1930s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:1935 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure films]]
[[Category:1935 adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:1935 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Krittivasi Ramayana]]

Swadesamitran

2026-03-05T05:06:14Z

Wilfred0198: small adjust lead for consistency and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Defunct Tamil language newspaper}}
{{no footnotes|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Swadesamitran
| logo = Swadesamitran logo.jpg
| logo_size = 225px
| image =
| caption =
| type = Daily newspaper
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded = 1882
| owners = The Swadesamitran Limited
| publisher = The Swadesamitran Limited
| editor =
| language = Tamil
| political_position =
| headquarters = [[Madras]], [[India]]
| circulation =
| website =
| ISSN =
| oclc =
}}
'''''Swadesamitran''''' was a [[Tamil language]] newspaper that was published from the then [[Madras]] city from 1882 to 1985. One of the earliest Tamil newspapers and the longest in print, ''Swadesamitran'' was founded by Indian nationalist [[G. Subramania Iyer]] four years after he had started ''[[The Hindu]]''. The newspaper was sold to [[A. Rangaswami Iyengar]] of the Kasturi family in 1915 and the newspaper remained with them until its liquidation in 1985.

== History ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2023}}
Swadesamitran (1881–1985) was the first Tamil language newspaper owned and operated by Indians. It was published from Chennai (then called Madras). It was founded by G Subramania Aiyer who also served as the papers first editor. It was founded as a sister paper of The Hindu which Aiyer had also founded two years earlier in 1879. The name translated from Tamil to English literally means "friend of self rule".

It was originally started as a weekly and became a daily by 1889. It was a chronicle of the Indian National Independence movement from its inception and it was used by Subramania Aiyer to rouse the nationalistic feelings of the Tamil people. A host of men like Subramania Pillai, [[Subramania Bharati|Mahakavi Subramania Bharathi]] (aka "Bharathiyar"), [[V. V. S. Aiyar|VVS Iyer]] and other worked as editor or sub-editors of the paper during the struggle for Independence. These men used familiar anecdotes from the great epics of the Ramayana and Mahabharata to rouse public opinion in the cause of nationalism within Tamil Nadu (then known as The Madras Presidency). Bharthiyar was sub-editor from 1904 to 1906 when he left to start his own publication "India".

The Swadesamitran was the second vernacular newspaper published in India. The first was Kesari which was published in Hindi. Subramania Aiyer although more comfortable in English, was determined to take the discussion of the future of India's independence to the masses. He was supported by Deshbandhu Chittranjan Das (CR Das) and [[Motilal Nehru]] in this approach. The paper was successful quite early in its life and quickly found readership wherever there was a significant Tamil population not only in India but also in Burma, Sri Lanka and Mauritius.

Subramania Aiyer was also a social reformer and sponsored the Madras Hindu Social Reform Association. During his tenure as editor he was also prosecuted and sentenced for sedition (1908) by the British due to his writings in the paper. He was never the same man after he went to prison. After his death (?) the paper was run by Rangaswamy Iyengar (Kasthuri Ranga Iyengars nephew and right-hand man at the Hindu) and thereafter by CR Srinivasan (died 1962). Rangaswamy and Srinivasan were a potent combination and when Bharathiyar rejoined the newspaper in 1920 the three of them took the paper to lofty new heights of popularity and fame.

It was under Srinivasan's leadership that it became a Public Limited Company "The Swadesamitran Limited" which became the publisher of the newspaper. After Srinivasan's death his son CS Narasimhan sold the controlling shares held by him to the Silver Jubilee of Independence Trust of the Congress Party headed by former Tamil Nadu Chief Minisher Shri M Bhaktavatsalam.

This Trust continued to run the paper till August 1977 when due to financial and other reasons the publication of the paper was stopped and the company was on the verge of bankruptcy. It was purchased from the Trust by John Thomas (born 1 August 1924, died 18 November 2001) a distinguished lawyer of the [[Madras High Court]] and successful local businessman. The paper was shut down for 30 months but the new proprietor was determined that such a storied icon of India's independence movement should not go quietly into the night. He was able to resurrect the newspaper and it began publication again in March 1980 under editor Sundaresan. The newspaper went back to its origins and its editorial pages were openly supportive of the Congress Party and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in particular.

Swadesamitran published a Who's Who in Tamil Nadu in 1980-1981 (edited by Philip Thomas born 18 July 1960 died 9 May 2006) and the publication was released in Madurai by Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi during the celebrations marking the 2000th anniversary of the birth of Thiruvalluvar, the great Tamil poet and author of Thirukural.

The Swadesamitran was printed at the company's Printing Press and office "Deshbandu Bhavan" on Whites Road in Royapettah, Madras. The company also owned Victory House on [[Anna Salai]] (formerly Mount Road). The property was formerly the Whiteaways Building and was purchased by CR Srinivasan. He renamed it Victory House to reflect the success of the Quit India movement.

== Managing Directors ==

* [[G. Subramania Iyer]] (1882–1915)
* [[A. Rangaswami Iyengar]] (1915–1934)
* [[C. R. Srinivasan]] (1934–1955)
* [[C. S. Narasimhan]] (1955–1977)
* [[J. Thomas]] (1977–1985)
* R.Asokan (1985–present)

== Editors ==

* G. Subramania Iyer (1882–1915)
* A. Rangaswami Iyengar (1915–1928)
* M. P. Srinivasan (1924-1964)
* C. R. Srinivasan (1928–1962)
* C. S. Narasimhan (1962–1985)

== Notes ==

{{reflist|2}}

== References ==

* {{cite book | title=Madras Rediscovered| last=Muthiah| first=S.| year=2004| authorlink=S. Muthiah| publisher=East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd| isbn=81-88661-24-4|ref=Muthiah}}

[[Category:Tamil-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1882]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1985]]
[[Category:1882 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1985 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Mass media in Chennai]]

Gara (film)

2026-03-04T04:42:08Z

Wilfred0198: adding first details needs work - done

{{Short description|2019 Indian film}}
{{No plot|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gara
| image = Gara movie poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = KR Murali Krishna
| writer =
| screenplay = KR Murali Krishna
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[An Astrologer's Day]]''|[[R. K. Narayan]]}}
| producer = Nagaprasad
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Rahman
*[[Avanthika Mohan]]
* Pradeep Aryan
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = HC Venu
| editing =
| music = Sagar Gururaj
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|5|3}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Gara''''' is a 2019 Indian Kannada-language drama film directed by Murali Krishna and starring Rahman, [[Avanthika Mohan]] and Pradeep Aryan. The story is based on [[R. K. Narayan]]'s short story ''[[An Astrologer's Day]]''.

== Cast ==
*Rahman as Gangaswamy aka Nishant
*[[Avanthika Mohan]] as Akasmika
* Pradeep Aryan as Bhageeratha
*[[Johnny Lever]]
*[[Sadhu Kokila]]
*[[Tabla Nani]]
*[[M. S. Umesh]]

== Production ==
This film marks television news anchor Rehman Hassan's film debut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rehmans-hassan-plays-the-lead-in-the-kannada-film-gara/article26943670.ece|title=He switched screens|first=SHILPA SEBASTIAN|last=R|date=25 April 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> [[Johnny Lever]] made his Kannada debut with this film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/johnny-lever-to-make-kannada-film-debut/articleshow/57626735.cms|title=Johnny Lever to make Kannada film debut - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/johnny-lever-forys-into-kannada-films/article26541941.ece|title=Comic relief|first=Shilpa | last=Sebastian |date=15 March 2019|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=10 February 2024}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by Sagar and his father Gururaj. Manjula and Sangeetha Gururaj sang songs in the film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/a-peppy-number-from-gara-featuring-johnny-lever-and-sadhu-kokila/articleshow/69026398.cms|title=A peppy number from Gara featuring Johnny Lever and Sadhu Kokila | newspaper=The Times of India | date=24 April 2019 | accessdate=10 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/johnny-lever-to-star-in-kannada-film-gara/articleshow/57675874.cms|title=Johnny Lever to star in Kannada film Gara|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' opined that "What works for the film is {{sic|i|t's}} visuals and the music. But the screen time ends up being far too long and, in hindsight, only makes the film seem like an intelligent exercise on paper".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/gara/movie-review/69155386.cms|title=Gara Movie Review {2.0/5}: Critic Review of Gara by Times of India|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "It may have been a good story on paper, but on screen, ''Gara'' is a haphazard plot that is far too long for its content, too slow to be engaging and poorly structured for an impact".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/gara-movie-review-rahman-hassan-avanthika-moha-starrer-is-an-amateur-attempt/articleshow/69165299.cms|title=Gara movie review: Rahman Hassan, Avanthika Moha-starrer is an amateur attempt|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]'' stated that "The only positives in ''Gara'' are the picturesque locations, the cinematography by HC Venu, and Sagar Gururaj's music. Everything else gets a thumbs down".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/kannada/2019/may/03/gara-review-overly-sensationalised-adaptation-of-rk-narayans-an-astrologers-day-11388.html|title=Gara Review: Overly sensationalised adaptation of RK Narayan's An Astrologer's Day|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|10300578}}
[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]

Vaada (2005 film)

2026-03-03T11:57:35Z

Wilfred0198: Made New Entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaada
| image = vaada.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Satish Kaushik]]
| producer = [[Vashu Bhagnani]]
| writer = Rumi Jaffery
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Sabhash]]''|[[K. Subhash]]}}
| narrator =
| starring = [[Arjun Rampal]] [[Amisha Patel]] [[Zayed Khan]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Himesh Reshammiya]] '''Score:''' [[Salim-Sulaiman]]
| cinematography = [[Johny Lal]]
| editing = Steven Bernard
| studio =
| distributor = Puja Films
| released = {{Film date|2005|01|07|df=y}}
| runtime = 122 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Vaada''''' ({{Translation| ''Promise''}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film directed by [[Satish Kaushik]]. The film stars [[Arjun Rampal]], [[Amisha Patel]], and [[Zayed Khan]] in lead roles. The story revolves around a murder amidst a convoluted love triangle. It was released on 7 January 2005. It is a remake of 2000 Tamil film ''[[Sabhash]]'' starring [[Parthiban]], [[Divya Unni]], and [[Ranjith (actor)|Ranjith]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/07vaada.htm | title=Vaada will surprise you! | access-date=29 April 2022 | archive-date=28 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928105747/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jan/07vaada.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Rahul Verma and Karan Srivastav are business partners. The film begins with the discovery of the body of Pooja Verma, Rahul's wife. Pooja has apparently committed suicide by hanging herself; however, before the postmortem can take place, her body goes missing.

A flashback reveals that Karan used to be Pooja's boyfriend. Karan was extremely possessive of Pooja, and the pair broke up in the mall after an incident, and then later tried to force her to leave her father. After the breakup, Karan leaves town, and Pooja meets Rahul, who is a loving and successful businessman. The pair gets married; however, tragedy strikes when they are involved in a car crash and Rahul loses his eyesight.

Karan has now become a wealthy businessman and has become a partners with Rahul, unaware of who his wife is. At a meeting held in Rahul's house, Karan is shocked to learn that Rahul is married to Pooja.

In the present, the police investigating the case begin to suspect that Pooja's death is not a suicide after all. They also believe that Karan may have been involved in the crime. Pooja's jewellery and other evidence were found at Karan's house. Karan believes that he is being framed and enlists his lawyer friend Rajat Saxena to help him prove his innocence. Karan thinks that Rahul is the most likely suspect and sets out to confront him. Karan tries several tactics to prove that Rahul is not blind but ends up failing and bribing Rahul's servant, Alex, to confess that Rahul is not blind. He agrees to testify to this in court.

The men end up in a fight after Rahul uses his eyesight to save a young boy from an incoming train. It is revealed that Rahul has actually regained his sight and is not blind after all. Karan believes that Rahul had killed Pooja and forces him to confess, recording the admission. However, Rahul had control of the remote for the recording device and only captured Karan's words, making it appear as if he was confessing to the murder. The police, led by Inspector Khan, arrive at the scene. In court, Rahul testifies against Karan, and so does Alex after he exposes him to the bribe. Karan is arrested for the murder and sentenced to life imprisonment, and the judge rules that Saxena can no longer be Karan's lawyer. In the holding cells, Karan manages to bribe a constable, exchanging his watch for a tape recorder. That night, Rahul comes to meet Karan and tells him that he knows Karan did not kill his wife.

Rahul explains that he had found out that his blindness was curable and secretly travelled abroad for the operation, telling his wife that he was on a business trip. He intended to surprise Pooja, but upon his arrival, he found her in Karan's arms. This infuriated him, but he kept quiet. However, later that day, Pooja realised that he was no longer blind and short, and after that, she committed suicide. After her death, Rahul and Alex found an audio cassette recorded by Pooja. In the cassette, Pooja explained that while Rahul was on his business trip, Karan came to the couple's house. Pooja threw him out after an argument, but he followed her back into the bedroom and threatened to burn the house down with her inside it unless she renewed her relationship with him. Pooja had no choice but to agree to divorce Rahul and then marry Karan. That night, Pooja tried to contact Rahul, but Karan caught her and told her that the stress of the situation would cause Rahul to become permanently blind. The next morning, Karan wrote up divorce papers for Pooja and Rahul, after which he embraced her. At that moment, Rahul returned from his trip and saw the pair.

Rahul tells Karan that Pooja did indeed commit suicide, but her death was a result of Karan's actions, so he is her murderer. Rahul then explains how he vowed to get vengeance by framing Karan for the crime so that he and his wife may finally have peace. Karan reveals that he has finally caught Rahul and jubilantly shows him the tape recorder. However, Rahul tells him that he had anticipated this move and says that the tape recorder has no batteries. Rahul further reveals that Saxena has been working with him the entire time and helped him with the plan. He finally walks away, leaving Karan distraught and alone in his cell. In the end, Rahul is seen immersing Pooja's ashes in the river.

==Cast==
*[[Arjun Rampal]] as Rahul Verma
*[[Ameesha Patel]] as Pooja Sharma / Pooja Rahul Verma
*[[Zayed Khan]] as Karan Srivastav
*[[Alok Nath]] as Mr. Sharma, Pooja's father
*[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Advocate Saxena
*[[Virendra Saxena]] as Alex
*[[Rajesh Vivek]] as Inspector Khan
*Shashi Kiran as Bank Owner
*[[Achyut Potdar]] as Judge
* Hemant Birje as Advocate Sanjay Arora
*[[Anjan Srivastav]] as Lawyer Khan
*[[Sarfaraz Khan (actor)|Sarfaraz Khan]] as Singer in Ud Ud Ud Jaye.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Vaada
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2004|11|20}} (Digital release)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vaada/20041122.htm|title=This time, it's a ship!|first=Syed Firdaus|last=Ashraf|website=Rediff|access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=28 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928105748/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vaada/20041122.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Start date|df=yes|2005|01|07}} (Film)
| recorded = 2004
| venue = [[Ghazipur]]
| studio = Bollywood UP Studios
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]], Ghazal and Qawwali
| length = 11:26
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T Series]]
| producer = Himesh Reshammiya
| prev_title = [[Ishq Hai Tumse]]
| prev_year = 2004
| next_title = [[Insan]]
| next_year = 2005
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Main Ishq Uska Woh Aashiqui Hai Meri (Woh Ladki Nahi Zindagi Hai Meri)
| extra1 = [[Babul Supriyo]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length1 = 04:21
|
| title2 = Teri Kurti Sexy
| extra2 = [[Adnan Sami]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| length2 = 04:39
|
| title3 = Vaada Hai Yeh
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Kumar Sanu]] and Alka Yagnik
| length3 = 06:01
|
| title4 = Ud Ud Ud Ud Jaye
| extra4 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Kailash Kher]]
| length4 = 05:27
|
| title5 = Maula
| extra5 = [[Talat Aziz]]
| length5 = 05:47
|
| title6 = Main Deewana (Not in film)
| extra6 = Udit Narayan, Alka Yagnik
| length6 = 05:23
|
| total_length = 31:38
}}

The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Himesh Reshammiya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/30vaada.htm|title=This one is no Tere Naam!|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=27 September 2024|archive-date=19 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819220231/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/30vaada.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0442855|Vaada}}

{{Satish Kaushik}}

[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Singapore]]
[[Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Satish Kaushik]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]

Saathanar

2026-03-02T23:09:34Z

Wilfred0198: started the data basic info

{{Short description|Title or name in ancient Tamil literature}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|date=July 2025}}
{{citation style|date=July 2025}}
{{Orphan|date=July 2025}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=since v1, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on legacy, vocab distribution typical of LLM text etc}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Saathanar
| native_name = சாத்தனார்
| occupation = Poet, Philanthropist, Warrior
| era = [[Sangam period]]
| notable_works = ''Manimekalai''
}}

'''Saathanar''' ({{Langx|ta|சாத்தனார்}}) is a title or name attributed to several notable individuals in ancient Tamil literature, particularly during the Sangam period. The name "Saathan" was commonly associated with merchants, philanthropists (vallals), warriors, and poets, reflecting a multifaceted role in Tamil society.<ref>{{cite book |editor=George L. Hart and Hank Heifetz |title=The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil, the Purananuru |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-231-11562-9 |pages=242–244 |quote=Saathan, son of the Chera lord of Ollaiyūr, is mourned as a heroic patron and warrior in poem 242.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title=The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |year=1973 |isbn=978-90-04-03591-1 |pages=215–220 |quote=The Manimekalai by Seethalai Saathanar is one of the earliest and most important Tamil Buddhist epics.}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=S. |editor-last=Vaiyapuri Pillai |title=Tamil Lexicon |volume=4 |publisher=University of Madras |year=1936 |page=128 |quote=சாத்தன் – caravan leader, head of a [[merchant guild]]; merchant prince.}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term "Saathan" is believed to derive from the Tamil word ''sāttu'' (சாத்து), meaning a Buddhist monk or a merchant. This nomenclature was prevalent during the early days to denote individuals associated with Buddhism or trade. For instance, the poet known as ''Maturai Kulavāṇikan Cāttan'' (Madurai Grain Merchant Saathanar) was distinguished from others with similar names by his profession and place of residence.{{sfn|University of Ceylon Review|1948|p=97}}

== Notable Figures Named Saathanar ==

=== Chithalai Saathanar ===
[[Chithalai Chathanar|Chithalai Saathanar]] was a renowned Tamil poet credited with composing the epic ''Manimekalai''. He hailed from Seerthandalai (later known as Seethalai) and was a grain merchant in Madurai, earning him the epithet "Kulavāṇikan". A practitioner of Buddhism, his works reflect deep philosophical insights and advocate Buddhist principles.<ref>{{Cite book  |url=https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0003943_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D.pdf |title=நாற்பெரும் புலவர்கள் |date=1996 | orig-date = 1944 | publisher=Pooram Publishing House | first = Chithalai | last = Saathanar | location= Chennai, India |page =4 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20240619201239/https://www.tamildigitallibrary.in/admin/assets/book/TVA_BOK_0003943_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D.pdf | archivedate = 2024-06-19 | language=ta}}</ref>

=== Perunthalai Saathanar ===
Perunthalai Saathanar, a poet from Perunthalayoor near present-day Gobichettipalayam in Erode district, was known for his humility and poetic prowess. In ''Purananuru'' verse 209, he praises a chieftain despite not receiving any gifts, showcasing the self-respect of Sangam-era bards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lending Ears to the Ancient Bards of Kongunadu |date=25 June 2014 |url=https://meenakshisundaramwriter.blogspot.com/2014/06/lending-ears-to-ancient-bards-of.html}}</ref>

=== Vannakkan Saathanar ===
Vannakkan Saathanar was a late Sangam period poet known for his erudition in Sanskrit and comparative studies between Tamil and Sanskrit. He authored verse 43 of the ''Tiruvalluva Maalai'', expressing his views on Valluvar and the ''Tirukkural''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Vedanayagam | first = Rama | title =Tiruvalluva Maalai: Moolamum Eliya Urai Vilakkamum | publisher = Manimekalai Prasuram | pages = 59-60 | date = 2017 | location = Chennai| language = ta }}</ref>{{sfn|Robinson, 2001|pp=26–27}}

== Other Notable Individuals with the Name Saathanar ==
Several other poets and figures bore the name Saathanar, contributing to Tamil literature:

* Azhisi Nachchaathanar
* Aaduthurai Maasaathanar
* Aalampēri Saathanar
* Uraiyur Kathuvāy Saathanar
* Uraiyur Muthukannan Saathanar
* Okkur Maasaathanar
* Karuvur Kathappillai Saathanar
* Karuvur Cheraman Saathan
* Karuvur Boothan Saathanar
* [[Seethalai Satthanar|Seethalai Saathanar]]
* Seithivalluvan Perun Saathan
* Thondi Aamur Saathanar
* Piraan Saathanar
* Perun Saathanar
* Perunthalai Saathanar
* Perunthōl Kurun Saathan
* Perisaathanar
* Mosi Saathanar

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Sangam literature]]
* [[List of Sangam poets]]
* [[Manimekalai]]
* [[Purananuru]]

{{Tamil-stub}}

[[Category:Tamil names]]

Narayan Jagannath Vaidya

2026-02-16T04:50:15Z

Wilfred0198: typo fix

{{Use Pakistani English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
'''Narayan Jagannath Vaidya''' was the first deputy inspector of [[Sindh]] (currently in [[Pakistan]]). At the time, it was part of the [[Bombay Presidency]]. He was the brother of [[Lakshman Jagannath Vaidya]]. He belonged to the [[CKP]] community of [[Maharashtra]].The [[Narayan Jagannath High School]] in [[Pakistan]] is named after him.<ref>{{cite book | title = ''Sanshodhak''| publisher = Historian V.K.Rajwade Research center(mandal), Dhule, India| year =2015| author1= Professor Dr.Mrudula Verma| author2= Professor Dr.Sarjerao Bhamare|author3= Professor Shripad Nandedkar|author4= Dr.Mokashi (RK Taleja College)|page=1–14|quote=quote on page 1; Not much information is available about the early life of Narayan Jagannatha Vaidya. Narayan Jagannatha Vaidya belonged to the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu(CKP) community of Maharashtra. His brother was the Diwan of Baroda state}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = The Bombay University Calendar, Volume 2 |publisher = University of Bombay | year =1925| page=582|quote=Paper for the foundation of a Scholarship to be called " The Dewan Bahadur Lakshman Jagannath Vaidya Scholarship " and to be awarded to a Candidate of the Kayastha Prabhu community who passes the Matriculation Examination with the highest number..|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7k0mAQAAIAAJ&q=lakshman+jagannath+vaidya}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title = The Bombay University Calendar, Volume 1| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YKc0AAAAMAAJ&dq=lakshman+jagannath+vaidya&pg=PA490|page=490|quote=LAKSHMAN. JAGANNATH. VAIDYA. SCHOLARSHIP. The Secretary to the Kayastha Prabhu Educational Fund, Baroda, in a letter dated 2nd February 1887, offered to the University a sum of Rs. 5,000 in Government 4 per cent. Paper for the foundation of a Scholarship to be called " The Dewan Bahadur Lakshman Jagannath Vaidya Scholarship " and to be awarded to a Candidate of the Kayastha Prabhu community who passes the Matriculation Examination with the highest number|year = 1908}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Shri Narayan Jagannatha Vaidya in Amrut | author= J.D.Ranadive|year=1978|page=123–125}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:People from Sind Division]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]

History of West Bengal

2026-02-14T13:01:35Z

Wilfred0198: minor edit

{{Short description|None}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}{{History of Bengal|Indian Bengal}}{{History of West Bengal}}{{Bengalis}}

The '''history of West Bengal''' basically refers to the history of the [[West Bengal|western part of Bengal]], located in the eastern part of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Evidence of human settlement has been found in [[West Bengal]] about 42,000 years ago. The presence of human settlement of that period has been found in the [[Ajodhya Hills|Ayodhya Hills]] of West Bengal.<ref name="eisamay1"/><ref name="Mahadebbera-Kana"/><ref name="telegraphindia1"/> By 2,000 BCE, settled life had increasingly spread of human civilization in the Damodar-Ajay River Valley, which was contemporary with the [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Harappa-Mahenjodaro civilization]].<ref name="eisamay2">{{cite web |author1=Pradeep Mukherjee |title=প্রায় চার হাজার বছর পূর্বের সভ্যতার নিদর্শন বর্ধমানের 'পাণ্ডু রাজার ঢিবি ' |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/durgapur-news/pandu-rajar-dhibi-of-burdwan-contains-almost-four-thousand-years-old-civilization-artefacts-says-study/articleshow/53263502.cms |website=www.eisamay.com |publisher=Ei Samay |access-date=8 August 2023 |language=bn |trans-title=The 'Mound of Pandu Raja' in Bardhaman is a sign of the civilization of about four thousand years ago. |date=13 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="Bharadwaj2003">{{cite book |last=Bharadwaj |first=G |editor=Majumdar, RC |year=2003 |chapter=The Ancient Period |title=History of Bengal |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corp}}</ref> The southern part of West Bengal witnessed the presence of the [[Vanga kingdom]] between 1100 BCE and 350 BCE, which was contemporary with the [[Vedic period|Vedic civilization]] of [[North India|northern India]].<ref name="Bharadwaj2003"/>

Among the [[Mahajanapadas]], [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] became powerful around 350 BCE, at that time rulers of the [[Nanda dynasty]] of Magadha incorporated the territory of West Bengal into their empire. West Bengal was under the rule of all Magadha-centric empires after the Nanda Empire. [[Tamralipta]] in West Bengal was the main seaport of the Magadha-centered [[Maurya Empire]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Haraniya |first=Krutika |date=2017-06-25 |title=Tamralipti - The Ancient Copper Port |url=https://www.livehistoryindia.com/story/lost-cities/tamralipti-the-ancient-copper-port |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=www.livehistoryindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Most of the West Bengal's territory was ruled under the [[Gupta Empire]], that arose in northern India after the collapse of the Magadha-centric empires.

In Bengal, the [[Gaur kingdom]] was established in 690 AD, which spread across [[West Bengal]] and present-day [[Bangladesh]]. Gaur is often referred to as the first well-established independent political entity in Bengal.<ref name="ebookbou1">{{cite web |title=প্রাচীন বাংলার ইতিহাস |url=https://www.ebookbou.edu.bd/Books/Text/OS/OSBBA/osbba_1202/Unit-01.pdf |website=www.ebookbou.edu.bd |access-date=8 August 2023 |language=bn |trans-title=History of Ancient Bengal}}</ref> After this kingdom, the [[Pala empire]] in 750 AD and the [[Sena dynasty|Sena empire]] in 1070 AD respectively emerged across West Bengal. Both of these empires were mainly Bengal-centric.

[[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Islamic conquests]] were established in West Bengal as early as the 13th century. At this time Bengal along with West Bengal was included in the [[Ghaznavids|Ghaznavid empire]]. West Bengal was ruled under the [[Delhi Sultanate]] from the 13th to the 14th century and the [[Bengal Sultanate]] from the 14th to the 16th century. In the 16th century, after the fall of the Bengal Sultanate, West Bengal came under the [[Mughal Empire]].

[[Murshidabad]] in West Bengal was the capital of independent Nawab Bengal (1717–1765). In 1765, the British took over the control of Bengal including West Bengal from the Nawabs of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-mir-jafar.htm |title=Murshidabad History - Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=9 August 2023 |url-status=live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160408160557/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-mir-jafar.htm |archive-date=8 April 2016}}</ref> The [[Bengal Presidency]] of the British Indian Empire was divided into West Bengal and [[East Bengal]] in August 1947; West Bengal was included in the [[Dominion of India]] and gained independence as an Indian state.

==Prehistoric era (until c. 2000 BCE)==
===Stone Age===
[[File:Ayodha Hills.jpg|thumb|Ayodha Hills]]
The time from West Bengal's first inhabitation until the Old Stone Age, or [[Paleolithic|Palaeolithic]] era.<ref name="timesofindia-indiatimes1">{{cite web |author1=T S Sreenivasa Raghavan |author2=Shilpa Krishnan |title=Early human history dug out in WB |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/early-human-history-dug-out-in-wb/articleshow/2949851.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=The Times of India |access-date=9 August 2023 |location=Chennai |date=14 April 2008}}</ref><ref name="esijournals1">{{cite journal |author1=Gourav Debnath |title=South Asian History, Culture and Archaeology - "The Evolution of Stone Tool Technology of Pre-Historic West Bengal: A Renewed Archaeological Approach" |journal=ESI Journals |date=2022 |volume=2 |pages=55–67 |url=https://www.esijournals.com/image/catalog/Journal%20Paper/SAHCA/2022/No%201%20%282022%29/5_Gourav%20Debnath.pdf |access-date=9 August 2023 |publisher=ESI Publications}}</ref><ref name="banglapedia1">{{cite web |title=Agricultural Communities, Early Period |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Agricultural_Communities,_Early_Period |website=en.banglapedia.org |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="hindustan-times">{{cite web |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Snigdhendu |title=WB : Signs of civilisation in Purulia for last 1 lakh yrs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/wb-signs-of-civilisation-in-purulia-for-last-1-lakh-yrs/story-eQSOtdEOskgqhPVXOJd5yJ.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com |publisher=Hindustan Times |access-date=21 September 2023 |location=Kolkata |date=12 September 2013}}</ref> Palaeolithic sites are mostly found in the [[Gandheswari River|upper Gandeshwari]], Middle [[Dwarakeswar River|Dwarakeswar]], Upper [[Kangsabati River|Kangsabati]], Upper Tarafeni and Middle [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] valleys between 87°10' E and 22°30' N - 23°30' N. The extensive forest-covered high land and moderate rainfall of the southwestern part of West Bengal provided ideal conditions for the growth and development of the Paleolithic culture. Evidence of 42,000 years old human habitation has been found in [[West Bengal]].<ref name="esijournals1"/> These human settlements have been discovered at [[Kana, West Bengal|Kana]] and Mahadebbera at the foothills of the [[Ajodhya Hills]].<ref name="eisamay1">{{cite web |author1=Gautam Basumallik |title=৪২০০০ বছর আগে অযোধ্যা পাহাড় অঞ্চলে জনবসবাসের নিদর্শন মিলেছে |url=https://eisamay.com/editorial/post-editorial/interview-of-bishnupriya-basak-by-goutam-basu-mallick/articleshow/46744177.cms |website=www.eisamay.com |publisher=Ei Samay |access-date=8 August 2023 |language=bn |trans-title=42,000 years ago, evidence of human habitation has been found in the Ayodhya Hills region |date=30 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="Mahadebbera-Kana">{{cite journal |author1=Bishnupriya Basak |author2=Pradeep Srivastava |author3=Sujit Dasgupta |author4=Anil Kumar |author5=S. N. Rajaguru |title=Earliest dates and implications of Microlithic industries of Late Pleistocene from Mahadebbera and Kana, Purulia district, West Bengal |journal=Current Science |date=10 October 2014 |volume=107 |pages=1167–1171 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="telegraphindia1">{{cite web |author1=Sebanti Saarkar |title=Bengal just got older by 22000 yrs |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bengal-just-got-older-by-22000-yrs/cid/1288646 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=The Telegraph India |access-date=8 August 2023 |date=21 October 2014}}</ref> [[Microlith]]ic tools found at Kana are 42,000 years old, while microlithic tools found at Mahadevera are 34,000 to 25,000 years old.<ref name="Mahadebbera-Kana"/><ref name="telegraphindia1"/> Hatpara on the west bank of [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] has evidence of human settlements dating back to around 15,000-20,000 years.<ref name="telegraphindia2">{{cite web |author1=Sebanti Sarkar |title=History of Bengal just got a lot older |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/history-of-bengal-just-got-a-lot-older/cid/603572 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |publisher=The Telegraph India |access-date=9 August 2023 |date=27 March 2008}}</ref> About 200 small stone weapons<ref name="telegraphindia2"/> have been found here. Grains and fish bones were also found here. According to archaeologists, the prehistoric civilization of Hatpara was spread along the banks of the Bhagirathi from Ganakar to Mahipala. Fish was a common part of the human diet of the time, and coppery color of the fish bones found at the site indicates that the Burnt fish was eaten.<ref name="anandabazar1">{{cite web |author1=Biman Hazra |title=মাছের হাড়, শস্যের দানা মেলে হাটপাড়ায় |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/nadia-murshidabad/ancient-civilization-of-hatpara-1.1224917 |website=www.anandabazar.com |publisher=Anandabazar Patrika |access-date=8 August 2023 |location=Sagradighi |language=bn |trans-title=Fish bones, and grains of crop are found in Hatpara |date=6 November 2020}}</ref>

The western plateau and [[Ganges Delta|delta region]] or the present flood plain area are the two biological regions of [[West Bengal]] where [[South Asian Stone Age|Mesolithic sites]] identified. The microlithic industry of West Bengal was mostly a non-geometric industry. [[Blade]]s, points, [[Scraper (archaeology)|scrapers]], lunettes, burins, borers, [[Flake tool|flakes]], and cores are the most common tools used throughout this period. Evidence from this period is scarce.<ref name="esijournals1"/><ref name="timesofindia-indiatimes1"/>

The Neolithic culture took place in five major river valleys, namely [[Ajay River|Ajay]]-[[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]] river valley, [[Dwarakeswar River|Dwarakeswar]]-[[Damodar River|Damodar]] river valley, [[Gandheswari River|Gandheswari]] river valley, Tarafeni river valley and [[Subarnarekha River|Subarnarekha]] river valley. Also a Neolithic culture developed in [[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]. The main tool types recovered from the site include celts (both axes and adzes), [[wedge]]s, [[chisel]]s, perforated tools and pounders, along with microliths and bone tools.<ref name="Neolithic1">{{cite book |author1=Asok Datta |title=Neolithic Culture in West Benga |date=1992 |publisher=Agam Kala Prakashan |location=Delhi |url=https://ia802304.us.archive.org/26/items/neolithic-culture-in-west-bengal-with-special-reference-to-south-and-south-east-asia/Asok%20Datta%20-%20Neolithic%20Culture%20in%20West%20Bengal-Agam%20Kala%20Prakashan%20(1992)(1)%20(1).pdf |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="esijournals1"/>

==Copper Age (c. 1500 – c. 600 BCE)==
{{See also|Early Agricultural Communities in Bengal}}
[[File:Ancient site and remains of King Pandu's Mound at Panduk in Purba Bardhaman district 05.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]], Chalcolithic period around c. 1500 BCE–750 BCE]]
The Copper Age or Chalcolithic began around 1500 BCE with the appearance of Copper objects. Chalcolithic culture of West Bengal is contemporary with [[Indus Valley Civilisation#Late Harappan|Later Harappan]] (Harappan 5) and Vedic civilization.

A Chalcolithic culture flourished in Ajay-Damodar valley. The Chalcolithic culture flourished from about between 1500 and 600 BCE. The culture included cities such as Pandu Rajar Dhibi, Mangalkot and Bharatpur in modern-day [[Burdwan division]], and Dihar in modern-day [[Medinipur division]]. Chalcolithic site [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]] on the south bank of [[Ajay River]], where spiral bangles, rings and fish-hook have been found.<ref name="jstor2">{{cite journal |last1=Datta |first1=Asok |title=Chalcolithic Culture of West Bengal: An Overview |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |date=2004 |volume=64/65 |pages=59–72 |jstor=42930636 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930636 |issn=0045-9801}}</ref><ref name="asi1">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Paresh Chandra Das |title=Archaeological Survey of India |date=1962 |publisher=Bulletin of the Directorate of Archaiology; Bengal |location=New Delhi |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_books/42371.pdf |access-date=9 August 2023}}</ref><ref name="citeseerx1">{{cite web |author1=Asok Datta |title=Subsistence Strategies of The Chalcolithic People of West Bengal: an appraisal. |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=17da17ad940eaa2207328298fa0b47003b748ff2 |website=www.citeseerx.ist.psu.edu |publisher=Department of Archaeology, University of Calcutta |access-date=9 August 2023 |location=Kolkata}}</ref> In the [[West Bengal]], [[Black and red ware]] (BRW) is a Copper Age and early Iron Age archaeological culture of Central and Eastern Ganges plain, until c. 700–500 BCE, when it is succeeded by the Northern Black Polished Ware culture.<ref name=Southworth>{{cite book |author=Franklin Southworth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTwuFUW5aEgC |title=Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |page=177|isbn = 9781134317776}}</ref>

==Iron Age (c. 1000 – 28 BCE)==
The Iron Age saw the development of coinage, metal weapons, agriculture and irrigation. Many sites in West Bengal were transformed from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age. Iron Age archaeological sites have been discovered in the western-southwestern part of West Bengal. The Iron Age archaeological culture of West Bengal was the [[Northern Black Polished Ware]]. The north-western and western part of Birbhum (Bahiri), western part of Medinipur (Kankrajhor, Dhuliapur), Purulia and Bankura (Tulsipur, Kumardanga) regions of modern-day West Bengal served as major producers of iron.<ref name="Man-&-Environment">{{cite book |title=Man & Environment |date=2006 |publisher=Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies. |location=Pune |pages=29–43 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQaBAAAAMAAJ&q=man+and+environment+ISPQS |access-date=11 August 2023 |language=en |chapter=A Study of the Ancient Iron Working in the Eastern Fringes of the Chhotonagpur Plateau, West Bengal}}</ref>

According to the Indian epic Mahabharata, the western part of [[Vanga kingdom]] was located in West Bengal. Vanga was described as a thalassocracy with colonies in Southeast Asia. According to Sri Lankan history, the first king of Sri Lanka was [[Prince Vijaya]] who led a fleet from India to conquer the island of Lanka. Prince Vijaya's ancestral home was West Bengal.<ref name="JMS_1997">{{cite book |last=Senaveratna |first=J. M. |title=The story of the Sinhalese from the most ancient times up to the end of "the Mahavansa" or Great dynasty |publisher=Asian Educational Services |date=1997 |pages=7–22 |isbn=978-81-206-1271-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9TeEcMi0e0C&pg=PA7 }}</ref><ref name="MCR_1984">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9DpMY206bMC&pg=PA51 |title=Ancient Jaffna |author=Mudaliyar C. Rasanayagam |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=1984 |isbn=9788120602106 }}</ref>

===Ancient geopolitical divisions===
A number of geopolitical divisions are observed in ancient Bengal, some of which were located in the territory of modern West Bengal. The regions of geopolitical division have expanded and receded over the centuries. The geopolitical divisions established in the territory of West Bengal were [[Pundravardhana]], [[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]], [[Suhma kingdom|Suhma]] and [[Rarh region|Radha]]. The western part of Pundravardhan belonged to the modern-day Malda division, and The western part of Vanga belonged to the modern-day [[Presidency division]] and [[Medinipur division]] of West Bengal. The whole of Suhma belonged to the modern-day Burdwan division, Medinipur division and Presidency division, and Radha was probably situated in modern-day West Bengal.

===West Bengal under empires===
{{see also|Magadha|Magadha empire|Nanda Empire|Maurya Empire|Shunga Empire|Kanva dynasty}}

During the Iron Age of Bengal, West Bengal was under the Magadha-centric empires. Greek accounts mention the contemporary [[Gangaridai]] of [[Bengal]] separately, located in modern-day West Bengal and Bangladesh, although indicating that the two were ruled by common sovereigns. Historian [[Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri]] theorizes that the Nandas exercised centralized control over their core territories in present-day [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], but allowed considerable autonomy in the frontier parts of their empire.<ref>{{cite book |author=H. C. Raychaudhuri |author-link=Hem Chandra Raychaudhuri |chapter=India in the Age of the Nandas |editor=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |edition=Second |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC&pg=PA11 |year=1988 |orig-year=1967 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0466-1|page=21}}</ref>
{{multiple image|perrow=2/2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| align =
| title = Ruins of Iron Age cities in West Bengal
| image2 = Khana Mihir Mound.jpg|caption2=Khana-Mihirer Dhipi in [[Chandraketugarh]]
| image3 = Brick structures on mound at Bangarh at Gangarampur in Dakshin Dinajpur district 40.jpg|caption3=Archaeological remains of brick structures at Bangarh
}}
[[Bangarh]] on the bank of the [[Punarbhaba River|Punarbhaba]], about 400 km from [[Kolkata]], have evidence of the early history of West Bengal from the Maurya period to the Pala period. Iron Age of West Bengal artefacts have been discovered here, which belong to the Pre-Maurya, Maurya and Sunga periods.<ref name=dilip>Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (2006, reprint 2007). ''Relating History to the Land'' in Patrick Oleville (ed.) ''Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE'', New York: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-568935-6}}, p.9</ref><ref name="indianexpress2">{{cite web |author1=Shiv Sahay Singh |title=At Bangarh, pre-Mauryan Bengal peeps out |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/at-bangarh-premauryan-bengal-peeps-out/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=12 August 2023 |location=Bangarh (South Dinajpur) |language=en |date=3 July 2010}}</ref> West Bengal provided sea routes to each of the Magadha empires. The empires conducted sea trade with foreign countries through the [[Tamralipta]] seaport, which was located near the modern-day [[Tamluk]] city. According to Darian, with the rise of the Maurya Empire, Tamralipti gained universal popularity as the main port of the entire basin. Ships from [[Ceylon]], [[Southeast Asia]], West India and the [[Middle East]] used to come to this port.<ref name=":4"/> [[Chandraketugarh]] was another port city, situated on the banks of the [[Bidyadhari River]].<ref name="indianexpress1">{{cite web |author1=Aniruddha Ghosal |title=Chandraketugarh: The City That Never Was |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/destination-of-the-week/the-city-that-never-was-4531886/ |website=www.indianexpress.com |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=12 August 2023 |date=19 February 2017}}</ref> Mauryan and Sunga period artifacts have been found here. Terracotta statues and chariots have been found.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Press Information Bureau; Government of India: Calcutta |title=চন্দ্রকেতৃগড়ে মৌর্য-গুপ্ত যুগের ভগ্নাবশেষ আবিষ্কার |journal=ইতিতাস |volume=8 |pages=24–26 |url=https://ia902905.us.archive.org/27/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.355176/2015.355176.Etihas-Vol8_text.pdf |access-date=12 August 2023 |publisher=Baṅgīẏa itihāsa pariṣada |language=bn}}</ref><ref name="Prasanga">{{cite book |author1=Gauri Shankar Dey |author2=Subhradeep Dey |title=Prasanga- Pratna Prantar Chandraketugarh (Bengali) {{!}} Exotic India Art |publisher=Scholar, Kolkata |pages=282–291 |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/prasanga-pratna-prantar-chandraketugarh-bengali-mzo488/ |access-date=12 August 2023 |language=bn}}</ref>

== Modern era ==
=== British East India Company (1772–1858) ===
[[File:Plassey1757max.jpg|thumb|left|A plan for the Battle of Palashi, Colonel Robert Clive fought against the Nawab of Bengal on 23 June 1757. Illustration of the battlefield with explanation of troop movements.]]
The dramatic rise of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]] took place in the territory of [[West Bengal]]. When the East India Company began strengthening the defenses of [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] (Calcutta) in the mid-1750s, [[Siraj ud-Daulah|Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah]] attacked with French encouragement. Under the command of [[Robert Clive]], British troops and their local allies captured [[Chandannagar]] in March 1757 and severely defeated the Nawab in the [[Battle of Plassey]] on 23 June 1757. In the seat of the Nawab of Bengal, the British appointed and administered the people of their choice, and extended their direct control to the south. The French regained control of [[Chandannagar]] on the [[Hooghly River]] in West Bengal in 1763.

[[Mir Qasim]] and [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] in alliance with the Mughal emperor [[Shah Alam II]] in 1765 tried to recover Bengal, but were again defeated in the [[Battle of Buxar]] (1765). As part of the Mughal Emperor's agreement with the British East India Company, the East India Company was given the right to collect taxes from the province. Thus, the company became the tax collector of the empire, while the local nawabs appointed by the Mughal emperor continued to rule the province. This system of local rule was abolished in 1772 and the East India Company took complete control of the province. During the fall of the [[Mughal Empire]], the center of Indian culture and trade shifted from Delhi to [[Calcutta]] in [[West Bengal]]. Capital raised from Bengal by the East India Company in the early stages of the Industrial Revolution was invested in various industries in Great Britain such as textile manufacturing. Company policy led to the [[De-industrialisation of India|de-industrialization of the textile industry in Bengal]] during the Company's rule. De-industrialization led to the destruction of Bengal's textile industry. [[Murshidabad]] in West Bengal—one of Bengal's major textile centers—became economically weak, the city which [[Robert Clive]] described as a city richer than [[London]] at the time.

During Company rule, there was a devastating [[Great Bengal famine of 1770|famine in 1770]] that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 7 to 10 million people, which is known as the ''Chiẏāttôrer mônnôntôr''. The present day states of [[West Bengal]] and Bihar were the worst affected by this famine. Among the regions of Greater Bengal, Central and North Bengal were the most prone to famine; these areas are part of present day [[Malda division|Malda]] and [[Jalpaiguri division|Jalpaiguri]] divisions of West Bengal. The famine devastated the economy of the region.

India's second and Bengal's first railway was laid between the cities of [[Howrah]] and [[Hugli-Chuchura|Hooghly]] in West Bengal. In 1854, rail service was started between [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] and [[Hooghly railway station]]s in West Bengal. The first university of India and [[Bengal]] during British rule was established in West Bengal in 1857, known as [[University of Calcutta]].

===Independence===

When [[India]] [[History of the Republic of India|gained independence]] in 1947, [[Bengal]] was [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partitioned]] along religious lines. The western part went to India (and was named West Bengal) while the eastern part joined [[Pakistan]] as a province called [[East Bengal]] (later renamed [[East Pakistan]], giving rise to independent [[Bangladesh]] in 1971).<ref name=parttionbanglaped>{{cite book |last=Harun-or-Rashid |year=2012 |chapter=Partition of Bengal, 1947 |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Partition_of_Bengal,_1947 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==Bidhan Chadra Roy Era (1947–1962)==

===Princely state merger with West Bengal===
In 1950, the Princely State of [[Koch dynasty|Koch Bihar]] merged with West Bengal after King Jagaddipendra Narayan had signed the Instrument of Accession with India.<ref>Dr. Sailen Debnath, ed. Social and Political Tensions In North Bengal since 1947, {{ISBN|81-86860-23-1}}.</ref> In 1955, the former [[French India|French enclave]] of [[Chandannagar]], which had passed into Indian control after 1950, was integrated into West Bengal. Portions of [[Bihar]] were subsequently merged with West Bengal.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

During Roy's Chief Minister-ship very few manufacturing industries were set up in the state. In 1954, when Dr. B. C. Roy was the Congress chief minister, a massive food crisis overtook the state. There was a near-famine condition in Bengal.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

==United Front (1967)==
{{see also|United Front (1967)}}

===1967 General Election===

After the state legislative elections held in 1967, the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] was the main force behind the [[United Front (1967)|United Front]] government formed. The Chief Ministership was given to [[Ajoy Mukherjee]] of the [[Bangla Congress]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

===Naxalbari uprising===
{{main|Naxalite}}
In 1967 a peasant uprising broke out in [[Naxalbari]], in northern West Bengal. The insurgency was led by hardline district-level CPI(M) leaders [[Charu Majumdar]] and [[Kanu Sanyal]]. The Naxalbari movement was violently repressed by the West Bengal government. During the 1970s and 1980s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent [[Naxalite|Marxist-Naxalite]] movement damaged much of the state's infrastructure, leading to a period of economic stagnation.

The [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971 resulted in the influx of millions of refugees to West Bengal, causing significant strains on its infrastructure.<ref name="londonanthology">{{cite book |last=Chaudhury |first=Amit |author-link=Amit Chaudhuri |editor-last=Hindle |editor-first=Jane |year=1996 |chapter=Mother Teresa |title=London Review of Books: An Anthology |publisher=Verso |page=65 |isbn=1-85984-121-X}}</ref> The [[1974 smallpox epidemic of India|1974 smallpox epidemic]] killed thousands. West Bengal politics underwent a major change when the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] won the 1977 assembly election, defeating the incumbent [[Indian National Congress]]. The Left Front, led by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], has governed for the state for the subsequent three decades.<ref name=longcommu>{{cite news|first = Soutik |last = Biswas |title=Calcutta's colourless campaign|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4909832.stm |publisher=[[BBC]]|date=2006-04-16 |access-date=2006-08-26}}</ref>

===Dismissal of United Front government===
In November 1967, the West Bengal United Front government was dismissed by the central government. Initially the Indian National Congress formed a minority government led by [[Prafulla Chandra Ghosh]], but that cabinet did not last long. Following the proclamation that the United Front government had been dislodged, a 48-hour hartal was effective throughout the state. After the fall of the Ghosh cabinet, the state was put under President's Rule.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

===1969 Assembly election===
Fresh elections were held in West Bengal in 1969. CPI(M) emerged as the largest party in the West Bengal legislative assembly.<ref>Indian National Congress had won 55 seats, Bangla Congress 33 and CPI 30. CPI(M) allies also won several seats.[http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf ECI: Statistical Report on the 1969 West Bengal Legislative Election] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129141351/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf |date=29 November 2007 }}</ref> But with the active support of CPI and the Bangla Congress, Ajoy Mukherjee was returned as Chief Minister of the state. Mukherjee resigned on March 16, 1970 and the state was put under President's Rule.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

==Shiddharthrasankar Ray Era (1972–1977)==
Indian National Congress the 1972 assembly election, and its leader [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] became the chief minister. During this period, the then Prime Minister of India, [[Indira Gandhi]] proclaimed nationwide [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency in 1975]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

This period was marked by large scale violence as the police force battled with the naxalites and ultimately crushed the movement in the state{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}.

==Left Front era==

===Jyoti Basu (1977–2000)===

====1977 Election====
In the 1977 election of the state legislature, the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]], headed by [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], won 243 seats thereby gaining a majority. The first Left Front government was established with [[Jyoti Basu]] as the Chief Minister.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

=====Marichjhanpi Massacre, 1979=====
The massacre in [[Marichjhanpi]], which took place under CPI(M) rule in Bengal between January 26 and May 16, 1979, relates to the forcible eviction of refugees who had fled from [[East Pakistan]] thereby leading to the death of a sizable population among them.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

{{blockquote|Out of the 14,388 families who deserted [for West Bengal], 10,260 families returned to their previous places … and the remaining 4,128 families perished in transit, died of starvation, exhaustion, and many were killed in Kashipur, Kumirmari, and Marichjhapi by police firings (Biswas 1982, 19).<ref>{{cite web|last=Ross |first=Mallick|title=The Morichjhanpi massacre: When tigers became citizens, refugees "tiger-food"|url=http://sanhati.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/marichjhapi.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insightyv.com/?p=879|title=Remembering Marichjhapi Massacre, 1979|work=insightyv.com|access-date=16 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707120303/http://insightyv.com/?p=879|archive-date=7 July 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}

After leading the Left Front government for consecutive five terms, Jyoti Basu retired from active politics and [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] was appointed as his successor. Five years later, the Left Front came back to the power with Bhattacharjee again assuming the office of the Chief Minister.<ref name=haunt>{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |title=Ghost of Marichjhapi returns to haunt |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/Coverage/Assembly-Elections-2011/Ghost-of-Marichjhapi-returns-to-haunt/AssemblyElections2011-DontMiss/SP-Article10-689463.aspx |access-date=5 August 2013 |newspaper=The Hindustan Times |date=25 April 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610222045/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/Coverage/Assembly-Elections-2011/Ghost-of-Marichjhapi-returns-to-haunt/AssemblyElections2011-DontMiss/SP-Article10-689463.aspx |archive-date=10 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Budhdhadev Bhattacharya (2000–2011)===
The state's economic recovery gathered momentum after [[economic reforms in India]] were introduced in the early 1990s by the [[Government of India|central government]], aided by election of a new reformist [[Chief Minister]] [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharya]] in 2000. As of 2007, armed activists have been organizing terrorist attacks in some parts of the state,<ref name=voamaoist>{{cite web
|url=http://www.voanews.com/bangla/archive/2005-07/2005-07-22-voa10.cfm
|title=Maoist on Rise in West Bengal
|access-date=2006-09-11
|last=Ghosh Roy
|first=Paramasish
|date=2005-07-22
|work=VOA Bangla
|publisher=[[Voice of America]]
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212062125/http://www.voanews.com/bangla/archive/2005-07/2005-07-22-voa10.cfm
|archive-date=12 December 2007
|df=dmy-all
}}</ref><ref name=satpmcc>{{cite web
|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/terroristoutfits/MCC.htm|title=Maoist Communist Centre (MCC)|access-date=2006-09-11|work=Left-wing Extremist group|publisher=South Asia Terrorism Portal}}</ref> while clashes with the administration have taken place at several sensitive places on the issue of industrial land acquisition.<ref name=singur1>{{cite news|title=Several hurt in Singur clash|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jan/28singur.htm |work=rediff News|publisher=Rediff.com India Limited |date=28 January 2007 |access-date=2007-03-15}}</ref><ref name=nandi1>{{cite news|title=Red-hand Buddha: 14 killed in Nandigram re-entry bid|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204181250/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 December 2012 |publisher=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |date=15 March 2007 |access-date=2007-03-15 }}</ref>

====Nandigram violence====
{{main|Nandigram violence}}
The [[Nandigram violence]] was an incident in [[Nandigram]], [[West Bengal]] where, on the orders of the Left Front government, more than 4,000 heavily armed police stormed the Nandigram area with the aim of stamping out protests against the West Bengal government's plans to expropriate {{convert|10000|acre|km2}} of land for a [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) to be developed by the Indonesian-based Salim Group. The police shot dead at least 14 villagers and wounded 70 more.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

The SEZ controversy started when the government of West Bengal decided that the [[Salim Group]] of Indonesia<ref>For more information on the Salim Group please see [[Sudono Salim]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/97/0822/biz1.html |title=Asia Week |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-date=14 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114084931/http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/97/0822/biz1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.saliltripathi.com/articlesReview/8Oct98Review.html |title=Far Easter Economic Review October 1998 |access-date=16 May 2010 |archive-date=19 July 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020719183321/http://www.saliltripathi.com/articlesReview/8Oct98Review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> would set up a [[chemical hub]] under the SEZ policy at Nandigram, a rural area in the district of [[Midnapore East|Purba Medinipur]]. The villagers took over the administration of the area and all the roads to the villages were cut off. A front-page story in the [[Kolkata]] newspaper, ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'', on 4 January 2007 was headlined, "False alarm sparks clash". According to the newspaper that village council meeting at which the alleged land seizure was to be announced was actually a meeting to declare Nandigram a "clean village", that is, a village in which all the households had access to toilet facilities.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}

==Trinamool Congress era==
In the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]], Left Front was defeated and [[Trinamool Congress]] won an [[absolute majority]] of seats.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Forbes]]|title=The Anti-Communist of West Bengal|url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/04/14/forbes-india-trinamool-congress-didi-banerjee-at-gates.html#4b8299546c90|access-date=18 April 2011}}</ref> [[Mamata Banerjee]], the leader of Trinamool Congress, became the chief minister. The success of Trinamool Congress was repeated in the 2013 [[Panchayati raj|Panchayat]] election (local government elections in rural areas, and some urban municipalities) and the [[2014 Indian general election]] (in which Trinamool won 34 of 42 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in the state).

==Notes==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{sister project links}}
; Government
* [http://www.wbgov.com/ Official website of Government of West Bengal]
* [http://wbplan.gov.in/htm/ReportPub/WB_HandBook.pdf Statistical handbook West Bengal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120060637/http://wbplan.gov.in/htm/ReportPub/WB_HandBook.pdf |date=20 January 2017 }}
* [http://wbic.gov.in/ West Bengal Government Information Commission]
* [http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/home.asp Directorate of Census Operations] of West Bengal
; Other
* {{wikivoyage inline|West Bengal}}
*
* [http://hdl.handle.net/10622/COLL00190 West-Bengal Refugees and Political Activists Oral History Collection] at the [[International Institute of Social History]] — Interviews with Bengali refugees and political activists, covering the period 1947-1970

{{History of India by State}}
{{West Bengal Chief Ministers}}

[[Category:History of West Bengal| ]]
[[Category:History of Bengal|*]]

Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-12T13:24:11Z

Wilfred0198: Made Article...

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Punjab}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Sangrur {{Small|PB-13}}
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Punjab/Sangrur.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| party = {{Party index link|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Independent politician|shortname=None}}
| mp = [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| assembly_cons = [[Lehra Assembly Constituency|Lehra]] [[Dirba Assembly Constituency|Dirba]] [[Sunam Assembly Constituency|Sunam]] [[Bhadaur Assembly Constituency|Bhadaur]] [[Barnala Assembly Constituency|Barnala]] [[Mehal Kalan Assembly Constituency|Mehal Kalan]] [[Malerkotla Assembly Constituency|Malerkotla]] [[Dhuri Assembly Constituency|Dhuri]] [[Sangrur Assembly Constituency|Sangrur]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Meet Hayer L1.jpg
| preceded_by = [[Simranjit Singh Mann]]
}}

'''Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 13 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state in northern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following nine [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceopunjab.nic.in/English/ElectoralRolls/ACPCROERO/PCACLIST.html|title=List of Parliamentary & AssemblyConstituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Punjab website}}</ref>
{{Legend|#FFED6F|Reserved for [[Dalit|SC]]}}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" style="font-size:100%" width="50px" |Constituency
! rowspan="2" |District
! rowspan="2" |MLA
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
!Number
!Name
|-
|99
|[[Lehra Assembly constituency|Lehra]]
|rowspan=3|[[Sangrur district|Sangrur]]
|[[Barinder Kumar Goyal]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=6}}
|-
| 100
|style="background-color:#FFED6F;" |[[Dirba Assembly Constituency|Dirba]]
|[[Harpal Singh Cheema|Harpal Cheema]]
|-
|101
|[[Sunam Assembly Constituency|Sunam]]
|[[Aman Arora]]
|-
|102
|style="background-color:#FFED6F;" |[[Bhadaur Assembly Constituency|Bhadaur]]
|rowspan=3|[[Barnala district|Barnala]]
|[[Labh Singh Ugoke]]
|-
|103
|[[Barnala Assembly Constituency|Barnala]]
| [[Kuldeep Singh Dhillon]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|104
|style="background-color:#FFED6F;" |[[Mehal Kalan Assembly Constituency|Mehal Kalan]]
| [[Kulwant Singh Pandori]]
|{{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|105
|[[Malerkotla Assembly Constituency|Malerkotla]]
|[[Malerkotla district|Malerkotla]]
| [[Mohammad Jamil Ur Rehman]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|107
|[[Dhuri Assembly Constituency|Dhuri]]
|rowspan=2|[[Sangrur district|Sangrur]]
| [[Bhagwant Mann]]
| {{party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|108
|[[Sangrur Assembly Constituency|Sangrur]]
| [[Narinder Kaur Bharaj]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| Sardar Ranjit Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| colspan=2 | ''Did not exist''
|
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| Sardar Ranjit Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
| [[Nirlep Kaur]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
| [[Teja Singh Sutantar|Teja Singh Swatantra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
| [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| Gurcharan Singh Nihalsinghwala
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| [[Balwant Singh Ramoowalia]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| [[Rajdev Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|United Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Gurcharan Singh Dadhahoor]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan=2|[[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| [[Simranjit Singh Mann]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Vijay Inder Singla]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan=2|[[Bhagwant Mann]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
| [[2022 elections in India#Lok Sabha by-elections|2022^]]<ref name="With Sangrur bypoll win, Simranjit Singh Mann makes a comeback">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |date=26 June 2022 |title=With Sangrur bypoll win, Simranjit Singh Mann makes a comeback |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sangrur-lok-sabha-bypoll-2022-sadamritsar-simranjit-singh-mann-result/article65567281.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521040220/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/sangrur-lok-sabha-bypoll-2022-sadamritsar-simranjit-singh-mann-result/article65567281.ece |archive-date=21 May 2024 |access-date=21 May 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| [[Simranjit Singh Mann]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
| {{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|}

^By-Poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections|General Election 2024]]: [[Sangrur]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Gurmeet Singh Meet Hayer]]
|votes = {{formatnum:364085}}
|percentage = 36.06
|change = {{increase}}1.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Sukhpal Singh Khaira]]|votes={{formatnum:191525}}|percentage=18.97|change={{increase}}7.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|candidate=[[Simranjit Singh Mann]]|votes={{formatnum:187246}}|percentage=18.55|change={{decrease}}17.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Arvind Khanna]]|votes={{formatnum:128253}}|percentage=12.70|change={{increase}}3.37}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=[[Iqbal Singh Jhundan]]|votes={{formatnum:62488}}|percentage=6.19|change={{decrease}}0.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes={{formatnum:3820}}|percentage=0.38|change={{increase}}0.03}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:172560}}|percentage={{increase}}17.09|change={{increase}}16.21}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:1009665}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors ={{formatnum:1556601}}|ref = }}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|swing = {{increase}}1.27
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2022 by-election===
Incumbent Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] had contested in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election]] and won. AAP won a large majority of 92 out of total 117 seats. Mann was designated as the [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]]. Before taking the oath as CM of Punjab, Bhagwant Mann resigned from his post of MP Sangrur.<ref name="Resign Tribune News14 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Will miss this House, have a huge responsibility now: Bhagwant Mann after resigning as Sangrur MP |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-cm-elect-bhagwant-mann-to-resign-as-mp-from-sangrur-377701 |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=14 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab CM-designate Bhagwant Mann tenders resignation from membership of Lok Sabha |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/video/election/punjab/punjab-cm-designate-bhagwant-mann-tenders-resignation-from-membership-of-lok-sabha-1091313.html |access-date=16 March 2022 |work=Deccan Herald |date=14 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> By-election to Sangrur Lok Sabha constituency was held on 23 June 2022. Simranjit Singh Mann was declared the winner 26 June 2022.<ref name="byelection 2022">{{cite news |title=Sangrur Lok Sabha bypoll on June 23 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sangrur-lok-sabha-bypoll-on-june-23-398065 |access-date=26 May 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>
<onlyinclude>{{Election box begin | title=[[2022_elections_in_India#Lok_Sabha_by-elections|2022 By-election]]: [[Sangrur]]<ref>{{cite news |title=5-cornered contest for Sangrur Lok Sabha byelection |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/5-cornered-contest-for-sangrur-lok-sabha-byelection-401559 |access-date=7 June 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|candidate=[[Simranjit Singh Mann]]|votes = 2,53,154|percentage=35.61|change={{increase}}31.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Gurmail Singh
|votes = 247,332
|percentage = 34.79
|change = {{decrease}}2.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Dalvir Singh Khangura|Dalvir Singh Goldy]] |votes=79,668|percentage=11.21|change={{decrease}}16.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kewal Singh Dhillon]] |votes=66,298|percentage=9.33|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=Bibi Kamaldeep Kaur Rajoana |votes=44,428|percentage=6.25|change={{decrease}}17.58}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=2471 |percentage=0.35|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=6,245|percentage=0.88|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=7,10,919|percentage=45.3%|change={{decrease}}27.1}}
{{Election box Registered electors|reg. electors = 15,69,240 |ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultPcByeJune2022/ConstituencywiseS1912.htm |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar) |loser =Aam Aadmi Party |swing = {{increase}}16.92}}
{{Election box end}}</onlyinclude>

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections|General Election 2019]]: [[Sangrur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Bhagwant Mann]]
|votes = {{formatnum:413561}}
|percentage = 37.40
|change = {{decrease}}11.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kewal Singh Dhillon]]
|votes = {{formatnum:303350}}
|percentage = 27.43
|change = {{increase}}9.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Parminder Singh Dhindsa]]
|votes = {{formatnum:263498}}
|percentage = 23.83
|change = {{decrease}}5.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = [[Simranjit Singh Mann]]
|votes ={{formatnum:48365}}
|percentage = 4.37
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =Lok Insaaf Party
|candidate = Jasraj Singh Longia
|votes = {{formatnum:20087}}
|percentage =1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the Above
|votes = {{formatnum:6490}}
|percentage = 0.59
|change = {{increase}}0.39
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:110211}}
|percentage = 9.97
|change = {{decrease}}10.46
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:1107256}}
|percentage = 72.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}10.5
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections|General Election 2014]]: [[Sangrur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Bhagwant Mann]]
|votes = {{formatnum:533237}}
|percentage = 48.47
|change = {{increase}}48.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
|votes = {{formatnum:321516}}
|percentage = 29.23
|change = {{decrease}}4.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vijay Inder Singla]]
|votes = {{formatnum:181410}}
|percentage = 17.50
|change = {{decrease}}21.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Madan Bhatti
|votes = {{formatnum:8408}}
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Sukhdev Ram Sharma
|votes ={{formatnum:6934}}
|percentage = 0.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:211721}}
|percentage = 19.24
|change = {{increase}}14.85
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:1100056}}
|percentage = 77.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{increase}}34.75
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections|General Election 2009]]: [[Sangrur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Vijay Inder Singla]]
|votes = 358,670
|percentage = 38.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]
|votes = 3,17,798
|percentage = 34.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Bhalai Party
|candidate = [[Balwant Singh Ramoowalia]]
|votes = 115,012
|percentage = 12.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohmad. Jamil-Ur-Rehman
|votes = 69,943
|percentage = 7.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Simranjit Singh Mann
|votes = 33,714
|percentage = 3.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 40,872
|percentage = 4.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 931,200
|percentage =74.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing = -14.06
}}
{{Election box end}}
===2004===
{{Election box begin| title=[[2004 Indian general election|General Election 2004]]: [[Sangrur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa
|votes = 286,828
|percentage =34.2
|change = {{increase}}4.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Arvind Khanna
|votes = 259,551
|percentage =31.0 |change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = Simranjit Singh Mann
|votes = 216,898
|percentage =25.9 |change = {{decrease}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mangat Rai Bansal
|votes = 38,215
|percentage =4.6 |change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Sukhdev Singh Bari
|votes = 14,289
|percentage =1.7 |change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Mohamad Shamshad
|votes = 8,872
|percentage =1.1 |change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change = =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin| title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election 1999]]: [[Sangrur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = [[Simranjit Singh Mann]]
|votes = 298,846
|percentage = 41.7
|change = {{increase}}12.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
|votes = 212,529
|percentage = 29.7
|change = {{increase}}0.90
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ajit Singh
|votes = 190,824
|percentage = 26.6
|change ={{increase}}21.90
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent politician
|candidate = Nirmal Singh
|votes = 5,738
|percentage = 0.80
|change = ''N/A''
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 86,317
|percentage = 12.1
|change = {{increase}}1.10
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,16,182
|percentage = 62.5
|change = {{decrease}}3.90
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1998===
{{Election box begin| title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election 1998]]: [[Sangrur]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
|votes = 297,393
|percentage = 39.8
|change = {{decrease}}8.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = [[Simranjit Singh Mann]]
|votes = 215,228
|percentage = 28.8
|change = {{increase}}7.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gurcharan Singh Dadhaboor
|votes = 187,711
|percentage = 25.1
|change = {{increase}}6.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Chand Singh Chopra
|votes = 35,380
|percentage = 4.7
|change ={{decrease}}16.00
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 82,165
|percentage = 11.0
|change = {{increase}}1.00
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 7,47,116
|percentage = 66.4
|change = {{decrease}}5.20
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing |winner = Shiromani Akali Dal |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin| title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election 1996]]: [[Sangrur]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = [[Surjit Singh Barnala]]
|votes = 238,131
|percentage = 31.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)
|candidate = [[Simranjit Singh Mann]]
|votes = 162,479
|percentage = 21.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Chand Singh Chopra
|votes = 156,770
|percentage = 20.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gurcharan Singh Dadhaboor
|votes = 140,877
|percentage = 18.6
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 75,652
|percentage = 10.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 757,827
|percentage = 71.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Shiromani Akali Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1992===
{{Election box begin| title=General Election 1992: [[Sangrur]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gurcharan Singh Dadahoor
|votes = 43,908
|percentage = 44.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Chand Singh Chopra
|votes = 38,610
|percentage = 38.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Atma Singh
|votes = 13,813
|percentage = 13.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Karamjit Singh
|votes = 1,415
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Hardial Singh
|votes = 1,312
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority
|votes = 5,298
|percentage = 5.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 99,058
|percentage = 10.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/punjab/sangrur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Sangrur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.2|75.8|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sangrur district]]

==See also==

* [[Sangrur district]] Dhuri of Sangrur District was part of Ropar parliament constituency.
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

Ranjan Pant

2026-02-10T02:56:03Z

Wilfred0198: started new entry initial version

{{Short description|Indian advisor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ranjan Pant
| image = RanjanPantprofilepic2019.jpg
| caption = Ranjan Pant
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1959|06|29}}
| alma_mater = [[BITS Pilani]], [[Wharton School]]
| occupation = CEO Advisor at Ranjan Pant Consulting
| spouse = Asha Pant
| father = [[K. C. Pant]]
}}

'''Ranjan Pant''' is an Indian strategy management consultant, advisor to CEOs and a change management expert. Pant is an Investment Committee member of a leading [[Private equity firm|Corporate Private Equity House]] and an independent director on the Boards of several major companies

He is the son of [[K. C. Pant]], who was an Indian politician and cabinet minister in the federal [[Government of India]] holding the portfolios such as Minister of Defence, Finance, Steel and Heavy Engineering, Home Affairs, Electronics, Atomic Energy and Science and Technology.

Pant is the grandson of legendary Indian freedom fighter Pandit [[Govind Ballabh Pant]], who along with Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru was a key figure in the fight for Independence from the British crown.

==Early life and education==
Ranjan Pant was born in [[Delhi]], India, on 29 June 1959, to [[K. C. Pant]] and [[Ila Pant]]. He earned a Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering Honors degree from [[BITS Pilani]] and an MBA from The [[Wharton School]], [[University of Pennsylvania]].

== Professional career ==
[[File:RanjanPant-withPresidentofIndia.jpg|thumb|Ranjan Pant (center), with the former President of India – K R Narayanan (right) & K C Pant (left)]]
In early professional life, Pant joined [[Bain & Co]] as a Management Consultant and later moved as Director of Corporate Business Development at the [[General Electric]] headquarters in Fairfield. After that, he rejoined Bain as a Partner leading the global energy and utilities practice.

Pant is currently an Independent Board Director in leading companies in the energy, mutual funds, textile, information technology and manufacturing sectors. He also served as an Independent Board Director of a Life Insurance company, Retail company, and an Indian Navratna.<ref>[http://www.infra.schneider-electric.com/in/?option=com_content&view=article&id=83&Itemid=8 Schneider Electric Board of Directors]</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/data/Morarjee-Textiles-Limited/board-of-directors/58381/ Morarjee Textile Board of Directors]</ref><ref>[http://dspblackrockpensionfund.com/about_boardofdirector.html DSP Blackroack profile (erstwhile)]</ref><ref>[http://quotes.wsj.com/IN/XBOM/534139/company-people/executive-profile/119174949 WSJ Ranjan Pant Profile: Schneider Electric Infrastructure Ltd]</ref>

In 2024, Pant was appointed as an additional director on the board of Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd.
<ref>[https://m.bseindia.com/(S(tamcwg2441uwxs551rh4gx55))/MAnnDet.aspx?newsid=463b3cc5-3019-44a8-a122-f9254cca6813&Form=STR&scrpcd=500520 BSE corporate announcement by Mahindra and Mahindra about appointment of Mr Ranjan Pant on the board]</ref><ref>[https://www.mahindra.com/ranjan-pant Ranjan Pant, Non-Executive and Non-Independent Director & Board Member, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd]</ref>

Pant has also served as an Executive in Residence at [[Babson College]] and is a charter member of [[TiE]].
He has also long been member of the jury panel for K C Mahindra Education Trust scholarships<ref>[https://www.kcmet.org/index.aspx K C Mahindra Education Trust Scholarships]</ref><ref>[https://www.mahindra.com/news-room/press-release/en/64-students-receive-kc-mahindra-scholarship-for-post-graduate-studies-abroad-this-year-at-a-total-value-of-inr-335-lakhs K C Mahindra Education Trust Scholarships 2023]</ref> for post graduate studies for Indian students.
[[File:Ranjan Pant - at IIM Indore Convocation, 2019.jpg|thumb|Ranjan Pant, at IIM Indore Convocation, 2019]]
In year 2019, Ranjan was appointed to the Board of Governors<ref>[https://www.iimidr.ac.in/about-us/board-of-governors/ IIM Indore Board of Governors]</ref> of the [[Indian Institute of Management Indore]] (IIM-Indore).

In year 2022, he was appointed on the governing body of<ref>[https://www.mahindrauniversity.edu.in Mahindra University]</ref>[[Mahindra University]]

== Talks and Insights ==
Ranjan has delivered multiple keynote presentations at India Inc. Some of the notable insights were:

# "Respect ego in public, but don't in private" – FICCI Innovation Summit, Delhi, 2019
# "Learn satisficing instead of satisfying everyone" – Mahindra, Mumbai, 2018
# "Fostering High performance through creativity" – School of Inspired Leadership, January 2022, Zoom

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=12931219&privcapId=25091728 Bloomberg Profile]
* [http://www.bitsaa.org/?page=whoswho List of Notable BITS alumni: Ranjan Pant]
* [http://www.bain.com/publications/articles/new-utility-players.aspx Bain & Co Publications: New utility players – by Ranjan Pant]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7hOBKZkZRA Mr Ranjan Pant on: "Singularity – If Yes, So what?" (Talk video)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKvlHr5dNWE Mr Ranjan Pant on Tech Enabled English Language Learning ]
* [https://www.kcmet.org/news-and-events.aspx#awarded2017 59 students awarded 2017 K.C. Mahindra Scholarships for Post Graduate Studies Abroad, 2017]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEd6IKU_Wp4?t=1 Conversation with Ranjan Pant, CEO Advisor, Global Strategy Consultant | Conversations That Count, School of Inspired Leadership]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pant, Ranjan}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni]]
[[Category:Indian management consultants]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Wharton School alumni]]

Mundwa Assembly constituency

2026-02-07T19:45:13Z

Wilfred0198: details

{{Short description|Former Legislative Assembly constituency in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Mundwa
|district = [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]
|state = [[Rajasthan]]
|electors =
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur]]
|reservation = None
|established = 1977
|abolished = 2008
|type= SLA
}}
'''Mundwa''' is a former constituency of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]].<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIrAKrpRHHl6YJ4Q5EEVH2zMUwwV41By7LxYIONuVC9Vr%2F%2BN7sXnVcBsMXgIVrEWgvCh1zBtwm72mAwODimlm7Nzk%2BznOQZFhtTvKNHJqeI%2BB |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=16 July 2024 |url-access=limited}}</ref> It existed from 1977 to 2008.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]|| [[Ramdev Beniwal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान विधानसभा निर्वाचन का सांख्यिकीय डेटा, 1977 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3385-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1977/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201033028/https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3385-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1977/ |archive-date=2023-12-01 |access-date=2024-12-18 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]|| [[Harendra Mirdha]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान विधानसभा निर्वाचन का सांख्यिकीय डेटा, 1980 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3387-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1980/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209093918/https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3387-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1980/ |archive-date=2023-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-18 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]|| [[Ramdev Beniwal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान विधानसभा निर्वाचन का सांख्यिकीय डेटा, 1985 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3389-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1985/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204095503/https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3389-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1985/ |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2024-12-18 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान विधानसभा निर्वाचन का सांख्यिकीय डेटा, 1990 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3392-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1990/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112120758/https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3392-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1990/ |archive-date=2023-11-12 |access-date=2024-12-18 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|rowspan=3| [[Habibur Rahman (Rajasthan politician)|Habibur Rahman]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान विधानसभा निर्वाचन का सांख्यिकीय डेटा, 1993 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3394-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1993/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128091219/https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3394-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1993/ |archive-date=2023-11-28 |access-date=2024-12-18 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान विधानसभा निर्वाचन का सांख्यिकीय डेटा, 1998 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1998/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112100023/https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3400-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-1998/ |archive-date=2023-11-12 |access-date=2024-12-18 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]|| [[Usha Poonia]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=राजस्थान विधानसभा निर्वाचन का सांख्यिकीय डेटा, 2003 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2003/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529021451/https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3403-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE-2003/ |archive-date=2024-05-29 |access-date=2024-12-18 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Nagaur district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Nagaur district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

{{India-constituency-stub}}
{{Ajmerdivision-geo-stub}}

INS Mangrol (1983)

2026-01-17T23:54:45Z

Wilfred0198: creating first details first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Short description| Retired Mahe-class minesweeper of the Indian Navy}}
{{other ships|INS Mangrol}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INS Mangrol (M 85)
|namesake= [[Mangrol, Gujarat]]
|owner=
|operator=
|registry=
|route=
|ordered=
|awarded=
|builder=[[Leningrad]], [[Soviet Union]]
|original_cost=
|yard_number=
|way_number=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|sponsor=
|christened=
|completed=
|acquired=
|commissioned={{Start date and age|1983|05|16|df=yes}}
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned={{Start date and age|2004|04|07|df=yes}}
|maiden_voyage=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport= [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]
|identification=
|motto=
|nickname=
|honours=
|honors=
|captured=
|status=Decommissioned
|notes=
|badge=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
| class = [[Mahé-class minesweeper]]
|type=
|tonnage=
|displacement=100 tons full load
|length=26  m
|beam=5.5 m
|height=
|draught=1.5 m
|draft=
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|decks=
|deck_clearance=
|ramps=
|ice_class=
|power=
|propulsion= Two diesel engines with 600 hp sustained and 2 shafts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Mahe.html |title=Mahé {Yevgenya} Class |access-date=2010-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331031448/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Mahe.html |archive-date=31 March 2009}}</ref>
|sail_plan=
|speed= {{convert|12|kn|km/h|0}}
|range= {{convert|300|nmi|km|1}} at {{convert|10|kn|km/h|0}}
|endurance=
|test_depth=
|boats=
|capacity=
|troops=
|complement=10
|crew=25
|time_to_activate=
|sensors=MG-7 sonar
|EW=
|armament= 2 x 25mm/80 twin guns
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft=
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=*Primarily used for: Inshore mine sweeping,
*Harbor defense,
*Coastal patrolling.
}}
}}

'''INS ''Mangrol''''' was an Indian Naval [[minesweeper]], named after a port in the coast of Gujarat called [[Mangrol, Kathiawar|Mangrol]]. She remained in service until decommissioned at Naval Base, [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] on 7 April 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mahé Class|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/m-mahe.htm|access-date=2020-10-03|website=globalsecurity.org}}</ref>

== Service==
{{Expand section|date=May 2010}}



==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mahé-class minesweeper}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangrol, INS}}
[[Category:Mahé-class minesweepers]]

Patur

2026-01-16T19:06:13Z

Wilfred0198: added info

{{Cleanup rewrite|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Patur
| other_name =
| nickname = Patur ShahBabu (after Shah Abdul Aziz urf Shah Babu, whose tomb is in the west of Patur){{force singular}}
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.46|N|76.94|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Akola district|Akola]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 341
| population_total = 20531
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 444501
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 917254
| registration_plate = MH30
| website =
| footnotes = Patur Is Most Important Festival Is The 14 एप्रिल डॉ.बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर जयंती मिरवणूक, दसरा महोत्सव ,कावड यात्रा महोत्सव,
Ramzan Eid
| official_name = Patur
}}

'''Patur''' is a town and a [[municipal council]] in [[Akola district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

==Geography==
Patur is located at {{Coord|20.45|N|76.93|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/16/Patur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Patur]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|341|m|ft|abbr=on}}.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref name="2011cen"/> the total population of Patur was 117,635 in this [[taluka]], of whom 60,765 were male and 56,870 female. In 2019/2020 the estimated population was between 114,106 and 144,691. Literate people are 85,917; 47,978 were male and 37,939 female. Patur has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 77%, and female literacy is 66%. In Patur, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age. Patur is Muslim -majority town with a population percentage of 55% ratio amongst all communities, according to 2011 census.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Male
! rowspan="2" |Female
! rowspan="2" |Total Population
! rowspan="2" |Change
! colspan="8" |Religion (%)
|-
!Hindu
!Muslim
!Christian
!Sikhs
!Buddhist
!Jain
!Other religions and persuasions
!Religion not stated
|-
|2001<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21494/download/24626/PC01_C01_27.xls Census India 2001].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |51359
| style="text-align:right;" |48787
| style="text-align:right;" |100146
| style="text-align:center;" | –
| style="text-align:right;" |71.546
| style="text-align:right;" |8.036
| style="text-align:right;" |0.043
| style="text-align:right;" |0.013
| style="text-align:right;" |19.995
| style="text-align:right;" |0.313
| style="text-align:right;" |0.012
| style="text-align:right;" |0.043
|-
|2011<ref name="2011cen">[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census India 2011].</ref>
| style="text-align:right;" |60765
| style="text-align:right;" |56870
| style="text-align:right;" |117635
| style="text-align:right;" |0.175
| style="text-align:right;" |70.432
| style="text-align:right;" |9.195
| style="text-align:right;" |0.158
| style="text-align:right;" |0.033
| style="text-align:right;" |19.618
| style="text-align:right;" |0.250
| style="text-align:right;" |0.008
| style="text-align:right;" |0.305
|}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = line
| y1=0.71546,0.70432
| y2=0.08036,0.09195
| y3=0.00043,0.00158
| y4=0.00013,0.00033
| y5=0.19995,0.19618
| y6=0.00313,0.0025
| y7=0.00012,0.00008
| y8=0.00043,0.00305
}}
{{Graph:Chart
| width=400
| height=150
| xAxisTitle=Year
| yAxisFormat = %
| showSymbols =
|colors = orange,green,blue,red,pink,grey,purple,black
| yAxisTitle=Religion
| legend=
| y1Title=Hindu
| y2Title=Muslim
| y3Title=Christian
| y4Title=Sikhs
| y5Title=Buddhist
| y6Title=Jain
| y7Title=Other
| y8Title=Religion not stated
| x=2001,2011
| type = rect
| y1=0.71546,0.70432
| y2=0.08036,0.09195
| y3=0.00043,0.00158
| y4=0.00013,0.00033
| y5=0.19995,0.19618
| y6=0.00313,0.0025
| y7=0.00012,0.00008
| y8=0.00043,0.00305
}}

==Politics==
Patur Municipal council was established in 1957.
* President of the municipality is Sau. Prabha Bhimrao Kothalkar
* Vice President Of the municipality is Syed Mujahiduddin
*Taluka Pramukh,Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi :- Shri Swapnil Surwade
* Patur Bharip Bahujan Mahasange President Shri :- Raju Bhau Borkar

==Education==
Major educational institutions include:

*Tulsabai Kawal Vidyalaya and Jr. College of Arts/Science, MCVC (Including Technical School and Mother India convent). Established in 1914, completing 100 years in 2014.
* Dr. H. N. Sinha Jr. and Senior College (including B.A./B.Sc.)
* Vasantrao Naik High School and Jr. College
* Savitribai Phule High School and Jr. College
* Gramin Ayurved Mahavidyalaya (BAMS College)
* Government Industrial Training Institute
* Several government and private [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Urdu]] and English primary schools
* Hemleen Computer Center Class (MS-CIT and Computer Typing Authorized Center) Patur J S Deokar 9421747116
* Easy Maths Classes, Abrar Colony
* Educational Computer Institute (MS-CIT Authorized Center) Patur Deepak Rakhonde Sir 9764748758
*Farhan Computer And Skill Development Center, near SB Hostel, Marhaba Colony
*Priya darshni indira gandhi Mahavidyalaya Patur Jr. College of Arts.
*Bhavana Public School, Khanapur Road,Patur
*Laxmibai deshpande Mahavidyalaya
*Nagar parishad school No.1
*Nagar parishad school No.2
*Kids Paradise public school
*Shah Babu Urdu High School and Jr. College of Arts/Science, Washim Road Patur. Established in 1957, completed 59 years.

==Historical places ==

* Vitthal Rakumai temple is one of the oldest places in the city. It has a square well made of black stone, each pillar 1m by 1m. Many people visit this place throughout year as it has huge cultural heritage.
* Khadkeshwar temple, located in the city center on the riverbank. It has huge importance during [[Vijayadashami|desshera]].
* Renuka mata mandir: located on a hill in the north-west, believed built in the 16th century.
[[File:Paturchi_Leni_-_Patur_Cave.jpg|thumb|upright|Patur Caves]]
* Patur Caves: [[:wikidata|Patur Cave]]s near Patur-Balapur Highway, is a historic place built by Buddhist rulers in the 3rd century BCE.
*Buddhabhumi Shirla [Shraman Charitable Trust, Vippasana Meditation Center, Shirla
* Shahbabu Drgah on the west side of Patur, has historical importance in Maharashtra. Shahbabu was a 13th-century Muslim saint who came to Patna to preach Islam. Shahbabu was born in Mecca. The [[dargah]] was gradually built by many Muslim rulers. The tomb or holy shrine was built by Sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] of Delhi in 1348 AD, then second portion of [[Khangah]] and Sher Darwaza were built by Mughal Knight Abdur Raheem Khan-e-Khanaa. With latest development, Buland Darwaza (a copy of Ajmer Sharif Buland Darwaza) built by the late Haji Syed Akbar in 1950.
* Jama Masjid: Grand mosque of Patur, has of prime importance specially on Juma ([[Friday prayer]]. Built in 1726 AD by a [[nawab]] family of Patur. For the last 300 years it has been under the supervision of the Quazi family.
* Chaman Masjid : No historical records have bee found regarding the building of this mosque (Masjid), it was likely built during the reign of the Tughlaq Emperors. Uptill ran Alhumdulillah under the supervision of Haji Syed Talib and handed over to Badi Masjib Trust, [[Akola]]
* Masjid-e-Abrar: Masjid-e-Abrar is situated at Abrar colony near the Balapur road in Patur

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{reflist}}

{{Akola district}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Akola district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

{{Akola-geo-stub}}

Qadiriyya

2026-01-13T21:55:55Z

Wilfred0198: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[Qadiri Order]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

2019 India–Pakistan heat wave

2026-01-06T01:36:29Z

Wilfred0198: new new data more to come - done

{{Short description|Severe heatwave in India and Pakistan}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox heat event
| title = 2019 Indo-Pakistani heat wave
| image = 2019 Indo-Pakistan heat wave by NASA Earth Observatory.png
| caption = Heat wave affected areas, from the NASA Earth observatory
| pushpin_map_caption =
| start_date= May 2019
|end_date=June 2019
| areas = India Pakistan<ref>{{cite web |last1=Leister |first1=Eric |title=Temperatures pass 50 C as grueling India heat wave enters 2nd week with no end in sight |url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/temperatures-pass-50-c-as-grueling-india-heat-wave-enters-2nd-week-with-no-end-in-sight/70008441 |website=Accuweather}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/30/c_138185520.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630034327/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/30/c_138185520.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 June 2019|title=Heatwave hits Pakistan as temperature reaches 42 degrees Celsius - Xinhua | English.news.cn|website=www.xinhuanet.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2019/06/09/pakistan-sizzles-under-intense-heat/|title=Pakistan sizzles under intense heat | Pakistan Today|website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk}}</ref>
| type = [[Heat wave]]
| fatalities = '''India:''' 184 in [[Bihar]], plus dozens more in other states 
'''Pakistan:''' 5<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-infants-death-update-five-infants-confirmed-dead-in-pakistan-as-hospital-air-conditioning-unit-breaks-down-1.1559472954540|title=Pakistan Infants death update: Five infants confirmed dead in Pakistan as hospital air conditioning unit breaks down|website=gulfnews.com|date=2 June 2019 }}</ref>
| injuries =
| website = 
| module =
}}
From mid-May to mid-June 2019, the republics of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] had a severe [[heat wave]]. It was one of the hottest and longest heat waves in [[the subcontinent]] since the two countries began recording weather reports. The highest temperatures occurred in [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]], [[Rajasthan]], reaching up to {{convert|50.8|C|F}},<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48495492|title=India reels as summer temperatures touch 50C|date=3 June 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> a near record high in India, missing the record of {{convert|51.0|C|F}} set in 2016 by a fraction of a degree.<ref name="gizmodo">{{cite web|url=https://earther.gizmodo.com/it-hit-123-degrees-fahrenheit-in-india-this-weekend-1835203136|title=It Hit {{convert|123|°F|°C}} in India This Weekend|last=Kahn|first=Brian|date=3 June 2019|website=Earther|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> {{As of|2019|June|12|post=,}} 32 days are classified as parts of the heatwave, making it the second longest ever recorded.<ref name="msn">{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/newsindia/india-staring-at-longest-heatwave-in-3-decades/ar-AACKkTx?li=AAggbRN|title=India staring at longest heatwave in 3 decades|last=Chauhan|first=Chetan|date=12 June 2019|website=MSN|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref>

As a result of hot temperatures and inadequate preparation, more than 184 people died in the state of [[Bihar]],<ref name="jazeeraBihar">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/06/india-heatwave-turns-deadly-190618090507114.html|title=India's heatwave turns deadly|date=18 June 2019|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=18 June 2019}}</ref> with many more deaths reported in other parts of the country.<ref name="reutersDeaths">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-temperature-workers/india-heatwave-deaths-rise-to-36-poorest-workers-worst-hit-idUSKCN1TD11E|title=India heatwave deaths rise to 36, poorest workers worst hit|last=Srivastava|first=Roli|date=12 June 2019|website=Reuters|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/nitish-kumar-cancels-aerial-inspection-of-heat-wave-affected-areas-to-visit-hospital-in-gaya-3694608/|title=Nitish Kumar Cancels Aerial Inspection of Heat Wave Affected Areas, to Visit Hospital in Gaya|date=20 June 2019|website=India.Com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620154605/https://www.india.com/news/india/nitish-kumar-cancels-aerial-inspection-of-heat-wave-affected-areas-to-visit-hospital-in-gaya-3694608/|archive-date=20 June 2019|access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref> In Pakistan, five infants died after extreme heat exposure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/pakistan/pakistan-infants-death-update-five-infants-confirmed-dead-in-pakistan-as-hospital-air-conditioning-unit-breaks-down-1.1559472954540|title=Pakistan Infants death update: Five infants confirmed dead in Pakistan as hospital air conditioning unit breaks down|website=gulfnews.com|date=2 June 2019 }}</ref>

The heat wave coincided with extreme [[drought]]s and [[Water scarcity|water shortages]] across India and Pakistan. In mid-June, [[reservoir]]s that previously supplied [[Chennai]] ran dry, depriving millions. The water crisis was exacerbated by high temperatures and lack of preparation, causing protests and fights that sometimes led to killing and stabbing.<ref name="cnnChennai1">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/19/india/chennai-water-crisis-intl-hnk/index.html|title=India's sixth biggest city is almost entirely out of water|last=Yeung|first=Jessie|date=19 June 2019|website=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620090605/https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/19/india/chennai-water-crisis-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=20 June 2019|access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="cnnChennai2">{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/20/india/chennai-water-crisis-intl-hnk/index.html|title=More than 500 arrested after protests and clashes as India water crisis worsens|last1=Yeung|first1=Jessie|last2=Gupta|first2=Swati|date=20 June 2019|website=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620150337/https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/20/india/chennai-water-crisis-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=20 June 2019|access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="dw">{{cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/india-heat-wave-triggers-clashes-over-water/a-49110943|title=India heat wave triggers clashes over water|last=Janjevic|first=Darko|date=8 June 2019|website=Deutsche Welle|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>

==Background==
Heat waves worldwide have become more extreme and more frequent due to human-influenced [[climate change]] and [[global warming]].<ref name="washpoStudy">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/06/11/climate-change-intensified-last-summers-northern-hemisphere-heat-wave-it-may-be-starting-all-over-again/|title=Planet is entering 'new climate regime' with 'extraordinary' heat waves intensified by global warming, study says|last=Samenow|first=Jason|date=11 June 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/06/19/world/killer-heat-waves-rising/index.html|title=Deadly heat waves becoming more common due to climate change|last=Miller|first=Brandon|date=27 July 2018|website=CNN|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/influence-global-warming-us-heat-waves-may-be-felt-first-west-and|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726012819/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/influence-global-warming-us-heat-waves-may-be-felt-first-west-and|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2018|title=Influence of global warming on U.S. heat waves may be felt first in the West and Great Lakes regions|last=Lindsey|first=Rebecca|date=2 April 2018|website=Climate.gov|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref> Since 2004, India and Pakistan have experienced 11 of its 15 warmest recorded years.<ref name="businessInsider">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/India-likely-to-witness-its-worst-summer-ever-temperatures-will-remain-severe-for-a-long-time/articleshow/69749850.cms|title=India likely to witness its worst summer ever, temperatures will remain severe for a long time|date=12 June 2019|website=Business Insider India|access-date=13 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615012629/https://www.businessinsider.in/india-likely-to-witness-its-worst-summer-ever-temperatures-will-remain-severe-for-a-long-time/articleshow/69749850.cms|archive-date=15 June 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The frequency and duration of heat waves in India and Pakistan has increased. The [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] has identified several contributing factors, including "El Niño Modoki", an irregular [[El Niño]] in which the central Pacific Ocean is warmer than the eastern part, and the loss of tree cover, which reduces shade, increasing temperatures, and reduces [[Soil evaporation|moisture in soil]], which results in less [[evapotranspiration]] and more heat transfer into the atmosphere.<ref name="weatherChannelHeat">{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2019-05-31-heatwave-maharashtra-telangana-andhra-pradesh-rayalaseema-vidarbha|title=Heat Takes Heavy Toll Across India|date=31 May 2019|website=The Weather Channel|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="weatherChannelStudy">{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/news/news/2019-05-20-heatwave-el-nino-india-evapotranspiration-soil-el-nino-modoki-central|title=Study Shows Increase in Heatwave Conditions from Next Year|date=20 May 2019|website=The Weather Channel|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

In response to the growing number of deaths from heat waves, the Indian government, although not addressing the root causes, began implementing measures intended to save lives in 2013. In [[Ahmedabad]], for example, "school days were reduced, government work programs ceased, and free water was distributed in busy areas." Public gardens were opened during the daytime so that people could seek shade. Professor of public health [[Parthasarathi Ganguly]] estimated that 800 fewer people died in 2014 as a result of these policies.<ref name="guardian">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jun/02/india-heat-wave-deaths-public-health-measures|title=India slashes heatwave death toll with series of low-cost measures|last=Safi|first=Michael|date=2 June 2018|website=The Guardian|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>

In India, the rainy [[monsoon]] season typically begins on 1 June. However, in 2019, the season was delayed by seven days and began on 8 June. When it did occur, the monsoon made slow progress and only brought rains to 10–15% of the country by 19 June. Normally, two-thirds of the country would have received monsoon rains by this time. The lack of rainfall has intensified heat wave conditions and increased water scarcity.<ref name="weatherMonsoon">{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/en-IN/india/monsoon/news/2019-06-18-monsoon-rain-deficiency-44-despair-drought-maharashtra|title=As Monsoon Makes Slowest Progress in 12 Years, Rain Deficit Crosses 44%|website=The Weather Channel|access-date=20 June 2019}}</ref>

==Impact==
{{Location map many
| India
| width = 300
| float =
| caption = Significantly affected cities in India
| alt =
| relief =
| AlternativeMap =
|
| label1 = '''Churu {{convert|50.8|C}}'''
| label1_size = 
| position1 = left
| background1 = 
| mark1 =
| mark1size = 
| link1 = 
| lat1_deg = 28
| lat1_min = 30
| lat1_sec =
| lat1_dir = N
| lon1_deg = 74
| lon1_min = 95
| lon1_sec =
| lon1_dir = E
|
| label2 = '''Allahabad {{convert|48.9|C}}'''
| label2_size =
| background2 = 
| mark2 =
| mark2size =
| link2 =
| lat2_deg =25
| lat2_min = 27
| lat2_sec =
| lat2_dir = N
| lon2_deg = 81
| lon2_min = 51
| lon2_sec =
| lon2_dir = E
|
| label3 = '''Delhi {{convert|48|C}}'''
| label3_size =
| position3 = right
| background3 = 
| mark3 =
| mark3size =
| link3 =
| lat3_deg = 28
| lat3_min = 36
| lat3_sec = 36
| lat3_dir = N
| lon3_deg = 77
| lon3_min = 13
| lon3_sec = 48
| lon3_dir = E
|
}}
{{Location map many
| Pakistan
| width = 300
| caption = Significantly affected cities in Pakistan
| alt =
| relief =
| AlternativeMap =
|
| label1 = '''Islamabad/Rawalpindi {{convert|42|C}}'''
| label1_size = 
| position1 = left
| background1 = 
| mark1 =
| mark1size = 
| link1 = 
| lat1_deg = 33
| lat1_min = 36
| lat1_sec =
| lat1_dir = N
| lon1_deg = 73
| lon1_min = 2
| lon1_sec =
| lon1_dir = E
|
| label2 = '''Jacobabad {{convert|49|C}}'''
| label2_size =
| background2 = 
| mark2 =
| mark2size =
| link2 =
| lat2_deg =28
| lat2_min = 16
| lat2_sec =
| lat2_dir = N
| lon2_deg = 68
| lon2_min = 27
| lon2_sec =
| lon2_dir = E
}}
The heat wave has caused multiple deaths and cases of illness. As of 31 May 2019, 8 deaths and 456 cases of illness due to heat were reported in [[Maharashtra]], at least 17 deaths in [[Telangana]], and 3 deaths and 433 cases of [[heat stroke]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name="weatherChannelHeat"/> On 10 June 2019, three passengers were found dead on a train as it arrived in [[Jhansi]], apparently due to the extreme heat. A fourth passenger was found in critical condition and brought to a hospital where they died of overheating.<ref name="keralaExpress">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kanpur/four-kerala-express-passengers-die-due-to-heat-in-jhansi/articleshow/69737867.cms|title=Four Kerala Express passengers die due to heat in Jhansi|last=Chauhan|first=Arvind|date=11 June 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> In the state of [[Bihar]], heat-related deaths reached 184 on 18 June according to [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]],<ref name="jazeeraBihar"/> while according to [[Zee News]] the death toll was 139 on 19 June 2019.<ref name="zeeNews">{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bihar/heatwave-claims-lives-of-139-people-in-bihar-2212675.html|title=Heatwave claims lives of 139 people in Bihar|date=19 June 2019|website=Zee News|access-date=19 June 2019}}</ref>

High temperatures have broken or nearly broken records in various cities across India and Pakistan. At one point, 11 of the 15 warmest places in the world were all located in the country.<ref name="businessInsider"/> On 2 June 2019, the city of [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]] recorded a temperature of {{convert|50.8|C}}, only one-fifth of a degree Celsius short of the country's highest-ever temperature, {{convert|51|C}} during the [[2016 Indian heat wave|2016 heat wave]].<ref name="gizmodo"/> On 9 June 2019, [[Allahabad]] reached {{convert|48.9|C}}, breaking its previous all-time record.<ref name="businessInsider"/> On 3 and 4 June 2019, the temperature in [[Jacobabad]] reached {{convert|49|C}} making Pakistan's highest-ever temperature.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/temperatures-pass-50-c-as-grueling-india-heat-wave-enters-2nd-week-with-no-end-in-sight/70008441 |title=Temperatures pass 50 C as grueling India heat wave enters 2nd week with no end in sight |last=Leister |first=Eric |date=6 June 2019 |website=www.accuweather.com|access-date=2019-07-01}}</ref> On 10 June 2019, the temperature in [[Delhi]] reached {{convert|48|C}}, a new record high for the city in the month of June.<ref name="ndtv">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/delhi-weather-delhi-at-48-degrees-highest-ever-in-june-says-weather-agency-skymet-2051014|title=Delhi at 48 Degrees, Highest Ever in June As Heat Wave Sweeps North India|last=Mishra|first=Himanshu|date=10 June 2019|website=NDTV|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/international/india/delhi-records-highest-temperature-in-history|title=Delhi records highest temperature in history|date=10 June 2019|website=Khaleej Times|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-records-all-time-high-of-48-degrees-celsius-heat-wave-to-continue/articleshow/69727572.cms|title=Delhi records all-time high of 48 degrees Celsius in June, heatwave to continue|date=10 June 2019|website=The Times of India|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> On the same day, peak power usage in Delhi reached 6,686 [[Megawatt|MW]], breaking all previous records.<ref name="msn"/> On 29 June 2019, the temperature in [[Islamabad]] and [[Rawalpindi]] reached {{convert|42|C}}.<ref name="auto"/>

The total number of deaths is unknown. For comparison, the [[2003 European heat wave]] killed an estimated 35,000–70,000 people,<ref>"Peer-reviewed analysis places the European death toll at more than 70,000" (from [[2003 European heat wave|article]])
{{Cite journal
| doi = 10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001
| issn = 1631-0691
| volume = 331
| issue = 2
| pages = 171–178
| last1 = Robine
| first1 = Jean-Marie
| first2 = Siu Lan K. |last2=Cheung |first3=Sophie |last3=Le Roy |first4=Herman |last4=Van Oyen |first5=Clare |last5=Griffiths |first6=Jean-Pierre |last6=Michel |first7=François Richard |last7=Herrmann
| title = Solongo
| journal = Comptes Rendus Biologies
| year = 2008
| pmid = 18241810
| url = https://comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr/biologies/articles/10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001/
| url-access = subscription
}}</ref> with temperatures slightly less than in India and Pakistan. In [[human temperature]] physiology, core temperatures of {{convert|40.0|or|41.5|C|sigfig=5|1}} are said to be a [[fever]] of type ''hyperpyrexia'', and considered a [[medical emergency]] as temperature may lead to problems including permanent [[brain damage]], or death.<ref name=EM01>{{cite journal | vauthors = McGugan EA | title = Hyperpyrexia in the emergency department | journal = Emergency Medicine | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 116–20 | date = March 2001 | pmid = 11476402 | doi = 10.1046/j.1442-2026.2001.00189.x }}</ref>

===Water shortages===
{{Main|2019 Chennai water crisis}}
[[Drought]]s and [[water shortages]] have occurred in multiple states and provinces across India and Pakistan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gulf-times.com/story/635457|title=Country's water woes may worsen|date=1 July 2019|website=Gulf-Times}}</ref> worsening heat wave conditions. In [[Chennai]], millions of people are without consistent access to water. A lack of rainwater and groundwater has left four of the [[reservoirs]] that supply the city completely dry. The inability to meet demand for water has forced businesses like hotels and restaurants to close. Water tankers from areas of [[Tamil Nadu]] unaffected by drought have been bringing water into some areas of the city. However, government tankers can take up to a month to appear after requested, so some wealthy residents and business owners have opted to pay for costly private water tankers. The poor who live in [[slums]] do not have this option; a family in Chennai's slums may receive as little as {{convert|30|L|usgal|abbr=off}} of water every day compared to an average American household which uses {{convert|1100|L|usgal|abbr=off}} of water a day.<ref name="cnnChennai1"/> In [[Coimbatore]], at least 550 people were arrested for protesting the city's government for mismanaging the water crisis.<ref name="cnnChennai2"/>

Conflicts over access to water have also occurred throughout India. On 7 June, six people were stabbed in [[Jharkhand]] during a fight near a water tanker, and one man was killed in a similar fight in Tamil Nadu. In [[Madhya Pradesh]] on 5 June, a fight over water led to two men being "seriously injured", while in a separate fight a day earlier, a water tanker driver was "beaten up".<ref name="dw"/> In early June, fifteen monkeys were found dead in a forest in Madhya Pradesh, possibly as a result of the heat wave. Veterinarian Arun Mishra says this may have happened due to a conflict over water with a larger group of 30–35 monkeys. Mishra said this was "rare and strange" because herbivores do not usually engage in such conflicts.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-heatwaves-monkey-deaths-water-madhya-pradesh-a8950131.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609125518/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-heatwaves-monkey-deaths-water-madhya-pradesh-a8950131.html |archive-date=2019-06-09 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=India heatwave: Desperation for water thought to have made 15 monkeys kill each other|last=Embury-Dennis|first=Tom|date=8 June 2019|website=The Independent|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>

===Bihar encephalitis outbreak===
{{Main|2019 Bihar encephalitis outbreak}}
The heat wave is a possible aggravating factor in an [[encephalitis]] outbreak in Bihar which has killed over 100 children since 1 June.<ref name="outbreak1">{{Cite news|publisher=Indian Express Group|oclc=70274541|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/heat-lack-of-nutrition-awareness-add-to-aes-bihar-kids-toll-over-100-5785552/|title=Heat, lack of nutrition, awareness add to AES, Bihar kids toll over 100|date=2019-06-18|work=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618042855/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/heat-lack-of-nutrition-awareness-add-to-aes-bihar-kids-toll-over-100-5785552/|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="outbreak2">{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/litchi-toxins-or-heat-wave-doctors-explain-whats-causing-the-deadly-encephalitis-epidemic-in-bihar-2191335.html|title=Litchi Toxins, Malnutrition or Heat Wave? Doctors Explain What's Causing Deadly AES Epidemic in Bihar|website=News18|date=18 June 2019 |access-date=2019-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618065240/https://www.news18.com/news/india/litchi-toxins-or-heat-wave-doctors-explain-whats-causing-the-deadly-encephalitis-epidemic-in-bihar-2191335.html|archive-date=18 June 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Responses==
The Indian [[National Disaster Management Authority (India)|National Disaster Management Authority]] (NDMA) had a goal for keeping heat related deaths this year to single digits. In 2018, the heat wave death toll was kept at 20 through public safety measures; for example, government workers across the country conducted awareness campaigns and distributed free water. However, in 2019, the [[2019 Indian general election|national general election]] took place and workers who normally issued heat wave warnings were instead performing election duties.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/13/world/asia/india-heat-wave-deaths.html|title=India Heat Wave, Soaring Up to 123 Degrees, Has Killed at Least 36|last=Mashal|first=Mujib|date=13 June 2019|website=The New York Times|access-date=23 June 2019}}</ref>

In early June, the [[Indian Meteorological Department]] issued a severe heat wave warning in Rajasthan and nearby areas such as [[Delhi]].<ref name="gizmodo"/> The [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Ministry of Health]] advised avoiding the sun between noon and 3 p.m. and not drinking alcohol, tea, or coffee. Meanwhile, the NDMA recommended covering the head, cross-ventilating rooms, and sleeping under a slightly wet sheet.<ref name="washpo">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/its-horrid-india-roasts-under-heat-wave-with-temperatures-above-120-degrees/2019/06/05/bd713dea-877c-11e9-b1a8-716c9f3332ce_story.html|title='It is horrid': India roasts under heat wave with temperatures above 120 degrees|last=Slater|first=Joanna|date=5 June 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref>

[[Asphalt concrete|Asphalt]] used for roads expectantly begins to melt at {{Convert|50|C}}; therefore, on 3 June, the government of Churu poured water onto roads in order to cool them and prevent them from melting.<ref name="reutersHottest">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-weather-heatwave-idUSKCN1T4125|title=World's 15 hottest places are in India, Pakistan as pre-monsoon heat builds|last=Dasgupta|first=Shounak|date=3 June 2019|website=Reuters|access-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>

In response to fights over water in Madhya Pradesh, the police were deployed to guard water tankers and other sources of water from rioters, beginning 8 June.<ref name="dw"/>

On 17 June, the government of [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], a city in [[Bihar]], imposed [[Section 144]] to be active, which empowers an executive magistrate to prohibit an assembly of more than four persons in an area, and banned construction work and assemblies between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m.<ref name="zeeNews"/>

The Pakistan Medical Association urged people to learn about the measures to avoid heat-related deaths.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dentalnewspk.com/pma-issues-guideline-for-people-to-avoid-heat-wave/|title=PMA issues guideline for people to avoid heat-wave|date=17 June 2019|access-date=1 July 2019|archive-date=1 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701173256/https://www.dentalnewspk.com/pma-issues-guideline-for-people-to-avoid-heat-wave/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{List of heat waves|state=autocollapse}}
{{Disasters in India in 2019}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2019 India-Pakistan heat wave}}
[[Category:2019 disasters in India|Heat wave]]
[[Category:2019 disasters in Pakistan|Heat wave]]
[[Category:2010s heat waves]]
[[Category:Meteorological events in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 natural disasters]]
[[Category:Heat waves in India]]
[[Category:Heat waves in Pakistan]]
[[Category:June 2019 in India]]
[[Category:June 2019 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:May 2019 in India]]
[[Category:May 2019 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Climate change in India]]
[[Category:Climate change in Pakistan]]

Ajunahi Barsaat Aahe

2025-12-31T06:25:21Z

Wilfred0198: new some page initial version

{{Short description|Indian Marathi television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| country = India
| company = Iris Productions
| producer = Vidyadhar Pathare
| opentheme = ''"Ajunahi Barsaat Aahe"'' by [[Swapnil Bandodkar]] and [[Devaki Pandit]]
| theme_music_composer = [[Ashok Patki]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-Camera]]
| last_aired = {{end date|2022|03|12|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|07|12|df=y}}
| image = Ajunahi Barsaat Aahe image.jpeg
| image_size =
| language = Marathi
| screenplay = Rohini Ninawe
| network = [[Sony Marathi]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mukta Barve]]|[[Umesh Kamat]]}}
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama]]
| num_episodes = 212
| director = Kedar Vaidya
| runtime = 22 minutes
}}

'''''Ajunahi Barsaat Aahe''''' ({{translation|It is still raining}}) is an Indian [[Marathi-language|Marathi]] television series that aired on [[Sony Marathi]] which was directed by Kedar Vaidya. The show was premiered from 12 July 2021 and stopped on 12 March 2022 which was produced by Vidyadhar Pathare under his own banner Iris Productions. The show starred [[Mukta Barve]] and [[Umesh Kamat]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajunahi Barsaat Aahe: Umesh Kamat And Mukta Barve To Be Called Adira Together, Is This The Next Iconic TV Love Story?|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/ajunahi-barsat-aahe-umesh-kamat-and-mukta-barve-to-be-called-adira-together-is-this-the-next-iconic-tv-love-story/60f01e91eb0cc0507eaa271b|access-date=2021-07-31|website=SpotboyE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/mukta-barve-umesh-kamat-ajunhi-barsat-ahe-tv-serial-starting-12-july-2021-a591/|title='अजूनही बरसात आहे', मुक्ता बर्वे, उमेश कामत 'या' तारखेपासून रसिकांच्या भेटीला|access-date=2021-07-31|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='अजूनही बरसात आहे' या मालिकेला प्रेक्षकांकडून उदंड प्रतिसाद, एका चाहतीने काढली रांगोळी!|url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/fan-expresses-liking-serial-ajunhi-barsaat-aahe-through-rangoli-check-reason-her-happiness-a591/|access-date=2021-07-31|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>

==Summary==
It is the story of a couple, Meera and Adiraj who were in a relationship ten years ago but broke up due to some reason. They come face-to-face after ten years and now work in the same polyclinic. Will they fall in love again?<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ajunahi Barsaat Aahe to launch soon; from Abhalmaya to his comeback after 8 years, Umesh Kamat shares his TV journey with fans|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ajunahi-barsat-aahe-to-launch-soon-from-aabhalmaya-to-his-comeback-after-7-years-umesh-kamat-shares-his-tv-journey-with-fans/articleshow/83740563.cms|access-date=2021-07-31|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='अजूनही बरसात आहे' मालिकेत आदिराजला विसरून मीरा आयुष्याची सुरुवात नव्याने करेल का?|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/ajunahi-barsaat-ahe-new-twist-will-surprise-fans-know-why-a591/|access-date=2021-07-31|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='अजूनही बरसात आहे' मालिकेतून मुक्ता बर्वे- उमेश कामत पुन्हा एकदा छोट्या पडद्यावर, पाहा प्रोमो|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/umesh-kamat-mukta-barve-new-marathi-serial-ajunahi-barsat-ahe/articleshow/83367908.cms|access-date=2021-07-31|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>

==Plot==
Dr. Meera Desai is an ophthalmologist in Sanjeevan [[Polyclinic]]. Dr. Adiraj Pathak, a [[gynaecologist]], has returned to Pune after ten years, coincidentally joins the same polyclinic. Both Adiraj and Meera are 35 years old and are unmarried hence a worrisome reason for their respective families. Adiraj's nephew, Malhar, and Meera's sister Manaswini (Manu), are in a relationship. Manu gets pregnant with Malhar's child.

Adiraj and Meera are shocked by this news and decide to meet each other and sort out the issue created by Malhar and Manu. Due to Malhar's irresponsible behavior, Meera's mother, who was hospitalized, her condition gets critical. When Meera and Manu disclosed this news to their family, they raged earlier but later accepted Manu's child and Malhar. Adiraj's mother visits Meera at her clinic and is impressed by her and hence decides to get her married to Adiraj without knowing their past.

Sulakshana invites Meera and her family on her birthday with a motive of Adiraj and Meera's relationship. Adiraj and Meera see this as an opportunity to introduce Manu to Adiraj's family. Malhar reveals his love for Manu to his parents, which they accept on Sulakshana's insistence with a condition of Adiraj getting married earlier. Meera and Adiraj indicate their reason for a break-up to Mitu and Amol, respectively. Ten years earlier, Adiraj leaked information about his and Meera's intimate and private moments to his friend, disheartening her.

At present, Nikhil proposes to Meera for marriage, but she denies it. On seeing this, Adiraj asks Meera for a patch-up. Adiraj's father wants him to marry his friend Pradeep Vaishampayan's daughter, Sanika Vaishampayan, to expand their hospital business. Sanika and Adiraj decide to try to fake a relationship for the sake of their families. Meera gets jealous seeing the duo. But soon, she starts to get attracted to him. When Ashwini deliberately reveals Manu's pregnancy to Madhura and Sulakshana, they deny the proposal for Manu and Malhar's marriage. Sudhir berates Malhar for his mistakes. Ashwini provokes Manu to elope with Malhar, and they marry. The Desai family accepts the wedding, but the Madhura and Sudhir do not take and accuse the Desai's to be frauds.

Manu enters the Pathak house are welcomed by Amol and Sulakshana but are not accepted by Sudhir and Madhura. Meera also accompanies Manu to the Pathak house for a few days, for which Adiraj, Sulakshana, and Amol get elated. Madhura and Sudhir turn cold towards Manu, Meera, and the Desai's. Meera encourages Sulakshana to get on her feet and leave the support of her wheelchair and succeeds. Amol asks Adiraj to propose to Meera, for which Sulakshana agrees. Adiraj and Meera, under one roof, spend some romantic time.

During the construction of Sudhir's new hospital, a mishap occurs, which causes significant deformation of him. Pradeep asks him to stay underground, and he will cover the matter for him. Meera, along with Adiraj, puts forth an opinion of confronting the media and clears all grounds of misconceptions amongst the press. Sudhir dislikes the approach and asks Meera to leave the Pathak house demeaning her. Meera returns to the Desai's. The same night, Adiraj and Meera confess their love for each other and decide to clear all misunderstandings and start a new relationship. Amol, Malhar, Manu, and Sulakshana help them while Sudhir, Madhura, Pradeep, p and Sanika oppose their unity.

Sanika gets obsessed with Adiraj and declares her desire to marry him to Pradeep. Pradeep starts manipulating the situation and forcing Sudhir and the Pathak's convince Adiraj to marry Sanika. Sudhir secretly meets Meera and manipulates her to break her relationship with Adiraj for his way out. When Police come to arrest Sudhir, he suffers a heart attack and gets admitted into his hospital. Madhura informs Meera about this and holds her responsible. Meera, to clear the situation, decides to break up with Adiraj and chooses to marry Nikhil.

Nikhil tries to double-cross Meera and targets Adiraj. Mitu overhears Pradeep and Nikhil's conversation and plot against Adiraj and Meera, respectively, and records it. On Adiraj and Saniks's engagement day, Meera and Mitu exposes Pradeep's evil plot and stop the engagement. Sudhir also breaks ties with him. Sulakshana convinces him of Adiraj and Meera's alliance. Madhura starts hating Meera, Manu, and the Desai for the past situation and disapproves of Meera and Adiraj's alliance. The duo spends some quality time together and decides to get married. Meera asks Adiraj to reveal the entire past to the Pathak's before their alliance.

When Madhura tries to leave the Pathak house, Adiraj tries to convince her. Sudhir convinces her by saying that he is namesake agreed to the marriage for Adiraj's happiness. Adiraj convinces her to stay, proving her point in a while. Soon the marriage preparations start Adiraj and Meera come closer. On the other hand, Nikhil desperately tries to break the marriage. But fails every time. With many obstacles in their way, finally, Adiraj and Meera get married.

On the second day after the wedding, the Pathak's learns about Adiraj and Meera's past relationship thanks to Nikhil's plot. Madhura, Sudhir, and Sulakshana get immensely angered with the revelation and do not accept Meera as their daughter-in-law. With Manu, Malhar, and Amol's help, they cleared the misunderstandings and accepted Pathak's except Madhura. Nikhil continues to plot against Adiraj and Meera simultaneously. Pradeep starts instigating Sudhir against Meera. With Nikhil's plot and mistake, Adiraj and Meera join Sulakshana Hospital, but their responsibilities make it hard to spend time with each other. When the Pathak's completely accept Manu and Meera, Madhura constantly disrespects and demines them due to misunderstandings.

Saurabh faces poor financial adversities, and Manu wants money for Malhar's start-up, asking Jayant and Shubhangi to sell the Desai residency. When Meera, along with her parents, disagrees with Manu and Saurabh's request, Manu starts growing cold towards Meera due to Madhura and Ashwini's instigation. During a heated argument with Meera, Manu collapses and loses her unborn child. Pradeep misguided Adiraj and tried to keep him away from the situation. Manu and Malhar blame Adiraj and Meera for this and start disrespecting them. Adiraj and Meera slowly started understanding the malpractice at the hospital and began to uncover them.

With growing differences in the family and constant fights, Adiraj and Meera decide to stage fake fights which would temporarily stop the family fights. Madhura senses their plan and even surfaces it to the family. Adiraj and Meera unintentionally pretend to have extra-marital affairs to the family. Finally, Adiraj and Meera are able to get the file of Sudhir and Pradeep's misdeeds.

The duo confront Sudhir who surrenders and blames it on Pradeep. Adiraj and Meera reveals all the secrets to the family and the Pathaks unite in peace.

;Few months later
Pathak's have finally moved on leaving the bitter past. Adiraj and Meera introduce the newly evolved. Madhura has got her brand famous and is known as renowned Fashion Designer. Amol has won multiple Acting Awards and has busy schedules with Veteran Actors and Directors. Malhar's gaming app has a booming success. Manu has decided to complete her studies and decided to career oriented. Sudhir has revealed all his crimes but got bailed on his surrender and Pradeep is jailed and now practices Meditation and Yoga. On the other hand, Ashwini is revealed pregnant. Adiraj and Meera have taken over the Sulakshana Hospital and run it efficiently without any crime records. They then enjoy rain of happiness and makes their love immortal. The show ends on a happy note.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Mukta Barve]] as Dr. Meera Desai Pathak – [[Ophthalmologist]]; Jayant and Shubhangi's elder daughter; Saurabh and Manu's sister; Adiraj's wife <ref>{{Cite web|title='अजूनही बरसात आहे' मालिकेत मुक्ता बर्वे आणि उमेश कामतचा नवीन लूक चर्चेत, फोटोही होतायेत व्हायरल|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/ajunhi-barsaat-ahe-cast-mukta-barve-umesh-kamats-new-look-serial-going-viralcheck-here-a591/amp/|access-date=2021-07-31|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>
* [[Umesh Kamat]] as Dr. Adiraj Pathak – [[Gynaecology|Gynaecologist]]; Sulakshana and Sudhir's son; Madhura's brother; Meera's husband <ref>{{Cite web|title=...म्हणून आठ वर्ष छोट्या पडद्यापासून दूर होता उमेश कामत, पुन्हा मालिकेत येण्याचं कारणं आहेत खास|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/ajunahi-barsaat-ahe-umesh-kamat-mukta-barve-new-serial-on-sony-marathi/articleshow/84113128.cms|access-date=2021-07-31|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref>

===Recurring===
* Rajan Tamhane as [[Jayant Desai]] – Shubhangi's husband; Meera, Saurabh and Manu's father
* Suhita Thatte as Shubhangi Desai – Jayant's wife; Meera, Saurabh and Manu's mother
* Sachin Deshpande as Saurabh Desai – Jayant and Shubhangi's son; Meera and Manu's brother; Ashwini's husband
* Sharmila Rajaram Shinde as Ashwini Desai – Saurabh's wife
* Purva Phadake as Manaswini "Manu" Desai Karnik – Jayant and Shubhangi's younger daughter; Meera and Saurabh's sister; Malhar's wife
* Sanket Korlekar as Malhar Karnik – Madhura and Amol's son; Manu's husband.
* Rajan Bhise as Dr. Sudhir Pathak – Sulakshana's husband; Madhura and Adiraj's father; Malhar's grandfather
* Uma Sardeshmukh as Sulakshana Pathak – Sudhir's wife; Madhura and Adiraj's mother; Malhar's grandmother
* [[Samidha Guru]] as Madhura Pathak Karnik – Fashion designer; Sulakshana and Sudhir's daughter; Adiraj's sister; Amol's wife; Malhar's mother
* Mihir Rajda as Amol Karnik – Actor; Madhura's husband; Malhar's father

===Others===
* Vidyadhar Joshi as Dr. Pradeep Vaishampayan – Sudhir's friend; Sanika's father
* Prajakta Datar Ganpule as Sanika Vaishampayan – Pradeep's daughter; Adiraj's obsessed lover
* Nikhil Rajeshirke as Nikhil Diwan – Asawari's son; Meera's friend
* Smita Sarode as Asawari Diwan – Nikhil's mother
* Pallavi Vaidya as Dr. Mitali aka Mitu – Meera's friend
* Dipali Jadhav as Vanita – Sulakshana's care taker
* Siddhesh Prabhakar as Jay – Adiraj's friend

=== Guest appearances ===
* Mugdha Godbole-Ranade
* [[Priya Bapat]] as Priya – Meera's friend

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt15426128}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/ajunhi-barsat-aahe-1700000756 ''Ajunahi Barsaat Aahe''] at [[SonyLIV]]

[[Category:Sony Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Kattemad agitation

2025-12-24T01:52:27Z

Wilfred0198:

{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|date=January 2025}}
{{Essay-like|date=January 2025}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
On 27 December 2024, [[Kodava people|Kodava]] devotees belonging to Kattemad village in [[Madikeri]] taluk in [[Kodagu district]], [[Karnataka]] were stopped from going to the Sree Maha Mrithyunjaya Temple in their village and refused entry to the annual temple festival for wearing their traditional attire - sari for women and ''kupya chele'' ({{Lang|kod|kuppiya chele}}) for men -by temple management as fer baylaw. There has been extensive news coverage about the incident and its aftermath ever since.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Temple committee yet to decide on traditional Kodava attire in temple premises |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Jan/06/temple-committee-yet-to-decide-on-traditional-kodava-attire-in-temple-premises |access-date=7 January 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=6 January 2025 |language=en |archive-date=7 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107134238/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Jan/06/temple-committee-yet-to-decide-on-traditional-kodava-attire-in-temple-premises |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==
The Kattemad Mruthunjaya temple is a renovated one; it was built around a ''keri'' Mahadeva linga in the wilderness using funds collected from Kodavas across Kodagu. The first annual temple festival was observed in December 2024. The village Kattemad is called Kattemadu in Kannada. The Nandetira Kodava clan were the hereditary village and temple chieftains. A discriminatory bylaw had been made to bar those wearing the Kodava dress without regard to ancestral practise, by an Arebhashe committee that occupied the temple in the recent past.<ref name="NIE 28">{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |date=28 December 2024 |title=Two communities clash over choice of attire during temple festival in Kodagu |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Dec/28/two-communities-clash-over-choice-of-attire-during-temple-festival-in-kodagu |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en |agency=New Indian Express |archive-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231083804/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Dec/28/two-communities-clash-over-choice-of-attire-during-temple-festival-in-kodagu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SOM 30"/> Members of the Arebhashe community, claiming to be the temple committee, had enforced a dhoti-only dress code, leading to tension between both communities.<ref name="TOI 30">{{cite news |title=Jan 6 deadline to sort out Kodagu temple dress code row |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/jan-6-deadline-to-sort-out-kodagu-temple-dress-code-row/articleshow/116807062.cms |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=18 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250118012951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/jan-6-deadline-to-sort-out-kodagu-temple-dress-code-row/articleshow/116807062.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Incident ==
Scores of Kodava community members, including women in traditional attire, were prevented from entering the Mrithyunjaya temple of their village by individuals from the Arebhashe community claiming to represent the temple management.<ref name="SOM 30">{{cite news |title=Ban orders in Kodagu village over Temple entry dispute |url=https://starofmysore.com/ban-orders-in-kodagu-village-over-temple-entry-dispute/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=Star of Mysore |date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231042710/https://starofmysore.com/ban-orders-in-kodagu-village-over-temple-entry-dispute/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SOM 29">{{cite news |title=Tension at Maha Mrithyunjaya Temple, Kattemad: Kodagu MLAs, MP call for community peace, restraint |url=https://starofmysore.com/tension-at-maha-mrithyunjaya-temple-kattemad-kodagu-mlas-mp-call-for-community-peace-restraint/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=Star of Mysore |date=29 December 2024 |archive-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231095446/https://starofmysore.com/tension-at-maha-mrithyunjaya-temple-kattemad-kodagu-mlas-mp-call-for-community-peace-restraint/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kodavas were told by the accused individuals of the Arebhashe community to either remove their traditional dress or leave the premises.<ref name="SOM 30"/><ref name="SOM 29"/>The video footage went viral on social media and later drew criticism for the disrespect to the Kodava community.<ref name="SOM 29"/> It was claimed that the temple's by-law prohibited the traditional attire, but the Kodava community members vehemently denied it.<ref name="SOM 29"/> According to eye-witnesses, a few Kodava devotees outside the shrine chanted, "Maadhe (Mahadeva) Pore Powodhi (Parvathi) E Pore," (Praise Mahadeva Shiva, Praise Parvathi) invoking God's name at the shrine, which is an old Mahadeva Shiva temple renovated recently.<ref name="Stop">{{cite web |title=Kodavas Allegedly Stopped from Entering Temple in Traditional Attire by Saffron-Clad Group in Kodagu |url=https://www.kodaguexpress.com/post/kodavas-allegedly-stopped-from-entering-temple-in-traditional-attire-by-saffron-clad-group-in-kodagu |website=www.kodaguexpress.com |date=28 December 2024 |access-date=7 January 2025 |archive-date=7 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250107140750/https://www.kodaguexpress.com/post/kodavas-allegedly-stopped-from-entering-temple-in-traditional-attire-by-saffron-clad-group-in-kodagu |url-status=live }}</ref> The trouble actually began when some miscreants, pretending to be [[Vaishnava]], came with saffron flags, chanted 'Govinda, Govinda' and created a ruckus while verbally attacking the Kodava devotees.<ref name="Stop"/>

== Aftermath ==
The incident sparked an outrage among the Kodava community members who planned a 'Kodavara nade Kattemadu kade' ('Kodavas walk towards Kattemad', protest march) to protest the restrictions to their cultural practises.<ref name="SOM 30"/> [[Virajpet]] Kodava Samaja's honorary secretary Maletira Srinivas accused politically motivated individuals of attempting to strip the Kodavas of their rights and insulting Kodava women.<ref name="SOM 29"/> He had announced a peaceful 'Kattemad Chalo' protest during a press conference on the 28th of December, 2024.<ref name="KE 30">{{cite web |title=EXPLAINED: Why Prohibitory Orders Were Imposed In Kodagu Over Temple Entry Dress Code Row |url=https://www.kodaguexpress.com/post/explained-why-prohibitory-orders-were-imposed-in-kodagu-over-temple-entry-dress-code-row |website=The Kodagu Express |publisher=Kodagu Express Bureau |access-date=31 December 2024 |language=en |date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231095446/https://www.kodaguexpress.com/post/explained-why-prohibitory-orders-were-imposed-in-kodagu-over-temple-entry-dress-code-row |url-status=live }}</ref>

The local MLAs [[A. S. Ponnanna]] and [[Mantar Gowda]] and the local MP [[Yaduveer Krishnadatta Chamaraja Wadiyar]] appealed to the people for peace.<ref name="SOM 29"/><ref name="KE 30"/><ref name="Kodagu Empress 30">{{cite web |title=Kodava Protests Erupt in Kodagu Over Temple Dress Code Dispute |url=https://www.kodaguexpress.com/post/kodava-protests-erupt-in-kodagu-over-temple-dress-code-dispute |website=The Kodagu Express |publisher=Kodagu Express Bureau |access-date=31 December 2024 |language=en |date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231095446/https://www.kodaguexpress.com/post/kodava-protests-erupt-in-kodagu-over-temple-dress-code-dispute |url-status=live }}</ref> Police were deployed as Kodavas gathered to protest.<ref name="NIE 28"/>

The Arebhashe Samaja Federation held a meeting to defend the decision to bar those in Kodava attire from the temple.<ref name="TOI 29">{{cite news |title=Restriction around Mrityunjaya temple in Kodagu to maintain peace |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/restriction-around-mrityunjaya-temple-in-kodagu-to-maintain-peace/articleshow/116774979.cms |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=29 December 2024 |archive-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121144812/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/restriction-around-mrityunjaya-temple-in-kodagu-to-maintain-peace/articleshow/116774979.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Arebhashe leaders among them, Surtale Somanna, Periyana Dayananda, and Ambekal Naveen Kushalappa, pretended to represent everybody at the temple but actually spoke only for their Samaja from Madikeri town.<ref name="TOI 29"/>

Kodavas protested this discrimination on social media.<ref name="NIE 28"/> The district administration imposed Section 163 of [[Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita|BNSS]] within a 5-km radius of the village temple till 2 January 2025.<ref name="TH 30">{{cite news |title=Row over dress code: Ban orders in Kodagu village |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/row-over-dress-code-ban-orders-in-kodagu-village/article69040404.ece |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |agency=The Hindu Bureau |date=29 December 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=30 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230175400/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/row-over-dress-code-ban-orders-in-kodagu-village/article69040404.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="TOI 29"/> Many Kodava organisations planned to participate in a procession to Kattemad.<ref name="TOI 29"/>

One report says that there were 100 personnel deployed, including Karnataka State Reserve Police (KSRP) and District Armed Forces within the temple premises, along with police patrols.<ref name="SOM 30"/> Another report stated that around 300 police personnel were deployed around the temple and two KSRP platoons were stationed on the road leading to the temple on the 30th of December, 2024.<ref name="Public TV">{{cite news |title=Heavy police presence at Kattemadu temple after dispute over imposition of dress code - Public TV English |url=https://english.publictv.in/heavy-police-presence-at-kattemadu-temple-after-dispute-over-imposition-of-dress-code/ |access-date=31 December 2024 |date=30 December 2024 |archive-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231095447/https://english.publictv.in/heavy-police-presence-at-kattemadu-temple-after-dispute-over-imposition-of-dress-code/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Arrests and protests ==
A peaceful vehicle rally was planned from Ponnampet to Kattemad in the morning without roadblocks, but the police prevented it by arresting and engaging the organisers.<ref name="SOM 30"/> Early in the morning of 30 December 2024, members of the Kodava Riders Club and Kodava residents were arrested in Ponnampet as a preventive measure.<ref name="NIE 30">{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |date=30 December 2024 |title=Kodava-Arebhashe temple committee to arrive on decision over traditional attire by January 6 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Dec/30/kodava-gowda-temple-committee-to-arrive-on-decision-over-traditional-attire-by-january-6 |access-date=31 December 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231180548/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Dec/30/kodava-gowda-temple-committee-to-arrive-on-decision-over-traditional-attire-by-january-6 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Public TV"/> Ponnampet is around 30 kilometres from Kattemad. Among the arrested were three leaders and at least 20 residents who attempted a rally to Kattemad.<ref name="TOI 30"/>The detained Kodava leaders of the peace rally were Ajjikuttira Prithvi Subbaiah, Chammattira Praveen Uthappa and Sannuvanda Darshan Kaverappa.<ref name="Public TV"/>

At least one report claims that hundreds of supporters along with the rally organisers were pre-emptively detained from their houses and villages in Ponnampet taluk and transported in police buses to [[Kushalnagar]] and other areas, deported far away from their native villages to prevent the rally.<ref name="SOM 30"/> According to the police, about 50 people had been detained by the Ponnampet police.<ref name="Public TV"/>

In response to the whimsical detentions, a total bandh was organised in Hudikeri town in the morning and the police were demanded to release all those arrested.<ref name="SOM 30"/> Protests were held by residents in [[Ponnampet]], Hudikeri, [[Gonikoppal|Gonikoppa]], and [[Napoklu]] opposing the arrests that day.<ref name="NIE 30"/> Residents in Ponnampet, Hudikeri, Murnad, and Gonikoppa observed partial shutdowns to protest the restrictions on Kodavas.<ref name="TOI 30"/> Protesters gathered at the Ponnampet Police Station and were seen arguing with the police to release those detained.<ref name="SOM 30"/> As protests erupted across Kodagu district, the Kodava protesters blocked the roads in several locations including Virajpet, Hudikeri, B Shettigeri, Ponnampet, and Napoklu.<ref name="Kodagu Empress 30"/>

The district administration arranged a peace meeting between Kodava and Arebhashe leaders on that evening.<ref name="NIE 30"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Restraint and Mature Leadership - The Need of the Hour |url=https://clnews.in/2025/01/29/restraint-and-mature-leadership-the-need-of-the-hour/ |access-date=30 January 2025 |date=29 January 2025 |archive-date=31 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131040451/https://clnews.in/2025/01/29/restraint-and-mature-leadership-the-need-of-the-hour/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The arrested Kodavas were later released that day.<ref name="NIE 30"/> The district administration has given 6 January 2025 as the deadline for sorting out the issue.<ref name="TOI 30"/>

Individuals from both communities have been arrested for posting derogatory comments on social media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two held for posting derogatory content over Kattemadu temple dispute incident in Karnataka |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/two-held-for-posting-derogatory-content-over-kattemadu-temple-dispute-incident-in-karnataka-3339505 |access-date=6 January 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The Akhila Kodava Samaja and the Federation of Kodava Samajas met the temple committee and the Arebhashe leaders but no resolution was arrived at.<ref name="SOM 30"/> Meanwhile, the ban orders around the temple was extended until January 7, 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ban orders around Kodagu temple extended until Jan 7 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/ban-orders-around-kodagu-temple-extended-until-jan-7/articleshow/116922265.cms |access-date=6 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=3 January 2025 |archive-date=6 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106132104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/ban-orders-around-kodagu-temple-extended-until-jan-7/articleshow/116922265.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What is happening in Kattemad in Kodagu: Protests, Arrests, and "Calls for Peace" |url=https://www.kodaguexpress.com/post/what-is-happening-in-kattemad-in-kodagu-protests-arrests-and-calls-for-peace |website=The Kodagu Express |access-date=30 January 2025 |language=en |date=29 January 2025 |archive-date=20 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420073349/https://www.kodaguexpress.com/post/what-is-happening-in-kattemad-in-kodagu-protests-arrests-and-calls-for-peace |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kodava people]]
[[Category:2020s in Karnataka]]
[[Category:December 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Hinduism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:Protests in India]]

Uniform Code of Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices 2024

2025-12-03T09:41:41Z

Wilfred0198: Made New Page...

{{Short description|Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices in India}}
The '''Uniform Code of Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices 2024 (UCPMP 2024)''' is a set of ethical guidelines issued by India's [[Department of Pharmaceuticals]] (DoP) to govern the marketing and promotion of pharmaceutical products to healthcare professionals and consumers in the country. It aims to ensure transparency, accuracy, and integrity in pharmaceutical advertising while preventing misleading claims, unethical inducements, and conflicts of interest. The code outlines standards for interactions with healthcare professionals, restrictions on promotional gifts, ethical advertising practices, and responsible patient education. Similar regulatory frameworks exist globally, including the [[PhRMA]] Code in the [[United States]] and the [[EFPIA]] Code of Practice in the [[European Union]].

== History ==
The UCPMP is an extension of the ''Uniform Code for Pharmaceuticals Marketing Practices 2015 (UCPMP 2015)'', which took effect on 1 January 2015. Although there were long-standing expectations that the 2015 Code would be legally enforced, it remained a voluntary guideline for pharmaceutical companies to follow in their marketing practices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gangwani |first=Ritika Ganju,Yash |date=2024-04-19 |title=Enforceable Marketing Code for Pharma and Medical Device Companies |url=https://www.barandbench.com/law-firms/view-point/enforceable-marketing-code-pharma-and-medical-device-companies |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2024, DoP released the Uniform Code of Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pratap Singh |first=Ravindra |date=12 March 2024 |title=Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP) 2024 - reg |url=https://pharmaceuticals.gov.in/policy/uniform-code-pharmaceutical-marketing-practices-ucpmp-2024-reg |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=[[Department of Pharmaceuticals]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perappadan |first=Bindu Shajan |date=2024-03-12 |title=Government issues marketing code for pharmaceutical firms |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/ucpmp-specifies-the-rules-for-the-use-of-the-words-safe-and-new-for-drugs/article67944189.ece |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In September 2024, the code was expanded to include [[medical device]] manufacturing companies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perappadan |first=Bindu Shajan |date=2024-09-07 |title=Government issues uniform code for marketing practices for the medical device industry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/government-issues-uniform-code-for-marketing-practices-for-the-medical-device-industry/article68617109.ece |access-date=2025-01-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jaipuria |first1=Timsy |last2=Sharma |first2=Anushka |date=2024-09-07 |title=India enforces new Uniform Code for Marketing Practices in Medical Devices - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/healthcare/india-enforces-new-uniform-code-for-marketing-practices-in-medical-devices-19472494.htm |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Standardized guidelines ==

* Drug Promotion: All promotional activities must align with [[approved drug]] indications, ensuring the information provided is factual and free from misleading claims.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Koul |first1=Sanket |last2=Das |first2=Sohini |title=Govt's new code bars unethical marketing of drugs by pharma firms |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/govt-s-new-code-bars-unethical-marketing-of-drugs-by-pharma-firms-124031300263_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528024948/https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/govt-s-new-code-bars-unethical-marketing-of-drugs-by-pharma-firms-124031300263_1.html |archive-date=2024-05-28 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Promotional Materials: Using healthcare professionals' names in promotional materials is prohibited, and ethical marketing practices are mandated to maintain integrity in communications.
* Medical Representatives: These professionals are entrusted with upholding high ethical standards. Companies are held accountable for the conduct of their representatives, ensuring a trustworthy environment in the industry.
* Brand Reminders: Educational materials related to brand reminders can be provided, with a value limit of ₹1,000. Additionally, the distribution of free samples is permissible, provided it complies with strict conditions.
* [[Continuing medical education|Continuing Medical Education]] (CME): CME events should be conducted with full-transparency. These events, if held within India, should be publicly disclosed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Somrita |date=12 March 2024 |title=Centre enforces new code to curb unethical practices in drug promotion |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/centre-enforces-new-code-to-curb-unethical-practices-in-drug-promotion-11710258899538.html |access-date=31 January 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref>
* Studies & Research: Conducting studies and research is allowed, provided regulatory approval and formal consultancy agreements are in place.
* Gifts & Hospitality: Offering personal benefits to healthcare professionals is strictly prohibited. However, travel expenses may be covered for official events related to educational purposes only.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Govt notifies new marketing code for pharma cos to curb unethical practices |url=https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/govt-notifies-new-marketing-code-for-pharma-cos-to-curb-unethical-practices-124031201222_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628123644/https://www.business-standard.com/industry/news/govt-notifies-new-marketing-code-for-pharma-cos-to-curb-unethical-practices-124031201222_1.html |archive-date=2024-06-28 |access-date=2025-01-31 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Enforcement and compliance ==
The ''Ethics Committee for Pharma Manufacturing Practices (ECPMP)'' is responsible for handling violations of the UCPMP, with penalties ranging from suspension to corrective actions. Appeals can be made to an ''Apex Committee'' under the DoP, which has the authority to uphold, modify, or overturn decisions. Also, the May 2024 circular issued by the DoP, confirmed that the self-declaration form applies to the 2024–25 fiscal year, effectively granting these guidelines a quasi-statutory status.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koul |first=Sanket |title=Pharmaceutical companies prepare to comply with ethical marketing code |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/govt-asks-pharma-company-chiefs-to-submit-undertaking-on-ethical-practices-124053000809_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805131836/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/govt-asks-pharma-company-chiefs-to-submit-undertaking-on-ethical-practices-124053000809_1.html |archive-date=2024-08-05 |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite journal |last=Mohan |first=Alladi |date=10 October 2024 |title=Uniform code for pharmaceutical marketing practices (UCPMP) 2024 |url=https://nmji.in/news-from-here-and-there-48/ |journal=[[The National Medical Journal of India]] |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=173–174 |doi=10.25259/NMJI_37_3_173|doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |date=2024-03-20 |title=Assessing India's Uniform Code of Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices 2024 |url=http://ojs.indrastra.com/index.php/indrastra/article/view/232 |journal=IndraStra Global |volume=10 |issue=3 |issn=2381-3652}}
*{{Cite report |url=https://nishithdesai.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pdfs/Research_Papers/Uniform-Code-for-Pharmaceutical-Marketing-Practices_Decoded.pdf |title=Uniform Code for Pharmaceutical Marketing Practices (UCPMP) Decoded |date=November 2017 |publisher=Nishith Desai Associates |access-date=31 January 2025}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Pharmaceuticals policy]]

N. Pugazhenthi

2025-11-09T06:23:29Z

Wilfred0198:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1952/1953 – 2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = N. Pugazhenthi
| birth_date = 1952/1953
| birth_place =
| death_date = 6 April 2024 (aged 71)
| death_place = [[Mundiyampakkam]], [[Viluppuram district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 6 April 2024
| constituency = [[Vikravandi Assembly constituency|Vikravandi]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[R. Muthamilselvan]]
| successor = [[Anniyur Siva]]
}}

'''N. Pugazhenthi''' (1952/1953 – 6 April 2024) was an Indian politician who was a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Vikravandi Assembly constituency|Vikravandi]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211223080524/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC075.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC075.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022 |archive-date=23 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vikravandi Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a075|access-date= 30 Apr 2022}}</ref> Pugazhenthi died on 6 April 2024, at the age of 71.<ref name="Dominique 2024 k477">{{cite web | last=Dominique | first=Bosco | title=Vikravandi DMK MLA N Pugazhenthi dies | website=The Times of India | date=6 April 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/vikravandi-dmk-mla-n-pugazhenthi-dies/articleshow/109083629.cms | access-date=6 April 2024}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Vikravandi Assembly constituency|Vikravandi]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Won ||51.27% || R. Muthamilselvan|| [[ADMK]] || 39.81%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pugazhenthi, N}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Viluppuram district]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Sanjeeva Nayaka

2025-10-28T04:52:17Z

Wilfred0198: Made Page...

{{Short description|Indian lichenologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Primary sources|date=April 2021}}
{{Third-party|date=April 2021}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=April 2021}}}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Sanjeeva Nayaka
| image = Sanjeeva1.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1974|08|01}}
| birth_place = [[Koppa, Chikmagalore district]], [[Karnataka]], India
| field = [[Lichen systematics]]
| workplaces = {{Plainlist|
* Plant Diversity, Systematics and Herbarium Division, [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]] - [[National Botanical Research Institute]]}}
| author_abbrev_bot = Nayaka
| website = {{url|https://nbri.res.in/}}
}}

'''Sanjeeva Nayaka''' (Hindi: संजीव नायक; Kannada: ಸಂಜೀವ ನಾಯಕ) is an Indian [[lichenologist]]. He is a Chief Scientist at CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR-NBRI), Lucknow.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Sanjeeva Nayaka {{!}} NBRI |url=https://nbri.res.in/diversity-scientists/dr-sanjeeva-nayaka/ |access-date=2022-04-15 |language=en}}</ref> He is in charge of the lichenology laboratory.<ref name=":0" /> He serves as managing editor of the journal ''Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial Board {{!}} Cryptogam Biodiversity and Assessment |url=https://cbaj.in/index.php/journal/editorial-board |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=cbaj.in}}</ref> and editor of ''ILS eLetters,'' both published by the Indian Lichenological Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Lichenological Society |url=https://www.indianlichenology.com/Newsletter.aspx |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=www.indianlichenology.com}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nayaka was introduced to research during his graduate studies. He was a volunteer in the 'Western Ghats Biodiversity Inventory Programme'. He was awarded with a Summer Research Fellowship of Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore to study the lichens of Bangalore under [[Madhav Gadgil]]. After his post-graduation Nayaka moved to Lucknow to work with Dr. [[Dalip Kumar Upreti|D.K. Upreti]] at CSIR-NBRI. Initially he worked as a project assistant on the All-India Coordinated Project on Taxonomy. During this period, he explored lichens of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. In 2001 he was appointed as a scientist at CSIR-NBRI.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ORCID |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6541-2362 |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=orcid.org}}</ref>

Nayaka revised the [[genus]] ''[[Lecanora]]'' for his doctoral thesis under Upreti's supervision. He earned his Ph.D. from Dr. R. M. L. Awadh University, Faizabad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revisionary studies on lichen genus Lecanora sensu lato in India |url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=EV_coM0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=EV_coM0AAAAJ:UeHWp8X0CEIC |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=scholar.google.co.in}}</ref> His research interests include taxonomy, biomonitoring and bioprospecting of lichens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S Nayaka |url=https://in.linkedin.com/in/sanjeeva-nayaka-904a653a}}</ref> Apart from ''Lecanora'' he has revised taxa such as ''[[Buellia]]'', ''[[Lecidea]]'', ''[[Phyllopsora]]'' and ''[[Rinodina]]''. He has described 28 new lichen species and reported over 110 species as new distributional record. Nayaka travelled throughout India and published lichen floristic accounts for several regions. His major work involves lichens of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Eastern Ghats]]. He surveyed various wildlife sanctuaries and national parks in India, and he has visited [[Antarctica]] twice to study its lichens and their [[ecophysiology]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2003|title=Scientist back after trip to Antarctica |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/scientist-back-after-trip-to-antarctica/articleshow/44408830.cms |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He has handled eight research projects as Principal Investigator and he is a co-Investigator on more than 25 projects.<ref name=":0" /> Nayaka published more than 200 research articles. He participated in national and international conferences and published about 180 abstracts.{{cn|date=April 2022}} He authored or edited three books: ''A field Guide to the common Lichens of Corbett Tiger Reserve'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Upreti |first=D. K. |title=A field guide to the common lichens of Corbett Tiger Reserve |date=2004 |publisher=Bishen Singh |others=Sanjeeva Nayaka |isbn=81-211-0334-7 |location=Dehra Dun |oclc=176908575}}</ref> ''Lichens of Uttar Pradesh'',<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nayaka |first1=Sanjeeva |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265685118 |title=Lichens of Uttar Pradesh |last2=Upreti |first2=Dailip |date=2013-01-01}}</ref> and ''Plant Diversity of Uttar Pradesh (Including Algae and Fungi)''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mishra |first1=Gaurav |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342243671 |title=Plant Diversity of Uttar Pradesh (Including Algae and Fungi) |last2=Nayaka |first2=Sanjeeva |last3=DC |first3=Saini |date=2015-01-01}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
* Fellow of [[Linnean Society of London|Linnean Society]], London (2021)
* Fellow of Mycological Society of India
* Fellow of International Society for Environmental Botanist (ISEB), India
* Life member of [[International Association for Lichenology]]<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
* [[:Category:Taxa named by Sanjeeva Nayaka]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayaka, Sanjeeva}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Indian ecologists]]
[[Category:Indian taxonomists]]
[[Category:Indian lichenologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian scientists]]

Anwar al-Bari

2025-10-06T03:29:26Z

Wilfred0198: new some info w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Book by Anwar Shah Kashmiri}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Anwar al-Bari sharh Sahih al-Bukhari
| image = Cover of Anwar al-Bari sharh Sahih al-Bukhari.jpg
| caption = Urdu cover
| author = [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]
| title_orig = انوار الباری شرح صحیح البخاری
| orig_lang_code = ur
| country = British India
| language = Urdu
| subject = ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]''
| genre = Commentary
| media_type = Print
| oclc =
| dewey = 297.125
| congress = BP135.A128 R38 2004
| published =
| editor = Ahmad Rida Bijnori
}}
'''''Anwar al-Bari sharh Sahih al-Bukhari''''' ({{langx|ur|انوار الباری شرح صحیح البخاری}}) is a 19-volume Urdu commentary on ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]''. It was compiled by Ahmad Rida Bijnori, drawing from the teachings of [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]. This commentary features the original Arabic text of ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' alongside a literal Urdu translation, enhancing its accessibility to a wider audience. It provides biographical information about hadith scholars and narrators in the transmission chains, as well as delves into various facets of [[Fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]] and [[theology]]. The work extensively defends the validity of the [[Hanafi school]] of jurisprudence. The compiler, however, only completed the commentary up to the end of the Book of Prayer, accompanied by a discussion on the final chapter concerning Imaan (faith) and Tawhid (monotheism).

== Background ==
Ahmad Rida Bijnori's educational journey from 1923 to 1926 took him to [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], where he specialized in the study of Hadith under the guidance of [[Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]. This period marked a significant closeness between him and his mentor. In 1929, he actively participated in the activities of [[Jamia Islamia Talimuddin]] and continued his service there until 1932. Throughout this period, he transcribed Anwar Shah Kashmiri's teachings. The original Urdu manuscript was then handed over to Anwar Shah Kashmiri for a thorough review and, later, it found its way into publication in eight volumes by Maktab-i-Nashir al-'Ulum in [[Deoband]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Osman |first=Yunoos |url=https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10413/6384/Osman_Yunoos_2001.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Life and works of Allamah Muhammad Anwar Shah Kashmiri |publisher=School of Religion and Culture, Faculty of Humanities, [[University of KwaZulu-Natal]] |year=2001 |page= |location=South Africa |language=en |type=PhD |access-date=2023-06-27 |archive-date=2023-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609134351/https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/bitstream/handle/10413/6384/Osman_Yunoos_2001.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live |pages=109–110}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khatoon |first=Aaisha |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |title=Aazadi ke Baad Hindustan ki Khidmaat e Hadith |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |page= |location=India |language=urdu |type=PhD |hdl=10603/364027 |pages=91–92 |access-date=2023-10-24 |archive-date=2023-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024064943/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/364027 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Features ==
The inaugural volume of this literary creation spans 240 pages. This volume includes concise biographical portrayals of approximately 150 Hadith Scholars. In the second volume, the narrative shifts toward the biography of [[Muhammad al-Bukhari]], unveiling succinct biographical depictions of those integral to the chain of narrators in the realm of Hadith transmission.<ref name="Abdulla" />

In this work, readers will find the inclusion of the original Arabic text of ''Sahih al-Bukhārī'', coupled with a literal Urdu translation thoughtfully designed to make the contents more accessible to a diverse readership. The compiler's methodology transcends the confines of Anwar Shah Kashmiri's guidance and insights. It embraces the collective wisdom of Deobandi scholars such as [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]] and [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], infusing the composition with a richer tapestry of knowledge.<ref name="Abdulla" />

The exploration of scholarly viewpoints pertaining to the scientific and Hadith skills of [[Abu Hanifa]] forms a core theme, substantiated by a compelling and articulate defense of these perspectives. The work elaborates on various facets of Abu Hanifa's scholarly and Hadith expertise while simultaneously offering an astute analysis of the viewpoints and assessments put forth by distinguished scholars. This exposition is grounded in unambiguous and rigorous evidence. Additionally, this work delves into in-depth discussions on a myriad of issues, coupled with the occasional critique of divergent jurisprudential perspectives. Scholarly engagement with alternative legal schools is also a recurrent feature.<ref name="Abdulla">{{Cite thesis |last=Abdulla |first=Molla |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/491744 |title=Anwar Shah Kashmiri and his contribution to Dissemination of Hadith Literature |publisher=Department of Arabic, Persian, Islamic Studies, [[Visva-Bharati University]] |year=2022 |page= |location=India |language=en |type=PhD |hdl=10603/491744 |pages=235–236 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024044218/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/491744 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Mohd Kaleem, a doctoral candidate at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], has remarked that this book serves as a crucial resource for students of Hadith. What sets it apart is its comprehensive explanations, which also lend it the character of a substantial reference work. The commentary on Bukhari Sharif exemplifies the unwavering commitment of [[List of Deobandis|Deoband scholars]] to the study of Hadith and its associated disciplines.<ref name=":DUOB">{{Cite thesis |last=Kaleem |first=Mohd |title=Contribution of Old boys of Darul uloom Deoband in Hadith Literature |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |publisher=Department of Sunni Theology, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] |year=2017 |location=India |language=ur |hdl=10603/364028 |type=PhD |pages=341 |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024044219/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/364028 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Deobandi hadith studies]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}

* {{Cite book |last=Adrawi |first=Asir |author-link=Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi |url=https://archive.org/download/Maktaba-Maulana-Nizamuddin-Aseer-Adravi-Sahib/Dabistan-i-Deoband-Ki-Ilmi-Khidmaat.pdf |title=Dabistan-i Deoband ki Ilmi Khidmaat |publisher=Darulmuaallifeen |year=1995 |location=Deoband, UP, India |language=ur |oclc=47964786 |pages=68–70}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:Maktaba-Maulana-Syed-Ahmad-Raza-Bijnori-ra|''Anwar al-Bari sharh Sahih al-Bukhari'']] at [[Internet Archive]]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deobandi hadith literature]]
[[Category:Books by Anwar Shah Kashmiri]]
[[Category:Islamic literature]]
[[Category:Sunni literature]]
[[Category:Urdu-language books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Commentaries on Sahih al-Bukhari]]

Mulea campaign

2025-10-06T01:58:39Z

Wilfred0198: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
MULEA (Magadh University Late Exam Aandolan) is a social media campaign primarily on [[YouTube]] and [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/mulea-magadh-university-students-protest-exam-delay-with-youtube-campaign/articleshow/68736600.cms|title='We have become zombies', say helpless students at a 450,000-strong Indian university launching a YouTube protest against a broken system|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yuvasamachar.com/mulea-campaign/|title=मगध विश्वविद्यालय,जिसने हजारों छात्र का भविष्य बर्वाद कर दिया-जाने पूरा मामला।|last=Samachar|first=Yuva|date=2019-04-09|website=Yuva Samachar|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref>

It was started as the Students were fed up from the [[Government of Bihar|Magadh University]], Government of Bihar's lethargy and Central Government's non intervention in the critical matter of youth.

<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Magadh-university-exams-cancelled|title=No Exams Since 2–3 Years in Magadh University, Cancelled Once Again|date=8 April 2019|website=NewsClick}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/exclusive/magadh-university-late-examination-andolan/|title=Bihar: No Exam Conducted For Over A Year, Future Of 4 Lakh Students Of Magadh University In Dark|first=Shraddha|last=Goled|date=7 April 2019|website=thelogicalindian.com}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/magadh-university-row-nearly-a-lakh-await-degree-results-varsity-says-matter-in-court-5671347/|title=Magadh University row: Nearly a lakh await degree results, varsity says matter in court|date=12 April 2019}}</ref>

Prior to starting the campaign the Students visited every high offices of the state ranging from Governor, Chief Minister, Bihar State Human Rights Commission.

They were also denied to hold peaceful protest by the administration citing the [[Model Code of Conduct]] in place for Lok Sabha Election, 2019.

== Relevance of the Campaign ==
Due to the pressure of the campaign the university started taking exams in the month of May, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|last=GJB|date=2019-04-19|title=Magadh University B.Voc BSc Voc BBM Date Sheet – Time Table 2019 For Vocational Part 1 – GovtJobBuzz|url=https://www.govtjobbuzz.com/magadh-university-b-voc-bsc-voc-bbm-date-sheet-time-table/|access-date=2021-05-21|language=en-US}}</ref> when the Model Code of Conduct was in place due to Lok Sabha election citing which the university had postponed the already delayed exams. Subsequently, it also conducted the Traditional courses exams of 2016–19 session in the month of June 2019. Further, it also conducted the first year exam of UG 2017–20 sessions which was running by two year late.

Further, taking into account the lackadaisical approach of the University the then Governor of Bihar [[Lalji Tandon]] removed the exam controller and some other officers of the university. Subsequently, the Pro Vice Chancellor of the University also had to resign.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof Deen appointed new registrar of Magadh University – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/prof-deen-appointed-new-registrar-of-mu/articleshow/72697578.cms|access-date=2021-05-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

==Aftermath of the campaign==
People from across the world have come into their support by sending videos in their support.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=#mulea campaign|title=Support from Central America #mulea Magadh University Late Exam Aandolan (Wtsp-9523337286) subtitled|date=2019-04-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ovt2CT8ttto&feature=youtu.be|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=#mulea campaign|title=England {{!}} He speaks from University of Southampton on Indian Educational system and MU #mulea|date=2019-04-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGJZZurlsxg&feature=youtu.be|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=#mulea campaign|title=Singapore {{!}}{{!}} Magadh University #mulea (wsp-923337286)|date=2019-04-17|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IfqU7xrFrBE&feature=youtu.be|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> The campaign went nearly viral on social media and also some print and electronic media reported it.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation|last=#mulea campaign|title=Ravish kumar NDTV on #mulea campaign, Magadh University Late Exam Aandolan|date=2019-04-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHi40O-S0bw&app=desktop|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref>
The #mulea also trended on Twitter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://trendogate.com/search/?trend=%23mulea|title=Twitter trending of #mulea in midnight of 4th & 5th April.|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>
Their lives are at dark. They have called themselves Zombies in a YouTube video.<ref>{{Citation|last=#mulea campaign|title=#mulea main video 1 {{!}} Hindi {{!}} wtsp-9523337286 {{!}}|date=2019-03-31|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-WGX7o26IwQ&feature=youtu.be|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Magadh University]]
[[Category:Social media campaigns]]
[[Category:2010s in Bihar]]

Mambalam railway station

2025-08-24T19:49:09Z

Wilfred0198: stub

{{Short description|Railway station in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mambalam
| type = [[File:Indian Railways Suburban Railway Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Mambalam railway station (June 2025).jpg
| image_caption = Mambalam railway station as of June 2025
| address = [[Mambalam]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13|2|14|N|80|13|39|E|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South]] and [[South West Line, Chennai Suburban|South West]] lines of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 4 (2 [[island platforms]])
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 4
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| opened = 1911<ref name="HinduBL_ShopTillYouDrop">{{cite news
| last = Varghese
| first = Nina
| title = T.Nagar: Shop till you drop, and then shop some more
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 29 August 2006
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/08/29/stories/2006082903011900.htm
| access-date = 14 Jan 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120926000130/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2006/08/29/stories/2006082903011900.htm
| archive-date = 26 September 2012
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 15 November 1931<ref name="IRFCA_ElectricTraction1"/>
| accessible =
| code = MBM
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railways]]
| former = South Indian Railway
| status = Active
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system1=Chennai Suburban|line1=South|left1=Kodambakkam|to-left=Chennai Beach|right1=Saidapet|to-right1=Tambaram or Chengalpattu Junction or Villupuram Junction}}
| route_map = {{South Line, Chennai Suburban}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #16A117
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Mambalam Railway Station''' (station code: MBM<ref name="sr_stn">{{cite web |title=SOUTHERN RAILWAY LIST OF STATIONS AS ON 01.04.2023 (CATEGORY- WISE) |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |website=Portal of Indian Railways |publisher=Centre For Railway Information Systems |access-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323095403/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686913242750-SR%20-LIST%20OF%20STATIONS-2023.pdf |archive-date=23 March 2024 |page=1 |date=1 April 2023}}</ref>) is an NSG–3 category [[List of railway stations in India|Indian railway station]] in [[Chennai railway division]] of [[Southern Railway zone]].<ref name="sr_stn" /> It is one of the railway stations in [[Chennai]], [[India]], on the [[Chennai Beach]]–[[Chengalpattu|Chengelpet]] section of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]]. It is situated in the neighbourhoods of [[West Mambalam]] and [[T. Nagar]], about {{cvt|11|km}} from Chennai Beach, and has an elevation of {{cvt|13|m}} above [[Mean sea level|sea level]].

With a patronage of 200,000 passengers a day, Mambalam railway station is one of the busiest stations in the city.

The Mambalam railway line divides the Mambalam area into West Mambalam and East Mambalam, the latter now being renamed as Tyagaraya Nagar.

==History==
Mambalam railway station was constructed when the suburban railway service connecting [[Madras Egmore]] with [[Kanchipuram railway station|Kanchipuram]] was opened in 1911. The suburban service between Madras Beach and Tambaram was inaugurated on 11 May 1931 and in this regard, two railway tracks were electrified by 15 November 1931.<ref name="IRFCA_ElectricTraction1">{{cite web
| title = Electric Traction - I
| publisher = IRFCA.org
| url = http://irfca.org/faq/faq-elec.html#vol
| access-date = 17 Nov 2012}}</ref> The section was converted to 25 kV AC traction on 15 January 1967.<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification">{{cite web
| title = IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004
| work = History of Electrification
| publisher = IRFCA.org
| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html
| access-date = 17 Nov 2012}}</ref>

==Facilities==
[[File:A Suburban train arrives at Mambalam Railway Station.jpg|thumb|A Suburban train arrives at Mambalam Railway Station.]]
About nineteen express and passenger trains pass through the station.<ref>{{cite web
| title = List of trains that pass via Mambalam
| work = Mambalam Railway Station Details
| publisher = Indian Trains.org
| url = http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=MBM&name=MAMBALAM
| access-date = 21 Nov 2012
| archive-date = 16 July 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120716055257/http://www.indiantrains.org/station-details/?code=MBM&name=MAMBALAM
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

Mambalam railway station is one of the busiest stations in the city and handles over 200,000 passenger daily, with more than 1,000 passengers an hour.<ref name="MambalamNeedsASafeWayOut">{{cite news
| last = Janardhanan
| first = Arun
| title = Mambalam station needs a safe way out
| location = Chennai
| date = 7 May 2012
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Mambalam-station-needs-a-safe-way-out/articleshow/13027999.cms
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103132617/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-07/chennai/31609909_1_foot-overbridge-passengers-mambalam-station
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 21 Nov 2012}}</ref> The parking lot at the station has a capacity to accommodate around 500 to 600 two-wheelers and around 200 bicycles.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sujatha
| first = R.
| title = Poor parking facilities at Mambalam railway station
| location = Chennai
| date = 17 February 2009
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/17/stories/2009021759310400.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090221212957/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/17/stories/2009021759310400.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 21 February 2009
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 22 Nov 2012}}</ref>

The station has a [[footbridge]] descending into [[Ranganathan Street]] at the southern end of the station.<ref name="CommutersDemandAdditionalBridge">{{cite news
| last = Ayyappan
| first = V.
| title = Commuters demand additional bridge at Mambalam station
| location = Chennai
| date = 4 December 2010
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Commuters-demand-additional-bridge-at-Mambalam-station-/articleshow/7038545.cms
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130104010133/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-04/chennai/28270206_1_foot-overbridge-commuters-platform-nos
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 4 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 22 Nov 2012}}</ref> However, following a demand,<ref name="MambalamNeedsASafeWayOut"/><ref name="CommutersDemandAdditionalBridge"/> a second footbridge was built in 2014 at the northern end.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Manikandan
| first = K.
| title = Lack of space delays widening of Mambalam FOB
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 13 September 2014
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-infra/lack-of-space-delays-widening-of-mambalam-fob/article6405764.ece
| access-date = 26 October 2014}}</ref>

The passenger reservation system (PRS) centre at the station caters to residents of the neighbourhoods including [[T. Nagar]], [[West Mambalam]], [[Kodambakkam]], and [[Vadapalani]]. It is a major railway ticket-booking centre after [[Moore Market Complex]] and [[Tambaram]]. It has ten counters for booking tickets and another counter for enquiries, and sells around 2,500 tickets daily.<ref name="AModelOfEfficiency">{{cite news
| last = Ayyappan
| first = V.
| title = Mambalam, a model of efficiency
| location = Chennai
| date = 9 September 2008
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Mambalam-a-model-of-efficiency/articleshow/3460716.cms
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131026014909/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-09/chennai/27905368_1_railway-ticket-booking-passenger-reservation-system
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 26 October 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 22 Nov 2012}}</ref>

== The station ==

=== Platforms ===
There are a total of 4 platforms and 4 tracks. The platforms are connected by [[foot overbridge]]. These platforms are built to accumulate 24 coaches express train. The platforms are equipped with modern facility like display board of arrival and departure of trains.

=== Station layout ===
{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="0"
| valign="top" width="30" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| valign="top" width="85" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Street level
| valign="top" width="500" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
| rowspan="7" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="center" |'''P1'''
| colspan="2" style="border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Side platform]]<nowiki> | Doors will open on the left</nowiki>
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 1'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |Towards → [[Chennai Beach railway station|Chennai Beach]] '''Next Station:''' [[Kodambakkam railway station|Kodambakkam]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P1'''<nowiki> Doors will open on the left/right | </nowiki>'''P2''' Doors will open on the right
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 5px gray;" |'''Platform 2'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 5px gray;" |Towards ← [[Tambaram railway station|Tambaram]] / [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu Jn]] / [[Viluppuram Junction railway station|Villuppuram Jn]] '''Next Station:''' [[Saidapet railway station|Saidapet]]
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 3'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width="500" |Towards → [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]] '''<nowiki>|</nowiki>''' '''<nowiki>P3 and P4 | </nowiki>''(Express Line)'''''
|-
| width="85" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 4'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards ← [[Chengalpattu Junction railway station|Chengalpattu Junction]]
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''P1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |
|-
|}

==Security==
The station is covered by the {{INR}} 400-million Integrated Security Surveillance System (ISSS) project implemented in 2012. The project, implemented jointly by the Southern Railways and HCL Infosystems, includes installation of CCTV cameras that would record visuals around the clock and store the data for 30 days, with the footage transmitted and stored using an Internet Protocol system.<ref name="IBNLive_CCTVSurveillance">{{cite news
| title = Chennai: Suburban railway stations to come under CCTV surveillance
| newspaper = IBN Live
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The New Indian Express
| date = 18 July 2012
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-suburban-railway-stations-to-come-under-cctv-surveillance/272054-62-130.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231320/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chennai-suburban-railway-stations-to-come-under-cctv-surveillance/272054-62-130.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 11 November 2013
| access-date = 14 Jan 2014}}</ref>

== Projects and development ==
It is one of the 73 stations in Tamil Nadu to be named for upgradation under ''Amrit Bharat Station Scheme'' of Indian Railways.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMRIT BHARAT STATIONS |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1897980 |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=Press Information Bureau |date=10 Feb 2023 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
{{Portal bar|India}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/mambalam-mbm/1469 Mambalam railway station on Indiarailinfo.org]

{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, South|Mambalam|Kodambakkam|Saidapet|8|11.29}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1911]]
[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

Papaver bracteatum

2025-06-22T16:14:13Z

Wilfred0198: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Papaver bracteata - Flickr - peganum.jpg
| genus = Papaver
| species = bracteatum
| authority = [[John Lindley|Lindl.]]
}}

'''''Papaver bracteatum''''', also known as the '''Iranian poppy''' or '''Persian poppy''' and the '''great scarlet poppy''' (first described by Dr. N. Saharghi and [[Iraj Lalezari]] ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' 213, 1244, 1967 doi:10.1038/2131244a0 ) is a sturdy hardy perennial [[poppy]] with large deep red flowers up to 8 inches (20 cm) in diameter on stiff stalks up to 4 feet (1.22 metres) high with a prominent black spot near the base of the petals. It is closely related to the commonly cultivated oriental poppy, ''[[Papaver orientale]]'' and is sometimes recorded as the varietal form ''Papaver orientale'' var. ''bracteatum''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Papaver orientale var. bracteatum {{!}} great scarlet poppy Herbaceous Perennial/RHS Gardening |url=http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/61951/papaver-orientale-var-bracteatum/details |access-date=2023-01-18 |website=www.rhs.org.uk}}</ref>

==Uses==
This species is grown to produce [[thebaine]], which is commercially converted to [[codeine]] and semi-synthetic [[opiate]]s including [[hydrocodone]], [[hydromorphone]], [[oxycodone]], and [[oxymorphone]]. ''Papaver bracteatum'' does not contain [[morphine]], codeine or any other narcotic alkaloids in significant amounts. [[Oripavine]] has been reported in minute traces but would not exert a relevant activity.<ref>Von Lyle E. Craker, James E. Simon (Eds.) (1991). ''Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, and Pharmacology Vol. II.'' (p. 69) Binghamton NY: The Haworth Press Inc. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BODCi6MO60QC&pg=PA63 LCCN 86-646860]</ref>

In the [[United States]], domestic cultivation of ''P. bracteatum'' was proposed by president [[Richard Nixon]]'s [[Office of Management and Budget]] in the early 1970s as an alternative to [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[Papaver somniferum|opium poppies]], which the administration was attempting to eliminate. This was because ''P. bracteatum'' does not contain [[morphine]], which is converted to [[heroin]], but is high in [[thebaine]] for legal codeine production, which was in crisis at the time because of the dwindling Turkish supply. However, US government scientists feared [[Bentley compounds]],<ref>BENTLEY, K. W. & HARDY, D. G. (1967) Novel analgesics and molecular rearrangements in the morphine-thebaine group. III. Alcohols of the 6,14-endo-ethenotetrahydrooripavine series and derived analogues of N-allylnormorphine and norcodeine. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 89, 3281-3292.</ref> [[opioid]]s thousands of times more potent than heroin, would replace heroin in the US.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Epstein |first=Edward Jay |url=https://archive.org/details/agencyoffearopia0000epst |title=Agency of Fear: Opiates and Political Power in America |publisher=Verso |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-86091-529-4 |chapter=The Coughing Crisis |chapter-url=http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/aof/aof32.html |url-access=registration}}</ref>

The three species of Oriental poppy, ''Papaver orientale'', ''Papaver orientale'' var. ''bracteatum'' and ''Papaver pseudo-orientale'' are thought to be the basis for up to 80 cultivars derived from cross-breeding and used extensively in ornamental gardens in Europe and the United States as well as elsewhere.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} ''Papaver orientale'' 'Beauty of Livermere' is regarded as so similar to, if not identical with, the wild ''P. bracteatum'' that it may well be a strain of ''P. bracteatum'' or at the very least a complex hybrid derived from it in large part and is now also referred to as P. orientale 'Goliath Group'.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Klein |first=Carol |date=4 June 2010 |title=Gardens: Oriental poppies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jun/05/oriental-poppies-gardening |access-date=8 April 2019 |work=The Guardian |via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q578200}}

[[Category:Papaver|bracteatum]]

Avay Shukla

2025-06-03T03:42:39Z

Wilfred0198: new initial stub w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service officer}}

'''Avay Shukla''' is a retired officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service|Indian Administrative Service (IAS)]], an environmentalist, and a writer.

== Biography ==
Shukla obtained his Master's degree (English) from [[Hindu College, Delhi|Hindu College]], [[Delhi]], in 1973. He taught for two years at [[Delhi University]], before joining the Indian Administrative Service in 1975. He served in Delhi and the Indian Himalayan state of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in various capacities. Shukla retired from the IAS in December 2010, completing his official duties as the Additional Chief Secretary of Himachal Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The strange language of governance|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/2017/nov/13/the-strange-language-of-governance-1699550.html|access-date=|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Shukla is the President of the Himachal Pradesh Trekking Association, and is one of the founding members of the Eco-Tourism Society of India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-07-22|title=Ecotourism Society of India—Working Towards Sustainable Tourism|url=https://www.ibexexpeditions.com/ecotourism-society-of-india/|access-date=|website=ibex expeditions|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Shukla has settled in a village, Puranikoti, above [[Shimla]] and divides his time between that and Delhi. He has two sons, Sidharth (a digital media executive with a multi-national company) and Saurabh (a finance and investment consultant) with his wife Neerja, a special educator who manages her own NGO working with children who are mentally and physically challenged.

== Bibliography ==

Avay Shukla writes extensively on current affairs, the environment and conservation, the bureaucracy and governance, legal matters, social issues, societal peccadilloes and more. His work has been published in The New Indian Express,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Avay Shukla|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/Author|access-date=|website=The New Indian Express|language=en}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The Times of India, The Hindustan Times, The Tribune,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|date=|title=Angling for top posts: Rot in IAS has set from within|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachaltribune/angling-for-top-posts-rot-in-ias-has-set-from-within-660264|access-date=|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> National Herald,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Avay Shukla Latest Stories, Exclusive News Articles and Opinions|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/author/631176/ajay-shukla|access-date=|website=National Herald|language=en}}</ref> The Morning Standard and on websites such as Sify.com,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Latest News on avay shukla {{!}} Page 1|url=https://www.sify.com/topics/avay%20shukla|access-date=|website=www.sify.com}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The Wire,<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Avay Shukla : Exclusive News Stories by Avay Shukla on Current Affairs, Events at The Wire|url=https://thewire.in/author/avayshukla|access-date=|website=The Wire}}</ref> The Citizen<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Citizen - Independent Journalism {{!}} Indian News|url=https://www.thecitizen.in//index.php/en/contributer/detail/avay-shukla|access-date=|website=The Citizen|language=en-US}}</ref> and Hillpost.com.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Avay Shukla – Hill Post|url=https://hillpost.in/author/avay/|access-date=|website=|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Books ===

* ''The Trails Less Travelled: Trekking the Himachal Himalayas''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shukla|first=Avay|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8cjEsgEACAAJ|title=The Trails Less Travelled: Trekking the Himachal Himalayas|date=2015|publisher=Niyogi Books|isbn=978-93-83098-76-7|language=en}}</ref>
* ''The Spectre of Choor Dhar: Tales from the Mountains''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Spectre of Choor Dhar - Tales from The Mountains|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/52061567-spectre-of-choor-dhar---tales-from-the-mountains|access-date=|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref>
*''PolyTicks, DeMocKrazy & MumboJumbo: Babus, Mantris and Netas (Un)Making Our Nation''<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=PolyTicks, DeMocKrazy & MumboJumbo|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/55211440-polyticks-demockrazy-mumbojumbo|access-date=|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref>
*''India: The Wasted Years''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thapar|first=Karan|date=20 July 2021|title=Watch {{!}} Launch of the book India: The Wasted Years by Avay Shukla|url=https://thewire.in/video/watch-similarities-between-hitlers-third-reich-and-modis-india-growing-everyday-avay-shukla|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Wire}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* http://avayshukla.blogspot.com/

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Avay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]

The Boyfriend (novel)

2025-05-27T01:23:12Z

Wilfred0198: Made Entry...

{{Short description|Novel}}
{{Other uses|The Boyfriend (disambiguation){{!}}The Boyfriend}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = The Boyfriend
| image = File:The_Boyfriend_(2003_novel_by_R_Raj_Rao)_Cover_Paperback.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = [[R. Raj Rao]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[LGBT literature]]
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Penguin India]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 2003
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type = Print
| pages = 127
| awards =
| isbn = 978-0-143-02874-1
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}

'''''The Boyfriend''''', written in 2003 is [[R. Raj Rao]]'s first novel.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Boyfriend - Penguin India|url=https://penguin.co.in/book/fiction/the-boyfriend/|access-date=October 9, 2019}}</ref> Based in Mumbai, India, it discusses the city's [[LGBT culture|gay subculture]] against a backdrop of the 1992 riots and discusses [[Caste system in India|caste]], [[Social class|class]] and [[masculinity|masculinities]].<ref name='India Today review'>{{cite magazine| url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/20030602-book-review-of-r-raj-rao-the-boyfriend-a-novel-792687-2003-06-02| title=Sex and the City - Society and the Arts News| first=Tara| last=Sahgal| magazine=[[India Today]]| date=June 2, 2003| access-date=October 22, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Boyfriend - Goodreads|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/377207.The_Boyfriend|access-date=October 10, 2019}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==

The novel is set in [[Mumbai]], India. Yudi, a [[freelancing]] journalist in the city, [[Cruising for sex|cruises]] around [[Churchgate railway station]] and picks up a young, [[Dalit]] boy outside the men's washroom. They have sex and the boy introduces himself as Kishore Mahadik. Kishore leaves Yudi his address.

Post the [[Bombay riots]], Yudi's looks for Kishore. He discovers that Kishore had given him a wrong address. His editor introduces him to an upcoming painter, Gauri. Gauri likes Yudi and confides in him that she has left her husband. She gets a drunk Yudi home after a party one night, pays him an unwelcome visit later and bargains her way to a lunch with him. Yudi then visits Gauri at her place. The next day, he spots Kishore in an elevator. Kishore gives Yudi his real name, Milind Mahadik, his address, and confesses that he is an [[Untouchability|Untouchable]]. Yudi is unperturbed and claims that his homosexuality makes him an outcaste too. In a disco, Yudi and Milind confess their love for each other.

They spend a week at Yudi's Place in Nalla Sopara and mock a marriage in Yudi's bedroom. Due to an extended holiday with Yudi to [[Shravanabelagola]] to see the [[Gommateshwara statue|naked statue of Gommateshwara]], Milind is laid off from his work. Yudi gives him pocket money and finds him work with Gauri's [[Ecofeminism|ecofeminist]] group. Milind is tasked with sticking posters across town about the group's activities and feels good about the work and the money that comes with it. But he is laid off again due to the group's dwindling funds. When Yudi finds Milind another job, the latter disappears. Yudi is depressed at the disappearance and calls at Milind's home for information. His mother and Gauri come over to support him, both of them trying to realize Gauri as a permanent mate for Yudi. Milind, meanwhile, finds himself at A.K. Modelling Agency in [[Goregaon]], an organization that supplies men for magazine advertisements and prostitution. After a customer rapes him, he escapes from the Agency and returns home. His parents wish to get him married and he concedes, seeing marriage as a natural next step. When his family members tell him about Yudi's visit, he gets angry and gives Yudi his wedding invitation.

Milind and his wife find themselves a house and raise a family, falling on hard times because Milind refused to work. His wife, Leela, urges him to reach out to Yudi to ask for money, knowing of Yudi only as Milind's rich friend. Milind finds Yudi with Gauri who is now sisterly towards him. Yudi and Milind have sex and Milind asks for his pocket money again, which Yudi happily gives him, telling Gauri that "[he has] come to the conclusion that life is beautiful".

== Characters ==

*Yudi
*Milind
*Gauri
*Yudi's mother
*Dnyaneshwar

== Themes ==

=== Queer spaces ===

{{Quote box |width=30em | bgcolor=#ACE1AF |align=right |quote=Rao’s Bombay, however, is a step behind these exciting times of queer self assertion; the most that the gay community can expect out of the urban locus is a sense of ''connectedness'', a shared invisibility in the mainstream spaces and a shared “haunting” of urban queer spaces. |salign=right |source=—Sucheta Mallick Choudhuri in ''Transgressive territories: queer space in Indian fiction and film'', Iowa Research Online, University of Iowa, 2009 <ref name='Choudhuri review'>{{cite thesis | url=https://iro.uiowa.edu/esploro/outputs/doctoral/Transgressive-territories-queer-space-in-Indian/9983777091602771| title=Transgressive territories: queer space in Indian fiction and film| date=2009| doi=10.17077/etd.bqn8b430| last=Choudhuri| first = Sucheta Mallick| access-date=October 24, 2019| url-access=subscription}}</ref>}}

Space is a central theme in Rao's novel. Most of the chapter titles are names of places where important things happen and the narrative can be read as a journey through different spaces.<ref name='Choudhuri review' /> Such spaces are "always on the move" in loos, discos and trains as opposed to a Western queer space where decriminalized homosexuality allowed gay people to position themselves within larger communities.<ref name='Choudhuri review' /><ref name='King review'>{{cite journal| title=Queer Spaces and Strategic Social Constructions in Rao's The Boyfriend| date=June 2012| journal=Word Hoard| issue=1| pages=35–45| last=King| first=Frederick D.}}</ref>

The story is set in what can be called BomGay, a fictional, invisible, [[Sexuality and space|queer space]] where "(homo)sexual explicitness... becomes the foundation for erotic realism" mapped onto the real city. This queer imagination of the city is nasty and unpleasant, a strategy that Rao uses to challenge oppression and mainstream narratives.<ref>{{cite journal| url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c3b98077eb60e378bc7228c7c56bf209/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=54861| title=A Literary and Social Depiction of an Indian City: Masala Eroticism and Perverse Realism in Raj Rao's BomGay| date=2018| doi=10.5209/CJES.56019| journal= Complutense Journal of English Studies| volume=26| pages=65–78| last=García-Arroyo| first=Ana| access-date=October 22, 2019| doi-access=free}}</ref> Moreover, this queer space is not a universal one, but distinctly Indian, with its caste relations. The queer space exists as a mysterious and subversive reality against [[Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code|Section 377]], a law that criminalized homosexuality during the events of the novel.<ref name='King review' />

The transgressions in city-spaces in ''The Boyfriend'' link space and sexuality. They show that the dominant definition of a place which has defined codes of behaviour is a constructed entity and challenge these codes by unexpectedly transgressing them.<ref name='Palekar Review'>{{cite journal| title=Out! and New Queer Indian Literature| doi=10.26262/gramma.v25i0.6595| date=2018| journal=GRAMMA: Journal of Theory and Criticism| volume=25| pages=120–136| last=Palekar| first=Shalmalee}}</ref>
{{-}}

=== Nation and community ===

{{Quote box |width=30em | bgcolor=#ACE1AF |align=right |quote=The national and, more significantly, the nationalist frameworks of postcolonial India prolong the colonial production of normative gender and sexuality. In such a structural duplication of the social norm, reproductive heterosexuality attains legitimacy as the unique, “natural” choice of the postcolonial nation. |salign=right |source=—Sandeep Bakshi in ''Fractured Resistance: Queer Negotiations of the Postcolonial in R. Raj Rao's The Boyfriend'', South Asian Review, Volume 33, October 2012<ref name='Bakshi review'>{{cite journal| url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301296104| title=Fractured Resistance: Queer Negotiations of the Postcolonial in R. Raj Rao's The Boyfriend| doi=10.1080/02759527.2012.11932877| date=October 2012| journal=South Asian Review| volume=33| last=Bakshi| first=Sandeep| issue=2| pages=37–55| s2cid=148883372| access-date=October 24, 2019}}</ref>}}

''The Boyfriend'' discusses nation and [[nationalism]] as it relates to sexuality. The [[postcolonial]] [[nation-state]], through institutionalizing marriage, abhors homosexuality. Bakshi argues that in doing so, it "produces and reproduces" codes of sexuality and gender that were present in the [[colonialism|colonial]] nation (India before independence). Moreover, while Yudi is able to transcend the nation, Milind "internalizes" the nation and the heteronormative ideas that nation brings along.<ref name='Bakshi review' /> A response to Bakshi claims that nation-based binaries are made visible through Yudi but undercut by frequently and recurrently giving Milind a similar space to Yudi's, bringing into focus the privileges that the nation confers upon Yudi.<ref>{{cite thesis | url=https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10315/32121/Hazra_Anindo_2015_PhD.pdf| title=A Noble Mansion For All? The Production of Difference in Select Works of Mahesh Dattani and R. Raj Rao| date=2015| last=Hazra| first=Anindo| access-date=October 25, 2019}}</ref>

Set after the Bombay riots of 1992-93, Rao comments on how the idea of the nation is embedded in the idea of a community. [[Islam in India|Indian Islam]] is considered a result of alien [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invasions as opposed to [[Hinduism]] whose legitimacy is seen to come from its nativity. One review has called Rao's critique of the communal tensions as a critique of the nation-building processes, though being "verged on defeatism".<ref>{{cite journal| url=http://rupkatha.com/V6/n1/11_Homosexuality_Raja_Rao_The_Boyfriend.pdf| title=Communal Tensions: Homosexuality in Raj Rao's The Boyfriend| date=2014| journal=Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities| volume=6| issue=1| pages=108–119| last=Ross| first=Oliver| access-date=October 25, 2019}}</ref> Bakshi sees the construction of a [[hyper-masculine]] "Hindu" India as a reaction to colonial [[feminization (sociology)|feminization]], and [[guerrilla warfare]] against Muslims as a way of displaying such masculinity.<ref name='Bakshi review' />
{{-}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boyfriend, The}}
[[Category:LGBTQ literature in India]]
[[Category:2003 Indian novels]]
[[Category:2000s LGBTQ novels]]
[[Category:2003 LGBTQ-related literary works]]

Kesrisinghpur

2025-05-14T02:29:06Z

Wilfred0198: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kesrisinghpur
| native_name = Kesri singh
| native_name_lang = English, Punjabi, Hindi, Rajasthani, Bagdi, Haryanvi, Sindhi
| other_name = Faridsar
| nickname = KSP
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.947535|N|73.621187|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [ Sub Division ]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karanpur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = Kesri Singh
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 14010
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 335027
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kesrisinghpur''' is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[Ganganagar district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]].

==Demographics==
As of 2011 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kesrisinghpur had a population of 14,020. Males constitute 52.76% of the population and females 47.24%. Kesrisinghpur has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 69%, and female literacy is 53%. In Kesrisinghpur, 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.

It is situated near the Punjab (state) border. It is located in the Cotton Belt area of India and the livelihood of most of the people residing in KesriSinghPur (KSP) is commission brokerage of grains and cotton and quite a lot of people are involved in agriculture.

==Transport and infrastructure==

The infrastructure of town is now greatly developing. Cemented roads are everywhere in Kesrisinghpur.

By Train - there is direct train from Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station [DEE] to Kesrisinghpur. Train no 12455/56 Delhi Sarai Rohila [DEE] to Bikaner [BKN] superfast express and from Sri Ganganagar few passenger trains to Suratgarh goes via Kesrisinghpur.

Developed townships-The town now has a completely developed township (CROWN CITY BY MRG GROUP) with 24hr water supply, underground sewer system, rain water harvesting system, parks, security guard, CCTV cameras, cc roads and shops.

Education- The town has English medium schools like RISING SUN CONVENT SCHOOL, GOLDEN FOUNDATION PUBLIC SCHOOL for high quality education with ease of transport for nearby village children's in the heart of city near railway station and bus stand for easy access.

== Economy ==
Following the construction of the Ganges Canal, the main occupation of near by villages is agriculture, which is also the basis of the city's economy. The main crops are wheat, mustard and cotton while other crops includes guar, bajra, sugar cane and grams. In recent years, kinnow (a hybrid citrus fruit derived from the orange and lemon) has also gained prominence with farmers. The industries in the city are mostly based on agriculture. The people of the town are involved in their family businesses.
People have their own cows and rely heavily on their own organic vegetables (produce) from private farms.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sri Ganganagar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sri Ganganagar district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Mangalagiri Tadepalle Municipal Corporation

2025-04-22T15:21:32Z

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#REDIRECT [[Mangalagiri–Tadepalli Municipal Corporation]]

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Indobrachyops

2025-03-30T20:38:44Z

Wilfred0198: creating basic entry needs work

{{Short description|Extinct genus of amphibians}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Early Triassic]], {{fossil range|Induan}}
| image = Indobrachyops panchetensis.jpg
| image_caption = Restoration of ''Indobrachyops panchetensis''
| taxon = Indobrachyops
| authority = [[Friedrich von Huene|Von Huene]] and Sahni, [[1958 in paleontology|1958]]
| type_species = {{extinct}}'''''Indobrachyops panchetensis'''''
| type_species_authority = Von Huene and Sahni, 1958
}}

'''''Indobrachyops''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of [[temnospondyl]] amphibian from the [[Early Triassic]] of India. It is known from a nearly complete fossil skull that was first described by paleontologists [[Friedrich von Huene]] and M. R. Sahni in 1958 from the [[Panchet Formation]] in [[Raniganj Coalfield]].<ref name=DSM11>{{cite journal |last=Dias-da-Silva |first=S. |author2=Marsicano, C. |year=2011 |title=Phylogenetic reappraisal of Rhytidosteidae (Stereospondyli: Trematosauria), temnospondyl amphibians from the Permian and Triassic |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=305–325 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2010.492664|hdl=11336/68471 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> ''Indobrachyops'' belongs to a group of mostly semi-aquatic temnospondyls called [[Stereospondyli]], but its exact placement within the group has been uncertain since its first description.

==Classification==
Huene and Sahni considered ''Indobrachyops'' to be part of the family [[Brachyopidae]], which includes several aquatic temnospondyls with large rounded heads. However, later studies noted several features of ''Indobrachyops'' that set it apart from brachyopids, including closely spaced nostrils and a different pattern of pits and grooves on the [[skull roof]]. In 1979, J. W. Cosgriff and J. M. Zawiskie placed ''Indobrachyops'' in a new family called '''Indobrachyopidae''' along with the poorly known temnospondyls ''[[Mahavisaurus]]'' and ''[[Rewana]]''. The [[lacrimal bone]] in the skull is an important feature in classifying stereospondyls, but its presence has been difficult to judge in the single known skull of ''Indobrachyops''. One study suggested that it lacked a lacrimal, which it used as evidence to reclassify ''Indobrachyops'' within the family [[Rhytidosteidae]]. In 1998 paleontologists Anne Warren and Claudia Marsicano proposed that it did have a lacrimal, albeit a very small one that suggested a primitive position for ''Indobrachyops'' within Rhytidosteidae. A [[phylogenetic]] analysis of rhytidosteids by Marsicano and Sérgio Dias-da-Silva in 2011 supported the inclusion of ''Indobrachyops'' within Rhytidosteidae.<ref name=DSM11/> The analysis went against Warren and Marsicano's 1998 findings by placing ''Indobrachyops'' as one of the most [[Synapomorphy|derived]] rhytidosteids. Marsicano and Sérgio Dias-da-Silva classified the genus within a new subfamily of rhytidosteids, [[Derwentiinae]]. Below is a [[cladogram]] from their study:<ref name=DSM11/>

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1=[[Rhytidosteidae]]
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Nanolania]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Trucheosaurus]]''
|2=''[[Laidleria]]''}} }}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Boreopelta]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Peltostega]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pneumatostega]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Sangaia]]''
|2=''[[Mahavisaurus]]''}} }}
|label2=[[Derwentiinae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Deltasaurus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Arcadia (genus)|Arcadia]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Rewana]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Derwentia (amphibian)|Derwentia]]''
|2='''''Indobrachyops'''''
}} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Paleontology}}

{{Trematosauria|R.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q6025631}}

[[Category:Stereospondyli]]
[[Category:Prehistoric amphibians of Asia]]
[[Category:Triassic amphibians of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Friedrich von Huene]]
[[Category:Fossil taxa described in 1958]]

{{Temnospondyli-stub}}

List of Ministers of Tribal Welfare of Andhra Pradesh

2025-01-13T19:34:17Z

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#REDIRECT [[List of ministers of tribal welfare of Andhra Pradesh]]

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Makkala Rajya

2024-10-14T04:36:25Z

Wilfred0198: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Pillalu Techina Challani Rajyam]] {{R from merge}}

Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India

2024-08-14T03:29:12Z

Wilfred0198: Minor updates and cleanup applied

#REDIRECT [[Dedicated freight corridors in India]] {{R from merge}}

The Cradle Hospital Calicut

2024-07-28T06:21:50Z

Wilfred0198: updated details

#REDIRECT [[Matria Hospital]]

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Kowdipalle

2023-05-13T15:38:29Z

Wilfred0198: creating a info first draft!

{{About|a Mandal and a small town in the Medak district||Kowdipally(disambiguation){{!}}Narsapur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kowdipally
| native_name = {{lang|te|కౌడిపల్లె}}
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = [[Census Town]]
| image_skyline = File:Narsapur_Lake.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Narsapur Lake
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|53|46|N|78|12|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Medak district|Medak]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Karimnagar|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2804_PART_B_DCHB_MEDAK.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=11 June 2016|pages=12, 44}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 502313
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08458
| registration_plate = TS 15
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Medak
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kowdipally''' is a small town [[Tehsil|Mandal]] (an administrative division) in the [[Medak district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web |title=District Level Mandal wise list of villages in Medak district|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/medak.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=5 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402094713/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/medak.pdf|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> It is represents the headquarters of the Kowdipally Mandal.

The Mandal is located 38 km North of the [[Sangareddi|Sangareddy]] district headquarters. It is surrounded by the [[Kulcharam]] Mandal and the Medak Mandal to the North, the Andole Mandal to the West and the Yeldurthy Mandal to the East. Medak, Sangareddy, Sadasivpet and Kamareddy are larger towns located near Kowdipally.

== Demographics ==
[[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the local language. The total population of Kowdipally is 3773, comprising 1879 males and 1894 females living in 726 houses. The total area of Kowdipally is 200 hectares.{{fact|date=February 2020}}

== Transport ==
[[Secunderabad Junction]] is the nearest railway station (67 km away from Kowdipally). Medak is the nearest town connected to Kowdipally by road.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Towns in Medak district]]