Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Srimulavasa Vihara

2026-05-06T15:57:06Z

Wikindia777: Added A Data

{{Short description|Lost Buddhist temple in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Buddhism}}

'''Srimulavasa Vihara,''' also known as '''Tirumulavata,<ref name=":S" />''' was a [[Buddhist temple]] and centre of pilgrimage in present-day [[Kerala]] on the [[Malabar coast|Malabar Coast]] of India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Veluthat |first=Kesavan |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-early-medieval-in-south-india-9780198069140 |title=The Early Medieval in South India |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198069140 |series=Oxford India Paperbacks |location=Delhi |pages=180}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=A. Sreedhara |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=S9RMxjdjUVAC&dq=sreemoolavasam&pg=PA15&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=sreemoolavasam&f=false |title=The Legacy of Kerala |publisher=DC Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-264-3798-6 |orig-year=1982|pages=15}}</ref> Scholars believe it was situated somewhere between [[Ambalappuzha]] and [[Thrikkunnappuzha]], along the sea-coast in the [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] region of central Kerala.<ref name=":0" />'''<ref name=":S" />''' The Srimulavasa Vihara was located in the medieval Chera kingdom of Kerala.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&q=perumals+of+kerala |title=Perumals of Kerala |publisher=CosmoBooks |year=2013 |isbn=9788188765072 |location=Thrissur (Kerala) |pages=97 |orig-date=1972}}</ref>

According to the Paliyam copper plates, dated to 898 AD<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Gurukkal |first=Rajan |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/14532 |title=The Agrarian System and Socio-Political Organisation Under the Early Pandyas c. CE 600-1000 |work= |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |year=1984 |editor-last=Champakalakshmi |editor-first=R. |pages=29–30 |hdl=10603/14532}}</ref><ref name=":S" /> and issued by the [[Ay dynasty|Ay]] ruler of southern Kerala, [[Vikramaditya Varaguna]], a vast tract of land was donated to the Srimulavasa Vihara.<ref name=":S">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan |first=M. G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vp0SW6Gj3IC |title=Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala |publisher=Kerala Historical Society |year=1972 |location=Trivandrum |pages=9-16 and 44-45 |chapter=Vikramaditya Varaguna and Srimulavasa Vihara}}</ref><ref name=":TP">{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=T. A. Gopinatha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WETy9zpa3EC |title=Two Inscriptions of Vikramaditya Varaguna |date=1912 |publisher=Government of Travancore |isbn= |edition=1912 |series=Travancore Archaeological Series |volume=XII |location=Madras |pages=192–93}}</ref> The record notably opens with three Sanskrit slokas in praise of Soudhodani (Buddha), Dharmasangha (Dharma) and [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokitesvara]].<ref name=":S" />

The shrine is also mentioned in the [[Mushika Vamsa|Mushika Vamsa Kavya]] of [[Athula]] (c. 11th century AD), a medieval dynastic chronicle from northern Kerala associated with the rulers of [[Ezhimala]].<ref name=":152">{{Cite book |last=Rao|first=T. A. Gopinatha|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367520/page/n23/mode/1up|title=Travancore Archaeological Series|publisher=Methodist Publishing House|year=1913|volume=II|location=Madras|pages=106-113|chapter=No. 10—Mushika Vamsa: A Study}}</ref>'''<ref name=":S" />''' The kavya states that the Ezhimala prince Vikrama Rama protected the shrine from encroachment by the sea by throwing large blocks of stone (Sarga XII).'''<ref name=":S" />''' Another Ezhimala prince, Valabha, visited the shrine on his return to the Ezhimala country from a military campaign in support of the Chera ruler against an invading Chola force (Sarga XIV).'''<ref name=":S" /><ref name=":152" />'''

The discovery of a [[The Buddha|Buddha]] image in [[Gandhara]] by M. Foucher, bearing the [[Sanskrit]] legend "Dakshinapathe Mulavasa Lokanathah", suggests that Srimulavasa was a famous Buddhist centre in southern India.'''<ref name=":S" />'''

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Articles Related to Buddhism
|list =
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Gautama Buddha}}
{{Religion topics}}
}}
{{Alappuzha-geo-stub}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Buddhist temples in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Kerala]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures in Alappuzha district]]

Malda division

2026-05-03T17:16:02Z

Wikindia777:

{{Short description|Division in West Bengal, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malda division
| settlement_type = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| image_map = Malda division map.svg
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption = Location of Malda division in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|25|06|N|88|06|E|region:IN-WB_type:adm3rd_dim:100000|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Malda, West Bengal|Malda]]
| leader_title = [[List of districts of West Bengal|Districts]]
| leader_name = {{hlist|[[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]|[[Malda district|Malda]]|[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]|[[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]}}
| leader_title1 = [[Divisional commissioner|DC]]
| leader_name1 = Md.Ghulam Ali Ansari, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| leader_title2 = [[Inspector-general of police|IGP]]
| leader_name2 = Dip Narayan Goswami, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
| area_total_km2 = 14418
| population_total = 15,773,557
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://wb.gov.in/}}
}}

'''Malda division,''' also known as '''Gaur Banga,''' is an [[Divisions of West Bengal|administrative division]] within the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. This division was earlier a part of [[Jalpaiguri division]] and [[Presidency division]].It was carved out in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal-to-be-divided-into-two-more-administrative-divisions-170890 |title=Bengal to be divided into two more administrative divisions |website=millenniumpost.in |date=2016-11-22}}</ref> The headquarters and the largest city of the Malda Division is [[Malda City|Malda]]. The office of divisional commissioner is temporary located in old circuit house at B. G. Road, Malda.

==Districts==

It consists of 4 [[Districts of India|districts]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brandbharat.com/english/wb/index_wb.html |title=The State : West Bengal |website=brandbharat.com |access-date=2020-08-02}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Code
!District
!Headquarters
!Area
!Population As of 2011
![[Population Density]]
!Map
|-
|MA
|[[Malda district|Malda]]
|[[Malda City|Malda]]
|3,733 km2(1,441 sq mi)
|3,997,970
|1,100/km2 (2,800/sq mi)
|[[File:Malda in West Bengal (India).svg|thumb]]
|-
|MU
|[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
|[[Baharampur]]
|5,324 km2(2,056 sq mi)
|7,103,807
|1,334/km2 (3,460/sq mi)
|[[File:Murshidabad in West Bengal (India).svg|thumb]]
|-
|ND
|[[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
|[[Raiganj]]
|3,142 km2 (1,213 sq mi)
|3,000,849
|960/km2 (2,500/sq mi)
|[[File:Uttar Dinajpur in West Bengal (India).svg|thumb]]
|-
|SD
|[[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
|[[Balurghat]]
|2,219 km2 (857 sq mi)
|1, 670,931
|750/km2 (2,000/sq mi)
|[[File:Dakshin Dinajpur in West Bengal (India).svg|thumb]]
|-
!Total
!4
!—
|14,418 km2
(5,567 sq mi)
|15,773,557
|4,177 km2
(10,760/sq mi)
|[[File:India WB.svg|thumb]]
|}

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = center
|caption = Religion in Malda Division ([[2011 Indian Census]])
|label1 = [[Islam]]
|value1 = 60.94
|color1 = green
|label2 = [[Hinduism]]
|value2 = 38.20
|color2 = orange
|label3 = Others or no religion
|value3 = 0.80
|color3 = grey
}}
Malda division is the only division of [[West Bengal]] where [[Muslims]] forms the majority of the population. [[Muslims]] numbering
9,612,405, comprises 60.94% of the population, whereas [[Hindus]] numbering 6,025,498, forms 38.20% of the division's population.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS Population by religious community: West Bengal]. 2011 Census of India.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{West Bengal}}

[[Category:Divisions of West Bengal]]

Sasikanth Senthil

2026-04-27T00:57:51Z

Wikindia777: Added A Article - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sasikanth Senthil
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 25 June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[K. Jeyakumar]]
| constituency = [[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvallur]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1979|3|28|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater = [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}

'''Sasikanth Senthil''' is an Indian politician and former [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officer who serves as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] representing the [[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Congress candidate Sashikanth Senthil emerges biggest winner in Lok Sabha polls in Tamil Nadu|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/tamil-nadu/congress-candidate-sashikanth-senthil-emerges-biggest-winner-in-lok-sabha-polls-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/110769563.cms|work=Economic Times|date=6 Jun 2024|accessdate=11 Sep 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Thiruvallur (SC) election results 2024 live updates: Congress's Sasikanth Senthil wins with over 5.72 lakh vote margin|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/thiruvallur-sc-election-results-2024-tamil-nadu-thiruvallur-sc-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-balaganapathy-v-pon-bjp-jagadesh-chander-m-ntk/articleshow/110678016.cms|work=Times Of India|date=5 Jun 2024|accessdate=11 Sep 2024}}</ref> Senthil served in various administrative positions in the [[Government of Karnataka]] from 2009 to 2019, after which he resigned and subsequently joined the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party in 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/former-karnataka-ias-officer-sasikanth-senthil-to-join-congress-912837.html |title=Former Karnataka IAS officer Sasikanth Senthil to join Congress |date=8 November 2020 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name="Ex-administrators {{!}} From desk to dais">{{cite news|last1=India Today|title=Ex-administrators {{!}} From desk to dais|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-administrators-from-desk-to-dais-2565839-2024-07-13|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727144100/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-administrators-from-desk-to-dais-2565839-2024-07-13|archivedate=27 July 2024|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Senthil was born into a [[Dalit]] family to Justice P Shanmugham, a District judge and Mrs. Ambica Shanmugham, a retired Central Government Officer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Capstone IAS Academy |url=https://capstoneiasacademy.com/qleap/instructor.html?id=16 |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=capstoneiasacademy.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naqvi |first=Saba |date=2024-07-02 |title=INTERVIEW {{!}} 'BJP doesn't care about Hindus, uses them for votes': Sasikanth Senthil |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/sasikanth-senthil-interview-congress-mp-tiruvallur-tamil-nadu-dalit-politics-lok-sabha-2024-election/article68355541.ece |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Frontline TheHindu |language=en}}</ref> He completed his engineering degree in Electronics and Communication at [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]] and later worked at a private software company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-21 |title=Sasikanth Senthil's long road from Tiruvallur, and from stories of untouchability and why Constitution matters |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/tamil-nadu-congress-first-time-mp-sasikanth-senthil-9463339/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== IAS career ==
Senthil was the topper from Tamil Nadu in the 2008 [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC) exams and ranked ninth position at the national level. He began his civil service career in 2009 and was assigned to the Karnataka cadre.<ref name="career">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= 6 September 2019|title=Another IAS officer resigns from service, says 'building blocks of democracy compromised' |url=https://scroll.in/latest/936459/ias-officer-sasikanth-senthil-resigns-from-service-says-building-blocks-of-democracy-compromised |access-date= |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

From 2009 to 2012, Senthil worked as the Assistant Commissioner in [[Ballari]]. He served two terms as the chief executive officer of the Shivamogga Zilla Panchayat. Later, he took charge as the Deputy Commissioner in the districts of [[Chitradurga]] and [[Raichur]]. From 2016, he worked as the Director in the Department of Mines and Geology. Since June 2017, Senthil held the position of Deputy Commissioner in the [[Dakshina Kannada district]].<ref name="career" />

Senthil resigned from administrative services in September 2019, expressing disappointment with the state of democracy in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swamy |first=Rohini |date=2019-09-06 |title=Karnataka IAS officer quits, says democracy being compromised, can't be business as usual |url=https://theprint.in/india/karnataka-ias-officer-quits-says-democracy-being-compromised-cant-be-business-as-usual/287699/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Political career==
Senthil joined Congress in November 2020 and campaigned for the party in the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]. Senthil was credited with the Congress party's victory in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]], during which he led the campaign against the [[BJP]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/05/20/meet-the-two-men-behind-congresss-victory-in-karnataka.html |title=Meet the two men behind Congress's victory in Karnataka |date=20 May 2023 |work=The Week |author=Lakshmi Subramanian}}</ref>

In the [[2024 Indian general election]], Senthil was elected to parliament from the [[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency]], a [[Reserved political positions in India|Scheduled Caste reserved constituency]] in Tamil Nadu by more than 5.5 lakh votes, the highest margin in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naqvi |first=Saba |date= July 2024|title='India doesn't tolerate differences, it celebrates': Sasikanth Senthil, Congress MP {{!}} EXCLUSIVE |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/india-doesnt-tolerate-differences-it-celebrates-sasikanth-senthil-congress-mp-exclusive/article68354472.ece |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref name="eci">{{Cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S221.htm |title=Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=results.eci.gov.in |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Elections
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Party
! rowspan="2" |Result
! rowspan="2" |Votes
! rowspan="2" |% Vote's
! colspan="3" |Opposition
|-
!Candidate
!Party
!Vote %
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|General Elections, 2024]]
|[[Tiruvallur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruvallur]]
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{Won}}
|7,96,956
|55.53 %
|V. Pon Balaganapathy
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|15.66 %
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[18th Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]

{{Karnataka-INC-politician-stub}}

Krishan Bahadur Pathak

2026-04-24T12:06:01Z

Wikindia777: Started a stub

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Kishan Bahadur Pathak
| image = Krishan Pathak in January 2024.jpg
| caption = Kishan Pathak in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|4|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kapurthala]], [[Punjab, India]]
| height = 1.7 m<ref>{{cite web |title=PATHAK Krishan |url=https://www.worldcup2018.hockey/men/players/pathak-krishan__70523__4212 |website=www.worldcup2018.hockey |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation]] |accessdate=28 February 2019}}</ref>
| position = Goalkeeper
| currentclub =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = Hockey Punjab
| years2 =
| clubs2 = Petroleum Sports Promotion Board
| years3 =
| clubs3 = Indian Oil Corporation
| years4 = 2024–
| clubs4 = [[Kalinga Lancers]]
| nationalyears1 = 2016
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2018–
| nationalteam2 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 156
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018 Breda]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Field hockey at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2018 Asian Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Field hockey at the 2018 Asian Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2025 Rajgir]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2018 Muscat]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2023 Chennai]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2024 Hulunbuir]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2021 Men's Asian Champions Trophy|2021 Dhaka]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]]|[[Hockey at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|Junior World Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup|2016 Lucknow]]|}}
}}
'''Kishan Bahadur Pathak''' (born 24 April 1997) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player who plays as a goalkeeper for the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian national team]].

==Early life==
Pathak was born on 24 April 1997 in [[Kapurthala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. He is of [[Nepalis|Nepalese descent]]; his parents migrated from Lugdi village in [[Nepal]] to Punjab in 1990. His ancestral village is about six hours away from the capital [[Kathmandu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Friends in deed aid Krishan in tragedy|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2016/Nov/26/friends-in-deed-aid-krishan-in-tragedy-1542814.html|work=The New Indian Express|date=26 November 2016}}</ref> Despite not being interested in the sport, Pathak had joined the Surjit Hockey Academy in [[Jalandhar]] when he was 12 at the insistence of his father.<ref name =toi/> Pathak's mother died when he was 12, while his father Tek Bahadur Pathak, a crane operator, died of a heart attack in 2016.<ref name =toi>{{cite news |last1=Raj |first1=Pratyush |title=Sreejesh's understudy, Krishan worked at construction sites |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games/sreejeshs-understudy-krishan-worked-at-construction-sites/articleshow/65372106.cms |accessdate=28 October 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=12 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Ravi |title=Friends in deed aid Krishan in tragedy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2016/nov/26/friends-in-deed-aid-krishan-in-tragedy-1542814.html |access-date=28 October 2018 |work=The New Indian Express |date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/hockey/despite-setbacks-krishan-pathak-keeps-faith-junior-world-cup-4419617 Junior Hockey World Cup: Despite setbacks, goalkeeper Krishan Pathak keeps faith]</ref>

==Career==
Pathak was part of the Indian junior team that won the [[2016 Men's Hockey Junior World Cup]] in [[Lucknow]]. He was then selected in the India A team for the [[2017 Men's Australian Hockey League]]. He made his India senior team debut in January 2018 when the team participated in a four-team invitational tournament in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fit-again PR Sreejesh named in India squad for New Zealand tour |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/hockey/story/hockey-india-pr-sreejesh-squad-new-zealand-tour-manpreet-singh-1129755-2018-01-08 |accessdate=28 October 2018 |work=India Today |date=8 January 2018}}</ref> Pathak found a place in the squad for [[2018 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup]] as India's first-choice goalkeeper [[P. R. Sreejesh]] was rested. He then played as a reserve goalkeeper in the [[2018 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy]] where India won the silver medal and the [[2018 Asian Games]] where India won bronze.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

Pathak was the reserve goalkeeper at the [[Field hockey at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament|2020 Olympic Games]] in Tokyo where India won the bronze medal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jal |first1=Pratyush Raj |title=Tokyo Olympics: 9 players from India's bronze-medal winning hockey team from Jalandhar's Surjit Academy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/tokyo-olympics/story/surjit-singh-academy-training-ground-for-9-of-india-bronze-medal-winning-hockey-team-1837302-2021-08-05 |access-date=7 August 2021 |work=India Today |date=5 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Finally he won gold medal in [[2022 Asian Games]] in Hangzhou.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian Games Results |url=https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/hockey/result-men-fnl-000200-.htm |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=2022 Asian Games, Hangzhou |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008232508/https://info.hangzhou2022.cn/en/results/hockey/result-men-fnl-000200-.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Award ==
Kishan Pathak(son of santosh kumar pathak, mother of vibha devi) received the Arjuna Award from the President of India on 9 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports |url=http://pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?NoteId=151772 |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=pib.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/krishan-b-pathak-profile-985 Krishan Pathak] at [[Hockey India]]
*{{FIH|15792}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FH Squad 2018 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2018 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2018 Champions Trophy}}
{{India FH Squad 2022 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2023 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2022 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2025 Asia Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak, Kishan}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kapurthala]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Men's field hockey goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian people of Nepalese descent]]
[[Category:2018 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:19Z

Wikindia777: Added Biography - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = S.A.S. Nagar
| map_image = 53-Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar.svg
| mla = [[Kulwant Singh (politician)|Kulwant Singh]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Mohali district|Mohali]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anandpur Sahib (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anandpur Sahib]]
| reservation = None
| established = 2012
| electors = {{formatnum:239357}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=10 May 2022 |access-date= 15 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 53
}}
'''S.A.S. (Sahibzada Ajit Singh) Nagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|title= List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies|accessdate= 19 July 2016|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf|archivedate= 23 April 2016|df= dmy-all}}</ref>
It is part of [[Mohali district|Mohali]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|rowspan=2|[[Balbir Singh Sidhu (politician)|Balbir Singh Sidhu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|-
|[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Kulwant Singh (politician)|Kulwant Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: S.A.S. Nagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Kulwant Singh (politician)|Kulwant Singh]]<ref name="2022 Punjab AAP candidates">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Aam Aadmi Party candidates and their constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-aam-aadmi-party-candidates/2404732/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=21 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:77134}}
|percentage = 49.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Balbir Singh Sidhu (politician)|Balbir Singh Sidhu]]<ref name="Punjab INC 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab Elections 2022: Full list of Congress Candidates and their Constituencies |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-elections-2022-full-list-of-congress-candidates/2407341/ |access-date=18 February 2022 |work=FE Online |agency=The Indian Express Group |issue=The Financial Express (India) |date=February 18, 2022}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:43037}}
|percentage = 27.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Sanjeev Vashisht]]
|votes = {{formatnum:17020}}
|percentage = 10.97
|change = {{New}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Parvinder Singh Baidwan
|votes = {{formatnum:9628}}
|percentage = 6.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1192}}
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:34097}}
|percentage = 21.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:155196}}
|percentage = 64.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:239347}}
|ref=<ref name="Punjab Election 2022">{{cite web |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2022 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14165-punjab-general-legislative-election-2022/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: S.A.S. Nagar<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Balbir Singh Sidhu (politician)|Balbir Singh Sidhu]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:66844}}
|percentage = 47.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Narinder Singh
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:38971}}
|percentage = 27.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Tejinder Pal Singh
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:30031}}
|percentage = 21.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = {{formatnum:1139}}
|percentage = 0.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:27873}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:209473}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===

<section begin="Assembly Election 2012"/>
<section end="Assembly Election 2012"/>
{{Election box begin | title=2012 Assembly Election: S.A.S. Nagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Balbir Singh Sidhu
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 63975
|percentage = 51.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Balwant Singh Ramoowalia
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|votes = 47,223
|percentage = 37.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bir Devinder Singh Sarao
|party = People's Party of Punjab
|votes = 9,065
|percentage = 7.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manav Mehra
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2612
|percentage = 2.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Joginder Singh Jogi
|party = Independent
|votes = 702
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16752
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors =
|ref=
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mohali district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.7|76.69|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Mohali district]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Broken Promises: Caste, Crime and Politics in Bihar

2026-04-19T16:25:31Z

Wikindia777: Made Info

{{Short description|2024 book by Mrityunjay Sharma}}
{{orphan|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| author = Mrityunjay Sharma
| isbn = 9789360455224
| pub_date = 2024
| country = India
| language = English
| name = Broken Promises: Caste, Crime and Politics in Bihar
| publisher = [[Westland Books]]
| genre = History, Bihar, Politics
| image = File:Broken_Promises,_Caste,_Crime_and_Politics_in_Bihar.jpeg
}}

'''''Broken Promises: Caste, Crime and Politics in Bihar''''' is a book written by Mrityunjay Sharma, an entrepreneur, politician and social activist who grown up in Ranchi, then in undivided [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-27 |title=New book exploring Bihar's controversial era to be out soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/new-book-exploring-bihars-controversial-era-to-be-out-soon/articleshow/108048645.cms |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is published by [[Westland Books|Westland Non-Fiction Publications]] in 2024. The book is divided into seven parts, and it tells a tale of the ills that befell the State with the rise of [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], former [[List of chief ministers of Bihar|Chief minister of Bihar]] in the politics of Bihar from scams, criminalisation, caste wars, misgovernance, to policy paralysis.<ref>{{Cite web |last=राय |first=अविनाश |date=2024-07-07 |title=बिहार में जाति के आधार पर कैसे तय हुए माफिया, क्या कहती है किताब Broken Promises |trans-title=How the mafias in Bihar were decided on the basis of caste, what does the book Broken Promises say |url=https://www.abplive.com/uncut/bin-manga-gyan-all-about-caste-crime-and-politics-in-bihar-by-book-broken-promises-2732817 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The book was launched in Delhi at the [[Constitution Club of India]] on 19 March 2024 in presence of Pavan Varma, former diplomat and former advisor to [[Nitish Kumar]], and [[Advaita Kala]], a columnist and author.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murari |first=Krishan |date=2024-03-19 |title='Broken Promises' Delhi launch ticks all Bihar boxes—Lalu-Nitish, 'jungle raj', Bihari slur |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/broken-promises-delhi-launch-ticks-all-bihar-boxes-lalu-nitish-jungle-raj-bihari-slur/2006249/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

It was launched in Ranchi at the Audrey House on 29 April 2024 in the presence of [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]], [[Babulal Marandi]] and [[Ashok Bhagat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='ब्रोकन प्रॉमिसेस बिहार की वास्तविक छवि प्रस्तुत करने का काम करेगी : हरिवंश |trans-title='Broken Promises' will present the real image of Bihar: Harivansh |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-39-broken-promises-39-will-present-the-real-image-of-bihar-harivansh-9875459.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240506200437/https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/ranchi/story-39-broken-promises-39-will-present-the-real-image-of-bihar-harivansh-9875459.html |archive-date=2024-05-06 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Hindustan |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

The book was featured in the March Non-Fiction of [[Scroll.in]] in March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Debnath |first=Sayari |date=2024-03-02 |title=March nonfiction: Six new books examine the promises made and broken in quest of a modern India |url=https://scroll.in/article/1064362/march-nonfiction-six-new-books-examine-the-promises-made-and-broken-in-quest-of-a-modern-india |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

The book was featured in the Sahitya Tak Book Cafe Top 10 Books of 2024 in the political books category.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-20 |title=साहित्य तक बुक कैफे टॉप 10 पुस्तकों की शृंखला शुरू; वर्ष 2024 में 'राजनीति' की 10 ये सबसे अच्छी पुस्तकें, जरूर पढ़ें |url=https://www.aajtak.in/literature/story/best-political-books-of-2024-sahitya-tak-book-cafe-top-10-best-political-books-2024-dskc-2125606-2024-12-20 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== Reviews ==
The book has been reviewed by The Times of India, Supriy Ranjan of [[Frontline (magazine)|The Frontline]], Syed Saad Ahmed of [[Hindustan Times]], Aditya Mani Jha of The Federal News, Aditi Phadnis of [[Business Standard]], Amitabh Ranjan of [[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] and Swapna Peri of Storizen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ranjan |first=Supriy |date=2024-06-26 |title="Broken Promises" by Mrityunjay Sharma: A Flawed Chronicle of Bihar's Lalu Era |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/books/bihar-politics-lalu-prasad-mrityunjay-sharma-broken-promises-caste-crime-journalist-arvind-narayan-das-dalits/article68299506.ece |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-03 |title='Broken Promises': An engaging and meticulous take on Bihar's socio-politics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/reviews/broken-promises-an-engaging-and-meticulous-take-on-bihars-socio-politics/articleshow/112156541.cms |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Aditya Mani |date=2024-04-02 |title=Broken Promises review: A fine primer on Bihar's complex political landscape |url=https://thefederal.com/category/features/broken-promises-review-a-fine-primer-on-bihars-complex-political-landscape-115987 |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=thefederal.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Phadnis |first=Aditi |title=Bihar's half revolution |url=https://www.business-standard.com/book/bihar-s-half-revolution-124032601031_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Peri |first=Swapna |date=2024-07-14 |title=Book Review: 'Broken Promises' by Mrityunjay Sharma {{!}} Book Reviews |url=https://www.storizen.com/book-reviews/broken-promises-by-mrityunjay-sharma/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Storizen |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-05 |title=The bad land in heartland |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-the-bad-land-in-heartland-3477380/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

Syed Saad Ahmed of Hindustan Times writes,<blockquote>"While ''Broken Promises'' explores some of the historical reasons for why Bihar lagged behind the rest of India, it focuses primarily on how the rule of Lalu Prasad Yadav and his wife Rabri Devi affected the state. It also traces Yadav's ascendancy against the major political events of the 1990s, such as the Mandal Commission's recommendations for caste-based affirmative action and LK Advani's procession to build a Ram temple at Ayodhya."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahmed |first=Syed Saad |title=Review: Broken Promises by Mrityunjay Sharma |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-broken-promises-by-mrityunjay-sharma-101724429577126.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref></blockquote>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://books.google.com/books/about/Broken_Promises_Caste_Crime_and_Politics.html?id=rxwxEQAAQBAJ Broken Promises: Caste, Crime and Politics in Bihar] at [[Google Books]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2024 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Westland Books books]]
[[Category:Literature of Bihar]]
[[Category:Books about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]

Mylliem Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:05Z

Wikindia777: created post

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mylliem
| state = [[Meghalaya]]
| district = [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shillong Lok Sabha constituency|Shillong]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| type= SLA
| map_image = Mylliem Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 20
| mla = [[Ronnie V. Lyngdoh]]
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:37369}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}
}}
'''Mylliem''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It falls under [[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shillong Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name="election">{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/mylliem.html |title= Mylliem (Meghalaya) Assembly Constituency Elections |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=20 March 2018}}</ref> and its current MLA is Ronnie V. Lyngdoh of [[National People's Party (India)|NPP]].<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://www.elections.in/meghalaya/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |title=Meghalaya Assembly Election 2018 Result |work=elections.in |date= |accessdate=20 March 2018}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Source:<ref name="election"/>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Jormanik Syiem
|{{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
|[[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Lambourine Kharlukhi
|{{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}}
|-
|[[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Oris Lyngdoh
|{{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
|[[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]]
| Mohan Roy Kharkongor
|{{Full party name with color|Hill People's Union}}
|-
|[[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan=3|Pynshai Manik Syiem
|{{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}
|-
|[[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
|[[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|rowspan=2| [[Ronnie V. Lyngdoh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| Hamletson Dohling<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3694-meghalaya-general-legislative-election-2018/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2018 - Meghalaya - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)}}
|-
|[[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Ronnie V. Lyngdoh]]
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2023===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylliem<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ronnie V. Lyngdoh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,904 |percentage=28.92% |change={{decrease}}1.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aibandaplin F. Lyngdoh |party=Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) |votes=8,866 |percentage=28.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hamletson Dohling |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=8,712 |percentage=28.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mitchel Wankhar |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=2,619 |percentage=8.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pynshai Manik Syiem |party=Independent politician |votes=614 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gilbert Guidingstar Laloo |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=566 |percentage=1.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samuel Hashah |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=435 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=248 |percentage=0.81% |change={{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=38 |percentage=0.12% |change= {{decrease}}1.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,791 |percentage=82.40% |change= {{decrease}}0.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,369 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}3.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2018===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylliem<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hamletson Dohling |party=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |votes=8,493 |percentage=31.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ronnie V. Lyngdoh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,028 |percentage=30.24% |change={{decrease}}7.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Telinia S. Thangkhiew |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=6,629 |percentage=24.97% |change={{increase}}23.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ricky Shullai |party=Independent politician |votes=1,951 |percentage=7.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Banshailang Majaw |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=272 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Campbell Manick Syiem |party=Independent politician |votes=138 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bomber Singh Hynniewta |party=Independent politician |votes=137 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=265 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=465 |percentage=1.75% |change= {{decrease}}6.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,545 |percentage=83.31% |change= {{decrease}}0.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,862 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2013===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylliem<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ronnie V. Lyngdoh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,072 |percentage=38.02% |change={{decrease}}9.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Telinia S. Thangkhiew |party=Independent politician |votes=6,274 |percentage=29.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hamletson Dohling |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,047 |percentage=28.48% |change={{increase}}21.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Robert F. Kharbuki |party=Independent politician |votes=590 |percentage=2.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bomber Singh Hynniewta |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=250 |percentage=1.18% |change={{decrease}}1.51 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,798 |percentage=8.47% |change= {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,233 |percentage=83.64% |change= {{decrease}}3.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,385 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}9.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2008===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylliem<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ronnie V. Lyngdoh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,130 |percentage=47.45% |change={{increase}}25.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pynshai Manik Syiem |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,714 |percentage=40.09% |change={{increase}}38.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Kharir |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=1,414 |percentage=7.35% |change={{increase}}3.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bomber Singh Hynniewta |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=517 |percentage=2.69% |change={{decrease}}6.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dondor Singh Rumnong |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=466 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,416 |percentage=7.36% |change= {{decrease}}10.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,241 |percentage=86.86% |change= {{increase}}20.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,153 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}7.85 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylliem<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pynshai Manik Syiem |party=Independent politician |votes=5,632 |percentage=39.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oris Syiem Myriaw |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,083 |percentage=21.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sounder S. Cajee |party=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |votes=2,848 |percentage=20.02% |change={{decrease}}26.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Larisha Kurkalang |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,304 |percentage=9.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Newman Puri |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=597 |percentage=4.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pherlin War |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=556 |percentage=3.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Spar Lyngdoh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=203 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,549 |percentage=17.92% |change= {{increase}}13.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,223 |percentage=66.79% |change= {{decrease}}8.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,339 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}11.05 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylliem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pynshai Manik Syiem |party=Independent politician |votes=7,421 |percentage=50.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sounder S. Cajee |party=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |votes=6,815 |percentage=46.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Fillington R. Thangkhiew |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=415 |percentage=2.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=606 |percentage=4.14% |change= {{decrease}}25.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,651 |percentage=77.45% |change= {{decrease}}5.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,528 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylliem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pynshai Manik Syiem |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |votes=8,063 |percentage=55.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oris Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,754 |percentage=25.84% |change={{increase}}4.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Overkin Kharbangar |party=Hill People's Union |votes=2,114 |percentage=14.55% |change={{decrease}}11.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dentist Mohan Roy Kharkongor |party=Independent politician |votes=597 |percentage=4.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,309 |percentage=29.66% |change= {{increase}}25.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,528 |percentage=81.47% |change= {{increase}}6.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,129 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference (Armison Marak Group) |loser=Hill People's Union |swing= {{increase}}29.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylliem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dentist Mohan Roy Kharkongor |party=Hill People's Union |votes=2,754 |percentage=26.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Oris Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,272 |percentage=21.81% |change={{increase}}9.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pynshai Manik Syiem |party=Independent politician |votes=2,058 |percentage=19.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Alontis Roy Kharphuli |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=1,660 |percentage=15.93% |change={{decrease}}14.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lambourne Kharlukhi |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,538 |percentage=14.76% |change={{decrease}}1.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brall Singh Langstieh |party=Independent politician |votes=137 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=482 |percentage=4.63% |change= {{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,419 |percentage=75.23% |change= {{decrease}}2.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,151 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill People's Union |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}7.35 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylliem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Oris Lyngdoh |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,943 |percentage=33.78% |change={{increase}}5.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dentist Mohan Roy Kharkongor |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=2,608 |percentage=29.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lambourne Kharlukhi |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=1,402 |percentage=16.09% |change={{decrease}}13.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Alontis Roy Kharphuli |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,109 |percentage=12.73% |change={{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stonely A. Nongrum |party=Independent politician |votes=383 |percentage=4.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=W. S. Roy Thangkhiew |party=Independent politician |votes=168 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=U. Toju Singh Giri Nongkhlaw |party=Independent politician |votes=99 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=335 |percentage=3.85% |change= {{increase}}1.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,712 |percentage=78.52% |change= {{increase}}3.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,450 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.95 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}3.77 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylliem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lambourne Kharlukhi |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=2,078 |percentage=30.01% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jor Manik Syiem |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,935 |percentage=27.94% |change={{decrease}}16.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. E. Tariang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,082 |percentage=15.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Franciswell Syiem |party=Indian National Congress |votes=789 |percentage=11.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mawsing Kharsati |party=Independent politician |votes=701 |percentage=10.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. A. Nongrum |party=Independent politician |votes=302 |percentage=4.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hermon Kharkongar |party=Independent politician |votes=38 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=143 |percentage=2.06% |change= {{decrease}}9.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,925 |percentage=74.42% |change= {{increase}}16.68 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,546 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}13.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Mylliem<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jor Manik Syiem |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,921 |percentage=43.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Francis Syiem |party=Independent politician |votes=1,421 |percentage=32.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lambourne Kharlukhi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,027 |percentage=23.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=500 |percentage=11.44% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,369 |percentage=57.32% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,821 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Shillong (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
*[[East Khasi Hills district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:East Khasi Hills district]]
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Meghalaya]]

Kakdwip Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:56:10Z

Wikindia777: Started info

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly Constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kakdwip
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Kakdwip.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Kakdwip Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Manturam Pakhira]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur]]
| constituency_no = 131
| established = 1957
| electors = 247,649
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Kakdwip Assembly constituency''' is a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|State]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Kakdwip Assembly constituency is composed of the following:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf| title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 25 October 2010|work = West Bengal | publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
* [[Kakdwip (community development block)|Kakdwip]] community development block
* Budhakhali and Narayanpur gram panchayats of [[Namkhana (community development block)|Namkhana]] community development block

Kakdwip Assembly constituency is a part of No. 20 [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|rowspan="2"|Maya Banerjee
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"|Hansadhwaj Dhara
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Hrishikesh Maity
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Basudeb Sautya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="4"|Hrishikesh Maity
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Ashok Giri
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|[[Manturam Pakhira]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|Ashok Giri
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Manturam Pakhira]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Kakdwip}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
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{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
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{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2021]]: Kakdwip}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Manturam Pakhira]]
|votes = 114,493
|percentage = 52.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dipankar Jana
|votes = 89,191
|percentage = 41.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Indranil Rout
|votes = 12,234
|percentage = 6.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Parbati Bhunia
|votes = 1,630
|percentage = 1.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India
|candidate = Jhantu Maity
|votes = 1,026
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,023
|percentage = 0.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 25,302
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|Legislative Assembly Election, 2011]]: Kakdwip<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=131| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120513170522/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=131| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 13 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Kakdwip| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 30 April 2011}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Manturam Pakhira]]
|votes = 84,483
|percentage = 51.46
|change = +2.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Milan Bhattacharya]]
|votes = 73,980
|percentage = 45.07
|change = -4.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Nirmal Kumar Das]]
|votes = 3,329
|percentage = 2.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = People’s Democratic Conference of India
|candidate = [[Kazi Nasiruddin Baidya]]
|votes = 1,225
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Himanshu Sekhar Patra]]
|votes = 1,142
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 164,159
|percentage = 91.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = 6.77
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1977-2006===
In 2006,<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Ashok Giri of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Kakdwip Assembly constituency defeating Manturam Pakhira of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]]. Manturam Pakhira of [[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]] won in 2001<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> defeating Ashok Giri of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]. In 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Ashok Giri of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Manturam Pakhira of [[Indian National Congress|INC]]. Hrishikesh Maity of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1991, 1987, 1982 and 1977 defeating Gourishankar Bhattacharya of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1991<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and Basudev Sautya of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp126.htm |title =126 - Kakdwip Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===Legislative Assembly Elections 1957-1972===
Basudeb Sautya of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1972.<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Hrishikesh Maity of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won in 1971.<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Hansadhwaj Dhara of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> Maya Banejee of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won in 1962<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> and 1957.<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref> The seat did not exist prior to that.

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas}}
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]

Nabeesa Ummal

2026-04-05T05:27:23Z

Wikindia777: created data

{{Short description|Indian politician (1931–2023)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Nabeesa Ummal
| native_name = നബീസ ഉമ്മാൾ
| image =
| image_size =
| height =
| caption =
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1987
| term_end1 = 1991
| constituency1 = [[Kazhakootam Assembly constituency|Kazhakootam]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| birth_name = A. Nabeesa Ummal
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1931|06|30}}
| birth_place = Kallanvila, [[Attingal]], Travancore, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2023|5|6|1931|6|30|df=y}}
| death_place = Pathamkallu, [[Nedumangad]], Kerala, India
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| spouse = Hussain Kunju
| children = 6
| father = Khader Moideen
| mother = Asanummal
}}

'''A. Nabeesa Ummal''' (30 June 1931 – 6 May 2023) was an Indian academic, orator, social worker, and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] politician from [[Kerala]]. She was the first Muslim woman to pursue a postgraduate degree in [[Malayalam]]. She was elected to [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from Kazhakoottam Assembly constituency in 1987 as an independent candidate with the support of [[Left Democratic Front]].

==Biography==
Nabeesa Ummal was born on 30 June 1931, in Kallanvila, [[Attingal]], in present-day [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] of Kerala, as the youngest of five children of Asanummal, a native of Bhoothapandi, Tamil Nadu, and Khader Moideen, a police constable.<ref name="Madhyamam">{{cite news |last1=ലേഖകൻ |first1=മാധ്യമം |title=നവതിയുടെ നിറവിൽ പ്രഫ. നബീസ ഉമ്മാൾ {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/local-news/trivandrum/nedumangad/nabeesa-ummals-birthday-celebration-806276 |work=www.madhyamam.com |date=4 June 2021 |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="niyamasabha">{{cite web |title=Members – Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m450.htm |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref> After studying at Attingal Government Girls High school, Nabeesa Ummal obtained BA and MA degrees from Thiruvananthapuram Women's College, studying Economics, Politics, and History in [[Malayalam]].<ref name="Malayalam News">{{cite news |title=ഇ.എം.എസിനെ വിസ്മയിപ്പിച്ച പ്രസംഗം നബീസാ ഉമ്മാളിനെ നിയമസഭയിലെത്തിച്ചു |url=https://www.malayalamnewsdaily.com/node/432146/sunday-plus/nabeesa-ummal |work=Malayalam News |date=28 March 2021}}</ref> She was the first Muslim woman to pursue a postgraduate degree in Malayalam.<ref name="Madhyamam"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2023 |title=Former Kerala legislator, academic Nabeesa Ummal dies at 92 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/thiruvananthapuram/kerala-ex-mla-nabeesa-ummal-first-muslim-woman-earn-ma-malayalam-dies-8595287/ |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Ummal married Hussain Kunju, a soldier from [[Nedumangad]], while pursuing her pre-university studies at the Thiruvananthapuram Women's College.<ref name="Malayalam News"/> The couple had six children.<ref name="niyamasabha"/>

==Career==
In 1955, after her studies, Nabeesa joined her alma mater as a third-grade junior lecturer. She then worked as a lecturer in seven colleges in five districts in Kerala and was later promoted to principal at the Government College Malappuram.<ref name="Malayalam News"/> Nabeesa then returned to the Women's College, where she became first a professor, then the head of the department of Malayalam, and then a principal. Nabeesa was the first woman principal from the Malayalam section at the college.<ref name="Malayalam News"/> She retired as principal of [[University College Thiruvananthapuram|University College, Thiruvananthapuram]], in 1986.<ref name="Malayalam News"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2023 |title=A. Nabeesa Ummal, former MLA and Professor, passes away at 91 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-nabeesa-ummal-former-mla-and-professor-passes-away-at-91/article66819972.ece |access-date=7 May 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Nabeesa was an orator since she was in school. [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]] invited her to contest the Kerala Legislative Assembly after listening to her speeches during the [[Sharia]] controversy that time.<ref name="Malayalam News"/> She contested and was elected to [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] from Kazhakoottam Assembly constituency in 1987 as an independent candidate with support of [[Left Democratic Front]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Former MLA Nabeesa Ummal passes away |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1061616&u=former-mla-nabeesa-ummal-passes-away |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref><ref name="keralawomen">{{cite web |title=എ. നബീസ ഉമ്മാൾ |url=https://keralawomen.gov.in/ml/A.Nabeesa_Ummal |website=Kerala Women |language=ml |date=17 February 2021}}</ref> But in the 1991 elections, she contested as Left Democratic Front candidate, and lost to [[M. V. Raghavan]] of the [[Communist Marxist Party]].<ref name="keralawomen"/> In 1995, she was elected to the [[Nedumangad]] Municipal Corporation and became chairperson.<ref name="keralawomen"/>

Nabeesa also served as a member of the State Planning Advisory Committee, IMG Governing Body, Examination Board of [[University of Kerala|Kerala]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|MG]] universities, Public Library Committee, Public Undertaking Committee, and [[Kerala Public Service Commission|Kerala PSC]] Question Making Committee.<ref name="keralawomen"/>

== Death ==
Ummal died at her residence in Nedumangad's Pathamkallu on 6 May 2023, at the age of 92.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards and honours==
In 2000, she was awarded the Central Government Award for Women's Empowerment.<ref name="keralawomen"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nabeesa, Ummal}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]

1948 Gujrat train massacre

2026-04-02T07:24:37Z

Wikindia777: Stub - done

{{short description|1948 massacre in Gujrat, Pakistan}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 1948 Gujrat train massacre
| partof = the [[partition of India]]
| image = Millions fled across the border to the other country.jpg
| caption = A train full of refugees travelling between India and Pakistan in 1947
| location = [[Gujrat, Pakistan]]
| coordinates = {{coord|32.5632297|74.0641426}}
| target = [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] refugees
| date = 12 January 1948
| time =
| timezone =
| type = [[Massacre]]
| fatalities = 1,300–1,600
| injuries = 150
| perps = Muslim [[Pathans]]
}}

The '''1948 Gujrat train massacre''' was an attack on a refugee train and massacre of [[Hindu]] and [[Sikh]] refugees by armed Muslim [[Pathans]] at [[Gujrat, Pakistan|Gujrat]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] on 12 January 1948.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/263810486 |title=1700 Refugees Butchered On Train In India |work=Border Morning Mail |date=15 January 1948 |access-date=21 March 2023 }}</ref>{{sfn|Khosla|1989|p=229}} 1,300–1,600 Hindus and Sikhs were killed in the massacre, 150 were wounded.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22530984 |title=1,300 Killed in fresh Punjab clash |work=The Argus |date=15 January 1948 |access-date=21 March 2023 }}</ref><ref name="NZ">{{cite news |url= https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19480116.2.83 |title=Refugees Killed In Punjab |date=16 January 1948 |access-date=21 March 2023 }}</ref> The train was carrying 2,400 Hindu and Sikh refugees from the [[North West Frontier Province]] and taking them to India following their displacement due to the [[partition of India]] in August of the previous year. Only 750 of these refugees are reported to have survived and made it to India.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/52624390 |title=Moslems Kill Nearly 1300 Hindus, Sikhs |work=Examiner |date=15 January 1948 |access-date=21 March 2023 }}</ref><ref name="NZ"/>

==Background==
During the partition of India, around 14–18 million people are said to have moved across the newly demarcated border between India and Pakistan in one of the largest mass migrations in history. A majority of this migration happened in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]] which was divided into two, with Muslims moving to the [[West Punjab|west]] and Hindus and Sikhs moving to the [[East Punjab|east]]. Around 3 million of these refugees moved in 673 refugee trains over a period of three months between August and November 1947.{{sfn|Kaur|2011|p=948}}

==Massacre==
A train carrying a total 2,400 Hindu and Sikh refugees left [[Bannu]] in the NWFP on 10 January 1948,<ref name=TOI>{{cite web|last=Singh |first=Jaspreet |title=Massacre of Gujrat: The forgotten tragedy of Partition |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/massacre-of-gujrat-the-forgotten-tragedy-of-partition/articleshow/94405465.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 October 2022 |access-date=7 April 2023}}</ref> and was moving towards India via [[Sargodha]] and [[Lyallpur]]. The train was being escorted by 60 soldiers of the Gurkha regiment.<ref name=TOI/> The train was diverted from its the original route, because the route was deemed unsafe.{{sfn|Khosla|1989|p=229}} The passengers were told by the driver that the train would be taken to [[Rawalpindi]]; however, it was further diverted to Gujrat. The train arrived at [[Gujrat railway station]], where the driver fled with the train engine, leaving behind the carriages carrying the refugees.<ref name=TOI/> A clash occurred between the soldiers escorting the refugee train and Pathans present at the station. The Pathans attacked the train, and engaged in a gunfight with the soldiers escorting the train. After the escorting soldiers ran out of ammunition, a mob of a few thousand Muslim Pathans attacked the train and began killing the refugees and looting their belongings.{{sfn|Khosla|1989|p=229}} The attack is said to have been premeditated, and it is believed that the train was deliberately diverted to Gujrat where armed Pathans were present. The [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] of [[Manki Sharif]] is said to have overseen the attack.{{sfn|Khosla|1989|p=229}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite journal|last=Kaur|first=Navdip|date=2011|title=Violence and Migration: A study of killing in the trains during the Partition of Punjab in 1947|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44146786|journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress|volume=72|pages=947–954|jstor=44146786 |issn=2249-1937}}
*{{citation|last=Khosla|first=Gopal Das|title= Stern Reckoning: A Survey of the Events leading up to and following the Partition of India|location = Delhi|publisher=Oxford University Press|year = 1989|isbn = 9780195624175|oclc=22415680}}

[[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Massacres of Hindus in the 1940s]]
[[Category:Massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:1947 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1948]]
[[Category:September 1947 in Asia]]
[[Category:1947 in rail transport]]
[[Category:Transport disasters in 1947]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:1947 disasters in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Persecution of Hindus by Muslims]]

Indian Ocean Geoid Low

2026-03-28T13:51:03Z

Wikindia777: Started stub

{{Short description|Gravity anomaly in the Indian Ocean}}
The '''Indian Ocean Geoid Low''' ('''IOGL''') is a [[gravity anomaly]] in the [[Indian Ocean]]. A circular region in the [[Earth]]'s [[geoid]], situated just south of the [[Indian peninsula]], it is the Earth's largest gravity anomaly.<ref name="HowFormed">{{cite journal |first1=Debanjan |last1=Pal |first2=Attreyee |last2=Ghosh |title=How the Indian Ocean Geoid Low Was Formed |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=50 |issue=9 |publisher=American Geophysical Union/Wiley |date=16 May 2023 |article-number=e2022GL102694 |doi=10.1029/2022GL102694 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2023GeoRL..5002694P }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://iisc.ac.in/scientists-find-out-the-cause-for-geoid-low-in-the-indian-ocean/ |title=Scientists find out the cause for geoid low in the Indian Ocean |last=Raman |first=Spoorthy |date=2023 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref> It forms a depression in the sea level covering an area of about 3 million km2 (1.2 million sq mi), almost the size of [[India]] itself. Discovered in 1948 by [[Dutch people|Dutch]] geophysicist [[Felix Andries Vening Meinesz]] as a result of a ship's [[gravity]] survey, it remains largely a mystery. A May 2023 study presented a potential explanation for the weak local gravity through a hypothesis that used computer simulations and seismic data.<ref name="HowFormed" />

==Location, characteristics, and formation==
The gravity anomaly, or "gravity hole", is centered southwest of [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Kanyakumari]], the southernmost tip of mainland India, and east of the [[Horn of Africa]]. Due to weaker local gravity, the sea level in the IOGL would be up to 106 m (348 ft) lower than the [[global mean sea level]] ([[reference ellipsoid]]), if not for minor effects such as tides and currents in the Indian Ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rao |first1=B. Padma |last2=Silpa |first2=S. |date=February 2023 |title=A review of geophysical research: Perspective into the Indian Ocean Geoid Low |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=237 |article-number=104309 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104309|bibcode=2023ESRv..23704309R }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Raman |first=Spoorthy |title=The missing mass – what is causing a geoid low in the Indian Ocean? |website=GeoSpace |date=16 October 2017 |url=https://blogs.agu.org/geospace/2017/10/16/missing-mass-causing-geoid-low-indian-ocean/ |access-date=2 May 2022}}</ref>

[[File:Earth Gravitational Model 1996.png|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Impact of gravity anomalies on local sea level]]

=== Results from numerical models ===

As the [[Indian plate]] moved northward after splitting from the [[Gondwana]] [[supercontinent]], the [[Tethys Ocean|Tethys]] oceanic [[lithosphere]] that existed between India and Eurasia sank inside [[Earth's mantle]]. As this cold dense Tethys [[Slab (geology)|slab]] reached the bottom of the mantle, it churned the African [[Large low-shear-velocity provinces|LLVP (Large Low-Velocity Province]]), giving rise to [[mantle plumes]] of hot low-density material. These buoyant plumes rose to the upper mantle and the low-density material spread underneath the Indian Ocean region, forming the geoid low, according to research published in May 2023.<ref name="HowFormed" /><ref name="CNN2023">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/24/world/gravity-hole-geoid-low-indian-ocean-scn/ |title=There is a 'gravity hole' in the Indian Ocean, and scientists now think they know why |last=Prisco |first=Jacopo |date=24 July 2023 |publisher=CNN |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref>

Because of this lower density, the gravitational pull in the IOGL region, the largest gravity anomaly on Earth, is currently measured to be weaker than normal by about 50 [[mgal]] (0.005%).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/GRACE/page3.php |title=Gravity Anomaly Maps and the Geoid |first=Alan |last=Ward |work=NASA Earth Observatory |date=30 March 2004 |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref> The geoid low is believed to have formed around 20 million years ago.<ref name="HowFormed" /><ref name="CNN2023" />

[[File:IndiaMoving-revised 09-15.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.2|Approximate collision of Indian Plate into Central Asia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Ghosh, A., Holt, W. E. (17 February 2012). "Plate Motions and Stresses from Global Dynamic Models". ''Science'', '''335''' (6070): 839–843. {{Doi|10.1126/science.1214209}}.
* Ghosh, A., Thyagarajulu, G., Steinberger, B. (16 October 2017). "The Importance of Upper Mantle Heterogeneity in Generating the Indian Ocean Geoid Low". ''Geophysical Research Letters'', '''44''' (19): 9707–9715. {{Doi|10.1002/2017GL075392}}.
* Singh, S., Agrawal, S., Ghosh, A. (10 April 2017). "Understanding Deep Earth Dynamics: A Numerical Modelling Approach". ''Current Science'' (Invited Review), '''112''' (7): 1463–1473. {{JSTOR|24912692}}.

{{Geography topics}}{{Coord|2|N|76|E|region:XI_dim:10000km|display=title}}

[[Category:Geology of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Gravimetry]]
[[Category:Lowest points]]
[[Category:Sea level]]

Kumbakonam M. Rajappa Iyer

2026-03-28T01:46:09Z

Wikindia777: Started a details

{{more citations needed|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Kumbakonam M. Rajappa Iyer
| image = KMR photo.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 8 October 1916
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2007|03|05|1916|10|08}}
| instrument = [[Mridangam]], [[Ghatam]]
| genre = [[Carnatic classical music|Indian classical]]
| occupation = Mridanga Vidwan
}}
'''Kumbakonam M. Rajappa Iyer''' was a [[Mridangam]] Vidwan in the field of [[Carnatic music]] from India. He was born in 1916 at Kumbakonam to Muthuswamy Iyer and Sitalakshmi Ammal.<ref name="Pedagogue">{{cite news|title=Pedagogue par excellence|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/pedagogue-par-excellence/article3216706.ece|accessdate=30 September 2016|publisher=The Hindu|date=6 January 2006}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rajappa Iyer underwent "Gurukulavasam" under Kumbakonam Alaga Nambi Pillai.<ref>{{cite web|title=Azhaganambi|url=https://layaloka.com/azhagnambi/|website=Layaloka|accessdate=30 September 2016}}</ref>
After the demise of Pillai, Rajappa Iyer pursued a Mridangam education with Sakkottai Rangu Iyengar.<ref>{{cite web|title=1958 Mridangam Vidvan Sakkottai Rangu Iyengar|url=http://musicacademymadras.in/fotemplate05.php?temp=ac1c9891-da71-11e2-b2c0-00167688e545&tc=62aace88-0bfb-11e3-aca2-00304891133e&shid=62ab06e6-0bfb-11e3-aca2-00304891133e|website=www.musicacademymadras.in|accessdate=30 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001171145/http://www.musicacademymadras.in/fotemplate05.php?temp=ac1c9891-da71-11e2-b2c0-00167688e545&tc=62aace88-0bfb-11e3-aca2-00304891133e&shid=62ab06e6-0bfb-11e3-aca2-00304891133e|archive-date=1 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Rajappa Iyer accompanied on Mridangam and Ghatam for stalwarts like [[Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar|Ariyakudi]], [[Papanasam Sivan|Sivan]], T. K. Rangachari, [[M. D. Ramanathan]], [[M. Balamurali Krishna|Dr. Balamurali Krishna]], [[Chitti Babu (musician)|Chittibabu]], [[Lalgudi Jayaraman|Lalgudi G Jayaraman]], [[N. Ramani|Ramani]] and many others apart from giving many lec-dems on mridangam and ghatam playing techniques.<ref name="Pedagogue" /> Rajappa Iyer formulated unique style of teaching in which the lessons were systematically arranged with focus on fingering techniques. His style of Carnatic music is known as the "Rajappa Iyer School".<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajappa Iyer remembered|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/rajappa-iyer-remembered/article231590.ece|accessdate=30 September 2016|publisher=The Hindu|date=12 March 2010}}</ref>

==Awards==
Rajappa Iyer received many titles and honours:
* Layavadya Kovidha<ref name="Pedagogue" />
* Nadha Kanal<ref name="Pedagogue" />
* Mridanga Laya Mani<ref name="Pedagogue" />
* Sangeetha Seva Niratha<ref name="Pedagogue" />
* DKJ Memorial award<ref name="Pedagogue" />
* TTK Memorial award<ref name="Pedagogue" />
* Sangeetha Kala Acharya from Music Academy (2001)<ref name="Pedagogue" /><ref>Sangita Kala Acharya, The Music Academy, Madras, accessed 9 November 2016 at http://www.musicacademymadras.in/awards/sangita-kala-acharya</ref>
* Asthana Vidwan - Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam

Layodaya celebrated the Birth Centenary Celebrations of Rajappa Iyer on 6–8 October 2016 at Vani Mahal.<ref>{{cite news | title=Homage to mridangam guru | newspaper=The Hindu | date=21 October 2016 | accessdate=30 July 2020 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Homage-to-mridangam-guru/article15631020.ece}}</ref>

== Disciples ==
Rajappa Iyer has taught many popular Mridangam players. His disciples include well known professional artistes on the mridangam and ghatam: K R Ganesh (Son), [[Srimushnam V. Raja Rao|Srimushnam Raja Rao]], Papanasam R Kumar, S R Jayaraman, V Sundaraghavan, K Ramakrishnan, Balashankar, Vilangudi V.Sivakumar, Venkataraman (Pune), [[Umayalpuram Mali]], Umayalpuram V. Kalyanaraman, Palani Kumar, B. Ganapathiraman, [[Vijay Siva]], Manoj Siva, Shriram Brahmanandham, V Kalyanaraman, Chrompet J Ganesh, Vijayaganesh, V Srinivasan, Madipakkam Murali, Adambakkam Shankar, Kalakkadu Srinivasan and Chromepet Suresh, Suryanarayanan, D Ramanathan, Komal R Srinivas.<ref name="Pedagogue" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajappa Iyer, Kumbakonam}}
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:Indian percussionists]]
[[Category:Mridangam players]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]

Rajat Kanta Ray

2026-03-24T17:26:05Z

Wikindia777: updated article also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Indian historian (1946–2025)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|Academics|date=September 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Rajat Kanta Ray
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1946|05|06}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], Bengal Province, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2025|08|06|1946|05|06}}
| death_place =
| fields = History
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
*[[Ballygunge Government High School]], [[Kolkata]]
*[[Presidency College, Calcutta]]
*[[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
*[[University of Cambridge]]
}}
| notable_students =
}}

'''Rajat Kanta Ray''' ({{langx|bn|রজত কান্ত রায়}}; 6 May 1946 – 6 August 2025) was an Indian historian of South Asian history, specialising in Modern [[Indian history]].

==Background==
Ray was born on 6 May 1946,<ref>[https://thewire.in/education/rajat-kanta-ray-upheld-the-complexities-of-indian-nationalism-and-taught-by-his-own-beliefs Rajat Kanta Ray Upheld the Complexities of Indian Nationalism – And Taught by His Own Beliefs]</ref> the son of Kumud Kanta Ray, [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] who was a Home Secretary of West Bengal in the 1960s. His grandfather, Kamakshya Ray, a contemporary of [[Rathindranath Tagore]], was one of the first four students of Patha Bhavana of Santiniketan.

He completed his schooling at [[Ballygunge Government High School]], Calcutta, and his B.A. (Honours) in History at [[Presidency College, Calcutta]], where he was a student of [[Ashin Dasgupta]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Scholar extraordinaire: The enduring legacy of Rajat Kanta Ray |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/scholar-extraordinaire-the-enduring-legacy-of-rajat-kanta-ray-prnt/cid/2118112 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250914015158/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/kolkata/scholar-extraordinaire-the-enduring-legacy-of-rajat-kanta-ray-prnt/cid/2118112 |archive-date=2025-09-14 |access-date=2026-01-03 |language=en}}</ref> He then completed his Ph.D. under the supervision of Anil Seal at the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref name="PIB">{{cite news|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=18578|title=DR. RAJAT KANTA RAY APPOINTED VICE CHANCELLOR OF VISVA BHARATI|date=28 June 2006|publisher=Press Information Bureau|access-date=2 February 2010|archive-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605132530/http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=18578|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="death">{{Cite web |title=Rajat Kanta Ray, Presidency's iconic historian and guru |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/rajat-kanta-ray-presidencys-iconic-historian-and-guru-across-ideologies-passes-away/cid/2116714 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-13 |title=My teacher Rajat Kanta Ray |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/my-teacher-rajat-kanta-ray-10178626/ |access-date=2025-08-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> After returning from Cambridge, Ray briefly taught at [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|IIM, Calcutta]], before moving to Presidency College, where he taught for more than three decades, and alongside his substantial academic output, is largely remembered as a teacher par excellence.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zachariah |first=Benjamin |date=2025-08-14 |title=Person of emotion, of emotional commitment |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/person-of-emotion-of-emotional-commitment-1503471156.html |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Prof Rajat Kanta Ray mesmerised, inspired history students for decades: Eminent personalities |url=https://education.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/prof-rajat-kanta-ray-mesmerised-inspired-history-students-for-decades-eminent-personalities/123259287 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=ETEducation.com |language=en}}</ref>

Ray died on 6 August 2025, at the age of 79.<ref name="death"/>

==Career==
Ray was an assistant professor of history at the [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]. From 1975 to 1982, he was [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]], and then from 1982 to 2006, he was the Professor and Head of the Department of History at Presidency College, Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhar |first=Sanket |date=6 August 2025 |title=ঔপনিবেশিক ইতিহাস পেয়েছিল নতুন দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি, প্রয়াত ঐতিহাসিক রজতকান্ত রায় |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/historian-rajat-kanta-roy-demise-at-age-of-80-years-know-about-his-works-31754487216296.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906035501/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/historian-rajat-kanta-roy-demise-at-age-of-80-years-know-about-his-works-31754487216296.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 September 2025 |access-date=6 August 2025 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref> He was one of the longest serving professors of the college. From 2006 to 2011, he was the [[Vice-Chancellor|Upacharya]] of [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva-Bharati]].<ref name=kalampickspresidencyprofessorasnewvishwabharativc>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=190389/ Nandini Guha, "Kalam Picks Presidency Professor as Vishwa Bharati VC" in ''Kolkata Newsline'', Thursday, 29 June 2006]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> From 2012, he was Professor [[Emeritus]] of history at [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=লাহিড়ী |first=অমর্ত্য |date=6 August 2025 |title=তাঁর হাত ধরে বয়েছিল ইতিহাস অধ্যয়নের এক নতুন খাত, চলে গেলেন রজতকান্ত রায় |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/kolkata-news/rajat-kanta-ray-eminent-historian-and-distinguished-faculty-members-of-presidency-university-passes-away/200402073.cms |access-date=6 August 2025 |website=Eisamay Online |language=bn}}</ref> His autobiographical novel ''Eka Eka Nimalu'' was highly acclaimed in the literary community and was honoured with Narsingha Das Memorial Award in 1995.

==Bibliography==

===Books===
* ''Timir Abagunthane'' (2025) (in Bengali)
* ''The Felt Community: Commonality and Mentality Before the Emergence of Indian Nationalism'', (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007)
* ''Exploring Emotional History: Gender, Mentality, and Literature in the Indian Awakening'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2001)
* (ed.) ''Mind, Body and Society: Life and Mentality in Colonial Bengal'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996)
* ''Palasir Sharayantra O Sekaler Samaj'' (1994) (in Bengali)
* ''Eka Eka Nimalu'' (1993) (in Bengali)
* (ed.) ''Entrepreneurship and Industry in India 1800-1947'' (1994)
* (with Basudeb Chattopadhyay and Hari S. Vasudevan) (eds.), ''Dissent and Consensus: Protest in Pre-Industrial Societies'' (Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi,1989)
* ''Social Conflict and Political Unrest in Bengal 1875-1927'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985)
* ''The Evolution of the Professional Structure in Modern India: Older and New Professions in a Changing Society'' (1983)
* ''Urban Roots of Indian Nationalism: Pressure Groups and Conflict of Interests in Calcutta City Politics, 1875-1939'' (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1979)
* ''Industrialization in India: Growth and Conflict in the Private Corporate Sector, 1914-47'' (1979)

===Articles===
* "Prasanga Rabindranath: Jivandevatar Jivani" (In Bengali) [Professor Susovan Chandra Sarkar Memorial Lecture] (2012)
* "Foreword" to D.A. Low (ed.) ''Congress and the Raj: Facets of the Indian Struggle 1917 - 47'', (2006)
* "Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy" in P.J. Marshall and Alaine Low, (eds.) ''The Oxford History of the British Empire, Vol. II, The Eighteenth Century'', (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998)
* {{cite journal |last=Ray |first=Rajat Kanta |date=July 1995 |title=Asian Capital in the Age of European Domination: The Rise of the Bazaar, 1800-1914 |journal=Modern Asian Studies |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=449–554 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00013986 |jstor=312868|s2cid=145744242 }}
* "Merchants and Politics: From the Great Mughals to the East India Company", with Lakshmi Subramanian, in Dwijendra Tripathi (ed.), ''Business and Politics in India: A historical perspective'', (New Delhi, 1991)
* "The Raj, the Congress and the Bengal Gentry 1880-1905" in Rajat Kanta Ray, Basudeb Chattopadhyay and Hari S. Vasudevan (eds.), ''Dissent and Consensus: Protest in Pre-Industrial Societies'', (Calcutta: K.P.Bagchi, 1989)
* "The Retreat of the Jotedars?" ''Indian Economic and Social History Review'', 25. 2, 1988
* {{cite book|last1=Sisson|first1=Richard|authorlink1=John Richard Sisson|last2=Wolpert|first2=Stanley|authorlink2=Stanley Wolpert|title=Congress and Indian Nationalism: The Pre-Independence Phase|chapter=Moderates, Extremists and Revolutionaries: Bengal, 1900-1908|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QfOSxFVQa8IC&pg=PR9|date=1 January 1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06041-8|pages=62–90}}
* “The Kahar Chronicle.” ''Modern Asian Studies'' 21, no. 4 (1987): 711–49. <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/312760</nowiki>.
* "The Bazar: Indigenous Sector of the Indian Economy" in Dwijendra Tripathi (ed.), ''Business Communities of India'', (New Delhi, 1984)
* "Pedhis and Mills: The Historical Integration of Formal and Informal Sectors in the Economy of Ahmedabad", ''Indian Economic and Social History Review'', 19:3 & 4, 1982
* (with Ratnalekha Ray), "Zamindars and Jotedars: A Study in Rural Politics in Bengal", ''Modern Asian Studies'', Vol. 9, 1, 1975, pp. 81–102
* “CALCUTTA MUNICIPAL POLITICS IN 1890.” ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', Vol. 35, 1974, pp. 273–80. JSTOR, <nowiki>https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138792</nowiki>.
* "The Crisis in Bengal Agriculture 1870-1927: The Dynamics of Immobility", ''Indian Economic and Social History Review'', 10, 3, 1973, pp. 244–279
* (with Ratnalekha Ray), "The Dynamics of Continuum in Rural Bengal under the British Imperium", ''Indian Economic and Social History Review'', 10, 2, 1973, pp. 103–128

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ray, Rajat Kanta}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali historians]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Presidency University, Kolkata]]
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Visva-Bharati University]]
[[Category:People associated with Santiniketan]]

M. G. Soman

2026-03-16T21:59:12Z

Wikindia777: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian Malayalam actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = M. G. Soman
| image = M G Soman.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = M. G. Somashekharan Nair<ref name="cinidiary1">{{cite web |url=http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=3&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=S |title=CiniDiary |publisher=CiniDiary |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-date=8 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708155033/http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=3&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=S |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_date = 28 October 1941
| birth_place = Thirumoolapuram, [[Thiruvalla]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = 12 December 1997 (aged 56)
| death_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1973−1997
| parents = K. N. Govinda Panicker P. K. Bhavani Amma<ref name="cinidiary1"/>
| spouse = Sujatha (m. 1968-1997)
| children = 2<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13010616&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |title=Manorama Online | Movies | Nostalgia | |access-date=26 November 2013 |archive-date=2 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202234319/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13010616&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| website =
| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| allegiance = {{Flag|India}}
| branch = {{air force|India|}}
| serviceyears =
| rank =
}}
}}
'''M. G. Soman''' (28 October 1941 – 12 December 1997) was an Indian actor and former [[Indian Air Force]] officer who appeared in Malayalam films. He was among the actors who played leading roles in Malayalam cinema during the late 1970s and early 1980s. He also had some Tamil films to his credit, including ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]''. However, in the late 1980s and 1990s, he switched to character and villainous roles.

== Early life ==
He was born as Somashekharan Nair to Konni Kudukkillethu Veettil Govinda Panicker and P. K. Bhavani Amma, in [[Thiruvalla]], [[Travancore]], on 28 September 1941.<ref name="malayalam.webdunia.com">{{cite news |url=http://malayalam.webdunia.com/entertainment/film/profile/0710/28/1071028026_1.htm |title=സോമന്‍:അസ്തമിക്കാത്ത നാട്യനിറവ് |first=എ. |last=ചന്ദ്രശേഖരന്‍ |access-date=5 May 2019 |language=ml |work=Malayalam News |publisher=Webdunia |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205062730/http://malayalam.webdunia.com/entertainment/film/profile/0710/28/1071028026_1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He had his primary education from Balikamadom H. S. S., [[Thiruvalla]], St Thomas HSS Thirumoolapuram. While studying at seventh grade he started a drama troupe with his friend and performed the drama ''Manaltharikal Garjikkunnu''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=51&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter= |title=ശങ്കു. എം.പി. |access-date=5 May 2019 |language=ml |work=CiniDiary |page=51 |archive-date=19 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619072103/http://cinidiary.com/people.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=1&no_of_displayed_rows=51&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter= |url-status=live }}</ref> He did his pre-university degree at [[St. Berchmans College]], [[Changanassery]]. He was also part of the [[Indian Air Force]].

==Film career==
Soman joined [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]]'s drama troupe ''Jayasree'' and then moved to the film industry. He worked at Kerala Arts Theaters and ''[[Kerala People's Arts Club|KPAC]]''. ''Ramarajyam'' of Kerala Arts Theaters opened him a way to the movie industry. His first film was ''[[Gayathri (1973 film)|Gayatri]]'' directed by [[P. N. Menon (director)|P. N. Menon]] in 1973. He acted in the role of a hero from 1976 to 1983 and later played the roles of villains, comedians and supporting roles. In 1977, his best known film was released under the direction of [[I. V. Sasi]] – ''[[Itha Ivide Vare]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=13 March 2014 |title=ÎøÃÎòˆÞJ çÕ×BZ |language=ml |newspaper=[[Manoramaonline.com]] |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13010615&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |access-date=5 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319021240/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=13010615&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |archive-date=19 March 2014}}</ref> He soon rose to become the busiest actor in the industry. In 1978, Soman had acted in 44 films, which was till today kept as a record. After 1984, he had shifted from heroic roles to character roles, notably in films like ''[[Poochakkoru Mookkuthi]]''. In 1997, ''[[Lelam]]'', directed by [[Joshiy]], was his last film and his performance as ''Aanakkattil Eappachan'' was greatly appreciated and received critical acclaim. He died on 12 December 1997 due to jaundice. He was 56.<ref>{{cite news |last=M G |first=Soman |date=12 December 1997 |title=Noted actor Soman dead |work=[[Rediff on the Net]] |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/dec/13soman.htm |url-status=live |access-date=19 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100530032923/http://www.rediff.com//news/dec/13soman.htm |archive-date=30 May 2010}}</ref> He produced a Malayalam movie titled as ''[[Bhoomika (film)|Bhoomika]]'' in 1991 which was directed by I.V.Sasi, starring [[Jayaram]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] and [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] in lead roles.

==Personal life==
Soman was married to Sujatha.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/127505 |title=സോമേട്ടന്‍ മരണം പ്രവചിച്ചിരുന്നു |date=11 December 2013 |access-date=5 May 2019 |work=[[Mangalam.com]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215155221/http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/127505 |archive-date=15 December 2013 |language=ml}}</ref> They have a son Saji and a daughter Sindhu. Saji is married to Bindu and has a son Shekhar and a daughter Shivanghe. Sindhu Soman is married to Girish and has two daughters, Lekshmi Girish and Gayatri Girish.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mangalam.com/print-edition/sunday-mangalam/14742 |title=സോമനില്ലാതെ പതിനഞ്ചു വര്‍ഷം |date=9 December 2012 |access-date=5 May 2019 |work=[[Mangalam.com]] |publisher=Alan Technologies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212230054/http://www.mangalam.com/print-edition/sunday-mangalam/14742 |archive-date=12 December 2012 |language=ml}}</ref>

==Awards==
'''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]:'''

*[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (1976) – ''[[Thanal (1978 film)|Thanal]], [[Pallavi (1976 film)|Pallavi]]''
*[[Kerala State Film Award for Second Best Actor|Second Best Actor]] (1975) – ''[[Swapnadanam]]'', ''[[Chuvanna Sandhyakal]]''

==Filmography==
=== Malayalam ===
==== 1970s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1973 || ''[[Gayathri (1973 film)|Gayathri]]'' || Rajamany ||
|-
| ''[[Mazhakaaru]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Madhavikutty (film)|Madhavikutty]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chukku]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1974 || ''[[Jeevikkan Marannupoya Sthree]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Pancha Thanthram]]'' || Prince in the dance drama ||
|-
| ''[[Chattakkari (1974 film)|Chattakari]]'' || Richard ||
|-
| ''[[Rajahamsam]]'' || Nanukuttan ||
|-
| ''[[Manyasree Viswamithran]]'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| ''[[Thacholi Marumakan Chandu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1975 || ''[[Utsavam (film)|Utsavam]]'' || Bhargavan ||
|-
| ''[[Picnic (1975 film)|Picnic]]'' || Chudala Muthu ||
|-
| ''[[Chattambikkalyaani]]'' || Kochu Thampuran ||
|-
| ''[[Pulivalu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Makkal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ullasa Yaathra]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mattoru Seetha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Odakkuzhal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bhaaryaye Aavashyamundu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raasaleela]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dharmakshetre Kurukshetre]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thiruvonam (film)|Thiruvonam]]'' || Padmakumar ||
|-
| ''[[Mucheettukalikkarante Makal (film)|Mucheettukalikkarante Makal]]'' || Priest ||
|-
| ''[[Sooryavamsham (film)|Sooryavamsham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tourist Bungalow]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chuvanna Sandhyakal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Abhimaanam]]'' || Venugopal ||
|-
| ''[[Malsaram]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=26 | 1976 || ''[[Anubhavam]]'' || Bosco ||
|-
| ''[[Ayalkkaari]]'' || Suku ||
|-
| ''[[Sindhooram (1976 film)|Sindhooram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rajaankanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaayamkulam Kochunniyude Makan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Amrithavaahini]]'' || Sudhakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Madhuram Thirumadhuram]]'' || Bhaskaran ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Pushpam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Swapnadanam]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Paalkkadal]]'' || Narendran ||
|-
| ''[[Kuttavum Shikshayum (1976 film)|Kuttavum Shikshayum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Seemantha Puthran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Abhinandanam]]'' || Sreedharan ||
|-
| ''[[Missi (film)|Missi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Romeo (1976 film)|Romeo]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Swimming Pool (1976 film)|Swimming Pool]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vazhivilakku]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ponni (1976 film)|Ponni]]'' || Chellan ||
|-
| ''[[Pick Pocket (1976 film)|Pick Pocket]]'' || Damu ||
|-
| ''[[Samasya]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Surveykkallu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aruthu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mohiniyaattam (film)|Mohiniyaattam]]'' || Venu ||
|-
| ''[[Chennaaya Valarthiya Kutty]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pushpasharam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pallavi (1976 film)|Pallavi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=34 | 1977 || ''[[Guruvayur Kesavan (film)|Guruvayoor Kesavan]]'' || Unni ||
|-
| ''[[Innale Innu]]'' || Thulasi's husband ||
|-
| ''[[Oonjaal]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
| ''[[Sankhupushpam]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Abhinivesham]]'' || Venu ||
|-
| ''[[Muttathe Mulla]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Randu Lokam]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Ormakal Marikkumo]]'' || Dr. Aravindan ||
|-
| ''[[Itha Ivide Vare]]'' || Vishwanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Ammaayi Amma]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Siva Thandavum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Ivan Ente Priya Putran'' || ||
|-
| ''Chakravarthini'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sreedevi (film)|Sreedevi]]'' || Chandrasekharan ||
|-
| ''[[Vishukkani]]'' || Radhakrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Akale Aakaasham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Saritha (film)|Saritha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anjali (1977 film)|Anjali]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi (1977 film)|Lakshmi]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
| ''[[Sneha Yamuna]]'' || |
|-
| ''[[Agninakshathram (1977 film)|Agninakshathram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aparaajitha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Veedu Oru Swargam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anthardaaham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Sujatha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Harshabashpam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Makam Piranna Manka]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Muhoorthangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sooryakanthi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tholkan Enikku Manassilla]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aasheervaadam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Panchamrutham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Swarnamedal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vezhambal]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=44 | 1978 || ''[[Mannu]]'' || Damu ||
|-
| ''[[Aval Viswasthayayirunnu]]'' || James ||
|-
| ''[[Aniyara]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rathinirvedam (1978 film)|Rathinirvedam]]'' || Krishnan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Mattoru Karnan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Avalude Ravukal]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| ''[[Padmatheertham]]'' || Karunan ||
|-
| ''[[Lisa (1978 film)|Lisa]]'' || Lakshmi's boss ||
|-
| ''[[Kalpavriksham]]'' || Surendran ||
|-
| ''[[Nivedyam (1978 film)|Nivedyam]]'' || Dr.Gopakumar ||
|-
| ''[[Nakshatrangale Kaval]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Iniyum Puzhayozhukum]]'' || Prabhakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Eeta]]'' || Gopalan ||
|-
| ''[[Kaathirunna Nimisham]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Avalku Maranamilla]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mukkuvane Snehicha Bhootham]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
| ''[[Maattoly]]'' || Raghu ||
|-
| ''[[Velluvili]]'' || Soman ||
|-
| ''[[Thanal (1978 film)|Thanal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aarum Anyaralla]]'' || Prabhakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Priyadarshini (film)|Priyadarshini]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vadakakku Oru Hridayam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Snehikkan Oru Pennu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rajan Paranja Kadha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Premashilpi]]'' || Soman ||
|-
| ''[[Hemantharaathri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Avakaasham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rappadikalude Gatha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Njaan Njaan Maathram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sathrathil Oru Raathri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mattoru Karnan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naalumanippookkal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Astamudikayal'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nakshathrangale Kaaval (film)|Nakshathrangale Kaaval]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anumodhanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Padmatheertham]]'' || Karunan ||
|-
| ''[[Anubhoothikalude Nimisham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Orkkuka Vallappozhum (1978 film)|Orkkuka Vallappozhum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Adimakkachavadam]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Ashokavanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Theerangal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Randu Janmam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jayikkaanaay Janichavan]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Vishwaroopam (1978 film)|Vishwaroopam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=21 | 1979 || ''[[Sayoojyam]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Edavazhiyile Poocha Minda Poocha]]'' || Bhagyanath ||
|-
| ''[[Itha Oru Theeram]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Vellayani Paramu]]'' || [[Ithikkara Pakki]] ||
|-
| ''[[Chuvanna Chirakukal]]'' || Johnny Issac ||
|-
| ''[[Rakthamillatha Manushyan]]'' || Sivan ||
|-
| ''[[Manasa Vacha Karmana]]'' || Dr. Venugopal ||
|-
| ''[[Prabhaathasandhya]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhamkadalinakkare]]'' || Soman ||
|-
| ''[[Jeevitham Oru Gaanam]]'' || Johny ||
|-
| ''[[Ivide Kattinu Sugandam]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Neeyo Njaano]]'' || Damu ||
|-
| ''[[Choola]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Nitya Vasantham'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Yakshi Paaru]]'' || Rajan||
|-
| ''[[Pratheeksha]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Anubhavangale Nanni]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pathivritha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Lovely (1979 film)|Lovely]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Amrithachumbanam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thuramukham]]'' || Hamza ||
|-
|}

==== 1980s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=22 | 1980 || ''[[Chandra Bimbam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadalkkaattu]]'' || Sreedharan ||
|-
| ''[[Muthuchippikal]]'' || Sasi ||
|-
| ''[[Aniyaatha Valakal]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Prakadanam]]'' || Jose ||
|-
| ''[[Pralayam]]'' || Shivan Kutti ||
|-
| ''[[Aagamanam]]'' || Venu ||
|-
| ''[[Raagam Thaanam Pallavi]]'' || Jayachandran ||
|-
| ''[[Pavizha Mutthu]]'' || Raveendran ||
|-
| ''[[Dooram Arike]]'' ||Venu/Fr. Michael ||
|-
| ''[[Puzha (film)|Puzha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Varsham Oru Maasam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thirayum Theeravum]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Pappu (film)|Pappu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Akalangalil Abhayam]]'' || Balachandran ||
|-
| ''[[Ithile Vannavar]]'' || Gopinath ||
|-
| ''[[Ivar (1980 film)|Ivar]]'' || Leslie ||
|-
| ''[[Hridhayam Paadunnu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Daaliya Pookkal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Saraswathi Yaamam]]'' || Ramankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Eden Thottam]]'' || Thomaskutty ||
|-
| ''[[Avan Oru Ahankaari]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=22 | 1981 || ''[[Vayal]]'' || Govindankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Agni Yudham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sphodanam]]'' || Surendran ||
|-
| ''[[Paathira Sooryan]]'' || Stephen ||
|-
| ''[[Kodumudikal]]'' || Bava ||
|-
| ''[[Kadathu]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Thaaraavu]]'' || Narayanankutty ||
|-
| ''[[Swarangal Swapnagal]]'' || Prabhakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Kolilakkam]]'' || Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Kathayariyathe]]'' || Vishwanatha Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Raktham]]'' || Dr. Venu ||
|-
| ''[[Itha Oru Dhikkari]]'' || Raju ||
|-
| ''Sahasam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manassinte Theerthayathra]]'' || Aravindan ||
|-
| ''[[Enne Snehikkoo Enne Maathram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Vadaka Veetile Athithi'' || ||
|-
| ''Ithihasam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sambhavam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Visham]]'' || SI Madhu ||
|-
| ''[[Veliyattam]]'' || Vishwam ||
|-
| ''Vazhikal Yatrakkar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sreeman Sreemathi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=17 | 1982 || ''[[Ethiraalikal]]'' || Antony ||
|-
| ''[[Beedi Kunjamma]]'' || Madhavan ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Vilippadakale]]'' || Major Unnikrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Raktha Sakshi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Thuranna Jail]]'' || Rajan ||
|-
| ''[[Karthavyam (1982 film)|Karthavyam]]'' || Sreekumar ||
|-
| ''[[Sooryan (1982 film)|Sooryan]]'' || Venu ||
|-
| ''[[Sree Ayyappanum Vavarum]]'' || Raja Rajasekhara ||
|-
| ''[[Koritharicha Naal]]'' || Vijayan ||
|-
| ''[[Aarambham]]'' || Basheer ||
|-
| ''[[Preeyasakhi Radha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Dhrohi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aayudham (1982 film)|Aayudham]]'' || Inspector Williams ||
|-
| ''[[Ivan Oru Simham]]'' || Peter ||
|-
| ''[[Aadharsam]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Dheera]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''Shaari Alla Shaarada'' || Venu ||
|-
| rowspan=18 | 1983 || ''[[Pinnilavu]]'' || Dr. Gopi||
|-
| ''[[Rathilayam]]'' || Somen Thiruvalla ||
|-
| ''[[Mahabali (film)|Mahabali]]'' || Naradan ||
|-
| ''[[Aa Raathri]]'' || All Kerala Abdu ||
|-
| ''[[Aattakalasam]]'' || C.I Vijayan || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Ee Yugam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aadyathe Anuraagam]]'' || Jayan ||
|-
| ''[[Kaathirunna Divasam]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Sandhya Vandanam (film)|Sandhya Vandanam]]'' || Sasi ||
|-
| ''Aana'' || Manthi Raju ||
|-
| ''[[Thaavalam]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''[[Deepaaradhana]]'' || Damu ||
|-
| ''[[Nathi Muthal Nathi Vare]]'' || Hamsa ||
|-
| ''[[Ahangaaram]]'' || Vinod ||
|-
| ''[[Kolakomban]]'' || Khalid ||
|-
| ''[[Pourasham]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| ''[[Kathi (film)|Kathi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Aadyathe Anuraagam]]'' || Jayan ||
|-
| rowspan=17 | 1984 || ''[[Poochakkoru Mookkuthi]]'' || Hari ||
|-
| ''[[Koottinilamkili]]'' || Balachandran ||
|-
| ''[[Chakkarayumma]]'' || Sayed Muhammed ||
|-
| ''[[Kodathy]]'' || Venu ||
|-
| ''Thacholi Thankappan'' || Khader ||
|-
| ''[[Nishedhi]]'' || Rajasekharan ||
|-
| ''[[Minimol Vathicanil]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''Kadamattachan'' || Pulimoottil Kariya ||
|-
| ''[[Krishna Guruvayoorappa]]'' || Villumangalam Swami ||
|-
| ''[[Arante Mulla Kochu Mulla]]'' || Panchayath President ||
|-
| ''[[Poomadhathe Pennu]]'' || Somashekharan ||
|-
| ''Oru Thettinte Katha'' || ||
|-
| ''Aayiram Abilashangal'' || ||
|-
| ''Ente Gramam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Idavelakku Sesham]]'' || Vinodh ||
|-
| ''[[Aagraham (1984 film)|Aagraham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sreekrishna Parunthu]]'' || Shekharan Thampi ||
|-
| rowspan=19 | 1985 || ''[[Boeing Boeing (1985 film)|Boeing Boeing]]'' || Lambodharan Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Vasantha Sena (1985 film)|Vasantha Sena]]'' || Sidhartha Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Aanakkorumma]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| ''[[Uyarum Njan Nadake]]'' || Master ||
|-
| '' [[Premalekhanam (film)|Premalekhanam]]'' || Kesavan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Pathamudayam]]'' || B. G. Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Mulamoottil Adima]]'' || Moideen || Special Appearance
|-
| ''[[Koodum Thedi]]'' || Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Njan Piranna Nattil]]'' || Gopinath ||
|-
| ''[[Adhyayam Onnu Muthal]]'' || Narayanan ||
|-
| ''[[Aa Neram Alppa Dooram]]'' || Sudhakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Vannu Kandu Keezhadakki]]'' || Mangalath Viswanatha Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Orikkal Oridathu]]'' || Raghavan ||
|-
| ''[[Snehicha Kuttathinu]]'' || Sudhakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Aazhi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gaayathridevi Ente Amma]]'' || Mr. Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Avidathe Pole Ivideyum]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Iniyum Kadha Thudarum]]'' || Krishnan ||
|-
| ''Onathumbikkoru Oonjal'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=17 | 1986 || ''[[Thalavattam]]'' || Dr. Raviandran ||
|-
| ''[[Sayam Sandhya]]'' || Sivaprasad's Brother ||
|-
| ''[[Panchagni]]'' || Mohandas ||
|-
| ''[[Kunjattakilikal]]'' || Vishwanatha Menon ||
|-
| ''Sunil Vayassu 20'' || Somashekharan ||
|-
| ''[[Sukhamo Devi]]'' || Dr. Ambikadmajan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam]]'' || Rajendran's Uncle ||
|-
| ''[[Iniyum Kurukshetrum]]'' || Jayamohan ||
|-
| ''[[Adukkan Entheluppam]]'' || Williams ||
|-
| ''[[Nandi Veendum Varika]]'' || Ananthan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Veendum]]'' || Alex ||
|-
| ''[[Ambadi Thannilorunni]]'' || M G Menon ||
|-
| ''Ithramathram'' || Colonel Rajasekharan ||
|-
| ''[[Amme Bhagavathi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Malarum Kiliyum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Cabaret Dancer]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Nilaavinte Naattil]]'' || Venu ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 1987 || ''Ivide Ellavarkkum Sukham'' || Major Shekhara Varma ||
|-
| ''[[Vazhiyorakazchakal]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''[[Vrutham]]'' || Charlie ||
|-
| ''[[Vilambaram (1987 film)|Vilambaram]]'' || Balagopalan ||
|-
| ''[[Thoovanathumbikal]]'' || Mathew Joseph || Cameo
|-
| ''[[January Oru Orma]]'' || Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Jaalakam]]'' || Appu's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Cheppu]]'' || Principal Sathyadas ||
|-
| ''[[Kathakku Pinnil]]'' || Palodan ||
|-
| ''[[Rithubhedam]]'' || Receiver ||
|-
| ''[[Nadodikkattu]]'' || Himself || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Idanazhiyil Oru Kaalocha]]'' || Prem Sankar ||
|-
| ''Yagagni'' || Nambeesan ||
|-
| ''[[Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal]]'' || John Samuel ||
|-
| ''Mangalya Charthu'' || Thomas ||
|-
| rowspan=16 | 1988 || ''[[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]'' || Shekharan Varma ||
|-
| ''[[Chithram]]'' || Jail Superintendent Sathyanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Aryan (1988 film)|Aryan]]'' || Arumukhan ||
|-
| ''[[Manu Uncle]]'' || DySP ||
|-
| ''[[Janmandharam]]'' || Panikkar ||
|-
| ''[[Daisy (1988 film)|Daisy]]'' || Balakrishna Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Aparan (film)|Aparan]]'' || Mohandas, M.D ||
|-
| ''[[Onninu Purake Mattonnu]]'' || Reghu ||
|-
| ''[[Abkari]]'' || Kunjappan ||
|-
| ''[[Mukthi]]'' || Hameed ||
|-
| ''[[Moonnam Pakkam]]'' || Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Muthassi Katha]]'' || Mayinkutty ||
|-
| ''[[Vellanakalude Nadu]]'' || Prabhakaran ||
|-
| ''[[Mukunthetta Sumitra Vilikkunnu]]'' || C.P. Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Varnam (1989 film)|Varnam]] '' || Manu's Brother ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Karukkal]]'' || Udaya Varma ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1989 || ''[[Douthyam]]'' || Col. Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Vandanam]]'' || Commissioner Chandrasekharan ||
|-
| ''[[Aavanikunnile Kinnaripookkal]]'' || Jayamohan || Photo Appearance
|-
| ''[[Crime Branch (film)|Crime Branch]]'' || Pushkaran ||
|-
| ''Jaithra Yathra'' || V P Menon ||
|-
|}

==== 1990s ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=12 | 1990 || ''[[No.20 Madras Mail]]'' || R.K. Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Varthamana Kalam]]'' || Ravunni Mashu ||
|-
| ''[[Aye Auto]]'' || Police Commissioner ||
|-
| ''[[Akkare Akkare Akkare]]'' || Police Commissioner ||
|-
| ''[[Randam Varavu]]'' || R. Sreedharan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Rajavazhcha]]'' || Kuttan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Mukham]]'' || Home Minister ||
|-
| ''[[His Highness Abdullah]]'' || Kesava Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Arhatha]]'' || Chandrashekharan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Appu (1990 film)|Appu]]'' || Police Officer ||
|-
| ''[[Midhya]]'' || Appunni ||
|-
| '' [[Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu]]'' || Kuwait Mani ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1991 || ''[[Adhwaytham]]'' || Shekharan ||
|-
| ''[[Inspector Balram]]'' || Sahadevan ||
|-
| ''[[Neelagiri (film)|Neelagiri]]'' || Shekhara Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Ulladakkam]]'' || Mathachan ||
|-
| ''[[Njan Gandharvan]]'' || Gopalakrishnan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Sooryaputhrikku]]'' || Vinod Shankar ||
|-
| ''[[Bhoomika (film)|Bhoomika]]'' || Raghavan Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Mahazar]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Venugopal ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1992 || ''[[Thalastaanam]]'' || Raghavan ||
|-
| ''[[Aardram]]'' || Jail Warden ||
|-
| ''[[Apaaratha]]'' || Singapore Pillai ||
|-
| ''[[Mahanagaram]]'' || Kumaran Master ||
|-
| ''Congratulations Miss Anitha Menon'' || Shankara Menon ||
|-
| ''Kallanum Polisum'' || SP ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1993 || ''[[Mafia (1993 film)|Mafia]]'' || Deputy City Police Commissioner M.T. Govindan ||
|-
| ''[[Arthana]]'' || Madhavan Nair ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1994 || ''[[Kabooliwala]]'' || Munna's Father ||
|-
| ''[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]'' || IG Balachandran Nair IPS ||
|-
| ''[[Pakshe]]'' || Shivadasa Menon IAS ||
|-
| ''Gentleman Security'' || Unnithan ||
|-
| ''[[Chukkan]]'' || Parol Padmanabhan ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1995 || ''Rajakeeyam'' || Bharatha Varman ||
|-
| ''[[Nirnayam (1995 film)|Nirnayam]]'' || Dr. David Kurishinkal ||
|-
| ''[[Kaattile Thadi Thevarude Ana]]'' || Chief Minister ||
|-
| ''[[The King (1995 film)|The King]]'' || Alexander Thevalliparambil || Cameo
|-
| ''Sundarimare Sookshikkuka'' || C.P. Raveendran ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1996 || ''[[Indraprastham (film)|Indraprastham]]'' || K. N. Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Rajaputhran]]'' || Vishwanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Hitler (1996 film)|Hitler]]'' || College Professor ||
|-
| ''Sugavaasam'' || Ganapathi Iyyer ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1997 || ''[[Oru Yathramozhi]]'' || Santhosh ||
|-
| ''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]'' || Dr. Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Varnapakittu]]'' || Kuruvilla ||
|-
| ''[[Lelam]]'' || Aanakkaattil Eappachan ||Final film
|-
|}

=== Tamil films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
| 1974 || ''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]'' || Chandrasekhar
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Naalai Namadhe (1975 film)|Naalai Namadhe]]'' || Ravi
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Kumara Vijayam]]'' || Vinoth
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Airport (1993 film)|Airport]]'' || Senior minister Krishnamoorthy
|-
|}

==Television==
* ''Kuthirakal'' (Doordarshan)
* ''Sahanam'' (Doordarshan)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm0813762}}

{{Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Soman, M. G.}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force personnel]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvalla]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Malayalam comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Pathanamthitta]]

Kandathil Mammen Philip

2026-03-11T20:50:48Z

Wikindia777: Started new entry

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kandathil Mammen Philip
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date |1912|05|02 }}
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age |2017|01|11|1912|05|02 }}<ref name="pass1">{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/tyres/k-m-philip-mrf-director-passes-away/articleshow/56479221.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com&from=mdr |title=K M Philip, MRF Director, passes away |date=Jan 11, 2017 |publisher=The Economic Times }}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]]
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = [[K. C. Mammen Mappillai]] Kunjandamma
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}
| awards = [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Padma Shri]]
}}
'''Kandathil Mammen Philip''' was an Indian [[entrepreneur]] from the South Indian state [[Kerala]] who was a director of [[MRF Limited]] and [[Malayala Manorama]] group with business interests in tea, coffee and cardamom plantations and processing.<ref name="Dun and Bradstreet">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnb.co.in/top500_08/Adv%5CMRF%20Limited.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223202514/http://www.dnb.co.in/top500_08/Adv%5CMRF%20Limited.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 December 2014 |title=Dun and Bradstreet |publisher=Dun and Bradstreet |date=2014 |access-date=23 December 2014 }}</ref>

He was also a director of many other companies such as Rembrandt and Vandykes Limited,<ref name="My Company Director">{{cite web |url=http://www.mycompanydir.com/directors/KANDATHIL-MAMMEN-PHILIP/21256 |title=My Company Director |publisher=My Company Director |date=2014 |access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> Commercial Broadcasts Limited,<ref name="Corporate Director">{{cite web |url=http://corporatedir.com/officer/00021256 |title=Corporate Director |publisher=Corporate Director |date=2014 |access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> India Coffee and Tea Distributing Company Limited<ref name="Corporate Director" /> and Balanoor Plantations and Industries Limited.<ref name="Corporate Director" /><ref name="Company Wiki">{{cite web |url=http://www.companywiki.in/wiki/balanoor-plantations-and-industries-limited.html |title=Company Wiki |publisher=Company Wiki |date=2014 |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223214401/http://www.companywiki.in/wiki/balanoor-plantations-and-industries-limited.html |archive-date=23 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Early life ==
he was born to [[K. C. Mammen Mappillai]] and Kunjandamma (Modisseril family) as the sixth of their nine children.<ref name="Koti">{{cite web |url=http://koti.netplaza.fi/~jmatthan/granddad.html |title=Koti |publisher=Koti |date=2014 |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=13 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013102457/http://koti.netplaza.fi/~jmatthan/granddad.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Philip did his elementary education at M.D School and C.M.S college, Kottayam and then moved on to [[Loyola College, Chennai]] from where he graduated in Economics (Hons).<ref name="pass1"/>

== Career ==
Philip is considered by many{{Who|date=December 2025}} as the father of Indian rubber industry.

== Recognition ==
Philip was honored by the [[Government of India]], in 2001, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Padma Awards |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref> His eldest brother, [[Kandathil Mammen Cherian]] and one of his younger brothers, [[K. M. Mathew|Kandathil Mammen Mathew]] are recipients of the [[Padma Bhushan]] award while another younger brother, [[K. M. Mammen Mappillai]] and one of his nephews, K. M. Mammen Mathew have won the [[Padma Shri]] award.<ref name="Koti" /><ref name="Padma Awards" />

== Personal life ==
He was married to Chinnamma and they had two sons together, Mammen Philip and Peter Philip. He was active member of the YMCA and became the first Asian to be elected as the President of the [[World Alliance of YMCAs]].<ref name="pass1"/>

==See also==
* [[MRF Limited]]
* [[Malayala Manorama]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|India}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Philip, Kandathil Mammen}}
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of Rajya Sabha members from Delhi

2026-03-08T05:48:15Z

Wikindia777:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Other uses|Member of Parliament (India)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
The list of current and past [[Rajya Sabha]] members from the [[Delhi]] State. State elect 3 member for the term of 6 years and indirectly elected by the state legislators, since year 1956.<ref name=rs-at-work>{{cite book|title=Rajya Sabha At Work|date=October 2006|publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat|location=New Delhi|page=24|edition=Second|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/rsat_work/main_rsatwork.asp|accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref>

==Current members==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
! Name<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statewise List|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/memberstatewise.aspx|access-date=2021-06-13|website=rajyasabha.nic.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"| Party
!Term start
!Term end
|-
|1
|[[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]]
|{{party name with colour|Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=3}}
|28-Jan-2024
|27-Jan-2030
|-
|2
|[[N. D. Gupta|Narain Dass Gupta]]
|28-Jan-2024
|27-Jan-2030
|-
|3
|[[Swati Maliwal]]
|28-Jan-2024
|27-Jan-2030

|}

==Chronological list of all Rajya Sabha members from Delhi==
Chronological list by last date of appointment<ref name=RS-list-alpha>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952 |url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |website=rajyasabha.nic.in |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, Sansad Bhawan, New Delhi}}</ref>
* Star (*) represents current Rajya Sabha members from DL State.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Term start
!Term end
!Term
!Notes
|-
|[[Swati Maliwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|28-Jan-2024
|27-Jan-2030
|1
|*
|-
|[[N. D. Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|28-Jan-2024
|27-Jan-2030
|2
|*
|-
|[[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|28-Jan-2024
|27-Jan-2030
|2
|*
|-
|[[Sanjay Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Sanjay Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|28-Jan-2018
|27-Jan-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[N. D. Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|28-Jan-2018
|27-Jan-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Sushil Gupta]]
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|28-Jan-2018
|27-Jan-2024
|1
|
|-
|[[Janardan Dwivedi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28-Jan-2012
|27-Jan-2018
|3
|
|-
|[[Parvez Hashmi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28-Jan-2012
|27-Jan-2018
|2
|
|-
|[[Karan Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28-Jan-2012
|27-Jan-2018
|3
|
|-
|[[Parvez Hashmi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|04-Aug-2009
|27-Jan-2012
|1
|bye - res of [[Jai Parkash Aggarwal]]
|-
|[[Jai Parkash Aggarwal]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28-Jan-2006
|27-Jan-2012
|1
|elected to [[North East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|North East Delhi LS]] on 16-May-2009
|-
|[[Janardan Dwivedi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28-Jan-2006
|27-Jan-2012
|2
|
|-
|[[Karan Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28-Jan-2006
|27-Jan-2012
|2
|
|-
|[[Janardan Dwivedi]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10-Aug-2004
|27-Jan-2006
|1
|bye - res of [[Ambika Soni]]
|-
|[[P. M. Sayeed]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|10-Aug-2004
|27-Jan-2006
|1
|bye - res of [[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]]
expired on 18-Nov-2005
|-
|[[Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28-Jan-2000
|27-Jan-2006
|1
|appointed as [[Governor of Haryana]] on 07-Jul-2004
|-
|[[Karan Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28-Jan-2000
|27-Jan-2006
|1
|
|-
|[[Ambika Soni]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|28-Jan-2000
|27-Jan-2006
|1
|elected to [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Punjab|Punjab RS]] on 05-Jul-2004
|-
|[[Om Prakash Kohli]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28-Jan-1994
|27-Jan-2000
|1
|
|-
|[[K. R. Malkani]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28-Jan-1994
|27-Jan-2000
|1
|
|-
|[[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|28-Jan-1994
|27-Jan-2000
|1
|elected to [[South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|South Delhi LS]] on 06-Oct-1999
|-
|Vishwa Bandhu Gupta
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|03-Apr-1984
|02-Apr-1990
|1
|
|-
|Laxmi Narain
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21-Nov-1983
|20-Nov-1989
|1
|
|-
|Shamim Ahmed Siddiqui
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|21-Nov-1983
|20-Nov-1989
|1
|
|-
|Jagannathrao Joshi
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|03-Apr-1978
|02-Apr-1984
|1
|
|-
|Charanjit Chanana
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|03-Apr-1976
|02-Apr-1982
|1
|
|-
|[[Khurshed Alam Khan]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16-Apr-1974
|15-Apr-1980
|1
|
|-
|[[Savita Behen]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|03-Apr-1972
|02-Apr-1978
|1
|
|-
|[[L. K. Advani]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|03-Apr-1970
|02-Apr-1976
|1
|
|-
|[[Bhai Mahavir]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|16-Apr-1968
|15-Apr-1974
|1
|
|-
|[[Shanta Vasisht]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|03-Apr-1966
|02-Apr-1972
|2
|
|-
|Sardar Santokh Singh
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|16-Apr-1962
|15-Apr-1968
|1
|
|-
|[[Shanta Vasisht]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|03-Apr-1960
|02-Apr-1966
|1
|
|-
|Ahmed Ali Mirza
|{{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
|17-Sep-1958
|02-Apr-1964
|1
|bye - death of Begum Siddiqa Kidwai
|-
|Begum Siddiqa Kidwai
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|03-Apr-1958
|02-Apr-1964
|2
|expired on 03-Jun-1958
|-
|[[S. K. Dey]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|31-Jan-1957
|01-Mar-1962
|1
|elected to [[Nagaur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagaur LS]]
|-
|Begum Siddiqa Kidwai
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24-Nov-1956
|02-Apr-1958
|1
|
|-
|Onkar Nath
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|24-Nov-1956
|02-Apr-1960
|2
|
|-
|[[Mehr Chand Khanna]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|13-May-1955
|14-Dec-1956
|1
|resigned on 14-Dec-1956
|-
|Onkar Nath
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|03-Apr-1952
|16-Apr-1955
|1
|resigned on 16-Apr-1955
|}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://rajyasabha.nic.in Rajya Sabha homepage hosted by the Indian government]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140718152159/http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/currentmpterms.aspx List of Sitting Members of Rajya Sabha (Term Wise) ]
*[http://164.100.47.5/NewMembers/RetLMemState.aspx MEMBERS OF RAJYA SABHA (STATE WISE RETIREMENT LIST) ]

{{Rajya Sabha}}

[[Category:Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha|Delhi]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Delhi| ]]
[[Category:Delhi-related lists|Rajya Sabha]]

Dia Mirza

2026-03-08T00:14:20Z

Wikindia777: reworked lead after review and fixed typos per standard format

{{short description|Indian actress and producer (born 1981)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dia Mirza
| image = Dia Mirza snapped promoting her film Dhak Dhak at JW Marriott (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mirza in 2023
| birth_name = Dia Handrich
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1981|12|09}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]]), India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|producer}}
| height =
| title = [[Miss Asia Pacific International]] 2000 [[Femina Miss India]] Asia Pacific 2000
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Sahil Sangha|2014|2019|reason=divorce}}
* {{marriage|Vaibhav Rekhi|15 February 2021}}
}}
| children = 2
| years_active = 1999–present
}}

'''Dia Mirza Rekhi'''<ref>{{cite news |title=Dia Mirza changes her name to Dia Mirza Rekhi, makes it official on Instagram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dia-mirza-changes-her-surname-to-dia-mirza-rekhi-makes-it-official-on-instagram/articleshow/88917451.cms |website=Times of India|date=15 January 2022 |access-date=4 December 2022}}</ref> (born '''Dia Handrich'''; 9 December 1981<ref>{{Cite web |title=Turning 30 is the fabulous: Dia Mirza |work=The Indian Express |date=9 December 2011 |access-date=13 July 2016 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/turning-30-is-fabulous-dia-mirza/ |archive-date=29 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829045111/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/turning-30-is-fabulous-dia-mirza/ |url-status=live}}</ref>) is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi]] films. She won the title of [[Miss Asia Pacific International]] in 2000 after being crowned [[Femina Miss India]] Asia Pacific 2000. Mirza made her acting debut with the Hindi film ''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]'' (2001), which earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]] nomination.

Mirza went onto featured in films including ''[[Dus]]'' (2005), ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' (2006), ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]'' (2007), ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' (2007), ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]'' (2009), ''[[Sanju]]'' (2018) and ''[[Thappad]]'' (2020), with ''Sanju'' being her highest grossing release. She co-owned a production house, Born Free Entertainment, with her ex-husband Sahil Sangha.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dia Mirza's production Bobby Jasoos shoot postponed due to her mother's heart surgery|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/bobby-jasoos-shoot-postponed-due-to-dia-mirza-s-mother-s-heart-surgery-444432|publisher=[[NDTV]]|accessdate=12 November 2013|archive-date=14 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114145208/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/bobby-jasoos-shoot-postponed-due-to-dia-mirza-s-mother-s-heart-surgery-444432|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="lovebreakupszindagi">{{cite web|title=Love Breakups Zindagi Review|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-love-breakups-zindagi-is-predictable/20111007.htm
|work=rediff.com|author=Preeti Arora|date=7 October 2011}}</ref> After their divorce, she launched her own production house, One India Stories, in 2019. She has since starred in the streaming series ''[[Kaafir (Indian TV series)|Kaafir]]'' (2019) and ''[[IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack]]'' (2024).<ref name="WebDebut">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Anvita |title=Kaafir first impression: Dia Mirza and Mohit Raina's web series seems promising |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kaafir-first-impression-dia-mirza-mohit-raina-zee5-5781883/ |access-date=27 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 June 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and work==
Mirza was born on 9 December 1981, in [[Hyderabad]]. Her father, Frank Handrich, is a German graphics and industrial fair designer, architect, artist and interior designer based in [[Munich]]. Her mother, Deepa, is a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] interior designer and landscaper who also volunteers to help alcoholics and drug addicts. When she was four-and-a-half years old, her parents divorced.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/I-took-my-surname-Mirza-from-my-step-father-Dia-Mirza/articleshow/36494630.cms |title=I took my surname Mirza from my step-father: Dia Mirza |work=The Times of India |access-date=13 June 2014 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830043310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/I-took-my-surname-Mirza-from-my-step-father-Dia-Mirza/articleshow/36494630.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="movies.ndtv.com">{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/dia-mirzas-wedding-to-be-a-private-affair-679137 |title=Dia Mirzas Wedding to be a Private Affair – NDTV Movies |work=NDTVMovies.com |access-date=19 October 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019143750/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/dia-mirzas-wedding-to-be-a-private-affair-679137 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 September 2018 |title=Dia Mirza is tracing her German roots on a trip to her 'fatherland' and sharing family pics |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dia-mirza-is-tracing-her-german-roots-on-a-trip-to-her-fatherland-and-sharing-family-pics/story-z7Qb2cjsalhu6FkAd3WY6N.html |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> After her mother married Ahmed Mirza, a Muslim man from Hyderabad, she adopted her step-father's surname. He died in 2003.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" />

After initially attending [[Vidyaranya High School]], a co-ed school, Mirza was enrolled into [[Nasr School]], a girl's day school in Khairtabad. She then attended Stanley Junior College before graduating with a Bachelor of Arts from [[Ambedkar Open University]], [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dia Mirza – 2000-1991! – Miss India Winners 2009-1964 – Archives – Femina Miss India |url=http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/archives/miss-india-winners-2009-1964/2000-1991/Dia-Mirza/articleshow/7883217.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 June 2011 |archive-date=27 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927001012/http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/archives/miss-india-winners-2009-1964/2000-1991/Dia-Mirza/articleshow/7883217.cms |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Mirza worked while in college as a marketing executive for a media firm, Neeraj's Multi-media Studio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2019 |title=Plan your expenses & trust instruments you have invested in: Dia Mirza |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/personal-finance/report-plan-your-expenses-trust-instruments-you-have-invested-in-dia-mirza-2786694 |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191105014847/https://www.dnaindia.com/personal-finance/report-plan-your-expenses-trust-instruments-you-have-invested-in-dia-mirza-2786694 |url-status=live}}</ref> At the same time, she modelled for print and [[TV commercials]] for brands such as [[Lipton]], [[Wall's (ice cream)|Wall's ice cream]], Emami and many more.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dia Mirza: Lesser known facts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/dia-mirza-lesser-known-facts/photostory/46366473.cms |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012014616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/dia-mirza-lesser-known-facts/photostory/46366473.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Pageantry ==
Mirza was the second runner-up at [[Femina Miss India]] 2000 and was subsequently sent to Miss Asia Pacific 2000, where she won. She also won Miss Beautiful Smile, Miss Avon and Miss Close-Up Smile in Miss India. When she won the Miss Asia Pacific title on 3 December 2000 in [[Manila]], the Philippines, she became the first Indian since [[Tara Anne Fonseca]] to win this title in 27 years.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Enduring Beauties |url=http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-4941257,curpg-5.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=29 April 2010 |archive-date=25 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425002018/http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-4941257,curpg-5.cms |url-status=dead}}</ref> She completed the hat-trick of India winning international pageants in the year 2000; [[Lara Dutta]] won the [[Miss Universe]] title and [[Priyanka Chopra]] won the [[Miss World]] title in the same year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/archives/1991-2000/articleshow/5022005.cms |title=Miss India Winners 2000 – 1991 – Indiatimes.com |work=The Times of India |access-date=30 November 2011 |archive-date=29 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329100350/http://feminamissindia.indiatimes.com/archives/1991-2000/articleshow/5022005.cms |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dia Mirza Reminisces 20 years Of Miss India Pageant Days When She Shared Stage With Lara Dutta, Priyanka Chopra |url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/dia-mirza-reminisces-20-years-of-miss-india-pageant-days-when-she-shared-stage-with-lara-dutta-priyanka-chopra-2628071.html |access-date=2 July 2020 |website=News18|date=20 May 2020 }}</ref>

== Acting career ==
Following an uncredited appearance in the Tamil film ''[[En Swasa Kaatre]]'' (1999), Mirza made her acting debut in 2001 with [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s ''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]'', a remake of Menon's Tamil film ''[[Minnale]]''.<ref>{{cite interview |last=Mirza |first=Dia |subject-link=Dia Mirza |interviewer=Bharati Dubey |title=Face to Face: Dia Mirza |date=18 October 2001|publisher=Rediff |location=Mumbai |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/18diya.htm |access-date=8 April 2023}}</ref> She played Reena Malhotra opposite [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/01maddy.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: Madhavan, Diya: Happily anonymous |website=www.rediff.com |access-date=3 March 2018 |archive-date=21 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721022756/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/aug/01maddy.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was a box office failure but later gained cult status and was a success upon its re-release.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jogani |first=Rishil |date=9 September 2024 |title=Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein Re-Release Box Office Collections: R Madhavan and Dia Mirza movie triumphs; Matches first weekend collections in second |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/rehnaa-hai-terre-dil-mein-re-release-box-office-collections-r-madhavan-and-dia-mirza-movie-triumphs-matches-first-weekend-collections-in-second-1346663?amp=#amp_ct=1725893782036&amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17258933936463&referrer=https://www.google.com |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en}}</ref> Her performance earned her nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]], but [[Taran Adarsh]] noted, "Dia looks like a doll and goes through the mandatory dance movements gracefully, but needs to polish her acting skills."<ref>{{cite web |author=Adarsh, Taran|author-link=Taran Adarsh |date=19 October 2001 |title=Rehna Hai Tere Dil Mein Review |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=28 April 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6838/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125070023/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6838/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2009 }}</ref>

In 2001, she also appeared opposite [[Arjun Rampal]] in ''[[Deewaanapan]]'',a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/nov/16deew.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: The Film Review of Deewaanapan|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> All her subsequent releases were commercially unsuccessful, including: ''[[Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge]]'' opposite [[Salman Khan]] (2002),<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tumko-na-bhool-paayenge/article28570536.ece |title=Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge |newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 February 2002 |access-date=2 May 2022 |archive-date=2 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502095146/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/tumko-na-bhool-paayenge/article28570536.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]'' opposite [[Vivek Oberoi]] (2003), ''[[Praan Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye]]'' (2003), ''[[Tehzeeb (2003 film)|Tehzeeb]]'' (2003),<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.idlebrain.com/mumbai/reviews/mr-tehzeeb.html | title=Bollywood Best - Hindi cinema movie reviews - Tehzeeb - Urmila Matondkar, Shabana Azmi, Dia Mirza, Arjun Rampal - Khalid Mohamed | access-date=29 April 2022 | archive-date=29 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429043036/http://www.idlebrain.com/mumbai/reviews/mr-tehzeeb.html | url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...]]'' (2004), ''[[Tumsa Nahin Dekha: A Love Story]]'' opposite [[Emraan Hashmi]] (2004), ''[[Stop! (film)|Stop!]]'' (2004), ''[[Blackmail (2005 film)|Blackmail]]'' (2005), ''[[Naam Gum Jaayega]]'' (2005) and ''[[Koi Mere Dil Mein Hai]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1703|title=Koi Mere Dil Mein Hai – Movie|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=11 December 2023|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203050010/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1703|url-status=live}}</ref>

Mirza found commercial success with her last two releases of 2005 ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]'' and ''[[Dus]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=404|title=Parineeta – Movie|publisher=Box Office India|access-date=16 January 2018|archive-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131311/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=404|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''Dus'', she played one of the leads opposite [[Zayed Khan]]. It emerged as one of the highest grossing film of the year.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=9 July 2005 |title=Dus is full-on timepass |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jul/08dus.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=7 January 2025 |archive-date=9 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209054805/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jul/08dus.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2005&pageId=4|title=Top India Total Nett Gross 2005 - - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=31 July 2018|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731123407/https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2005&pageId=4|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, she appeared in ''[[Fight Club – Members Only]]'' and ''[[Alag]]''. That year, she played a businessman's daughter opposite [[Abhishek Bachchan]] in ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]''. The film emerged as the third highest grossing film of the year.<ref>{{Cite news| first=Nikhat| last=Kazmi| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/lage-raho-munna-bhai/movie-review/1949085.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203025859/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-02/hindi/27829392_1_vidya-balan-bole-toh-gandhigiri| url-status=live| archive-date=3 February 2014| title=Review: Lage Raho Munna...| date=2 September 2006| work=[[The Times of India]]| access-date=26 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Arthur |last=Pais |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/07ajp1.htm?q=tp |title=Sanjay Dutt's biggest hit abroad |work=rediff.com |publisher=Rediff.com India Limited |date=7 September 2006 |access-date=29 September 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114154821/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/07ajp1.htm?q=tp |archive-date=14 November 2007 }}</ref> Mirza had four releases in 2007. She first played a Gujarati woman who eloped with her lover in ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]'' opposite Arjun Rampal and [[Ranvir Shorey]]. Despite positive reviews, it was a box office average.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=349|title=Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd. - Movie - Box Office India|website=www.boxofficeindia.com|access-date=24 October 2022|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024091511/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=349|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sudhish Kamath]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' was appreciative of her look and performance.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Refreshingly delightful trip - Honeymoon Travels Pvt Ltd. |date=16 March 2007 |url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/03/16/stories/2007031600590200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016183014/http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2007/03/16/stories/2007031600590200.htm |archive-date=16 October 2007}}</ref> She then played a journalist in ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'', another box office success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=225|title=Shootout at Lokhandwala – Movie|publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> She then appeared in ''[[Cash (2007 film)|Cash]]'' and ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]'' opposite [[Manoj Bajpayee]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dus-kahaniyaan/box-office/|title=Dus Kahaniyaan Box Office|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=7 December 2007 }}</ref>

This success was followed by a career downturn when all her films were critical and commercial failure. It includes: ''[[Krazzy 4]]'' (2008), ''[[Jai Veeru]]'' (2009), ''[[Kisaan]]'' (2009), ''[[Acid Factory]]'' (2009), ''[[Fruit and Nut (film)|Fruit and Nut]]'' (2009), ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]'' (2009), ''[[Hum Tum Aur Ghost]]'' (2010) and ''[[Love Breakups Zindagi]]'' (2011).<ref name="lovebreakupszindagi" /> In ''Kurbaan'', she played a television journalist opposite Vivek Oberoi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kurbaan - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=158 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131414/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=158 |archive-date=17 January 2018 |access-date=7 February 2021 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> Taran Adarsh felt that she lends "credibility" to her brief role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2009 |title=Kurbaan Review 4/5 {{!}} Kurbaan Movie Review {{!}} Kurbaan 2009 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/kurbaan-2/critic-review/kurbaan-2-movie-review/ |access-date=30 January 2021 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2012, she appeared in the Bengali film ''[[Paanch Adhyay]]'', which was a commercial success and her performance was better received.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/paanch-adhyay-dia-mirzas-debut-bengali-film/295784-8-73.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002070750/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/paanch-adhyay-dia-mirzas-debut-bengali-film/295784-8-73.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 October 2012|title=Dia Mirza debuts in Bengali films with 'Paanch Adhyay'|publisher=IBNLive|accessdate=12 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/gossip/story/dia-mirza-debuts-in-bengali-films-with-paanch-adhyay-118504-2012-10-11|title=Dia Mirza debuts in Bengali films|date=12 October 2012 |publisher=India Today|access-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> After a four year hiatus, Mirza appeared in the Iranian-Indian film ''[[Salaam Mumbai]]'' opposite [[Mohammad Reza Golzar]]. It was a success at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/reza-golzar-dia-mirza-salaam-mumbai-learning-hindi-for-indo-iranian-project/|title=Mohammad Reza Golzar learning Hindi for Indo-Iranian project with Dia Mirza|date=13 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Salaam Mumbai' Goes to India |url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/art-and-culture/73304/salaam-mumbai-goes-to-india |work=[[Financial Tribune]] |date=1 October 2017}}</ref>

Mirza played [[Sanjay Dutt]]'s wife [[Manyata Dutt]] in the 2018 biopic ''[[Sanju]]'' opposite [[Ranbir Kapoor]]. A critical and commercial success, it emerged as one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest grossing Indian films]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Handoo |first=Ritika |date=6 July 2018 |title=Sanju Box Office collections: Ranbir Kapoor gets his first Rs 200 cr film! |url=http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/sanju-box-office-collections-ranbir-kapoor-gets-his-first-rs-200-cr-film-2122612.html |access-date=6 July 2018 |website=zeenews.india.com |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706092354/http://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/sanju-box-office-collections-ranbir-kapoor-gets-his-first-rs-200-cr-film-2122612.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' stated, "Dia doesn't have a lengthy role but make sure she adds to the film."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review: Sanju |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/sanju-movie-review-a-cracking-take-on-the-life-of-sanjay-dutt-29074.html |access-date=29 June 2018 |archive-date=29 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629131248/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/sanju-movie-review-a-cracking-take-on-the-life-of-sanjay-dutt-29074.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2020, she appeared in ''[[Thappad]]'', which went on to win the [[Filmfare Award for Best Film]]. She appeared in the [[ZEE5]] web series ''[[Kaafir (Indian TV series)|Kaafir]]'' in 2019.<ref name="WebDebut"/> Set in Kashmir, she starred opposite [[Mohit Raina]] in the series.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kaafir-trailer-dia-mirza-mohit-raina-zee5-5752228/ |title=Kaafir trailer: Dia Mirza, Mohit Raina star in this intense web series set in Kashmir |date=28 May 2019 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-IN |access-date=29 May 2019 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603042107/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kaafir-trailer-dia-mirza-mohit-raina-zee5-5752228/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Producer ===
In 2011, she started Born Free Entertainment, a production house with her ex-husband Sahil Sangha. She has also produced ''[[Love Breakups Zindagi]]'', ''[[Bobby Jasoos]]''<ref name="business-standard.com">{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/appalling-i-haven-t-worked-enough-with-women-directors-dia-119060200144_1.html |title=Appalling I haven't worked enough with women directors: Dia |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=2 June 2019 |language=en |access-date=2 June 2019 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608181811/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/appalling-i-haven-t-worked-enough-with-women-directors-dia-119060200144_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and a sitcom web series titled ''[[Mind the Malhotras]]'' (2019), streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]]. The series stars [[Cyrus Sahukar]] and [[Mini Mathur]] in the lead.<ref name="gadgets.ndtv.com">{{Cite web |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/mind-the-malhotras-amazon-prime-video-india-dia-mirza-mini-mathur-cyrus-sahukar-june-2043616 |title=Dia Mirza-Produced Mind the Malhotras Is Amazon's Next Indian Series |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |language=en |access-date=29 May 2019 |archive-date=29 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529044324/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/news/mind-the-malhotras-amazon-prime-video-india-dia-mirza-mini-mathur-cyrus-sahukar-june-2043616 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In December 2019 she announced she was forming a new production house "One India Stories" to create original content.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2019 |title=Dia Mirza announces new production house 'One India Stories' on birthday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/dec/09/dia-mirza-announces-new-production-house-one-india-stories-on-birthday-2073698.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129125041/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/dec/09/dia-mirza-announces-new-production-house-one-india-stories-on-birthday-2073698.html |archive-date=29 January 2020 |access-date=29 January 2020 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/bobby-jasoos-first-look-vidya-balan/|title = Bobby Jasoos First Look: Vidya Balan| date=2 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>TellyChakkar.com. Dia Mirza signs Vidya Balan to play detective in Bobby Jasoos. TellyChakkar.com. 24 September 2013. Accessed 5 May 2025. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bwh&AN=BJQRTEL.20130924.543615&site=eds-live&scope=site</ref><ref>Gavie Chahal Getting Calls For Pakistani Shows. News India Times. 12 January 2018. Accessed 5 May 2025. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=f6h&AN=127587640&site=eds-live&scope=site</ref> It also produced ''[[Love Breakups Zindagi]]'' (2011).{{cn|date=June 2025}}

== Community services and activism ==
Mirza has been involved with the Cancer Patients Aid Association and Spastics Society of India, and has worked extensively with the [[government of Andhra Pradesh]] to spread HIV awareness, prevention of female foeticide, [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]], [[Child Rights and You|CRY]] and most recently the NDTV Greenathon – an effort to find tangible solutions against pollution and the book, ''"Deke Dheko"'' by Radio Mirchi (a campaign initiated to collect books for underprivileged children). She is on the board of the Coca-Cola Foundation which works towards development in rural India. She is associated with campaigns such as Sanctuary Asia's Leave Me Alone and Female Foeticide.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

In 2010 she adopted two cheetah cubs at the Prince of Wales zoological park in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Actress Dia Mirza adopts leopard cubs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Actress-Dia-Mirza-adopts-leopard-cubs/articleshow/5789961.cms |date=13 April 2010 |access-date=3 July 2013 |archive-date=13 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213133708/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-13/lucknow/28124492_1_leopard-cubs-adoption-scheme-renu-singh |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cntraveller.in/story/latest-picture-dia-mirza-kenya/ |title=Latest picture of Dia Mirza in Kenya |date=25 July 2018 |website=Condé Nast Traveller India |access-date=18 September 2018 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919024833/https://www.cntraveller.in/story/latest-picture-dia-mirza-kenya/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Mirza, along with [[Aamir Khan]], publicly expressed support for the [[Narmada Bachao Andolan]], a group protesting the building of a dam. This aroused the ire of political activists from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], who led a protest march against the actress.<ref name="BJP blasts Dia Mirza for the anti-dam stand">{{Cite web |work=Rediff |title=BJP blasts Dia Mirza for anti-dam stand |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/apr/24narmada.htm |access-date=24 May 2006 |archive-date=14 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514022019/http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/apr/24narmada.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> She won the Green Award at IIFA 2012 for spreading awareness about environment-related issues. Along with these, Mirza has endorsed The Body Shop for their stand on a ban on animal testing and propagation of recycled packaging and natural products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/business/dia-mirza-appointed-body-shop-s-brand-ambassador |title=Dia Mirza appointed Body Shop's brand ambassador |work=[[The Navhind Times]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327235650/http://www.navhindtimes.in/business/dia-mirza-appointed-body-shop-s-brand-ambassador |archive-date=27 March 2014}}</ref> She is the Eco-Ambassador for Panasonic.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

[[File:Dia Mirza photoshoot for World Environment Day.jpg|thumb|Mirza at an event for [[World Environment Day]] in 2018]]

Mirza has been felicitated at award functions for her active involvement in social and environmental issues.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/potpourri/dia-mirza-campaigns-for-protection-of-snow-leopards.html |title=Dia Mirza campaigns for protection of snow leopards |last=Pioneer |first=The |website=The Pioneer |language=en |access-date=25 May 2019 |archive-date=25 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525093232/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/potpourri/dia-mirza-campaigns-for-protection-of-snow-leopards.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She has been named the ambassador for the Swachh Bharat Mission's youth-based 'Swachh Saathi' programme. As an ambassador, the actress would interact with school and college students from across the country through awareness sessions, community cleaning activities and motivational videos.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dia Mirza named ambassador for 'Swachh Saathi' programme |url=http://www.abplive.in/movies/dia-mirza-named-ambassador-for-swachh-saathi-programme-357259 |access-date=7 June 2016 |publisher=ABP Live |date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=7 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607112950/http://www.abplive.in/movies/dia-mirza-named-ambassador-for-swachh-saathi-programme-357259 |url-status=live}}</ref> She joined Save The Children India as their first-ever artist ambassador.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dia Mirza joins 'Save The Children' as Artist Ambassador |url=https://www.savethechildren.in/news/dia-mirza-joins-save-the-children-as-artist-ambass |access-date=9 December 2016 |publisher=savethechildren.in |date=9 December 2016 |archive-date=18 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418082051/https://www.savethechildren.in/news/dia-mirza-joins-save-the-children-as-artist-ambass |url-status=live}}</ref>

On World Environment Day 2017, she was appointed brand ambassador for the [[Wildlife Trust of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Need infrastructure that supports green recovery: Dia Mirza on India heading towards climate catastrophe |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/times-now-summit-2021-need-infrastructure-that-supports-green-recovery-says-dia-mirza-on-india-heading-towards-climate-catastrophe/831065 |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=Times Now |language=en|date=11 November 2021}}</ref> She has lent her support to WTI's wildlife conservation endeavours for several years and is a founder-member of the organisation's Club Nature initiative,<ref>{{cite news |title=DIA MIRZA NAMED WILDLIFE TRUST OF INDIA'S BRAND AMBASSADOR |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dia-mirza-named-wildlife-trust-of-indias-brand-ambassador/articleshow/59000671.cms |access-date=5 June 2017 |work=Mumbai Mirror |date=5 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630165939/http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dia-mirza-named-wildlife-trust-of-indias-brand-ambassador/articleshow/59000671.cms |archive-date=30 June 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> also supporting a campaign to raise awareness about the shrinking space for wild elephants in the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/India/gaj-yatra-to-secure-elephant-corridors-launched-in-mumbai-4796684/ |title='Gaj Yatra' to secure elephant corridors launched in Mumbai |date=14 August 2017 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=29 January 2020 |url-status=live |archive-date=18 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118073233/https://indianexpress.com/article/India/gaj-yatra-to-secure-elephant-corridors-launched-in-mumbai-4796684/}}</ref>

She was also appointed as the [[United Nations Environment Programme|UN Environment]]'s [[Goodwill ambassador|Goodwill Ambassador]] for India in 2017 and on 7 May 2020, her term was further extended till 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dia-mirza-is-now-un-environment-goodwill-ambassador-for-india-1781882 |title=Dia Mirza Is Now UN Environment Goodwill Ambassador For India |work=NDTV.com |access-date=30 November 2017 |archive-date=30 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171130114618/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dia-mirza-is-now-un-environment-goodwill-ambassador-for-india-1781882 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UNEP extends Dia Mirza's term as Goodwill Ambassador till 2022 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/unep-extends-dia-mirzas-term-as-goodwill-ambassador-till-2022/articleshow/75597736.cms |access-date=8 May 2020 |work=The Economic Times |date=7 May 2020 |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012014614/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/unep-extends-dia-mirzas-term-as-goodwill-ambassador-till-2022/articleshow/75597736.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She was appointed by the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] as an advocate of [[Sustainable Development Goals]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Dia Mirza Gets Appointed As An Official Sustainable Development Goals Advocate By UN Environment |url=https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/actor-dia-mirza-gets-appointed-as-an-official-sustainable-development-goals-advocate-by-un-environment-34132/ |access-date=13 May 2019 |publisher=swachhindia.ndtv.com |date=13 May 2019 |archive-date=23 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723164149/https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/actor-dia-mirza-gets-appointed-as-an-official-sustainable-development-goals-advocate-by-un-environment-34132/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She also turned into a blogger to save the environment and create awareness.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dia Mirza to turn blogger for environment's sake |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/ht-cafe/20190718/281487867933449 |access-date=18 July 2019 |via=[[PressReader]] |date=18 July 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319180343/https://www.pressreader.com/india/ht-cafe/20190718/281487867933449 |url-status=live}}</ref> She hosted United Nations Champions Gala 2019 with Hollywood actor Alec Baldwin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dia Mirza, Alec Baldwin host UN's Champions Gala again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/dia-mirza-alec-baldwin-host-uns-champions-gala-again/article29539600.ece |access-date=28 September 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=28 September 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319180342/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/dia-mirza-alec-baldwin-host-uns-champions-gala-again/article29539600.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> She attended the 14th UN Conference of the Parties and hosted the finale reception.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dia Mirza in Delhi for UN conference |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/dia-mirza-in-delhi-for-un-conference |access-date=9 September 2019 |publisher=thequint.com |date=9 September 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319180347/https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/dia-mirza-in-delhi-for-un-conference |url-status=live}}</ref>

Mirza initiated a cleanliness drive at Juhu beach on Independence Day 2019<ref>{{cite news |title=Independence Day: Dia Mirza participates in clean-up drive at Juhu beach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/independence-day-dia-mirza-participates-in-clean-up-drive-at-juhu-beach/videoshow/70692201.cms |access-date=15 August 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=15 August 2019 |archive-date=15 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815163010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/independence-day-dia-mirza-participates-in-clean-up-drive-at-juhu-beach/videoshow/70692201.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> and another at Mahim beach on 26 January, to make the beach free from single-use plastic.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dia Mirza, Pragya Kapoor host beach cleaning drive in Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/dia-mirza-pragya-kapoor-host-beach-cleaning-drive-in-mumbai/videoshow/73657197.cms |access-date=27 January 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=27 January 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127124615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/dia-mirza-pragya-kapoor-host-beach-cleaning-drive-in-mumbai/videoshow/73657197.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Mirza supports Ramky's BIG Green Ganesha and felicitated the winners with Tree Ganeshas in 2019. She has also been featured by the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) in its 11th edition of [[BBC]] [[100 Women (BBC)|100 Women]] List 2023, listing her as one of the four Indian women featured.<ref>{{cite news |title=BBC 100 Women 2023: Who is on this year's list? - BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-02d9060e-15dc-426c-bfe0-86a6437e5234 |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=BBC}}</ref> Mirza lent her voice to a snow leopard called Layla for an environmental podcast of Run Wild, which is a collaboration between Runtastic, the UN Environmental Programme and the Internet of Elephants.<ref name="outlookindia.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/dia-mirza-lends-voice-for-environmental-podcast/1653702 |title=Dia Mirza lends voice for environmental podcast |website=Outlook the news scroll |language=en |access-date=2 November 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319180343/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/dia-mirza-lends-voice-for-environmental-podcast/1653702 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In April 2014, Mirza became engaged to her longtime business partner Sahil Sangha, and they were married on 18 October 2014 at his farmhouse in [[Chhatarpur metro station|Chhatarpur]], [[South Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Blaggan |first1=Ishita |date=19 October 2014 |title=Inside Dia Mirza, Sahil Sangha's Wedding |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/picture-perfect-couple-dia-mirza-sahil-sangha-married-681264 |work=NDTV |access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref> In August 2019, Mirza announced their separation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dia Mirza Announces Separation From Husband Sahil Sangha on Social Media |date=August 2019 |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dia-mirza-announces-separation-with-husband-sahil-sangha-on-social-media-2254039.html |work=News 18 |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801062342/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dia-mirza-announces-separation-with-husband-sahil-sangha-on-social-media-2254039.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Basu |first=Nilanjana |date=August 2019 |title=Dia Mirza And Sahil Sangha Announce Separation After 11 Years Together: 'We Remain Friends' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dia-mirza-and-sahil-sangha-announce-separation-after-11-years-together-we-remain-friends-2078600 |publisher=NDTV |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801071341/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dia-mirza-and-sahil-sangha-announce-separation-after-11-years-together-we-remain-friends-2078600 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 15 February 2021, Mirza married businessman Vaibhav Rekhi in [[Bandra]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dia Mirza-Vaibhav Rekhi wedding: First pictures of newlyweds are here |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dia-mirza-vaibhav-rekhi-wedding-first-pictures-of-actor-in-stunning-bridal-ensemble-arrive-online-101613393462796.html |date=15 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Nilanjana |title=Dia Mirza And Vaibhav Rekhi Are Married. See Pics Of The Newlyweds |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dia-mirza-and-vaibhav-rekhi-are-married-see-pics-of-the-newlyweds-2371146 |access-date=15 February 2021 |publisher=NDTV |date=15 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dia Mirza ties the knot with Vaibhav Rekhi; looks lovely in a red sari |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/fashion/dia-mirza-vaibhav-rekhi-wedding-bride-red-sari-photos-7189924 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=15 February 2021 |date=15 February 2021}}</ref>

On 14 July 2021, Mirza announced that she had a premature birth of a baby boy, Avyaan Azaad Rekhi on 14 May and he was in NICU for 2 months.<ref>{{cite news |last1=IANS |title=Dia Mirza, Vaibhav Rekhi announce premature birth of son Avyaan Azaad Rekhi |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/dia-mirza-vaibhav-rekhi-announce-premature-birth-of-son-avyaan-azaad-rekhi-news-bollywood-vhokP0fibggdb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715081528/https://www.sify.com/movies/dia-mirza-vaibhav-rekhi-announce-premature-birth-of-son-avyaan-azaad-rekhi-news-bollywood-vhokP0fibggdb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2021 |access-date=14 February 2022 |work=Sify |date=15 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 November 2021 |title=Inside Dia Mirza's gorgeous home that she shares with husband Vaibhav and son Avyaan: 'My sanctuary' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/inside-dia-mirza-home-husband-vaibhav-rekhi-son-avyaan-7614512/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She also has a step-daughter, Samaira Rekhi from Vaibhav Rekhi's previous marriage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dia Mirza and 'bestie' stepdaughter Samaira wear matching outfits for Sunday shenanigans, watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dia-mirza-and-bestie-stepdaughter-samaira-wear-matching-outfits-for-sunday-shenanigans-watch-101626660084991.html |access-date=28 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Media image==
[[File:Dia Mirza IIFA 2017 Green Carpet (36349669706) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Mirza in 2017]]

In the [[The Times of India|''Times'' Most Desirable Women]] list, Mirza was placed 14th in 2009, 24th in 2010 25th in 2011 and 35th in 2012.<ref>{{cite web |title=2009 Most Desirable Women: Sushmita Sen - No 13 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/celebs/2009-most-desirable-women-sushmita-sen-no-13/videoshow/11836604.cms |website=Times of India |access-date=21 February 2013 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111033210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/celebs/2009-most-desirable-women-sushmita-sen-no-13/videoshow/11836604.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/news-interviews/28375785_1_nicole-faria-vidya-balan-preity-zinta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925063854/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-09/news-interviews/28375785_1_nicole-faria-vidya-balan-preity-zinta|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 September 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women of 2011 : The Winners|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-04/news-interviews/31024491_1_video-trisha-krishnan-ankita-shorey|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305023439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-04/news-interviews/31024491_1_video-trisha-krishnan-ankita-shorey|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=20 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Times 50 Most Desirable Women List 2012 - Results|url=http://ww.itimes.com/times-polls/times-most-desirable-women-2012|publisher=ITimes|accessdate=20 December 2013}}</ref> Mirza was also placed in ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]''{{'}}s "50 Most Beautiful Women" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=50 Most Beautiful Indian Women |url=http://abhisays.com/india/top-50-most-beautiful-indian-women-part-1.html |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817055952/http://abhisays.com/india/top-50-most-beautiful-indian-women-part-1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Times of India'' placed her at 15th position in its "50 Beautiful Faces" list.<ref>{{cite web |title=Photos - 50 Beautiful Faces: 100 years of Indian Cinema |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 December 2021 |url=https://m.photos.timesofindia.com/movies/100-yrs-of-indian-cinema/50-beautiful-faces-100-years-of-indian-cinema/morphshow/19713720.cms}}</ref> Mirza has written articles for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' and other publications.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/author/dia-mirza-101725343387599 |title=Articles by Dia Mirza |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1999 || ''[[En Swasa Kaatre]]'' || Dancer || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]]; Extra<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCypzwrY0wk |title=A. R. Rahman Hit Tamil Song Jumbalaka Jumbalaka -En Swasa Kaatre |last=WildWest Studios |date=13 November 2016 |via=YouTube |access-date=10 January 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215222454/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCypzwrY0wk |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001 || ''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]'' || Reena Malhotra ||
|-
| ''[[Deewaanapan]]'' || Kiran Choudhary ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge]]'' || Muskaan ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003 || ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]'' || Kaveri||
|-
| ''[[Praan Jaye Par Shaan Na Jaye]]'' || Saundarya ||
|-
| ''[[Tehzeeb (2003 film)|Tehzeeb]]'' || Nazneen Jamal ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2004 || ''[[Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...]]'' || Preeti Jaiswal || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Tumsa Nahin Dekha: A Love Story|Tumsa Nahin Dekha]]'' || Jiya ||
|-
| ''[[Stop! (film)|Stop!]]'' || Shama ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2005 || ''[[Blackmail (2005 film)|Blackmail]]'' || Anjali Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[My Brother…Nikhil]]'' || Herself|| Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Naam Gum Jaayega]]'' || Natasha/Gitanjali ||
|-
| ''[[Koi Mere Dil Mein Hai]]'' || Simran ||
|-
| ''[[Parineeta (2005 film)|Parineeta]]'' || Gayatri ||
|-
| ''[[Dus]]'' || Anu Dheer||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2006 || ''[[Fight Club – Members Only]]'' || Anu Chopra ||
|-
| ''Prateeksha'' || Reena Brown || [[Television film]]
|-
| ''[[Phir Hera Pheri]]'' || Item Dancer || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Alag]]'' || Purva Rana ||
|-
| ''[[Lage Raho Munna Bhai]]'' || Simran ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2007 || ''[[Honeymoon Travels Pvt. Ltd.]]'' || Shilpa ||
|-
| ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' || Meeta Mattoo ||
|-
| ''[[Cash (2007 film)|Cash]]'' || Aditi Jhamwal ||
|-
| ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'' || rowspan="2" | Herself || rowspan="2" | Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''
|-
| ''[[Dus Kahaniyaan]]'' || Sia || Anthology film; segment: ''Zahir''
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Krazzy 4]] '' || Shikha ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2009 || ''[[Luck by Chance]]'' || Herself || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Jai Veeru]]'' || Anna ||
|-
| ''[[Kisaan]]'' || Priya ||
|-
| ''[[Acid Factory]]'' || Max ||
|-
| ''[[Fruit and Nut (film)|Fruit and Nut]]'' || Monica Gokhale ||
|-
| ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]'' || Rehana ||Special appearance
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Hum Tum Aur Ghost]]'' || Gehna Sinha ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Love Breakups Zindagi]]'' || Naina||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Paanch Adhyay]]''|| Ishita || [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 ||''[[Bobby Jasoos]]'' || {{Dash}}|| Producer
|-
| ''Familywala'' || Anjali ||
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Salaam Mumbai]]'' || Karishma || [[Cinema of Iran|Iranian]]-Indian film
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Sanju]]'' || [[Manyata Dutt]] ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Thappad]]'' || Shivani||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Wild Dog (film)|Wild Dog]]'' || Priya Verma || [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2020 |first1=Janani |last1=K |title=Nagarjuna turns 61: Wild Dog team unveils new poster on actor's birthday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/nagarjuna-turns-61-wild-dog-team-unveils-new-poster-on-actor-s-birthday-1716427-2020-08-29 |access-date=29 August 2020 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023 || ''[[Bheed]]'' || Geetanjali ||<ref>{{cite news |title=WATCH: Dia Mirza and Vaibhav Rekha's son Ayaan Azaad excitedly talk to plants in a heart-melting video |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/watch-dia-mirza-and-vaibhav-rekhis-son-avyaan-azaad-excitedly-talk-plants-heart-melting-video-1013727 |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=Pinkvilla |date=3 February 2022 |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812014315/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/watch-dia-mirza-and-vaibhav-rekhis-son-avyaan-azaad-excitedly-talk-plants-heart-melting-video-1013727 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dhak Dhak]]''
|Uzma
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Lubra |date=27 September 2023 |title=Dhak Dhak poster OUT: Ratna Pathak, Dia Mirza, Fatima-Sanjana ooze swag; Taapsee Pannu unveils release date|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/dhak-dhak-poster-out-ratna-pathak-dia-mirza-fatima-sanjana-ooze-swag-taapsee-pannu-unveils-release-date-1246335|work=Pink Villa |access-date=27 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Nadaaniyan]]''
|Nandini Mehta
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|title='Nadaaniyan' review: Emotional conflict lite|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1079852/nadaaniyan-review-emotional-conflict-lite |date=7 March 2025|access-date=7 March 2025 |website=Scroll.in }}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| {{Pending film|Ikka}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| [[Netflix]] film<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2026 |title=Ikka first look: Its Sunny Deol vs Akshaye Khanna in the courtroom drama. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/ikka-first-look-its-sunny-deol-vs-akshaye-khanna-in-the-courtroom-drama-watch-10511612/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
!Notes!!Ref.
|-
| 2016
|'' Ganga – The Soul Of India''
| Herself
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=This Dia Mirza video on Ganga, the soul of India will give you goosebumps! |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/this-dia-mirza-video-on-ganga-the-soul-of-india-will-give-you-goosebumps-3234539/ |url-status=live |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=India.com |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214105512/https://www.india.com/travel/articles/this-dia-mirza-video-on-ganga-the-soul-of-india-will-give-you-goosebumps-3234539/ |archive-date=14 December 2021 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''[[Kaafir (Indian TV series)|Kaafir]]'' ||Kainaaz Akhtar
| ||<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
|-
| ''[[Mind the Malhotras]]'' || rowspan="2" | Herself
|Producer ||<ref name="gadgets.ndtv.com"/>
|-
|2021
|''[[Call My Agent: Bollywood]]''
|Episode 1
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=Real-life Bollywood manager fact-checks Netflix series Call My Agent: 'This would never happen' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/real-life-bollywood-manager-fact-checks-netflixs-call-my-agent-this-would-never-happen-7616076/ |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]''
| Shehnaz
| Season 2
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/made-in-heaven-trailer-zoya-akhtar-5583402/|title=Made In Heaven trailer: The web series delves into the madness behind Indian weddings|website=Indian Express|date=14 February 2019|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306045307/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/made-in-heaven-trailer-zoya-akhtar-5583402/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack]]''
| Pari Walia
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Niyogi |first=Agnivo |date=3 August 2024 |title=IC 814: The Kandahar Hijack teaser: Vijay Varma steers Anubhav Sinha's Netflix series |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/ic-814-the-kandahar-hijack-teaser-vijay-varma-steers-anubhav-sinhas-netflix-series/cid/2038403 |work=The Telegraph|access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref>
|}

===Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align: margin;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 18em;"| Title
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;"| Performer(s)
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;"| Role
! scope="col" style="width: 8em;"| Album
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2004
| "Pal Do Pal Pyar Ka"
| [[Adnan Sami]]
| Unnamed
| ''Teri Kasam''
|
|}

=== Narrator ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Film By
|-
|2022
|No Water No Viilage
|[[Munmun Dhalaria|Munmun Dalaria]]
|-
|2025
|[[The Dooars World]]
|Shaon Pretam
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
[[File:Dia Mirza in grace the IIFA 2020 press conference (5).jpg|thumb|Mirza at [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]], 2020]]

=== Film awards ===
;Won
* 2003: [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Female Debut|Bollywood Movie Award for Best Female Debut]] for ''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perappadan |first=Bindu Shajan |date=16 March 2003 |title=Another mega star awards show |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/another-mega-star-awards-show/article28636969.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322065457/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/another-mega-star-awards-show/article28636969.ece |archive-date=22 March 2021}}</ref>
* 2003: [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut]] for ''Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k3/jan/janmam13.htm |title=Fairglow Zee Cine awards on Saturday |date=28 January 2003 |website=Indian Television |location=Mumbai, India |access-date=24 April 2021 |archive-date=21 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821220632/http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/headlines/y2k3/jan/janmam13.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2019: [[Gold Awards|Gold Award for Best Actress Critics – OTT]] for ''[[Kaafir (Indian TV series)|Kaafir]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/gold-awards-2019-winners-list-shivangi-joshi-mohsin-khan-surbhi-chandna-hina-khan-and-others-win-big-479248 |title=Gold Awards 2019 Winners List: Shivangi Joshi, Mohsin Khan, Surbhi Chandna, Rhea Sharma and Others Win Big |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012033330/http://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/gold-awards-2019-winners-list-shivangi-joshi-mohsin-khan-surbhi-chandna-hina-khan-and-others-win-big-479248 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

;Nominated

* [[48th Filmfare Awards|2003]]: [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]] for ''Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2003 |title=Filmfare awards: 'Devdas' bags 11, 'Saathiya' 4 |work=The Hindu |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/filmfare-awards-devdas-bags-11-saathiya-4/article27747348.ece |url-status=live |access-date=21 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322065520/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/filmfare-awards-devdas-bags-11-saathiya-4/article27747348.ece |archive-date=22 March 2021}}</ref>
* 2003: [[Screen Award for Best Female Debut]] for ''Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein'' and ''[[Deewaanapan]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2002 |title=Screen awards: Devdas tops nomination list |work=[[The Indian Express]] |publisher=Express News Service |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/screen-awards-devdas-tops-nomination-list/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322063438/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/screen-awards-devdas-tops-nomination-list/ |archive-date=22 March 2021}}</ref>
* 2011: [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards|BIG Star Most Entertaining Award for Actress in a Romantic Role]] for ''[[Love Breakups Zindagi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/big-star-entertainment-award-winner-2011|title=Big star entertainment award 2011 winners|website=Pinkvilla|date=3 January 2012|access-date=18 July 2020}}</ref>

=== Other recognitions ===
* [[13th IIFA Awards|2012]]: [[IIFA Awards|IIFA outstanding contribution to Environment]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/film/znmd-and-ra-one-dominate-iifa-tech-awards-1.1018146 |title=13th IIFA winners |work=[[Gulf News]] |date=5 May 2012 |author=Manjusha Radhakrishnan |accessdate=7 July 2012 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516100959/http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/film/znmd-and-ra-one-dominate-iifa-tech-awards-1.1018146 |archivedate=16 May 2012 }}</ref>
* 2022: Mirza was honoured with Mother Teresa Memorial Award by the [[Governor of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Dia Mirza honoured with 'Mother Teresa Memorial Award' by the Governor of Maharashtra |url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/Dia-Mirza-honoured-with-Mother-Teresa-Memorial-Award-by-the-Governor-of-Maharashtra/eventshow/92873594.cms |access-date=6 August 2022 |work=Femina |date=14 July 2022}}</ref>
* 2023: Mirza was named by ''[[BBC]]'' in its [[100 Women (BBC)|100 Women]] list (One of the world's inspiring and influential women).<ref name=BBC>{{Cite news |title=BBC 100 Women 2023: Who is on the list this year? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-02d9060e-15dc-426c-bfe0-86a6437e5234 |work=BBC |date=23 November 2023 |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref>
* 2024: [[Iconic Gold Awards|Iconic Gold Award for Environmentalist of the Year]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/brand-focus/iconic-gold-awards-2023-celebrating-the-best-of-bollywood-and-television-on-march-18th-in-mumbai|title=Iconic Gold Awards 2023: Celebrating the Best of Bollywood and Television on March 18th in Mumbai|website=Free Press Journal|access-date= 25 February 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before={{Flagicon|Colombia}} Juliana Andrea Arango}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Miss Asia Pacific International]]
|years=1999}}
{{S-aft|after={{Flagicon|Peru}} Luciana Luisa Farfán}}
{{S-end}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1069850|name=Dia Mirza}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards and titles for Dia Mirza
|list =
{{S-start}}
{{s-ach}}
{{succession box
|before='''{{flagicon|COL}}''' Juliana Andrea Arango Londoño
|title={{nowrap|Miss Asia Pacific 2000}}
|years=2000
|after='''{{flagicon|PER}}''' Luciana Luisa Farfán Vargas
}}

{{succession box
|before={{flagicon|IND}} Shivangi Parikkh
|title= [[Femina Miss India]]
|years= 2000
|after={{flagicon|IND}} Maheshwari
}}
{{S-end}}
}}

{{Miss India winners in the Grand Slam pageants}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mirza, Dia}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Femina Miss India winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian people of German descent]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Female models from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Miss Asia Pacific International winners]]
[[Category:United Nations goodwill ambassadors]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Suchindram Satyagraha

2026-03-03T17:10:53Z

Wikindia777: Added A Details - done

{{Orphan|date=October 2024}}

The '''Suchindram Satyagraha''' of 1926 was one of the major events in the social movements that took place in the wake of the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]] of 1924–25. It was led by Gandhian leader Dr. M.E. Naidu. Lower caste Hindus and Christians were not allowed to walk on the paths around the [[Thanumalayan Temple|Suchindram Temple]] near [[Nagercoil]] in present-day [[Kanyakumari district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=ഗോവിന്ദപിള്ള |first=പി.ജി. |title=കേരള നവോത്ഥാനം നാലാം സഞ്ചിക മാധ്യ പർവ്വം |publisher=ചിന്ത പബ്ളിഷേഴ്സ് |year=2012 |isbn=978-93-823-2895-7 |location=തിരുവനന്തപുരം |pages=178–179}}</ref> During this time region was under the [[Travancore|Travancore Kingdom]] of [[Kerala]].

== Aim ==
The main objective of the strike was to get permission for Avarna Hindus to walk along the paths around the Suchindram temple in South Travancore and to get permission to enter the temple.

== Breach of promise ==
The police advised and encouraged upper castes (Savarnas) to sit on satyagraha against the agitation. The struggle continued without any conflict. The upper castes withdrew sullenly. [[Changanassery Parameswaran Pillai]] held talks with the government. [[M. E. Watts|Diwan Watts]], Police Commissioner Pitt and Devaswom Commissioner R. Krishna Pillai assured [[Changanassery Parameswaran Pillai]] that permission would be given for the freedom of movement through the streets within a month and hence the strike should be stopped. The strike was temporarily called off on February 1. Even after three years, the conditions were not met. Suchindram Satyagraha was not successful.

The strike resumed in 1930. [[Kesari Balakrishna Pillai|A Balakrishna Pillai]] strongly supported the strike through the ''Prabodhakan'' newspaper. Later, after a favorable verdict was obtained on the petition filed in the High Court, the public roads were opened to the lower castes (Avarnas).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Renaissance]]
[[Category:20th century in Kerala]]

Maradu

2026-03-01T10:01:05Z

Wikindia777: created pg

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maradu
| native_name = മരട്
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Grama Panchayaths | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417130137/http://lsgkerala.gov.in:80/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-date=2018-04-17}}</ref>
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 290
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/1
| image1 =
| image2 = Crown Plaza View.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = From top to bottom: 1.The Thevara Canal 2.[[Crowne Plaza]], Maradu
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9.89|N|76.38|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|City]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kochi]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kerala]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal council]]
| governing_body = Maradu Municipality
| leader_party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = TBD
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 12.35
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 44704
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 3,620
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| leader_name2 = TBD
| leader_title2 = Deputy chairperson
| government_blank1_title = Municipal wards
| government_blank1 = 35 <ref>https://trend.sec.kerala.gov.in</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 682304
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 484
| registration_plate = KL-39
| website = {{URL|https://maradumunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Maradu''' ({{IPA|ml|mɐɾɐɖɨ̆}}) is a [[Municipalities of Kerala|municipality]] and [[Census town#India|census town]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Grama Panchayaths | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417130137/http://lsgkerala.gov.in:80/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | archive-date=2018-04-17}}</ref> in the [[Ernakulam district]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. Maradu is an [[inner suburb]] of the [[Kochi metropolitan area]] and is located {{convert|6|km|1|abbr=on}} south of the [[Kochi]] city centre. As per the [[2011 Indian census]], Maradu has a population of 44,704 people.

On 8 May 2019, the Supreme Court of India [[Maradu apartments demolition order|ordered five apartments in Maradu to be demolished]] within one month, for violation of [[Coastal Regulation Zone]] (CRZ) rules, although only four of these apartments had yet been constructed. The incident received widespread media attention, and generated controversy across Kerala for the alleged corruption in the local government sector.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-09-21 |title=Explainer: What is Maradu flat demolition controversy, who is involved and why |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2019/Sep/21/explainer-what-is-maradu-flat-demolition-controversy-who-is-involved-and-why-2036951.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2019-05-08 |title=SC orders demolition of 5 apartments Ernakulam's Maradu municipality |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/sc-orders-demolition-of-5-apartments/article27072922.ece |access-date=2024-08-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==History==
Maradu was formed in May 1953 as a [[Gram panchayat|Grama Panchayath]] and was upgraded to a [[municipality]] in November 2010.

==Geography==
Maradu is built on various low-lying river islands at the mouth of the [[Vembanad|Vembanad Lake]]<ref>Ayub, Akber (ed), ''Kerala: Maps & More'', 2006 edition 2007 reprint, p. 48, Stark World Publishing, Bangalore, {{ISBN|81-902505-2-3}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|align = left
|1991| 34,995
|2001| 41,012
|2011| 44,704
|footnote = Source:<ref>Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner (web), Delimitation Commission of India (web), Rand McNally International Atlas 1994, School of Planning & Architecture (web)</ref>
}}
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = '''Religion in Maradu''' (2011)<ref name="2011 Indian census">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.com/towns/thiruvalla-population-pathanamthitta-kerala-803303}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism in Kerala|Hinduism]]
|value1 = 49.23
|color1 = darkorange
|label2 = [[Christianity in Kerala|Christianity]]
|value2 = 35.67
|color2 = Blue
|label3 = [[Islam in Kerala|Islam]]
|value3 = 14.87
|color3 = Green
|label4 = None
|value4 = 0.15
|color4 = black
|label5 = Other
|value5 = 0.07
|color5 = grey
}}
As per the [[2011 Indian census]], Maradu has a total population of 44,704 and a population density of {{convert|3,620|PD/km2|PD/sqmi|}}. Of this, 49.6% are male and 50.4% are female. 8.01% of the population is under 6 years of age. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] constitute 17.28% and 0.40% of the population respectively. The total literacy rate was 97.2% (98.3% for males and 96.04% for females), which is higher than the state average of 94% and the national average of 74.04%.

===Religion===

According to the 2011 census, [[Hinduism in Kerala|Hindus]] are the plurality with 49% of the population adhering to the religion. [[Christianity in Kerala|Christians]] form a significant minority, constituting 36% of the population. [[Islam in Kerala|Muslims]] constitute 15% of the population.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=https://www.censusindia.com/towns/maradu-population-ernakulam-kerala-628015}}</ref>

== Governance ==
It is administered by the Maradu Municipality, established in November 2010. The municipality is divided into 35 wards, each represented by an elected [[councillor]], who together form the [[Municipal councillor (India)|municipal council]]. The municipality is headed by a Chairperson and a Deputy Chairperson, elected from among its members.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kudumbashree {{!}} City Profile in PMAY - Maradu |url=https://www.kudumbashree.org/sub-district/881013/20 |access-date=2025-12-17 |website=www.kudumbashree.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=2025-12-16 |title=Maradu sees two strong contenders for chairperson post |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/maradu-sees-two-strong-contenders-for-chairperson-post/article70403497.ece |access-date=2025-12-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Culture ==
===Local media===
Maradu News is an news network which provides news updates in Maradu and the surrounding areas.<ref>{{Cite web | title=- exploring the local | url=https://maradunews.in/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122115836/http://maradunews.in:80/ | access-date=2025-06-29 | archive-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
The organisation shows news related to politics, local events, crime, and obituaries.

===Festivals===
The annual ''Thalappoli'' festival, also known as the ''Maradu Vedikkettu'', is held in the ''Maradu Kottaram Bhagavathy Temple'' every year, in the month of [[Kumbha (month)|Kumbham]] in the [[Malayalam calendar]]. Though the festival lasts for 8–9 days, it is famous for its large fireworks displays in the last 2 days.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Thalappoli Festival - Maradu Kottaram Devi temple | url=https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1507747571-0.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810113357/https://www.keralatourism.org/1000festivals//assets/uploads/pdf/1507747571-0.pdf | archive-date=2024-08-10}}</ref> However, in 2024, the [[Kerala High Court]] denied permission for the fireworks displays, citing safety concerns and lack of proper licensing.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-21 |title=HC denies nod for fireworks at Maradu temple fest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/high-court-denies-permission-for-fireworks-at-maradu-temple-festival/articleshow/107869399.cms |access-date=2024-08-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-20 |title=High Court denies permission for fireworks display at Maradu temple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/high-court-denies-permission-for-fireworks-display-at-maradu-temple/article67868015.ece |access-date=2024-08-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The ''Maradu Subramanya Swami Temple'' holds an annual festival in the month of [[Makara (month)|Makaram]] in the [[Malayalam calendar]] during [[Thaipusam|Thaipooyam]]. The festival is also famous for its [[Kavadi Aattam]] in honour of the deity [[Murugan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maradu Subramanya Swami Temple – Festival |url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2022/01/maradu-subramanya-swami-temple-festival.html |access-date=2024-08-16}}</ref>

The death anniversary of [[Vakayilachan|Fr. George Vakayil]] (also known as Vakayilachan) is observed every year on 4 November in the ''St. Mary Magdalene Roman Catholic Church, Maradu'' by thousands of devotees.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-05-16 |title=Death anniversary observed |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2011/Nov/07/death-anniversary-observed-307597.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, he was declared a [[Servant of God]] by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Verapoly|Archbishop of Verapoly]] in the church.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2013-08-31 |title=Canonisation of Fr George Vakayil |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2013/Aug/31/canonisation-of-fr-george-vakayil-512042.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Developments ==
[[File:Abad Nucleus Mall Front.jpg|thumb|left|[[Abad Nucleus Mall|Nucleus Mall]] in Maradu]]

Three National highways pass through Maradu ([[NH 66]], [[National Highway 85 (India)|NH 85]], [[National Highway 966B (India)|NH 966 B]]). Presence of the [[National Highway (India)|National Highways]] and its assimilation into [[Kochi]] city brought the area under the radar of investors and is now one of the fastest-growing areas in Kochi. Maradu also houses two 5 star hotels in addition to several other 2 and 3 start hotels. Maradu currently houses two malls, namely [[Abad Nucleus Mall]] and [[Forum Mall Kochi]].

NH 66 (Kochi bypass/Panavel kochi Kanyakumari highway), NH 85 (Kochi Madurai highway) and NH 966 B (Kundanoor Willingdon highway) intersects at [[Kundannoor]] Junction. There is also an underpass in Kundanooor. A new 6 lane flyover has also been opened recently at the busy junction.

Since the current [[Kochi Bypass]] carries over twice the traffic it is designed to handle, the [[National Highways Authority of India]] had come up with a proposal for a new bypass for Kochi city a few years ago. As per the selected alignment, the Kochi New Bypass will begin from NH 544 at Karayamparambu, north of Kochi's suburb [[Angamaly]], and end at NH 66 at [[Nettoor]] region of Maradu.

In addition to this new greenfield National Highway project, the existing NH 85 (Kochi-Dhanushkodi) starting from [[Kundannoor]] junction will be widened to a four lane one under [[Bharatmala]]. As per the plans the new widened NH will avoid the current NH 85 as far as [[Puthenkurishu]], starting around 1 kilometre south of the existing Kundanoor Junction.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/three-national-highways-to-take-off-from-kundannur/article33208360.ece| title = Three national highways to take off from Kundannur - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 29 November 2020| last1 = Paul| first1 = John L.}}</ref>

Maradu municipality oversees the development and administration of Maradu region. Maradu municipal office is in Kundanoor on KRL road.

Maradu is also a part of the region which comes under the [[Greater Cochin Development Authority]] (GCDA).

==See also==
* [[Maradu apartments demolition order]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013043120/https://keralapanchayatelection2020.keralas.info/ Remaining Date for Kothamangalam Municipality Election 2020]

{{Ernakulam district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Kochi]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kochi]]

Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary

2026-02-22T09:42:09Z

Wikindia777:

{{Short description|Indian wildlife sanctuary}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary
| alt_name = Wild Ass Nature Education Camp
| iucn_category = IV
| image = IndianWildAss (cropped).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Indian wild ass|Khur]] grazing at the Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary, [[Little Rann of Kutch]].
| map = Gujarat#India
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_width =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| label =
| label_position =
| mark =
| marker_size =
| mapframe-zoom = 8
| location = [[Kutchh]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Ahmedabad]]
| coordinates ={{coord|23.152739|71.395678}}
| coords_ref =
| region =
| area = 4954 km2
| designation =
| authorized =
| created =
| established = 1972
| designated =
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| visitation_ref =
| governing_body =
| administrator =
| operator =
| owner =
| world_heritage_site = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2105/ UNESCO Tentative List]
| website = [http://www.gujarattourism.com/destination/details/12/80 GujaratTourism]
| url =
| child =
| embeded =
}}

The '''Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary''', or '''Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary''', is located in the [[Little Rann of Kutch]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], [[India]], spread over an area of 4954 km².<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx|title=Wildlife Sanctuaries|website=wiienvis.nic.in|access-date=2017-04-24|archive-date=2017-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223175631/http://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/wls_8230.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Image:Map GujDist Kuchchh.png|thumb|right|Map of [[Gujarat]] showing the Little Rann of Kutch and [[Greater Rann of Kutch]]]]

The Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary was established under the [[Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972|Wildlife Protection Act]] of 1972 as one of the last bastions for the endangered [[Indian Wild Ass|Indian wild ass]] (''Equus hemionus khur'')—called ''khur'' or ''godhkhur'' in the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] language—, a southern [[subspecies]] of ''E. hemionus'', the [[Onager|Asiatic wild ass]] (or ''onager'').

==Geography==
The [[Rann of Kutch]] is a sealine desert. During [[monsoon]], the Rann ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] for [[desert]]) gets flooded for a period of about one month and is dotted with about 74 elevated plateaus or islands, locally called 'bets'. These ''bets'' are covered with grass and feed the population of around 2100 animals.<ref>{{cite news
|work=The Hindu
|title=Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary
|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/02/27/stories/2006022700320300.htm
|accessdate=2006-09-13
|location=Chennai, India
|date=27 February 2006
|archive-date=2007-01-22
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070122141623/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/02/27/stories/2006022700320300.htm
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Species found==
The sanctuary is also a habitat for many other endemic species of animals and migratory birds. According to data submitted to the [[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre,<ref>{{cite web
|publisher = UNESCO World Heritage Centre
|title = Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch
|url = https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2105/
|accessdate = 2006-09-13
|archive-date = 2022-05-16
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220516234433/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2105/
|url-status = live
}}</ref> the sanctuary's rich biodiversity includes

* nine [[mammal]]ian [[Order (taxonomy)|orders]], representing over 30 species and subspecies;

* at least 70,000 individual bird nests and pairs;

* at least 30 species of [[reptile]], with two [[turtle]]s, 14 [[lizard]]s and 12 [[snake]] species, as well as the [[mugger crocodile]];

* four species of [[amphibian]];

* and about 90 species of [[invertebrate]]s—25 species of [[zooplankton]], one [[annelid]], four [[crustacean]]s (including ''[[Metapenaeus]] kutchensis'', a type of [[prawn]]), 24 [[insect]]s, 12 [[mollusc]]s and 27 [[arachnids]].

[[File:Variable Wheatear, Little Rann of Kutch, India.jpg|thumb|[[Pied bush chat]] at LRK]]

==Threats==

The main threat faced by the sanctuary is the illegal [[salt panning]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091124183835/http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20091116-180178.html The salt-panners of the little Rann]; kuensel online; Nov 16, 2009; asiaone news; Singapore Press Holdings</ref> activity in the area. 25% of India's salt supply comes from panning activity in the area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/takeaction/detailcampaign.php?cid=54|title=Rann of Kutchh Wild Ass Sanctuary, Kutchh|accessdate=2006-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017155315/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/takeaction/detailcampaign.php?cid=54|archive-date=2006-10-17|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Biosphere Reserve — World Heritage Site==
The reserve was nominated by the Forest Department to be a [[biosphere reserve]], which are areas of terrestrial and coastal [[ecosystems]] internationally recognised within the framework of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere (MAB) programme. The aim of the programme is to focus on conserving [[biological diversity]], and the research, monitoring and providing of sustainable development models. The proposal was sent to and listed at [[UNESCO]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2105/|title=Wild Ass Sanctuary, Little Rann of Kutch|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=2019-12-26|archive-date=2022-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516234433/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2105/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Earth/Flora--Fauna/Kutch-gets-biosphere-reserve-status/articleshow/3261967.cms|title=Kutch gets biosphere reserve status|first=Himanshu|last=Kaushik|date=July 22, 2008|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=April 27, 2019|archive-date=April 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430163437/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Earth/Flora--Fauna/Kutch-gets-biosphere-reserve-status/articleshow/3261967.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kutchs-wild-ass-habitat-may-soon-get-herita/206928/ Kutch’s wild ass habitat may soon get heritage label] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305083606/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/kutchs-wild-ass-habitat-may-soon-get-heritage-label/ |date=2023-03-05 }} (2 Page article online); by DP Bhattacharya; Jul 26, 2007; Indian Express Newspaper</ref>

==Wildlife Sanctuaries and Reserves of Kutch==
From the city of [[Bhuj]] various [[ecology|ecologically]] rich and [[wildlife conservation]] areas of the Kutch / [[Kachchh district]] can be visited such as Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary, [[Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary]], [[Kutch Bustard Sanctuary]], [[Banni Grasslands Reserve]] and [[Chari-Dhand Wetland Conservation Reserve]] etc..

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
Image:Wild ass group female.jpg|A group of female khur breaking into a run.
Image:Wild ass male.JPG|Alpha male of a herd.
File:Nilgai_group_at_Little_Rann_of_kutch.JPG|[[Nilgai]] herd at Wild Ass Sanctuary, LRK.
File:Little rann of kutch landscape.JPG|Landscape of Wild Ass Sanctuary.
Image:Wild ass india.jpg|Indian Wild Ass
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat, India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Ahmedabad/Wild-asses-population-rises-by-4/articleshow/4387029.cms Wild asses population rises by 4%]; TNN; 11 April 2009; Times of India
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ahmedabad/Wild-Ass-vulnerable-to-flu-/articleshow/4376858.cms Wild Ass vulnerable to flu]; by TNN; 9 April 2009; Times of India
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Rajkot/Wild-ass-census-to-kick-off-from-April-5/articleshow/4340952.cms Wild ass census to kick off from April 5]; TNN; 31 March 2009; Times of India
*[http://www.commodityonline.com/news/Bleak-future-for-traditional-salt-15393-3-1.html Bleak future for traditional salt]; by Anosh Malekar; February 21, 2009; Courtesy : Infochange News & Features; ComodittyOnline
*[http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/feb/15rann.htm Wild ass robs agarias' livelihood]; February 15, 2007; Rediff India Abroad
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120106184148/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/03/04/stories/2006030400320200.htm Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary]; SANCTUARY SPOTLIGHT; Mar 04, 2006; The Hindu, Online edition of India's National Newspaper. Also posted at [https://web.archive.org/web/20070122141623/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/02/27/stories/2006022700320300.htm Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary]
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/599049.cms Wild ass population shows upward trend]; TNN; 3 April 2004; Times of India
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130509024619/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=67090 Japanese duo does donkey work in Rann - ‘‘The female donkeys are left by the maldhari’s on the island of Plaswa village in the Rann of Kutch for about three months during the monsoon. Here, the Wild Ass, a protected species, breed with the female donkeys leading to the birth of hybrid donkeys which are taller than their mothers and wilder than their fathers,’’ says Dr R Kimura who has been a visiting researcher at the Equine Museum of Japan for the past two decades.]; by Rupam Jain; November 3, 2003; Indian Express Newspaper. Also see [http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/34794/]
*[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/328732.cms Officials gear up for wild ass census]; by TNN; 28 November 2003; Times of India
*[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990308/ige08141.html Wild ass being robbed of its run of the Little Rann]{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; by ANAND SUNDAS; March 8, 1999; Indian Express Newspaper

==External links==
{{commons category|Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091227113948/http://gujenvfor.gswan.gov.in/wildlife/national-park/wildlife-wild-ass-sanctuary.htm Wild ASS Sanctuary] & [https://archive.today/20121218175034/http://gujaratforest.gov.in/wildlife/wild_ass1.htm Wild Life - National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries - Wild ASS Sanctuary]; Official website: Forests & Environment Department; State Government of Gujarat, India

[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Kutch district]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1972]]
[[Category:Onager]]
[[Category:World Heritage Tentative List for India]]

Poonamallee

2026-02-20T15:20:02Z

Wikindia777: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Poonamallee
| other_name = Poovirundhavalli
| settlement_type = suburb of Chennai
| image_skyline = West Chennai aerial 2.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = An aerial view of Poonamallee
| nickname = Poovai
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Poonamallee (Chennai)
| coordinates = {{coord|13.047300|N|80.094500|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chennai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 27.53
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 47
| population_total = 60,607
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Citeweb|title= Poonamallee municipality|url= https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/poonamallee/#:~:text=Poonamallee%20Municipality%20is%20situated%20in,m%20radius.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://citypopulation.de/en/india/tamilnadu/thiruvallur/3340117000__poonamallee/|title=Poonamallee municipality with outgrowth population}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 600 056<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://pincode.hindiastar.com/TAMIL-NADU/THIRUVALLUR/poonamallee-so
|title=Poonamallee S.O Pin Code Thiruvallur, Tamil Nadu, India
|website=PinCode
|access-date=2026-02-20
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 044
| registration_plate = TN 12 (RTO, Poovirundhavalli)
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Poonamallee''' is a western suburb of [[Chennai]], [[India]] under the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]. It was historically called ''Pushpagirimangalam'', later renamed in Tamil as ''Poovirundhavalli'' ({{IPA|ta|puːʋiɾɯn̪daʋalli|lang}}), and now colloquially called as ''Poondhamalli''. It is the headquarters of the [[Poonamallee taluk]] of the [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]] district in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The nearest Railway station is at Avadi. It acts as the gateway to the city from its western side. It is a town with rich cultural heritage and also a fast-growing areas in the city. As of 2011, the town had a population of 60,607. There are plans to merge the areas under Poonamallee Municipality with Avadi Municipal Corporation.

== Location ==
The town of Poonamallee is situated at a distance of 21 km from [[Chennai Central railway station|Chennai central]] and 20 km from [[Sriperumbudur]] on the Chennai-[[Bangalore]] highway and 15 km from [[Thiruninravur]] on Chennai Outer Ring Road. It is located at the end of the [[Mount-Poonamallee Road]], [[National Highway 4 (India, old numbering)|Poonamalle High Road]] and [[Pallavaram-Kundrathur-Poonamallee Road]], 16 km from [[Guindy]] and 13 km from [[Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus]] on the Chennai bypass. The nearest [[railway station]] is at [[Avadi Railway Station|Avadi]] and [[Thiruninravur railway station|Thiruninravur]] which is nine km away and [[Pallavaram railway station|Pallavaram Railway Station]] on the [[South Line, Chennai Suburban|South Line]] of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] which is 18 km away. It is also an important halting point for buses starting from [[Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus]] and going towards [[Tirupati (city)|Tirupati]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Vellore]], and other cities.

== Etymology ==
The name "Poonamallee" is derived from the Tamil phrase ''Poo irundha Valli'', which refers to "the place with a pond of flowers" or "flower-abundant pond."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-09-16 |title=Twists of tongue give new meaning to old streets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/twists-of-tongue-give-new-meaning-to-old-streets/articleshow/22609610.cms |access-date=2024-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It is the birthplace of Saint Thirukatchi Nambigal, a revered [[Vaishnava]] devotee, whose daily service of offering flowers to Lord [[Vishnu|Varadharaja]] underscores the town's association with floral offerings. The [[Sanskrit]] name ''Pushpagirimangalam'', meaning "auspicious place of the flower hill," highlights its sanctity and link to Nambi’s devotion. The [[Varadaraja Perumal Temple, Poonamallee]], a significant [[Chola]]-era shrine, commemorates Nambi’s devotion and the divine darshan he received from Lord [[Vishnu|Varadharaja]], Lord [[Ranganatha]], and Lord [[Venkateswara]]. This place was also called ''Lakshmipuram'' and ''Ulagu Vuyya Konda Cholapuram'', emphasizing its spiritual and cultural significance in the Chola era.

== History ==

''Poonamallee'' (an anglicised version, also ''Púnamallu'' and ''Pondamalai'') is a town and former military cantonment located in the Saidapet taluk of Chengalpattu district (formerly Chingleput district) in the [[Madras Presidency]] (modern [[Tamil Nadu]]).

Historically, Poonamallee played a significant role during the [[Carnatic Wars]]. The old fort, which no longer exists, was a key military stronghold during this period.

In the late 19th century, Poonamallee served as a convalescent depot for British troops stationed across the Madras Presidency and Burma, primarily due to its healthy climate. A hospital with 90 beds was built on the site of the old fort. The fort was eventually levelled to make way for these medical facilities.

The town also had administrative importance during the British period, with a resident Magistrate and District Munsif. Additionally, Poonamallee was home to a significant number of European pensioners, mainly retired military personnel.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hunter |first1=William Wilson |title=Imperial gazetteer of India. |date=1886 |publisher=Trübner & co. |location=London |page=241 |edition=2 |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee11hunt_0/page/240/mode/2up}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|75.88}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|13.34}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|blue|9.03}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.02}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.02}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.29}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|1.41}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.01}}}}

{{Historical populations
|state=collapsed
|type=
|1881|7670
|1901 |15323
|1911 |16342
|1921 |17549
|1931 |20340
|1941 |18704
|1951 |20677
|1981 |23667
|1991 |28827
|2001 |42604
|2011|57224
|footnote = Sources: 
* 1981 - 2001: {{cite book|title=WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN PERI-URBAN CHENNAI – CASE STUDY FINDINGS|author=G. Dattatri|publisher=Service Provision Governance in the Peri-Urban Interface of Metropolitan Areas|pages=8|date=10–11 February 2005}}
* 2011:<ref name=2011census/>
}}
According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Poonamallee had a population of 57,224 with a sex-ratio of 999 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 6,496 were under the age of six, constituting 3,313 males and 3,183 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 15.24% and 0.1% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 78.88%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of 14668 households. There were a total of 22,411 workers, comprising 133 cultivators, 226 main agricultural labourers, 576 in house hold industries, 18,084 other workers, 3,392 marginal workers, 29 marginal cultivators, 35 marginal agricultural labourers, 128 marginal workers in household industries and 3,200 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Poonamallee|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=679365|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, Poonamallee had 75.88% [[Hindus]], 13.34% [[Muslims]], 9.03% [[Christians]], 0.02% [[Sikhs]], 0.02% [[Buddhists]], 0.29% [[Jainism|Jains]], 1.41% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

== Administration ==
Poonamallee is governed by Municipality of Poonamallee, coming under the [[Thiruvallur district]]. Poonamallee Municipality is situated in the West [[Chennai]] of Tamil Nadu in Thiruvallur District. This town is surrounded with infrastructural facilities and it is near to visit Chennai Metropolitan Bus Terminal (CMBT). The town's traffic is managed by the Avadi Traffic Police (ATP). The town's police comes directly under [[Chennai Metropolitan Police]] department. The town elects 1 [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] to the state legislature and comes under [[Thiruvallur]] Parliamentary constituency. The town is famous for its 8 courts including the special courts for bomb blasts. It has gained importance since this court system dealt with the assassination of former Indian Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]].

'''RTO''': Poonamallee comes under RTO-Poonamallee (TN-12). It is one of the largest RTO in Tamil Nadu in terms of vehicle registered. Previously it was under Tiruvallur RTO (TN20).

==Politics==
[[Poonamallee Assembly constituency|Poonamallee assembly constituency]] is part of [[Thiruvallur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 2008-10-08
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 2006-05-04
}}</ref>
The Current MLA For Poonamallee Constituency is A. Krishnaswamy (DMK) from 2021 May.
The Current MP is K. Jayakumar (INC) from 2019 May.

==City==

===Landmarks===
Poonamallee is home to [[Varadaraja Perumal Temple, Poonamallee|Varadaraja Perumal Temple]]. The neighbourhood has a [[Shiva]] temple which has three inscriptions dating to the 18th century CE.<ref name="antiquep175">{{cite book|title=Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras, Volume 1|author=Robert Sewell|year=1882|publisher=Government of Madras|pages=175}}</ref> there are three old traditional Catholic churches and a mosque was built and completed by Rustom, son of Dhulfiquer of Astrabad, a servant of Nawab Jumlat-ul-mulk. A Persian inscription dated 1653 CE, found in the mosque reveals this information. There is also a Muhammedan fort nearby.<ref name="antiquep175" /> There is also old cemetery in Poonamallee, which is the resting place of many British missionaries. The bus stop next to the cemetery says Kallarai, which is the Tamil word for cemetery.

==Educational institutions==
=== Colleges ===
* [[Alpha College of Engineering]]
* [[Apollo Engineering College]]
* [[Panimalar Engineering College]]
* [[Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology]]
* [[SKR Engineering College]]
* [[Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology]]
* [[Sri Muthukumaran Institute of Technology]]

* Apollo Arts & Science College
* Iqueue Technologies
* Sastha Engineering College

===Schools===
* [[Arignar Anna Government Higher Secondary School]]

* Apollo Vidyashram
* Christ Matriculation Higher Secondary School
* Daniel Matriculation School
* Government ADW Higher Secondary School
* Holy Crescent Matriculation Higher Secondary School
* Jeya Jeya Sankara International School
* Joy Bell Matriculation School
* Kalashetra Matriculation Higher Secondary School
* Karthik Matriculation School, Ambal Nagar
* New St. Joseph's Matriculation Higher Secondary School
* Pencil Park School of Arts, Nambi Nagar
* Sarojini Varadappan Girls Higher Secondary School
* Sathya Matriculation School
* Sri Rani Bai Matriculation school
* St. Joseph's Matriculation Higher Secondary School
* Sundar Matriculation Higher Secondary School
* Thiruvalluvar Middle School, Nambi Nagar
* Velammal Vidyalaya, Senneer Kuppam

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Poonamallee}}
* {{Official website|http://www.tiruvallur.tn.nic.in/places/poonamallee.htm|Poonamallee official website}}

{{Neighborhoods of Chennai}}
{{Areas of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Tiruvallur district}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:Suburbs of Chennai]]

Greensburg, Indiana

2026-02-19T19:20:44Z

Wikindia777: stub

{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Greensburg, Indiana
| settlement_type = City
| nickname = Tree City
| image_skyline = Franklin Street, Greensburg, IN (48477310671).jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Franklin Street in Downtown Greensburg
| image_flag = Flag of Greensburg, Indiana.png
| image_seal =
| image_blank_emblem = Logo of Greensburg, Indiana.svg
| blank_emblem_type = Logo
| image_map = Decatur County Indiana Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Greensburg Highlighted 1829718.svg
| mapsize = 250x200px
| map_caption = Location of Greensburg in Decatur County, Indiana.
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 =
| map_caption1 =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = United States
| subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Indiana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Indiana|County]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Decatur County, Indiana|Decatur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of townships in Indiana|Townships]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Washington Township, Decatur County, Indiana|Washington]], [[Adams Township, Decatur County, Indiana|Adams]], [[Clay Township, Decatur County, Indiana|Clay]]
| government_type =
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Joshua Marsh ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]){{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
| established_date = 
| unit_pref = Imperial
| area_footnotes = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2020">{{cite web|title=2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_18.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=March 16, 2022}}</ref>
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 24.37
| area_land_km2 = 24.25
| area_water_km2 = 0.12
| area_total_sq_mi = 9.41
| area_land_sq_mi = 9.36
| area_water_sq_mi = 0.04
| area_note =
| population_footnotes =
| population_as_of = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_note =
| population_total = 12312
| population_density_sq_mi = 1315.10
| population_density_km2 = 507.76
| timezone = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|EST]]
| utc_offset = -5
| timezone_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset_DST = -4
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_ft = 942
| coordinates = {{coord|39|21|10|N|85|30|12|W|region:US_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.cityofgreensburg.com/}}
| postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]
| postal_code = 47240
| area_code = [[Area code 812|812]]
| blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info = 18-29718<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |access-date=2008-01-31 |title=U.S. Census website }}</ref>
| blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info = 2394992<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2394992}}</ref>
| footnotes =
}}

'''Greensburg''' is a city in and the [[county seat]] of [[Decatur County, Indiana]], United States. The population was 12,312 at the time of the 2020 census.<ref name="GR6">{{cite web |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=2011-06-07 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509170006/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archive-date=2015-05-09 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
Greensburg founder [[Thomas Hendricks Sr.]]'s wife named the city in honor of her native town, [[Greensburg, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baker |first=Ronald L. |url=https://archive.org/details/fromneedmoretopr00bake |title=From Needmore to Prosperity: Hoosier Place Names in Folklore and History |date=October 1995 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-32866-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fromneedmoretopr00bake/page/n168 151] |quote=...his wife with naming it for Greensburg, Pennsylvania... |url-access=registration}}</ref> Its first post office opened in 1823 and spelled the city's name as Greensburgh until 1894.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decatur County |url=http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=IN&county=Decatur |access-date=31 August 2014 |publisher=Jim Forte Postal History}}</ref>

==History==
Greensburg was laid out in 1822 by Col Thomas Hendricks, a veteran of the [[War of 1812]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harding, Lewis Albert |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofdecatur02hard |title=History of Decatur County, Indiana: Its People, Industries and Institutions |publisher=B.F. Bowen |year=1915 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofdecatur02hard/page/n635 156]}}</ref>

Michigan Road was completed in 1837, bringing more people to settle and visit the growing town. After the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, and St. Louis Railroad was completed in 1853, the town boomed. Agriculture, foundries, millineries, wholesale grocers, and other businesses took advantage of Greenburg's strategic rail position.<ref name="ACHP">{{Cite web |title=Greensburg, Indiana |url=https://www.achp.gov/preserve-america/community/greensburg-indiana |access-date=22 March 2023 |website=www.achp.gov |publisher=Advisory Council on Historic Preservation}}{{PD-notice}}</ref>

===20th century===
At the beginning of the twentieth century, race relations in Greensburg worsened, leading to the expulsion of African Americans from the city after race riots against them in 1906<ref>Peter M. Bergman and Mort N. Bergman, The Chronological History of the Negro in America (NY: Mentor, 1969): 347.</ref> and 1907.<ref>Fort Wayne Daily News. Fort Wayne, IN: 1 May 1907: 3.</ref> According to [[James W. Loewen]], Greensburg then was for decades a [[sundown town]], a town that was purposely all-white.<ref>James Loewen. ''Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism'', New York: New Press, 2005.</ref>

''[[The Indianapolis News]]'' reported that the [[Greensburg Race Riot|incident on April 30, 1907]], in which white residents drove non-whites from Greensburg, began as local outrage increased following a reported assault on a well-known [[Decatur County, Indiana|Decatur County]] woman by John Green, a Black man.<ref name="Indianapolis News">{{Cite news |date=May 2, 1907 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-news-riot-due-to-laxity/157351742/ |title=Riot Due to Laxity in Enforcing Laws |work=[[The Indianapolis News]] |location=Greensburg, Indiana |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> The ''News'' asserted that the incident was not a race war and was instead "the work of whiskey and every good citizen of Greensburg deplores it."<ref name="Indianapolis News" /> The ''News'' put further blame on a "wide-open policy" that allowed "disreputable whites and depraved negroes" that had been in force for two years.<ref name="Indianapolis News" />

==Geography==
According to the 2010 census, Greensburg has a total area of {{convert|9.315|sqmi|sqkm|2}}, of which {{convert|9.27|sqmi|sqkm|2}} (or 99.52%) is land and {{convert|0.045|sqmi|sqkm|2}} (or 0.48%) is water.<ref name="census-g001">{{cite web
|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1829718
|title=G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1
|access-date=2015-07-28
|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213084934/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US1829718
|archive-date=2020-02-13
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

===Climate===
Greensburg is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. Temperatures are high and can lead to warm, oppressive nights. Summers are usually somewhat wetter than winters, with much of the rainfall coming from convectional thunderstorm activity. The [[Köppen Climate Classification]] subtype for this climate is "[[Humid subtropical climate|Cfa]]" (Humid Subtropical Climate).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=745321&cityname=Greensburg,+Indiana,+United+States+of+America&units=|title=Greensburg, Indiana Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase}}</ref>

{{Weather box
|location = Greensburg, Indiana, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1985–2021
|single line = Yes

|Jan record high F = 66
|Feb record high F = 76
|Mar record high F = 85
|Apr record high F = 88
|May record high F = 93
|Jun record high F = 101
|Jul record high F = 101
|Aug record high F = 98
|Sep record high F = 96
|Oct record high F = 91
|Nov record high F = 80
|Dec record high F = 74

|Jan avg record high F = 59.5
|Feb avg record high F = 64.1
|Mar avg record high F = 73.2
|Apr avg record high F = 81.1
|May avg record high F = 86.9
|Jun avg record high F = 91.2
|Jul avg record high F = 92.4
|Aug avg record high F = 92.0
|Sep avg record high F = 89.5
|Oct avg record high F = 82.9
|Nov avg record high F = 71.0
|Dec avg record high F = 62.5
|year avg record high F = 93.8

|Jan high F = 36.2
|Feb high F = 40.6
|Mar high F = 51.0
|Apr high F = 63.7
|May high F = 73.5
|Jun high F = 81.6
|Jul high F = 84.5
|Aug high F = 83.4
|Sep high F = 77.7
|Oct high F = 65.8
|Nov high F = 52.0
|Dec high F = 40.7
|year high F =

|Jan mean F = 28.9
|Feb mean F = 32.4
|Mar mean F = 41.9
|Apr mean F = 53.7
|May mean F = 64.1
|Jun mean F = 72.4
|Jul mean F = 75.4
|Aug mean F = 73.9
|Sep mean F = 67.5
|Oct mean F = 55.7
|Nov mean F = 43.4
|Dec mean F = 33.6
|year mean F =

|Jan low F = 21.6
|Feb low F = 24.1
|Mar low F = 32.7
|Apr low F = 43.6
|May low F = 54.7
|Jun low F = 63.3
|Jul low F = 66.3
|Aug low F = 64.4
|Sep low F = 57.3
|Oct low F = 45.6
|Nov low F = 34.8
|Dec low F = 26.5
|year low F =

|Jan avg record low F = -0.2
|Feb avg record low F = 5.7
|Mar avg record low F = 15.0
|Apr avg record low F = 28.0
|May avg record low F = 37.8
|Jun avg record low F = 49.9
|Jul avg record low F = 54.7
|Aug avg record low F = 53.4
|Sep avg record low F = 42.4
|Oct avg record low F = 30.1
|Nov avg record low F = 20.2
|Dec avg record low F = 8.1
|year avg record low F = -3.0

|Jan record low F = -21
|Feb record low F = -12
|Mar record low F = 3
|Apr record low F = 20
|May record low F = 28
|Jun record low F = 39
|Jul record low F = 49
|Aug record low F = 42
|Sep record low F = 33
|Oct record low F = 24
|Nov record low F = 8
|Dec record low F = -21

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 3.40
|Feb precipitation inch = 2.76
|Mar precipitation inch = 3.77
|Apr precipitation inch = 4.91
|May precipitation inch = 5.08
|Jun precipitation inch = 5.41
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.97
|Aug precipitation inch = 4.03
|Sep precipitation inch = 3.24
|Oct precipitation inch = 3.37
|Nov precipitation inch = 3.60
|Dec precipitation inch = 3.47
|year precipitation inch =

|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 10.6
|Feb precipitation days = 9.1
|Mar precipitation days = 11.3
|Apr precipitation days = 12.9
|May precipitation days = 12.8
|Jun precipitation days = 11.2
|Jul precipitation days = 10.2
|Aug precipitation days = 8.1
|Sep precipitation days = 7.5
|Oct precipitation days = 8.0
|Nov precipitation days = 9.1
|Dec precipitation days = 10.9

|Jan snow inch = 4.4
|Feb snow inch = 3.8
|Mar snow inch = 1.7
|Apr snow inch = 0.0
|May snow inch = 0.0
|Jun snow inch = 0.0
|Jul snow inch = 0.0
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 0.0
|Oct snow inch = 0.1
|Nov snow inch = 0.2
|Dec snow inch = 3.1
|year snow inch =

|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 3.7
|Feb snow days = 2.5
|Mar snow days = 1.0
|Apr snow days = 0.2
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.1
|Nov snow days = 0.3
|Dec snow days = 2.5

|source 1 = NOAA<ref name = NOAA>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00123547&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Greensburg, IN
|access-date = March 12, 2023
}}
</ref>
|source 2 = National Weather Service<ref name = NOWData>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=ind
|publisher = National Weather Service
|title = NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Indianapolis
|access-date = March 12, 2023
}}
</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1850= 1202
|1860= 1283
|1880= 3198
|1890= 3596
|1900= 5034
|1910= 5420
|1920= 5345
|1930= 5702
|1940= 6065
|1950= 6619
|1960= 7492
|1970= 8620
|1980= 9254
|1990= 9286
|2000= 10260
|2010= 11492
|2020= 12312
|footnote=Source: US Census Bureau
}}

===2010 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name ="wwwcensusgov">{{cite web|title=U.S. Census website|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=2012-12-11}}</ref> of 2010, there were 11,492 people, 4,661 households, and 2,927 families living in the city. The [[population density]] was {{convert|1239.7|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 5,185 housing units at an average density of {{convert|559.3|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the city was 96.1% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.4% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.2% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.3% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.9% from [[Race (U.S. Census)|other races]], and 0.9% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 2.4% of the population.

There were 4,661 households, of which 32.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.2% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 13.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.2% were non-families. 31.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.98.

The median age in the city was 37 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.4% were from 25 to 44; 24.5% were from 45 to 64; and 15.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.9% male and 52.1% female.

===2000 census===
As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2" /> of 2000, there were 10,260 people, 4,178 households, and 2,778 families living in the city. The population density was {{convert|2,140.4|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 4,420 housing units at an average density of {{convert|922.1|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 97.57% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.08% [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.16% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 1.39% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.01% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 0.10% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 0.69% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 0.62% of the population.

[[File:Greensburg-indiana-from-above.jpg|thumb|right|Greensburg from the air, looking north.]]

There were 4,178 households, out of which 31.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.7% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.5% were non-families. 28.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39, and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.6% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $38,029, and the median income for a family was $45,439. Males had a median income of $31,662 versus $24,605 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $18,829. About 8.0% of families and 11.4% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 15.2% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over.

==Economy==
[[Honda]] Motor Company operates an automobile manufacturing plant ([[Honda Manufacturing of Indiana]], LLC) along [[Interstate 74]] in Greensburg.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiana.honda.com/honda-fact-sheet|title=The facts and figures of what we do.|author=Administrator|work=honda.com|access-date=3 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511011146/http://www.indiana.honda.com/honda-fact-sheet|archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> This facility, also called Indiana Auto Plant or IAP, is the largest employer in the city as of 2026. Honda purchased {{convert|1,700|acre|km2}} at the northwest edge of Greensburg in 2006. Mass production of the [[Honda Civic (eighth generation)]] sedan commenced at IAP on October 9, 2008. A second shift was added in fall 2011.<ref name="Civic hybrid"/> Production capacity was increased by 25% to accommodate the start of production of the Civic hybrid in early 2013.<ref name="Civic hybrid"/> In 2018, Honda invested [[US$]]32.5 million to expand its plant with a new 19,200 square-foot building for new in-house subassembly of vehicles' front end module, including radiator and cooling fan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perleberg |first1=Mike |title=Honda Will Begin Manufacturing New Insight Hybrid In Greensburg |url=https://www.eaglecountryonline.com/news/local-news/honda-will-begin-manufacturing-new-insight-hybrid-in-greensburg/ |access-date=27 September 2019 |work=Eagle Country 99.3 |date=15 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Eaton |first1=Dan |title=Honda investing in Ohio as Insight production ramps up |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/dayton/news/2018/05/15/honda-investing-in-ohio-as-insight-production.html |access-date=27 September 2019 |work=Columbus Business First |publisher=www.bizjournals.com |date=15 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Honda Launches All-New 2019 Insight Sedan into Production in Indiana (14 May 2018)|url=https://indiana.honda.com/article/honda-launches-all-new-2019-insight-sedan-into-production-in-indiana |website=indiana.honda.com |access-date=27 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2026, IAP employs over 2,600 associates<ref>{{cite web |title=Indiana Auto Plant|url=https://manufacturing.honda.com/indiana-auto-plant/ |website=manufacturing.honda.com |access-date=7 February 2026 |language=en}}</ref> and produces the eleventh-generation [[Honda Civic (eleventh generation)|Honda Civic]] hatchback<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hondanews.com/en-US/honda-automobiles/releases/release-cb177600e922c8a5fcfa01b9b802258c-honda-begins-civic-hatchback-production-in-indiana-first-time-in-america|title=Honda Begins Civic Hatchback Production in Indiana; First Time in America|work=American Honda|date=20 September 2021|access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref> and sixth-generation [[Honda CR-V (Sixth generation)|Honda CR-V]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hondainamerica.com/news/honda-begins-first-production-suvs-indiana-2017-cr-v/|title=Honda Begins First Production of SUVs in Indiana with 2017 CR-V|work=American Honda|access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> Previously, the 2012 [[Acura ILX]] hybrid assembled at IAP became the first hybrid model built by Honda in North America.<ref name="Civic hybrid">{{cite news |title=Honda to build Civic Hybrid in Indiana, will boost plant capacity by 25% |url=https://www.autonews.com/article/20120718/OEM01/120719841/honda-to-build-civic-hybrid-in-indiana-will-boost-plant-capacity-by-25 |access-date=27 September 2019 |work=Automotive News |date=18 July 2012 |language=en}}</ref> Honda has been exporting IAP assembled Civics to Mexico, Latin America, the Caribbean, and the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, Guam and Saipan since 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=Honda's Indiana Plant Begins Production of 2010 Civic Sedans for Export |url=https://indiana.honda.com/article/hondas-indiana-plant-begins-production-of-2010-civic-sedans-for-export |website=indiana.honda.com |access-date=27 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honda Moving Accord Production from Ohio to Greensburg Indiana|date=14 March 2023 |url=https://www.wthr.com/article/news/local/honda-moving-accord-production-from-ohio-to-greensburg-indiana/531-f861b131-aed9-4cad-9da9-e7de49024928}}</ref>

[[Delta Faucet Company]] has operated a manufacturing facility in the city since 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Employers for Decatur County |url=http://www.hoosierdata.in.gov/major_employers.asp?areaID=031 |access-date=May 7, 2021 |website=Hoosiers by the Numbers}}</ref> In addition to faucet components, Delta's Greensburg plant also produces bath tubs and shower fixtures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The rebirth of Delta Faucet's plant |url=https://www.greensburgdailynews.com/news/local_news/the-rebirth-of-delta-faucets-plant/article_a28e3827-ac7f-5d82-b7ed-7fa1ab37b15f.html |access-date=May 21, 2021 |website=Greensburg Daily News|date=24 January 2014 }}</ref>

==Culture==
===Historical society===
The Historical Society of Decatur County established a museum in 1976 in a historic former residence. The museum underwent an expansion and renovation in 2006, providing better facilities for storage, record keeping, and exhibits. Visits to the Historical Society Museum and a Pioneer Day event provide students an interactive learning experience on the life of the area's first settlers. Another school enrichment project allows students to research historic buildings, focusing on the age, architecture, use and other information that would help place the structure within the community's story. The results are then condensed onto bronze plaques placed on the exterior of the buildings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shivaram |first=Deepa |last2=Khalid |first2=Asma |date=October 24, 2021 |title=An Indiana town is wooing new residents with on-demand grandparents |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/10/24/1048790487/an-indiana-town-is-wooing-new-residents-with-on-demand-grandparents |access-date=2021-10-25 |work=NPR.org |language=en}}</ref> The incentive package included $5,000 to offset moving expenses, a year's membership to the local co-working space and YMCA, gift cards to the seasonal farmers market, tickets throughout the year to productions at the local playhouse, home-cooked meals and a program called "Grandparents on Demand", which offered babysitting hours and a stand in on Grandparents Day at school.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2021 |title=Greensburg offers cash incentives to potential residents |url=https://www.wthr.com/article/news/local/greensburg-cash-incentive-move-relocate-residents/531-149362de-eacd-4638-8356-92344e03a531 |access-date=4 November 2021 |publisher=WTHR}}</ref>

===Landmarks===
The [[Bromwell Wire Works]], [[Decatur County Courthouse (Indiana)|Decatur County Courthouse]], [[Greensburg Carnegie Public Library]], [[Greensburg Downtown Historic District (Greensburg, Indiana)|Greensburg Downtown Historic District]], [[Bright B. Harris House]], [[Jerman School]], and [[Knights of Pythias Building and Theatre]] are listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|version=2010a}}</ref>

===Tree on the Courthouse Tower===
[[File:Decatur County Courthouse, Greensburg, IN (48477403112).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Tree on the Courthouse Tower in Greensburg, Indiana]]

The [[Decatur County Courthouse (Indiana)|Decatur County Courthouse]] in Greensburg is known for a tree which grows from the top of the Courthouse Tower, giving Greensburg its nickname, "Tree City".

There have been one or more trees growing continually since the first tree was noticed in the early 1870s. Later, other small trees appeared on the clock tower.

County officials were initially concerned that the trees would cause damage to the roof, and a steeplejack was hired in the 1880s to remove some of them. Two trees were left, with one ultimately growing to a height of nearly {{convert|15|ft|m}}. By the time it died, another tree had appeared.

Today, there are two trees on the tower. During a recent tree trimming a piece of the tree was examined by several Purdue University foresters and they positively identified the tree as a [[mulberry tree]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.decaturcounty.in.gov/Greensburg's_Famous_Tower_Tree.htm|title=Greensburg's Famous Tower Tree|work=in.gov|access-date=3 June 2015}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Greensburg is located adjacent to [[Interstate 74]] halfway between [[Indianapolis]] and [[Cincinnati]]. [[U.S. Route 421]] links Greensburg with Indianapolis to the north and [[Lexington, Kentucky]], to the south. [[Indiana State Road 3|State Road 3]] connects Greensburg with [[Muncie, Indiana|Muncie]] and [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]] to the north and the Indiana suburbs of [[Louisville, Kentucky]], to the south. [[Indiana State Road 46|State Road 46]] links the community with [[Columbus, Indiana|Columbus]], [[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]], and [[Terre Haute]] to the west and [[Batesville, Indiana|Batesville]] to the east. Recently a construction project, which has made going east on [[Interstate 74]] from the ramp west of town possible, has been completed.

Greensburg is a likely train stop on the proposed high-speed rail line between Indianapolis and Cincinnati. This line is part of the [[Midwest Regional Rail Initiative]], which is the master plan for a high-speed rail network throughout the midwestern United States.

The [[Greensburg Municipal Airport]] consists of a single runway measuring {{convert|3343|ft|m|abbr=on}}. by {{convert|40|ft|m|abbr=on}}. There are tentative plans to either expand the current runway or build a new airport elsewhere in Decatur County.

[[Indianapolis International Airport]] is located {{convert|59|mi|km}} from Greensburg, and [[Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport]] is located {{convert|66|mi|km}} away.

==Education==
Almost all of the city territory is in the [[Greensburg Community Schools]], while small pieces extend into [[Decatur County Community Schools]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st18_in/schooldistrict_maps/c18031_decatur/DC20SD_C18031.pdf|title=2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Decatur County, IN|publisher=[[U.S. Census Bureau]]|access-date=2024-10-18}} - [https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st18_in/schooldistrict_maps/c18031_decatur/DC20SD_C18031_SD2MS.txt Text list]</ref>

== Media ==
Greensburg has one newspaper, the ''Greensburg Daily News'', which is published Mondays through Saturdays. The paper is owned by [[CNHI]].

Greensburg is also home to 1330 AM 104.3 FM [[WTRE (AM)|WTRE]], a locally owned and operated 500-watt AM/FM radio station that plays country music, local news, and local sports from area high schools.

==Notable people==
* [[Annie Laurie Adams Baird]] (1864–1916), Author and American missionary in Korea
* [[William Cumback]] (1829–1905), attorney, [[American Civil War|Civil War]] Army paymaster, [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]], and 16th lieutenant governor of [[Indiana]]
* [[Carl G. Fisher]] (1874–1939), entrepreneur involved with starting [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]] and developing [[Miami Beach]]
* [[James Bradford Foley]] (1807–1886), politician elected to Thirty-fifth Congress
* [[John Goodnow]] (1858–1907), United States consul general in Shanghai from 1897 to 1905
* [[Marc Griffin]] (born in 1956), lawyer, world's youngest judge
* [[Thomas Hendricks Sr.]] (1773–1835), veteran of [[War of 1812]], founded Greensburg in 1821, which was named by his wife in 1822; served in [[Indiana House of Representatives]] and [[Indiana State Senate]]
* [[Ezekiel J. Ingersoll]] (1838–1925), Illinois state representative and businessman
* [[Oliver Kessing]] (1890–1963), the third and last commissioner of the [[All-America Football Conference]]
* [[Rose McConnell Long]] (1892–1970), [[United States senator]] and the wife of [[Huey Long]]; third woman to ever serve in the U.S. Senate<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Fairfield |first1=Hannah |last2=McLEAN |first2=ALAN |last3=Willis |first3=Derek |title=Women in the Senate |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/03/22/us/politics/women-in-the-senate.html |access-date=2016-09-21 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
* [[Bryant McIntosh]] (born November 20, 1994), [[college basketball]] player for [[Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball]] team
* [[Alex Meyer (baseball)|Alex Meyer]] (born in 1990), former Major League Baseball player for [[Los Angeles Angels]]
* [[Dave Robbins (trombonist)|Dave Robbins]], jazz trombonist, composer, and educator
* [[Wilbur Shaw]] (1902–1954), three-time [[Indianapolis 500]] winner and president of [[Indianapolis Motor Speedway]]
* [[Roy Henry Thorpe]] (1874–1951), politician elected to 67th United States Congress in 1922
* [[Gilbert Van Camp]] (1814–1900), businessman who founded Van Camp canning company
* [[John T. Wilder]] (1830–1917), Civil War Union General, known for commanding Lightning Brigade and for success at [[Battle of Chickamauga]]
* [[Aldred Scott Warthin]] (1866–1931), pathologist known as the "father of cancer genetics"
* Samantha Toney (born October 18, 1994), [[Miss Indiana USA]] in 2022

==See also==
* [[List of sundown towns in the United States]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* White, Robert W. "The Greensburg Race Riot of 1907: Race and a Sundown Town." ''Indiana Magazine of History'' 119.1 (2023): 27–78. [https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/3/article/883489/summary excerpt]

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Wikivoyage|Greensburg (Indiana)}}
* [https://www.cityofgreensburg.com/ City of Greensburg, Indiana official website]
* [http://www.greensburgchamber.com Greensburg Chamber of Commerce]

{{Decatur County, Indiana}}
{{County Seats of Indiana}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Indiana]]
[[Category:Cities in Decatur County, Indiana]]
[[Category:Micropolitan areas of Indiana]]
[[Category:County seats in Indiana]]
[[Category:1822 establishments in Indiana]]
[[Category:Sundown towns in Indiana]]

S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar

2026-02-13T17:15:54Z

Wikindia777:

{{Short description|Indian independence activist and journalist}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S.Kasturi Ranga Iyengar
| image = Kasturiranga_Iyengar_editor_of_Hindu.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1859|12|15}}
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]], [[Madras Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1923|12|12|1859|12|15}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], British India
| death_cause =
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| resting_place_coordinates =
| other_names =
| known_for = journalism, political activism
| education =
| employer =
| occupation = lawyer, journalist
| title =
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| children = [[K. Srinivasan]], [[K. Gopalan]]
| signature =
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}}

'''S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar''' (15 December 1859 – 12 December 1923) was an Indian lawyer, [[Indian independence activist]], politician and journalist who served as the managing director of ''[[The Hindu]]'' from 1 April 1905 until his death.

== Ancestry and family ==

Iyengar was born into a family whose paternal forebears came from Kumbakonam, in the Cauvery (Kaveri) delta, in Tanjore District, in British India. His eldest brother, Diwan Bahadur [[S. Srinivasa Raghavaiyangar]], served as the Inspector General of Registration in the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name="madrasleadersp43">[[#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 43</ref> Srinivasa Raghavaiyangar, in 1893, wrote ''Memorandum of Progress of the Madras Presidency during the last forty years of British administration'' to refute the charges of economic exploitation made by nationalists.<ref name="madrasleadersp43" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavaiyangar |first=S. Srinivasa |title=Memorandum on the Progress of the Madras Presidency during the Last Forty Years of British Administration |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/memorandum-progress-madras-presidency-during-last-forty-years-british-administration-1 |access-date=5 February 2023 |website=Indian Culture}}</ref> Yet another elder brother, Soundararaja Iyengar, was the father of [[Sangeetha Kalanidhi]] awardee [[T. Brinda]], and he was Deputy Collector in Madras and [[Kumbakonam|Kumbhakonam]], and was associated with [[Madras Music Academy]]. The Music Academy confers an award in the memory of Kasturi Ranga Iyengar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jkyog.org/janamashtami-2020 | title=Janamashtami 2020 | JKYog }}</ref>

== Early life ==

Kasturi Ranga Iyengar was born on 15 December 1859 in the village [[Innambur]] in Kumbakonam. On completion of his education, he moved to [[Coimbatore]] to commence practice as a lawyer. He set up a prosperous vocation and moved to [[Madras]] to try his luck there. He was not as successful in Madras as he had been in Coimbatore. Eventually, in 1895, he became a legal correspondent with ''The Hindu'' which was run by [[G. Subramania Iyer]]. He wrote a well-known column in the newspaper ''The Coimbatore Letters''. During this period, he also got ample encouragement from [[C. Karunakara Menon]].<ref name="madrasleadersp43" />

As The Hindu's financial health declined, the rich and prosperous Kasturi Ranga Iyengar purchased the newspaper for a price of [[Indian rupee|INR]] 75,000 on 1 April 1905.<ref name="familybusiness_thehindu">{{cite news|title=Looking back:MAKING NEWS THE FAMILY BUSINESS|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/th125/stories/2003091300800200.htm|date=13 September 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Iyengar - and under his stewardship, The Hindu, became powerful voices for Indian opinion and independence.

==As managing director==
In July 1905, Kasturi Ranga Iyengar appointed his nephew [[A. Rangaswami Iyengar]] as assistant editor. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar worked to rescue ''The Hindu'' by increasing advertisements and terminating subscriptions to customers who did not pay in advance. The tactic proved successful and Kasturi Ranga Iyengar was able to clear his debts by 1910. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar subscribed to the [[Reuters]] news service and allotted space for [[weather forecasting|weather reports]], [[court cases]], [[trade]] and [[commerce]] as well as sports. In 1905, ''The Hindu'', in its editorial, demanded partial autonomy but not independence for India. It also strongly criticised [[Annie Besant]] and her [[Theosophical Society]], including her lavish promotional campaign of [[J. Krishnamurti]] as the [[Maitreya Buddha]]. However, ''The Hindu'' offered its enthusiastic support to her [[Home Rule Movement]] and protested her internment at the orders of [[John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland|Lord Pentland]]. It also strongly condemned the protests and the resultant killings of [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]].<ref name="familybusiness_thehindu" />

==Death==
Kasturi Ranga Iyengar died on 12 December 1923, three days before his 64th birthday.<ref name="clarioncall_thehindu">{{cite news|title=Looking bck: A clarion call against the Raj|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/th125/stories/2003091300810200.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=S. Muthiah|authorlink=S. Muthiah|date=13 September 2003}}</ref><ref name="dravidianwisdompxxvii">{{cite book|title= The crest jewel of divine Dravidian culture|author=Appiah S. Kuppuswami|publisher=Sri Venkateswar Book Depot|year=1980|page=xxvii}}</ref> He was succeeded as editor by his nephew, [[S. Rangaswami Iyengar]].<ref name="clarioncall_thehindu" /> and as managing director of ''The Hindu'' by his eldest son, [[K. Srinivasan]].

== Legacy ==

Prior to Kasturi Ranga Iyengar's purchase of ''The Hindu'', he was not much interested in entering public life. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar had the courage to buy a struggling newspaper and embark upon a new enterprise he had no experience in. He was also comparatively new to politics when he made a plunge into the political scenario; yet he was extremely successful for a newcomer. There was always the concern that at some point or the other, he might abandon his anti-British and Indian nationalist attitude. However, this estimation proved to be false. Contemporaries assert that he was just as intelligent and talented as his illustrious brother.<ref name="madrasleadersp44">[[S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 44</ref>

During his tenure as managing-director, Kasturi Ranga Iyengar locked horns with [[V. Krishnaswamy Iyer|V. Krishnaswami Iyer]], [[Annie Besant]] and [[Valentine Chirol|Sir Valentine Chirol]], to whom he gave the rejoinder: "I am not here to learn journalistic etiquette from you," when the former made rude comments on the latter.<ref name="madrasleadersp45">[[#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 45</ref><ref name="madrasleadersp46">[[#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 46</ref> Kasturi Ranga Iyengar also fought with governors Sir [[Arthur Lawley]] and [[John Sinclair, 1st Baron Pentland|Lord Pentland]].<ref name="madrasleadersp46" />

Iyengar exerted as much influence by his fabulous wealth as he did with his writing. Instead of being chastised and compelled to undergo ritual cleansing on his arrival from England, he was instead given a grand welcome with all honours by the Vaishnavite orthodoxy.<ref name="madrasleadersp47">[[S. Kasturi Ranga Iyengar#Some Madras Leaders|Some Madras Leaders]], Pg 47</ref>

Iyengar's descendants now own [[The Hindu Group]] through their family's company, [[Kasturi & Sons]]. Ltd.

== Notes ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==

* {{cite book|title=Some Madras Leaders|publisher=Babu Bishambher Nath Bhargava|year=1922|ref=Some Madras Leaders}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book|title=Kasturi Ranga Iyengar|author=V. K. Narasimhan|publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|year=1963}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before= [[M. Veeraraghavachariar]] | title=Managing-Director of ''[[The Hindu]]'' | after= [[K. Srinivasan]] | years=1905–1923}}
{{succession box | before= [[C. Karunakara Menon]] | title=Editor of ''The Hindu'' | after= [[S. Rangaswami Iyengar]] | years=1905–1923}}
{{s-end}}

{{KasturiSons}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iyengar, S. Kasturi Ranga}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:The Hindu Group]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the mass media industry]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Journalists from British India]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]
[[Category:Lawyers from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Madras Presidency]]
[[Category:Egmore clique]]

Pulak Bandyopadhyay

2026-02-13T05:39:01Z

Wikindia777: minor edit

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| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1999|09|07|1931|05|2}} 
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| pos =
}}
'''Pulak Bandyopadhyay''' ({{Langx|bn|পুলক বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}}; 2 May 1931 – 7 September 1999) was a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] [[India]]n lyricist and songwriter of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref name=Personalities>{{Cite web |url=http://shibpurinternational.com/sublink/Personalities/html/Pulak%20Bandyopadhyay.html |title=Pulak Bandyopadhyay |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512204128/http://shibpurinternational.com/sublink/Personalities/html/Pulak%20Bandyopadhyay.html |archive-date=12 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born and brought up in [[Salkia]], [[Howrah]]. His family had close links with art circles, in particular in drama, literature, and music. He was a graduate of the [[Scottish Church College]], in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<ref name=Personalities/>

==Career==
He experimented with various genres and in the process contributed richly to the evolution of musical compositions in Bengali cinema during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name=Kolrob>{{Cite web |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/91077610-ek-mutho-jolshar-kolorob-memory-pulak-bandyopadhyay-may-1931-september-7-1999 |title=Article by Kohinoor Dasgupta |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-date=28 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028021012/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/91077610-ek-mutho-jolshar-kolorob-memory-pulak-bandyopadhyay-may-1931-september-7-1999 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The sheer spontaneity of his compositions made him a much sought after lyricist. Famous Bengali and [[Bollywood]] artistes like [[Akhilbandhu Ghosh]], [[Hemanta Mukherjee]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Manabendra Mukhopadhyay]], [[Geeta Dutt]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Asha Bhonsle]], [[Haimanti Sukla|Haimanti Shukla]], [[Shyamal Mitra]], [[Bhupen Hazarika]], [[Pratima Bandopadhyay]], [[Utpala Sen]], [[Arundhati Holme Chowdhury]], Satinath Mukherjee, [[Madhuri Chattopadhyay]], [[Anup Ghoshal]] and [[Aarti Mukherji|Arati Mukherjee]] sang his compositions.<ref name=Personalities/><ref name=Geeta>{{Cite web |url=http://www.anmolfankaar.com/specials/interviews/304-experience-with-geeta-dutt-during-her-last-years-memories-of-pulak-bandyopadhyay |title=Pulak Bandyopadhyay Remembers Geeta Dutt |access-date=12 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172255/http://www.anmolfankaar.com/specials/interviews/304-experience-with-geeta-dutt-during-her-last-years-memories-of-pulak-bandyopadhyay |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Hazarika>[https://bhupenhazarika-news.blogspot.com/2008/04/pulak-bandyopadhyay-on-bhupen-hazarika.html Pulak Bandyopadhyay on Bhupen Hazarika]</ref> In 1966 film Sankhabela, he wrote two evergreen songs- "Ke Prothom Kachhe Esechhi" (Lata Mageshkar and Manna Dey) and "Aaj Mon Cheyechhe" (Lata Mangeshkar). In 1969 film [[Prothom Kadam Phool]], he wrote "[[Ami Shri Shri Bhojo Hori Manna]]". In 1973 film [[Basanta Bilap]], he wrote "O Shyam Jokhon Tokhon, Khelo Na Khela Emon".{{Cn|date=February 2026}}

==Death==
On 7 September 1999, he committed suicide by jumping off a launch into the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]] river.<ref name=Kolrob/>

==Notable songs==
* "Ke Jaane Ka Ghanta"
* "Bristi Bristi Bristi"
* "Tomar Daake Sara dite"
* "Ja Re Ja Ure Rajar Kumar"
* "Jani Na Kakhon Tumi"
* "Jakhon Keu Amake Pagol Bole"
* "Ami Agantuk"
* "Ami Gaan Shonabo Ekti Asha"
* "Ke Prothom Kache Esechi"
* "Jato Bhabna Chilo"
* "Khopar Oi Golap Diye"
* "Ei Chhanda E Ananda"
* "Amar Bhalobasar Rajprasade"
* "Tumi Shatodal Hoye Phute"
* "Tapur Tupur Bristi Jhore"
* "Phuleshwari"
* "Jeo Na Darao Bondhu"
* "Doore doore kachhe kachhe"
* "Ami sri sri Bhojohori Manna"
* "Agoon legechhe"
* "Dau dau dau jole duranto bonhi"
* "Lajboti nupurer rini jhini jhini"
* "Kotodin pore ele, ektu bosho"
* "Shedin tomay dekhechhilam"
* "Ogo kajol noyona horini"
* "Shei to abar kachhe ele"
* "O Lolita, oke aaj chole jete bolna"
* "Jani tomar premer jogyo ami to noi"
* "Abar hobe to dekha"
* "Dorodi go"
* "Kothay kothai je raat hoye jai"
* "Amar bolar kichhu chhilona"
* "Aaj mon cheyechhe"
* "Dweep jwele oi tara"
* "Ami tomar kachhei phire ashbo"
* "Sobuj Pahar dake"
* "Esho pran bhorono doinyo horono he"
* "Tomay keno laagchhe eto chena"
* "Meghla bhanga rod uthechhe"
* "Tomar du chokhe amar swapno aanka"
* "Boro saadh jaage ekbar tomai dekhi"
* "Tumi onek jotno kore amay dukkho dite cheyechho"
* "Basrai Golap Haate Dilam"
* "Tomar Bhubane Phuler Mela Ami Kadi Sharaye"
* "Ekta Chithi dilam likhe"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3059997|Pulak Banerjee}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512204128/http://shibpurinternational.com/sublink/Personalities/html/Pulak%20Bandyopadhyay.html Pulak Bandyopadhyay]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172255/http://www.anmolfankaar.com/specials/interviews/304-experience-with-geeta-dutt-during-her-last-years-memories-of-pulak-bandyopadhyay Pulak Bandyopadhyay remembers Geeta Dutt]
*[https://bhupenhazarika-news.blogspot.com/2008/04/pulak-bandyopadhyay-on-bhupen-hazarika.html Pulak Bandyopadhyay on Bhupen Hazarika]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandyopadhyay, Pulak}}
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Singers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Suicides by drowning]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in India]]
[[Category:Bengali-language lyricists]]

Yagya Bhasin

2026-02-09T06:05:18Z

Wikindia777: Added A Details - done

{{Short description|Indian child actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Yagya Bhasin
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Bhasin in 2021
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2009|08|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Uttrakhand]], India
| death_date = 
| other_names =
| occupation = Child actor
| years_active = 2017–present
| education =
| known_for = [[Panga (film)|Panga]] and [[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]
}}

'''Yagya Bhasin'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title='Panga' actor Yagya Bhasin wishes to work again with Kangana Ranaut |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/panga-actor-yagya-bhasin-wishes-to-work-again-with-kangana-ranaut-373607 |access-date=2022-03-13 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> (born 15 August 2009) is an Indian [[child actor]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=बेटे के सपने को साकार करने के लिए पिता ने छोड़ी हाईकोर्ट में सेक्शन ऑफिसर की नौकरी|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-father-left-section-officer-job-for-sons-dream-jagran-special-19963516.html|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|title=Yagya Bhasin: I'm thankful that my parents shifted to Mumbai, I can now pursue acting along with my studies|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/yagya-bhasin-im-thankful-that-my-parents-shifted-to-mumbai-i-can-now-pursue-acting-along-with-my-studies/articleshow/89062741.cms|access-date=2022-06-21|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|first=Hasti|last=Doshi|date=22 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=उत्तराखंड: देवभूमि के बाल कलाकारों की टीवी इंडस्ट्री में धमक, शो में निभा रहे मुख्य किरदार|url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/uttarakhand-news-child-artist-plays-lead-character-in-popular-tv-shoes|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=बाल कलाकार यज्ञ भसीन ने राज्यपाल कोशियारी से मुलाकात की|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/dehradun/story-child-artist-yagya-bhasin-meets-governor-koshyari-4329843.html|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Hindustan|language=hi}}</ref> who appears in [[Hindi]] films and television.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=जानिए बाल कलाकार यज्ञ भसीन के बारे में, जो नजर आएंगे बाल नरेन फिल्म में|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-know-about-child-artist-yagya-bhasin-who-play-role-in-bal-naren-feature-film-22453518.html|access-date=2022-02-12|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Ashwiny ma'am used to care for me like her very own son', says 'Panga' actor Yagya Bhasin|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/ashwiny-maam-used-to-care-for-me-like-her-very-own-son-says-panga-actor-yagya-bhasin|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-02-17|title=Sharib Hashmi Sir Is Very Nice And Caring To Me: Yagya Bhasin On Playing His Son In Bishwa - Filmibeat|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/web-series/sharib-hashmi-sir-is-very-nice-and-caring-to-me-yagya-bhasin-on-playing-his-son-in-bishwa-329862.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=www.filmibeat.com|language=en}}</ref> He is mainly known for his roles as Aditya Nigam in ''[[Panga (film)|Panga]]'' and as Saaransh Khurana in ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|date=2020-01-24|title='Panga' movie review: Kangana Ranaut's latest is all heart and charm, with an emotional wallop at the end|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/panga-movie-review-kangana-ranauts-latest-is-all-heart-and-charm-with-an-emotional-wallop-at-the-end/article30641511.ece|access-date=2022-01-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Panga movie review: Kangana's sedate turn anchors a heartening but sanitised take on middle-class India |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/panga-movie-review-kanganas-sedate-turn-anchors-a-heartening-but-sanitised-take-on-middle-class-india-7950101.html|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Firstpost|date=24 January 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yeh Hai Chahatein TV Show Yagya Bhasin Kangana ranaut panga Son replace Vidhaan Sharma as Saransh, कंगना रनौत का ऑनस्क्रीन बेटा कर रहा टीवी डेब्यू, ये हैं चाहतें में आएगा नजर {{!}} TV|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/television/article/yagya-bhasin-kangana-ranaut-panga-son-replace-vidhaan-sharma-as-saransh-in-yeh-hai-chahatein-tv-show/301868|access-date=2022-01-08|website=www.timesnowhindi.com|date=8 July 2020 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bhasin was born in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Panga: बेटे को एक्टर बनाने के लिए पिता ने छोड़ दी थी सरकारी नौकरी, अब कंगना रनौत के साथ काम कर हुए हिट, panga child artist yagya bhasin play kangana ranaut son in film his father quit hi {{!}} Bollywood News|url=https://www.timesnowhindi.com/entertainment/bollywood/article/panga-child-artist-yagya-bhasin-play-kangana-ranaut-son-in-film-his-father-quit-his-job-for-him/278183|access-date=2022-01-08|website=www.timesnowhindi.com|date=25 January 2020 }}</ref> His father Deepak Bhasin was a government employee and his mother owned a beauty salon but they quit their jobs for their son's career and moved to [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Bhasin started his acting career with the television show [[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi|''Mere Sai'']].<ref name=":2" /> In 2018, he played as Arjun in [[CID (Indian TV series)|''CID'']] and Malai in ''[[Krishna Chali London]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE: Wonder boy Yagya Bhasin gets felicitated by Maharashtra Governor: 'I felt like I was on Cloud Nine' {{!}} PINKVILLA|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-wonder-boy-yagya-bhasin-gets-felicitated-maharashtra-governor-i-felt-i-was-cloud-nine-855656?amp|access-date=2022-01-08|website=www.pinkvilla.com|date=13 August 2021|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108081412/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/exclusive-wonder-boy-yagya-bhasin-gets-felicitated-maharashtra-governor-i-felt-i-was-cloud-nine-855656?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Whatever I have achieved today, I owe it to my parents: Yagya Bhasin|url=https://ianslife.in/entertainment/whatever-i-have-achieved-today-i-owe-it-my-parents-yagya-bhasin|access-date=2022-01-08|website=IANS Life|language=en|archive-date=8 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108081414/https://ianslife.in/entertainment/whatever-i-have-achieved-today-i-owe-it-my-parents-yagya-bhasin|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, he acted in [[The Office (Indian TV series)|''The Office'']] as Cricketer Manoj Rahira.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Yagya Bhasin movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/yagya-bhasin-155410|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108081414/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/yagya-bhasin-155410|url-status=live|archive-date=8 January 2022|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>

In 2020, Bhasin made his debut in [[Bollywood|Hindi film industry]] with the film [[Panga (film)|''Panga'']] directed by [[loosu Iyer Tiwari]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Panga Movie Review: An exhilarating ode to motherhood and chasing dreams!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/panga/amp_movie_review/73555502.cms|access-date=2022-01-08|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Bollywood Hungama]], in its review said "Yagya Bhasin is a rockstar. He gets to play a great part and he uplifts the mood of the film in many places".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-23|title=Panga Movie Review: PANGA is a progressive and touching sports drama that works thanks to its plot, execution, some fine moments and of course the superlative performance of Kangana Ranaut.|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/panga/critic-review/panga-movie-review/|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> [[Filmfare]], in its review said "The film has some of the funniest lines around and most of them fall into the child actor Yagya’s lot. He’s shown to be rather a sassy kid and is as natural as they come. His delivery of the witty dialogue keeps you in splits".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Panga Movie Review|url=https://www.filmfare.com//reviews/bollywood-movies/panga-movie-review-38693.html|access-date=2022-01-08|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref> Bhasin also appeared in [[The Kapil Sharma Show]], with Kangana Ranaut, Jassie Gill and [[Neena Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-05|title=Kapil Sharma asks Neena Gupta if she will play Pamela Anderson's role in Baywatch, her 'non-veg' reply will crack you up|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kapil-sharma-asks-neena-gupta-if-she-will-play-pamela-anderson-s-role-in-baywatch-her-non-veg-reply-will-crack-you-up/story-8vhPaGNuw79GlYwgyzIj8M.html|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In the same year, he acted in [[Yeh Hai Chahatein|''Yeh Hain Chahtein'']] as Saraansh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OMG! Yagya Bhasin aka Saransh of Yeh Hai Chahatein SPEAKS UP on why he got REPLACED from the show|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/omg-yagya-bhasin-aka-saransh-of-yeh-hai-chahatein-speaks-why-he-got-replaced-the-show|access-date=2022-01-08|website=Tellychakkar.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Character
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2017
|[[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi|''Mere Sai'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Krishna Chali London]]''
|Malai
|
|-
|[[CID (Indian TV series)|''CID'']]
|Arjun
|
|-
| 2019|| [[The Office (Indian TV series)|''The Office'']]
|Manoj Rahira
|
|-
|2020–2021
| [[Yeh Hai Chahatein|''Yeh Hai Chahtein'']]
|Saraansh
|
|-
|2020
|''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''
|Himself
|
|}

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
!Ref
|-
|2020
|[[Panga (film)|''Panga'']]
|Aditya Nigam
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Bal Naren]]''
|Naren
|<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|2023
|''Bishwa''
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2024
|[[Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan (2024 film)|''Chhota Bheem and the Curse of Damyaan'']]
|Bheem
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhota Bheem And The Curse Of Damyaan Teaser: Yagya Bhasin, Anupam Kher Prepare To Transform The Animated World Into Live-Action |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/chhota-bheem-and-the-curse-of-damyaan-teaser-yagya-bhasin-anupam-kher-prepare-to-transform-the-animated-world-into-live-action-10100587 |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=English Jagran |date=14 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}
*

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|11227527}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhasin, Yagya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Indian male child actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:2009 births]]

Lallu Lal

2026-02-08T09:22:13Z

Wikindia777: created new info

{{Short description|Indian academic, author and translator (1763–1835)}}
{{redirect|Prem Sagar|the cinematographer)|Prem Sagar (cinematographer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lallu Lal
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1763
| birth_place = [[Agra]], [[Maratha Empire]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1835|||1763|||df=y}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| occupation = College instructor, translator, author
| notable_works = ''Prem Sagar''
}}
'''Lallu Lal''' (1763–1835) was an academic, author and translator from [[India]]. He was an instructor in the [[Hindustani language]] at [[Fort William College]] in [[Hastings, Kolkata|Hastings]], Calcutta. He is notable for ''Prem Sagar'', the first work in modern literary [[Hindi]].
[[File:Premsagar1.png|thumb|Prem Sagar of Lallo Lal, page 1, Sunscrit Press Calcutta, 1810.]]

== Biography ==

Lallu Lal was born into a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] [[Audichya Brahmins|Sahsra Audichya Brahmin]] family from [[Agra]].<ref>Prem Sagar, Lullo Lal Kub, Sunscrit Press, Calcutta, 1810</ref> He had knowledge of [[Persian language|Persian]] and Hindustani. He came to [[Murshidabad]], Bengal, to earn a living, and served the [[Nawab of Murshidabad]] for seven years. He was noticed by [[John Gilchrist (linguist)|John Gilchrist]], who brought him to the Fort William College in Calcutta. There, Lallu Lal translated and authored several literary works into modern vernacular Hindi. He retired from the Fort William College in 1823–24, after serving there for 24 years.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Akbar Padamsee |author2=Shamlal |title=Western Influence in Bengali Literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bIlBAQAAIAAJ |year=1966 |publisher=Vakil |page=320 }}</ref>

== Works ==

Lallu Lal's most notable translation is ''Prem Sagar'' (1804–1810), the earliest prose in [[Khari Boli]] dialect of Hindi. Along with Kazim Ali Javan, he translated ''[[Singhasan Battisi]]'' and ''[[Shakuntala]]'' into Hindustani. Along with Mazhar Ali Vila, he also translated ''[[Baital Pachisi]]'' and ''Madhunal'' (1805) into Hindustani.<ref>{{cite book |author=Thomas Grahame Bailey |title=A history of Urdu literature |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jT8qAQAAIAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547518-0 |page=80 }}</ref>

Lallu Lal's original work included ''The Grammar of Brij-bhasa'' (1811), in [[Urdu script]]. He also authored ''Lala Chandrika'', a commentary on [[Bihari Lal|Bihari]]'s ''[[Satasai]]''.<ref>{{cite book |editor=George Abraham Grierson |editor-link=George Abraham Grierson |title=The Satsaiya of Bihari, with a Commentary Entitled the Lala-candrika, by Çri Lallu Lal Kavi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeB_nQEACAAJ |year=1896 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta}}</ref>

In addition, he compiled ''Lataif-i-Hindi'' or ''The New Cyclopedia Hindoostanica of Wit'' (1810) in Urdu and [[Devanagari]] scripts. It is a collection of around 100 witty stories and anecdotes.<ref name="AJK_2006">{{cite book |author=Abdul Jamil Khan |title=Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWpNBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205 |year=2006 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=978-0-87586-437-2 |page=205 }}</ref>

=== Prem Sagar ===
''Prem Sagar'' or ''Prem Sagur'' ("Ocean of Love") was one of the first modern [[Hindi]] books that was typeset and published, composed between 1804 and 1810, and published in 1810. A translation of Chaturbhuja Misra's [[Braj Bhasa]] book, its story is based on the tenth book of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', the legend of [[Krishna]].<ref name="WH_1848">{{cite book |translator=W. Hollings |title=The Prem Sagur of Lallu Lal |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/psa/ |publisher=Ridsdale |isbn=978-1-4655-8069-6 |year=1848 |page=1 }}</ref> Lallu Lal mention that book has been composed in the "Khadi Boli of Delhi-Agra". The language is termed as "translated into Hinduvee from the Brij Bhasha" on the face page.

The earliest Hindustani language literature made heavy use of Persian words, and resembled modern [[Urdu]]. Lallu Lal was among the first writers to use words of [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] origin in Hindustani language literature. His ''Prem Sagar'' is the earliest work, whose language resembles modern [[Sanskrit]]ized [[Hindi]]. Linguist [[Jules Bloch]] describes the importance of Lallu Lal's work as follows:<ref>{{cite web
| title = 03misconceptions
| url = http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/tarachand/03misconceptions.html
| date = 2023-05-01
| archiveurl = https://archive.today/20230501004154/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/tarachand/03misconceptions.html
| archivedate = 2023-05-01 }}</ref>

{{blockquote|Lallu Lal, under the inspiration of Dr. Gilchrist, changed all that by writing the famous ''Prem Sagar'', whose prose portions are on the whole Urdu, from which Persian words have been throughout replaced by Indo-Aryan words… The new dialect gave a lingua franca to the Hindus.|Jules Bloch}}The book was inspired stylistically by the ''[[Chaurashi Vaishnavan ki Varta|Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā]]'', a 17th-18th century Braj Bhasha text written by [[Harirāy]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Barz |first=Richard |title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=Vallabha |editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* The Prema-Sâgara or, Ocean of Love. Ed. by Frederick Pincoff. Westminster, Archibald Constable, 1891
* Théologie hindoue. Le Prem Sagar, océan d’amour. Traduit par Е. Lamairesse II., 1893, Saint-Amand, 1899
* The Prem Sagar in English. Allahabad, 1900

== External links ==

* [https://archive.org/details/premsagurorhist00catugoog The Prem Sagur of Lallu Lal]
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/psa/ The Prem Sagur of Lallu Lal], translated into English by W. Hollings (1848)
* Lullov-Lal, The Prem Sagur or the history of Krishnu, according to tho tenth chapter of the Bhaguvut of Vyasudevu, transl. into Hindu from the Bruj Bhasha etc. Calcutta, 1842

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Lallu}}
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Writers from Agra]]
[[Category:1763 births]]
[[Category:1835 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Hindi–English translators]]
[[Category:Urdu-language writers from British India]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]

Bindki Road railway station

2026-02-02T09:18:46Z

Wikindia777: Made New Info

{{Short description|Railway station in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=March 2022}}
{{third-party|date=February 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bindki Road Railway Station
| native_name = Bindki Road
| native_name_lang =
| type = Regular
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = SH 46, Pahur Town, [[Bindki, Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.1170|80.5807|format=dms|display=inline}}
| map_type = India#India Uttar Pradesh
| elevation = 
| line =
| other =
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform = 3
| tracks = 2
| parking = Yes
| opened =
| closed = No
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BKO
| zone = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| division = Prayagraj
}}
| owned = Railway Ministry of India
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| status =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| other_services =
| pass_system =
}}

'''Bindki Road railway station''' (station code BKO) is a small railway station located in SH 46, Pahur Town, [[Bindki, Fatehpur district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bindki Road Railway Station (BKO) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry |url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/bindki-road-bko-station |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nawaaz |title=Bindki Road Railway Station Map/Atlas NCR/North Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/bindki-road-bko/2638 |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Trains ==
* [[Chauri Chaura Express|Chauri-Chaura Express]]
* Kanpur Central - Chitrakoot Dham Intercity
* Prayagraj - Kanpur Central Passenger
* Fatehpur - Kanpur Central MEMU
* [[Udyan Abha Toofan Express]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Fatehpur district]]
[[Category:North Central Railway zone]]

Rimi Basu Sinha

2026-01-22T22:20:43Z

Wikindia777: started the info w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=April 2015}}
{{lead rewrite|date=April 2015}}
}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rimi Basu Sinha
| image = Bhakti with Rimi Sinha (8).jpg
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| caption =
| birth_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alias =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| origin =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = Sufi, Bollywood, Folk, Indian Classical, Indie Pop, Fusion, Semi Classical
| occupation = Singer/Composer
| instrument =
| years_active = 1986 – present
| label =
| website = https://www.rimibasusinha.in/
}}
'''Rimi Basu Sinha''' (born in [[Allahabad]], Uttar Pradesh, India) is one of the very few female music composers in India. She is a trained musician and started training at the age of six. She has done her masters in Hindustani Classical from [[Allahabad University]] and then went on to pursue Sangeet Prabhakar and Senior Diploma in Light Music from [[Prayag Sangeet Samiti]], [[Allahabad]].

== Personal life ==
Born and brought up in a very well known Bengali family of Allahabad, Rimi grew up in an environment of music and theatre. She started learning music at an early age of six years and subsequently started taking part in many cultural programmes.<ref><blockquote>Cultural programs organised by her school and other cultural and educational institutes /associations.</blockquote></ref> At the age of fifteen she became AIR artiste and took part in several concerts. Presently she is a top graded artiste of [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=train>{{Cite web|url = http://delhi.itaspa.in/faculty.html|title = ITASPA|access-date = 25 April 2015|archive-date = 9 August 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190809051117/http://delhi.itaspa.in/faculty.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> When she was six years old she started learning Hindustani music along with many other genres, with the late Shri B. N. Biswas Jee. Seeing her talent for music and singing, her parents encouraged her to pursue Hindustani Music as a subject in school and at college level. Subsequently, she went on to do her master's degree in Hindustani music at [[Allahabad University]] under the supervision of Pt. Ramashrya Jha jee and Smt. Kamla Bose.<ref name=train /> She also completed a Sangeet Prabhakar and Senior Diploma in light music from [[Prayag Sangeet Samiti]] of [[Allahabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://delhi.itaspa.in/faculty.html|title = ITASPA – Delhi|access-date = 25 April 2015|archive-date = 9 August 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190809051117/http://delhi.itaspa.in/faculty.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> She was fully encouraged and supported by her family, especially her husband Shri Ramkrishna Sinha, to pursue her career in music.

== Career ==
One of the handful female music composers of India, Rimi is a top-graded artiste of AIR and [[Doordarshan]].<ref name=train /> She has done numerous musical{{quantify|date=April 2015}} performances in India and abroad. In Kenya she performed at a function in United Nations Office, Nairobi organised by Indian High Commission and she has released 4 concept albums, the first of which, Maiyya Ka Darbaar,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesmusic.com/album/devotional/maiya-ka-darbaar-1758.html|title=MAIYA KA DARBAAR|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926075810/https://www.timesmusic.com/album/devotional/maiya-ka-darbaar-1758.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> was produced by [[Times Music]] a company of [[The Times Group]], India.<ref name=alb1 /><ref name=alb2 /><ref name=alb3 />

She has worked with well-known artists, including [[Kavita Krishnamoorthy]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]] for her albums and other musical assignments and projects.[http://glamgold.com/rimi-basus-musical-bonanza-sakhi/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926075809/https://glamgold.com/rimi-basus-musical-bonanza-sakhi/ |date=26 September 2019 }}

She is currently working on a variety of music projects/albums based on strong concepts/ themes. She is also associated with well known music academies in Mumbai like Indian Television Academy, SaReGaMa Academy as Voice Culturist /Mentor.

== Albums ==
=== Krishna Krishna (2019) ===
The album ''Krishna Krishna''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3BeHf0eK34|title=Krishna Hare {{!}} Rimi Basu Sinha {{!}} Janmashtami {{!}} Latest Spiritual Song 2019|via=YouTube |date=21 August 2019 }}</ref> is a collection of spiritual and devotional songs for Lord Krishna. The album is dedicated to the fond memory of legal luminary and her father Justice Palok Basu. This has been released by Times Music.

=== Mann Bawra (2016) ===
Mann Bawra<ref name=":1" /> is a Hindi album released on Oct 2015. Mann Bawra Album has 4 songs sung by Rimi Basu Sinha. The album blends Indian classical sounds with western instrumentation [guitar, keyboards, and drums] that results in world music.

=== Sakhi – Celebrating Womanhood (2010)===
Sakhi – Celebrating Womanhood<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://glamgold.com/rimi-basus-musical-bonanza-sakhi/|title=Rimi Basu's musical bonanza 'SAKHI'|archive-date=26 September 2019|access-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926075809/https://glamgold.com/rimi-basus-musical-bonanza-sakhi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> is an all- women endeavour. Sakhi – Celebrating Womanhood, is written and composed by Rimi Basu Sinha and sung by four generation celebrated female artistes – [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], [[K. S. Chithra|K S Chithra]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]], [[Usha Mangeshkar]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer|Mahalakshmi Aiyer]], [[Aishwarya Majmudar|Aishwarya Majumdar]] and Rimi Basu Sinha. Two songs in the album are written by lyricist Pratibha Sharma.

=== Maiya Ka Darbaar (2008) ===
Maiya Ka Darbaar<ref name=":0" /> was released in October 2008. The album is composed by Rimi Basu Sinha. The album has 6 songs sung by [[Kumar Sanu]] and Rimi Basu Sinha.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|2008
|Maiya Ka Darbaar
|Times Music
|-
|2010
|Sakhi – Celebrating Womanhood
|Times Music
|-
|2011
|Krishna
|
|-
|2016
|Mann Bawra
|Artist Aloud
|-
|2019
|Krishna Krishna
|Times Music
|}

== Discography ==
* Maiya Ka Darbaar (2008)<ref name=alb1>{{Cite web|url = http://www.timesmusic.com/list/artist/rimi-basu-sinha-4380-1.html|title = Times Music – Maiyya Ka Darbar|access-date = 25 April 2015|archive-date = 26 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190926075825/https://www.timesmusic.com/list/artist/rimi-basu-sinha-4380-1.html|url-status = dead}}</ref>
* Sakhi – Celebrating Womanhood (2010)<ref name=alb2>{{Cite web|url = http://glamgold.com/rimi-basus-musical-bonanza-sakhi/|title = Sakhi Album|access-date = 25 April 2015|archive-date = 26 September 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190926075809/https://glamgold.com/rimi-basus-musical-bonanza-sakhi/|url-status = dead}}</ref>
* Krishna Krishna (2011)<ref name=alb3>{{Cite web|url = https://music.apple.com/in/artist/rimi-basu-sinha/455565807|title = Apple iTunes| publisher=iTunes Store }}</ref>
*Mann Bawra (2016)<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiannewsandtimes.com/2015/11/16/artist-aloud-releases-versatile-singer-rimi-basu-sinhas-new-album-mann-bawra/|title=Artist Aloud releases versatile singer Rimi Basu Sinha's new album 'Mann Bawra'}}</ref>
*Krishna Krishna (2019)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}11. Mentor at Sa Re Ga Ma Music academy Mumbai

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Rimi Basu}}
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical musicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women musicians]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Musicians from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:20th-century women composers]]

Ponnamma Babu

2025-12-21T09:50:45Z

Wikindia777: fixed page and added references

{{short description|Indian film actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ponnamma Babu
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1964|1|26}}{{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
| birth_place = [[Bharananganam]], [[Palai]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beta.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/54674 |title=മിസ് കുമാരിക്കുശേഷം മിസിസ് പൊന്നമ്മ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130622021816/http://beta.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/54674 |archivedate=22 June 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive = 1996–present
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| parents = Mathai,
Achamma
| spouse = Babu
| children = Deepthy James, Mathew Damien, Pinky Robin
}}

'''Ponnamma Babu''' is an Indian actress best known for her work in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Ponnamma Babu comes to aid of actor Sethulakshmi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/dec/07/ponnamma-comes-to-aid-of-sethulakshmi-1908288.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=The New Indian Express|date=7 December 2018 }}</ref> She has acted in more than 300 films, TV serials and comedy shows.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-20 |title=I love working on movies than serials: Ponnamma Babu |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/i-love-working-on-movies-than-serials-ponnamma-babu/articleshow/36891915.cms |access-date=2023-11-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She made her debut in ''Padanayakan'' in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ഇപ്പോൾ കറുത്ത ആളുകൾക്കാണ് ഡിമാൻഡ്: ഞാൻ വെളുത്തത് എന്റെ തെറ്റാണോ; വീട്ടിൽ കരി ഓയിൽ വാങ്ങി സൂക്ഷിക്കുന്നുണ്ടെന്ന് പൊന്നമ്മ ബാബു |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/reality-shows/nowadays-black-people-getting-more-attention-being-white-is-not-my-fault-says-ponnamma-babu/articleshow/98621600.cms |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Ponnamma was born to Mathai and Achamma in [[Bharananganam]], [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]], [[Kottayam]]. She has 3 younger siblings. She had her primary education at St George High School, [[Erattupetta|Aruvithura]]. She made her debut in ''[[Padanayakan]]'' in 1996.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/cinema/interviews/141744 |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 January 2014 |archive-date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131202519/http://www.mangalam.com/cinema/interviews/141744 |url-status=dead }}</ref> While in school, she joined Nrithabhavan Balesangham, Poonjar and later Surabhila Drama troupe, Ettumaanur.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.marunadanmalayalee.com/more/profile/life-story-of-ponnamma-babu-5191 |title=ചാച്ചൻ കുടിയനായിരുന്നു, കെട്ടിയോന്റെ ട്രൂപ്പ് പൊളിഞ്ഞപ്പോൾ ഞാൻ സിനിമാക്കാരിയായി; നാടക... |website=www.marunadanmalayalee.com |date=15 October 2014 }}</ref> She is married to Babu, the owner of Surabhila Drama troupe. Ponnamma's daughter, ''Pinky,'' is an up-and-coming actress who made her debut in ''Nakshathrangal'', a 2014 Malayalam movie whereas the first film she acted in, ''Mr. Pavanayi 99.99'', is not yet released.<ref name="auto"/>

==Filmography==
=== 1990s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1993 || ''[[Sowbhagyam]]'' || Drama artist ||
|-
| ''[[Uppukandam Brothers]]'' || Pankajakshan's wife ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1996 || ''Ishtamanu Nooru Vattam'' || Singer for interview ||
|-
| ''Padanayakan'' || Seetha's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Udyanapalakan]]'' || Shantha ||
|-
| ''Swarnakireedam'' || Padmavathi ||
|-
| ''Excuse Me Ethu Collegila'' || Gayathri's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kaliveedu]]'' || Ramani ||
|-
| ''Kireedamillatha Rajakkanmar'' || Hostel warden ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1997 || ''[[Asuravamsam]]'' || Jayamohan's mother ||
|-
| ''Snehasindooram'' || Nirmala ||
|-
| ''[[Karunyam]]'' || Indu's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Vamsam]]'' || Thommichan's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Nee Varuvolam|Nee Varuvolum]]'' || Revathy's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Manasam]]'' || Rajalakshmi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Irattakuttikalude Achan]]'' || Anupama's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Adukkala Rahasyam Angaadippaattu]]'' || Indira Kaimal ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1998 || ''[[Mayilpeelikkavu]]'' || Karthu ||
|-
| ''[[Manthri Kochamma]]'' || Padmavathi ||
|-
| ''[[Ennu Swantham Janakikutty]]'' || Janakikutty's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Oro Viliyum Kaathorthu]]'' || Karthyayani ||
|-
| ''[[Sidhartha (1998 film)|Siddartha]]'' || Siddartha' mother ||
|-
| ''Ormacheppu'' || Jeevan's sister in law ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 1999 || ''Paava'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Njangal Santhushtaranu]]'' || Women's Commission Member ||
|-
| ''[[Niram]]'' || Prakash's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Vazhunnor]]'' || Mary Chandni/Alice ||
|-
| ''[[Prempujari]]'' || Murali's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhupunna Tharakan]]'' || Mathew's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Chandamama]]'' || Thresia ||
|-
| ''[[Sparsham]]'' || Mahesh's mother ||
|-
|}

=== 2000s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=12 | 2000 || ''[[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]]'' || Jayalakshmi teacher ||
|-
| ''[[Sahayathrikakku Snehapoorvam]]'' || Hostel warden ||
|-
| ''Varnakkaazhchakal'' || Subhadra ||
|-
| ''[[Vinayapoorvam Vidhyaadharan]]'' || Latha's mother ||
|-
| ''Mera Naam Joker'' || Vishalakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Swayamvara Panthal]]'' || Priya's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Life Is Beautiful]]'' || Anil's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Darling Darling (2000 film)|Darling Darling]]'' || Padmaja's mother |||
|-
| ''[[Valliettan]]'' || Bava's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Daivathinte Makan]]'' || Soniya's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Cover Story (2000 film)|Cover Story]]'' || Advocate ||
|-
| ''[[Pilots (film)|Pilots]]'' || Cicily ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2001 || ''Bhadra'' || Jayadevan's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Naranathu Thampuran]]'' || Sridevi's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Vakkalathu Narayanankutty]]'' || Kurien's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Praja]]'' || Minister Giirja ||
|-
| ''[[Bharthavudyogam]]'' || Sulochana ||
|-
| ''[[Nagaravadhu]]'' || Akkama Tharakan ||
|-
| ''[[Karumadikkuttan (film)|Karumadikkuttan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Theerthadanam]]'' || Vinodhini's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2002 || ''Kanmashi'' || Anandavalli ||
|-
| ''[[Kunjikoonan (2002 film)|Kunjikoonan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''India Gate'' || Mrs. Viswanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Onnaman]]'' || Suhara's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Melvilasam Sariyanu]]'' || Anjali's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Pulival Kalyanam]]'' || Paramanandam's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Hariharan Pilla Happy Aanu]]'' || Ramani ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2004 || ''Parayam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mayilattam]]'' || Ponnamma ||
|-
| ''Swarna Medal'' || Jameela ||
|-
| ''Youth Festival'' || Arjun's mother ||
|-
| ''Kakkakarumban'' || Rameshan's stepmother ||
|-
| ''[[Kanninum Kannadikkum]]'' || Actress ||
|-
| ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]'' || Vasumathi's relative ||
|-
| ''Freedom'' || Janaki ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2005 || ''Deepangal Sakshi'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Pauran]]'' || Dr. Ponnamma ||
|-
| ''[[Lokanathan IAS]]'' || Lokanathan's elder sister ||
|-
| ''Annorikkal'' || Myna's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Kochirajavu]]'' || Kunjamma ||
|-
| ''[[Athbhutha Dweepu]]'' || Arundhathi ||
|-
| ''[[Videsi Nair Swadesi Nair]]'' || Padmavathi ||
|-
| ''[[Ben Johnson (film)|Ben Johnson]]'' || Madhavan Menon's wife ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2006 || ''[[Yes Your Honour]]'' || Ravishankar's sister in law ||
|-
| ''[[Rashtram]]'' || MLA ||
|-
| ''[[Balram vs. Tharadas]]'' || Saleem's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Lion (2006 film)|Lion]]'' || [[Advocate|Adv.]] Mercy Mathew ||
|-
| ''[[Thuruppugulan (2006 film)|Thuruppugulan]]'' || Dance teacher ||
|-
| ''[[Kisan (film)|Kisan]]'' || Minister's PA ||
|-
| ''[[Pothan Vava]]'' || Antochan's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Baba Kalyani]]'' || Women's Commission member ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 2007 || ''[[Athishayan]]'' || Yunus Kunju's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Bharathan Effect]]'' || Karia's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Kaakki]]'' || Padmini ||
|-
| ''Changathipoocha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Panthaya Kozhi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Arputha Theevu]]'' || Arundhati ||
|-
| ''[[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]]'' || Guest ||
|-
| ''[[Nanma]]'' || Karuppakam ||
|-
| ''[[Black Cat (2007 film)|Black Cat]]'' || Susie's mother ||
|-
| ''Anamika'' || Rachel's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Inspector Garud (film)|Inspector Garud]]'' || Women's Commission member, Malathy Varma ||
|-
| ''[[Detective (2007 film)|Detective]]'' || Reshmi's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2008 || ''Kabbadi Kabbadi'' || Panchayat President ||
|-
| ''[[Shakespeare M.A. Malayalam]]'' || Omana ||
|-
| ''[[Gopalapuranam]]'' || Kunjibeevi ||
|-
| ''[[Bullet (2008 film)|Bullet]]'' || Gayathri's aunt ||
|-
| ''[[Aandavan (2008 film)|Aandavan]]'' || Prostitute ||
|-
| ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || Sobha ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Black Dalia]]'' || Vivek's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Black and White Kudumbam]]'' || Rahul's mother ||
|-
|}

=== 2010s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2010 || ''Neelambari'' || Kannamma ||
|-
| ''[[Cheriya Kallanum Valiya Policum]]'' || Seelavathi ||
|-
| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2010 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' || Mayor's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Advocate Lakshmanan - Ladies Only]]'' || Saramma ||
|-
| ''[[Marykkundoru Kunjaadu]]'' || Chantha Maria ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2011 || ''[[Sarkar Colony]]'' || Colony resident ||
|-
| ''[[Teja Bhai & Family]]'' || Manikutty ||
|-
| ''Kottarathil Kutty Bhootham'' || ||
|-
| ''Njaan Sanchaari'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kanakompathu]]'' || Hotel resident ||
|-
| ''[[Collector (2011 film)|Collector]]'' || Avinash's sister ||
|-
| ''[[Beautiful (2011 film)|Beautiful]]'' || Ammini ||
|-
| ''[[The Metro (film)|The Metro]]'' || Achayan's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Manushyamrugam]]'' || Lissy's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=15 | 2012 || ''[[Vaadhyar]]'' || Teacher ||
|-
| ''[[Navagatharkku Swagatham]]'' || Actress ||
|-
| ''[[Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar]]'' || Neelima's friend ||
|-
| ''[[Doctor Innocentanu]]'' || Komalavalli ||
|-
| ''[[Mayamohini]]'' || Dr. Susamma Antony ||
|-
| ''[[Mr. Marumakan]]'' || Club member ||
|-
| ''[[Thanichalla Njan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Gruhanathan]]'' || Colony resident ||
|-
| ''[[Thappana]]'' || Annamma ||
|-
| ''[[Trivandrum Lodge]]'' || School principal ||
|-
| ''[[Naughty Professor]]'' || Karthika's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Run Baby Run (2012 film)|Run Baby Run]]'' || Benny's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Chettayees]]'' || Flat resident ||
|-
| ''[[Ajantha (2012 film)|Ajantha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[101 Weddings]]'' || Bride ||
|-
| rowspan=14 | 2013 || ''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]'' || Ferno's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Romans (2013 film)|Romans]]'' || Mathukutty's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Immanuel (film)|Immanuel]]'' || Chandy's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum]]'' || Soshamma ||
|-
| ''[[Sringara Velan]]'' || Aiswarya Rani ||
|-
| ''[[Hotel California (2013 film)|Hotel California]]'' || Susy's mother ||
|-
| ''Perunnal Nilavu'' || Roulath ||
|-
| ''Good Idea'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Zachariayude Garbhinikal]]'' || Settu's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Pigman (film)|Pigman]]'' || Sister Maria ||
|-
| ''[[Kutteem Kolum]]'' || Kaimal's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Nadodimannan]]'' || Minister's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Malayala Nadu]]'' || Bharathi ||
|-
| ''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]'' || Usha ||
|-
| rowspan=9 | 2014 || ''Bad Boys'' || ||
|-
| ''On the Way'' || Manju's mother ||
|-
| ''Nakshathrangal'' || Saraswathi ||
|-
| ''Kuruthamkettavan'' || Veroinca ||
|-
| ''Njannanu Party'' || Krishnakumar's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Salaam Kashmier]]'' || Lakshmi Kurup ||
|-
| ''[[Polytechnic (film)|Polytechnic]]'' || Health officer ||
|-
| ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]'' || Manimegha's aunt ||
|-
| ''[[Cousins (2014 film)|Cousins]]'' || Poly's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=8 | 2015 || ''3 Wikkattinu 365 Runs'' || Chandy's wife ||
|-
| ''Wonderful Jounrney'' || ||
|-
| ''Uthara Chemmeen'' || Kochukkali ||
|-
| ''[[Aana Mayil Ottakam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Six (film)|Six]]'' || Nurse Mrinalini ||
|-
| ''[[Just Married]]'' || Shakeela's umma ||
|-
| ''[[Ivan Maryadaraman]]'' || Jayabharathi ||
|-
| ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || Gouri's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2016 || ''[[Puthiya Niyamam]]'' || Anuradha ||
|-
| ''[[Anyarku Praveshanamilla]]'' || Mariya ||
|-
| ''[[Jalam (film)|Jalam]]'' || Secretary ||
|-
| ''[[Pa Va]]'' || Theyyamma ||
|-
| ''Popcorn'' || Janaki ||
|-
| ''[[Thodari]]'' || Srisha's mother || Tamil Movie
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2017 || ''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations]]'' || Ferno's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Achayans]]'' || Tony's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Punyalan Private Limited]]'' || Usha Thenginchodu ||
|-
| ''[[Basheerinte Premalekhanam]]'' || Teacher ||
|-
| ''[[Honey bee 2.5]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| ''[[Masterpiece (2017 film)|Masterpiece]]'' || Sister Jacinta ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2018 || ''[[Vikadakumaran]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naam (2018 film)|Naam]]'' || Molly John ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha]]'' || Joseph's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Ennaalum Sarath..?]]'' || Sarath's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Laughing Apartment Near Girinagar]]'' || Thankam ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]'' || Sharada ||
|-
| ''[[Chalakkudykkaran Changathy]]'' || Sharada ||
|-
| rowspan=10 | 2019 || ''Poovalliyum Kunjadum'' || Achamma ||
|-
| ''[[Fancy Dress]]'' || Cicily ||
|-
| ''[[Mask (2019 film)|Mask]]'' || Mary ||
|-
| ''[[Old is Gold]]'' || Thaatha ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Yamandan Premakadha]]'' || College principal ||
|-
| ''[[Children's Park (film)|Children's Park]]'' || Korah's wife ||
|-
| ''[[Brother's Day]]'' || Susanna George ||
|-
| ''Mr. Pavanayi 99.99'' || Eli ||
|-
| ''[[Edakkad Battalion 06]]'' || Shankaran's mother ||
|-
| ''[[Jack & Daniel]]'' || Padma Shenoy ||
|-
|}

=== 2020s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamaka]]'' || Valyammachi ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2021 || ''[[Black Coffee (2021 film)|Black Coffee]]'' || Sumi ||
|-
| ''Alice in Panchalinadu'' || ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Cheena Trophy]]'' ||Lalitha||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer of Dhyan Sreenivasan's Cheena Trophy is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/dec/03/trailer-of-dhyan-sreenivasans-cheena-trophy-is-out-50098.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=3 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024 || ''[[Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam]]'' || Alex's mother|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-movie-getting-good-response-running-successfully-in-theatres-212421|title=Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam: ത്രില്ലടിപ്പിച്ച അന്വേഷണം, മികവ് പുലർത്തി अभिनേതാക്കളും; ഗംഭീര പ്രതികരണം നേടി 'ഒരു അന്വേഷണത്തിന്റെ തുടക്കം'|date=November 9, 2024|website=Zee News Malayalam}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]''
|Shoshanna Punnoose||
|-
|}

==Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE;"

! style="width:75px;"| Year
! style="width:150px;"| Title
! style="width:100px;"| Channel
! style="width:100px;"| Notes
|-
|2023-2024||''Ammakkilikkoodu''||[[Surya TV]]||as Bhanumati
|-
|2023||''Mangalyam'' ||[[Zee Keralam]]|| rowspan=2|as Padmavati (Guest appearance)
|-
|2023||''Wife is Beautiful'' ||[[Zee Keralam]]
|-
|2021-2023||''[[Mrs. Hitler]]'' ||[[Zee Keralam]]|| as Padmavathiyamma
|-
|2018-2019|| ''Arayannangalude Veedu''||[[Flowers (TV channel)|FLOWERS TV]]||as Anna Ammachi
|-
|2016||''Prekshakare Avashyamunde'' ||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]|| as Athidi
|-
|2014||''Kochappy Tower Kottayam 18''||[[Kaumudy TV]]|| as Kochamma
|-
|2013|| ''Nandhanam'' ||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2011||''Vallarpadathamma''||[[Shalom (TV channel)]]||
|-
|2010|| ''Veruthe Oru Bharthavu''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|ASIANET]]||
|-
|2009||''[[Cinemala]]'' ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|ASIANET]]||
|-
|2008||''Chilluvilakku'' ||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2008||''Priyamanasi'' ||[[Surya TV|SURYA TV]]||
|-
|2007-2008||''Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam'' ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|ASIANET]]|| as Elikutty
|-
|2007|| ''Manassariyathe''||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2006|| ''Ettu Sundarikalum Njanum''||Surya TV|| as Devaki
|-
|2005|| ''Calling Bell''||Surya TV||
|-
|2005|| ''Santhanagopalam'' ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2004||''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni]]'' ||[[Surya TV]]|| as Keshu's wife
|-
|2004||''Swantham''||Asianet||
|-
|2004||''Ladies Corner''||Asianet|| as Warden
|-
|2001||''Valayam''||[[DD Malayalam]]||
|-
|2000||''Sreeraman Sreedevi'' ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2000|| ''Sthree'' ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|ASIANET]]||
|-
|1999|| ''Samayam'' ||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|1998||''Iniyonnu Visramikkatte''||[[DD Malayalam]]||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1267637}}
*[http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Ponnamma%20Babu&limit=52 Ponnamma Babu at MSI]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Ponnamma}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:People from Pala, Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Malayalam comedians]]
[[Category:Indian women comedians]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

Syed Rahim Nabi

2025-12-20T00:48:22Z

Wikindia777: improved article

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Syed Rahim Nabi
| image = Nabi.JPG
| caption = Nabi lining up for [[India national football team|India]] in 2007
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|12|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pandua, Hooghly]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| currentclub = [[Peerless Group|Peerless SC]]
| clubnumber = 28
| height = 1.69 m
| position = [[Wingback (association football)|Wing-back]], [[Winger (association football)|winger]]
| youthyears1 = 2001–2002
| youthclubs1 = [[Tata Football Academy|Tata FA]]
| years1 = 2002–2004
| clubs1 = [[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| caps1 = 31
| goals1 = 11
| years2 = 2004–2011
| clubs2 = [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]]
| caps2 = 113
| goals2 = 23
| years3 = 2011–2013
| clubs3 = [[Mohun Bagan]]
| caps3 = 46
| goals3 = 4
| years4 = 2013–2014
| clubs4 = →[[Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] (loan)
| caps4 = 11
| goals4 = 0
| years6 = 2014–2015
| clubs6 = [[Bharat F.C.|Bharat]]
| caps6 = 17
| goals6 = 0
| years5 = 2014
| clubs5 = →[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (loan)
| caps5 = 8
| goals5 = 1
| years8 = 2015–2016
| clubs8 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
| caps8 = 2
| goals8 = 0
| years7 = 2015
| clubs7 = →[[Atlético de Kolkata]] (loan)
| caps7 = 2
| goals7 = 0
| years9 = 2016–2019
| clubs9 = [[Peerless SC|Peerless]]
| caps9 = 25
| goals9 = 3
| nationalyears1 = 2006
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2004–2013
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 61
| nationalgoals2 = 7
| club-update = 4 August 2021 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 4 August 2021 (UTC)
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Team|{{fb|India}}}}
{{Medal|W|[[SAFF Championship]]|[[2005 SAFF Gold Cup|2005]]}}
{{Medal|W|[[SAFF Championship]]|[[2011 SAFF Championship|2011]]}}
{{Medal|RU|[[SAFF Championship]]|[[2013 SAFF Championship|2013]]}}
}}

'''Syed Rahim Nabi''' (born 14 December 1985) is a retired professional [[India national football team|Indian international]] footballer who primarily played as a [[Midfielder (association football)|midfielder]] though he could play as a striker and defender.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/greatest-indian-football-xi-of-all-time|title=All time Indian XI|date=23 November 2016|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201149/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/greatest-indian-football-xi-of-all-time|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|first=Amoy|last=Ghoshal}}</ref> Nabi last played for [[Peerless SC]] in the [[Calcutta Football League]] and won the tournament with the club.

==Club career==
A product of the [[Tata Football Academy]], Nabi started his career playing as a striker, then moved to midfield and then played as wing back. In recent international friendlies he has been playing as a fullback. Nabi’s club career started with Mohammedan Sporting but later joined East Bengal in 2004.

After the 2012–13 season ended, Nabi signed with IMG-Reliance to join the [[Indian Super League]]. In 2013, he went to the United States on a trial with [[Major League Soccer]] side [[D.C. United]] but the signing did not materialize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/6-indian-footballers-who-gave-unsuccessful-trials-abroad|title=6 Indian footballers who gave unsuccessful trials abroad|website=Sportskeeda.com|access-date=29 April 2021|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429054428/https://www.sportskeeda.com/amp/football/6-indian-footballers-who-gave-unsuccessful-trials-abroad/2|url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 October 2013, it was announced that [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan S.C.]] has signed Nabi on loan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Md Sporting snap ties with IPFCA|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-30/i-league/43526042_1_i-league-clubs-ipfca-pritam-kotal|accessdate=3 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208050649/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-10-30/i-league/43526042_1_i-league-clubs-ipfca-pritam-kotal|archive-date=8 December 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In July 2015 Nabi was drafted to play for [[Atlético de Kolkata]] in the [[2015 Indian Super League]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Noronha |first=Anselm |title=Indian Super League clubs' domestic transfer dealings |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/07/10/13440952/indian-super-league-clubs-domestic-transfer-dealings?ICID=SP |work=Goal.com |date=10 July 2015 |accessdate=12 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006154822/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2015/07/10/13440952/indian-super-league-clubs-domestic-transfer-dealings?ICID=SP |archive-date=6 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After two years gap, in 2017 Nabi again joined Mohammedan with a new challenge.

===International career===
:''Statistics accurate as of 21 November 2013.''<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dey |first1=Subrata |title=Syed Rahim Nabi - International Appearances |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/ind-nabi-intl.html |website=[[RSSSF]] |accessdate=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063117/http://rsssf.com/miscellaneous/ind-nabi-intl.html |archive-date=20 February 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{NFT player|id=9553|accessdate=}}</ref>{{cite web |last1=Dey |first1=Subrata |title=Syed Rahim Nabi - International Appearances |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/rahim-nabi-says-sc-east-bengal-should-think-of-their-supporters-before-taking-atk-mohun-bagan-dgtl/cid/1325854}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center;"
|-
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="11"|'''[[India national football team|India]]'''
|-
|2004||1||0
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
|2006||4||1
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||1||0
|-
|2010||6||0
|-
|2011||19||3
|-
|2012||10||1
|-
|2013||5||2
|-
!colspan="2"|Total!!50!!7
|}

===International goals===
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="font-size:90%"
! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 18 February 2006 || [[Mong Kok Stadium]], [[Hong Kong]] || {{fb|HKG}} || 2–2 || 2–2 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|-
| 2. || 13 November 2011 || [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]], [[Guwahati]] || {{fb|MAS}} || 1–'''1''' || 1–1 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|-
| 3. || 5 December 2011 || [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[New Delhi]] || {{fb|BHU}} || '''1'''–0 || 5–0 || [[2011 SAFF Championship]]
|-
| 4. || 9 December 2011 || Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi || {{fb|MDV}} || '''1'''–0 || 3–1 || 2011 SAFF Championship
|-
| 5. || 25 August 2012 || Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi || {{fb|MDV}} || '''2'''–0 || 3–0 || [[2012 Nehru Cup]]
|-
| 6. || 6 February 2013 || [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi]] || {{fb|PLE}} || '''2'''–1 || 2–4 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|-
| 7. || 5 September 2013 || [[Dasarath Rangasala Stadium]], [[Kathmandu]] || {{fb|NEP}} || 2–'''1''' || 2–1 || [[2013 SAFF Championship]]
|-
|}

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[AFC Challenge Cup]]: [[2008 AFC Challenge Cup|2008]]
* [[SAFF Championship]]: [[2005 SAFF Gold Cup|2005]], [[2011 SAFF Championship|2011]]; runner-up: [[2013 SAFF Championship|2013]]
* [[Nehru Cup]]: [[2007 Nehru Cup|2007]], [[2009 Nehru Cup|2009]], [[2012 Nehru Cup|2012]]

'''Individual'''
* [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards|AIFF Player of the year]]: 2012<ref>{{cite news |title=All India Football Federation Awards: Sunil Chhetri and Bala Devi win Player of the Year Trophy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/all-india-football-federation-awards-sunil-chhetri-and-bala-devi-win-player-of-the-year-trophy-240310-2015-02-14 |access-date=26 September 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926234124/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/all-india-football-federation-awards-sunil-chhetri-and-bala-devi-win-player-of-the-year-trophy-240310-2015-02-14 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIFA player|225422}}
* {{NFT}}
* [https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/ind-nabi-intl.html Syed Nabi] RSSSF−INT appearances
* [http://www.indianfootball.com/en/statistic/player/detail/playerId/93 IndianFootball.com profile]

{{2011–12 I-League FPAI Team of the Year}}
{{India Squad 2011 AFC Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nabi, Syed Rahim}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:People from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football wingers]]
[[Category:Men's association football full-backs]]
[[Category:Men's association football utility players]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:2011 AFC Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:Kalyani Bharat FC players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]
[[Category:ATK (football club) players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Peerless SC players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

{{India-footy-defender-stub}}
{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Ficus microcarpa

2025-12-17T01:13:19Z

Wikindia777: minor edit

{{Short description|Species of fig}}
{{Redirect|Curtain fig|the Queensland, Australia strangler fig attraction|Curtain Fig Tree}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Ficus microcarpa - La Gomera 01.jpg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Shao, Q. |author2=Zhao, L. |author3=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). |author4=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group |date=2019 |title=''Ficus microcarpa'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T73088912A147623376 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T73088912A147623376.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Ficus
|parent = Ficus subg. Urostigma
|species = microcarpa
|authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus the Younger|L.f.]]
|subdivision_ranks = Varieties
|subdivision = {{Species list
|Ficus microcarpa var. hillii|([[Frederick Manson Bailey|F.M.Bailey]]) [[E. J. H. Corner|Corner]]
|Ficus microcarpa var. microcarpa|
|Ficus microcarpa var. saffordii|([[Elmer Drew Merrill|Merr.]]) Corner}}
|subdivision_ref = <ref name=POWO>{{cite POWO |id=853217-1 |title=''Ficus microcarpa'' L.f. |access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>
|synonyms = *''Urostigma microcarpum'' (L.f.) [[Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel|Miq.]]
{{Species list
|hidden=yes
|header=var. ''hillii''<ref>{{cite POWO |id=121115-3 |title=''Ficus microcarpa'' var. ''hillii'' (F.M.Bailey) Corner |access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>
|Ficus prolixa|[[Eugène Vieillard|Vieill.]] & [[Émile Deplanche|Deplanche]]
|Ficus hillii|F.M.Bailey
|Ficus schlechteri|[[Otto Warburg (botanist)|Warb.]]}}
{{Species list
|hidden=yes
|header=var. ''microcarpa''<ref>{{cite POWO |id=121196-3 |title=''Ficus microcarpa'' var. ''microcarpa'' |access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>
|Ficus rubra|Roth
|Ficus rubra var. acuminata|[[Benjamin Heyne|B.Heyne]] ex Roth
|Ficus littoralis|[[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]
|Ficus condaravia|[[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Buch.-Ham.]]
|Urostigma amblyphyllum|Miq.
|Urostigma pisiferum|Miq.
|Urostigma littorale|(Blume) Miq.
|Urostigma accedens var. latifolia|Miq.
|Ficus dilatata|Miq.
|Ficus amblyphylla|(Miq.) Miq.
|Ficus dyctiophleba|[[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]] ex Miq.
|Ficus retusa f. parvifolia|Miq.
|Ficus retusa var. pisifera|(Miq.) Miq.
|Ficus retusa f. pubescens|Miq.
|Ficus dictyophleba|F.Muell. ex Miq.
|Ficus naumannii|[[Adolf Engler|Engl.]]
|Ficus retusa var. nitida|[[George King (botanist)|King]]
|Ficus thynneana|F.M.Bailey
|Ficus dahlii|[[Karl Moritz Schumann|K.Schum.]]
|Ficus cairnsii|Warb.
|Ficus retusiformis|[[Augustin Abel Hector Léveillé|H.Lév.]]
|Ficus thynneana var. minor|[[Karel Domin|Domin]]
|Ficus thynneana var. typica|Domin
|Ficus regnans|[[Ludwig Diels|Diels]]
|Ficus microcarpa f. pubescens|Corner
|Ficus microcarpa var. latifolia|(Miq.) Corner
|Ficus microcarpa var. naumannii|(Engl.) Corner
|Ficus retusa var. crassifolia|[[Wang Chueng Shieh|W.C.Shieh]]
|Ficus microcarpa var. crassifolia|(W.C.Shieh) [[Jih Ching Liao|J.C.Liao]]
|Ficus microcarpa var. nitida|[[Feng Chi Ho|F.C.Ho]]
|Ficus microcarpa var. fuyuensis|J.C.Liao
|Ficus microcarpa var. oluangpiensis|J.C.Liao
|Ficus microcarpa var. pusillifolia|J.C.Liao}}
{{Species list
|hidden=yes
|header=var. ''saffordii''<ref>{{cite POWO |id=77250940-1 |title=''Ficus microcarpa'' var. ''saffordii'' (Merr.) Corner |access-date=21 November 2024}}</ref>
|Ficus saffordii|Merr.}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO/>
}}

'''''Ficus microcarpa''''', also known as '''Chinese banyan''', '''Hill's weeping fig''', '''small-fruited fig''', '''Malayan banyan''', '''Indian laurel''', or '''curtain fig''',<ref name=GRIN>{{GRIN | access-date = 1 April 2018}}</ref> is a species of [[banyan]] tree in the family [[Moraceae]]. Its native range is from India to China and Japan, through Southeast Asia and the western Pacific to the state of [[Queensland]] in Australia, and it has been introduced to parts of the Americas and the Mediterranean. It was first described in 1782, and is a culturally significant plant in a number of Asian countries.

==Description==
''Ficus microcarpa'' is a large tropical tree that grows to {{cvt|25|m}} tall, occasionally to {{cvt|35|m}}, with innumerable aerial roots descending from the branches that have the capacity to develop into accessory trunks or "prop roots". It may initially be [[Epiphyte|epiphytic]], [[Lithophyte|lithophytic]] or terrestrial. The leaves are narrowly to broadly [[Glossary of leaf morphology#elliptic|elliptic]], measuring up to {{cvt|12|cm}} long by {{cvt|9|cm}} wide. They are {{botanygloss|glabrous}} (without hairs) and have 5–9 pairs of main lateral veins either side of the midrib, which form distinct loops within the leaf margin.
{{R|FOA|FOC|RFK}}

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Starr 080601-5190 Ficus microcarpa.jpg|thumb|Foliage and fruit]]
''Ficus microcarpa'' was described in 1782 by [[Carl Linnaeus the Younger]]. The species has a considerable number of synonyms. In 1965, [[E. J. H. Corner]] described seven varieties (and two forms of ''Ficus microcarpa'' var. ''microcarpa''){{R|Corner-1965}} which were regarded as synonyms under the name of ''Ficus microcarpa'' in the latest{{which|date=April 2016}} [[Flora Malesiana]] volume.

'''Hill's weeping fig''' was first formally described as a species, '''''Ficus hillii''''', by [[Frederick Manson Bailey]] in the ''Botany Bulletin'' of the Queensland Department of Agriculture, based on a specimen collected in the "scrubs of tropical [[Queensland]]".{{R|APNI-F.hillii}} In 1960, it was reassigned by E. J. H. Corner as a variety of ''F. microcarpa'', namely '''''F. microcarpa'' var. ''hillii'''''.{{R|Corner-1960}}

==Distribution and habitat==
''Ficus microcarpa'' is native to tropical Asia, [[southern China]], [[Taiwan]], islands of the Western Pacific and [[Australia]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> A tropical and subtropical species, the tree requires a warm climate and a humid atmosphere. It can nevertheless withstand temperatures close to 0 °C. The species occurs mainly at low elevations, and its natural habitats include tropical rainforests, river edges, coasts, swamps and mangroves.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

===Introduced range===
''Ficus microcarpa'' was widely distributed as an ornamental plant and is one of the most common street trees in warm climates.{{cn|date=March 2023}} It has been introduced to a number of countries in the Mediterranean, Central and South America, the Caribbean, and Hawaii, California and Florida in the US.{{R|POWO}}

In urbanized areas, trees can grow in cracks, walls, buildings and other masonry elements. It seems that the species can tolerate urban pollutants in soil moisture, including [[sulfur dioxide]], [[lead]] and [[cadmium]], as well as [[salt]].

The symbiotic pollinating [[fig wasp]], ''Eupristina verticillata'', was introduced along with ''F. microcarpa''. Such an introduction, however, can be delayed: in [[Brazil]] - where specimens of the tree had been used in [[gardening]] since the nineteenth century, when it was introduced by the architect [[Auguste François Marie Glaziou]] into various public parks of [[Rio de Janeiro]] - the appearance of saplings began only during the 1970s. Such saplings are considered to be very aggressive, as they can grow in the walls of buildings, bridges, highways, and other concrete structures.<ref>Carauta, Jorge Pedro Pereira & Diaz, B. Ernani, ''Figueiras no Brasil'', Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, 2002, {{ISBN|85-7108-250-2}}, pg.155</ref>

The tree is considered a major [[invasive species]] in [[Hawaii]], [[Florida]], [[Bermuda]], [[Central America]], and [[South America]]. ''F. microcarpa'' is widely used as a street and ornamental tree in areas of coastal [[California]] that are free of regular frost. Its strong roots can lift sidewalks and pavements, and many California cities no longer recommend planting them. In [[Southern California]], a population of the symbiotic fig wasp is now established, which allows the ornamental trees to produce fertile fruit. Seeds are spread by fruit-eating birds, and ''F. microcarpa'' can now spread without direct human help. Naturalized populations have been found in Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, and Ventura counties, including on buildings, bridges, and other structures, and as an [[epiphyte]] on other trees, especially palm trees.{{R|RIEFNER}} It is commonly used as an ornamental tree in most of [[Spain]]'s [[Mediterranean]] coast, as in the [[Balearic Islands|Balearic]] and the [[Canary Islands|Canary]] islands. Ficus microcarpa can also be found on the southern coast of [[Sicily]], in [[Rhodes]] and [[Cyprus]]. It is considered an invasive plant in Israel, although it is not widespread.{{R|RIEFNER}}

==Ecology==
The pollinating [[fig wasp]] associated with ''Ficus microcarpa'' is ''Eupristina verticillata''. In addition, 19 non-pollinating fig wasp species parasitize ''Ficus microcarpa'' figs.<ref name=Chen99>{{cite journal
| last = Chen
| first = Ying-Ru |author2=Wen-Chung Chuang |author3=Wen-Jer Wu
| year = 1999
| title = Chalcids wasps on ''Ficus microcarpa'' L. in Taiwan (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea)
| journal = Journal of Taiwan Museum
| volume = 52
| pages = 39–79
}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=This paper cites the taxon author as Linnaeus (instead of Linnaeus' son) and has numerous spelling mistakes, including repeated misspellings of 'microcarpa' as 'mieroearpa' or 'microcarapa', suggesting the paper has not been properly reviewed|date=December 2024}}
These [[fig wasp]]s are from different families, which include those of the [[Eurytomidae]] and [[Pteromalidae]] families.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

In some parts of its introduced range, it is very attractive to avian wildlife: in [[São Paulo]], Brazil, ten species of birds were listed as feeding on its fruits, especially ''[[Turdus rufiventris]]'', ''[[Pitangus sulphuratus]]'', ''[[Turdus leucomelas]]'', ''[[Thraupis sayaca]]'' and ''[[Celeus flavescens]]''.<ref>{{cite journal
|author1 = Somenzari, Marina
|author2 = Linda Lacerda da Silva
|author3 = Rosanna G. Q. Benesi
|name-list-style = amp
|year = 2006
|title = Atração de aves por ''Ficus elastica'' Roxb. e ''Ficus microcarpa'' L. em ambiente urbano (abstract)
|journal = XIV Congresso Brasileiro de Ornitologia
|url = http://www.ararajuba.org.br/sbo/cbo/xiv_cbo/Historia_natural.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206171218/http://ararajuba.org.br/sbo/cbo/xiv_cbo/Historia_natural.pdf
|archive-date = 2009-02-06
}}</ref> Its fruit and leaves are also sought after and eaten by the parrot ''[[Aratinga leucophthalmus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal
|author1=da Silva, Linda Lacerda
|author2=Sonia Maria de Amorim Gimenez
|author3=Sumiko Namba
|name-list-style=amp
|year=2006
|title=Método quantitativo para a avaliacão da preferência alimentar de ''Aratinga leucophthalmus'' em cativeiro (abstract)
|journal=XIV Congresso Brasileiro de Ornitologia
|url=http://www.ararajuba.org.br/sbo/cbo/xiv_cbo/Comportamento.pdf
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706161151/http://www.ararajuba.org.br/sbo/cbo/xiv_cbo/Comportamento.pdf
|archive-date=2011-07-06
}}</ref> Although invasive, its hardiness makes it an important species for the attraction of avian wildlife in urban environments.<ref>Frisch, Johan Dalgas & Frisch, Christian Dalgas, ''Aves Brasileiras e Plantas que as Atraem'', São Paulo:2005, {{ISBN|85-85015-07-1}}, pg.366</ref>

==Cultivation==
[[Image:Ficus microcarpa1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''Ficus microcarpa'' as an indoor landscape plant.]]
''Ficus microcarpa'' is cultivated as an [[ornamental tree]] for planting in gardens, parks, and in containers as an [[Houseplant|indoor plant]] and [[bonsai]] specimen. In Southeast Asia, it is cultivated as a [[shade tree]] because of its dense foliage.{{cn|date=March 2023}} Its ability to produce [[Wiktionary:discard|discard]]s{{vague|what's that?|date=July 2025}} also makes it easy to drive{{vague|like a car?|date=July 2025}} in hedge or bush.{{clarify|date=December 2024}}

As a tropical and subtropical tree, it is suitable for temperatures above 20 °C all year long, which explains why it is generally sold as a houseplant. It can, however, withstand relatively low temperatures, suffering damage only below 0 °C. High humidity (70% - 100%) is preferable and seems to favor the development of aerial roots. The species can be propagated easily by [[cuttings (plant)|cuttings]], either in water or directly in a substrate of sand or potting soil.{{cn|date=March 2023}}

===Medicine===
The plant is also used in [[traditional medicine]] in India, Malaysia, China and Japan. In Japan, the bark, the aerial roots and dried leaves are traditionally used against pain and [[fever]], while in China the plant is traditionally used among others against the [[flu]], the [[malaria]], [[bronchitis]] and [[rheumatism]]. The pharmacological properties of ''Ficus microcarpa'' include [[antioxidant]] activities, [[antibacterial]], [[anticarcinogen]] and anti diabetic agents.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kalaskar |first1=MohanG |last2=Surana |first2=SanjayJ |title=Pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies on Ficus Microcarpa L. fil |journal=Ancient Science of Life |date=2012 |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=107–111 |doi=10.4103/0257-7941.118550 |doi-access=free |pmid=24167337 |pmc=3807953 }}</ref>

==Folklore==
In Southeast Asia, ''F. microcarpa'', among other species, is thought to be home to spirits, such as [[Pontianak (folklore)]]. In China, large fig trees can be associated with beneficial spirits and vital energy ("[[Qi]]"). In Singapore, some trees are associated with places of worship among Buddhists and Taoists.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="240" heights="180" perrow="5">
File:Starr 040514-0204 Ficus microcarpa.jpg|''Ficus microcarpa'' with aerial roots.
File:Starr 050516-1267 Ficus microcarpa.jpg|Foliage
File:Ficus microcarpa (8150114011).jpg|Branch and leaves
File:Ficus microcarpa var. nitida 2zz.jpg|A tree
File:Ficus microcarpa kz3.jpg|Bonsai
File:Ficus microcarpa var. nitida 0zz.jpg|Trunk
File:Starr 080601-5176 Ficus microcarpa.jpg|Shrubby tree
File:Starr 070111-3088 Ficus microcarpa.jpg|A tree at a park in Hawaii
File:Starr 080531-4730 Ficus microcarpa.jpg|A tree in [[Midway Atoll]]
File:Starr 050722-2918 Ficus microcarpa.jpg|Tree with closeup of branches and trunk
File:Ficus microcarpa P1130327 08.jpg|Fruits
File:Ficus microcarpa Blanco2.382.jpg|Botanical illustration
File:Morning in the Hyde Park, Sydney 01.jpg|An avenue of ''Ficus microcarpa'' in [[Hyde Park, Sydney]]
File:פיקוס השדרות על דקל תמר מצוי.jpg|Ficus microcarpa living on [[Phoenix dactylifera]] (date palm). It is there due to [[guano]] of flying [[Egyptian fruit bat]]
File:Ficus microcarpa - Habitus.jpg|alt=Ficus microcarpa – Stem & Habitus.|Stem & Habitus
File:Ficus microcarpa - Stem & leaves 2.jpg|alt=Ficus microcarpa – Stem with leaves|Stem with leaves
File:פיקוס השדרות גדל על גג.jpg|Growing on roof top
File:Wilshire Boulevard at Hope Street, downtown Los Angeles, California.jpg|''Ficus microcarpa'' is a common tree seen alongside streets of [[Greater Los Angeles|Los Angeles area]] and generally its the most common evergreen fig in [[southern California]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Portal|Trees}}
{{Reflist|27em|refs=
<ref name="FOA">{{cite web |url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Ficus%20microcarpa |title=''Ficus microcarpa'' |last1=Chew |first1=W.-L. |last2=Du Puy |first2=D.J. |year=2022 |editor-last1=Kodela |editor-first1=P.G. |website=[[Flora of Australia]] |publisher=[[Australian Biological Resources Study]], Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="RFK">{{cite web |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Ficus_microcarpa.htm |title=''Ficus microcarpa'' |author1=F.A.Zich |author2=B.P.M.Hyland |author3=T.Whiffen |author4=R.A.Kerrigan |author2-link=Bernard Hyland |year=2020 |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]] Edition 8 (RFK8) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), [[Australian Government]] |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="FOC">{{cite web |title=''Ficus microcarpa'' L.f. |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006364 |website=Flora of China (eFloras) |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA. |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Corner-1960">{{cite journal |last1=Corner |first1=E.J.H. |title=Taxonomic Notes on ''Ficus'' Linn., Asia and Australasia. Sections 1-4 |journal=The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore |date=1960 |volume=17 |issue=3 |page=397 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43588179 |access-date=28 December 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="Corner-1965">{{Cite journal |last1=Corner |first1=E.J.H. |title=Check-list of ''Ficus'' in Asia and Australasia with keys to identification |journal=The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore |date=1965 |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=22–23 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43581730 |access-date=28 December 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="APNI-F.hillii">{{cite web |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/rest/name/apni/91233 |title=''Ficus hillii'' |website=[[Australian Plant Name Index]] (APNI) |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, [[Australian Government]] |access-date=28 December 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="RIEFNER">{{cite journal |last1=Riefner |first1=R.E. |title=''Ficus microcarpa'' (Moraceae) naturalized in Southern California, U. S. A.: Linking plant, pollinator, and suitable microhabitats to document the invasion process |journal=Phytologia |date=2016 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=42–75 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322554823}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ficus microcarpa}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070512131157/http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/reports/html/ficus_microcarpa.htm Plants of Hawaii: ''Ficus microcarpa''], hear.org
* [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=FIMI2 ''Ficus microcarpa'' L.f.], [[Natural Resources Conservation Service]] of the U.S. Department of Agriculture
* [http://www.conservation.bm/indian-laurel/ Indian Laurel Invasive Plant Page, Bermuda Department of Conservation Services.]
* [http://ci.nii.ac.jp/els/110003374475.pdf?id=ART0003849347&type=pdf&lang=en&host=cinii&order_no=&ppv_type=0&lang_sw=&no=1480404937&cp=], Yokoyama, Jun, and Kunio Iwatsuki. "A faunal survey of fig-wasps (Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera) distributed in Japan and their associations with figs (Ficus: Moraceae)." Entomological science 1.1 (1998): 37–46.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q714180}}

[[Category:Ficus|microcarpa]]
[[Category:Flora of the Australasian realm]]
[[Category:Flora of the Indomalayan realm]]
[[Category:Trees of China]]
[[Category:Trees of Japan]]
[[Category:Trees of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Northwestern Pacific]]
[[Category:Trees of Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of Queensland]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1782]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Plants used in bonsai]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]

Archeparchy of Faridabad

2025-12-14T04:15:15Z

Wikindia777:

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic Archeparchy in Haryana, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Archeparchy
| name = Faridabad
| latin = ܐܪܟܝܕܝܘܩܝܐ ܕܦ݂ܪܝܕܒܕ
| local = फ़रीदाबाद अतिधर्मप्रांत
| image =Faridabad diocese.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =

| country = India
| province =
| territory = NCT of Delhi, States of Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and parts of Uttar Pradesh,
UTs of Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, and Chandigarh.
| metropolitan =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.64311700|77.18924530|format=dms|region:IN-DL_source:wikidata|display=inline,title}}

| area_km2 = 950,000
| population =
| population_as_of = 2019
| catholics = 164,934
| catholics_percent =
| parishes = 44 missions
| churches = 
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Church]]
| rite = [[East Syriac Rite]]
| established = {{start date|2012|03|06}}
| cathedral = Kristuraja Cathedral, [[Faridabad]]
| cocathedral =
| patron = [[Thomas the Apostle]]
| priests = 118

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| major_archbishop = Mar [[Raphael Thattil]]
| metro_archbishop = Mar [[Kuriakose Bharanikulangara]]
| bishop_title =
| bishop =
| coadjutor =
| auxiliary_bishops = Mar Jose Puthenveettil
| suffragans = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Bijnor| Eparchy of Bijnor]] [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Gorakhpur| Eparchy of Gorakhpur]]
| vicar_general =
| emeritus_bishops =

| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = {{URL|http://faridabaddiocese.in/}}
| footnotes =
|coat=|flag=|headquarters=|dissolved=|language=}}
The '''Archeparchy of Faridabad''' is an [[Archeparchy]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in [[Faridabad]], a city in [[Haryana]], [[India]]. Erected on 6 March 2012 by [[Pope Benedict XVI]] it serves around 150,000 Syro-Malabar Catholics in the North India.<ref name="bulletin">{{cite web|url=http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/28872.php?index=28872&po_date=06.03.2012&lang=en|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130421182143/http://press.catholica.va/news_services/bulletin/news/28872.php?index=28872&po_date=06.03.2012&lang=en|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-04-21|title=Erezione dell'Eparchia di Faridabad dei Siro-Malabaresi (India) e Nomina del Primo Eparca|publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]]|date=2012-03-06|access-date=2012-03-09|language=Italian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2968283.ece|title=New Syro-Malabar diocese to be based in Faridabad|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2012-03-07|accessdate=2012-03-12}}</ref> Its first and current eparch is Mar Kuriakose Bharanikulangara, with the personal title of [[archbishop]].<ref name="bulletin"/> The eparch resides in Faridabad, where the [[Kristuraja Cathedral]] (''Christ the King Cathedral'') is located.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.religiousindia.org/church-in-india/a-new-syro-malabar-eparchy-in-the-region-of-delhi|title=A new Syro- Malabar Eparchy in the region of Delhi|publisher=Conference of Religious India Bulletin|date=2012-03-07|accessdate=2012-03-09|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213111715/http://www.religiousindia.org/church-in-india/a-new-syro-malabar-eparchy-in-the-region-of-delhi|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The eparchy has a size of 950,000 km2, spreads over several jurisdictions of [[Latin Church]] Catholic dioceses and covers the National Capital Territory of Delhi, the States of Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, the Union Territories of Jammu-Kashmir, Ladakh, Chandigarh, as well as the Districts of Gautam Buddha Nagar and Ghaziabad (part of the State of Uttar Pradesh).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smcim.org/files/portal/files/file_9.pdf|title=Announcement of His Beatitude Mar George Cardinal Alencherry Major Archbishop of the Syro-Malabar Church|publisher=The Syro-Malabar Archiepiscopal Curia|date=2012-03-06|accessdate=2012-03-10}}</ref>

== Ordinaries ==
'''Bishop's and Archbishop's'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl.no
! style="background: #efefef;" | Ordinary
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Designation
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Year of appointment
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Last year of service
|-
| 1
| [[Kuriakose Bharanikulangara]]
| align="center" | Bishop
| align="center" | 2012
| align="center" | 2025
|-
| 1
| [[Kuriakose Bharanikulangara]]
| align="center" | Archbishop
| align="center" | 2025
| align="center" | ''present''
|}

'''Auxiliary bishop'''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl.no
! style="background: #efefef;" | Ordinary
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Designation
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Year of appointment
! style="background: #ffdead;" | Last year of service
|-
| 1
| [[Jose Puthenveettil]]
| align="center" | Auxiliary bishop
| align="center" |2019
| align="center" | ''present''
|}

== Suffragans ==
* [[Eparchy of Bijnor]]
* [[Eparchy of Gorakhpur]]

==Causes for canonisation==
* Servant of God [[Fidelis Thaliath|Sr. Fidelis Thaliath]], [[Sisters of the Destitute|S.D.]]<ref name="Sister Fidelis is Servant of God">{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=Sister Fidelis is Servant of God |trans-title=സിസ്റ്റര്‍ ഫിദേലിസ് തളിയത്ത് ഇനി ദൈവദാസി |url=https://sundayshalom.com/archives/61717 |access-date=2021-07-16 |website=sundayshalom |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dfasm.html Eparchy of Faridabad on ''Catholic Hierarchy'']
*[http://www.syromalabarchurch.in/parish.php?id=10996 Kristuraja Cathedral]

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faridabad, Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy Of}}
[[Category:2012 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 2012]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]

{{SyroMalabar-diocese-stub}}

Osthe (soundtrack)

2025-12-07T20:36:22Z

Wikindia777: new redirect

#REDIRECT[[Osthe#Music]]

{{Redirect category shell|{{r from merge}}{{r to section}}{{r from soundtrack}}}}

[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2011 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Thaman S soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]

Telecommunication Engineering Centre

2025-11-25T06:05:46Z

Wikindia777: Added New Page

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}

The '''Telecommunication Engineering Centre''' is a nodal agency of the [[Department of Telecommunications]], [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Ministry of Communications and Information Technology]], [[Government of India]] which is responsible for drawing up of standards, generic requirements, interface requirements, service requirements and specifications for telecom products, services and networks.

The Telecommunication Engineering Centre (TEC) has headquarters in [[New Delhi]]. It has three additional regional centres in [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]] and [[Bangalore]].

==Organisation==
The TEC consists of several specialised divisions covering various telecom technology areas including External Plant, Information Technology, Networks, Optical Transmission, Line Transmission, Radio Transmission, Satellite Transmission, Value Aided Services, Switching, and Mobile Communications

These divisions are responsible for standardisation and trials of new technologies. They have capabilities and human resources for testing of all kinds of telecom products, services and networks. The regional centres carry out tests and issue service test certificates for telcom products and services.

TEC has a strength of 27 telecom professionals, 94 telecom engineers and 88 support staff for carrying out its responsibilities.

==TEC Certification==
The TEC issues TEC certificates that cover the listed products. TEC certification has been a voluntary process since 1991. However, as per announcement No. 10-1/2017-IT/TEC/ER, starting in 2019 the TEC will roll out the MTCTE (Mandatory Testing Certification of Telecommunication Equipment) regulations incrementally. Since 2019 many telecommunication products now require a mandatory product certification in India.<ref>for the TEC registration process</ref>

Products under the TEC approval scheme will have to meet electromagnetic compatibility (EMC/EMI) limits. The TEC registration process needs to be conducted by an authorised Indian representative. The product must be marked with an ID number (individual factory code), issued by the TEC.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

# [https://www.tec.gov.in/ Official website]

[[Category:Telecommunications authorities of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election

2025-11-14T09:43:34Z

Wikindia777: expanded content

#REDIRECT [[1980 Orissa Legislative Assembly election]]

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Bijai Singh of Alirajpur

2025-11-13T21:35:57Z

Wikindia777: Made Bio

{{Short description|Ruler of Alirajpur from 1881 to 16 August 1890}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Bijai Singh
| succession = [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Alirajpur]]
| reign = 1881 – 16 August 1890
| predecessor = [[Rup Deo]]
| successor = [[Pratap Singh II of Alirajpur|Pratap Singh]]
| death_date = 16 August 1890
| house = {{flagicon image|Drapeau_AliRajpur.png}} [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]]
| dynasty = [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]
}}
'''Bijai Singh''' (sometimes '''Bijay Singh''', '''Waje Singh Sachan''' or '''Vijay Singh Sachan''') was [[Rana (title)|Rana]] of [[Alirajpur]] from 1881 until his death on 16 August 1890.

== Education ==
He was educated at the [[Daly College]], [[Indore]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=department |first=records of the government of india foreign |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xIsIAAAAQAAJ |title=SELECTIONS FROM THE RECORDS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA FOREIGN DEPARTMENT |date=1886 |pages=35 |language=en}}</ref> He remained there until 1888.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qwEMAAAAYAAJ |title=Central India Agency |date=1893 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=436–437 |language=en}}</ref>

== Succession ==
When [[Rup Deo]] died in 1881 without leaving behind a male heir to succeed him, and as he held no adoption sanad, it appeared that the [[ruling family]] of [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]] was extinct and that [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]] had escheated to the [[British government of India|Government of India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ud7lAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian Political Practice: A Collection of the Decisions of the Government of India in Political Cases |date=1974 |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |pages=139–141 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> But the government decided to appoint a successor to the deceased.<ref name=":0" /> When it was announced, many put forward claims to the vacant throne of [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> One of these was Bijai Singh, a son of the Thakur of Sondwa, who was a distant relative of the deceased, and his claim was supported by the ladies of the family.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> His claim was also supported by the most influential people in the [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]].<ref name=":0" /> He was a minor at the time and was studying.<ref name=":2" /> The second claimant was Kalubawa.<ref name=":1" /> Another claimant was the ruler of [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]], acting on behalf of one of his sons, on the grounds of being the next of kin, as he was fourth in descent from one of the members of the [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]] family who had been called to [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]].<ref name=":1" /> He argued that when heirs had failed in [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]], successors had been taken from [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]], and therefore, in the reverse case, a successor should be taken from [[Dharampur State|Dharampur]].<ref name=":1" /> After carefully investigating the qualifications and claims of these claimants, the [[British government of India|Government of India]] selected Bijai as the successor to the deceased.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

== Reign ==
At the outset of the reign of Bijai Singh, Jit Singh, the Thakur of Phulwal, led an uprising against him.<ref name=":0" /> He did this because he wanted to sit on the throne of [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]] himself.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Bond |first=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=777 |language=en}}</ref> Using his wealth and influence, Jit persuaded the [[Bhil]] and [[Bhilala]] leaders, Bhawan and Chitu, to join him.<ref name=":2" /> Many Makranis, led by Dad Muhammad, also aligned with Jit.<ref name=":0" /> Jit Singh and his faction plundered the towns of Nanpur, Bhavra, and Chhaktala.<ref name=":2" /> When rebels in [[Alirajpur State|Alirajpur]], the [[British government of India|Government of India]] intervened and sent the Malwa Bhil Corps and [[21st Horse (Central India Horse)|Central India Horse]], which dispersed them.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Over time, the rebels were brought to justice, while Jit died in [[Gujarat]], and his estate escheated to the state.<ref name=":2" /> As he was a minor, Jawan Singh, Thakur of Jhaknawada under [[Jhabua State|Jhabua]], was appointed Superintendent of [[Alirajpur]] to administer the affairs of the state until Bijai came of age.<ref name=":0" /> In 1890, two years after his return from Indore, the Government decided to give him tentative administrative charge of Nanpur and Khattali.<ref name=":2" /> Before he could be invested with these limited powers, he died.<ref name=":0" />

== Death ==
He died on 16 August 1890 and was succeeded by [[Pratap Singh II of Alirajpur|Pratap Singh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Aitchison C. U. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206802/ |title=A Collection Of Treaties, Engagements And Sanads Vol-iv Relating To Central India Agency |date=1933 |pages=161–162}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:1890 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Daly College alumni]]

Seetha (TV series)

2025-11-05T11:48:06Z

Wikindia777: Added A Article - done

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox television
| alt_name =
| image = Seetha_Serial_(Flowers_TV,_2017-present).jpg
| caption = Season 2 poster
| genre = [[Action film|Action]]
| producer = Binu K Ponnoose
| writer = G. R. P. Kumar(Season 1) Dhanus(Season 2)
| director = Girish Konni
| company = BEE GEE Communications
| starring =
| opentheme = "Nizhalinte Nerukil Aardramai"
| num_seasons = 3
| num_episodes = 903
| network = [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]
| country = India
| location =
| language = Malayalam
| editor = Ajith Dev (Season 1)
| cinematography = Rajeev Mankomp (Season 1)
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20 Minutes (approx)
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2016|9|29}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flowerstv.in/video/seetha-flowers-ep-01.cms|title=Seetha episode 1}}</ref>
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|8|12}}
| related = [[Chinthavishtayaya Seetha]]
}}

'''''Seetha''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[drama]] television series. The show has three seasons. The first season titled as ''[[Chinthavishtayaya Seetha]]'' was premiered on 29 August 2016 on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and aired on weekdays at 7:00 PM [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] and on-demand through [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vinodadarshan.com/2016/06/chinthavishtayaya-seetha-serial-on.html|title='Chinthavishtayaya Seetha' - Coming soon|work=Vinodadarshan}}</ref> Its time slot later changed to 6:30 pm. The first season abruptly ended on 28 January 2017 with 126 episodes. It starred [[Swasika|Swasika Vijay]], [[Bipin Jose]] and [[Shanavas Shanu]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|title=I want to portray a villainess: Swasika Vijay|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/i-want-to-portray-a-villainess-swasika-vijay/articleshow/54444461.cms|access-date=10 August 2022|work=The Times of India|date=22 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinthavishtayaya Seetha Malayalam Serial Cast and Crew|url=https://www.keralatv.in/chinthavishtayaya-seetha/|access-date=10 August 2022|work=Kerala TV|date=26 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/chinthavishta-seetha/10551|title=Chinthavishtayaya Seetha|website=[[Disney+ Hotstar]]|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

The second season titled as ''Seetha'' premiered on 20 February 2017 on [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]. It starred [[Swasika|Swasika Vijay]], [[Shanavas Shanu]] and [[Bipin Jose]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: Seetha to end with an interesting climax; Director Girish Konni confirms the third part of the popular show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/exclusive-seetha-to-end-with-an-interesting-climax-director-girish-konni-confirms-the-third-part-of-the-popular-show/articleshow/70676962.cms|access-date=10 August 2022|work=The Times of India|date=14 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref> It is the first time of Malayalam television industry, a live shoot of an episode was telecast on 5 August 2018 which showed ''Seetha-Indran'' marriage from 6:00 pm to 8:00 pm. It was one of the top-rated serials on Malayalam Television and the lead pair [[Swasika]] and [[Shanavas Shanu|Shanavas]] earned a huge fan base due to their on-screen chemistry. The second season went off air on 16 August 2019.

But due to its popularity, the team started the third season of the show named as ''Seethapennu'' in [[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]] from 28 March 2022 and ended on 12 August 2022 with 103 episodes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/seethappennu-flowers-serial/ | title=Seethappennu Serial Starring Shanavas Shanu and Swasika Vijay in Lead | date=23 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: Seetha to end with an interesting climax; Director Girish Konni confirms the third part of the popular show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/exclusive-seetha-to-end-with-an-interesting-climax-director-girish-konni-confirms-the-third-part-of-the-popular-show/articleshow/70676962.cms|access-date=10 August 2022|work=The Times of India|date=14 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
===Season -1===
Seetha is the sole bread earner of her family and is in love with Devan, a farmer, since childhood. Seetha's family wants get them married soon, but Seetha delays it due to her financial hardships.

Seetha returns Gangadaran the money which her father took as a bribe leaving Gangadaran fuming and planning vengeance. Kaveri is seen with Shayju, Gangadharan's son leaving Seetha worried. Yamuna and Sugunan try to woo Kaveri and instigate her against Seetha. She soon falls for Shayju's false love for her and curses Seetha. Simultaneously, Devan's uncle is upset at the marriage's postponement and wants Devan to marry some other girl. At the other hand, Seetha’ mother asks her to marry Devan. Indran returns from Gulf gets attracted to Seetha and wants to marry her. He bribe Narayanan to force Seetha to marry Indran. Indran also meets and plots to use Giri and Sugunan who promises to get Seetha married to him. Seetha refuses to Indran's proposal leaving Kaveri, Yamuna and Narayanan fuming. But, Seetha's mother supports her.

Narayanan loses his cool and forbids Seetha from going to work and house arrests her. Shayju and his friends plot against Kaveri and attack her but she is saved by Devan. Kaveri then realizes the true face of Shayju and supports Seetha and Devan. Seeing Seetha's plight, her mother asks her to elope with Devan. Seetha bids adieu to her sleeping father, and when Devan comes to her house to take her, he is caught by Sugunan and Indran. Narayanan insults Devan who walks away and leaving both him and Seetha in tears. Indran appoints a spy Sobhan to keep an eye on Seetha while she goes to work. Seetha vows not to marry Indran.

Soon, Kaveri and Seetha learn that Kaveri is pregnant and are shattered. Seetha counsels Kaveri and tries to persuade Shayju to unite with Kaveri. On learning this, Devan confronts Shayju for ruining Kaveri's life, while Narayanan promises the villagers to get Seetha married to Indran. Later, Indran and Shayju meet and join hands against Devan and conspire to evict Devan from their lives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/about/Malayalam/tv-serials/chinthavishtayaya-seetha|title=Malayalam Tv Serial Chinthavishtayaya Seetha|work=NETTV4U|access-date=10 August 2022}}</ref>

===Season -2===
Seetha is the only earning member of her family. She runs a family of her aged parents, her sister and her brother. Indran being her Moracherukkan (her father's sister's son) dreams of marrying her and is obsessed about his love for her. Sreeraman and Seetha being college mates fall in love and decide to marry with the permission of their parents. Indran befriends loan shark Prathapan and later discovers that he also have enmity with Seetha as she refused to illegally allow him to do his business due to village panchayat rules. After many difficulties and hurdles, they finally marry. Much to their dismay, with the constant interference from Indran and Shankaran Maman, misunderstandings and fights crop in between them. Indran along with Prathapan plots to constantly destroy Seetha's married life. Meanwhile, Indran who realises he can't get Seetha decides to marry Janaki as a bid to show Seetha that he can have a happier married life. Unknowingly, he develops feelings for Janaki, to which she also reciprocates. Meanwhile, a Loan Shark Prathapan now finds his plan of revenge to Seetha failing, plots against Seetha and Indran by cunningly setting them up in a hotel room unknown to them and calls the press and has them arrested. This incident sends shock waves to both Raman and Janaki. Raman and Seetha's relationship further deteriorates. Seetha attempts suicide to which Indran comes as a savior and takes her to hospital. Raman who rushes in the nick in time professes that he loves Seetha deeply, thus saving her from giving in to death. Seeing this, Indran develops respect for Seetha and gives up his revenge plan. Janaki, who fails to believe Indran, breaks her engagement. In a fit of rejection, Indran resorts to alcoholism. Seetha, who feels equally responsible for ruining Indran's life, stops him from drinking by offering a position of being her angel guardian. As Sreeraman discovers that he is diagnosed with a brain tumor that is incurable, he decides to divorce Seetha out of love. He hides this ill fate from Seetha and divorces her. He then takes his childhood friend Janaki to accompany him for his treatment through natural medicine in an ashram.

Meanwhile, Indran, a changed man now, enters Seetha's life by asking her to marry him.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-to-marry-indran/articleshow/64177184.cms|title=Seetha to marry Indran|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 May 2018 }}</ref> She, after being persuaded by her family and [[Vinayan]] sir decides to give love and marriage a second chance. Enter, Raman, who still claim to love Seetha but is shattered to know that Seetha has indeed moved on and will never be his.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-lashes-out-at-raman/articleshow/64510555.cms|title=Seetha leaves Raman|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 June 2018 }}</ref> Raman attempts suicide and is saved by his home nurse in the nick of time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/raman-contemplating-suicide/articleshow/64635283.cms|title=Raman attempts to take his life|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 June 2018 }}</ref> Seetha makes it clear to Raman that she would never marry him, making him think of future. Seetha and Indran get married in a big grandeur.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-indran-wedding-to-go-live/articleshow/65258762.cms|title=Seetha-Indran marriage live on air|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 August 2018 }}</ref>

Enter Aadilakshmi who claims to be the illegitimate daughter of Sreedharan. Indran and Seetha's marriage faces turbulence due to Indran keeping Aadilakshmi's truth away. Sreedharan also discovers that he's had a daughter and another wife all the while. But, due to some carelessness of Indran and Saravanan, Seetha learns the truth about Aadilakshmi, but does not ask anything to Indran or her father hoping that they will say everything to her one day. Sreeraman finds love for the second time and marries Devika with the presence of all his relatives and loved ones. During the wedding, Sreeraman's uncle Shankaran, Prathapan and S.I. Sugunan conspires to kill Devika as revenge, but Devika's father is killed in the process as he consumes the unknown poisonous juice that was meant for Devika. Devika and Devika's mother decides to live in Sreeram's home after their marriage. Devika's mother eventually develops memory issues, saddening Devika.

Meanwhile, Sreedharan decides to donate his kidney to the ailing Aadilakshmi's mother as he is guilty of not being responsible all this while. This news is found out by Seetha and catches them red-handed in the hospital and does not allow the surgery to happen. Seetha is heartbroken that her husband and her father hid all this to her and did not open up to her. She acts like she is angry with Indran and refuses to go with him and does not allow him to even touch and does not talk to her father also. Indran pleads to Seetha to forgive her and even touches her legs to ask for forgiveness, but Seetha again acts like she does not want to talk to him and accuses Indran of showing false love. Indran is heartbroken by this and asks Seetha whether he should kill himself to make her believe that loves he her no matter what. Indran goes away and scarves the name Seetha on his chest with a knife. Seetha sees Indran with a knife in his hand and the name Seetha written on his chest. Seetha asks forgiveness to Indran and says that she was acting all the while as being angry. They both reconcile and are back as usual and Seetha even finds another donor for Aadilakshmi's mother. Archana learns of this and she tells Seetha's mother, Naliniamma, of the situation, creating commotion in the family and Naliniamma goes to an [[Ashram]].

Seetha and Indran both plan a trip as they had not gone anywhere after their marriage. On the way, they are attacked by Surendran Pillai's thugs and are left wounded in the way. Raman arrives at the right time and is able to take them to the hospital. Both are admitted in hospital but they are unable to save Indran as he passes away. Seetha comes to her senses and on realizing what happened loses her memory and stops speaking. Everyone in the family is heartbroken and Seetha can't even speak. Meanwhile, Vinayan and Raman try to help Seetha and also take care of the factor. They decide to sell the factory, and people come forward to buy and the selected people are two binamis of Surendran Pillai. They arrive at the last signing of the agreement when suddenly Seetha opposes the deal and even starts to speak and she starts to go to the factory and do everything as usual. Surendran Pillai, Prathapan and Commissioner Vishwanathan along with Sugunan now decide to kill Seetha,  and they bring Jatayu Dharman in to play. Jatayu Dharman do everything as per his own plan and even capture Seetha and take her to his custody and just before the murder, he gets to know that Seetha is the person who saved one of his sister from death and asks Seetha for forgiveness and even promises to be a protection for her at all times. Seetha, meanwhile with the help of [[Raghuvaran]], Aadilakshmi and Saravannan, hatches a plan to finish those who killed Indran: the thugs, Peter, Prathapan, Sugunan and Surendran Pillai. She finishes the thugs {thugs} and then sends a death warrant with a date to Peter. Seetha, for business matters, goes to Chennai and is attacked by Prathapan's thugs while at Chennai, but Dharman comes at the right time to save her. She is later approached by a business man, who has also come  before while with Indran to ask to spend one night with Seetha. He returns and this time too is saved by Jatayu Dharman. Peter gets Police Protection on the date that he is said to be dead, and Seetha also decides not to attack Peter on that day because police will easily understand everything and Seetha will get caught. On that same night, Peter is attacked, by whom is not known to anyone including Seetha and Saravanan is also caught by the police from the surroundings. When the police ran after Saravannan, someone came and attacked Peter. Saravanan is arrested and brought out of the jail by Vinayan. Seetha starts to have doubts that something is happening in the background without her knowing and doubts Vinayan and Saravannan but gets no clues. Prathapan also gets a similar death warrant as Peter's, but this time not from Seetha or Raghuvaran and now, Surendran Pillai brings out another set of thugs and Seetha again gets surrounded. Dharman again appears and tries to save Seetha but he himself gets a cut on his chest. Seetha is surrounded, when Indran suddenly appears<ref>{{Cite news|title=Seetha: Indran makes a heroic comeback - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-indran-makes-a-heroic-comeback/articleshow/68407241.cms|access-date=2020-12-17|website=The Times of India|date=14 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> and attacks the thugs and goes after them and wounds all of them and Indran is nowhere to be seen after the attack. Seetha is confused on what is happening. On the next day, AAadilakshmi too see Indran coming out of Dr. Sasi's room but does not get any clues on what happened from Dr. Sasi.. On that night, Indran comes to Seetha's house with the help of Seetha's father and admits that he did not die, but it was all a drama to help the police go after the culprits and even admits that Vinayan, Seetha's father, ACP Mariakutty and Dr.Sasi knew the entire story and also says that he is the one who attacked Peter and says that he will be in the background for a few more days and will come out very soon and they will live together. Indran later scares Shankaran and even attacks Prathapan. Indran comes back out of hiding and is back at their house.

Seetha and Indran also go for a trip to a houseboat of Dharman, and during the Indran realizes that Dharman and Indran are brothers but from different mothers and the same father. Dharma also learns about this after the death of their father and they keep this as a secret without anyone other than Seetha and themselves knowing about it. Indran's factory soon gets a business deal from Electra Constructions Company. During the meeting, Indran is often confronted by Shreya Chacko, who says that her husband Rudran looked very alike to Indran but Rudran died on the night after their marriage due to cardiac arrest. She imagines Indran to be Rudran and often asks him for his presence with her. Seetha in the meanwhile goes ahead with business deals of Shreya Chacko's company without knowing the secret targets of Shreya Chacko. Meanwhile, Seetha gets pregnant and Indran along with Seetha is excited to be parents. Indran is often confronted by Shreya Chacko. Meanwhile, Aadhi Lakshmi's marriage is fixed with Dr. Sasi but her marriage gets called off on the day that was fixed for the marriage because of Dr. Sasi's doubts that Indran and Aadilaksmi have an immoral relationship. Aadilaksmi, sooner rather than later gets close to Raghuvaran and their marriage is soon fixed. Shreya Chacko meets Indran again and this time he tells everything to Seetha when they are at home. Seetha takes the initiative to cancel all the business deals between their factory and Electra Constructions. Meanwhile, Indran tries to get a hold of Giri as he is not picking up phone calls, and gets to know that he is having a close relationship with an Anglo-Indian Julliet. Indran and Seetha somehow get Giri out of this mess and bring him back home.

Time goes by, and Seetha's baby is eight months old. Shreya Chacko comes to Indran again while at office and Seetha who heard everything tells her to get out. Shreya Chacko quickly kisses Indran on the cheeks and Seetha on seeing this slaps Shreya and she leaves. Shreya attempts to kill Seetha the next day by creating a car accident but fails because the car would not turn on at the right time. Shreya Chacko now turns to Sugunan for help in killing Seetha. Sugunan decides to help and they make a plan and Sugunan's thugs capture Seetha from a tea shop while returning from the factory. They take her to Shreya. Saravanan on seeing this runs behind, reaches in time and tries to save Seetha. Indran, who gets the information at the right time also comes. Shreya suddenly points her gun towards Seetha and at the correct time Saravanan comes and the bullet hits Saravanan. Seeing the bullet did not hit Seetha, Shreya goes to Seetha and kicks her on her stomach on her baby. Indran took both of them to hospital and both are admitted to ICU. Indran with the help of Raghuvaran is able to get information that Shreya is going to travel to Dubai the next day. Indran rushes to Shreya Chacko's apartment and is about to kill her, when Shreya says that Indran should not become a murderer and so she suicides with her own gun in front of Indran. Indran rushes back to the hospital but hits his car. However, he reaches the hospital at the right time and the baby is given to his hands. He is excited, but when he asks about Seetha, he does not get a reply and again gets disappointed and confused. After some time, the doctor comes and says that Seetha is normal and has overcome dangerous situations.

Three months later, Aadilakshmi's and Raghuvaran's marriage gets over. The next day, Dr. Sasimohan and Julliet come to Seetha's house as pretend- husband and wife. Seetha and Indran understand the truth and are shown laughing uncontrollably and Adi laskshmi's mom also moves out of Seetha's house to Raghuvaran's new rented house. Seven Years later, the morning mess in the house followed by Indran and Seetha dropping their son Surya at school is shown. Then, we see Bhumika, daughter of SreeRaman and Surya uniting together and walking away hand in hand.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: Seetha to end with an interesting climax; Director Girish Konni confirms the third part of the popular show - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/exclusive-seetha-to-end-with-an-interesting-climax-director-girish-konni-confirms-the-third-part-of-the-popular-show/articleshow/70676962.cms|access-date=2020-12-17|website=The Times of India|date=14 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Season - 1===
==== Lead ====

* [[Swasika|Swasika Vijay]] as Seetha
* [[Bipin Jose]] as a Devan
* [[Shanavas Shanu]] as Indran

==== Recurring ====
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Kamala
* T.S. Raju as Narayanan
* Anushree as Kaveri
* Kishore as Sugunan
* Parvathy as Yamuna
* Manju Satheesh as Jayasree
* [[Joemon Joshy]] as Shyju
* Bindu Ramakrishnan as Devaki
* Girish Nambiar / Deepan Murali as Dr. Giri Narayanan
* Manve Surendran as Indulekha
* [[Beena Antony|Manoj Nair]] as C.I. Durgaprasad
* Rahul Mohan as Ganesh
* Dini Daniel as Indira
* [[Naseer Sankranthi]] as Shobhan
* Jolly Easow as Indran's mother
* [[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Shanthakumari]] as Ashok's mother

===Season - 2===
==== Lead ====
* [[Swasika|Swasika Vijay]] as Seetha Indran<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/the-prime-time-beauties-of-malayalam-tv/articleshow/63972745.cms|title= Swasika as Seetha|website= [[The Times of India]]|date= May 2018}}</ref>
* [[Shanavas Shanu]] as Indran

==== Recurring ====
* Sruthy Surendran (Manve) as Archana Giridhar
* [[Ambika Mohan]]/[[Roslin (Malayalam actress)|Roslin]] as Nalini
* T.S.Raju as Sreedharan
* Naveen Arakkal as Raghuvaran
* [[Shalu Kurian]] as Dr.Aadhilekshmi Raghuvaran
* [[Bipin Jose]] as Sreeraman<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/the-dapper-dudes/articleshow/64002122.cms|title= Bipin Jose as Sreeraman|website= [[The Times of India]]|date= 3 May 2018}}</ref>
* Hari as Vinayan, Seetha's friend and guide
* Baby Riya as Charumol
* Gauri Krishnan as Devika Sreeraman
* Subhash Nair as Prathapan
* Kishore as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Sugunan
* [[Ambili Devi]] as Janaki Anirudhan<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/dance-is-what-i-am-the-most-passionate-about-ambili-devi/articleshow/61711677.cms|title= Ambili Devi as Janaki|website= [[The Times of India]]|date= 20 November 2017}}</ref>
* Apsara Ratnakaran as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] Mariyakutty [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Adhithyan Jayan as Anirudhan
* Jijo Varghese Antony as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Madhavan
* Deepan Murali<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/seetha-actor-deepan-murali-gets-engaged/articleshow/62230031.cms|title= Deepan Murali aka Giri gets married|website= [[The Times of India]]|date= 24 December 2017}}</ref> as ''Giridhar''<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/the-dapper-dudes/articleshow/64002122.cms|title= Deepan Murali as Giridhar|website= [[The Times of India]]|date= 3 May 2018}}</ref>
* KPAC Saji as Surendran Pillai
* [[Ronson Vincent]] as Jatayu Dharman
* Sindhu Jacob as Aadhilekshmi's mother
* Jaseela Parveen as Shreya Chacko Thattinpurath
* Varsha as Annamma
* Anzil Rahman as Mohan
* Omana Ouseph as Saradamma
* Saritha.B.Nair as Mrs.Vinayan
* Fazal Razi as Ganesh
* Sabarinath as Dr. Sasimohan
* Kottayam Rashid as Karunan
* Prakash as Commissioner
* Ardra Das

====Former cast====
* Harishanth as Vaishakhan/Minister
* [[Saranya Sasi]] as Vaidehi
* Amith as Mathukutty
* Manju Pj as Jaya Sree
* [[Sajitha Betti]] as Adv. Fathima Beevi
* Baby Vaiga as Ganga Giridhar
* Ann Maria as Meera
* [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]] as Guruji
* Prakrithi as Sreedevi
* [[Pratheeksha G Pradeep]] as Mythili
* [[Leona Lishoy|Lishoy]] as Meera's father
* Sreedevi Anil as Meera's mother
* Harisree Martin as Sudevan
* Molly Kannamaly as Chala Miami
* Thirumala Ramachandran as Kunaran
* Sumi Surendran as Advocate
* Archana Menon
* Gomathi Mahadevan
* Girija Preman
* Maneesh Krishna
* Girija Raveendran
* Anu
* Shanavas Sharaf
* Gracia Nikhila
* Saniya Babu
* Bindu Murali as Sasimohan's mother

====Guest appearances====
* [[Biju Sopanam]] (Episode 411 – Seetha and Indran kalyanam episode)
* [[Nisha Sarang]] (Episode 411 – Seetha and Indran kalyanam episode)
* Rishi S Kumar (Episode 411 – Seetha and Indran kalyanam episode)
* Shivani (Episode 411 – Seetha and Indran kalyanam episode)
* [[Al Sabith]] (Episode 411 – Seetha and Indran kalyanam episode)
* [[Lakshmi Priya]] (Episode 411 – Seetha and Indran kalyanam episode)
* Nelson (Episode 411 – Seetha and Indran kalyanam episode)
* Aiswarya Rajeev (Episode 411 – Seetha and Indran kalyanam episode)
* Sadhika Venugopal (Episode 411 – Seetha and Indran kalyanam episode)
* [[Sreekandan Nair]] (Episode 411 – Seetha and Indran kalyanam episode)
* [[Stephy Leon]] as Lily (Episode 580 - 584)
* Sarath Swamy Subramanian (Subru) (episodes 580 - 584)

==Series overview==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #111970
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 126
| start1 = {{Start date|2016|08|29}}
| end1 = {{End date|2017|01|28}}

| color2 = #FFFF00
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = 674
| start2 = {{Start date|2017|02|20}}
| end2 = {{End date|2019|8|16}}

| color3 = #FF0000
| link3 = #Season 3
| episodes3 = 103
| start3 = 28 March 2022
| end3 = {{End date|2022|08|12}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLMzoNdm5sTvXc-VyR86IXzBawr028Ww-v YouTube link]
* [http://www.hotstar.com/tv/chinthavishtayaya-seetha/10551 Official website]
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q24807390|id=tt12435054|title=Chinthavishtayaya Seetha}}

[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Flowers (TV channel) original programming]]

Jewish Cemetery, Chinchpokli

2025-10-29T06:49:27Z

Wikindia777: Started details

{{Short description|Chinchpokli Jewish cemetery}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}'''Jewish Cemetery, Chinchpokli''', is a [[cemetery]] in [[Chinchpokli]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]], laid out near the [[Chinchpokli railway station]] by [[Elias David Sassoon]] in 1878. Covering two acres, the burial ground now contains more than a thousand graves, and new burials continue to take place.<ref name="MHC"> "The Mausoleums of Sassoon family and Jewish cemetery in Chinchpokli", in ''My Heritage Chronicle'', 13 January 2020</ref>

==History==
Elias David Sassoon, a leading Bombay merchant and banker, created the cemetery in January 1878 in memory of his son Joseph, who had died at [[Shanghai]] in 1868.<ref name=MHC/> It was originally intended for [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic]] [[Baghdadi Jews]].<ref name=BbM>Prashant Kidambi, Manjiri Kamat, Rachel Dwyer, eds. ''Bombay Before Mumbai: Essays in Honour of Jim Masselos'' (Oxford University Press, 15 August 2019), [https://books.google.com/books?id=SPerDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT11 p. 11]</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Benjamin |first=Elana |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/My_Mother_s_Spice_Cupboard/EJF5DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=mumbai+cemetery&pg=PT110&printsec=frontcover |title=My Mother's Spice Cupboard: A Journey from Baghdad to Bombay to Bondi |date=2018-11-01 |publisher=Hybrid Publishers |isbn=978-1-74298-171-0 |language=en}}</ref>

The cemetery has declined since the days when there was a large community of Jews in Bombay, with numbers falling during the second half of the 20th century from around 7,000 to only a small fraction of that.<ref name=TI/>

==Mausoleums==
Two large mausoleums of very similar design contain the remains of [[Jacob Sassoon|Sir Jacob Sassoon]] (1844–1916) and his wife, Rachel Sassoon. A third mausoleum is that of [[Albert Sassoon| Sir Albert Abdullah David Sassoon, 1st Baronet]] (1818–1896),<ref name=BbM/> who in the event was buried in England.

==Notable monuments==
The first [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]], [[Esther Victoria Abraham]] (1916–2006), also an actress and film producer, is mentioned on the monument to the Abraham family.<ref name=MHC/>
There are plaques to the memory of Otto Mass, who was murdered in [[Buchenwald concentration camp|Buchenwald]], and Ernst Mass, who was murdered in [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz-Birkenau]].<ref name=TI>Nergish Sunavala & Rizwan Mithawala, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-secrets-jewish-film-stars-and-holocaust-victims-remembered-in-a-chinchpokli-cemetery/articleshow/43675120.cms Mumbai Secrets: Jewish film stars and holocaust victims remembered in a Chinchpokli cemetery], ''[[Times of India]]'', 28 September 2014, accessed 12 July 2021</ref>

==21st century==
In 2014, the cemetery was reported to be "overrun with weeds" and still used largely by the small Baghdadi Jewish community, said to number just over a hundred. While some Israelis were also being buried, they were usually ones related to the Baghdadi Jews.<ref name=TI/>

==See also==
*[[Sassoon family]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[https://jewishphotolibrary.smugmug.com/ASIA/ASIAcentral/INDIA/MAHARASHTRA/INMumbaiChinchpokliJewishCem/ Jewish Cemetery, Chinchpokli], jewishphotolibrary.smugmug.com
{{Cemeteries in India}}

{{coord|display=title}}

[[Category:Cemeteries in India]]
[[Category:Jewish cemeteries]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Mumbai]]

Madhyam

2025-04-25T15:33:18Z

Wikindia777: created post

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Madhyama (Ma).jpg|thumb|Madhyam (Ma)]]
'''Madhyam''' is the fourth [[svara]] from the seven svaras of [[Hindustani music]] and [[Carnatic music]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://raag-hindustani.com/Notes.html|title = The Notes in an Octave in Indian Classical Music - Raag Hindustani}}</ref> This article is written from the Hindustani perspective. Madhyam is the long form of the syllable म.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://brainly.in/question/4916824 | title=[Answered] What is the full form of SA,RA,GA,MA,PA,DHA,NI,SA - Brainly.in }}</ref> For simplicity in pronouncing while singing the syllable, Madhyam is pronounced as Ma (notation - M). It is also called as मध्यम in the [[Devanagri]] script.

==Details==
The following is the information about Madhyam and its importance in [[Indian classical music]] :

* Madhyam is the fourth svara in an octave or [[Saptak]].
* Ma is the immediate next svara of [[Gandhar (svara)|Gandhar]] (Ga).
* The [[svara]] of Madhyam is {{lang|hi-Latn|tivra}} and {{lang|hi-Latn|Shuddha}}. In fact Madhyam is the only {{lang|hi-Latn|tivra}} [[svara]] in the [[Saptak]].
* It is said that Shadja is the basic svara from which all the other six svaras are produced. Breaking the word Shadja yields Shad And Ja. It means that Shad is six and ja is 'giving birth' in [[marathi (language)|Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saxonianfolkways.wordpress.com/2013/01/30/the-7-shadows-of-shadja|title = The 7 Shadows of Shadja|date = 30 January 2013}}</ref> So basically the translation is :
'''षड् - 6, ज -जन्म . Therefore, it collectively means giving birth to the other six notes of the music.'''
So the svara Ma is formed from [[Shadja]].
* There are 4 [[Shruti (music)|Shruti]]'s of Madhyam. Previously the main Shruti not only for Ma but for all the other svaras was on the last Shruti but now it is considered to be on the 1st Shurti.
For example if these are the 4 Shruti's of Ma then,

'''Previously this was the position of the main Shruti of Ma'''.
'''^'''
'''1 2 3 4'''
''' ^'''
'''But now this position has become the main Shruti of Ma'''.

* All the other svaras except Shadja (Sa) and Pancham (Pa) can be {{lang|ti-Latn|komal}} or {{lang|ti-Latn|tivra}} svaras but Sa and Pa are always Shuddha svaras. And hence svaras Sa and Pa are called '''Achal Svaras''', since these svaras don't move from their original position. Svaras Ra, Ga, Ma, Dha, Ni are called '''Chal Svaras''', since these svaras move from their original position.

'''Sa, Re, Ga, Ma, Pa, Dha, Ni - Shuddha Svaras'''

'''Re, Ga, Dha, Ni - {{lang|hi-Latn|Komal}} Svaras'''

'''Ma - {{lang|hi-Latn|Tivra}} Svaras'''

Ma is a Shuddha Svara as well as a Tivra Svara. But Ma is the only Tivra Svara out of the seven svaras. This is denoted as '''''म॓''''' .

* Ragas from [[Kalyan Thaat]], [[Poorvi Thaat]], [[Marwa Thaat]], [[Todi Thaat]] have Tivra Madhyam, rest of the [[thaat]]s have Shuddha Madhyam.
* Ragas where Ma is the Vadi svara - Raga [[Kedar (raga)|Kedar]], etc. Ragas where Ma is the Samvadi svara - Raga [[Malkauns]].
* Hypothetically speaking, Ma is said to be the Mahipal - Lord Indra, Mahipal as in, the three main gods, [[Bhrama]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Shiva]] were first created i.e. Sakar Bhrama (Sa) and then these three gods created Rishimuni i.e. Re and then [[Gandharvas]] were created for singing and then lord Indra or Raja Indra i.e. Mahipal was created. Ma is made the acronym of [[Lord Indra|Mahipal]] for showing the importance of the syllable Ma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-significance-of-Seven-Sur-Sa-Re-Ga-Ma-Pa-Dha-Ni-Sa-in-music|title=What is the significance of Seven Sur (Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha Ni Sa) in music?}}</ref>
* Madhyam is said to be sourced from call of the [[heron]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/#:~:text=SHRUTIS|title = Swara and Shruti|date = 21 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dollsofindia.com/library/raga_ragini/|title = The Raga Ragini System of Indian Classical Music|date = 15 March 2007}}</ref>
* Madhyam is associated with the planet [[Moon]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/#:~:text=SHRUTIS|title = Swara and Shruti|date = 21 March 2017}}</ref>
* Madhyam is associated with [[White]] colour.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adharashadja.wordpress.com/2017/03/21/swara-and-shruti/#:~:text=SHRUTIS|title = Swara and Shruti|date = 21 March 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Ragas in Hindustani classical music]]
* [[Svara]]
* [[Shadja (svara)|Shadja]] (Sa)
* [[Rishabh (svara)|Rishabh]] (Re)
* [[Gandhar (svara)|Gandhar]] (Ga)
* [[Pancham (svara)|Pancham]] (Pa)
* [[Dhaivat (svara)|Dhaivat]] (Dha)
* [[Nishad (svara)|Nishad]] (Ni)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hindustani music]]
[[Category:Carnatic music]]

Pranagnihotra Upanishad

2024-11-06T18:29:58Z

Wikindia777: started new article basic info

{{italic title}}{{Short description|Minor Upanishad of Hinduism}}
{{Infobox Upanishad
| image = (A) Hindu puja, yajna, yagna, Havanam in progress.jpg
| caption = An agnihotra (above) is a fire sacrifice to external gods, a pranagnihotra is an equivalent to the gods in human body.<ref name=bodewitz23>Henk Bodewitz (1997), Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa I, 1–65: Translation and Commentary, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004036048}}, pp. 23, 230–233 with footnote 6</ref>
| Devanagari = प्राणाग्निहोत्र
| meaning = The fire offering made to the [[Prana]]
| composition_date =
| Veda = [[Atharvaveda]]
| verses = 23
| philosophy = [[Vedanta]]
}}

The '''''Pranagnihotra Upanishad''''' ({{langx|sa|प्राणाग्निहोत्र उपनिषत्}}, [[IAST]]:Pranagnihotra Upaniṣad) is a minor [[Upanishad]] of [[Hinduism]]. In the [[anthology]] of 108 Upanishads of the [[Muktika]] canon, narrated by [[Rama]] to [[Hanuman]], it is listed at number 94.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=556–57}} The Sanskrit text is one of the 22 [[Samanya Upanishads]],{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=580}} part of the [[Vedanta]] school of [[Hindu]] philosophy literature and is attached to the [[Atharvaveda|Atharva Veda]].{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=553}} The Upanishad comprises 23 verses.<ref name=Warrier>{{Cite web|last= Warrier|first= Dr. A. G. Krishna|url= http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/krishna_yajur_veda/pranagnihotra.html|title=Minor Upanishad|access-date=2 December 2015|publisher=Vedanta Spiritual Library}}</ref>

The Pranagnihotra Upanishad's title literally means ''Hotra'' (sacrifice) offered to the ''Agni'' (fire) of ''Prana'' (breath, life force)."{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=645}}<ref name=bodewitz220/> The text asserts that universal soul (God) is within one self, all Vedic gods are embodied in the human body giving one various abilities, eating is allegorically a sacrifice to the gastric fire, and life is a ceremony to the God within.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=645–646}}

The Upanishad suggests that even if one does not perform external rituals such as the Vedic [[Agnihotra]] and one lacks the knowledge of [[Samkhya]] or [[Yoga]] philosophy, one can nevertheless achieve [[moksha]] (liberation, freedom) by realizing that the God is within one's body, and the universal soul in the individual self represents the all pervading [[Brahman]].{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=645–646}} This realization makes a person sail through all suffering and vicissitudes of life.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=387}} The Upanishad in its final passages states that virtuous duty of non-violence, compassion, patience and memory unto others is an act of worship to the God within.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=650}} It concludes by re-asserting that "all the gods are enclosed in this body here".{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=651}}

The text is also known as '''Pranagnihotropanishad''' ({{langx|sa|प्राणाग्निहोत्रोपनिषत्}}).

==Etymology==
''Pranagnihotra'' is a compound Sanskrit word, composed of ''Prana'' (soul-life force, breath of life, vital breath and energy), ''Agni'' (fire) and ''Hotra'' (oblation, sacrifice).<ref>Monier Monier-Williams (2002), ''A Sanskrit-English Dictionary'', Etymologically and Philologically Arranged to cognate Indo-European Languages, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 6, 705</ref> The title of the text, states [[Paul Deussen]], means the Upanishad of "fire offering made to the [[Prana]]" (life force), or the "sacrifice offered in the Prana-fire."{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=645}}

The term ''Pranagnihotra'' (or ''prana agnihotra'') appears in many ancient Sanskrit texts, and has been generally interpreted in two ways, states [[Henk Bodewitz|Bodewitz]].<ref name=bodewitz220>Henk Bodewitz (1997), Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa I, 1–65: Translation and Commentary, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004036048}}, page 220, also 221–227</ref> First, as "the fire-sacrifice to the breaths"; and second, as "the sacrifice in the fires which are the breaths".<ref name=bodewitz220/> In the context of the Pranagnihotra Upanishad, the allegory focuses on treating human body as a temple and individual self (soul) as identical with the universal soul ([[Brahman]]).{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=645–651}}

==Anthology==
The Pranagnihotra Upanishad text is also listed in at sr no. 17 in the list of 30 minor Upanishads in the Bibliothica Indica of Professor Ramamaya Tarkaratna with Narayanabhatta's commentary.{{Sfn|Muller|1962|p=11}}

In Colebrooke anthology of 52 Upanishads popular in north India, the text is listed at number 11.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=561}} The Narayana anthology also includes this Upanishad at number 11.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=562–563}} It finds mention in the [[anthology]] of [[Upanishads]] popular in [[South India]].<ref>Patrick Olivelle (1998), ''Upaniṣads'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0192835765}}, pp. xxxii–xxxiii</ref>

==Foundation and structure==
The Pranagnihotra Upanishad, states Paul Deussen, builds upon the foundation presented in the ancient [[Mukhya Upanishads|Principal Upanishads]] wherein the soul within the individual is identified with all-encompassing universal soul, and various old Vedic nature gods are envisioned to be aspects of human body, sensory organs and powers of abstraction.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=645–646}} In Pranagnihotra, the internal gods replace the external gods of Agnihotra.<ref name=bodewitz23/>

The text adopts the ideas from the more ancient texts such as the [[Chandogya Upanishad]] of human body as the holistic city where [[Brahman]] (universal soul) resides, where ''Surya'' (sun deity) is envisioned as eyes to see light, ''Vayu'' (wind deity) as nose for breathing air, ''Indra'' as hands, ''Vishnu'' as legs, ''Kama'' or ''Prajapati'' as sexual organs, and other organs work together with [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]].<ref>Paul Deussen (1908) [https://archive.org/stream/philosophyupani00deusgoog#page/n280/mode/2up ''The Philosophy of the Upanishads''], Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-1616402396}}, pp. 263–280</ref> It then maps the external [[yajna]] sacrifice of worldly rituals such as ''Agnihotram'' offered to Vedic gods, to internal introspection and offerings to one's own body.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=645–646}} The purification rituals of a yajna, for example states the text, are same as washing one's hands and rinsing one's mouth before and after eating.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=645–646}}

The idea that public rituals and sacrifice to gods in nature are equivalent to personal rituals and offerings to gods within oneself, is already present in section 1.5 of [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] and chapter 5 of [[Chandogya Upanishad]], two of the oldest Upanishads of Hinduism.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=645–646}} The Pranagnihotra Upanishad proceeds to map, in its four parts, all inner aspects of human body and human life to the outer observed aspects of a public ritual, including calling all of the external world as witness and attendants to the ceremony of human life just like a public ritual has witnesses and attendants.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=645–646}}<ref>Shantha Nair (2009), ''Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom'', Pustak Mahal, {{ISBN|978-8122310207}}, p. 276</ref>

The premise behind the second part of the Pranagnihotra Upanishad is, states Deussen, in [[Maitri Upanishad]] chapter 6, while Chandogya Upanishad and Mahanarayana Upanishad are at the foundation of its part three and four. Part three is structured as a set of questions, and part four as answers to these questions. In this part of the Upanishad, human intellect is envisioned as one's inner wife, mind as the chariot, and one's soul to be the God within. The text states that in the inner ritual of worship, virtues towards others is an act of worship to one's inner wife (''Patni-samyajas'') and the God within, and that the four most important virtues are: non-violence ([[Ahimsa]]), compassion, patience and memory.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=650–651}} The text, notes Deussen, mentions Ahimsa twice, once as ''Samyajas'' (virtuous duty and offering) and another as ''Iṣṭis'' (desired object).{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=650–651}}

==Contents==
{| class="wikitable floatright" align=center style = " background: transparent; "
|+ Human body as temple for sacrificial offerings{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=387}}{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=645–651}} (according to Pranagnihotra Upanishad)
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width= 120px style="background: #e9e9e9;" | Feature
| width= 120px style="background: yellow;" | Agnihotra fire ritual
| width=120px style="background: #ffad66;" | Pranagnihotra equivalent
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Sacrificer
| width=120px | Devotee
| width= 120px | Self
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Co-sacrificer
| width=120px | Devotee's wife
| width= 120px | Intellect as inner wife
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Hymns and knowledge
| width=120px | Officiating priests
| width= 120px | Self-study of [[Vedas]]
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Priest
| width=120px | ''Adhvaryu''
| width= 120px | Ego
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Initiating priest
| width=120px | Hotri
| width= 120px | Mind
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Chief priest
| width=120px | Ritvij
| width= 120px | [[Prana]]
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Singer
| width=120px | Udgatri (Chanter)
| width= 120px | Throat and mouth (speech)
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | [[Altar]]
| width=120px | [[Yajna]]
| width= 120px | One's body
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Offering
| width=120px | [[Ghee]]
| width= 120px | Eyes and ears
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Supplements
| width=120px | Secondary offerings
| width= 120px | [[Gunas]] (personality)
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Assistants
| width=120px | Brahmins
| width= 120px | [[Tanmantras]] (sensory feelings)
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Attendants
| width=120px | People
| width= 120px | Nature and elements
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Sacrifice recipient
| width=120px | Fire
| width= 120px | Teeth, tongue, stomach
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Sound
| width=120px | Sacrificial post
| width= 120px | [[Om]]
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Oblations
| width=120px | Ajya
| width= 120px | Compassion, patience, non-violence, memory
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Carrier
| width=120px | Chariot
| width= 120px | Mind
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Reward
| width=120px | [[Benedictions]]
| width= 120px | Renunciation, [[Moksha]]
|-style="text-align: center;"
| width=120px | Conclusion
| width=120px | Bathe
| width= 120px | Death
|}
The first verse of Part 1 of the Pranagnihotra Upanishad states the objective of the text as follows,

{{Quote|
Now, therefore, let us explain the sacrifice offered in one's own body, which forms the essence of all the Upanishads, which is helpful for the knowledge of Samsara, which is studied, and which has food as its authority.
|Pranagnihotra Upanishad 1.1|Translated by Paul Deussen{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=646}}<ref name=sanskritpranagni/>}}

The rest of the text presents its thesis.<ref name=sanskritpranagni/>

===Part 1===
In the first part, the Upanishad opens its thesis with the declaration that liberation (freedom) is possible without the ritual of Agnihotra, the knowledge of Samkhya and Yoga philosophies.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=646}} In the first seven verses the Upanishad defines "the hymn of food" as a feeding ceremony, after perceiving food as integral to one's body, and invokes the Vedic gods; [[sun]] denoting eyes, [[vayu]] or wind personifying breath and so forth. This offering is made to ''prana'', meaning life-force, which satiates the needs of the sensory organs with the related internal gods also satisfied.{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=387}}{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=646–647}} After placing the food on the ground as per a set procedure, three mantras are recited invoking [[Brihaspati]] and [[Soma (deity)|Soma]] (Moon) to protect us (all living beings) from fear, to protect them from evil spirits, to give food that is wholesome and rich in energy and give progeny to all bipeds and quadrupeds.<ref name=sanskritpranagni/>{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=646–647}}{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=387}} The verse 8 states the unity of Atman (individual soul) and Brahman (universal soul) as follows,<ref name=sanskritpranagni/>

{{Quote|
<poem>
You (Atman) abide within the beings, in the cavity of heart and everywhere,
You are the sacrifice, are Brahman, are Rudra, are Vishnu, are the exclamation Vasat,
Water, light, essence, the immortal,
Brahman, Bhur, Bhuvah, Svar, [[Om]], Salutation!
</poem>
|Pranagnihotra Upanishad 1.8|Translated by Paul Deussen{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=647}}}}

In verses 9, 10, and 11 the Upanishad states the sanctity of water in purifying everything on the earth, requesting that she (goddess of water) purify the one offering the prayer of food. The Upanishad declares that water is [[ambrosia]]. The verses offer the benediction that may she purify "whatever uneatable I eat without knowing, whatever misdeeds I did without knowing, may she nourish the life-force".<ref name=sanskritpranagni/>{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=647–648}}

With the water accepting and purifying whatever is offered to it, then oblation is offered reciting Om to the five fires in the body, with the prayer that "may myself be in the Brahman" in verse 10 of the Upanishad.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=645, 648}} The five fires, the text states are Prana (fire of breath, intake, life-force), [[Prana#|Apana]] (fire of elimination, outtake, removal of waste products from the body), [[Prana#|Vyana]] (fire of circulating energy), [[Prana#|Samana]] (fire of assimilation), and [[Prana#|Udana]] (fire of sound, speech, ascending consciousness).<ref name=sanskritpranagni/>{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=645–651}}

Verses 11 and 12 are a ''juhoti'' (offering) with open hand to self, where each of five fingers are mapped to the five fires, with a hand gesture made with the use of tips of fingers and the thumb of the right hand.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=648}} The first offering as ''svaha'' is to prana by holding the little finger or ''Kanishtika'' and the thumb together; the second offering is with the ring finger or ''anamika'' and the thumb held together to Apana; with the middle finger and the thumb held together to Vyana; with all fingers together to Udana; and with the forefinger and thumb together to Samana.<ref name=sanskritpranagni/>

The offerings are made as stated in the Upanishad once to prana (the sun, head), twice to apana (the mouth), once to ''dakhsinagni'' (the southern fire, heart), once to the ''garhapatya'' (family fire, navel), and once to ''pryashchitta'' (for repentance, below navel) fire.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=648}} The person, states Deussen, then rinses his mouth with water, and murmurs, "the highest Atman gives peace to all the creatures! I shall not be born any more! You are all, all-human, multiform! You sustain the universe born out of you."<ref name=sanskritpranagni/>{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=648}}

===Part 2===
In Part 2, the Upanishad asserts that while one is offering purifying water as oblation to self, one must, states Deussen, meditate on [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (one's soul) and think, "I make him a fire-sacrifice, because he is a foster-child of all" and "may all sacrificial offerings fuse into you (soul)", equating it to be the "immortal Brahman (universal soul, God)", and asserting it to be present in everyone.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=648–649}}

The text remarks in verses 16–17 that eating and circulation of food within the temple of body is [[yajna]], a homa sacrifice in circulation.<ref name=sanskritpranagni/>{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=649}}

In verses 18 to 20, the Pranagnihotra Upanishad maps the five external fires into internal fires, asserting them to be sun fire in the ''Ekarsi'' of head, optic fire or the ''Ahavaniya''-fire of mouth, gastric fire overseen by heart, intestinal fire that cooks and digests in the navel, and all atonement fire in the body below the navel that is threefold – two of which remove waste and one which procreates by means of moon-light.<ref name=sanskritpranagni/>{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=649}}

===Part 3===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| width1 = 90
| width2 = 168
| footer = Fire for Agnihotra-style [[Yajna]] sacrifice ritual
| image1 = Homam.jpg
| image2 = Yajna1.jpg
}}
Part 3 consists of one verse, the verse 21, which is a long series of questions.<ref name=sanskritpranagni/> It asks, that in this sacrifice offered inside one's body, who is the sacrificer?, who is his wife?, who is the Ritvij (chief priest)?, other priests?, assistants?, what is the utensil?, ''Ida'' (milk offering)?, which are the hymns? what is the altar? what is the reward? how does it conclude? among many other questions.{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=649–650}}

===Part 4===
Part 4 consists of two verses, with verse 22 answering the questions in Part 3 (see table mapping the features of agnihotra with equivalent aspect in a pranagnihotra).{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=387}}<ref name=sanskritpranagni/>{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|pp=650–651}} The significant answers include the assertion that virtuous duty of non-violence, compassion, patience and memory unto others is an act of worship of one's soul (God within).<ref name=sanskritpranagni/>{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=650}}

In the last, 23rd verse, the Upanishad states,

{{Quote|
<poem>
All the godheads, indeed, there are
enclosed in this body here!
</poem>
|Pranagnihotra Upanishad 4.23|Translated by Paul Deussen{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=651}}}}

The verse 23 then adds that liberation from [[samsara]] comes to one who dies in Benares ([[Varanasi]]), and one who reads this Upanishad.<ref name=sanskritpranagni>[http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/pranagni.html?lang=sa ॥ प्राणाग्निहोत्रोपनिषत् ॥] Sanskrit text of Pranagnihotra Upanishad, SanskritDocuments Archives (2009)</ref>{{Sfn|Deussen|Bedekar|Palsule|1997|p=651}}{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=387}}

==Significance and relation to other Hindu texts==
The Pranagnihotra is, states Bodewitz, an internalized direct private ritual that substituted external social public Agnihotra ritual.<ref name=bodewitz23/> The idea of Pranagnihotra duty to oneself as a substitute for a social ritual are rooted in Vedic texts,<ref name=bodewitz328>Henk Bodewitz (1997), ''Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa I, 1–65: Translation and Commentary'', Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004036048}}, pp. 328–329</ref> and Pranagnihotra rites are found in post-Vedic texts such as ''Grihyasutras'',<ref>Henk Bodewitz (1997), ''Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa I, 1–65: Translation and Commentary'', Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004036048}}, pp. 302–303, 254–258</ref> and in various ''Dharmashastras''.<ref name=bodewitz23/>

The idea of gods ([[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]) referring to the sense organs within one's body found in Pranagnihotra Upanishad, similarly, has ancient roots. It is found in Brihadaranyaka Upanishad section 2.2,<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n117/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad] Robert Hume (Translator), Oxford University Press, pp. 96–97</ref> Kaushitaki Upanishad sections 1.4 and 2.1–2.5,<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n323/mode/2up Kausitaki Upanishad] Robert Hume (Translator), Oxford University Press, pp. 302–303, 307–310, 327–328</ref> Prasna Upanishad chapter 2,<ref>Robert Hume, [https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n401/mode/2up Prasna Upanishad], Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pp. 381</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/stream/kathaandprasnaup029591mbp#page/n117/mode/2up The Prasnopanishad with Sri Shankara's Commentary] SS Sastri (Translator), pp. 118–119</ref> and others.<ref name=olivellesu147/> The idea is also found and developed by other minor Upanishads such as the [[Brahma Upanishad]] which opens by describing human body as the "divine city of [[Brahman]] (universal soul)".<ref name=olivellesu147>Patrick Olivelle (1992), ''The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195070453}}, pp. 147–151</ref>

Bodewitz states that the development of pranagnihotra is significant as it reflects the stage in ancient Indian thought where "the self or the person as a totality became central, with the self or soul as the manifestation of the highest principle or god".<ref name=bodewitz328/> This evolution marked a shift in spiritual rite from the external to the internal, from public performance to performance in thought, from gods in nature to gods within, and this shift accompanied a shift in the focus of philosophies as well as methods of [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]].<ref name=bodewitz328/> Klaus Witz states that the specific details of pranagnihotra offers an introduction to water rituals and mouth rinsing observed among some Hindus before a meal.<ref>Klaus Witz (1998), ''The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120815735}}, pp. 285–287, 313–314 with footnote 222</ref>

Heesterman describes the pranagnihotra sacrifice significance to be that the practitioner performs the sacrifice with food without any outside help or reciprocity, and this ritual allows the Hindu to "stay in the society while maintaining his independence from it", its simplicity thus marks the "end station of Vedic ritualism".<ref name=heesterman93>JC Heesterman (1985), ''The Inner Conflict of Tradition: Essays in Indian Ritual, Kinship, and Society'', University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|978-0226322995}}, pp. 93–94, {{Google books|Ju5x1cUD0aAC|link}}</ref> It urges man, states Heesterman, to "emancipate himself from the mundane bonds and to realize the transcendent exclusively by himself and in himself".<ref name=heesterman93/>

==See also==
* [[Vedas]]
* [[Samsara]]
* [[Moksha]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last1= Deussen |first1=Paul |last2= Bedekar|first2=V.M. |last3= Palsule |first3=G.B. |title=Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&pg=PA645|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1467-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Muller | first= Max |title= The Upanishads| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hANGpmyMDjIC&pg=PR11 | year=1962|publisher= Oxford University Press (Reprinted: Courier) | isbn=978-0486209937}}
*{{cite book|last= Nair |first=Shantha N. |title=Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzFvE0IR7rkC&pg=PT387|year= 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1020-7}}

==External links==
*[http://upanishad.info/upanishads/text/krishna-yajurveda/translitration/pranagnihotra Pranagnihotra Upanishad Transliteration (IAST)]

{{Mukhya Upanishads}}

[[Category:Upanishads]]

Shram Sadhana Trust

2024-09-21T22:11:09Z

Wikindia777: quick update

{{refimprove|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
'''Shram Sadhana Trust''' is a trust promoted by Smt. [[Pratibha Patil|Pratibhatai Patil]], who later became [[President of India]]. Currently Shri. Raosaheb alias Rajendra D. Shekhawat, son of Smt. Pratibhatai Patil is the Managing Trustee of the trust.
The Trust runs one working women hostel at Bandra, Mumbai and also runs College of Engineering and Technology, Institute of Pharmacy and Arts, Science & Commerce College at Bambhori in [[Jalgaon district]], Maharashtra.

== External links ==
*[http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/subcontinent/2007/July/subcontinent_July736.xml&section=subcontinent&col=]

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Pratibha Patil]]
[[Category:Corruption in Maharashtra]]

{{nonprofit-org-stub}}

National Institute of Solar Energy

2024-08-16T01:10:51Z

Wikindia777: created data

{{Short description|Government organization in Gurgaon, India}}
{{Infobox company
| name =National Institute of Solar Energy
| logo =
| logo_size =
| type = [[Government of India]]'s Agencies
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|10|24}}
| industry = New and Renewable Energy
| location_city = [[Gurgaon]]
| location_country = India
| products =
| homepage = {{url|https://nise.res.in/}}
}}
The '''National Institute of Solar Energy''' (NISE) is a [[research and development]] organization in India, focused on the field of [[solar energy]]. Established in 2013, NISE is an autonomous organization under the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]] (MNRE). The organization's main goal is to conduct and promote research and development in the field of [[solar power in India]], as well as act as a national resource center for solar energy. It is headquartered in [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]].<ref name=launch>{{cite news |title=National Institute of Solar Energy |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=101202 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=9 December 2013}}</ref>

== History ==
In September 2013, the Union Cabinet approved the establishment of NISE in 2013 as a national institute for solar energy R&D and related activities under MNRE.<ref>{{cite news |title=Union Cabinet approves setting up of 'National Institute of Solar Energy' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/union-cabinet-approves-setting-up-of-national-institute-of-solar-energy-113090301055_1.html |publisher=[[Business Standard]] |date=3 September 2013}}</ref> The National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE) was established in August 2013 by the [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]] (MNRE) of the [[Government of India]] as an autonomous organization. NISE was officially registered under the Haryana Societies Registration Act on October 24, 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last1=UN |first1=Sushma |title=Centre sets up National Institute of Solar Energy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/centre-sets-up-national-institute-of-solar-energy/articleshow/27139927.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=9 November 2013}}</ref>

The operations of NISE are overseen by a Governing Council, which is led by the Secretary of Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and an Executive Committee headed by the Director-General.<ref name=launch/>

In 2019, NISE and [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]] signed an agreement to launch a skill development program for solar thermal energy sector as part of an MNRE-GEF-UNIDO project.<ref>{{cite news |title=UNIDO and National Institute of Solar Energy to partner for skill development program |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1581495 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=7 August 2019}}</ref>

== Works ==
NISE conducts research on various topics related to solar energy such as [[photovoltaics]], [[solar thermal system]] and [[solar Resource]] assessment. The organization also provides technical assistance to government agencies and private organizations, and plays a key role in the implementation of national solar energy programs in India. NISE also offers training and education on solar energy technologies to professionals and students and collaborates with other research organizations, both within and outside of India, to advance solar energy research and development.<ref>{{cite news |title=AMU signs MoU with National Institute of Solar Energy |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/amu-signs-mou-with-national-institute-of-solar-energy/65991293 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=28 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Solar training centre comes up in Bengal |url=https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/solar-training-centre-comes-up-in-bengal/53627351 |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=10 August 2016}}</ref>

NISE is also responsible for the development of standards, testing and quality control of solar equipment and devices in India. NISE conducts R&D, testing, certification, standardization, skill development, resource assessment, and awareness in the field of solar energy under MNRE.<ref>{{cite news |title=National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE), Gurugram |url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/organisations/ministry-and-departments/ministry-new-and-renewable-energy-mnre-govt-india/national-institute-solar-energy-nise-gurugram |publisher=Department Of Science & Technology, Govt. of India}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Solar power in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{authority control}}
{{SPIN}}

[[Category:2013 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Solar energy companies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies of India]]
[[Category:Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]]
[[Category:Environmental studies institutions in India]]

Ottu barrage

2024-04-13T15:16:30Z

Wikindia777: rework layout as per guidelines and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Ottu barrage
| name_official = Ottu barrage
| image = Ottu reservoir.jpg
| image_caption = Ottu barrage and reservoir on the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] in [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| location_map = India#India Haryana
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|29|29|21|N|74|54|38|E|type:landmark_region:IN_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| location = [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]], [[Haryana]]
| purpose =
| status = O
| dam_crosses = [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Ghaggar Rivers]]
| spillway_count = [[Ghaggar-Hakra River|Hakra River]]
| res_name = [[Water supply]] & [[Irrigation]]
| dam_length =
| dam_height =
| dam_width_base =
| construction_began = 1896
| cost =
| res_capacity_total =
| res_catchment =
| res_surface =
}}

The '''Ottu barrage''', sometimes spelled as the '''Otu barrage''' and also known as '''Ottu Head''', is a masonry [[weir]] on the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]] in [[Sirsa]], [[Haryana]] state of [[India]] that creates a large water reservoir out of the formerly-small Dhanur lake, located near the village of [[Ottu, Haryana|Ottu]], which is about 8 miles from [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa City]] in [[Haryana|Haryana, India]].<ref name="ref36hahor">{{Citation | title=Imperial gazetteer of India | author=Sir William Wilson Hunter, India Office | year=1908 | publisher=Clarendon Press, 1908 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUAKAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... It was agreed between the British Government and the State of Bikaner that the Dhanur lake, about 8 miles from Sirsa, should be converted into a reservoir by the construction of a masonry weir at Otu ... two canals, the northern and southern ... constructed with famine labor in 1896-7 ... 6.3 lakhs, of which 2.8 lakhs was debited to Bikaner ...''}}</ref> It is a feeder for the two Ghaggar canals (the Northern Ghaggar canal and the Southern Ghaggar canal) that carry irrigation water to northern [[Haryana]] state.<ref name="ref36hahor"/> In 2002, a new tourist complex was inaugurated at the barrage, and it was given the honorary name of "''Chaudhary Devi Lal Weir''" to commemorate the former [[Chief Minister]] of [[Haryana|Haryana state]], [[Chaudhary Devi Lal]].<ref name="indexp2002ysf">{{Citation | title=Tau here, Tau there, Tau everywhere | author=Mukesh Bhardwaj | date=7 April 2002 | access-date=28 November 2010 | newspaper=Indian Express | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/449/ | quote=''... The prestigious Panipat Thermal Plant was named after Devi Lal, as was the new tourist complex at Ottu weir in Sirsa ...''}}</ref> The Dhanur lake reservoir is now often referred to simply as the Ottu reservoir.<ref name="jagran2010kfa">{{Citation | title=बस साल भर बाद खेतों की प्यास बुझाएगी ओटू झील (Ottu reservoir will begin quenching the thirst of fields in only a year) | date=27 May 2010 | access-date=28 November 2010 | newspaper=Dainik Jagran | url=http://in.jagran.yahoo.com/news/local/haryana/4_6_6421654.html | quote=''... किसानों की समस्या से निजात दिलाने में सहायक ओटू झील की याद बरबस किसानों व सिंचाई विभाग को आना लाज़िमी है। सिंचाई विभाग ने किसानों के हित को ध्यान में रखते हुए झील की खुदाई की गति तेज़ कर दी है (it is obvious that the suffering farmers and the irrigation department would look to the Ottu reservoir. Mindful of the farmers' interests, the irrigation department has accelerated the work to deepen Ottu reservoir) ...''}}</ref>

==Construction==
The Ottu barrage was constructed in 1896-97 using low-cost labor that was available due to a famine in the region at that time.<ref name="ref36hahor"/> Prior to the construction of the barrage and its associated reservoir and canals, agriculture in the [[History of Bikaner|then princely state]] of [[Bikaner]] had come under pressure from fluctuating water-supply in the monsoon season caused by diversions in the Ghaggar by riparian farmers further upstream.<ref name="ref46jicup">{{Citation | title=An archaeological tour along the Ghaggar-Hakra River |author1=Aurel Stein |author2=Amalananda Ghosh |author3=Swarajya Prakash Gupta |year=1989 | publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan, 1989 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmtuAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... general opinion repeatedly expressed to me in the Hanumangarh area alleges that the volume of water available for cultivation both from the Nali and the Ghaggar canals has considerably diminished ... increased diversion of flood water from the upper course of the Ghaggar ... ... complaints repeatedly raised by the Bikanir Durbar ... led to the construction in 1897 of the Otu barrage and the Ghaggar canals ...''}}</ref> The barrage and canals cost 6.3 [[lakh]] [[rupees]] to construct, 2.8 lakhs of which was paid by the princely state of Bikaner and the remainder by the [[British raj|British-run Government of India]].<ref name="ref46jicup"/>

==Historical confusion with Talwara lake==
It was once assumed by some historians that Ottu lake was the site where [[Timur]] had encamped after overpowering Bhatnair fort in [[Hanumangarh]] (Rajasthan) during his invasion of India in 1398-99 CE. However, it is now known that the actual site of his camp, which he described as being ''Kinar-e-Hauz'' (i.e. on the banks of a tank or lake), was at the banks of [[Talwara Lake]], which is further 40 km downstream in [[Hanumangarh district]] between [[Ellenabad]] and [[Hanumangarh]] town.<ref name="ref49momog">{{Citation | title=History of Sirsa Town | year=1991 | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G0Z457ZOR44C | quote=''... Amir Timur, the king of Samarkand, launched a fierce attack ... overpowered the fort Bhatnair ... first halt was at a place called Kinar-e-Hauz (bank of a tank or lake) which is now known as Talwara Lake on the way between Bhatnair and Firozabad and chakrahiyan . The assumption of some persons that Timur had relaxed on the bank of Ottu lake is not logical ...''}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ghaggar-Hakra River]]
*[[History of Bikaner]]
*[[Talwara Lake]]
*[[List of lakes in India]]
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India#Haryana|List of dams and reservoirs in Haryana]]

==References==
{{reflist|33em}}

{{Hydrography of Haryana}}

[[Category:Dams in Haryana]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1897]]
[[Category:Water supply infrastructure]]
[[Category:Barrages in India]]
[[Category:1897 establishments in India]]

4th Cavalry Division (India)

2024-02-11T14:21:04Z

Wikindia777: brief cleaned up lead for accuracy and improved wording after review

{{For|earlier formations in [[World War I]]|1st Indian Cavalry Division|1st Mounted Division}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{infobox military unit
|unit_name=1st Mounted Division 4th Cavalry Division
|image=
|caption=
|dates=April 1918 – 1921
|country=[[British Raj|India]]
|allegiance=
|branch=[[British Indian Army]]
|type=[[Cavalry]]
|role=
|size=[[Division (military)|Division]]
|command_structure=
|garrison=
|garrison_label=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles=[[World War I]]
*[[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Palestine 1918]]
**[[Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt|Second Transjordan Raid]]
**[[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]]
**[[Capture of Damascus (1918)|Capture of Damascus]]
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|battle_honours_label=
|disbanded=
|flying_hours=
|website=

|commander1=
|commander1_label=
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|commander3=
|commander3_label=
|commander4=
|commander4_label=
|notable_commanders=[[Major-General]] [[George Barrow (Indian Army officer)|G. de S. Barrow]]

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=
|identification_symbol_3=
|identification_symbol_3_label=
|identification_symbol_4=
|identification_symbol_4_label=
}}
The '''1st Mounted Division''' was a [[cavalry]] [[Division (military)|division]] that served as part of the [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] in [[World War I]]. It was formed in April 1918 when the [[Yeomanry Mounted Division]] was merged with elements of the [[1st Indian Cavalry Division]] withdrawn from the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]. In July 1918, the combined division was renamed as the '''4th Cavalry Division'''. It remained in Palestine after the end of the war on occupation duties until finally broken up in 1921.

==History==
===1st Mounted Division===
In March 1918, the [[1st Indian Cavalry Division]] was broken up in France. The British units (notably [[6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons]], [[17th Lancers]], [[1/1st Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons]] and [[A Battery, Royal Horse Artillery|A]], [[Q Battery, Royal Horse Artillery|Q]] and [[U Battery, Royal Horse Artillery|U Batteries]] [[Royal Horse Artillery|RHA]]) remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt.<ref name=Perry16>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=16}}</ref>

By an [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] GHQ Order of 12 April 1918, the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised when the Indian Army units arrived in [[Theater (warfare)|theatre]]. On 24 April 1918, the [[Yeomanry Mounted Division]] was ''indianized''{{efn|British divisions were converted to the [[British Indian Army]] standard whereby brigades only retained one British regiment or battalion and most support units were Indian (artillery excepted).}} and its title was changed to '''1st Mounted Division''',<ref name=Becke34>{{harvnb|Becke|1936|p=34}}</ref> the third distinct division to bear this title.{{efn|See [[1st Mounted Division]] and [[3rd Mounted Division]].}}

On 24 April 1918, the [[6th Mounted Brigade]] was merged with elements of the [[5th (Mhow) Cavalry Brigade]], the [[8th Mounted Brigade]] with the [[8th (Lucknow) Cavalry Brigade]], and the [[22nd Mounted Brigade]] with the [[2nd (Sialkot) Cavalry Brigade]]. Six of the Yeomanry Regiments were merged in pairs, converted to Machine Gun Battalions, and posted to the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]]:<ref name=Becke33>{{harvnb|Becke|1936|p=33}}</ref>
*C Battalion, [[Machine Gun Corps]] was formed by the merger of the [[1/1st Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars]] and the [[1/1st Berkshire Yeomanry]]
*D Battalion, Machine Gun Corps was formed by the merger of the [[1/1st Lincolnshire Yeomanry]] and the [[1/1st East Riding of Yorkshire Yeomanry]]
*E Battalion, Machine Gun Corps was formed by the merger of the [[1/1st City of London Yeomanry (Rough Riders)]] and the [[1/3rd County of London Yeomanry (Sharpshooters)]]
They were replaced by Indian Cavalry Regiments from France. The Field Ambulances and Mobile Veterinary Sections merged with their Indian counterparts. Other units were retained unchanged, though some were renumbered to reflect the new divisional designation.<ref name=Becke32>{{harvnb|Becke|1936|p=32}}</ref>

===4th Cavalry Division===
On 22 July 1918, the 1st Mounted Division was renumbered as the '''4th Cavalry Division''' and the brigades as the [[10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)|10th]], [[11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)|11th]] and [[12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)|12th Cavalry Brigade]]s.<ref name=Perry22>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=22}}</ref> The sub units (Signal Troops, Combined Cavalry Field Ambulances and Mobile Veterinary Sections) were renumbered on the same date.<ref name=Becke33/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Order of Battle, September 1918<ref name=Perry22/>
|-
|valign=top|'''[[10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)|10th Cavalry Brigade]]''' 
[[1/1st Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry]] 
[[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]] 
[[38th King George's Own Central India Horse]] 
17th Machine Gun [[Squadron (army)|Squadron]] 
10th Cavalry Brigade Signal Troop 
10th Combined Cavalry [[Field Ambulance]], [[Royal Army Medical Corps|RAMC]] 
10th Mobile Veterinary Section
|valign=top|'''[[11th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)|11th Cavalry Brigade]]''' 
[[1/1st County of London Yeomanry]] 
[[29th Lancers (Deccan Horse)]] 
[[36th Jacob's Horse]] 
21st Machine Gun Squadron 
11th Cavalry Brigade Signal Troop 
11th Combined Cavalry Field Ambulance, RAMC 
11th Mobile Veterinary Section
|valign=top|'''[[12th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)|12th Cavalry Brigade]]''' 
[[1/1st Staffordshire Yeomanry]] 
[[6th King Edward's Own Cavalry]] 
[[19th Lancers (Fane's Horse)]] 
18th Machine Gun Squadron 
12th Cavalry Brigade Signal Troop 
12th Combined Cavalry Field Ambulance, RAMC 
12th Mobile Veterinary Section
|-
|valign=top|'''[[XX Brigade, Royal Horse Artillery (T.F.)]]''' 
[[Hampshire Royal Horse Artillery|Hampshire RHA]] 
[[Berkshire Royal Horse Artillery|Berkshire RHA]] 
[[Leicestershire Royal Horse Artillery|Leicestershire RHA]] 
XX RHA Brigade [[Ammunition column|Ammunition Column]]
|valign=top|'''Divisional Troops''' 
4th Field Squadron, [[Royal Engineers|RE]]<ref>6th Field Squadron, RE of the Yeomanry Mounted Division renumbered.</ref> 
4th Cavalry Division Signal Squadron<ref>Yeomanry Mounted Division Signal Squadron renamed.</ref> 
|valign=top|'''4th Cavalry Division Train'''<ref>Yeomanry Mounted Division Train renamed.</ref> 
999th Company [[Royal Army Service Corps|ASC]] 
1000th Company ASC 
1001st Company ASC 
1002nd Company ASC
|}

===Battles===
The 1st Mounted / 4th Cavalry Division served with the [[Desert Mounted Corps]] for the rest of the war, taking part in the [[Second Transjordan attack on Shunet Nimrin and Es Salt|Second Transjordan Raid]] (30 April to 4 May 1918) and the Final Offensive, in particular the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]] (19 to 25 September) and the [[Capture of Damascus (1918)|Capture of Damascus]] (1 October).<ref name=Perry24>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=24}}</ref>

After the [[Armistice of Mudros]], the division remained in Palestine on occupation duties after the end of the war. However, demobilization began immediately and most of the British war time units had left by May 1919, though the 1/1st County of London Yeomanry did not leave until March 1920. The division was finally broken up in 1921.<ref name=Perry24/>

==See also==

* [[5th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)]] formed at the same time in a similar manner.
* [[List of Indian divisions in World War I]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book

| last = Becke | first = Major A.F.
| year = 1936
| title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 2A. The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42-56)
| publisher = His Majesty's Stationery Office
| location = London
| isbn = 1-871167-12-4
}}
* {{cite book

| last = Perry | first = F.W.
| year = 1993
| title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions
| publisher = Ray Westlake Military Books
| location = Newport
| isbn = 1-871167-23-X
}}

{{Indian Divisions in World War I}}
{{Indian Expeditionary Forces}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:C4}}
[[Category:British Indian Army divisions]]
[[Category:Indian World War I divisions]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1918]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1921]]
[[Category:British cavalry divisions]]

Madhopur Ninaiya

2023-06-17T17:06:00Z

Wikindia777: created new pg

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madhopur Ninaiya
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Mādhopur Ninaiyān
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Salon block map.png
| map_caption = Map showing Madhopur Ninaiya (#465) in Salon CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.036539|N|81.509086|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here|title=Geonames Search}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2.326
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1534
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Madhopur Ninaiya''' is a village in [[Salon, India|Salon]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=427–51 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> It is located 7 km from Salon, the block and [[tehsil]] headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981"/> As of 2011, Madhopur Ninaiya has a population of 1,534 people, in 296 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities, and it does not host a permanent market or a periodic [[haat]].<ref name="Census 2011"/>

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Madhopur Ninaiya as comprising 3 hamlets, with a total population of 586 people (310 male and 276 female), in 122 households and 119 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=cvi-cvii of section "Salon Tahsil" |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 568 [[acre]]s.<ref name="Census 1961"/>

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Madhopur Ninaiya as having a population of 747 people, in 200 households, and having an area of 231.48 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=220–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and [[juwar]].<ref name="Census 1981"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]

{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}

Venkatagiri (Assembly constituency)

2022-07-29T16:45:46Z

Wikindia777: enhance information further and corrected details

#REDIRECT [[Venkatagiri Assembly constituency]]

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Faridabad Combined Cycle Power Plant

2022-02-22T12:38:16Z

Wikindia777: Made Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Faridabad Combined Cycle Gas Power Plant
| name_official =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption=
| coordinates = {{coord|28|20|46|N|77|21|30|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = India
| location = [[Faridabad]], [[Haryana]]
| status = O
| construction_began =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| cost =
| owner = [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]]
| operator =
| th_fuel_primary = [[Natural gas]]
| th_fuel_tertiary =
| ps_units_operational= 2 X 143 MW 1 X 144 MW
| ps_units_manu_model =
| th_cogeneration =
| th_combined_cycle =
| ps_electrical_capacity= 430 [[Megawatt|MW]]
| ps_electrical_cap_fac=
| website =
| extra =
}}
'''Faridabad Combined Cycle Gas Power Plant''' or '''NTPC Faridabad''' is located at [[Faridabad]], in [[Faridabad district]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]]. The power plant is one of the [[Natural gas|gas]]-based power plants owned by [[National Thermal Power Corporation|NTPC]]. The '''''gas''''' for the power plant is sourced from [[GAIL]] HBJ Pipeline. Source of water for the power plant is Rampur distributories of Gurgaon canal.

== Capacity ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit Number !! Installed Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! [[Gas Turbine | GT]] / [[Steam Turbine | ST]]
|-
| 1st || 1 || 137 || 1999 June || GT
|-
| 1st || 2 || 137 || 1999 October || GT
|-
| 1st || 3 || 156 || 2000 July || ST
|-
|'''Total'''|| Three || '''430''' || ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://ntpc.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=315&Itemid=84&lang=en NTPC Faridabad]

{{NTPC Power Stations}}
{{Power Plants of Haryana}}

[[Category:Natural gas-fired power stations in Haryana]]
[[Category:Faridabad]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1999]]

Ramayanam Lo Tuppakula Veta

2022-02-20T14:29:22Z

Wikindia777: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Paper Boy]]

The Wrestlers (film)

2022-01-31T04:44:12Z

Wikindia777: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Uttara (film)]]

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Prince Indrajitsinhji

2014-09-24T12:41:10Z

Wikindia777: starting

#REDIRECT [[Indrajitsinhji]]