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Singhori Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-05-03T15:01:39Z

Wikimelo: started bio

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Singhori Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| coordinates = {{coord|23|10|40|N|78|10|35|E|region:IN_dim:20000|display=inline,title}}
| location = Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh, India
| area = 287.91 km²
| established = 1976
}}

'''Singhori Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area located in the Bari Tehsil of the [[Raisen district]] in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It was officially notified on 2 July 1976. It is part of the Ratapani tiger reserve. Two main seasonal rivers, the Ghoghara and the Barna, flow through the sanctuary. Fauna of the Sanctuary include mammals like Bengal Tiger, Indian Leopard, Chital, Sambhar, Wild boar etc. The forests in the sanctuary are Tropical Dry deciduous forests. <ref>{{Cite web |title=tripuntold |url=https://www.tripuntold.com/india/madhya-pradesh/raisen/singhori-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=www.tripuntold.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Singhori Wildlife Sanctuary - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/singhori-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=wildtrails.in |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Singhori Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.learnupsc.com/2023/07/singhori-wildlife-sanctuary.html |access-date=2025-11-25 |website=Learn UPSC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.researchtrend.net/bfij/bf42/Dr%20SS%20TALMALE.pdf | title=Avian diversity of Singhori Wildlife Sanctuary, Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh | website=www.researchtrend.net}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-geo-stub}}

Amarasilpi Jakkanna

2026-05-02T07:23:34Z

Wikimelo: started a pg basic info

{{About|1964 Telugu film|12th century sculptor|Jakanachari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amarasilpi Jakkanna
| image = Amara Silpi Jakkanna.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = B. S. Ranga
| producer = B. S. Ranga
| director = [[B. S. Ranga]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[B. Saroja Devi]]
| music = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| cinematography = B. S. Ranga
| editing = P. J. Mohan M. Devendra Nath Chakrapani
| studio = Vikram Studios
| distributor = Navayuga Films
| released = {{Film date|1964|03|27|df=y}}
| runtime = 165 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Amarasilpi Jakkanna''''' is an Indian 1964 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[biographical film]] directed and produced by [[B. S. Ranga]]. The film stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] in the title role of [[Jakanachari (sculptor)|Jakanachari]], a legendary sculptor from the [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysala]] period, whose dedication to art and personal sacrifices form the core of the narrative. The film also features [[B. Saroja Devi]], [[V. Nagayya]], and [[Udaykumar|Udaya Kumar]] in key roles, with music composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Acharam Shanmukhachari |date=2019 |title=రంగా మలిచిన రంగుల శిల్పం 'అమరశిల్పి జక్కన్న' |trans-title=The colourful sculpture crafted by Ranga: Amarasilpi Jakkanna |url=http://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/amara-shilpi-jakkanna/9592 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Sitara |publisher=[[Eenadu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207182457/http://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/amara-shilpi-jakkanna/9592 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |language=te}}</ref>

Released on March 27, 1964, ''Amarasilpi Jakkanna'' holds the distinction of being the first Telugu film shot in [[Eastmancolor]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amarasilpi Jakkanna (1964) – Telugu Movie {{!}} Chitralu.com |url=http://telugu.chitralu.com/movie/amarasilpi-jakkanna_1964 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304162324/http://telugu.chitralu.com/movie/amarasilpi-jakkanna_1964 |archive-date=4 March 2014 |access-date=23 March 2014}}</ref> and received critical acclaim, including a Presidential Certificate of Merit. Simultaneously, B. S. Ranga directed a [[Kannada]] version, [[Amarashilpi Jakanachari (film)|''Amarashilpi Jakanachari'']], which became the first full length colour film in Kannada.<ref name=":0" />

==Plot==
Jakkanna, the son of master sculptor Mallanna, inherits the family’s legacy of sculpting. His life changes when he falls in love with Manjari, an exceptional dancer who becomes his muse. Inspired by her grace and beauty, Jakkanna creates breathtaking sculptures. However, Gopadevudu, a feudal lord, becomes infatuated with Manjari and devises plans to separate her from Jakkanna.

With the help of her uncle Sundaram and his fiancée Gangamma, Manjari marries Jakkanna. Enraged, Gopadevudu schemes against the couple, appointing Jakkanna to oversee the construction of the Vasanta Mantapa. Jakkanna pours his soul into the work, immortalizing Manjari’s beauty in the sculptures. Gopadevudu, intent on claiming Manjari, destroys one of Jakkanna’s sculptures, sends him away in search of new stones, and forcibly separates the couple. He manipulates Manjari into performing a forced dance under duress, exploiting her mother’s plight.

Heartbroken by these events, Jakkanna misunderstands Manjari's circumstances and leaves the village. In despair, Manjari attempts to drown herself but is rescued by boatmen and taken to an ashram. There, she gives birth to their son, Dankanna. Seeking Jakkanna, Manjari entrusts Dankanna to Mallanna, unaware that he is her father-in-law. Meanwhile, Jakkanna finds refuge under the guidance of the sage [[Ramanuja|Ramanujacharya]].

Ramanujacharya assigns Jakkanna the task of constructing the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakesava Temple]] at [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]] for King [[Vishnuvardhana]]. Unknown to Jakkanna, Manjari joins the temple project and secretly assists him in sculpting. Dankanna grows up under Mallanna’s guidance and becomes a skilled sculptor. When he reaches Belur, he impresses the court by identifying flaws in a sculpture crafted by Jakkanna. Overcome with guilt, Jakkanna cuts off his own hand in penance but later sculpts another statue and miraculously regains his hand through divine intervention.

The narrative concludes with the emotional reunion of Mallanna, Jakkanna, Manjari, and Dankanna, bringing the family together after years of separation.

==Cast==
*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as [[Jakanachari]]
*[[B. Saroja Devi]] as Manjari
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Mallanna
*[[Haranath (actor)|Haranath]] as Dankanna
*[[Udaykumar|Udaya Kumar]] as Gopadeva
*[[Dhulipala Seetarama Sastry|Dhulipala]] as [[Ramanuja|Ramanujacharya]]
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Sundaram
*A. V. Subba Rao as King [[Vishnuvardhana]]
*[[Suryakantam (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Rajamma
*[[Girija (actress)|Girija]] as Gangamma
*[[Pushpavalli]] as Queen Saanthalaa Devi
*[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]] as Dancer

== Production ==
[[B. S. Ranga]] drew inspiration for the film from his childhood visits to the [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysala]] temples at [[Halebidu]] and [[Belur, Karnataka|Belur]]. The sculptural heritage of these temples, particularly the 42 Madanikas (celestial dancers) sculpted at the [[Chennakeshava Temple, Belur|Chennakesava Temple]], forms the backdrop for Jakkanna’s fictionalized story. While historical accounts credit Queen Saanthalaa Devi as the muse for these sculptures, the film replaces her with the fictional character Manjari.<ref name=":0" /> The screenplay, written by [[Samudrala Sr.]], combines historical elements with fictional drama. A poignant scene featuring Mallanna, blind, identifying Jakkanna’s sculpture by touch, emphasizes the emotional connection between the characters.<ref name=":0" />

''Amarasilpi Jakkanna'' marked a historic achievement as the first [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] to be shot in [[Eastmancolor]]. While [[Lava Kusa (1963 film)|''Lava Kusa'']] (1963) holds the distinction of being the first Telugu [[Color photography|colour film]], it was produced using [[Gevacolor]]. ''Amarasilpi Jakkanna'' pioneered the use of Eastmancolor in Telugu cinema, setting a new benchmark in the regional film industry. Despite strict limitations allowing only ten colour prints for regional films, director B. S. Ranga leveraged his expertise as a cinematographer to produce the film economically without compromising its visual grandeur. The Kannada version, [[Amarashilpi Jakanachari (film)|''Amarashilpi Jakanachari'']], also directed by Ranga, achieved a parallel milestone as the first Kannada film made in colour.<ref name=":0" />

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Amarasilpi Jakkanna
| type = film
| artist = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1964
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=34|s=15}}
| label =
| producer = [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The score for ''Amarasilpi Jakkanna'' was composed by [[S. Rajeswara Rao]].

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Amarasilpi Jakkanna'' track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:37
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Ee Nallani Raallalo
| length1 = 3:46
| lyrics1 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| extra1 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| title2 = Andhaala Bommatho
| length2 = 3:20
| lyrics2 = [[Dasarathi]]
| extra2 = [[P. Suseela]]
| title3 = Manase Vikasincheraa
| length3 = 4:44
| lyrics3 = Dasarathi
| extra3 = Ghantasala, P. Suseela
| title4 = Murisevu Virisevu
| length4 = 4:02
| lyrics4 = Samudrala
| extra4 = Ghantasala
| title5 = Nagumomu Choopinchavaa
| length5 = 3:38
| lyrics5 = C. Narayana Reddy
| extra5 = P. Suseela
| title6 = Niluvumaa Niluvumaa
| length6 = 3:12
| lyrics6 = Samudrala
| extra6 = Ghantasala, P. Suseela
| title7 = Yechatikoyi Nee Payanam
| length7 = 3:31
| lyrics7 = Dasarathi
| extra7 = Ghantasala
| title8 = Yedho Yedho
| length8 = 3:52
| lyrics8 = C. Narayana Reddy
| extra8 = Ghantasala, P. Suseela
| title9 = Tharamaa Varadhaa
| length9 = 4:10
| lyrics9 = Samudrala
| extra9 = Ghantasala, P. Suseela
}}

== Reception ==
''Amarasilpi Jakkanna'' was well-received for its visual grandeur, performances, and music. Akkineni Nageswara Rao’s portrayal of Jakkanna was lauded. The film celebrated a successful 100-day run in five centres and received a Presidential Certificate of Merit.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] - 1963<ref name="11thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|title=11th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0260692}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Telugu}}

[[Category:1963 films]]
[[Category:1963 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. Rajeswara Rao]]
[[Category:Films set in the Hoysala Kingdom]]
[[Category:1960s biographical films]]

Abhinav Kumar (police officer)

2026-04-30T23:52:32Z

Wikimelo: started the bio first draft

{{Short description|Director General of Uttrakhand Police}}
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=De|otherarticle=Abhinav Kumar|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox police officer
|honorific prefix=
|name=Abhinav Kumar
|honorific suffix=IPS
|image=
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1973|08|31}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPS : Query Result(s) |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Indian_Police_Service_IPS_-_Civil_List_2014.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=dtf.in}}</ref>
|birth_place=Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
|education=
|alma_mater=[[The Doon School]] [[Mansfield College, Oxford]]
|spouse=
|country=India
|rank=[[File:Director General of Police.png|30px]] Acting [[Director General of Police]] (2023–2024)
|batch=1996
|cadre=[[Uttarakhand Police|Uttarakhand]]
|awards={{ubl|[[Police Medal (India)|Police Medal]] (PM) for Meritorious Service|[[President's Police Medal]] (PPM) for Distinguished Service}}
}}

'''Abhinav Kumar''' (born 31 August 1973) is an [[Indian Police Service]] officer and former acting [[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] (DGP) of [[Uttarakhand Police]] who served from December 2023 until November 2024. He served as acting DGP of the Himalayan state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/abhinav-kumar-named-12th-dgp-of-uttarakhand/articleshow/105618127.cms|title=Abhinav Kumar named 12th DGP of Uttarakhand|date=30 November 2023|via=The Economic Times – The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/hindi/india/news-ips-abhinav-kumar-made-the-new-dgp-of-uttarakhand-after-ashok-kumar-retired-4107834|title=कौन हैं IPS अभिनव कुमार, जो बनेंगे उत्तराखंड के अगले DGP|website=DNA Hindi}}</ref> He is the youngest appointed acting DGP in India at 50.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Garhwal |date=2023-12-01 |title=Abhinav Kumar: From a journalist to top police officer of U’khand {{!}} Garhwal Post |url=https://garhwalpost.in/abhinav-kumar-from-a-journalist-to-top-police-officer-of-ukhand/ |access-date=2024-09-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==

Kumar was born in Bareilly, [[Uttar Pradesh]], and attended the all-boys boarding [[The Doon School]] in Dehradun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://garhwalpost.in/abhinav-kumar-to-be-states-acting-dgp-from-1-dec/|title=Abhinav Kumar to be state’s Acting DGP from 1 Dec | Garhwal Post|first=Garhwal|last=Post|date=29 November 2023}}</ref> He then read philosophy, politics and economics (PPE) at [[Mansfield College, Oxford]] in the [[University of Oxford]] in the United Kingdom.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

== Indian Police Service career ==

Kumar joined the Indian Police Service in 1996. Before becoming the acting DGP of Uttarakhand, Kumar served as Additional Director General of Police (ADG) in Uttarakhand as well as the Special Principal Secretary to [[Pushkar Singh Dhami]], the Chief Minister of Uttarakhand.<ref>https://policeworld.businessworld.in/article/Ace-IPS-officer-Abhinav-Kumar-is-the-new-DGP-of-Uttarakhand-Police-/01-12-2023-500665/</ref>

== Awards ==
* Police Medal for Meritorious Service 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uppolice.gov.in/en/officerprofile?transid=288&slugName=Deputation|title=Uttar Pradesh Police | OfficerProfile|website=uppolice.gov.in}}</ref>
* President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service 2022<ref>{{Cite web| title=President's police medal for distinguished service – Republic day-2022 | url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/assets/doc/distinguished2022.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125073644/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/assets/doc/distinguished2022.pdf | archive-date=2022-01-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Abhinav}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bareilly district]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:People from Dehradun]]
[[Category:Alumni of Mansfield College, Oxford]]

Parijatham (2025 TV series)

2026-04-30T13:03:36Z

Wikimelo: creating a pg!

{{Short description|2025 Indian television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| based_on =
| story = Ashok Kumar
| writer = Baskar Shakthi {{small|(dialogues)}}
| screenplay = Sarkunam Punkaraj
| director = K. Manikandakumar
| starring = {{ubl|Alya Manasa|Akshay Kamal|[[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]]}}
| executive_producer =
| company = Shruthi Studios
| producer = Sruthi Narayanan Vinotha Narayanan
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 58 
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| open_theme =
| music = Hariharan
| editor = Arul
| cinematography = Kesavan
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2025|9|8}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
}}

'''''Parijatham''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Melodrama]] television series starring Alya Manasa, Akshay Kamal, Munish Raja and [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/alya-manasa-and-rakshit-starrer-in-upcoming-serial-parijatham/articleshow/123539849.cms|title=Alya Manasa and Rakshit starrer in upcoming serial 'Parijatham'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> The story revolves around a deaf girl called Isai and forced to marry Vishal, who is passionate about music.

The show produced by Sruthi Narayanan and Vinotha Narayanan under the banner of Monk Studios and directed by K. Manikandakumar. It premiered on [[Zee Tamil]] on 8 September 2025,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Sep/02/air-date-announced-for-alya-manasas-parijatham-series|title=ஆல்யா மானசாவின் பாரிஜாதம் தொடரின் ஒளிபரப்பு தேதி அறிவிப்பு!|website=[[Dinamani]]|date=2 September 2025|language=ta}}</ref> and airs on Monday to Saturday and streams digitally on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/serial-actress-alya-manasa-in-parijatham-new-serial-first-episode-unfolds-dramatic-twists-family-secrets-and-unexpected-rescues-609227|title=ஆலியா மானசாவின் புதிய சீரியல்? ஜீ தமிழில் ஒளிபரப்பாகும் “பாரிஜாதம்”!|website=[[Zee News]]|date=22 September 2025|language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The series follows the story of Isai, a young woman blessed with a melodious singing voice but faced with after losing her parents and hearing in a tragic accident, then raised by her relatives Krishanan and Rukumani, where her life becomes even more difficult because of her aunt Rukumanani. In this tough environment, Isai's only source of comfort and love is her cousin Varshini, who stands by her through thick and thin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2025/paarijatham-full-cast-real-name-of-actors-alya-manasa-nithin-shabeena-rakshit-zee-kannada-parijatham-478621.html|title=Parijatham (Paarijatham) Full Cast, Real Names Of Actors: Aalya Manasa, Rakshit Play Leads In Zee Tamil Show|website=Filmibeat|date=8 September 2025|language=en}}</ref>

Subadra Devi, from a wealthy family and an astrologer with a strong belief in horoscopes, wants to find the perfect brides for her sons Raghav and Vishal. Hoping for wealth and status, Rukmini manipulates the astrological charts to ensure that Varshini is matched with Raghav, while Isai is forced to marry Vishal when her aunt Rukmini manipulates her horoscope to meet Subadra's strict astrological beliefs. Vishal is in love with another girl, but Vishal is forced to marry Isai because of his mother and horoscope.

However, Vishal is unaware of Isai's hearing impairment, their lives change when they learn the truth about Isai.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Alya Manasa as Isai
* Rakshit Gopal → Akshay Kamal as Vishal
* [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] as Subathra Devi

=== Recurring ===
* Smriti Kashyap → Sherin Janu as Sreeja (Main Antagonist)
* Nithin Kumar Krishnamurthy as Raghav
* Shabeena as Varshnini
* Raviprakash as Ashok
* Keerthi Vijay as Deepthi
* Anjana Mishra as Chithamani (Antagonist)
* Rajkanth as Krishanan
* Latha Rao → Ragavi Sasikumar as Rukmani
* [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Devaki
* Shiva Subramanian as Bhaskaran
* Jeevitha Krishnan as Bhanumathi (Antagonist)
* Arvind Kathare as Ramakrishnan
* [[J. Livingston]] as
* Samritha as Pallavi
* [[Abhishek Shankar]] as Vijayaraghavan (Antagonist)

=== Special Appearances ===
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Alankaaram
* [[Senthilnathan]] as Vanangamudi
* Munish Raja as Arun
* [[Deepa Shankar]] as Pattammal
* Soodhu Kavvum Sivakumar as Balaraman
* Sanjay Kumar Asrani as Parthiban
* [[Nanjil Sampath]] as Himself
* Kavitha Solairaja as Parameshwari
* Unknown as Ratna
* [[Swaminathan]] as Sankaran
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as Sreeja's acting father
* Anitha Venkat as Meenatchi
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Doctor Mithra
* [[Meera Krishna]] as Doctor Narmada
* [[Sona Heiden]] as Governor of Tamil Nadu
* Ashika Padukone as Maari
* Bhargavi Eshwaramoorthy as Ramya (dead)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
After ''[[Iniya (TV series)|Iniya]]'', Alya Manasa made a comeback through this series as "Isai",<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/alya-manasa-and-rakshit-starrer-in-upcoming-serial-parijatham/articleshow/123305368.cms#:~:text=Alya%20Manasa%20and%20Rakshit%20starrer%20in%20upcoming%20serial%20'Parijatham'%20%2D%20Times%20of%20India.|title=Alya Manasa and Rakshit starrer in upcoming serial 'Parijatham'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> whilst Kannada television actor Rakshit made his Tamil debut as Vishal but he left the series<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/paarijadham-serial-fame-actor-rakshit-to-quit-the-show/articleshow/128501271.cms|title=Paarijadham serial fame actor Rakshit to quit the show?|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 February 2026|language=en}}</ref> and is replaced by Akshay Kamal.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-akshay-kamal-joins-the-cast-of-paarijadham/articleshow/128808601.cms|title=Actor Akshay Kamal joins the cast of Paarijadham|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 February 2026|language=en}}</ref> [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] was cast as Subathra.

Nithin Kumar Krishnamurthy was cast in the another male lead role of Raghav after his notable performances in ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai (TV series)|Endrendrum Punnagai]]''. Smriti Kashyap cast was as Srija, who is in love with Vishal,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/parijatham-serial-today-episode-income-tax-raid-full-update-zee-tamil-610814|title=இன்கம் டேக்ஸ் ரெய்டா? அடுத்து என்ன நடக்கப்போகுது? பாரிஜாதம் இன்றைய எபிசோட் அப்டேட்! |website=[[Zee News]]|date=16 September 2025|language=ta}}</ref> however she left the show resulting in Sherin Janu to play the role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/popular-actress-new-entry-in-parijatham-serial-1761474379|title=ஆல்யா மானசாவின் பாரிஜாதம் சீரியலில் என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் பிரபல நடிகை... நடக்கப்போவது என்ன?|website=cineulagam.com|date=|language=ta}}</ref>

=== Release ===
The first promo was released on 9 August 2025, which introduced the main characters of the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Aug/11/alya-manasa-in-a-different-story-preview-video-of-the-parijatham-series|title=மாறுபட்ட கதையில் ஆல்யா மானசா: பாரிஜாதம் தொடரின் முன்னோட்ட விடியோ! |website=[[Dinamani]]|date=11 August 2025|language=ta}}</ref> The second promo was unveiled on 22 August 2025, featuring Subathra's past life story and main plot of the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/alya-manasa-parijatham-serial-launch-date-1756546699|title=ஆல்யா மானசா நடிக்கும் பாரிஜாதம் சீரியல் எப்போது ஆரம்பம்... வெளிவந்த விவரம்|website=cineulagam.com|date=|language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/paarijatham/0-6-4z5808694 ''Parijatham''] at [[ZEE5]]

{{Zee Tamil shows}}
[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]

Vikram Bawa

2026-04-27T11:44:24Z

Wikimelo: started new data

{{Short description|Indian photographer}}
{{COI|date=August 2016}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox artist
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Vikram Bawa
| image = Vikram bawa.jpg
| birth_name = Vikram Singh Bawa
| birth_date =
| style = Advertising Fashion Photography
| website ={{Official website|www.vickramsinghbawa.com}}

}}

'''Vikram Bawa''' is an Indian fashion, advertising and landscape photographer based in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="deccan">{{Cite news | title = Not a Photo finish! | url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130604/lifestyle-fashionbeauty/article/not-photo-finish | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131005013526/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130604/lifestyle-fashionbeauty/article/not-photo-finish | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 October 2013 |newspaper = [[Deccan Chronicle]]|quote=Celebrity photographer Vikram Bawa... | date =4 June 2013 | accessdate = 28 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{Cite news | title = Do great beauties make great models? | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-13/shows/28034426_1_camera-model-beauty | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-13/shows/28034426_1_camera-model-beauty | url-status = dead | archive-date = 5 October 2013 | newspaper =[[The Times of India]] | date = 13 April 2009 | accessdate = 28 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| title = Haute wheels | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/1290450/report-haute-wheels |newspaper = [[Daily News and Analysis]] | date =15 September 2009 | accessdate = 28 June 2013}}</ref> He made [[3D photography]] in the late 1990s.<ref name="exp">{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Nilanjana|title=Face Off|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/20001019/ien18063.html|accessdate=25 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 October 2000}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Bawa was born in [[Delhi]]. He moved with his parents to Mumbai at an early age. He went to Green Lawns High School, Mumbai. He started photography as a hobby when he was 16 years old, inspired by his parents.<ref name="fotoflock"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://crybytes.com/see-pictures-everywhere-vikram-bawa/|title="...I see pictures everywhere" : Vikram Bawa {{!}} CryBytes|date=2015-02-05|newspaper=CryBytes|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref> Bawa graduated in maths from [[Elphinstone College]], Mumbai. He started work as the managing director of a chemical firm at age 18.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fotoflock.com/features/feature-interviews/30-feature-interviews/271-i-was-destined-to-become-a-photographer|title=I was destined to become a Photographer|website=www.fotoflock.com|access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref>

==Life and work==
In 1996, he started photography professionally.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kuber|first=Aditya|title=I was destined to become a Photographer|url=http://www.fotoflock.com/features/feature-interviews/30-feature-interviews/271-i-was-destined-to-become-a-photographer|work=FotoFlock |date=4 March 2024 | publisher = Epson}}</ref> He has photographed Bollywood celebrities;<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|title=Abox of Gandhi|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/a-box-of-gandhi/239538/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628040452/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/a-box-of-gandhi/239538/|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2013|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|accessdate=27 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Top Fashion photographers of India|url=http://www.theamazingmodels.com/fashion-updates/top-phototographers-of-india/|work=www.theamazingmodels.com|accessdate=27 June 2013}}</ref> and made commercial work for various brands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.productionparadise.com/member/mumbai/vikram-bawa.html|title=Vikram Bawa from Mumbai {{!}} Production Paradise|last=Paradise|first=Production|website=www.productionparadise.com|access-date=2017-01-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://infobharti.com/indias-top-10/top-10-bollywood-and-fashion-photographers-of-india-10-most-popular-indian-fashion-and-bollywood-ceebrities-photographers.php|title=TOP 10 BOLLYWOOD FASHION PHOTOGRAPHERS OF INDIA {{!}} INFOBHARTI.COM|website=infobharti.com|access-date=2017-01-04}}</ref> He produced a fashion calendar on the theme of Draupadi for 2014 in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.missmalini.com/2014/01/29/shutterbug-vikram-bawa-celebrates-dusky-draupadi-through-2014/|title=Shutterbug Vikram Bawa Celebrates Dusky Draupadi Through 2014|date=2014-01-29|website=MissMalini|access-date=2016-12-20}}</ref> He has also directed music videos and a film called ''Yahaan Gandhi Bikta Nahin'', a short film on Gandhi in present that has been part of a traveling exhibition to art galleries in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.desicreative.com/vikram-bawa-photography/|title=Vikram Bawa : Photography - DesiCreative|date=2009-11-23|newspaper=DesiCreative|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref> He has made fashion films for various commercial clients.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Vikram-Bawa-nominated-for-International-Fashion-Film-Awards/articleshow/38375380.cms|title=Vikram Bawa nominated for International Fashion Film Awards - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref>

==Exhibitions==

===Solo exhibitions===
*''The Other Side,'' Gallery Art and Soul, Mumbai, India, November 2012.<ref name="Art Shows">{{cite web|last=The Other Side|title=The Other Side|url=http://www.galleryartnsoul.com/events/event.php?eventID=135&pageno=1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628040400/http://www.galleryartnsoul.com/events/event.php?eventID=135&pageno=1|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2013|work=Solo Art Exhibition| publisher = Art & Soul | accessdate=26 June 2013}}</ref>

===Group exhibitions===
*''Articulate 2011: An Exhibition of Contemporary Photography,'' Saffronart, London, October 2011<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|title=The Fallen Angel| url=http://www.saffronart.com/fixed/ItemDetails.aspx?iid=32534&a=Vikram%20%20Bawa&pt=2&eid=3476|accessdate=26 June 2013 | publisher = Saffronart}}</ref>

==Collections==
Bawa's work is held in the following permanent collections:
*Priyasi Art Gallery<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.saffronart.com/artists/vikram-bawa|title=Vikram Bawa {{!}} Paintings by Vikram Bawa {{!}} Vikram Bawa Painting - Saffronart.com|website=Saffronart|access-date=2016-12-23}}</ref>
*Gallery Art and Soul, Mumbai, India<ref name="auto"/>
*Jindal Art Foundation<ref name="auto"/>
*Alfaz Miller Collection<ref name="auto"/>

== Recognition and awards ==
Nicknamed as "Master of Gimmicks" in the world of fashion photography, Vikram has won awards from Masters Cup, Prix de la Photographie Paris, The International Color Awards, Spider Awards, Asian Photography Most Influential Photographer Award, and PIEA Award.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://picsdream.wordpress.com/2016/09/28/top-indian-landscape-photographers-to-follow/|title=Top Indian Landscape Photographers to Follow|last=picsdream|date=2016-09-28|website=Picsdream|access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>
* Vikram received four international awards{{Vague|date=July 2025}} for his Leela Palace Goa hotel campaign<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.saffronart.com/sitepages/ArticleDetails.aspx?Articleid=129&PageNo=1|title=Saffronart-A painting, a photograph or something in between ?|website=www.saffronart.com|access-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>
* Vikram's fashion film ''The Long Show'' was nominated for the International Fashion Film Awards (IFFA) 2014 for Best Art Direction and Best Music Nomination<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/others/news-interviews/Vikram-Bawa-nominated-for-International-Fashion-Film-Awards/articleshow/38375380.cms|title=Vikram Bawa nominated for International Fashion Film Awards - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-12-04}}</ref>
* He was judged as the "2nd best photographer at the PMA International Awards, USA" for his 3D photography. The images were part of a 30-country travelling exhibition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theamazingmodels.com/fashion-updates/top-phototographers-of-india/|title=Top Fashion Phototographers of India {{!}} Fashion Updates|website=www.theamazingmodels.com|access-date=2016-12-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|www.vikrambawa.com}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bawa, Vikram}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian fashion photographers]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Elphinstone College alumni]]

Gajna

2026-04-27T11:41:15Z

Wikimelo: new - done

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{One source|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gajna
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 704
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/253914-gajna-bihar.html|title=Census 2011, Gajna village Data}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gajna''' is a village in [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Population==
Gajna is a medium size village located in [[Nabinagar]] Block of [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district, [[Bihar]] with total 131 families residing. The Gajna village has [[Population (human biology)|population]] of 704 of which 344 are males while 360 are females as per Population Census 2011.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

In Gajna village population of children with age 0-6 is 120 which makes up 17.05% of total population of village. Average [[Sex ratio|Sex Ratio]] of Gajna village is 1047 which is higher than Bihar state average of 918. Child Sex Ratio for the Gajna as per census is 791, lower than Bihar average of 935.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Education==
Gajna village has lower [[literacy]] rate compared to Bihar. In 2011, literacy rate of Gajna village was 56.68% compared to 61.80% of Bihar. In Gajna Male literacy stands at 62.45% while female literacy rate was 51.47%.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==Work profile==
In Gajna village out of total population, 244 were engaged in work activities. A total of 8.61% of workers describe their work as Main Work ([[Employment]] or Earning more than six months) while 91.39% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than six months. Of 244 workers engaged in Main Work, 3 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 15 were [[Agriculture|Agricultural]] labourer.{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Villages in Aurangabad district, Bihar]]

{{AurangabadBihar-geo-stub}}

Gokak Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:41:55Z

Wikimelo: new - done

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka state, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Gokak
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 9
| map_image = 9-Gokak constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Ramesh Jarkiholi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2019
| district = [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Belagavi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Belagavi]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Ramesh jarkiholli, The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi during his departure from KSRPTC Helipad, in Belagavi, Karnataka (cropped).jpg
}}
'''Gokak Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 seats in [[Karnataka State Assembly]] in India. It is part of [[Belagavi Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Panchagavi Appana Ramappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[L. S. Naik]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || G. C. Tammanna
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Nail Laxman Siddappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | Muttennavar Mallappa Laxman || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Shankar Hanmant Karning || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Naik Chandrashekhar Sadashiva || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || rowspan="7" | [[Ramesh Jarkiholi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 By-election]] {{efn|Disqualified by the Hon'ble Speaker under the 10th Schedule of the Constitution with effect from 25/07/2019}} || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramesh Jarkiholi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 105,313 |percentage = 55.31% |change = {{increase}}6.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadadi Mahantesh Kallappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 79,901 |percentage = 41.97% |change = {{increase}}9.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,060 |percentage = 0.56% |change = {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 25,412 |percentage = 13.35% |change = {{decrease}}3.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 190,580 |percentage = 74.31% |change = {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 190,390}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 256,471 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.24 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}6.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Gokak <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramesh Jarkiholi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 87,450 |percentage = 49.29% |change = {{increase}}5.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Lakhan Laxmanarao Jarakiholi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 58,444 |percentage = 32.94% |change = {{decrease}}18.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Ningayyaswami Pujari |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 27,948 |percentage = 15.75% |change = {{increase}}14.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay Irappa Kurbett |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,420 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,153 |percentage = 0.65% |change = {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,006 |percentage = 16.35% |change = {{increase}}8.14 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 178,408 |percentage = 72.51% |change = {{increase}}0.66 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 177,409}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 246,034 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramesh Jarkiholi]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 90,249 |percentage = 51.87% |change = {{decrease}}2.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Ningayyaswami Pujari |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 75,969 |percentage = 43.67% |change = {{increase}}40.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,121 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kareppa Lakkappa Talawar |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,553 |percentage = 0.89% |change = {{decrease}}34.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Paravin Jabbar Tambule |party = All India Mahila Empowerment Party |votes = 1,477 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,280 |percentage = 8.21% |change = {{decrease}}11.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 174,167 |percentage = 71.85% |change = {{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 173,980}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 242,402 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.78 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramesh Jarkiholi]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 79,175 |percentage = 54.86% |change = {{increase}}18.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Ningayyaswami Pujari |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 51,170 |percentage = 35.45% |change = {{increase}}5.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Umesh Adiveppa Nirwani |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 4,366 |percentage = 3.03% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasudev Mahadevappa Savatikai |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 4,293 |percentage = 2.97% |change = {{decrease}}25.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Halappa Kallappa Vanagol |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,047 |percentage = 1.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimashi Jarkiholi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,831 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,005 |percentage = 19.40% |change = {{increase}}13.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 145,224 |percentage = 71.76% |change = {{increase}}2.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,327}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 202,371 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}18.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramesh Jarkiholi]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,989 |percentage = 36.10% |change = {{decrease}}19.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Ningayyaswami Pujari |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 37,229 |percentage = 29.87% |change = {{increase}}27.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimashi Laxmanrao Jarkiholi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 34,958 |percentage = 28.05% |change = {{decrease}}11.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrikant Adiveppa Modagi |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,734 |percentage = 2.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dastagirsab Mugudsab Pailwan |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,893 |percentage = 1.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. M. Khaji |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,240 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hatti Shivanand Murigeppa |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 973 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,760 |percentage = 6.23% |change = {{decrease}}9.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 124,773 |percentage = 69.16% |change = {{increase}}1.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,623}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,404 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}19.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramesh Jarkiholi]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 56,768 |percentage = 55.19% |change = {{decrease}}17.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muttennavar Mallappa Laxman |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 40,593 |percentage = 39.47% |change = {{increase}}28.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Guddakayu Shankar Tammanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,817 |percentage = 2.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basavaraj Rajgouda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,678 |percentage = 2.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,175 |percentage = 15.73% |change = {{decrease}}41.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,923 |percentage = 67.81% |change = {{decrease}}2.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 102,856}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,789 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ramesh Jarkiholi]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 72,888 |percentage = 72.60% |change = {{increase}}43.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Chandrashekhar Sadashiva |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 15,932 |percentage = 15.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muttennavar Mallappa Laxman |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,099 |percentage = 11.06% |change = {{decrease}}3.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 56,956 |percentage = 56.73% |change = {{increase}}41.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,725 |percentage = 70.77% |change = {{increase}}2.88 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,395}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,298 |percentage = 4.10% |change = {{increase}}1.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,988 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}27.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Naik Chandrashekhar Sadashiva |party = Janata Dal |votes = 37,891 |percentage = 44.64% |change = {{increase}}15.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karaning Shankar Hanamant |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,741 |percentage = 29.15% |change = {{decrease}}19.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Choti Siddappa Mallappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 12,227 |percentage = 14.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashok Bhimarayappa Patil |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 5,881 |percentage = 6.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yallappa Bhimappa Naik |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 3,949 |percentage = 4.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,150 |percentage = 15.49% |change = {{decrease}}3.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,208 |percentage = 67.89% |change = {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 84,887}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,312 |percentage = 2.65% |change = {{decrease}}2.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,464 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Hanmant Karning |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,781 |percentage = 48.46% |change = {{increase}}3.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muttennavar Mallappa Laxman |party = Janata Dal |votes = 22,723 |percentage = 29.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vadanaik Satteppa Gutteppa |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 12,772 |percentage = 16.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nayak Nayakanna Appanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,490 |percentage = 3.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhimgouda Malagouda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,922 |percentage = 2.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,058 |percentage = 19.32% |change = {{increase}}12.75 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,991 |percentage = 67.32% |change = {{decrease}}1.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 77,960}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,031 |percentage = 4.92% |change = {{increase}}3.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 121,801 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Muttennavar Mallappa Laxman |party = Janata Party |votes = 33,806 |percentage = 52.04% |change = {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jarkiholi Ramappa Laxman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,537 |percentage = 45.46% |change = {{increase}}1.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Rudrappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 583 |percentage = 0.90% |change = {{decrease}}3.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nayak Chintrappa Hanamatappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 450 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,269 |percentage = 6.57% |change = {{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,014 |percentage = 68.53% |change = {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,967}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,047 |percentage = 1.59% |change = {{decrease}}1.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,334 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.14 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Muttennavar Mallappa Laxman |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,258 |percentage = 49.72% |change = {{increase}}22.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Shiddappa Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,253 |percentage = 44.03% |change = {{increase}}33.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Rudrappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,082 |percentage = 3.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kattimani Chandappa Jampanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,025 |percentage = 1.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,005 |percentage = 5.69% |change = {{decrease}}28.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 54,484 |percentage = 63.99% |change = {{decrease}}2.52 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,815}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,669 |percentage = 3.06% |change = {{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,143 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}11.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nail Laxman Siddappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 31,447 |percentage = 61.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kattimani Chandappa Jampanna |party = Janata Party |votes = 13,980 |percentage = 27.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Guddakayu Chandrasekhar Tamanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,625 |percentage = 11.02% |change = {{decrease}}55.24 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,467 |percentage = 34.21% |change = {{decrease}}5.68 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,574 |percentage = 66.51% |change = {{increase}}1.24 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,052}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,522 |percentage = 2.89% |change = {{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,043 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. C. Tammanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,005 |percentage = 66.26% |change = {{increase}}10.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Patil |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 11,144 |percentage = 26.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. V. Basavanneppa |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,647 |percentage = 3.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Shiddappa Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,472 |percentage = 3.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,861 |percentage = 39.89% |change = {{increase}}6.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 43,471 |percentage = 65.27% |change = {{increase}}6.32 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,268}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,597 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[L. S. Naik]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,522 |percentage = 56.02% |change = {{decrease}}15.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. H. Karaning |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,144 |percentage = 22.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Mallgoud |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,990 |percentage = 19.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. C. Jampanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 620 |percentage = 1.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,378 |percentage = 33.18% |change = {{decrease}}9.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 34,330 |percentage = 58.95% |change = {{increase}}2.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,276}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,236 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.01 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Gokak <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Panchagavi Appana Ramappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,316 |percentage = 71.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mamdapur Basawantappa Balappa |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 9,042 |percentage = 28.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,274 |percentage = 42.33% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,358 |percentage = 56.54% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,358}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,460 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Belagavi District]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|16.16|74.82|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Giridih Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-18T14:05:49Z

Wikimelo: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Giridih {{Small|JH-6}}
| type = LS
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Jharkhand/Giridih.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Giridih Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1952
| mp = [[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]
| party = {{Party index link|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Chandraprakash Chaudhary 8909.JPG
| assembly_cons = [[Giridih (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Giridih]] [[Dumri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dumri]] [[Gomia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gomia]] [[Bermo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bermo]] [[Tundi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tundi]] [[Baghmara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baghmara]]
}}

'''Giridih Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 14 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Jharkhand]] state in eastern [[India]]. This constituency covers parts of [[Giridih district|Giridih]], [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]] and [[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]] districts.

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Giridih Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html |title=Parliamentary Constituency |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jharkhand website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226080317/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|32
|[[Giridih (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Giridih]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Giridih district|Giridih]]
|[[Sudivya Kumar|Sudivya Kumar Sonu]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|{{party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|-
|33
|[[Dumri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dumri]]
|[[Jairam Kumar Mahato]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha}}
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|-
|34
|[[Gomia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gomia]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
|[[Yogendra Prasad]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|35
|[[Bermo (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bermo]]
|[[Kumar Jaimangal]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|-
|42
|[[Tundi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tundi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Dhanbad district|Dhanbad]]
|[[Mathura Prasad Mahato]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|43
|[[Baghmara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baghmara]]
|[[Shatrughan Mahto]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Nageshwar Prasad Sinha]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Quazi S. A. Matin
|style="background-color: {{party color|Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party}}" |
|[[Chota Nagpur Santhal Parganas Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Bateshwar Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|Imteyaz Ahmad
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Chapalendu Bhattacharyyia]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Ramdas Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Bindeshwari Dubey]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Sarfaraz Ahmad
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Ramdas Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Binod Bihari Mahato]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]
|rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="3"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Tek Lal Mahto]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}" |
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan="2"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Giridih]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Giridih">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Giridih |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S276.htm |access-date=24 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724071423/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S276.htm |archive-date=24 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=All Jharkhand Students Union|candidate=[[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]]|votes=4,51,139|percentage=35.67|change={{decrease}}22.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mathura Prasad Mahato]]|party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|votes=3,70,259|percentage=29.27|change={{decrease}}6.86}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Jairam Kumar Mahato]]|party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha|votes=3,47,322|percentage=27.46|change=''New''}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes =6,044
|percentage = 0.48
|change ={{decrease}}1.30
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shivji Prasad|party=Right to Recall Party|votes=4,254|percentage=0.34|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 80,880 |percentage=6.39|change={{decrease}}16.05}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=12,65,546|percentage=67.79|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = All Jharkhand Students Union
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general election]]: [[Giridih]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All Jharkhand Students Union |candidate=[[Chandra Prakash Choudhary]] |votes=6,48,277 |percentage=58.57 |change={{increase}}52.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=[[Jagarnath Mahto]]|votes=3,99,930|percentage=36.13|change={{decrease}}0.12}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=19,708|percentage=1.78|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,48,347|percentage=22.44|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,07,150|percentage=67.12|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All Jharkhand Students Union
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Giridih]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]|votes=3,91,913|percentage=40.40|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=[[Jagarnath Mahto]]|votes=3,51,600|percentage=36.25|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|candidate=Saba Ahmad|votes=57,380|percentage=5.92 |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All Jharkhand Students Union|candidate=Umesh Chandra Mehta|votes=55,531|percentage=5.72|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=40,313|percentage=4.16|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,71,242|percentage=64.25|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Giridih]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]|votes=2,33,435|percentage=37.70|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=[[Tek Lal Mahto]]|votes=1,38,697|percentage=22.40|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|candidate=Saba Ahmad|votes=1,26,722|percentage=20.47|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=94,738|percentage=15.30|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=6,19,190|percentage=45.98|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general election]]: [[Giridih]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|candidate=[[Tek Lal Mahto]]|votes=3,50,255|percentage=49.03|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]|votes=2,00,461|percentage=28.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=Inderdeo Mahato|votes=81,722|percentage=11.44|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,49,794|percentage=20.94|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,14,378|percentage=54.42|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election]]: [[Giridih]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]|votes=2,48,454|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Rajendra Prasad Singh|votes=2,28,630|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Giridih district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/jharkhand/giridih/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Giridih lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Jharkhand}}
{{North Chotanagpur Division topics}}

{{coord|24.19|86.30|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Giridih district]]
[[Category:Bokaro district]]

Transport in Madurai

2026-04-09T20:31:02Z

Wikimelo: started a entry - done

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}

[[Madurai]] in Southern Tamil Nadu, India, has well-developed transport facilities. Modes of '''transport in Madurai''' include road, rail and air. Madurai faces increasing daily traffic problems, so master plans have been prepared to reduce the city traffic and traffic problems in suburbs.{{Example needed|date=March 2015}}
[[File:MADUAI ROAD MEDIAN (1).JPG|thumb|Mattuthavani High Road]]

== Road ==
Madurai is located in the southern part of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the third largest city in Tamil Nadu and connects the southern districts to northern districts in Tamil Nadu, and is one of the major transportation hubs in Tamil Nadu. The floating population is much heavier in the city . Most of the people from southern districts visit for medical, educational, marketing, cargo, shopping, tourism or official purposes. It is one of the important traffic circles in Tamil Nadu.

[[File:Mattuthavani Bus Terminus.JPG|thumb|M.G.R Bus Stand]]
There are 30,126 registered three-wheeled vehicles called auto rickshaws, which are commercially available for renting within the city.{{sfn|Regional Transport Office – Registered commercial vehicles in Tamil Nadu}} In addition to the government operated city buses that are used for public transport, there are 236 registered private mini-buses that support local transportation.{{sfn|Regional Transport Office – Registered commercial vehicles in Tamil Nadu}} Madurai connects with the following major national highways;

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Road !! No !! Route
|-
| National Highway || 7 || [[Kanyakumari]] - [[Tirunelveli]] - [[Madurai City]] - [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] - [[Bengaluru]] - [[Varanasi]]
|-
| National Highway || 45 B|| [[Thoothukudi]] - [[Madurai]] - [[Trichy]] - [[Viluppuram]] - Chennai (Grand southern Trunk Road)
|-
| National Highway || 49 || [[Rameswaram]] - [[Thirupuvanam, Thanjavur|Thiruppuvanam]] - [[Madurai]] - [[Kochi]]
|-
| National Highway || 85 || Thondi - [[Sivagangai]] - [[Madurai]] - [[Theni]] - [[Kochi]] (Point Highway)
|-
| National Highway || 208 || [[Madurai]] - [[Rajapalayam]] - [[Tenkasi]] - [[Sengottai]] - [[Kollam]]
|-
|}

[[File:Mattuthavani High Road.JPG|thumb|M.G.R Bus Stand High Road]]
The state highways passing through the city are SH-32, SH-33 and SH-72, which connect various parts of Madurai district.{{sfn|Highways Circle of Highways Department, Tamil Nadu}} Madurai is one of the seven circles of the Tamil Nadu State Highway network,{{sfn|Highways Circle of Highways Department, Tamil Nadu}} is the headquarters of the [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Madurai)]] and provides local and inter-city bus transport across four districts, namely Madurai, [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]], [[Theni district|Theni]], and [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]].{{sfn|Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Madurai) Limited|2011}} The Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Flyover, an 1.3 km long [[overpass]], was inaugurated in 2026 by the chief minister of Tamil Nadu, [[M. K. Stalin]], and aims to ease the traffic congestion at [[Goripalayam, Madurai|Goripalayam]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2026 |title=T.N. CM Stalin inaugurates main arm of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose flyover in Madurai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/tn-cm-stalin-inaugurates-main-arm-of-netaji-subash-chandra-bose-flyover-in-madurai/article70659484.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== City bus service ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}

Madurai city has the best city bus service second only to Chennai. The major city areas are connected by Madurai city bus service, operated by TNSTC (Madurai). Most of the buses, like Ashok leyland and TATA Marcopolo, are equipped with LED Displays and some of the Pseudo SLF buses are equipped with GPS which announce the bus stops for passengers. The city buses are available during day time, but some important areas have city bus services all day long (unlike other regions).

The [[Madurai Bus Rapid Transit System]] will plays a vital role in public transportation in the city of Madurai. It will increase the frequency of busses and reduces the travelling time.

Madurai city has major city bus stands and originating terminals such as;

* [[File:Periyar Bus Stand Frontside.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Periyar Bus stand]]Periyar bus stand Madurai Central
* Anna Nagar Bus Stand Madurai East
* Anuppanadi Bus Stand Madurai East
* K. Pudur Bus Stand Madurai North
* Palanganatham Bus stand Madurai South
* Thiruparakundram Bus Stand Madurai South
* Thirunagar Bus Stand Madurai South
* Thirumangalam Bus stand Madurai Suburb
* Melur Bus stand Madurai North East
* Parktown Bus stand Madurai North
* Vadipatti Bus stand Madurai West
* M.G Road Bus Stand Madurai North
* Anaiyur Bus Stand Madurai North
* Vandiyur Bus Stand Madurai South
* Peraiyur Bus stand Madurai Suburb
* T. Kallupatti Bus stand Madurai Suburb
*Usilampatti Bus stand Madurai Suburb
*Elumalai Bus stand Madurai Suburb
*Thiruppalai Bus stand Madurai North
*Alanganallur Bus stand Madurai Suburb
*Palamedu Bus stand Madurai Suburb
*Azhagar kovil Bus stand Madurai North
*Sholavandan Bus stand Madurai Suburb
* Kottambatti Bus stand Madurai Suburb
* MGR Bus Stand (Mattuthavani) Madurai North
* Arappalayam Bus stand Madurai North
* Ellis Nagar Bus stand Madurai North
* Madurai International Airport Bus Stand Madurai South

=== Mofussil Bus service ===

Madurai has two important mofussil bus terminus;

* [[M.G.R Bus Stand]][[File:MIBT.jpg|thumb|M.G.R Bus Stand]]
* [[Arappalayam Bus Terminus]]

====M.G.R Bus Stand====
M.G.R Bus Stand is an ISO 9001:2000 certified integrated mofussil bus stand in the city of Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India and it is the second largest bus terminus in Tamil Nadu. It is the second busiest mofussil bus terminus in Tamil Nadu after CMBT. The bus station was built at the cost of R100 million.[1] After the successful launch of this new bus stand, more mofussil buses are being operated to the southern districts of [[Tirunelveli]], [[Thoothukudi]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Sivaganga]] and Northern districts like [[Chennai]], [[Vellore]], [[Trichy]], [[Viluppuram]], [[Perambalur]], [[Pudukkottai]], [[Kumbakonam]] [[Thanjavur]], [[Tiruvarur]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Tiruvannamalai]] from the station.

[[File:Mattuthavani Bus Stand.JPG|thumb|M.G.R Bus Stand Entrance]]
[[File:Mattuthavani Bus Terminus.JPG|thumb|M.G.R Bus Stand]]
[[File:Mattuthavani 3 rd platform.JPG|thumb|M.G.R Bus Stand 2nd & 3rd Platform]]

{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Platform!!Bus Route
|-
|1|| [[Chennai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Mysuru]], [[Tirupati]], [[Kochi]], [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and other interstate buses (SETC)
|-
|2|| [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[Cuddalore]], [[Tiruvannamalai]], [[Viluppuram]], [[Ariyalur]], [[Perambalur]], [[Vellore]], [[Neyveli Thermal Power Station|Neyveli TS]], [[Natham]]
|-
|3|| [[Sivagangai]], [[Thanjavur]], [[Kumbakonam]], [[Mayiladuthurai]], [[Nagapattinam]], [[Vedaranyam]], [[Tiruvarur]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Pudukottai]], Karnataka state buses
|-
|4|| [[Karaikudi]], [[Devakottai]], [[Aranthangi]], [[Pattukottai]], [[Ponnamaravathi]], [[Melur]]
|-
|5|| [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Rameshwaram]], [[Paramakudi]], [[Kamuthi]], [[Kilakarai]], Kerala state buses
|-
|6|| [[Rajapalayam]], [[Tenkasi]], [[Srivilliputhur]], [[Sankarankoil]], [[Sengottai]], [[Papanasam]], [[Kadayanallur]]
|-
|7|| [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tiruchendur]], [[Aruppukkottai]], [[Sivakasi]], [[Sattur]], [[Virudhunagar]], [[Vilathikulam]]
|-
|8|| [[Tirunelveli]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Nagercoil]], [[Kovilpatti]], [[Nanguneri]], [[Valliyur]]
|}

==== Aarapalayam bus Terminus ====

This is another important bus stand in Madurai. Some of the city buses operating here are Coimbatore region and Salem region. The cities like [[Dindigul]], [[Theni]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Tirupur]], [[Erode]], [[Ooty]], [[Palani]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Oddanchatram]], [[Karur]], [[Dharmapuri]], [[Hosur]], [[Kodaikanal]] and [[Pollachi]].

In Arapalayam Bus Terminus there are 10 tracks are used to handle the mofussil buses

Upcoming: Because the size of a bus Terminus and located inside the city & increase in number of bus ply, this Bus Terminus always seems congested. So City corporation is planned to set up BUS PORT near upcoming AIIMS .In future Arapalayam Bus Terminus is moved out of city to decongest the city traffic.
{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Track!!Bus Route
|-
|1|| [[Periyakulam]], [[Batlagundu]], [[Kodaikanal]]
|-
|2|| [[Theni]], [[Bodinayakkanur]], [[Usilampatti]], [[Elumalai]], [[Nilakkottai|Nilakottai]] via [[Sholavandan]].
|-
|3||[[Cumbum, Tamil Nadu|Cumbum]], [[Kumily]], [[Thevaram]], [[Uthamapalayam]], [[Thekkadi]], [[Theni]]
|-
|4|| Bit line ( Free Pass )
|-
|5|| [[Erode]], [[Sathyamangalam]]
|-
|6|| [[Dindigul]]
|-
|7|| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Dharmapuri]], [[Karur]], [[Namakkal]], [[krishnagiri]], [[Hosur]]
|-
|8|| [[Oddanchatram]], [[Palani]], [[Pollachi]], [[Udumalaipettai]], [[Coimbatore]] ([[Ukkadam]])
|-
|9|| [[Oddanchatram]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Mettupalayam, Coimbatore|Mettupalayam]], [[Ooty]]
|-
|10|| [[Oddanchatram]], [[Tirupur]], [[Gobichettipalayam]]
|}

== Rail ==

[[Madurai Junction railway station]] is one of the major railway junctions in south India and the headquarters of [[Madurai railway division]]. It is well connected with all major cities in India. Madurai division is the second largest by revenue in Southern Railway. It is one of the A1 graded stations in the Southern Railway (railway stations which earn of Rs. 50Cr p.a will get an A1 Grade). Madurai has two terminals:

* Madurai Junction Railway Station (Passenger Handling)
* Kudal Nagar Railway Station (Goods Handling)

[[Image:Madurai Rly Station.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Madurai Junction]], the main railway station of Madurai|alt=Building having a portico and pillared halls]]
Madurai Junction is an important railway junction in southern Tamil Nadu and constitutes a separate division of the [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]].{{sfn|Southern Railway Madurai division}} It is the second largest revenue division in Southern railway next to the Chennai division. There are direct trains from Madurai connecting important cities in India like [[Chennai]], [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]], [[Jaipur]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Trivandrum]], [[Mysuru]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Kollam]], [[Kanyakumari]], [[Trichy]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[Rameswaram]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Kolkata]], [[Nagpur]], and [[Bhopal]].{{sfn|Train Running Information}} The state government announced a [[Mono rail|monorail]] project for Madurai in 2011 named as [[Madurai Monorail]], which is in its planning stages.{{sfn|''ibnlive''|6 June 2011}}

=== Railway lines in Madurai Junction ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Line No.
!Towards
!Passing through Station
!Type / Track
|-
|1
|Chennai Egmore
|Dindigul Junction, Trichirappalli Junction
|Broad, Electrified - Double Track
|-
|2
|Kanyakumari
|Virdhunagar Junction, Tirunelveli Junction
|Broad, Electrified - Double Track
|-
|3
|Rameswaram
|Manamadurai Junction, Ramanathapuram
|Broad,Electrified-Single Track
|-
|4
|Bodinayakannur
|Usilampatti, Theni
|Broad,Electrified- Single Track
|-
|5
|Thoothukudi
|Arupukottai
|Broad - Under Survey ( Proposed )
|-
|6
|Karaikudi
|Melur, Thirupathur
|Broad - Under survey ( Proposed )
|}

===Suburban railway stations in Madurai===
[[File:MADURAI JUNCTION NAME BOARD.JPG|thumb|[[File:MADURAI JUNCTION BOARD.jpg|thumb]]Madurai Junction Name Board]]
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Sl No.
!Station Name
!Station Code
|-
|1
|Kudalnagar
|KON
|-
|2
||Samayanallur
|SER
|-
|3
|Thirupparakundram
|TDN
|-
|4
|[[Tirumangalam, Madurai|Thirumangalam]]
|TMQ
|-
|5
|Madurai East
|MES
|-
|6
||Silaimaan
|ILA
|-
|7
|Vadapalanji
|VAJ
|-
|8
|Keelakyuilkudi
|KKY
|-
|9
|Sholavandhan
|SDN
|}

== Air ==
[[File:Madurai Airport 1, Sep 2016.jpg|thumb|[[File:MaduraiAirport.JPG|thumb]]A view of the Madurai International Airport]]
[[Madurai International Airport]] (IATA: IXM, ICAO: VOMD) is an international airport serving [[Madurai]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The airport is located about 12 km (7.5 mi) from the Madurai railway station. The airport was established in 1956 and is one of the most important airports in Tamil Nadu. It offers domestic flight services to major cities in India and international flights to [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] began on 20 September 2012.{{sfn|''The Hindu''|29 August 2012}} Now, it also offers services to [[Dubai]] and [[Singapore]]. [[Air India Express]], [[IndiGo]], [[Air India]] and [[SpiceJet]] operate from the airport.{{sfn|Airports Authority of India – Madurai Airport}} The airport handled 520,000 passengers between April 2011 and March 2012.{{sfn|Air traffic statistics}}{{sfn|International Air traffic movement}}{{sfn|International Air freight movement}}

===Terminals===
The airport has two adjacent terminals. Currently the integrated terminal is being used for both international and domestic purposes. The [[Airports Authority of India]] is planning to convert the old terminal into a cargo complex.<ref name=autogenerated4>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131030003706/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-20/madurai/31214142_1_madurai-airport-immigration-counters-aai Land acquisition for Madurai airport soon – Times Of India]</ref>

====Passenger terminal====

As the part of modernising 35 non-metropolitan airports, AAI constructed a state-of-art new integrated passenger terminal adjacent to the old terminal. The {{INRConvert|1.29|b}} new integrated passenger terminal building was inaugurated on 12 September 2010. A total of {{convert|610|acres|abbr=on}} of land is under acquisition for the expansion of the runway to {{convert|12500|ft|abbr=on}} to accommodate large jet aircraft.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article740150.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=New airport terminal to boost industrial growth | date=21 September 2010}}</ref> This terminal with an area of {{convert|17560|m2|abbr=on}} can handle a passenger capacity of 250 each on arrival and departure.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120402175622/http://www.aai.aero/misc/AAI_Update_PDF_file_august2011.pdf AAI Magazine] pg 13</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/madurai_TI.jsp |title=Airports Authority of India |publisher=Aai.aero |date=6 January 2011 |accessdate=29 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220105807/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/madurai_TI.jsp |archivedate=20 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The airport parking area has the capacity to park 375 cars and 10 buses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/south/legislators-tour-operators-demand-international-flights-from-madurai-203867 |title=Legislators, tour operators demand international flights from Madurai |publisher=NDTV.com |date=29 April 2012 |accessdate=25 July 2012}}</ref> Some of the features of the new terminal include:<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/madurai_TI.jsp Airports Authority of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130220105807/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/madurai_TI.jsp |date=20 February 2013 }}</ref>

*16 Check-in counters
*12 Immigration counters
*1 Security counter
*5 customs counters
*3 Conveyor belts ({{convert|47|m|abbr=on}} each)
*2 X-ray scanners for baggage
*105 CISF strength
*Total aircraft stands = 7
**1 B767-400
**1 A310-300
**3 B737-800W/A320-200
**2 ATR 72–500.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

The new terminal has two lounges, a VIP lounge managed by AAI and the Commercial Important persons (CIP) lounge managed by TNCC-Madurai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article2825276.ece |title=Cities / Madurai : CIP lounge taken on lease |work=The Hindu|date=23 January 2012 |accessdate=29 January 2012}}</ref>

====Cargo terminal====
Considering the growing cargo potential in [[Madurai International Airport]], AAI has decided to modify the old terminal into a full-fledged cargo complex.<ref name=autogenerated4 /> To start with, the union finance ministry has issued customs notifications dated 28 May 2013 regarding the handling of cargo at the [[Madurai International Airport]].

==== Airlines and destinations ====
{{Airport-dest-list
|[[Air India]]| [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]
|[[Air India Express]]|[[Singapore Changi Airport|Singapore]]
|[[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]] | [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]]
|[[IndiGo]]| [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru]], [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Hyderabad]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]
|[[SpiceJet]]|[[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]], [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai-International]], [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Mumbai]]
|[[SriLankan Airlines]]| [[Bandaranaike International Airport|Colombo–Bandaranaike]]
}}

== See also ==
* [[Madurai Monorail]]
* [[Madurai International Airport]]
* [[Madurai Junction]]
* [[Transport in Chennai]]
* [[Transport in India]]
* [[Mattuthavani]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Clear}}
{{Transport in India}}

[[Category:Transport in Madurai| ]]
[[Category:Transport in Tamil Nadu by city|Madurai]]

Mask Art of Assam

2026-04-01T06:53:14Z

Wikimelo:

{{Short description|Ancient folk art of Assam}}
[[File:Mukha_xilpa2.jpg|thumb|Mukh mukha as worn by an actor]]
'''Mask art of Assam''' is a tradition that has existed in [[Assam]] for centuries. It developed in response to [[Ekasarana Dharma|Neo-Vaishnavism]], initiated by Srimanta [[Sankardev|Sankardeva]] in the 15th century. These masks were created for use in [[Bhaona]]s (traditional drama of Assam). The art of mask-making was prevalent in [[Satra|Satras]]; currently, the ''Samaguri Satra'' is world-famous for its mask crafts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mask Making Tradition of Assam |url=https://blog.mygov.in/mask-making-tradition-of-assam/ |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=blog.mygov.in}}</ref>

[[File:Mask_in_the_Indian_Museum,_Kolkata_15.jpg|thumb|Su-Mukha of a demoness]]
These masks, or ''mukha'', are of various kinds, such as ''mukh mukha'' (mask covering the face), ''bor mukha'' (mask and costume covering the whole body), and ''suti su mukha'' (smaller than ''bor mukha'' but more compact). They are made of biodegradable materials such as bamboo, cane, potter's clay (''kumar mati''), cow dung, jute fibre, paper, cloth, etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditional Mask Making Culture of Majuli |url=http://indianculture.gov.in/snippets/traditional-mask-making-culture-majuli |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=INDIAN CULTURE |language=en}}</ref> It usually takes between 10 and 15 days to make one mask. Traditionally, [[Hangool and haital|hengul and haital]] were used for colouring the masks, but due to the unavailability of those materials, watercolours and chemical dyes are now also used.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-19 |title=Colourful masks of Assam |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/313280/colourful-masks-assam.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A world of masks in Assam’s Majuli island |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/a-world-of-masks-in-assams-majuli-island-177376 |website=The Tribune}}</ref> Until recent decades, the masks were stiff and did not allow the actor to portray facial expressions, but innovations introduced by [[Padma Shri]] recipient [[Hem Chandra Goswami (artist)|Dr. Hem Chandra Goswami]] have changed this. Despite its cultural significance, the art is not widely embraced. It is prevalent primarily in [[Upper Assam division|Upper Assam]], particularly on [[Majuli|Majuli island]], and has survived in several [[Satras]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mask-Making Tradition of Assam |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/mask-making-tradition-assam-0 |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref>

In recognition of its increasing prominence both within India and internationally, the Indian government awarded a [[Geographical indication|Geographical Indication]] (GI) tag to the art of mask-making in Majuli on 4 March 2024, along with Majuli's traditional manuscript painting practice.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=GI tag for Majuli masks of Assam: History, cultural significance of the centuries-old art form |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/gi-tag-for-majuli-masks-history-cultural-significance-9197633/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal |last1=Bordoloi |first1=Saswati D |title=‘Mukha’: The Mask Tradition of Assam-with Special Reference to Samaguri Sattra |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356606434_'Mukha'_The_Mask_Tradition_of_Assam-with_Special_Reference_to_Samaguri_Sattra |journal=Cultural Syndrome |pages=20–34}}
* {{cite book |last1=Vaidhya |first1=Ranjan Kumar |title=Art Approaches Of Majuli An Analytical Study of Illustrated Manuscripts, Mask Making and Wood Carvings |date=2009 |page=173–192}}

[[Category:Culture of Assam]]

Malaysian Islamic Party

2026-03-27T17:38:33Z

Wikimelo: fixed section

{{Short description|Islamist political party}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Malaysian Islamic Party
| native_name_lang = ms
| lang1 = Malay
| name_lang1 = {{lang|ms|Parti Islam Se-Malaysia}}
| logo = PAS logo.svg
| president = [[Abdul Hadi Awang]]
| secretary_general = [[Takiyuddin Hassan]]
| spokesperson = [[Ahmad Fadhli Shaari]]
| founder = [[:ms:Ahmad Fuad Hassan|Ahmad Fuad Hassan]]
| foundation = 24 November 1951 (as Pan-Malayan Islamic Union)
| membership = 1,005,700 (2022)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://harakahdaily.net/index.php/2022/09/04/ahli-pas-berjumlah-1005700-sehingga-ogos-lalu/|title=Ahli PAS berjumlah 1,005,700 sehingga Ogos lalu|publisher=[[Harakah Daily]]|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>
| ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap|
| [[Islamism]]
| [[Pan-Islamism]]
| [[Islamic conservatism]]
| [[Ketuanan Melayu]]
| [[Islamic nationalism]]<ref name=J/>
| [[Islamic fundamentalism]]
| [[Right-wing populism]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fulcrum.sg/the-ulama-leadership-model-of-the-islamic-party-of-malaysia-pas-perspectives-of-key-leaders/|language=ms |title=The Ulama Leadership Model of the Islamic Party of Malaysia (PAS): Perspectives of Key Leaders |date=23 December 2024 }}</ref>
| [[Anti-Zionism]]
| [[Anti-communism]]
}}
| headquarters = No. 318-A, Jalan Raja Laut, 50350 [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]]
| international = [[Muslim Brotherhood]]{{sfn|Müller|2014|p=2}}<ref name="PAS President 2014"/>
| country = Malaysia
| abbreviation = PAS
| leader1_title = Spiritual Leader
| leader1_name = [[Hashim Jasin]]
| leader2_title = Deputy President and Vice Presidents
| leader2_name = [[Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man]] <hr> [[Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar]] [[Mohd Amar Abdullah]] [[Idris Ahmad (Perak politician)|Idris Ahmad]]
| leader3_title = Dewan Ulamak Chief
| leader3_name = [[Ahmad Yahaya]]
| leader4_title = Dewan Muslimat Chief
| leader4_name = [[Nuridah Mohd Salleh]]
| leader5_title = Dewan Pemuda Chief
| leader5_name = [[Afnan Hamimi Taib Azamudden]]
| slogan = ''Istiqamah Sehingga Kemenangan'' ''Islam Memimpin''
| legalised = 31 May 1955 (as Pan-Malayan Islamic Party)
| split = [[United Malays National Organisation]] (UMNO)
| newspaper = [[Harakah (newspaper)|Harakah]]
| think_tank = [http://ppp.parti-pas.org/ Pusat Penyelidikan PAS Pusat]
| youth_wing = [http://www.pas.org.my/dewan/dewan-pemuda Dewan Pemuda PAS]
| wing1_title = [[Women's wing]]
| wing1 = [http://www.pas.org.my/dewan/dewan-muslimat Dewan Muslimat PAS]
| wing2_title = Cleric wing
| wing2 = [http://www.pas.org.my/dewan/dewan-ulamak Dewan Ulamak PAS]
| wing3_title = Non-Muslim wing
| wing3 = [https://pas.org.my/dewan/dhpp Dewan Himpunan Penyokong PAS]
| wing4_title = [[Student wing]]
| wing4 = [https://www.facebook.com/SiswaPASOfficial/ Siswa PAS]
| position = [[Far-right politics|Far-right]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| national = [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] (1971–1973) [[Barisan Nasional]] (1973–1978) [[Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah]] (1990–1996) [[Barisan Alternatif]] (1998–2004) [[Barisan Rakyat]] (2004-2008) [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (2008–2015) [[Gagasan Sejahtera]] (2016–2020) [[Muafakat Nasional]] (2019–2022) [[Perikatan Nasional]] (since 2020) [[Ikatan Prihatin Rakyat]] (since 2025)
| colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party}}|border=darkgray}} Green and White
| colorcode = Green
| anthem = ''Bersatulah''
| seats1_title = [[Dewan Negara]]:
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|4|70|hex=Green}}
| seats2_title = [[Dewan Rakyat]]:
| seats2 = {{Composition bar|43|222|hex=Green}}
| seats3_title = [[Dewan Undangan Negeri]]:
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|148|611|hex=Green}}
| seats4_title = [[Chief ministers in Malaysia|Chief minister of states]]
| seats4 = {{composition bar|4|13|hex={{party color|Malaysian Islamic Party}}}}
| symbol = [[File:Logo Perikatan Nasional.svg|130px]] {{small|except PAS Kelantan and Terengganu}} [[File:PAS logo.svg|border|130px]] {{small|PAS Kelantan and Terengganu only}}
| flag = [[File:PAS Flag.svg|border|130px]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.pas.org.my/}}
| footnotes =
}}
{{Politics of Malaysia}}

The '''Malaysian Islamic Party''', also known as the '''Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party''' ({{langx|ms|Parti Islam Se-Malaysia}}, '''PAS'''), is an [[Islamist]] [[political party]] in [[Malaysia]]. Ideologically focused on [[Islamic fundamentalism]]<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Perlembagaan PAS – #MalaysiaSejahtera |url=https://pas.org.my/perlembagaan-pas/ |access-date=2022-11-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Ketuanan Melayu|Malay dominance]],<ref name="J" /> PAS's electoral base is largely centered around [[Peninsular Malaysia]]'s rural northern and east coast regions particularly the states of [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]], [[Perlis]], and [[Kedah]]. They also gained significant support in the rural areas of [[Perak]] and [[Pahang]] in the [[2022 Malaysian general election|2022 general election]] and the [[2023 Malaysian state elections|2023 state elections]], which was dubbed the "[[Green Wave (Malaysia)|Green Wave]]".

The party is a founding and principal component of the then governing [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) coalition which came to power amid the [[2020–21 Malaysian political crisis]]. The party governs either solely or as coalition partners in the states of [[Kelantan]], [[Terengganu]], [[Kedah]] and [[Perlis]]. In the past, it was a coalition partner in the state governments of [[Penang]] and [[Selangor]] as part of the federal opposition between 2008 and 2018.

Since the 2022 general election, the party holds 43 of the 222 seats in the federal [[Dewan Rakyat]], being the largest individual party, and has elected parliamentarians or state assembly members in 11 of the country's 13 states. Internationally, PAS is affiliated with the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].{{sfn|Müller|2014|p=2}}

== History ==
=== Origins ===
The post-World War II period, while Malaya was still under British colonial rule, saw the emergence of the country's first formal Islamic political movements. The [[Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya|Malay Nationalist Party]] (MNP), a left-wing nationalist organisation, was formed in October 1945 and led by [[Burhanuddin al-Helmy]], who would later become the third president of PAS. Out of the MNP arose the Pan Malayan Supreme Islamic Council (''Majlis Agama Tertinggi Sa-Malaya'' or MATA) in 1947, and MATA in turn formed the party [[Hizbul Muslimin]] (''Muslim People's Party of Malaya'') in 1948. The central aim of Hizbul Muslimin was the establishment of an independent Malaya as an Islamic state.<ref>{{Harvnb|Funston|1976|pp=64–66}}</ref> However, the party did not live beyond 1948. The [[Malayan Emergency]] of that year, while a British–Communist dispute, saw the colonial administration arrest a number of the party's leaders, and the nascent group disbanded. Nevertheless, the party served as a forerunner to PAS, supplying both the ideology upon which PAS was formed and some of PAS's key leaders in its early years.<ref>{{Harvnb|Funston|1976|p=67}}</ref>

=== Party formation ===
[[File:Logo lama PAS.png|150px|thumb|the old PAS logo before it was banned by The Registry of Societies Malaysia (ROS) in 1971]]
PAS was founded on 24 November 1951, as the ''Persatuan Islam Sa-Malaya'' (Pan Malayan Islamic Union) at a meeting in [[Butterworth, Penang]]. Shortly after it was renamed ''Persatuan Islam sa-Tanah Melayu'' (''Tanah Melayu'' means "Land of the Malays" and was used instead of Malaya as "Malaya" had colonial connotations).<ref>{{Harvnb|Funston|1976|pp=69–70}}</ref><ref name="akuantanharaki"/> In English, it became known as the Pan Malayan Islamic Party (PMIP) before the [[1955 Malayan general election|1955 election]] as the registrar of society required it to incorporate the word "party" into its name.{{sfn|Liow|2009|p=25}} Its acronym PAS, originally used in Malay but became more widely adopted in the 1970s, is based the written form in [[Jawi script|Jawi]] (ڤاس).<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_KfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT63|title=The End of Umno? Essays on Malaysia's Former Dominant Party|first=Bridget |last=Welsh |date=2022 |publisher=Strategic Information and Research Development Centre |isbn=9789672464716}}</ref>

The formation of the party was the culmination of a growing desire among Muslim clerics within the [[United Malays National Organisation]] to formalise a discrete Islamic political organisation. However, the lines between UMNO and the new party were initially blurred. PAS allowed dual membership of both parties, and many of its early senior leaders were also UMNO members. The party's first president was [[:ms:Ahmad Fuad Hassan|Ahmad Fuad Hassan]], an UMNO cleric. He lasted in the position only until 1953, when he fell out of favour with the party, which was now developing a more distinct identity, and returned to the UMNO fold. Fuad's departure coincided with the end of dual membership.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=36–43}}</ref> The party turned to [[:ms:Abbas Alias|Abbas Alias]], a Western-educated medical doctor, as its second president, although he did not play an active role in the party and was little more than a nominal figurehead.<ref>{{Harvnb|Funston|1976|p=72}}</ref>

The party's first electoral test was the pre-independence [[1955 Malayan general election|1955 election]] to the [[Federal Legislative Council]], the body that preceded the national parliament. 52 single-member seats were up for election; PAS fielded 11 candidates. Hampered by a lack of funds and party organisation, PAS succeeded in having only one candidate elected: [[Ahmad Tuan Hussein]], a teacher at an Islamic school in [[Kerian]], [[Perak]]. He was the only opposition member of the council; the other 51 seats were won by members of the [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] coalition between UMNO, the [[Malayan Chinese Association|Malaysian Chinese Association]] and the [[Malayan Indian Congress|Malaysian Indian Congress]]. PAS' performance in the election weakened its hand in negotiations with the British over the terms of Malayan independence. Its advocacy for the protection of Malay and Muslim rights, including the recognition of Islam as the country's official religion, was ignored. Alias stepped down from the presidency in 1956, handing it voluntarily to the radical nationalist [[Burhanuddin al-Helmy]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=44–46}}</ref> This change exemplified a broader trend among PAS's leadership in the late 1950s: the party's upper echelons gradually became filled with nationalists and long-time UMNO opponents, replacing the UMNO clerics who had initially led the party.<ref>{{Harvnb|Funston|1976|p=73}}</ref>

=== Left-wing Islamism ===
Burhanuddin al-Helmy, a prominent anti-colonialist, steered PAS in a socialist and nationalist direction and set about strengthening the party's internal structure and geographic reach. In the [[1959 Malayan general election|1959 election]], Malaya's first since independence, the party's focus on rural constituencies, especially in the north, paid off. Thirteen PAS candidates were elected to the 104-member [[Dewan Rakyat|House of Representatives]], and the party took control of the legislative assemblies of the northern states of [[Kelantan]] and [[Terengganu]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=47–56}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Liow|2009|p=27}}</ref>

However, Burhanuddin's leftist [[pan-Islamism]], under which PAS sought greater ties between the Muslim peoples of Malaya and the Indonesian archipelago, soon led the party into a [[Wedge issue|wedge]]. The [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]] of 1963–66 turned popular Malayan opinion against Indonesia. PAS's attacks on [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]]'s Alliance government for seeking Western assistance during the confrontation, and the party's continued support for Southeast Asian pan-Islamism, led to a loss of support in the [[1964 Malaysian general election|1964 election]]. The party's parliamentary cohort was reduced to nine.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=56–59}}</ref> The party became further marginalised the following year, when Burhanuddin was detained without trial under the [[Internal Security Act (Malaysia)|Internal Security Act]] on allegations that he had collaborated with Indonesia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|p=60}}</ref>

Political circumstances in the country had changed by the [[1969 Malaysian general election|1969 election]]. The ''Konfrontasi'' had ended, Burhanuddin had been released from custody but was too ill to campaign actively, and the Alliance coalition was suffering from internal division as well as unpopularity. PAS' vote rose to over 20 percent of the national electorate, netting the party 12 seats in Parliament.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|p=62}}</ref> However, the parliament would not convene until 1971 as the [[13 May Incident|13 May race riots]] resulted in the declaration of a state of emergency. The country would be run by a [[National Operations Council]] for the following two years. In the meantime, Burhanuddin died in October 1969 and was replaced as PAS' president by his deputy, [[Asri Muda]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|p=63}}</ref>

=== Pivot to Malay nationalism ===
Asri came to the presidency having been PAS's de facto leader during Burhanuddin's long illness.<ref name="Chin Tong 2007">{{Harvnb|Chin Tong|2007}}</ref> But this did not mean a seamless transition for the party. While Burhanuddin had been sympathetic to left-wing causes and parties in Malaysia, Asri was first and foremost a Malay nationalist, and was hostile to leftist politics. One of his first acts as President of PAS was to part ways with the party's opposition allies on the left, such as the [[Parti Rakyat Malaysia|Malaysian People's Party]]. Ideologically, Asri's presidency would see the party shift markedly away from the pan-Islamism of Burhanuddin. The party became principally concerned with the protection and advancement of the rights of ethnic Malays.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=67–70}}</ref> The party's activities also became solely focused on party politics, as reflected in the change of its Malay name in 1972 from the "Persatuan Islam sa-Tanah Melayu " (Pan-Tanah Melayu Islamic Association) to the "Parti Islam Se-Malaysia" (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, but commonly referred to as Parti Islam, or PAS).<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|p=78}}</ref><ref name="akuantanharaki">{{cite web |url=https://www.akauntanharaki.com/2016/07/29-julai-1972-persatuan-islam-se-tanah.html |title=29 Julai 1972 : Persatuan Islam Se-Tanah Melayu Menukar Namanya Kepada Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS) |work= akauntanharaki.com}}</ref>

However, Asri's most radical change was still to come. In January 1972, he announced that PAS would be joining the Alliance coalition (which would soon rebrand itself as [[Barisan Nasional]]) as a junior partner to its main rival UMNO. The move was controversial within PAS, and some of its members and senior leaders either left the party or were purged by Asri. Asri's principal justification for joining UMNO in a coalition government was that after the 1969 race riots, Malay unity was paramount, and that this required a partnership between the country's two ethnic-Malay political parties. Asri himself was given a ministerial position in the cabinet of prime minister [[Abdul Razak Hussein]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=82–84}}</ref>

The [[1974 Malaysian general election|1974 election]] saw PAS competing under the Barisan Nasional banner for the first and only time. The party won 14 parliamentary seats to UMNO's 62, cementing PAS's position as the junior of the coalition partners. PAS also found itself governing in coalition in Kelantan, which it had previously governed in its own right. PAS's vote in its northern strongholds was weakened by a loss of support to both its former opposition allies and renegade PAS candidates running on anti-Barisan Nasional tickets.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=88–89}}</ref> Ultimately, it was Kelantan, Asri's home state and the base of political power, that would trigger the downfall of the UMNO–PAS partnership. After a conflict between Asri and the UMNO-favoured chief minister of the state, [[Mohamed Nasir]], over investigations that Nasir initiated into Asri's financial dealings, Asri mobilised the PAS members of the [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]] to move a no-confidence motion against Nasir. The UMNO assemblymen staged a walk-out, abandoning Asri, driving an irreparable wedge through the coalition and causing a [[1977 Kelantan Emergency|political crisis in the state]]. The federal government declared an emergency in the state, allowing it to take control. Asri withdrew PAS from Barisan Nasional in December 1977.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=92–94}}</ref>

The [[1978 Malaysian general election|1978 election]] underscored how disastrous PAS's foray into the Barisan Nasional had been. The party was reduced to five parliamentary seats and, in separate state-level elections in Kelantan, was routed by UMNO and the [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front]] (BERJASA), which Nasir had founded after leaving PAS. The party's fortunes in the Kelantan election were not helped by a ban on public election rallies; while the Barisan Nasional was able to campaign through a compliant mass media, public talks were the principal way in which PAS could reach voters.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sundaram & Ahmad|1988|p=850}}</ref> PAS fared little better in the [[1982 Malaysian general election|1982 election]]. In the face of a new prime minister, [[Mahathir Mohamad]], and the decision of the popular Islamist youth leader [[Anwar Ibrahim]] to join UMNO instead of PAS, the party was unable to improve on its five parliamentary seats and failed to regain government in Kelantan. Meanwhile, the 1978 to 1982 period coincided with the rise of a new generation of leaders within the party, including foreign-educated Muslim clerics (or "[[ulama]]") such as [[Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]] and [[Abdul Hadi Awang]]. This group sought to reorient PAS as an Islamist party and were fundamentally hostile to UMNO, whose Malay nationalist focus they saw to be at the expense of Islam.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=95–106}}</ref> In 1980 the group succeeded in electing [[Yusof Rawa]] to the deputy presidency of the party, ousting the Asri loyalist Abu Bakar Omar.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sundaram & Ahmad|1988|p=852}}</ref> By the time of PAS's 1982 assembly, it was clear to Asri that the ulama faction had the numbers to defeat him. He resigned on the floor of the assembly, and subsequently attacked the party through the media, leading to his expulsion and the formation of splinter party, [[Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia]] (HAMIM) by Asri in 1983.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.utusan.com.my/rencana/utama/nasib-parti-parti-serpihan-1.107845|title=Nasib Parti-parti Serpihan|author=Samsul Adabi Mamat|date=28 Jun 2015|language=ms|work=[[Utusan Malaysia]]|access-date=10 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510142604/http://www.utusan.com.my/rencana/utama/nasib-parti-parti-serpihan-1.107845|archive-date=10 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> The following year, in 1983, Yusof was elevated to the presidency, unopposed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=107–110}}</ref>

=== Ulama takeover ===
The ulama who took over PAS in 1982 drew from the 1979 [[Iranian revolution]] for inspiration in establishing an Islamic state; Yusof Rawa himself had served as Malaysia's Ambassador to Iran in the years preceding the revolution. Yusof openly rejected the Malay nationalism that characterised both UMNO and PAS under Asri Muda, considering it a narrow and ignorant philosophy that was contrary to the concept of a Muslim [[ummah]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=121–123}}</ref> As if to exemplify the shift in the party's ideological outlook under Yusof and his ulama colleagues, the party's new leaders adopted a more conservative and religious form of dress, abandoning Malay and western clothing for traditional Arab religious garb.<ref>{{Harvnb|Hooker & Norani|2003|p=195}}</ref> Politics between UMNO and PAS became increasingly religious in nature. The Barisan Nasional government tried to counter the possible electoral appeal of PAS's Islamisation by creating a number of state-run Islamic institutions, such as the [[International Islamic University of Malaysia]]. PAS leaders responded by labelling such initiatives as superficial and hypocritical, UMNO leaders as "infidels", and UMNO as the "party of the devil".<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=129–132}}</ref>

The increasingly divisive rhetoric between UMNO and PAS produced deep divisions in Malay communities, especially in the northern states. Sometimes the divisions became violent, the most infamous example being the 1985 [[Memali incident]], in which the government sanctioned a raid on a village led by the PAS cleric [[Ibrahim Libya]], which left 14 civilians and four policemen dead.<ref>{{Harvnb|Liow|2009|pp=37–39}}</ref> It was against this backdrop that the PAS ulama faced their [[1986 Malaysian general election|first general election]] in 1986. The result was a whitewash for the Barisan Nasional coalition. PAS recorded its worst-ever election result, retaining only one seat in Parliament. PAS, in recovering from the defeat, had no choice but to retreat from its hardline Islamism and pursue a moderate course.<ref>{{Harvnb|Liow|2009|p=41}}</ref> By 1989, Yusof had become too ill to remain as PAS's president, and was replaced by his deputy, [[Fadzil Noor]], another member of the ulama faction that now dominated the party.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=140–141}}</ref>

=== Electoral revival in the 1990s ===
[[File:Nik Aziz Kelantan.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]] became the [[Menteri Besar]] (Chief Minister) of [[Kelantan]] in 1990, and remained in the post for 23 years.]]
While not abandoning PAS's ideological commitment to the establishment of an Islamic state, Fadzil Noor moderated the party's rhetoric. He also set about infusing the party's membership with young urban professionals in an attempt to diversify the leadership ranks beyond religious clerics.<ref name="Chin Tong 2007"/> The 1990s also saw PAS engage in international Islamist movements. [[Abdul Hadi Awang]] became active in a number of international Islamic organisations and delegations, and Islamist parties abroad sent delegations to Malaysia to observe PAS.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|p=154}}</ref>

The first electoral test of Fadzil's presidency was the [[1990 Malaysian general election|1990 election]], which occurred against the backdrop of a split in UMNO out of which the [[Semangat 46]] opposition party was formed. PAS joined Semangat 46 and two other Malay parties in the [[Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah|United Ummah Front]] ("Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah"), and won seven parliamentary seats. The new coalition swept the Barisan Nasional from power in Kelantan, winning all of its state assembly seats. [[Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]], a cleric who played a leading role in the 1982 takeover of the party, became Kelantan's Chief Minister, and would remain in the position until his retirement in 2013.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=143–144}}</ref> One of the first acts of the PAS-led government in Kelantan was to seek to introduce [[hudud]], a criminal punishment system for particular Islamic offences. The move was abandoned after it became clear that the law could not be enforced over the objections of the federal government.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stark|2004}}</ref>

PAS retained its seven parliamentary seats and the government of Kelantan in the [[1995 Malaysian general election|1995 election]] while all other opposition parties lost ground.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=153–154}}</ref> By the time of the [[1999 Malaysian general election|next election]] in 1999, circumstances external to PAS had changed its fortunes for the better. The [[1997 Asian financial crisis]] split the Barisan Nasional government between supporters of the Prime Minister, [[Mahathir Mohamad]], and his deputy, [[Anwar Ibrahim]]. Mahathir's sacking and subsequent detention without trial of Anwar in 1998 provoked widespread opposition, which PAS capitalised on more than any other opposition party. The party ran a sophisticated campaign for the 1999 election, taking advantage of the internet to bypass restrictions on print publications and managing to woo urban professional voters while retaining its traditional rural support base. For the first time, PAS joined the centre-left and secular [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]] in the [[Barisan Alternatif]] coalition which included the new party [[Keadilan]], which was formed by [[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail]], the wife of the now imprisoned Anwar. It resulted in PAS's second best electoral performance (behind those of 2022 general election). The party took 27 of 192 parliamentary seats and had landslide state-level victories in Kelantan and Terengganu.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=155–159}}</ref>

=== PAS in the Pakatan Rakyat ===
The death of Fadzil Noor in 2002, and his replacement by the conservative cleric [[Abdul Hadi Awang]], coincided with a period of division within the party between its younger and professional leaders, who sought to make PAS's Islamist ideology more appealing to mainstream Malaysia, and its conservative, and generally older, clerics. The party was unable to reconcile the views of the two factions with a coherent definition of the "Islamic state" that the party's platform envisioned.<ref name="Chin Tong 2007"/> The debate itself caused the DAP to break with the Barisan Alternatif coalition; as a secular party with mainly an ethnic Chinese support base, it could not support the vision of an Islamic state propagated by PAS's conservatives. PAS also found itself losing Malay support following the replacement of Mahathir as Prime Minister with [[Abdullah Badawi]], a popular and moderate Muslim, and post-[[11 September attacks|September 11]] fears among the electorate about radical Islam in Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Function|2006|pp=139–144}}</ref> If the 1999 election had been the party's zenith, the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 poll]] was one of the lowest points in its history. In an expanded Parliament, PAS was reduced to seven seats. Abdul Hadi not only lost his parliamentary seat but saw the government he led in Terengganu thrown from office after one term.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=176–177}}</ref>

The response of PAS to the 2004 election, like its response to the similar 1986 wipeout, was to abandon the hardline image that had contributed to its defeat. By now, the urban professional wing of the party's membership, brought into the party by [[Fadzil Noor]] in the 1990s, was ready to take charge. While Abdul Hadi's presidency was not under threat, the moderate faction, known as the "Erdogans" after the moderate Turkish Islamist leader [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]], had its members voted into other key positions in the party's 2005 general assembly.<ref name="Chin Tong 2007"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|p=178}}</ref> PAS was now able to attack Abdullah Badawi's government from both the right and the left: on the one hand, it criticised Abdullah's promotion of [[Islam Hadhari]] as a watered-down version of Islam; on the other, it attacked the government for its human rights record and promoted the causes of social and economic justice, including for non-Muslims. The party also capitalised on the growth of the internet and social media in Malaysia to bypass the pro-government mass media.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=187–188}}</ref>

Ahead of the [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008 election]] PAS joined the DAP and [[Anwar Ibrahim]]'s Keadilan, which was now known as [[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|People's Justice Party]] (PKR) in a new coalition, [[Pakatan Rakyat]]. The coalition handed the Barisan Nasional its worst-ever election result. Barisan Nasional lost its two-thirds majority in the House of Representatives, disabling it from passing constitutional amendments without opposition support. PAS won 23 seats; the Pakatan Rakyat as a whole won 82. At state level, decades-old Barisan Nasional governments fell in [[Kedah]], [[Perak]] and [[Selangor]]. PAS now governed Kedah and Kelantan (led respectively by [[Azizan Abdul Razak]] and [[Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]]) and supplied the Chief Minister of Perak ([[Nizar Jamaluddin]]) in a Pakatan Rakyat coalition government.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=188–192}}</ref>

PAS's 2009 general assembly saw latent fissures within the party come out into the open. The incumbent deputy president [[Nasharudin Mat Isa]], a Malay nationalist who promoted greater co-operation between PAS and UMNO, was challenged by two moderate candidates.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=199–200}}</ref> Nasharudin survived with the backing of the conservative ulama faction; his two opponents had split the moderate vote. But at the 2011 assembly, Nasharudin was not so lucky: [[Mohamad Sabu]], a leading moderate close to Anwar Ibrahim, commanded the support of the "Erdogan" wing and toppled him. Sabu's election was a significant defeat for the ulama faction. He was the first non-cleric to serve as the party's deputy president in over 20 years.{{sfn|Müller|2014|p=69}}

The Pakatan Rakyat coalition went into the [[2013 Malaysian general election|2013 election]] facing [[Najib Razak]], who had replaced Abdullah as Prime Minister in 2009 but failed to improve the government's fortunes, especially among urban voters. PAS made a concerted effort to expand its voter base beyond the northern peninsula states, and campaigned heavily in [[Johor]], where it had never won a parliamentary seat. The election witnessed a significant degree of cross-over ethnic voting: Chinese voters in Malay-majority seats decided in large numbers to support PAS, to maximise the chances of a national Pakatan Rakyat victory. Pakatan Rakyat garnered 50.8 percent of the national popular vote but could not win a majority in parliament.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|pp=215–216}}</ref> PAS, however, suffered a net loss of two parliamentary seats. This was principally attributable to a swing against the party in Kedah, where the party was removed from state government after one term and lost four parliamentary seats.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://mole.my/content/pas-loses-kedah-some-support-kelantan|title=PAS loses Kedah & some support in Kelantan|date=6 May 2013|work=Bernama|access-date=17 November 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129042413/http://mole.my/content/pas-loses-kedah-some-support-kelantan|archive-date=29 November 2014}}</ref>

=== Splintering and right-ward shift ===
When PAS saw its share of seats shrink in the 2013 election, it started to reassert its Islamic agenda.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-06-18|title=Break up of Malaysia's opposition bloc Pakatan Rakyat: What happened and what's next?|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/break-up-of-malaysias-opposition-bloc-pakatan-rakyat-what-happened-and-whats-next|access-date=2021-02-05|website=The Straits Times|language=en}}</ref> The passing of spiritual leader [[Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]] in 2015 –who was known to be sympathetic and friendly to non-Malays and non-Muslims– shifted PAS more to the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]].<ref name=J>{{cite journal |author=Azmil Tayeb |title=Green wave of change in the East Coast : PAS and anti-UMNO backlash in Kelantan |journal=Jebat: Malaysian Journal of History, Politics & Strategic Studies |date=December 2018 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=241–3 |url=https://journalarticle.ukm.my/18631 |language=en |issn=2180-0251}}</ref> In the meantime, DAP criticised its president [[Abdul Hadi Awang]] for pushing a bill on [[hudud]] without consulting his opposition partners. This incident led to the [[Democratic Action Party|DAP]] announcing in March 2015 that it would no longer work with the PAS leader. The rift worsened after conservatives captured PAS leadership, as progressive leaders endorsed by the late Nik Aziz were voted out of office in party elections, characterised by the media as an intentional wipe out and purge,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/ahead-of-party-polls-pas-ulama-wing-calls-for-total-wipe-out-of-progressive|title=Ahead of party polls, PAS ulama wing calls for total wipe out of progressives|author=Syed Jaymal Zahiid|newspaper=The Malay Mail|date=3 June 2015|access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bridgetwelsh.com/2015/06/the-pas-purge-of-the-progressives/|title=The PAS purge of the progressives|work=Malaysiakini|publisher=Bridget Welsh|date=6 June 2015|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-date=16 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716082501/http://bridgetwelsh.com/2015/06/the-pas-purge-of-the-progressives/|url-status=dead}}</ref> members of this progressive faction left and splintered as the [[National Trust Party (Malaysia)|National Trust Party]] (''Parti Amanah Negara'', PAN) helmed by Mohamad Sabu. The now purged PAS accepted a motion by its conservative ulama wing to sever ties with DAP.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Parzi|first=Mohd Nasaruddin|date=2015-06-05|title=Dewan Ulama tidak akan berganjak usul hubungan dengan DAP putus|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2015/06/59400/dewan-ulama-tidak-akan-berganjak-usul-hubungan-dengan-dap-putus|access-date=2021-02-05|website=Berita Harian|language=ms}}</ref><ref name=J/> In response, DAP's Secretary-General [[Lim Guan Eng]] said that the Pakatan Rakyat coalition had ceased to exist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pakatan Rakyat no longer exists, says DAP's Lim Guan Eng|url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/pakatan-rakyat-no-longer-exists-says-daps-lim-guan-eng-62668|access-date=2021-02-05|website=www.astroawani.com}}</ref> The coalition was replaced by [[Pakatan Harapan]], which the newly formed PAN joined as a founding member.

The party formed [[Gagasan Sejahtera]] with [[Malaysia National Alliance Party]] (IKATAN) in 2016,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/03/16/pas-ikatan-seal-formal-third-force-pact/|title=PAS, Ikatan seal 'third force' pact|date=16 March 2016|access-date=16 April 2021|website=The Star}}</ref> with BERJASA joining the coalition the same year. The coalition entered the [[2018 Malaysian general election]] using the PAS logo and contested 158 seats, with PAS contesting 155 of them.<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 November 2019|title=Ke mana hala tuju GAGASAN menjelang PRU-15?|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/rencana/komentar/2019/11/628172/ke-mana-hala-tuju-gagasan-menjelang-pru-15|access-date=16 March 2021|website=Berita Harian|language=ms}}</ref> The coalition was able to win 18 parliamentary seats as well as wrangle control of the state of Terrenganu from BN, which PAS had last ruled in 2004, in addition to retaining control of Kelantan and denying the BN state government a supermajority in Pahang. They also managed to flip a large number of state seats held by BN in Kedah.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://berita.pas.org.my/pru14-pas-pahang-catat-rekod-paling-cemerlang-dalam-sejarah/ | title=PRU14: PAS Pahang catat rekod paling cemerlang dalam sejarah - Berita Parti | date=10 May 2018 }}</ref> However, PAS was the only party from the coalition to win any seats as both BERJASA and IKATAN remained without representation.

In 2018, following then-prime minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]]'s announcement that the federal government intended to "ratify all remaining core UN instruments related to the protection of human rights", including [[International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] (ICERD) and other five previously unratified conventions at a [[United Nations General Assembly]], [[UMNO]], PAS, and various non-governmental organisations staged what became known as the [[2018 anti-ICERD rally|anti-ICERD Rally]], protesting what they saw as a threat to the special position of the [[Malaysian Malays|Malays]], [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]] and [[Islam]] within the country; all of which are enshrined within the federal constitution.<ref name="malaysiakini">{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/452368|title=PAS and Umno to hold anti-Icerd rally in KL on Dec 8 - Malaysiakini|date=17 November 2018 |publisher=Malaysiakini|access-date=17 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="notratify">{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/11/24/govt-not-ratifying-icerd-we-will-continue-to-defend-federal-constitution-says-pms-office/|title=Govt not ratifying ICERD - The Star Online|work=The Star Online|date=24 November 2018 |access-date=24 November 2018}}</ref>

=== Coalition government, largest party in parliament ===
During the [[2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis]], sparked by Mahathir's abrupt resignation and his party's exit from the [[Pakatan Harapan]] coalition, PAS initially pledged its support for Mahathir to remain as prime minister as part of an alternative coalition to [[Pakatan Harapan]], specifically excluding DAP. When Mahathir revealed his intentions to form a broad unity government, the party, alongside UMNO, with which it had formed an alliance known as [[National Concord]] in 2019,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://themalaysianreserve.com/2019/09/18/whats-next-for-piagam-muafakat-nasional/ |title= What's next for Piagam Muafakat Nasional? |date=18 September 2019 |work=The Malaysian Reserve }}</ref> retracted their support and called for the dissolution of parliament.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bernama.com/bm/news.php?id=1816482|title=Muafakat Nasional cadang bubar Parlimen, tarik balik SD sokong Dr M |language=ms |trans-title=Muafakat Nasional propose the dissolution of Parliament, retract SDs supporting Dr M |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=Bernama}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/512216 |title=Umno and PAS withdraw support for Dr M |date=25 February 2020 |access-date=27 February 2020 |work=MalaysiaKini}}</ref> Ultimately, PAS entered the federal government as part of [[Perikatan Nasional]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2020/02/660557/gabungan-perikatan-nasional-dakwa-miliki-blok-terbesar|title=Gabungan 'Perikatan Nasional' dakwa miliki blok terbesar |language=ms |trans-title='Perikatan Nasional' coalition claim having the largest bloc|work=Berita Harian|date=29 February 2020|access-date=29 February 2020}}</ref>under prime minister [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] and later [[Ismail Sabri Yaakob]].

In the [[Muhyiddin cabinet]], three ministerial and five deputy ministerial positions were allocated to PAS members of parliament.

In the [[2022 Malaysian general election|2022 general election]], PAS emerged as the largest party in parliament with 43 seats. However, the Perikatan Nasional alliance as a whole only managed to secure 74 seats, coming in second. Unlike its erstwhile ally UMNO, the party refused to join the "unity government" formed by [[Anwar Ibrahim]]. PAS gained its first elected representative in East Malaysia in the [[2025 Sabah state election]].

=== Controversies ===
{{Criticism section|date=January 2024}}

==== Militia Parade Incident ====
The Terengganu police have announced an investigation into a controversial parade organised by the local PAS Youth group, which took place on 19 February 2023. The police were initially informed about the march but were not aware that some supporters would be carrying replica weapons, raising concerns among certain groups. DCP Datuk Rohaimi Md Isa, the police chief, stated that preliminary investigations will be conducted to determine whether any offences were committed during the event, and appropriate action will be taken accordingly.

Images circulating on social media showed members of Terengganu PAS Youth dressed in medieval Islamic war attire and wielding fake swords, spears, and shields. The parade was reportedly part of a two-day gathering called "Himpunan Pemuda Islam Terengganu" (Himpit), held at a resort in Setiu, Terengganu. Religious Affairs Minister Datuk Dr Mohd Na’im Mokhtar criticised the parade, stating that it presented an inappropriate image of Islam and emphasising the importance of promoting peace and unity in society. He also called for authorities to investigate any potential legal violations.

Furthermore, social media photos depicted a pickup truck carrying a large fake sword, with youths dressed in militant costumes standing on its cargo bed while it was in motion.<ref>{{cite news |title=Terengganu police investigating PAS Youth's controversial parade |newspaper=The Star |date=February 19, 2023 |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/02/19/terengganu-police-investigating-pas-youths-controversial-parade}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PAS militia cosplay: PAS thanks police for clarification |newspaper=New Straits Times |date=February 19, 2023 |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/crime-courts/2023/02/882024/pas-militia-cosplay-pas-thanks-police-clarification}}</ref>

==== Unconstitutional Kelantan Syariah Law amendment ====
Sisters in Islam had criticized PAS for [[unconstitutional]] Shariah enactment on the recent update of the Shariah law of the Kelantan penal code including:
*attempting to convert out of Islam
*distortion of Islamic teachings
*disrespecting the month of Ramadan
*destroying houses of worship
*disobeying parents
*tattooing
*undergoing plastic surgery.
This has sparked another controversy where the punishments include a jail term of not more than three years and a fine of up to RM5,000 or six strokes of the cane, and that the punishment is categorized under ''ta'zir'' (crimes with discretionary punishments) and not under hudud (Islamic Penal Code).<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/11/02/new-syariah-laws-in-kelantan-include-forbidding-sexual-intercourse-with-corpses |title = Kelantan's new syariah laws criminalizes tattooing and plastic surgery|date= 2 November 2021 |work =[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/11/02/sisters-in-islam-questions-kelantan-shariah-enactment/ |title =Sisters in Islam questions Kelantan Shariah enactment |date = 2 November 2021}}</ref>

==== Flight attendant uniform criticism ====
PAS had sparked another controversy where several of its lawmakers criticised flight stewardess uniform attire they claimed that it is "too revealing" and added that flight stewardesses must be allowed to wear a hijab. Following those two statements, Sisters in Islam (SIS) said the issue had taken priority over other concerns somehow and they claim that ministerial directives should not interfere with a company's policy which may subject to extra rebranding and production costs unless there were issues of safety, health and security. National Union of Flight Attendants Malaysia vice secretary-general S Shashi Kumar also publicly stated that this complaint is "nonsensical" when he said the ''baju kebaya'' has become a fashion statement in southeast Asia. He said, "Royal Brunei Airlines, Singapore Airlines and Garuda Indonesia have adopted the baju kebaya as the uniform for their female flight attendants." Transport minister [[Anthony Loke]] had said “We are aware that this is not a new policy and there is nothing new, but there are no plans to change the existing policies on the dressing of stewards and stewardesses. The image and outfit depend on the airline company.".He added that “The Ministry has no restriction if Muslim air stewardesses choose to wear attire that is Syariah compliant as long as it fulfils the criteria set by CAAM," It looks like PAS leaders lack knowledge of the Malay heritage and criticising their traditional attire, responded the Global Human Rights Federation.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://worldofbuzz.com/look-away-if-you-think-flight-attendant-uniforms-are-too-revealing-says-transport-minister/ |title = "Look Away If You Think Flight Attendant Uniforms Are Too Revealing," Says Transport Minister|date= 2 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="todayonline.com">{{cite web |url = https://www.todayonline.com/world/cabin-crews-outfit-revealing-then-avert-your-eyes |title =Cabin crew's outfit 'revealing'? Then avert your eyes |date= 2 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://sg.news.yahoo.com/look-away-then-says-transport-072246143.html |title ='Look away then' says Transport Minister after PAS lawmaker complains of 'sexy' cabin crew uniforms |work =Yahoo News |date =2 August 2018 |access-date =20 April 2022 |archive-date =11 July 2023 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230711022813/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/look-away-then-says-transport-072246143.html |url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = https://focusmalaysia.my/is-baju-kebaya-a-problem-for-you-ngo-chides-pas-mp-over-air-stewardess-attire-remark/ |title ="Is baju kebaya a problem to you?": PAS MP chided over air stewardess attire remark! |newspaper =Focus Malaysia - Business & Beyond |date= 11 November 2021}}</ref>

==== Timah whiskey ====
Following the fame of Malaysia's local liquor company, Timah Whiskey after winning two silver medals in the Tasting Awards for the International Spirits Challenge 2020 (ISC) as well as the Annual San Francisco World Spirits Competition 2020 (SFWSC), PAS urged Ismail Sabri Yaakob's Cabinet for the company to be shut down stating that it "to prevent triggering the sensitivity of Muslims in the country" and "to avoid a precedent of new liquor companies emerging". PAS also states that they had to face numerous severe backlash. PAS Deputy President, Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man, said that "We have always been consistent in our stance against alcohol because it is clear that it is haram according to the Quran,".<ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2021/10/18/pas-ulama-council-wants-four-actions-to-address-timah-whiskey-controversy|title =PAS Ulama Council wants four actions to address Timah whiskey controversy |date = 18 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://worldofbuzz.com/pas-wants-local-whiskey-timah-to-rebrand-as-the-name-may-cause-confusion-for-muslims/|title =PAS Wants Local Whiskey 'TIMAH' To Rebrand As The Name May Cause Confusion For Muslims |date = 19 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.expatgo.com/my/2021/11/17/of-pas-timah-whiskey-and-barbra-streisand/|title =Of PAS, Timah Whiskey, and Barbra Streisand |date = 17 November 2021}}</ref>

The request was denied by Ismail Sabri Yaakob's Cabinet where they had decided to rule against the decision. Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob state that the "cannot cause concern to the people in the context of race and religion".
PAS Deputy President, Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man, states "For me, the ' people's anxiety ' can be considered as ' the confusion of the people, especially the Malay-Muslims ' ". Tuan Ibrahim was also reported by the media on October 19 as saying that the brand and logo of Timah whiskey "can be confusing" and asked for it to be reviewed.<ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/opinion/2021/11/15/pas-mca-dan-timah/|title =PAS, MCA, and Timah |date = 15 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.thetruenet.com/news/pas-unhappy-with-timah-decision/|title =PAS unhappy with Timah decision|date = 14 November 2021}}</ref>

==== English language criticism ====
PAS president [[Hadi Awang|Abdul Hadi Awang]] has claimed that people who advocate for the English language to be taught in Malaysia are "stuck in a colonial mindset". Expanding on this point, he said such Malaysians seemed to be embarrassed to use their national language (Malay) and had placed greater importance on English. In the PAS party newspaper, Harakah Hadi wrote an article titled "Ignore the delirious voices which are trying to reduce the importance of the Malay language" where in it he stated that such advocates "are behaving like slaves to the former colonial masters despite having been freed from their clutches". Additionally in the same article he further went on to say that "advertisements in shops and the market, as well as the names of cities and roads, are named in English even though a majority of its target audience does not know English, at the same time, they do not care about whether their audiences consist of Malaysians who do not know English".<ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/07/03/those-who-prefer-english-are-trapped-in-colonial-mindset-says-pas|title = Those who prefer English are trapped in a colonial mindset, says PAS |date =3 July 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2022/07/03/those-pushing-for-english-stuck-in-colonial-mindset-says-hadi/|title =Those pushing for English stuck in a colonial mindset, says Hadi|date =3 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url =https://worldofbuzz.com/msians-who-prioritize-english-language-are-stuck-in-colonial-mindset-according-to-pas-president/|title =M'sians Who Prioritize English Language Are Stuck In Colonial Mindset, According To PAS President|date = 6 July 2022}}</ref>

== Ideology ==
[[File:PAS Flag.svg|thumbnail|flag of PAS, occasionally flown along the official full-moon-on-a-green-field flag]]
{{Conservatism in Malaysia|Parties}}
According to [[Farish A. Noor]], a Malaysian academic who has written a complete history of PAS:

<blockquote>From the day PAS was formed, in November 1951, the long-term goal of creating an Islamic state in Malaysia has been the beacon that has driven successive generations of PAS leaders and members ever forward. What has changed is the meaning and content of the signifier 'Islamic state'<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|p=224}}</ref></blockquote>

From time to time, PAS's pursuit of an "Islamic state" has involved attempts to legislate for ''[[hudud]]''—an Islamic criminal justice system—in the states that it governs.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-politics-islam/islamic-law-debate-puts-more-pressure-on-malaysia-pm-idUSKBN0N70BH20150416|title=Islamic law debate puts more pressure on Malaysia PM|author1=Al-Zaquan Amer Hamzah|author2=Praveen Menon|author3=Trinna Leong|author4=John Chalmers|author5=Mark Bendeich|work=Reuters|date=16 April 2015|access-date=15 December 2017}} {{*}} {{cite web|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/opinions-divided-in-kelantan-over-hudud-law-debate|title=Opinions divided in Kelantan over hudud law debate|agency=Reuters|publisher=The Malay Mail|date=16 April 2015|access-date=15 December 2017}} {{*}} {{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/31/asia/malaysia-hudud-bill/|title=Push for hudud law raises tensions in Malaysia|author=Zan Azlee|publisher=CNN|date=31 May 2016|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref> Such laws would apply to all Muslims and would not apply to non-Muslims. PAS-dominated state assemblies in Kelantan and Terengganu passed ''hudud'' laws in the early 1990s and early 2000s respectively, although neither has ever been enforced due to opposition from the federal government.<ref>{{Harvnb|Liow|2009|pp=61–64}}</ref> PAS returned to its pursuit of ''hudud'' laws after the [[2013 Malaysian general election|2013 election]], signalling that it would table bills in the federal Parliament to allow the laws, still on the statute books in Kelantan, to be enforced. The bills would require a two-thirds majority in the Parliament as they involve constitutional amendments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://my.news.yahoo.com/kelantan-consider-smaller-guillotine-thieves-under-hudud-law-024326655.html|title=Kelantan to consider 'smaller' guillotine for thieves under hudud law, says report|work=The Malaysian Insider|publisher=Yahoo! News|date=16 November 2014|access-date=22 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129092113/https://my.news.yahoo.com/kelantan-consider-smaller-guillotine-thieves-under-hudud-law-024326655.html|archive-date=29 November 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

After PAS's electoral rout in 2004, the party sought to broaden its policies beyond Islamism. Among other things, the party focused on calling for improved civil liberties and race relations. However, these policy shifts have proven controversial within the party; conservatives have considered them part of a dilution of PAS's commitment to an Islamic state.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Liow|first1=Joseph Chinyong|last2=Pasuni|first2=Afif|editor1-last=Weiss|editor1-first=Meredith|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Malaysia|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317629597|page=54|chapter=Islam, the state and politics in Malaysia}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2004/01/07/dress-code-ruling-draws-flak/|title=Dress code ruling draws flak|work=The Star|date=7 January 2004|access-date=15 December 2017}} {{*}} {{cite web|url=http://www.weldd.org/our-voices/malaysia-new-pas-terengganu-dress-code-women-sparks-furore|title=Malaysia: New PAS Terengganu dress code for women sparks furore|publisher=Weldd|date=7 January 2004|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221351/http://www.weldd.org/our-voices/malaysia-new-pas-terengganu-dress-code-women-sparks-furore|archive-date=15 December 2017|url-status=usurped}} {{*}} {{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/letters/2004/01/12/pas-violating-rights-with-dress-code/|title=PAS violating rights with dress code|work=The Star|date=12 January 2004|access-date=15 December 2017}}</ref>

When PAS was defeated in Terengganu, enforcement of female dress codes was reduced. The state PAS government in Kelantan banned traditional Malay dance theatres, banned advertisements depicting women who are not fully clothed, and enforced the wearing of headscarves. However, they allowed gender-segregated cinemas and concerts. Some government-controlled bodies pressure non-Muslims also to wear headscarves, and all students of the International Islamic University of Malaysia and female officers in the Royal Malaysian Police are required to wear headscarves in public ceremonies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2007/90143.htm|title=International Religious Freedom Report [Archived Content]|publisher=US Department of State|year=2007|access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref>

The PAS party wishes that the death penalty be enacted for Muslims who attempt to convert, as part of their ultimate desire to turn Malaysia into an Islamic state.{{sfn|Liow|2009|pp=87–}} The party is also against the government-backed wave of [[Anti-Shi'ism#Malaysia|Anti-Shi'a]] persecution.<ref>{{cite news |last=Osman |first=Salim |title=Clampdown on Shi'ism in Malaysia a cause for concern |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/08/23/clampdown-shiism-malaysia-a-cause-concern.html |quote= Politics is yet another reason for Malaysia's hardening stance towards the Shi'ites. A small Shi'ite community has emerged in several Kedah districts, upsetting Umno as the Shi'ites support the Islamic Parti Islam SeMalaysia (or Pas-Malaysian Islamic Party, PAS). Word has spread that Shi'ites have infiltrated PAS, and that even some top leaders have become believers. Hence, the current witch hunt in PAS. But PAS and its Kelantan state government are opposed to the anti-Shi'ite campaign. |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=23 August 2013}}</ref>

===Connections with the Muslim Brotherhood===
PAS has also maintained close personal and ideological ties with the Egyptian [[Muslim Brotherhood]].{{sfn|Müller|2014|p=2}} The party's relationship with the Muslim Brotherhood dates back to the 1940s when PAS's founders were exposed to the ideas and teachings of the Muslim Brotherhood while they were studying in Cairo during the 1940s. According to Wan Saiful Wan Jan of the think tank [[Institute for Democracy and Economic Affairs]], the Muslim Brotherhood regards PAS as a model for a successful Muslim political party; since PAS has governed the state of Kelantan continually since 1990. PAS representatives are often invited to Muslim Brotherhood speaking engagements overseas. In 2012, PAS President Abdul Hadi Awang spoke alongside Muslim Brotherhood scholar Sheikh [[Yusuf al-Qaradawi]] at a speaking event in London.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chew|first1=Amy|title=The rising force in Malaysia's opposition|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/02/201321092433869462.html|access-date=23 April 2018|publisher=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|date=11 February 2013}}</ref> That same year, PAS representatives met with Muslim Brotherhood leaders Sheikh Mahdi Akif and Dr Muhammad Badie in Cairo.<ref name="PAS President 2014">{{cite web|url=http://presiden.pas.org.my/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=450:pas-tegaskan-pendirian-bersama-ikhwanul-muslimin&catid=14:kenyataan-rasmi&Itemid=56|title=PAS tegaskan pendirian bersama Ikhwanul Muslimin|language=ms|publisher=PAS President|date=2 April 2014|access-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404045418/http://presiden.pas.org.my/v2/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=450:pas-tegaskan-pendirian-bersama-ikhwanul-muslimin&catid=14:kenyataan-rasmi&Itemid=56|archive-date=4 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

According to Müller, PAS's current generation of leaders, the Ulama Leadership (''Kepimpinan Ulama'') was also influenced by Muslim Brotherhood ideology while studying in Egypt, Saudi Arabia and India during the 1980s. Muslim Brotherhood–inspired Islamic education methods (''tarbiyah'') and regular study circles (''usrah/halaqah'') were systematically introduced while networks were established with Muslim political parties and movements abroad.{{sfn|Müller|2014|p=54-55}} In April 2014, Awang criticised the governments of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the United Arab Emirates for designating the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organisation.<ref name="PAS President 2014" /> In January 2016, former PAS leader [[Mujahid Yusof Rawa]] claimed that the Muslim Brotherhood's influence on PAS was limited to sharing the organisation's views on the role of Islam in society. Rawa also claimed that other local Muslim groups such as ''[[Angkatan Belia Islam Malaysia]]'' (ABIM; Muslim Youth Movement of Malaysia) and IKRAM were also sympathetic to the Muslim Brotherhood.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Shukry|first1=Anisah|title=Muslim Brotherhood influence not a problem in Malaysia|url=https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/%E2%80%98muslim-brotherhood-influence-not-problem-malaysia%E2%80%99|access-date=23 April 2018|newspaper=[[The Edge (Malaysia)|The Edge]]|date=28 January 2016}}</ref>

===Support for the Taliban===
After the [[Taliban]] [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|took over Kabul]] in 2021 and re-established an [[Islamic theocracy]] in Afghanistan, PAS international affairs and external relations committee chairman, Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi (also the son of the incumbent PAS president), congratulated the Islamist militant group for "successfully achieving victory for their country" on Twitter and Facebook, stating its liberation from Western powers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdul Hadi |first=Muhammad Khalil |date=2021-08-18 |title=Tahniah kepada rakyat Afghanistan |trans-title=Congratulations to the people of Afghanistan |url=https://harakahdaily.net/index.php/2021/08/18/tahniah-kepada-rakyat-afghanistan/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=HarakahDaily |language=ms}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=The victory and ‘independence’ achieved this time is the result of the efforts of all Afghans to liberate their homeland which for 20 years has been colonised and invaded without mercy and humanity that almost destroyed Afghanistan.|author=Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi, PAS international affairs and external relations committee chairman|title=[[Harakah (newspaper)|Harakah]]|source=}}

In August 2021, Khalil also added that the Taliban had also become more moderate, spuriously claiming that [[women's rights]] (including women's [[freedom of movement]]) and the opportunities for [[women in the workforce]] were preserved.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdul Hadi |first=Muhammad Khalil |date=2021-08-20 |title=Imej sederhana Taliban mulai diterima rakyat |trans-title=The moderate image of the Taliban is starting to be accepted by the people |url=https://harakahdaily.net/index.php/2021/08/20/imej-sederhana-taliban-mulai-diterima-rakyat/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=HarakahDaily |language=ms}}</ref> The unsubstantiated comments were widely condemned by numerous Malaysian social media users, and Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi's pro-Taliban posts on Facebook and Twitter were taken down in response.<ref name="malaysiakini.com">{{cite web |title=Hadi: Taliban has changed, don't believe Western media |url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/588586 |website=MalaysiaKini |date=25 August 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="berita.pas.org.my">{{cite web |last1=Awang |first1=Abdul Hadi |title=Taliban yang beristiqamah dan berubah |url=https://berita.pas.org.my/taliban-yang-beristiqamah-dan-berubah/ |website=Berita PAS |date=25 August 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021}}</ref> In March 2022, numerous independent news reports indicated that women and girls in Afghanistan were deprived (by decrees from the Taliban) from their ability to work, study or move freely within the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ruchi |title=Shrinking public space for Afghan women as Taliban expands curbs |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/6/are-the-taliban-returning-to-their-harshest-ruling |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=[[Al Jazeera English]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-18 |title=Afghanistan: Taliban Deprive Women of Livelihoods, Identity |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/01/18/afghanistan-taliban-deprive-women-livelihoods-identity |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Speri |first=Alice |title=Women and Journalists Are Targets of Violence in Taliban-Ruled Afghanistan, Report Says |url=https://theintercept.com/2022/04/14/afghanistan-taliban-violence-women-journalists/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=[[The Intercept]] |date=14 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Najafizada |first=Eltaf |date=2021-12-01 |title=A Taliban ban on women in the workforce can cost economy $1bn |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/12/1/talibans-ban-on-women-in-the-workforce-can-cost-economy-1bn |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=[[Bloomberg News]] |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2021, the leader of PAS's youth wing, Khairil Nizam Khirudin, proposed closer ties between PAS and the Taliban. He claimed that if China was able build ties with the Taliban, Malaysia should also do so.<ref>[https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2021/10/31/pas-youth-seeks-closer-ties-with-taliban-led-afghanistan-asks-if-communist/2017301 PAS Youth seeks closer ties with Taliban-led Afghanistan, asks if ‘communist China’ can, why not ‘Muslim Malaysia’], The Malay Mail</ref>

In August 2021, PAS president Abdul Hadi Awang alleged that [[Western media]] had made false accusations against the Taliban to advance an [[Islamophobia|Islamophobic]] agenda, without studying and fully understanding the religion of Islam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-25 |title=Abdul Hadi perjelas isu Taliban, dakwa media Barat sebar berita palsu |trans-title=Abdul Hadi clarified the Taliban issue, claiming that the Western media spread false news |url=https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/abdul-hadi-perjelas-isu-taliban-dakwa-media-barat-sebar-berita-palsu-316047 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=[[Astro Awani]] |language=ms}}</ref> He also repeated the Taliban claim that the Taliban had provided broad [[amnesty]] to government officials of the toppled [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]];<ref name=":0" /> this claim was disputed as numerous independent reports with [[evidence]] indicated that the Taliban instead conducted [[enforced disappearance]]s, [[summary execution]]s and [[Revenge|revenge killings]] against the former government officials.<ref>{{Cite news |title=UN Chief Accuses Taliban Of Scores Of Revenge Killings Since Seizing Control In Afghanistan |url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/un-accuses-taliban-revenge-killings/31678540.html |access-date=2022-04-29 |work=Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Marcolini |first1=Barbara |last2=Sohail |first2=Sanjar |last3=Stockton |first3=Alexander |date=2022-04-12 |title=Opinion: The Taliban Promised Them Amnesty. Then They Executed Them. |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/04/12/opinion/taliban-afghanistan-revenge.html |access-date=2022-04-29 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=Afghanistan: Taliban Threaten Revenge Killings |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/22/afghanistan-taliban-threaten-revenge-killings |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Evidence mounts of Taliban 'revenge killings' |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-60323638 |access-date=2022-04-29}}</ref> In the same article, Abdul Hadi Awang also alleged that the Taliban undertook a celebratory approach to the diversity of society within a [[Ethnic groups in Afghanistan|multi-ethnic Afghanistan]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awang |first=Abdul Hadi |date=2021-08-25 |title=Taliban yang beristiqamah dan berubah |trans-title=The Taliban are steadfast and have changed |url=https://harakahdaily.net/index.php/2021/08/25/taliban-yang-beristiqamah-dan-berubah/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=HarakahDaily |language=ms}}</ref> this claim was also disputed as numerous evident news reports indicated that the Taliban engaged in the [[persecution of Hazaras]] (who numerous Taliban fighters deem as [[Heresy|heretical]]), [[censorship]] against [[journalist]]s and the [[news media]], [[violence against journalists]], [[arbitrary arrest and detention]], [[political repression]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=O’Donnell |first=Lynne |date=2022-03-22 |title=As the World Watches Ukraine, Afghanistan Goes Full Taliban |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/03/22/afghanistan-taliban-control-arrest-journalists-women/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-30 |title=Taliban Intensify Attacks on Afghan Media |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/30/taliban-intensify-attacks-afghan-media |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Most notably, anyone from a [[Minority religion|religious minority]] who was an [[Apostasy in Islam|apostate of Islam]] is [[Capital punishment in Islam|sentenced to death]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Maenza |first1=Nadine |last2=Davie |first2=Frederick A. |date=2022-03-01 |title=Biden must prioritize the resettlement of Afghanistan's religious minorities |url=https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/religious-rights/596352-biden-must-prioritize-the-resettlement-of-afghanistans/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In February 2022, PAS president Abdul Hadi Awang described media outlets such as [[Malaysiakini]] as anti-Islam and alleged that they had slandered the Taliban by reporting that it was denying [[Female education|girls and women]] the [[right to education]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awang |first=Abdul Hadi |date=2022-02-11 |title=Mengapa Afghanistan ditakuti, Israel dinormalisasi |trans-title=Why Afghanistan is feared, Israel is normalized |url=https://harakahdaily.net/index.php/2022/02/11/mengapa-afghanistan-ditakuti-israel-dinormalisasi/ |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=HarakahDaily |language=ms}}</ref> The Taliban had banned girls from obtaining a formal education in the 1990s. In March 2022, the Taliban reneged on its promise to open secondary schools for girls, eliciting condemnation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-23 |title=Taliban's backtracking on girls' education, 'deeply damaging' |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/03/1114482 |access-date=2022-04-29 |website=UN News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-23 |title=Afghanistan: Taliban backtrack on reopening high schools for girls |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-60845540 |access-date=2022-04-29}}</ref>

== Organisational structure ==
=== Central Working Committee (2025–2027)===
{{multiple image
| border = infobox
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| total_width = 300
| footer =
| image1 = Majlis pelancaran pembangunan Kompleks PAS Melaka 38 (Abdul Hadi Awang).jpg
| caption1 = [[Abdul Hadi Awang]], current President
| image2 = TakiyuddinHassan.jpg
| caption2 = [[Takiyuddin Hassan]], current Secretary-General
}}
PAS's general assembly ("Muktamar") elects the party's president, deputy president, three vice presidents and a multi-member Central Working Committee. The assembly is held annually, but elections occur only once every two years. The assembly is composed mainly of delegates elected by individual local divisions of the party.<ref name="Mueller 2014 46">{{Harvnb|Müller|2014|p=46}}</ref> The day-to-day administration of the party is carried out by its Secretary-General, a position appointed by the party's leadership.<ref>{{harvnb|Chin Tong|2007}}</ref> The Central Working Committee is ostensibly the party's principal decision-making body, although its decisions are susceptible to being overturned by the Syura Council, an unelected body composed only of Muslim clerics and led by the party's Spiritual Leader ("Musyidul 'Am").<ref>{{harvnb|Liow|2009|p=36}}</ref> The relationship between the different administrative bodies within the party occasionally causes conflict. In 2014, the Central Working Committee voted to support the nomination of [[Wan Azizah Wan Ismail]], the President of the [[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|People's Justice Party]], to be the Chief Minister of the [[Pakatan Rakyat]] government in [[Selangor]]. [[Abdul Hadi Awang]], as PAS's president and with the backing of the Syura Council, overturned the decision and nominated different candidates.<ref name=Akil>{{cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/09/08/PAS-syura-council-subject-muktamar/|title=PAS syura council must abide by muktamar resolutions, says Wan Saiful|last=Akil Yunus|date=8 September 2014|work=The Star|access-date=16 November 2014}}</ref>

The party has three recognised sub-organisations for different categories of party members: an [[ulama]] wing (the "Dewan Ulama") for Muslim clerics, a women's wing (the "Dewan Muslimat") and a youth wing (the "Dewan Pemuda"). Each wing elects its leadership at its general assembly.<ref name=Akil/> There is a fourth wing for non-Muslim supporters of the party, although it does not have the same recognised position in the party's structure as the other three wings.<ref name="Mueller 2014 46"/>

PAS has approximately one million members,<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2012|p=408}}</ref> more than any other opposition party in Malaysia.<ref>{{Harvnb|Farish|2014|p=10}}</ref> PAS members often distinguish themselves from UMNO members through cultural and religious practices. For Islamic headwear, males who support PAS tend to prefer the white, soft ''kopiah'', while UMNO supporters tend to wear the traditional Malay ''[[songkok]]'', a rigid black cap.<ref>{{Harvnb|Daniels|2005|p=45}}</ref> Some areas of Malaysia host rival mosques catering for the members and supporters of each party.<ref>{{Harvnb|Riddell|2005|p=142}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* '''Spiritual Leader:'''
** [[Hashim Jasin]]
* '''Deputy Spiritual Leader:'''
** [[Ahmad Yakob]]
* '''Permanent Chairperson:'''
** Hussin Ismail
* '''Deputy Permanent Chairperson:'''
** [[Kamal Ashaari]]
* '''President:'''
** [[Abdul Hadi Awang]]
* '''Deputy President:'''
** [[Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man]]
* '''Vice-president:'''
** [[Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar]]
** [[Mohd Amar Abdullah]]
** [[Idris Ahmad (Perak politician)|Idris Ahmad]]
* '''Dewan Ulamak's Chief:'''
** Ustaz Haji Ahmad Yahaya
* '''Dewan Pemuda's Chief:'''
** [[Afnan Hamimi Taib Azamudden]]
* '''Dewan Muslimat's Chief:'''
** [[Nuridah Mohd Salleh]]
* '''DHPP Chief:'''
** Balasubramaniam Nachiappan
* '''Secretary-General:'''
** [[Takiyuddin Hassan]]
* '''Deputy Secretary-General:'''
** ''TBA''
** ''TBA''
** ''TBA''
* '''Treasurer:'''
** [[Iskandar Abdul Samad]]
* '''Information Chief:'''
** [[Ahmad Fadhli Shaari]]
* '''Election Director:'''
** [[Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor]]
* '''Deputy Election Director:'''
** [[Annuar Musa]]
{{col-2}}
* '''Central Working Committee Members (Elected):'''
** [[Ahmad Fadhli Shaari]]
** [[Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor]]
** [[Haim Hilman Abdullah]]
** [[Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi]]
** [[Khairil Nizam Khirudin]]
** [[Mohd. Nassuruddin Daud]]
** [[Azman Ibrahim (politician)|Azman Ibrahim]]
** [[Halimah Ali]]
** [[Siti Zailah Mohd Yusoff]]
** [[Ahmad Marzuk Shaary]]
** [[Ahmad Amzad Hashim]]
** [[Mohamed Fadzli Hassan]]
** Riduan Mohamad Nor
** [[Shahidan Kassim]]
** [[Nik Mohamad Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz]]
** [[Awang Hashim]]
** [[Mumtaz Md Nawi]]
** [[Iskandar Abdul Samad]]
* '''Central Working Committee Members (Appointed):'''
** [[Annuar Musa]]
** [[Mohd Shukri Ramli]]
** Wan Rohimi Wan Daud
** Rosni Adam
** [[Mohd Misbahul Munir Masduki]]
** [[Najihatussalehah Ahmad]]
** [[Bakri Jamaluddin]]
** [[Mohd Yusni Mat Piah]]
** [[Ahmad Yunus Hairi]]
** Mohd Mazri Yahya
** [[Razman Zakaria]]
* '''State Commissioner:'''
** Perlis: Ahmad Ali
** Kedah: Ahmad Yahaya
** Kelantan: [[Ahmad Yakob]]
** Terengganu: Husin Awang
** Penang: Muhammad Fauzi Yusoff
** Perak: [[Idris Ahmad (Perak politician)|Idris Ahmad]]
** Pahang: Rosli Abdul Jabar
** Selangor: Ab Halim Tamuri
** Federal Territories: Azhar Yahya
** Negeri Sembilan: Mohammad Fairuz Mohammad Isa
** Malacca: Zulkifli Ismail
** Johor: Mahfodz Mohamed
** Sabah: [[Aliakbar Gulasan]]
** Sarawak: Mohammad Arifiriazul Paijo
{{col-end}}
{{clear}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:40em;margin-top:0"
!colspan=4|Dewan Ulamak PAS Pusat (DUPP) (2025–2027)
|-
|
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* '''Dewan Ulamak's Chief:'''
** Ahmad Yahya
* '''Dewan Ulamak's Deputy Chief:'''
** Zulkifli Ismail
* '''Dewan Ulamak's Vice Chief:'''
** Khirul Muntanazar Ismail
* '''Dewan Ulamak's Secretary:'''
** Nushi Mahfodz
* '''Dewan Ulamak's Assistant Secretary:'''
** Nazri Cik
** Mohd Asri Mat Daud
** Hishamuddin Abdul Karim
* '''Dewan Ulamak's Treasurer:'''
** Abu Munqiz Din
* '''Dewan Ulamak's Information Chief:'''
** Mohd Nor Hamzah
* '''Dewan Ulamak's Election Director:'''
** Muhammad Ismi Mat Taib
{{col-2}}
* '''Dewan Ulamak's Central Working Committee:'''
** Ibrahim Zakaria
** Zulkarnain Hassan
** Ahmad Adnan Fadhil
** Ahmad Nafiri Toazi
** Ibrahim Tahir
** Azhar Yahya
** Muhammad Al-Saqbani Abdul Rahim
** Azki Hafizi Ibrahim
** Nurul Akma Sheikh Mohd Amin
** Azhar Yaakub
** Abdul Azim Abu Hassan
** Razali Ad Ghafar
** Ana Mastura Ismail
** Mohd Fairul Mohd Isa
** Isa Abd Jalil{{col-end}}
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:40em;margin-top:0"
!colspan=4|Majlis Syura Ulamak PAS Pusat (2015–2025)
|-
|
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* '''Spiritual Leader:'''
** [[Hashim Jasin]]
* '''Deputy Spiritual Leader:'''
** [[Ahmad Yakob]]
* '''Secretary:'''
** Nik Mohamad Zawawi Salleh
* '''Treasurer:'''
** Hishamuddin Abdul Karim
{{col-2}}
* '''Members:'''
** [[Abdul Hadi Awang]]
** [[Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man]]
** Idris Ahmad
** Johari Mat
** Mahfodz Mohamad
** Wahibah Tahir
** [[Taib Azamudden Md Taib]]
** Ahmad Ali
** Hishamuddin Abdul Karim
** Aminurraasyid Yatiban
** Mohd Yakub Zulkifli Mohd Yusoff
** Shukeri Mohamad
{{col-end}}
|}
{{col-end}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:40em;margin-top:0"
!colspan=4|Dewan Pemuda PAS Malaysia (DPPM) (2025–2027)
|-
|
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* '''Youth Chief:'''
** Afnan Hamimi Taib Azamudden
* '''Youth Deputy Chief:'''
** Mohd Hafez Sabri
* '''Youth Vice Chief:'''
** Muhammad Hanif Jamaluddin
* '''Youth Secretary:'''
** Muhd Khidhir Izaidin
* '''Youth Treasurer:'''
** Mhud Hafiz Mazlan
* '''Youth Information Chief:'''
** Khairul Nadzir Helmi Azhar
* '''Youth Election Director:'''
** Tengku Muhammad Fakhruddin Tengku Muhammad Fauzi
{{col-2}}
* '''Youth Central Working Committee:'''
** Abdul Malik Ab Razak
** Wan Abu Bakar Wan Mahussin
** Yusof Abdul Hadi
** Muhammad Nazrul Hakim Md Nazir
** Mohd Harun Esa
** Muhammad Faizuddin Mohd Zai
** Mohd Aizat Zakaria
** Muhammad Abdul Malik Abdul Karim
** Hendri Hamsah
{{col-end}}
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:40em;margin-top:0"
!colspan=4|Dewan Muslimat PAS Pusat (DMPP) (2025–2027)
|-
|
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* '''Muslimat Chief:'''
** Nuridah Mohd. Salleh
* '''Muslimat Deputy Chief:'''
** Rosni Adam
* '''Muslimat Vice Chief:'''
** Salamiah Mohd Noor
* '''Muslimat Secretary:'''
** Nurul Hani Ali
* '''Muslimat Assistant Secretary:'''
** Mardhiah Hayati Zolkeplai
** Huda Nordin
** Norhafiza Fadzil
* '''Muslimat Treasurer:'''
** Mardhiyah Hayati Salleh
* '''Muslimat Information Chief:'''
** Najihatussalehah Ahmad
* '''Muslimat Election Director:'''
** 'Uyun Abdul Malek
{{col-2}}
* '''Muslimat Central Working Committee:'''
** Mumtaz Md Nawi
** Asmak Husin
** Siti Ashah Ghazali
** Zuraida Md Noor
** Siti Mastura Muhammad
** Wahibah Twahir
** Wan Hasrina Wan Hassan
** Noraini Hussin
** Nur Jaslina Shafawi
** Reen Mohd Amin
** Muna Adila Che Rime
** Salmah Abdul Rahman
** Siti Rohaya Ahad
** Norazlin Md Samsudin
** Mardhiyyah Johari
** Safinatunnajah Ibrahim
** Farhana Bakar
** Dayangku Huda Ahmad
** Nurul Ashidah Johari
** Siti Aminah Muhammad Imran
** Rahsidah Arbain
** Kamilia Ibrahim{{col-end}}
|}
{{col-end}}

== Leadership ==

=== President ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Name !! Term of position !! Years in position
|-
|{{ill|Ahmad Fuad Hassan|ms}} || 1951–1953 || 2 years
|-
|{{ill|Abbas Alias|ms}} || 1953–1956 || 3 years
|-
|[[Burhanuddin al-Helmy]] || 1956–1969 || 13 years
|-
|[[Asri Muda]] || 1969–1982 || 13 years
|-
|[[Yusof Rawa]] || 1982–1989 || 7 years
|-
|[[Fadzil Noor]] || 1989–2002 || 13 years
|-
|[[Abdul Hadi Awang]] || 2002–present || {{age in years|2002|07|23}} years
|}

=== Spiritual leader ===
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Name !! Term of position !! Years in position
|-
|[[Yusof Rawa]] || 1987–1994 || 7 years
|-
|[[Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat]] || 1994–2015 || 21 years
|-
|[[Haron Din]] || 2015–2016 || 1 year
|-
|[[Hashim Jasin]] || 2016–present || {{age in years|2016|01|01}} years
|}

== Elected representatives ==

=== Dewan Negara (Senate) ===
==== Senators ====
{{main|Members of the Dewan Negara, 15th Malaysian Parliament}}

* '''[[Kelantan]]:'''
** [[Nik Mohamad Abduh Nik Abdul Aziz]]
** Wan Martina Wan Yusoff
* '''[[Terengganu]]:'''
** [[Che Alias Hamid]]
* '''[[Perlis]]'''
** Baharuddin Ahmad

=== Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives) ===
==== Members of Parliament of the 15th Malaysian Parliament ====
{{main|Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament}}

PAS has the highest number of representatives in the [[Dewan Rakyat]] among all political parties with 43 representatives.

{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"| State
! style="width:30px;"| No.
! style="width:150px;"|Parliament Constituency
! style="width:250px;"|Member
! style="width:80px;" colspan=2|Party
|-
|rowspan=2| {{Flag|Perlis}} || P001 || [[Padang Besar (federal constituency)|Padang Besar]] || Rushdan Rusmi || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P003 || [[Arau (federal constituency)|Arau]] || [[Shahidan Kassim]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|rowspan=9| {{Flag|Kedah}} || P005 || [[Jerlun (federal constituency)|Jerlun]] || [[Abdul Ghani Ahmad]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P007 || [[Padang Terap (federal constituency)|Padang Terap]] || Nurul Amin Hamid || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P008 || [[Pokok Sena (federal constituency)|Pokok Sena]] || Ahmad Yahaya || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P009 || [[Alor Setar (federal constituency)|Alor Setar]] || [[Afnan Hamimi Taib Azamudden]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P010 || [[Kuala Kedah (federal constituency)|Kuala Kedah]] || Ahmad Fakhruddin Sheikh Fakhrurazi || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P011 || [[Pendang (federal constituency)|Pendang]] || [[Awang Hashim]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P012 || [[Jerai (federal constituency)|Jerai]] || [[Sabri Azit]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P013 || [[Sik (federal constituency)|Sik]] || [[Ahmad Tarmizi Sulaiman]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P016 || [[Baling (federal constituency)|Baling]] || Hassan Saad || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|rowspan=9| {{Flag|Kelantan}} || P019 || [[Tumpat (federal constituency)|Tumpat]] || [[Mumtaz Md. Nawi]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P020 || [[Pengkalan Chepa (federal constituency)|Pengkalan Chepa]] || [[Ahmad Marzuk Shaary]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P021 || [[Kota Bharu (federal constituency)|Kota Bharu]] || [[Takiyuddin Hassan]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P022 || [[Pasir Mas (federal constituency)|Pasir Mas]] || [[Ahmad Fadhli Shaari]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P023 || [[Rantau Panjang (federal constituency)|Rantau Panjang]] || [[Siti Zailah Mohd Yusoff]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P024 || [[Kubang Kerian (federal constituency)|Kubang Kerian]] || [[Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P025 || [[Bachok (federal constituency)|Bachok]] || [[Mohd Syahir Che Sulaiman]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P028 || [[Pasir Puteh (federal constituency)|Pasir Puteh]] || [[Nik Muhammad Zawawi Salleh]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P031 || [[Kuala Krai (federal constituency)|Kuala Krai]] || [[Abdul Latiff Abdul Rahman]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|rowspan=7| {{Flag|Terengganu}}
| P033 || [[Besut (federal constituency)|Besut]] || [[Che Mohamad Zulkifly Jusoh]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P034 || [[Setiu (federal constituency)|Setiu]] || [[Shaharizukirnain Abdul Kadir]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P035 || [[Kuala Nerus (federal constituency)|Kuala Nerus]] || [[Alias Razak]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P036 || [[Kuala Terengganu (federal constituency)|Kuala Terengganu]] || [[Ahmad Amzad Hashim]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P037 || [[Marang (federal constituency)|Marang]] || [[Abdul Hadi Awang]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P039 || [[Dungun (federal constituency)|Dungun]] || [[Wan Hassan Mohd Ramli]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P040 || [[Kemaman (federal constituency)|Kemaman]] || [[Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|rowspan=2| {{Flag|Penang}} || P041 || [[Kepala Batas (federal constituency)|Kepala Batas]] || Mastura Muhammad || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P044 || [[Permatang Pauh (federal constituency)|Permatang Pauh]] || [[Muhammad Fawwaz Mohamad Jan]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|rowspan=4| {{Flag|Perak}} || P057 || [[Parit Buntar (federal constituency)|Parit Buntar]] || Misbahul Munir Masduki || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P058 || [[Bagan Serai (federal constituency)|Bagan Serai]] || [[Idris Ahmad (Perak politician)|Idris Ahmad]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P069|| [[Parit (federal constituency)|Parit]] || Muhammad Ismi Mat Taib || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P073 || [[Pasir Salak (federal constituency)|Pasir Salak]] || Jamaludin Yahya || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|rowspan=5| {{Flag|Pahang}} || P081 || [[Jerantut (federal constituency)|Jerantut]] || [[Khairil Nizam Khirudin]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P083 || [[Kuantan (federal constituency)|Kuantan]] || Wan Razali Wan Nor || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P086 || [[Maran (federal constituency)|Maran]] || [[Ismail Muttalib|Ismail Abdul Muttalib]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P087 || [[Kuala Krau (federal constituency)|Kuala Krau]] || Kamal Ashaari || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P088 || [[Temerloh (federal constituency)|Temerloh]] || Salamiah Mohd Nor || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|rowspan=3| {{Flag|Selangor}} || P094 || [[Hulu Selangor (federal constituency)|Hulu Selangor]] || Mohd Hasnizan Harun || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P109 || [[Kapar (federal constituency)|Kapar]] || [[Halimah Ali]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P112 || [[Kuala Langat (federal constituency)|Kuala Langat]] || [[Ahmad Yunus Hairi]] || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|rowspan=2| {{Flag|Malacca}} || P136 || [[Tangga Batu (federal constituency)|Tangga Batu]] || Bakri Jamaluddin || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| P139 || [[Jasin (federal constituency)|Jasin]] || Zulkifli Ismail || bgcolor="{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| Total || colspan="5" style="width:30px;" | {{small|'''[[Perlis]]''' (2), '''[[Kedah]]''' (9), '''[[Kelantan]]''' (9), '''[[Terengganu]]''' (7), '''[[Penang]]''' (2), '''[[Perak]]''' (4), '''[[Pahang]]''' (5), '''[[Selangor]]''' (3), '''[[Malacca]]''' (2)}}
|}

=== Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly) ===
==== Malaysian State Assembly Representatives ====
{{main|List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2023–present)}}

PAS has 146 members of state legislative assemblies, more than any other parties. It has representatives in every assembly outside of [[Sarawak]]. The party holds a majority in the [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly|Kelantan]], [[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly|Terengganu]], [[Kedah State Legislative Assembly|Kedah]] and [[Perlis State Legislative Assembly|Perlis]] State Legislative Assemblies.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
[[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|27|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
[[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|37|45|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
[[Kedah State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|21|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
[[Perlis State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|6|15|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
{{col-4}}
[[Pahang State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|15|47|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
[[Perak State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|17|59|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
[[Selangor State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|10|56|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
[[Penang State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|7|40|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
{{col-4}}
[[Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|3|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
[[Malacca State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|1|28|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
[[Johor State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|1|56|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
[[Sabah State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|1|79|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
{{col-4}}
[[Sarawak State Legislative Assembly]]{{Composition bar|0|82|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
{{col-end}}

{| class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:100px;"| State
!No.
!Parliamentary

Constituency
! style="width:30px;"| No.
! style="width:150px;"|State Assembly Constituency
! style="width:240px;"|Member
! style="width:80px;" colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="6" |{{Flag|Perlis}}
| rowspan="3" |P001
| rowspan="3" |[[Padang Besar (federal constituency)|Padang Besar]]
|N02
|[[Beseri (state constituency)|Beseri]]
|Haziq Asyraf Dun || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|N04
|[[Mata Ayer (state constituency)|Mata Ayer]]
|[[Wan Badariah Wan Saad]] || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|N05
|[[Santan (state constituency)|Santan]]
|[[Mohammad Azmir Azizan]] || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P002
|[[Kangar (federal constituency)|Kangar]]
|N10
|[[Kayang (state constituency)|Kayang]]
|[[Asrul Aimran Abd Jalil]] || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P003
| rowspan="2" |[[Arau (federal constituency)|Arau]]
|N14
|[[Simpang Empat (state constituency)|Simpang Empat]]
|[[Razali Saad (politician)|Razali Saad]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N15 || [[Sanglang (state constituency)|Sanglang]] || [[Mohd Shukri Ramli]] || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="21" |{{Flag|Kedah}}
|P005
|[[Jerlun (federal constituency)|Jerlun]]
| N04 || [[Ayer Hitam (Kedah state constituency)|Ayer Hitam]]|| [[Azhar Ibrahim]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P006
|[[Kubang Pasu (federal constituency)|Kubang Pasu]]
|N06
|[[Jitra (state constituency)|Jitra]]
|[[Haim Hilman Abdullah]]
| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P007
| rowspan="2" |[[Padang Terap (federal constituency)|Padang Terap]]
| N07 || [[Kuala Nerang (state constituency)|Kuala Nerang]] || [[Mohamad Yusoff Zakaria]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N08 || [[Pedu (state constituency)|Pedu]] || [[Mohd Radzi Md Amin]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P008
| rowspan="2" |[[Pokok Sena (federal constituency)|Pokok Sena]]
| N09 || [[Bukit Lada (state constituency)|Bukit Lada]] || [[Salim Mahmood]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N10 || [[Bukit Pinang (state constituency)|Bukit Pinang]] || [[Wan Romani Wan Salim]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|P009
|[[Alor Setar (federal constituency)|Alor Setar]]
|N14
|[[Alor Mengkudu]]
|[[Muhamad Radhi Mat Din]]
| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P010
| rowspan="2" |[[Kuala Kedah (federal constituency)|Kuala Kedah]]
|N15
|[[Anak Bukit (state constituency)|Anak Bukit]]
|[[Rashidi Razak]]
| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
|N17
|[[Pengkalan Kundor]]
|[[Mardhiyyah Johari]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
|P011
|[[Pendang (federal constituency)|Pendang]]
| N18 || [[Tokai (state constituency)|Tokai]] || [[Mohd Hayati Othman]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P012
| rowspan="2" |[[Jerai (federal constituency)|Jerai]]
| N20 || [[Sungai Limau (state constituency)|Sungai Limau]] || [[Mohd Azam Abd Samat]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|N22
|[[Gurun (state constituency)|Gurun]]
|[[Baddrol Bakhtiar]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P013
| rowspan="2" |[[Sik (federal constituency)|Sik]]
|N23
|[[Belantek]]
|[[Ahmad Sulaiman]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
| N24 || [[Jeneri (state constituency)|Jeneri]]|| [[Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P014
| rowspan="2" |[[Merbok (federal constituency)|Merbok]]
|N25
|[[Bukit Selambau (state constituency)|Bukit Selambau]]
|[[Azizan Hamzah]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
| N26 || [[Tanjong Dawai (state constituency)|Tanjong Dawai]]|| [[Hanif Ghazali]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P015
|[[Sungai Petani (federal constituency)|Sungai Petani]]
| N27 || [[Pantai Merdeka (state constituency)|Pantai Merdeka]] || [[Sharir Long]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P016
| rowspan="2" |[[Baling (federal constituency)|Baling]]
| N31 || [[Kupang (state constituency)|Kupang]]|| [[Najmi Ahmad]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N32 || [[Kuala Ketil (state constituency)|Kuala Ketil]] || [[Mansor Zakaria]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|P017
|[[Padang Serai (federal constituency)|Padang Serai]]
| N33 || [[Merbau Pulas (state constituency)|Merbau Pulas]] || [[Siti Aishah Ghazali]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|P018
|[[Kulim-Bandar Baharu]]
|N36
|[[Bandar Baharu (state constituency)|Bandar Baharu]]
|[[Mohd Suffian Yusoff]]
| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
| rowspan="37" | {{Flag|Kelantan}}
| rowspan="4" |P019
| rowspan="4" |[[Tumpat (federal constituency)|Tumpat]]|| N1 || [[Pengkalan Kubor (state constituency)|Pengkalan Kubor]] || Wan Roslan Wan Mamat|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N02 || [[Kelaboran (state constituency)|Kelaboran]] || Mohd Adenan Hassan|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N03 || [[Pasir Pekan (state constituency)|Pasir Pekan]] || [[Ahmad Yakob]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N04 || [[Wakaf Bharu (state constituency)|Wakaf Bharu]] || Mohd Rusli Abdullah|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="3" |P020
| rowspan="3" |[[Pengkalan Chepa (federal constituency)|Pengkalan Chepa]]
| N05 || [[Kijang (state constituency)|Kijang]] || Izani Husin|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N06 || [[Chempaka (Kelantan state constituency)|Chempaka]] || Nik Asma' Bahrum Nik Abdullah|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N07 || [[Panchor (state constituency)|Panchor]] || Nik Mohd Amar Nik Abdullah|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P021
| rowspan="2" |[[Kota Bharu (federal constituency)|Kota Bharu]]
| N08 || [[Tanjong Mas (state constituency)|Tanjong Mas]] || Rohani Ibrahim|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N10 || [[Bunut Payong (state constituency)|Bunut Payong]] || Ramli Mamat|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="3" |P022
| rowspan="3" |[[Pasir Mas (federal constituency)|Pasir Mas]]
| N11 || [[Tendong (state constituency)|Tendong]] || Rozi Muhamad|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N12 || [[Pengkalan Pasir (state constituency)|Pengkalan Pasir]] || Mohd Nasriff Daud|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N13 || [[Meranti (state constituency)|Meranti]] || Mohd Nassruddin Daud|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="3" |P023
| rowspan="3" |[[Rantau Panjang (federal constituency)|Rantau Panjang]]
| N14 || [[Chetok (state constituency)|Chetok]] || Zuraidin Abdullah|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N15 || [[Gual Periok (state constituency)|Gual Periok]] || Kamaruzaman Mohamad|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N16 || [[Bukit Tuku (state constituency)|Apam Putra]] || Abdul Rasul Mohamed|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="3" |P024
| rowspan="3" |[[Kubang Kerian (federal constituency)|Kubang Kerian]]
| N17 || [[Salor (state constituency)|Salor]] || Saizol Ismail|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N18 || [[Pasir Tumboh (state constituency)|Pasir Tumboh]] || Abd Rahman Yunus|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N19 || [[Demit (state constituency)|Demit]] || Mohd Asri Mat Daud|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="3" |P025
| rowspan="3" |[[Bachok (federal constituency)|Bachok]]
| N20 || [[Tawang (state constituency)|Tawang]] || Harun Ismail|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N21 || [[Perupok (state constituency)|Pantai Irama]] || Mohd Huzaimy Che Husin|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N22 || [[Jelawat (state constituency)|Jelawat]] || Zameri Mat Nawang|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P026
| rowspan="2" |[[Ketereh (federal constituency)|Ketereh]]
|N23
|[[Melor (state constituency)|Melor]]
|Wan Rohimi Wan Daud
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
| N24 || [[Kadok (state constituency)|Kadok]]|| Azami Mohd Nor|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P027
| rowspan="2" |[[Tanah Merah (federal constituency)|Tanah Merah]]
| N26 || [[Bukit Panau (state constituency)|Bukit Panau]] || Abd Fattah Mahmood || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N28 || [[Kemahang (state constituency)|Kemahang]] || Md Anizam Ab Rahman|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="4" |P028
| rowspan="4" |[[Pasir Putih (federal constituency)|Pasir Puteh]]
| N29 || [[Selising (state constituency)|Selising]] || Tuan Mohd Sharipudin Tuan Ismail|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N30 || [[Limbongan (state constituency)|Limbongan]] || Nor Asilah Mohamed Zin|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N31 || [[Semerak (state constituency)|Semerak]] || Nor Sham Sulaiman|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N32 || [[Gaal (state constituency)|Gaal]] || Mohd Rodzi Ja’afar|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="3" |P029
| rowspan="3" |[[Machang (federal constituency)|Machang]]
| N33 || [[Pulai Chondong (state constituency)|Pulai Chondong]] || Azhar Salleh|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N34 || [[Temangan (state constituency)|Temangan]] || Mohamed Fazli Hassan|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N35 || [[Kemuning (state constituency)|Kemuning]] || Ahmad Zakhran Mat Noor|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P030
|[[Jeli (federal constituency)|Jeli]]
|N38
|[[Kuala Balah]]
|Abdul Hadi Awang Kechil
| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
| rowspan="4" |P031
| rowspan="4" |[[Kuala Krai (federal constituency)|Kuala Krai]]
| N39 || [[Mengkebang (state constituency)|Mengkebang]] || Zubir Abu Bakar|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N40 || [[Guchil (state constituency)|Guchil]] || Hilmi Abdullah|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N41 || [[Manek Urai (state constituency)|Manek Urai]] || Mohd Fauzi Abdullah|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N42 || [[Dabong (state constituency)|Dabong]] || Ku Mohd Zaki Ku Hussien || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="27" |{{Flag|Terengganu}}
| rowspan="3" |P033
| rowspan="3" |[[Besut (federal constituency)|Besut]]
|N01
|[[Kuala Besut (state constituency)|Kuala Besut]]
|Azbi Salleh
| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
| N02 || [[Kota Putera (state constituency)|Kota Putera]] || Mohd Nurkhuzaini Ab Rahman|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|N03
|[[Jertih (state constituency)|Jertih]]
|Riduan Md Nor
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
| rowspan="3" |P34
| rowspan="3" |[[Setiu (federal constituency)|Setiu]]
| N5 || [[Jabi (state constituency)|Jabi]] || Azman Ibrahim|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|N07
|[[Langkap (state constituency)|Langkap]]
|Azmi Maarof
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
|N8
|[[Batu Rakit (state constituency)|Batu Rakit]]
|Mohd Shafizi Ismail
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
| rowspan="3" |P035
| rowspan="3" |[[Kuala Nerus (federal constituency)|Kuala Nerus]]
| N9 || [[Tepuh (state constituency)|Tepuh]] || Hishamuddin Abdul Karim|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N10 || [[Buluh Gading (state constituency)|Buloh Gading]] || Ridzuan Hashim|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N12 || [[Bukit Tunggal (state constituency)|Bukit Tunggal]] || Alias Razak|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="4" |P036
| rowspan="4" |[[Kuala Terengganu (federal constituency)|Kuala Terengganu]]
| N13 || [[Wakaf Mempelam (state constituency)|Wakaf Mempelam]] || Wan Sukairi Wan Abdullah|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N14 || [[Bandar (state constituency)|Bandar]] || Ahmad Shah Muhamed|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N15 || [[Ladang (state constituency)|Ladang]] || Zuraida Md Noor|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N16 || [[Batu Buruk (state constituency)|Batu Buruk]] || Muhammad Khalil Abdul Hadi|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="4" |P037
| rowspan="4" |[[Marang (federal constituency)|Marang]]
| N17 || [[Alur Limbat (state constituency)|Alur Limbat]] || Ariffin Deraman || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N18 || [[Bukit Payung (state constituency)|Bukit Payung]] || Mohd Nor Hamzah|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N19 || [[Ru Rendang (state constituency)|Ru Rendang]] || [[Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N20 || [[Pengkalan Berangan (state constituency)|Pengkalan Berangan]] || Sulaiman Sulong || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="3" |P038
| rowspan="3" |[[Hulu Terengganu (federal constituency)|Hulu Terengganu]]
| N22 || [[Manir (state constituency)|Manir]] || Hilmi Harun|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N23 || [[Kuala Berang (state constituency)|Kuala Berang]] || Mamad Puteh|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N24 || [[Ajil (state constituency)|Ajil]] || Maliaman Kassim|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="4" |P039
| rowspan="4" |[[Dungun (federal constituency)|Dungun]]
|N25
|[[Bukit Besi (state constituency)|Bukit Besi]]
|Ghazali Sulaiman
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
| N26 || [[Rantau Abang (state constituency)|Rantau Abang]]|| Mohd Fadhli Rahmi Zulkifli|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N27 || [[Sura (state constituency)|Sura]] || Tengku Muhammad Fakhruddin|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N28 || [[Paka (state constituency)|Paka]] || Satiful Bahri Mamat|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="3" |P040
| rowspan="3" |[[Kemaman (federal constituency)|Kemaman]]
| N29 || [[Kemasik (state constituency)|Kemasik]] || Saiful Azmi Suhaili|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N31 || [[Cukai (state constituency)|Cukai]] || Hanafiah Mat|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| N32 || [[Air Putih (Terengganu state constituency)|Air Putih]] || Mohd Hafiz Adam|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="7" | {{Flag|Penang}}
| rowspan="2" |P041
| rowspan="2" |[[Kepala Batas (federal constituency)|Kepala Batas]]|| N1 || [[Penaga (state constituency)|Penaga]]|| [[Mohd Yusni Mat Piah]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | || PAS
|-
|N03
|[[Pinang Tunggal (state constituency)|Pinang Tunggal]]
|[[Bukhori Ghazali]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P042
| rowspan="2" |[[Tasek Gelugor (federal constituency)|Tasek Gelugor]]
|N4
|[[Permatang Berangan]]
|[[Mohd Sobri Salleh]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
|N05
|[[Sungai Dua (state constituency)|Sungai Dua]]
|[[Muhammad Fauzi Yusoff]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
|P044
|[[Permatang Pauh (federal constituency)|Permatang Pauh]]
|N11
|[[Permatang Pasir (state constituency)|Permatang Pasir]]
|[[Amir Hamzah Abdul Hashim]]
| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
|P047
|[[Nibong Tebal (federal constituency)|Nibong Tebal]]
|N20
|[[Sungai Bakap (state constituency)|Sungai Bakap]]
|[[Abidin Ismail]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
|P053
|[[Balik Pulau (federal constituency)|Balik Pulau]]
|N39
|[[Pulau Betong (state constituency)|Pulau Betong]]
|[[Mohamad Shukor Zakariah]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
| rowspan="17" |{{Flag|Perak}}
|P054
|[[Gerik (federal constituency)|Gerik]]
|N01
|[[Pengkalan Hulu (state constituency)|Pengkalan Hulu]]
|Mohamad Amir Roslan || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P055
|[[Lenggong (federal constituency)|Lenggong]]
|N03
|[[Kenering (state constituency)|Kenering]]
|Husaini Ariffin || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P56
| rowspan="2" |[[Larut (federal constituency)|Larut]]|| N5 || [[Selama (state constituency)|Selama]] || Mohd Akmal Kamaruddin|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N06 || [[Kubu Gajah (state constituency)|Kubu Gajah]] || Khalil Yahaya|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|P057
|[[Parit Buntar (federal constituency)|Parit Buntar]]
|N08
|[[Titi Serong (state constituency)|Titi Serong]]
|Hakimi Hamzi Hayat || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P058
| rowspan="2" |[[Bagan Serai (federal constituency)|Bagan Serai]]
| N11 || [[Gunong Semanggol (state constituency)|Gunong Semaggol]]|| Razman Zakaria|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|N12
|[[Selinsing (state constituency)|Selinsing]]
|Sallehuddin Abdullah || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P059
| rowspan="2" |[[Bukit Gantang (federal constituency)|Bukit Gantang]]
|N14
|[[Changkat Jering (state constituency)|Changkat Jering]]
|Rahim Ismail || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|N15
|[[Trong (state constituency)|Trong]]
|Faisal Abdul Rahman || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P060
|[[Taiping (federal constituency)|Taiping]]
|N16
|[[Kamunting (state constituency)|Kamunting]]
|Mohd Fakhruddin Abdul Aziz || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P061
|[[Padang Rengas (federal constituency)|Padang Rengas]]
|N20
|[[Lubok Merbau (state constituency)|Lubok Merbau]]
|Azizi Mohamed Ridzuan || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P063
|[[Tambun (federal constituency)|Tambun]]
|N23
|[[Manjoi (state constituency)|Manjoi]]
|[[Mohd Hafez Sabri]] || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P067
|[[Kuala Kangsar (federal constituency)|Kuala Kangsar]]
|N35
|[[Manong (state constituency)|Manong]]
|Burhanuddin Ahmad || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P069
|[[Parit (federal constituency)|Parit]]
|N40
|[[Bota (state constituency)|Bota]]
|Najihatussalehah Ahmad || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P073
|[[Pasir Salak (federal constituency)|Pasir Salak]]
|N50
|[[Kampong Gajah (state constituency)|Kampong Gajah]]
|Zafarulazaln Zan || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P074
|[[Lumut (federal constituency)|Lumut]]
|N51
|[[Pasir Panjang (state constituency)|Pasir Panjang]]
|Rosli Abd Rahman || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P077
|[[Tanjong Malim (federal constituency)|Tanjong Malim]]
|N58
|[[Slim (state constituency)|Slim]]
|Muhammad Zulfadli Zainal || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="15" |{{Flag|Pahang}}
|P079
|[[Lipis (federal constituency)|Lipis]]
|N04
|[[Cheka (state constituency)|Cheka]]
|Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="3" |P81
| rowspan="3" |[[Jerantut (federal constituency)|Jerantut]]|| N9 || [[Tahan (state constituency)|Tahan]] || Mohd Zakhwan Ahmad Badarddin|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N10 || [[Damak (state constituency)|Damak]] || Zuridan Mohd Daud|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|N11
|[[Pulau Tawar (state constituency)|Pulau Tawar]]
|Yohanis Ahmad || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P082
|[[Indera Mahkota (federal constituency)|Indera Mahkota]]
| N12 || [[Beserah (state constituency)|Beserah]] || Andansura Rabu|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|P083
|[[Kuantan (federal constituency)|Kuantan]]
| N15 || [[Tanjung Lumpur (state constituency)|Tanjung Lumpur]] || Rosli Abdul Jabar|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P084
| rowspan="2" |[[Paya Besar (federal constituency)|Paya Besar]]
|N17
|[[Sungai Lembing (state constituency)|Sungai Lembing]]
|Mohamad Ayub Asri || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N19 || [[Panching (state constituency)|Panching]] || Mohd Tarmizi Yahaya|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P085
|[[Pekan (federal constituency)|Pekan]]
|N20
|[[Pulau Manis (state constituency)|Pulau Manis]]
|Mohd Rafiq Khan Ahmad Khan || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P086
| rowspan="2" |[[Maran (federal constituency)|Maran]]
| N24 || [[Luit (state constituency)|Luit]] || Mohd Soffian Abd Jalil|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| N26 || [[Chenor (state constituency)|Chenor]] || Mujibur Rahman Ishak|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
|P087
|[[Jengka (state constituency)|Jengka]]
| N29 || [[Jengka (state constituency)|Jengka]] || Shahril Azman Abd Halim|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"| ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="2" |P088
| rowspan="2" |[[Temerloh (federal constituency)|Temerloh]]
|N31
|[[Lanchang (state constituency)|Lanchang]]
|Hassan Omar || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|N32
|[[Kuala Semantan (state constituency)|Kuala Semantan]]
|Hassanudin Salim || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|P091
|[[Rompin (federal constituency)|Rompin]]
|N40
|[[Bukit Ibam (state constituency)|Bukit Ibam]]
|Nazri Ahmad || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="10" |{{Flag|Selangor}}
|P092
|[[Sabak Bernam (federal constituency)|Sabak Bernam]]
|N02
|[[Sabak (state constituency)|Sabak]]
|[[Sallehen Mukhyi]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
|P093
|[[Sungai Besar (federal constituency)|Sungai Besar]]
|N03
|[[Sungai Panjang (state constituency)|Sungai Panjang]]
|[[Mohd Razali Saari]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
|P094
|[[Hulu Selangor (federal constituency)|Hulu Selangor]]
|N05
|[[Hulu Bernam (state constituency)|Hulu Bernam]]
|[[Mui'zzuddeen Mahyuddin]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
|P095
|[[Tanjong Karang (federal constituency)|Tanjong Karang]]
|N08
|[[Sungai Burong (state constituency)|Sungai Burong]]
|[[Mohd Zamri Mohd Zainuldin]]
| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
|P096
|[[Kuala Selangor (federal constituency)|Kuala Selangor]]
|N11
|[[Ijok (state constituency)|Ijok]]
|[[Jefri Mejan]]
| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
|P101
|[[Hulu Langat (federal constituency)|Hulu Langat]]
|N24
|[[Semenyih (state constituency)|Semenyih]]
|[[Nushi Mahfodz]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
|P102
|[[Bangi (federal constituency)|Bangi]]
|N26
|[[Sungai Ramal (state constituency)|Sungai Ramal]]
|[[Mohd Shafie Ngah]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
|P107
|[[Sungai Buloh (federal constituency)|Sungai Buloh]]
|N38
|[[Paya Jaras (state constituency)|Paya Jaras]]
|[[Ab Halim Tamuri]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
|P109
|[[Kapar (federal constituency)|Kapar]]
|N43
|[[Sementa (state constituency)|Sementa]]
|[[Noor Najhan Mohamad Salleh]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
|P112
|[[Kuala Langat (federal constituency)|Kuala Langat]]
| N51 || [[Sijangkang (state constituency)|Sijangkang]] || [[Ahmad Yunus Hairi]]|| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{Flag|Negeri Sembilan}}
|P127
|[[Jempol (federal constituency)|Jempol]]
|N05
|[[Serting (state constituency)|Serting]]
|[[Mohd Fairuz Mohd Isa]]
| style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" |
|PAS
|-
|P131
|[[Rembau (federal constituency)|Rembau]]
|N25
|[[Paroi (state constituency)|Paroi]]
|[[Kamarol Ridzuan Mohd Zain]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
|P132
|[[Port Dickson (federal constituency)|Port Dickson]]
|N31
|[[Bagan Pinang (state constituency)|Bagan Pinang]]
|[[Abdul Fatah Zakaria]]
|style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}"|
|PAS
|-
|{{Flag|Malacca}}
|P135
|[[Alor Gajah (federal constituency)|Alor Gajah]]
| N06 || [[Rembia (state constituency)|Rembia]]|| [[Muhammad Jailani Khamis]] || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
|{{Flag|Johor}}
|P146
|[[Muar (federal constituency)|Muar]]
| N15 || [[Maharani (state constituency)|Maharani]]|| Abdul Aziz Talib || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| {{Flag|Sabah}}
| P171
| [[Sepanggar (federal constituency)|Sepanggar]]
| N16 || [[Karambunai (state constituency)|Karambunai]] || [[Aliakbar Gulasan]] || style="background:{{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}" | ||PAS
|-
| colspan="2" |Total
| colspan="6" |{{small|'''[[Perlis]]''' (9), '''[[Kedah]]''' (21), '''[[Kelantan]]''' (37), '''[[Terengganu]]''' (27), '''[[Penang]]''' (7), '''[[Perak]]''' (17), '''[[Pahang]]''' (15), '''[[Selangor]]''' (10), '''[[Negeri Sembilan]]''' (3), '''[[Malacca]]''' (1), '''[[Johor]]''' (1), '''[[Sabah]]''' (1)}}
|}

== Government offices ==
=== State governments ===

PAS currently governs the states of [[Perlis]], [[Kedah]], [[Kelantan]], and [[Terengganu]]. In the past, the party was part of the [[Penang]] and [[Selangor]] state governments when it was a component of [[Pakatan Rakyat]]. During the [[2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis]], PAS aligned itself with [[Barisan Nasional]] under the [[Muafakat Nasional]] umbrella to form the state governments in [[Perak]], [[Pahang]], and [[Johor]].

* '''[[Kelantan]]''' ('''1959–1977''', '''1990–present''')
* '''[[Terengganu]]''' ('''1959–1961''', ''1972–1977,'' '''1999–2004''', '''2018–present''')
* '''[[Kedah]]''' (''1972–1977,'' '''2008–2013''', '''2020–present''')
*'''[[Perlis]]''' (''1972–1977,'' '''2022–2025''', ''2025–present'')
* '''[[Perak]]''' (''1972–1977,'' '''2008–2009''', ''2020–2022'')
* '''[[Pahang]]''' (''1974–1977, 2019–2022'')
* '''[[Johor]]''' (''2020–2022'')
* '''[[Selangor]]''' (''1974–1977, 2008–2018''<ref>PAS successfully proposed PKR MLA Azmin Ali as Menteri Besar during [[Kajang Move|2014 Kajang Move]], after which his party joined Pakatan Harapan in 2015 while PAS never did.</ref>)
* '''[[Penang]]''' (''1974–1977, 2008–2015'')
* '''[[Malacca]]''' (''1974–1977)''
Note: '''bold''' as Menteri Besar/Chief Minister, ''italic'' as junior partner
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:120px;" | State
! style="width:90px;" | Leader type
! style="width:180px;" |Member
! style="width:150px;" |State Constituency
|-
| {{Flag|Kedah}} || [[Menteri Besar of Kedah|Menteri Besar]] || [[Muhammad Sanusi Md Nor]] ||[[Jeneri (state constituency)|Jeneri]]
|-
| {{Flag|Kelantan}} || [[Menteri Besar of Kelantan|Menteri Besar]] || [[Mohd Nassuruddin Daud]] || [[Meranti (state constituency)|Meranti]]
|-
| {{Flag|Terengganu}} || [[Menteri Besar of Terengganu|Menteri Besar]] || [[Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar]] ||[[Ru Rendang (state constituency)|Rhu Rendang]]
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="width:120px;" |State
! style="width:90px;" |Leader type
! style="width:180px;" |Member
! style="width:150px;" |State Constituency
|-
|{{Flag|Kelantan}}
|[[Menteri Besar of Kelantan|Deputy Menteri Besar]]
|[[Mohamed Fadzli Hassan]]
|[[Temangan (state constituency)|Temangan]]
|}

=== Legislative leadership ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="width:120px;" |State
! style="width:90px;" |Leader type
! style="width:180px;" |Member
! style="width:150px;" |State Constituency
|-
|{{Flag|Kedah}}
|Speaker
|Zubir Ahmad
|Non-MLA
|-
|{{Flag|Kelantan}}
|Speaker
|[[Mohd Amar Abdullah]]
|[[Panchor (state constituency)|Panchor]]
|-
|{{Flag|Perlis}}
|Speaker
|Rus’sele Eizan
|Non-MLA
|-
|{{Flag|Terengganu}}
|Speaker
|[[Mohd. Nor Hamzah]]
|[[Bukit Payung (state constituency)|Bukit Payung]]
|}

=== Official opposition ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="width:120px;" |State
! style="width:90px;" |Leader type
! style="width:180px;" |Member
! style="width:150px;" |State Constituency
|-
| align="left" |{{Flag|Pahang}}
|Opposition Leader
|[[Tuan Ibrahim Tuan Man]]
|[[Cheka (state constituency)|Cheka]]
|-
| align="left" |{{Flag|Penang}}
|Opposition Leader
|[[Muhammad Fauzi Yusoff]]
|[[Sungai Dua (state constituency)|Sungai Dua]]
|-
| align="left" |{{Flag|Perak}}
|Opposition Leader
|[[Razman Zakaria]]
|[[Gunong Semanggol (state constituency)|Gunong Semanggol]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== General election results ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Total seats won
!Seats contested
! Total votes
! Share of votes
! Outcome of election
! Election leader
|-
! [[1955 Malayan general election|1955]]
| {{Composition bar|1|52|hex=green}}
| 52
| 40,667
| 3.9%
| {{increase}}1 seats; '''Opposition'''
| {{ill|Abbas Alias|ms}}
|-
! [[1959 Malayan general election|1959]]
| {{Composition bar|13|104|hex=green}}
| 52
| 329,070
| 21.3%
| {{increase}}12 seats; '''Opposition'''
|rowspan=3| [[Burhanuddin al-Helmy]]
|-
! [[1964 Malaysian general election|1964]]
| {{Composition bar|9|159|hex=green}}
| 59
| 301,187
| 14.6%
| {{decrease}}4 seats; '''Opposition'''
|-
! [[1969 Malaysian general election|1969]]
| {{Composition bar|12|144|hex=green}}
| 39
| 495,641
| 20.9%
| {{increase}}3 seats; '''Opposition''', later ''' Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]])}}
|-
! [[1974 Malaysian general election|1974]]
| {{Composition bar|13|154|hex=green}}
| 29
| 148,386
| 7.0%
| {{increase}}1 seats; '''Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}
|rowspan=3| [[Asri Muda]]
|-
! [[1978 Malaysian general election|1978]]
| {{Composition bar|5|154|hex=green}}
| 60
| 537,720
| 15.5%
| {{decrease}}8 seats; '''Opposition'''
|-
! [[1982 Malaysian general election|1982]]
| {{Composition bar|5|154|hex=green}}
|60
| 602,530
| 14.5%
| {{steady}}; '''Opposition'''
|-
! [[1986 Malaysian general election|1986]]
| {{Composition bar|1|177|hex=green}}
| 70
| 718,891
| 15.6%
| {{decrease}}4 seats; '''Opposition coalition''' {{small|([[:ms:Harakah Keadilan Rakyat|Harakah Keadilan Rakyat]])}}
| [[Yusof Rawa]]
|-
! [[1990 Malaysian general election|1990]]
| {{Composition bar|7|180|hex=green}}
| 79
| 391,813
| 7.0%
| {{increase}}6 seats; '''Opposition coalition''' {{small|([[Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah]])}}
|rowspan=3| [[Fadzil Noor]]
|-
! [[1995 Malaysian general election|1995]]
| {{Composition bar|7|192|hex=green}}
| 79
| 430,098
| 3.3%
| {{steady}}; '''Opposition coalition''' {{small|([[Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah]])}}
|-
! [[1999 Malaysian general election|1999]]
| {{Composition bar|27|193|hex=green}}
| 59
| 994,279
| 14.99%
| {{increase}} 20 seats; '''Opposition coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Alternatif]])}}
|-
! [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004]]
| {{Composition bar|7|219|hex=green}}
|65
| 1,051,480
| 15.2%
| {{decrease}} 20 seats; '''Opposition coalition''' {{small|([[Barisan Alternatif]])}}
| rowspan="5" | [[Abdul Hadi Awang]]
|-
! [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]
| {{Composition bar|23|222|hex=green}}
| 70
| 1,140,676
| 14.05%
| {{increase}} 16 seats; '''Opposition coalition''' {{small|([[Pakatan Rakyat]])}}
|-
! [[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]
| {{Composition bar|21|222|hex=green}}
|70
|1,633,199
| 14.77%
| {{decrease}} 2 seats; ''' Opposition coalition ''' {{small|([[Pakatan Rakyat]])}}
|-
! [[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]]
| {{Composition bar|18|222|hex=green}}
|155
| 2,032,080
| 17.89%
| {{decrease}} 3 seats; ''' Opposition coalition''' {{small|([[Gagasan Sejahtera]])}}, later ''' Governing coalition''' {{small|([[Perikatan Nasional]])}}
|-
![[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]]
|{{Composition bar|43|222|hex=green}}
|61
| 2,259,353
| 14.56%
|{{increase}} 25 seats; ''' Opposition coalition ''' {{small|([[Perikatan Nasional]])}}
|}

=== State election results ===
<div style="width: 100%; overflow:auto">
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
!rowspan=2| State election !!colspan=14|State Legislative Assembly
|-
! [[Perlis State Legislative Assembly|Perlis]] !! [[Kedah State Legislative Assembly|Kedah]] !! [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly|Kelantan]] !! [[Terengganu State Legislative Assembly|Terengganu]] !! [[Penang State Legislative Assembly|Penang]] !! [[Perak State Legislative Assembly|Perak]] !! [[Pahang State Legislative Assembly|Pahang]] !! [[Selangor State Legislative Assembly|Selangor]] !! [[Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly|Negeri Sembilan]] !! [[Malacca State Legislative Assembly|Malacca]] !! [[Johor State Legislative Assembly|Johor]] !! [[Sabah State Legislative Assembly|Sabah]] !! [[Sarawak State Legislative Assembly|Sarawak]] !! Total won / Total contested
|-
! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!
|-
|1959||{{Composition bar|0|12|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|28|30|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|13|24|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|40|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|28|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|20|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|32|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| || ||{{Composition bar|42|200|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|1964||{{Composition bar|1|12|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|21|30|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|3|24|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|40|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|28|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|20|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| || ||{{Composition bar|25|158|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|1969||{{Composition bar|1|12|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|8|24|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|19|30|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|11|24|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|40|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|28|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|20|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|32|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| ||{{Composition bar|0|48|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|40|185|hex={{Pan-Malayan Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|1974||{{Composition bar|2|12|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|5|26|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|22|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|10|28|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|27|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|3|42|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|33|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|20|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| ||{{Composition bar|0|48|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||
|-
|1978||{{Composition bar|0|12|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|7|26|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|2|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|28|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|27|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|42|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|33|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|20|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| || ||{{Composition bar|11|204|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|1982||{{Composition bar|1|12|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|2|26|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|10|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|5|28|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|27|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|42|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|33|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|24|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|20|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| || ||{{Composition bar|18|223|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|1986||{{Composition bar|0|14|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|3|28|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|10|39|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|2|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|33|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|46|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|33|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|42|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|28|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|20|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|48|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| ||{{Composition bar|15|265|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|1987|| || || || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
|1990||{{Composition bar|0|14|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|28|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|24|39|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|8|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|33|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|46|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|33|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|42|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|28|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|20|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|48|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| ||{{Composition bar|33|114|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|1994|| || || || || || || || || || || ||{{Composition bar|0|48|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| ||{{Composition bar|0|3|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|1995||{{Composition bar|0|15|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|2|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|24|43|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|7|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|33|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|52|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|38|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|48|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|25|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|40|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| || ||{{Composition bar|33|177|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|1999||{{Composition bar|3|15|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|12|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|41|43|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|28|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|33|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|3|52|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|6|38|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|4|48|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|25|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|40|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|48|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| ||{{Composition bar|98|234|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|2001|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||{{Composition bar|0|62|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|3|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|2004||{{Composition bar|1|15|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|5|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|24|45|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|4|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|40|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|59|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|42|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|56|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|28|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|56|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|60|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| ||{{Composition bar|36|265|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|2006|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||{{Composition bar|0|71|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|1|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|2008||{{Composition bar|1|15|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|16|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|38|45|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|8|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|40|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|6|59|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|2|42|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|8|56|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|28|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|2|56|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|60|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| ||{{Composition bar|83|232|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|2011|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||{{Composition bar|0|71|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|5|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|2013||{{Composition bar|1|15|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|9|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|32|45|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|14|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|40|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|5|59|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|3|42|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|15|56|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|28|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|4|56|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|60|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| ||{{Composition bar|85|236|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|2016|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||{{Composition bar|0|82|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|11|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|2018||{{Composition bar|2|15|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|15|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|37|45|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|22|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|40|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|3|59|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|8|42|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|56|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|28|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|1|56|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|60|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|| ||{{Composition bar|90|236|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|2021|| || || || || || || || || || {{Composition bar|0|28|hex={{party color|Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party}}}} || || || || {{Composition bar|0|8|hex={{party color|Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party}}}}
|-
|2021|| || || || || || || || || || || || ||{{Composition bar|0|82|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|0|1|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|2022
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{Composition bar|1|56|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|
|
|{{Composition bar|1|15|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|2022
|{{Composition bar|9|15|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|
|
|
|
|{{Composition bar|17|59|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|{{Composition bar|15|42|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{Composition bar|41|56|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|2023||||{{Composition bar|21|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|37|45|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|27|32|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|7|40|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||||||{{Composition bar|10|56|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}||{{Composition bar|3|36|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}|||||||| ||{{Composition bar|105|127|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|[[2025 Sabah state election|2025]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{Composition bar|1|73|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|
|{{Composition bar|1|6|hex={{Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party/meta/shading}}}}
|-
|}
</div>

==See also==
* [[List of Islamic political parties]]

== References ==
=== Footnotes ===
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

=== Cited texts ===
* {{cite book|last=Daniels|first=Timothy P.|title=Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia: Identity, Representation, and Citizenship|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0415949718}}
* {{cite book|last=[[Farish A. Noor]]|title=The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1400838554|pages=408–409|chapter=Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS)|ref=CITEREFFarish2012}}
* {{cite book|last=Farish A. Noor|author-link=Farish A. Noor|title=The Malaysian Islamic Party 1951-2013: Islamism in a Mottled Nation|year=2014|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=9789089645760|ref=CITEREFFarish2014}}
* {{cite book|last=Function|first=John|editor1-last=Swee-Hock|editor1-first=Saw|editor2-last=Kesavapany|editor2-first=K.|title=Malaysia: Recent Trends and Challenges|year=2006|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9812303391|pages=132–156|chapter=The Malay Electorate in 2004: Reversing the Result}}
* {{cite journal|last=Funston|first=N. J.|date=1976|title=The Origins of Parti Islam Se Malaysia|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=7|issue=1|pages=58–73|issn=0022-4634|doi=10.1017/s0022463400010262|s2cid=155087515 |jstor=20070163 }}
* {{cite book|last1=Hooker|first1=Virginia|last2=Norani Othman|title=Malaysia: Islam, Society and Politics|series=ISEAS series on Islam|year=2003|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=9812301615|ref=CITEREFHooker & Norani2003}}
* {{cite journal|last=Chin Tong |first=Liew |author-link=Liew Chin Tong|year=2007|title=Pas Leadership: New Faces and Old Constraints|journal=Southeast Asian Affairs|volume=2007|issue=1|pages=201–213|article-number=SEAA07J |issn=0377-5437|doi=10.1355/SEAA07J|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 }}
* {{cite book|last=Liow|first=Joseph Chinyong|title=Piety and Politics: Islamism in Contemporary Malaysia|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195377088}}
* {{cite book|last=Müller|first=Dominik M.|title=Islam, Politics and Youth in Malaysia: The Pop-Islamist Reinvention of PAS|series=Routledge Contemporary Southeast Asia Series|year=2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317912989}}
* {{cite book|last=Riddell|first=Peter G.|editor1-last=Marshall|editor1-first=Paul|title=Radical Islam's Rules: The Worldwide Spread of Extreme Shari'a Law|year=2005|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=1461686903|pages=135–160|chapter=Islamization and Partial Shari'a in Malaysia}}
* {{cite journal|last=Stark|first=Jan|year=2004|title=Constructing an Islamic Model in Two Malaysian States: PAS Rule in Kelantan and Terengganu|journal=Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|volume=19|issue=1|pages=51–75|article-number=SJ19-1c |issn=0217-9520|doi=10.1355/sj19-1c|doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |s2cid=145124619}}
* {{cite journal|last=Sundaram|first=Jomo Kwame|author2=[[Ahmad Shabery Cheek]] |year=1988|title=The Politics of Malaysia's Islamic Resurgence|journal=Third World Quarterly|publisher=Taylor & Francis|volume=10|issue=2|pages=843–868|ref=CITEREFSundaram & Ahmad1988 | doi = 10.1080/01436598808420085 }}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}
* {{Official website|http://www.pas.org.my/}}
* [http://www.harakahdaily.net Harakahdaily] (PAS party newspaper in Malay)
* [https://en.harakah.net.my/ Harakahdaily] (PAS party newspaper in English)

{{Malaysian political parties}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Malaysian Islamic Party| ]]
[[Category:Political parties in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Islamic political parties in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Malaya]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in Singapore]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in Asia]]
[[Category:Islamist groups]]
[[Category:Socially conservative parties]]
[[Category:Islamic organizations established in 1951]]

Khamaj

2026-03-26T18:53:44Z

Wikimelo: quick update

{{Short description|Hindustani classical music raga}}
{{for|the thaat that this raga belongs to|Khamaj (thaat)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox raga
| name = Khamaj
| image_name = Brooklyn Museum - Kamod Ragini.jpg
| image_alt =
| thaat = [[Khamaj (thaat)|Khamaj]]
| type = Shadava-sampurna
| time = Late night, 9–12{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}
| season =
| arohana = {{svaraH|S|G|m|P|D|N|S'}}
| avarohana = {{svaraH|S'|n|D|P|m|G|R|S}}
| vadi = {{svaraH|G}}
| samavadi = {{svaraH|N}}
| pakad = {{svaraH|n|D|m|P|D|m|G}}{{sfn|OEMI:KR}}
| chalan =
| synonym = {{ubl|Kamboja|Kambhoji|Kambodi|Kamodi{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}}}
| equivalent = {{ubl|[[Harikambhoji]]|[[Mixolydian mode]]}}
| similar = [[Desh (raga)|Desh]], Khambavati{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}
}}
{{Hindustani Classical Music}}
'''Khamaj''' ({{IAST3|Khamāj}}) is a [[Hindustani classical|Hindustani classical Music]] [[raga]] within the [[Khamaj (thaat)|Khamaj]] [[thaat]] which is named after it.

Many [[ghazal]]s and [[thumris]] are based on Khamaj. It utilises the shuddha (pure) form of Ni on the ascent, and the komala (flat) form of Ni on the descent, creating a key asymmetry in compositional and improvisational performance. This raga has been explored more in the lighter forms of Hindustani Classical Music such as [[Thumri]], [[Tappa]] etc. Having said that, many compositions in [[Dhrupad]] and [[Khyal|Khayal]] are found as well. [[Harikambhoji]] is the equivalent rāgam in [[Carnatic music]].

==Theory [Raag Shashtra]==

[[Arohana]]: {{svaraH|S|G|m|P|D|N|S'|foot=yes}}{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}{{sfn|OEMI:KR}}

[[Avroha]]: {{svaraH|S'|n|D|P|m|G|R|S|foot=yes}}{{sfn|OEMI:KR}}{{sfn|Bor|Rao|1999}}<ref>SWAAI SANGEET (Part 1) Theory of Indian Classical Music by Prem Jialal Vasant</ref>

[[Vadi (music)|Vadi Swar]]: {{svaraH|G}}{{sfn|OEMI:KR}}

[[Samavadi|Samavadi Swar]]: {{svaraH|N}}{{sfn|OEMI:KR}}

==Compositions==

In [[Dhrupad]], [[Sadra (music)|Sadra]], [[Khayal]], [[Thumri]] & [[Tappa]] styles :

*Sudhi Bisara Gayi...([[Sadra (music)|Sadra]] form – in 10 beat cycle of [[Jhaptal]]. Sung by [[Abdul Karim Khan]] of [[Kirana Gharana]])
*"Ban Ban Dhunda liyo banvari......"(Set in [[Teental|TeenTal]], composed by [[Gokulotsavji Maharaj|Acharya Dr Pandit Gokulotsavji Maharaj]])<ref name="nita">{{Cite book|last=Māthura|first=Nītā.|title=Śāstrīya saṅgīta ke sūrya : Ācārya (Paṃ.) Gokulotsava Jī Mahārāja : saṅgīta sevā, śāstra cintana evaṃ bandiśoṃ kā saṅkalana|date=2011|publisher=Rādhā Pablikeśansa|isbn=978-81-7487-765-9|edition=1. saṃskaraṇa|location=Naī Dillī|oclc=769743702}}</ref>
*"nand ghar aaj baje badhai......"(Set in [[Teental|TeenTal]], composed by [[Gokulotsavji Maharaj|Acharya Dr Pandit Gokulotsavji Maharaj]])<ref name="nita" />
*Piya Tori Tirchhi Najar Laage Pyaari Re... (''Bol Banav Ki Thumri'' form. Sung by [[Faiyaz Khan]] of [[Agra Gharana]])
*Koyaliyan Kuhuk/Kook Sunaave... (Khayal/Bandishi Thumri form – in 16 beat cycle of Teentala. Sung by Nisar Hussain Khan of [[Rampur-Sahaswan gharana|Rampur Gharana]], [[Ajoy Chakrabarty]] of [[Patiala Gharana]]
*Shyaam Rang Daari... ([[Dhrupad]] form – in 14 beat cycle of Dhamar Tala. Sung by N. Zahiruddin Dagar & F. Wasfuddin Dagar)
*Ab Maan Jao Saiyaan...(Dadra) sung by Ustad Ghulam Abbas Khan of Rampur Sahaswan Gharana
*Sudh Naa Lini Jabse Gaye... ([[Dadra]] form – Sung by [[Faiyaz Khan]] of [[Agra Gharana]] and also Mentioned in [[Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande]]'s Kramik Pustak Malika Vol. 2)

Hindi Film Songs based on Raga Khamaj:

* Bada natkhat hai...ka kare yashoda maiya, "Kuchh Toh Log Kahenge" and ''Raina Beet Jaye (with [[Todi (raga)|Todi]] in mukhara)'' – ''[[Amar Prem]]''<ref>{{cite book |title=R. D. Burman: The Man, The Music|author= Anirudha Bhattacharjee|author2=Balaji Vittal|publisher=Harper Collins India|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg49WV0j0IAC&pg=PT56|isbn=978-93-5029-236-5 |page=96|ref=Bha }}</ref>
* Ayo kahanse ghanashyam – Buddha Mil Gaya
* Vo na aenge palatkar – Devdaas
* A dilse dil mila le – ''[[Navrang]]''
* Dhal chuki shame Gam – Kohinoor
* Khat likha de savariyake nam babu
* Mere to giridharagopala – Meera
* Tere bina sajna lage na jiya hamar – Aarti
* Tere mere milan ki ye raina – [[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]
* Khamaj – [[Fuzön]] sung by [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]
* Mitwa – Kabhi alvida na kehna

The Narsinh Bhajan "[[Vaishnav jan to]]" is also based on Khamaj.

The Sargam Geet is as follows: set to teentaal, that is sixteen beats:

{| border="1"
| 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 10 || 11 || 12 || 13 || 14 || 15 || 16
|-
| G || G || S || G || M || P || G || M || {{underline|N}} || D || _ || M || P || D || _ || M
|-
| G || _ || _ || _ || D || N || S' || _ || S ' || {{underline|N}} || D || P || M || G || R || S
|}

This is the Prelude to the Sargam Geet, the underscore signifies the '''avagraha''' i.e. prolongation of the immediate previous note by one beat for one _ and three beats in case of _ _ _

==Film Songs==

=== Language : [[Hindi]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background:#f4a860" |Song
!style="background:#c2e7ff" |Movie
!style="background:#c2e7a3" |Composer
!style="background:#00ffff" |Singers
|-
| Vo Na Ayenge Palatkar
|[[Devdas (1955 film)]]
|[[S. D. Burman]]
|[[Mubarak Begum]]
|-
| Piya Tose Naina Lage Re
|[[Guide (film)]]
|[[S. D. Burman]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| Nazar Lagi Raja Tore Bungle Par
|[[Kala Pani (1958 film)]]
|[[S. D. Burman]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| Ham Apna Unhe Bana Na Sake
|[[Bhanwara]]
|[[Khemchand Prakash]]
|[[K. L. Saigal]]
|-
| Sajana Saanjh Bhayi
|[[Roti (1942 film)]]
|[[Anil Biswas (composer)]]
|[[Begum Akhtar]]
|-
| Ab Kya Misal Dun
|[[Aarti (film)]]
|[[Roshan (music director)]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| Tere Bina Sajna Lage Na Jiya Hamar
|[[Aarti (film)]]
|[[Roshan (music director)]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]] & [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| Bata Do Koi Kaun Gali Gaye Shyam
|[[Madhu (1959 film)]]
|[[Roshan (music director)]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]] M & [[Lata Mangeshkar]] F
|-
| A Dil Se Dil Mila Le
|[[Navrang]]
|[[C. Ramchandra]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| Dhal Chuki Sham-e-Gham
|[[Kohinoor (1960 film)]]
|[[Naushad]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| Chunariya Katati Jae
|[[Mother India]]
|[[Naushad]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]] & [[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
| Mere To Giridhara Gopala
|[[Meera (1979 film)]]
|[[Ravi Shankar]]
|[[Vani Jairam]] & Dinkar Kamanna
|-
| Sakhi Re Suun Bole Papiha
|[[Miss Mary (1957 film)]]
|[[Hemant Kumar]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| Jao Re jogi tum jao re
|[[Amrapali (film)]]
|[[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| O Sajna Barakha Bahara Ayi
|[[Parakh (1960 film)]]
|[[Salil Chowdhury]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Ayo Kahan Se Ghanashyam
|[[Buddha Mil Gaya]]
|[[R. D. Burman]]
|[[Manna Dey]] & [[Archana Mahanta]]
|-
|Bada Natkhat Hai Re Krishna Kahaiya
|[[Amar Prem]]
|[[R. D. Burman]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Kuch To Log Kahenge
|[[Amar Prem]]
|[[R. D. Burman]]
|[[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
|Sham Dhale Jamuna Kinare
|[[Pushpanjali (1970 film)]]
|[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Manna Dey]]
|-
|Khat Likh De Savariya Ke Naam Babu
|[[Aaye Din Bahar Ke]]
|[[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|}

===Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]]===
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:#BC8F8F" |Song
!style="background:#BC8F8F" |Movie
!style="background:#BC8F8F" |Composer
!style="background:#BC8F8F" |Singer
|-
|{{proper name|Gnayiru Enbathu}}
|[[Kaakum Karangal]]
| rowspan="3" |[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Kalviya Selvama Veerama
|[[Saraswati Sabatham]]
|rowspan="5"|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|Ennirandhu 16 Vayathu
|[[Annai Illam]]
|-
|Anbulla Maanvizhiye
|[[Kuzhandaiyum Deivamum]]
| rowspan="6" |[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|Ore Padal Unnai Azhaikkum
|[[Engirundho Vandhaal]]
|-
|Sumaithaangi Saaindhaal
|[[Thanga Pathakkam]]
|-
|Mellapo Mellapo
|[[Kaavalkaaran]]
| rowspan="3" |[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Kungamapottin Mangalam
|[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]
|-
|Vizhiye Vizhiye
|[[Puthiya Bhoomi]]
|-
|{{proper name|Acham Enbadhu Madamaiyada}}
|[[Mannadhi Mannan]]
| rowspan="15" |[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| rowspan="4" |[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|Malargalai Pol Thangai
|[[Pasamalar]]
|-
|Kelvi Piranthathu
|[[Pachai Vilakku (1964 film)|Pachai Vilakku]]
|-
|Silar Siripaar Silar Azhuvaar
| rowspan="2" |[[Paava Mannippu]]
|-
|Kalangalil Aval Vasantham
|[[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
|Anbumanam Kanindhapinne
|[[Aalukkoru Veedu]]
|[[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Unnai Ondru Ketpen
|[[Puthiya Paravai]]
| rowspan="3" |[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Athaimadi Methaiyadi
|[[Karpagam]]
|-
|Muthana Muthallavo
|[[Nenjil Or Aalayam]]
|-
|Kavalaigal Kidakattum
|[[Bandha Pasam]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
|Odam Nadhiyinile
|[[Kathiruntha Kangal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]]
|-
|Devankoyil Maniyosai
|[[Mani Osai]]
|-
|Thookam Un Kangalai
|[[Aalayamani]]
|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Ammavuku Manasukulle
|[[Manapanthal]]
|S.C.Krishnan
|-
|Amaithiyaana Nathiyinile
|[[Aandavan Kattalai (1964 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]
|rowspan="2"|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Naan Malarodu Thaniyaga
|[[Iru Vallavargal]]
|[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
|-
|Naane Naana
|[[Azhage Unnai Aarathikkiren]]
|rowspan="20"|[[Ilayaraja]]
|[[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Manasukkulle Nayana
|[[Mallu Vetti Minor]]
|[[Arunmozhi]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Megam Karukayilae
|[[Vaidehi Kathirunthal]]
|[[Ilayaraja]], [[Uma Ramanan]]
|-
|Adukku Malli Yeduthu
|rowspan=2|[[Aavarampoo]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Mandhiram Idhu
|rowspan="6"|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Kanavu Kaanum
|[[Neengal Kettavai]]
|-
|Pottu Vaitha Oru Vatta Nila
|[[Idhayam (film)|Idhayam]]
|-
|Pazhamuthir Cholai
|[[Varusham Padhinaaru]]
|-
|Adi Kaana Karunkuyile
|[[Poonthotta Kaavalkaaran]]
|-
|Vaana Malai
|[[Idhu Namma Bhoomi]]
|-
|Eduthu Vecha
|[[Ninaive Oru Sangeetham]]
|[[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]](Pathos)
|-
|Sandhu Pottu
|[[Thevar Magan]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Kamal Haasan]]
|-
|Enna Paada Sollathey
|[[Aan Paavam]]
|rowspan=2|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Nadhi Odum Karaiyoram
|[[Aavarampoo]]
|-
|Chinna Kuyil Paadum Pattu
|[[Poove Poochooda Vaa]]
|rowspan=2|[[K. S. Chitra]]
|-
|Thenmadurai Seemaiyile
|[[Thangamana Raasa]]
|-
|Oru Naal Oru Kanavu
|[[Kannukkul Nilavu]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
|Thendral Varum
|[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Bhavatharini]]
|-
|Diana Diana
|[[Kaadhal Kavithai]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
|Ennavendru Solvathamma
|[[Rajakumaran (film)|Rajakumaran]]
|rowspan="2"|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|En Kadhale
|[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]
|rowspan="11"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
|Chinna Chinna Aasai(Shankarabaranam traces too)
|[[Roja (film)|Roja]]
|[[Minmini]]
|-
|Uyire Uyire(charanam in Charukesi)
|[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Kannukku Mai Azhagu
|[[Pudhiya Mugam]]
|[[Unni Menon]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Maya Machindra
|[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|Nenje Nenje
|[[Ratchagan]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|Aathangara Marame
|[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|Adi Nenthikkitten
|[[Star (2001 film)|Star]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Chitra Sivaraman]]
|-
|Sandakkozhi
|[[Aaytha Ezhuthu]]
|[[Madhushree]], A.R.Rahman
|-
|Kummi Adi
|[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]
|[[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram]], [[Swarnalatha]], [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Theni Kunjarammal]], Vignesh, Chorus
|-
|Maduraikku Pogathadee
|[[Azhagiya Tamil Magan]]
|[[Benny Dayal]], Archith, Darshana KT
|-
|Putham Puthu Olai
|[[Vedham Pudhithu]]
|[[Devendran]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Pullankuzhal Mozhi Tamil
|[[Oorum Uravum]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Kambangade Kambangade
|[[Vaaname Ellai]]
|[[Maragadha Mani]]
|[[Maragadha Mani]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Vannathi Poochi
|[[Paatti Sollai Thattathe]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Aathu Mettu Thopukulle
|[[Manasukketha Maharasa]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Vayakkaadu
|[[Parambarai]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Kannukulle
|[[Dhill]]
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Manikka Vinayagam]]
|-
|Lesa Lesa
|[[Lesa Lesa]]
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Anuradha Sriram]]
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==Notable songs==
#Kuch To Log Kahenge
#Tere Mere Milan Ki Ye Raina
#Mora Saiyyan Mose Bole
#[[Vaishnava Jana To]](in Mishra Khamaj)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Bor |first1=Joep |last2=Rao |first2=Suvarnalata |title=The Raga Guide: A Survey of 74 Hindustani Ragas |date=1999 |publisher=Nimbus Records with Rotterdam Conservatory of Music |isbn=9780954397609 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCnoMgEACAAJ |language=en }}
* {{cite book |title=Khamāj Rāga (Hin), The Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Music of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195650983 |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195650983.001.0001/acref-9780195650983-e-2589 |access-date=8 October 2018 |ref={{harvid|OEMI:KR}} |language=en |url-access=subscription }}
* http://www.tanarang.com/english/khamaj_eng.htm
* https://www.parrikar.org/hindustani/khamaj/

==External links==
* [http://oceanofragas.com/ocean_htmlpages/khamaj.html More details about raga Khamaj]

{{Hindustani Classical Music page end}}
{{Rāgas as per Performance Time}}

[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]

Doli Saja Ke

2026-03-25T18:42:56Z

Wikimelo: improved content for consistency further

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dsk2.jpg
| caption =
| runtime = approximately 22 minutes
| creator =
| director = Dev Dutt, Manish Om Singhania
| producer = [[Aruna Irani]]
| writer = Bhavna Vyas, Saba Mumtaz
| starring = [[#Caate|See below]]
| open_theme = "Doli Saja Ke" by [[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
| country = India
| company = [[AK Films]]
| network = [[Sahara One]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2007|05|07|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2009|11|13|df=yes}}
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 632
}}

''''' Babul Ki Bitiya Chali Doli Saja Ke''''' is a Hindi language [[Indian soap opera]] that aired on [[Sahara One]] channel worldwide. The series premiered on 7 May 2007 and ended on 13 November 2009.

== Cast==
===Main===
* [[Barkha Bisht]] as
** Anupama Kapoor / Anupama Chaitanya Shekhawat / Anupama Daksh Singhania: Vikram and Kiran's daughter; Maya's stepdaughter; Tiya's twin sister; Riddhima and Veer's elder stepsister; Chaitanya's widow; Daksh's wife; Anubhav's stepmother; Kanta's step maternal granddaughter; Ravi and Geeta's ex–daughter-in-law; Sharada's ex–stepdaughter-in-law; Devraj and Narayani's younger granddaughter-in-law (2007–2009)
** Tiya Kapoor: Vikram and Kiran's daughter; Maya's stepdaughter; Anupama's twin sister; Riddhima and Veer's elder stepsister; Arjun's girlfriend; Kanta's step maternal granddaughter (2008–2009)
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Daksh Singhania: Devraj and Narayani's younger grandson; Dhananjay's younger stepbrother; Ishaan's step uncle; Anupama's husband; Rupali and Diya's ex–boyfriend; Anubhav's father; Vikram and Kiran's son-in-law; Maya's stepson-in-law (2007–2009)

===Recurring===
* [[Ravi Dubey]] / Unknown as Veer Kapoor: Vikram and Maya's son; Kiran's stepson; Riddhima's younger brother; Anupama's younger stepbrother; Namrata's husband; Kanta's maternal grandson (2007) / (2007; 2008)<ref>{{Cite web |title=I am a responsible son-in-law in real life too: Ravi Dubey {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/i-am-a-responsible-son-in-law-in-real-life-too-ravi-dubey-105536/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Roma Bali as Meera Dhananjay Singhania: Dhananjay's wife; Ishaani's mother; Devraj and Narayani's granddaughter-in-law; Riddhima's mother-in-law (2007–2009)
* [[Nimai Bali]] as Dhananjay Singhania: Devraj and Narayani's elder grandson; Daksh's elder stepbrother Meera's husband; Ishaan's father; Riddhima's father-in-law (2007–2009)
* [[Yash Sinha]] as Ishaan Singhania: Devraj and Narayani's great-grandson; Dhananjay and Meera's son; Daksh's step nephew; Riddhima's husband; Vikram and Maya's son-in-law; Kiran's stepson-in-law (2008–2009)
* [[Karishma Randhawa]] as Riddhima Kapoor / Riddhima Ishaan Singhania: Vikram and Maya's daughter; Kiran's stepdaughter; Veer's elder sister; Anupama's younger stepsister; Ishaan's wife; Kanta's maternal granddaughter; Dhananjay and Meera's daughter-in-law; Devraj and Narayani's great-granddaughter-in-law (2007–2009)
* [[Sangeeta Ghosh]] as
** Aditi Chaitanya Shekhawat: Chaitanya's first wife; Ravi and Geeta's daughter-in-law; Sharada's stepdaughter-in-law (2007) (Dead)
** Neha: An actress; look alike of Aditi (2007)
* [[Alihassan Turabi]] as
** Mohit Verma: Riddhima's ex–boyfriend (2007)
** Advocate Aditya Gujral (2008)
* [[Anuj Saxena]] / [[Akshay Anand]] as Vikram Kapoor: Kiran's widower; Maya's husband; Anupama, Tiya, Riddhima and Veer's father; Chaitanya, Daksh, Ishaan and Namrata's father-in-law; Kanta's son-in-law; Viren's best friend (2007) / (2007–2009)
* [[Surbhi Tiwari]] as Kiran Vikram Kapoor: Vikram's first wife; Anupama and Tiya's mother; Riddhima and Veer's stepmother; Chaitanya and Daksh's mother-in-law; Ishaan and Namrata's stepmother-in-law (2007) (Dead)
* [[Jividha Sharma]] as Diya: Daksh's ex–girlfriend (2008)
* Jaya Mathur as Maya Vikram Kapoor: Vikram's second wife; Riddhima and Veer's mother; Anupama and Tiya's stepmother; Kanta's daughter; Ishaan and Namrata's mother-in-law; Chaitanya and Daksh's stepmother-in-law (2007–2009)
* [[Sulakshana Khatri]] as Kanta (2007–2009)
* [[Adita Wahi]] as Namrata Veer Kapoor (2007)
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Narayani Devraj Singhania (2007–2009)
* Master Mohd Sami Shaikh as Anubhav Singhania (2009)
* [[Amit Sarin]] as Chaitanya Shekhawat (2007)
* Prabhat Bhattacharya as Indrajeet Shekhawat (2007)
* Mahru Sheikh as Sharada Ravi Shekhawat (2007)
* Mrinal Deshraj as Padmini Indrajeet Shekhawat (2007)
* [[Amar Upadhyay]] as Samar (2009)
* [[Ansha Sayed]] as Namrata Veer Kapoor (2007)
* [[Sonia Singh]] as Juhi (Ved's wife) (2007–2008)
* Manoj Bidwai as Ved (2007–2008)
* Shriya Bisht as Rupali Agnihotri / Rupali Daksh Singhania (2009)
* [[Manish Khanna]] as Viren (2007–2008)
* Manisha Kanojia as Veena (2007–2008)
* Vishal Watwani as Rahul Sanyal
* [[Kiran Kumar]] as Ravi Shekhawat (2007)
* [[Amrapali Gupta]] as Riya (2007)
* [[Rajesh Jais]] as Riya's Father
* Siddharth Dhawan as Anand (2008)
* Vandana Lalwani as Sayali (2008)
* Rammohan Sharma as Badri (2007–2008)
* Ashwin Kaushal as Advocate Shyam Munshi (2008)
* [[Varun Khandelwal]] as Padmini's Elder Brother (2007)
* [[Kanika Maheshwari]] / [[Nidhi Uttam]] as Sukanya Singhania (2007–2008) / (2008)
* [[Apara Mehta]] as Rukhsar (2007)
* [[Indira Krishnan]] as Geeta: Ravi's girlfriend; Chaitanya's mother; Anupama's ex–mother-in-law (2007) (Dead)
* [[Namrata Thapa]]
* Rupa Divetia
* Pankaj Bhatia
* Shahab Khan

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070813070914/http://www.saharaone.in/dsk.asp Official Website]

{{Sahara One Programmes}}

[[Category:2007 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Sahara One original programming]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series endings]]

Bengali language

2026-03-23T18:36:38Z

Wikimelo: slightly corrected layout for accuracy also and added references

{{Short description|Indo-Aryan language}}
{{Redirect-distinguish|Bangla language|Bangala language}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Bengali
| nativename = {{lang|bn|বাংলা}} (Bangla)
| pronunciation = {{IPA|bn|ˈbaŋlaˑ||Bn-বাংলা.oga}}
| states = Bangladesh and India
| region = *[[Bengal]] ([[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal]], India)<ref name="e28|ben|Bengali">{{e28|ben|Bengali}}</ref>
*[[Assam]], India ([[Barak valley]] and [[Lower Assam|Lower division]])
*[[Tripura]], India
*[[Jharkhand]], India
*[[Andaman and Nicobar islands]], India
| ethnicity = [[Bengalis]]
| speakers = [[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|241.827340|3}} million
| date = 2011–2023
| ref = <ref name="e28|ben|Bengali">{{e28|ben|Bengali}}</ref><ref name=2011census>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf | title=Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011 |access-date=28 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073426/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] }}</ref>
| speakers2 = [[second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|42.522450|2}} million (2011–2023)<ref name="e28|ben|Bengali">{{e28|ben|Bengali}}</ref> Total: {{sigfig|284.349790|3}} million (2011–2023)<ref name="e28|ben|Bengali"/>
| speakers_label = Speakers
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bengali–Assamese languages|Bengali–Assamese]]
| ancestor = [[Magadhi Prakrit]]
| ancestor2 = [[Magadhan languages|Magadhan]] [[Apabhraṃśa]]
| ancestor3 = [[Abahattha|Abahaṭ‌ṭha]]
| ancestor4 = [[Old Bengali]]
| ancestor5 = Middle Bengali
| dia1 = See [[Bengali dialects]]
| script = {{plainlist}}
* [[Bengali–Assamese script]] ([[Bengali alphabet]])
* [[Bengali Braille]]
* [[#Alternative and historic scripts|Alternative and historic scripts]]
{{endplainlist}}
| sign =
| nation = *[[Bangla Bhasha Procholon Ain, 1987|Bangladesh]]
*[[Official languages of India|India]]
** [[West Bengal]]
** [[Tripura]]
** [[Assam]] ([[Barak Valley]])
** [[Jharkhand]] (additional)<ref name="The Avenue Mail">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri, and Maithili |url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |work=[[The Avenue Mail]] |date=21 March 2018 |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090028/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |archive-date=28 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| agency = *[[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] (Bangladesh)
*[[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]] (India)
| iso1 = bn
| iso2 = ben
| iso3 = ben
| lingua = 59-AAF-u
| image = Bangla Script.svg
| imagescale = 0.8
| imagecaption = The word "Bangla" in the [[Bengali-Assamese script]] ([[Bengali alphabet]])
| image_class = skin-invert-image
| map = Geographic distribution of Bengali language.png
| mapcaption = Geographical distribution of the Bengali language. Darker shades imply a greater percentage of native speakers.
| notice = IPA
| glotto = beng1280
| glottorefname = Bengali
}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}
{{Bengalis}}
'''Bengali''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|b|ɛ|n|ˈ|ɡ|ɔː|l|i}} {{respell|ben|GAW|lee}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Bengali |title=Bengali |author= |date= |website= |publisher=[[Dictionary.com]] |access-date=7 February 2024 |quote=An Indic language spoken in India and Bangladesh.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Chambers Dictionary|publisher=Chambers|year=2003|isbn=0-550-10105-5|edition=9th|chapter=Bengal}}</ref><ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student's Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref>}} also known by its [[endonym and exonym|endonym]] '''Bangla''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɑː|ŋ|l|ə}}; {{lang|bn|বাংলা}} {{translit|bn|Baṅla}} {{IPA|bn|ˈbaŋlaˑ||Bn-বাংলা.oga}}}} is a [[Classical languages of India|classical]] [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] belonging to the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] branch of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] language family. It is primarily spoken by the [[Bengalis|Bengali people]], native to the [[Bengal region]] ([[Bangladesh]], [[India]]'s [[West Bengal]], and parts of [[Barak Valley|Southern Assam]]) as well as [[Tripura]] in [[South Asia]]. With over 242 million [[native speakers]] and another 43 million as [[second language]] speakers as of 2025,<ref name="e28|ben|Bengali">{{e28|ben|Bengali}}</ref> Bengali is the [[List of languages by number of native speakers|sixth most spoken native language]] and the [[List of languages by total number of speakers|seventh most spoken language]] by the total number of speakers in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|title=The World Factbook|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|website=|language=en|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032610/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size|title=Summary by language size|year=2019|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424160234/http://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/size|archive-date=24 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bengali is the [[Official language|official]], [[National language|national]], and most widely spoken language of Bangladesh,<ref name="Bengali Act">{{cite book |chapter=Bangla Bhasha Procholon Ain, 1987 |script-chapter=bn:বাংলা ভাষা প্রচলন আইন, ১৯৮৭ |trans-chapter=[[Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987]] |title=Bangladesh Code |script-title=bn:বাংলাদেশ কোড |chapter-url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/pdf/705___.pdf |language=bn |volume=27 |edition=Online |location=[[Dhaka]] |publisher=[[Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs, Bangladesh]] |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-date=5 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705234405/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/pdf/705___.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=bpedia>{{cite web |title=Bangla Language |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Language |website=[[Banglapedia]] |access-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706032246/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Language |archive-date=6 July 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="constitution">{{cite web |url=http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |title=The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh |website=Laws of Bangladesh |publisher=Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |access-date=23 May 2019 |archive-date=10 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110101626/http://bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd/act-details-367.html |url-status=live}}</ref> with 98% of [[Bangladeshis]] using Bengali as their first language.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Languages Of Bangladesh |url=https://einfon.com/nationalsymbols/national-languages-of-bangladesh/ |website=einfon |access-date=12 September 2018 |date=11 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802063504/http://einfon.com/nationalsymbols/national-languages-of-bangladesh/ |archive-date=2 August 2017 |url-status=unfit }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.viadelivers.com/bengali-language-facts/ |title=5 Surprising Reasons the Bengali Language Is Important |date=17 August 2017 |access-date=10 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626031821/http://www.viadelivers.com/bengali-language-facts/ |website=VIA |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the second-most widely spoken [[scheduled languages of India|language in India]]. It is the official language of the Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and the [[Barak Valley]] region of the state of [[Assam]]. It is also the second official language of the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]] since September 2011.<ref name="The Avenue Mail"/> It is the most widely spoken language in the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013) |date=16 July 2014 |website=National Commission for Linguistic Minorities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102211909/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref> and is spoken by significant populations in other states including [[Bihar]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Odisha]] and [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name="langminor">{{cite web |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title=50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |website=nclm.nic.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 |access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref> Bengali is also spoken by the Bengali diasporas ([[Bangladeshi diaspora]] and Indian Bengalis) across Europe, North America, the Middle East and other regions.<ref name="britannica">{{cite web |title=Bengali Language |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=12 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626034202/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bengali was accorded the status of a [[Classical languages of India|classical language]] by the [[Government of India]] on 3 October 2024.<ref name="IT_Oct2024">{{cite magazine |last1=Kumar |first1=Vivek |last2=Roy |first2=Suryagni |date=3 October 2024 |title=Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, Bengali now among classical languages |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/marathi-pali-prakrit-assamese-bengali-classical-languages-2610800-2024-10-03 |magazine=India Today |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="TH_Oct2024">{{Cite news |title=Classical language status: Union Cabinet approves addition of Marathi, Assamese, Bengali, Pali, Prakrit to list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-cabinet-decisions-marathi-assamese-bengali-pali-prakrit-get-classical-language-status/article68714789.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |date=3 October 2024 |issn=0971-751X |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref> It is the second most spoken and fifth fastest growing [[languages of India|language in India]], following [[Hindi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], and [[Meitei language|Meitei]] ([[Manipuri language|Manipuri]]), according to the [[2011 census of India]].<ref>—{{Cite news |last=R |first=Aishwaryaa |date=6 June 2019 |title=What census data reveals about use of Indian languages |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116215415/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html |url-status=live}} —{{Cite news |last=Pallapothu |first=Sravan |date=28 June 2018 |title=Hindi Added 100Mn Speakers In A Decade; Kashmiri 2nd Fast Growing Language |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/hindi-added-100mn-speakers-in-a-decade-kashmiri-2nd-fast-growing-language-93096/ |website=Indiaspend.com |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116215644/https://www.indiaspend.com/hindi-added-100mn-speakers-in-a-decade-kashmiri-2nd-fast-growing-language-93096/ |url-status=live}} —{{Cite news |last=IndiaSpend |date=2 July 2018 |title=Hindi fastest growing language in India, finds 100 million new speakers |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hindi-fastest-growing-language-in-india-finds-100-million-new-speakers-118070200029_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116221313/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hindi-fastest-growing-language-in-india-finds-100-million-new-speakers-118070200029_1.html |url-status=live}} —{{cite magazine |last1=Mishra |first1=Mayank |last2=Aggarwal |first2=Piyush |date=11 April 2022 |title=Hindi grew rapidly in non-Hindi states even without official mandate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/hindi-grows-in-non-hindi-states-without-official-mandate-1936196-2022-04-11 |magazine=India Today |access-date=16 November 2023 |archive-date=16 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116221422/https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/hindi-grows-in-non-hindi-states-without-official-mandate-1936196-2022-04-11 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bengali has developed over more than 1,400 years. [[Bengali literature]], with its millennium-old literary history, was extensively developed during the [[Bengali Renaissance]] and is one of the most prolific and diverse literary traditions in Asia. The [[Bengali language movement]] from 1948 to 1956 demanding that Bengali be an official language of Pakistan fostered [[Bengali nationalism]] in [[East Bengal]] leading to the [[Independence of Bangladesh|emergence of Bangladesh]] in [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971]]. In 1999, [[UNESCO]] recognised [[Language Movement Day|21 February]] as [[International Mother Language Day]] in recognition of the language movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001177/117709E.pdf|title=Amendment to the Draft Programme and Budget for 2000–2001 (30 C/5)|year=1999|work=General Conference, 30th Session, Draft Resolution|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=27 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521161342/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001177/117709E.pdf|archive-date=21 May 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D28672%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|title=Resolution adopted by the 30th Session of UNESCO's General Conference (1999)|work=International Mother Language Day|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=27 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601025416/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D28672%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|archive-date=1 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Bengali_Language_mural_at_Hamtramck,_USA.png|thumb|Bengali Language mural at [[Hamtramck, Michigan]]]]

==History==
{{main|History of Bengali language}}

{{gallery
|width=300
|height=150
|noborder=y
|align=centre
|File:Lenguas indoiranias.PNG
|[[Indo-Iranian languages]] {{legend|#F6CB47|Bengali|invert=y}}
|class1=skin-invert-image
|File:East magadhan proto-languages - en.svg
|The descent of proto-Gauda, the ancestor of the modern Bengali language, from the proto-Gauda-Kamarupa line of the proto-Magadhan (Magadhi Prakrit).<ref>{{harvcol|Toulmin|2009|p=220}}</ref>
|class2=skin-invert-image}}

=== Ancient ===
With the advent of the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]] in the 3rd century BCE, Bengal was gradually being [[Sanskritised]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Datta |first1=Amaresh |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |date=1988 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1194-0 |page=1694 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=Sanskrit+Brahmins+Bengal&pg=PA1694 |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102044527/https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&dq=Sanskrit+Brahmins+Bengal&pg=PA1694 |url-status=live }}</ref> The varieties of [[Prakrit]] spoken in Bengal region were generally referred to as "eastern [[Magadhi Prakrit]]", as coined by linguist [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tuteja |first1=K. L. |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Kaustav |title=Tagore and Nationalism |date=15 March 2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-81-322-3696-2 |page=59 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZJcDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22eastern+Magadhi+Prakrit%22+suniti+chatterjee&pg=PA59 |language=en |access-date=29 October 2023 |archive-date=2 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102044527/https://books.google.com/books?id=iZJcDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22eastern+Magadhi+Prakrit%22+suniti+chatterjee&pg=PA59 |url-status=live }}</ref> as the [[Middle Indo-Aryan languages|Middle Indo-Aryan dialects]] were influential in the [[first millennium]] when Bengal was a part of the [[Greater Magadha]]n realm. [[Muhammad Shahidullah]] attempted to trace the origin of Bengali to [[Old Indo-Aryan]] through the [[Gaudi Prakrit]]; his findings were later supported by [[A. B. Keith]] and others.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Emeneau |first1=Murray B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5RsDwAAQBAJ |title=Linguistics in South Asia |last2=Fergusson |first2=Charles A. |date=21 November 2016 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-081950-2 |pages=680 |language=en|quote=In ‘Magadhi Prakrit and Bengali’ (1925) he attempted to trace the origin of Bengali to Old Indo-Aryan through the Gaudi Prakrit. In this study Shahidullah disagreed with Grierson, Hoernle, Chatterji, and other authorities. Shahidullah's findings were later supported by A. B. Keith and others.}}</ref>

The local varieties had no official status during the [[Gupta Empire]], and with Bengal increasingly becoming a hub of [[Sanskrit literature]] for Hindu priests and Buddhist Acharyas, the vernacular of Bengal gained much influence from Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Bangla Script|author=Shariful Islam}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Magadhi Prakrit]] was also spoken in modern-day [[Bihar]] and [[Assam]], and this vernacular eventually evolved into [[Ardha Magadhi]].<ref name="jain">{{Harvnb|Shah|1998|p=11}}</ref><ref name="keith">{{Harvnb|Keith|1998|p=187}}</ref> Ardha Magadhi began to give way to what is known as [[Apabhraṃśa]], by the end of the first millennium. The Bengali language evolved as a distinct language over the course of time.<ref name="tb">{{Harv|Bhattacharya|2000}}</ref>

===Early===
{{main|Old Bengali}}

A Sanskrit-Chinese dictionary compiled by the Chinese poet Li-Yen in 782 AD shows the presence of Bengali. A research document ''Classical Bangla'' published in 2024 by the Kolkata-based institute "[[Institute of Language Studies and Research]]" (ILSR), mentions the presence of 51 Bengali words in the dictionary. The lexicon strongly supports the existence of Old Bengali in the 8th century or earlier.<ref name="Mitra">{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Atri |title=Behind Bengali's classical language tag, a Kolkata institute's 2,000-page research document |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/bengalis-classical-language-tag-kolkata-institute-research-9609939/ |access-date=24 February 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 October 2024 |location=Kolkata |quote=And the West Bengal government-run organisation that prepared the document, the Institute of Language Studies and Research (ILSR), is delighted its more than a year-long efforts have paid off...."…a Chinese-Sanskrit Dictionary compiled by Li-Yen bears testimony to the fact that at least 51 Bangla words made their way into that dictionary…The Chinese-Sanskrit dictionary, compiled in the 8th Century CE, included or rather was compelled to include words of a third language, i.e., Bangla. This is indicative of the fact that Bangla had already been standardized and was one of the influential tongues which was regarded as the lingua franca of the geographic area that was known as Bengal,"....}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Das |editor1-first=Amitava |editor2-last=Sanyal |editor2-first=Rajat |editor3-last=Chakraborty |editor3-first=Rajib |title=Classical Bangla |date=2025 |publisher=[[Institute of Language Studies and Research]] (ILSR), Kolkata |location=[[Kolkata]] |isbn=9788198479358 |pages=332―337 |quote=The Chinese-Sanskrit dictionary, compiled in the 8th Century CE, included or rather was compelled to include words of a third language, i.e., Bangla. This is indicative of the fact that Bangla had already been standardized and was one of the influential tongues which was regarded as the lingua franca of the geographic area that was known as Bengal. This illustrates with absolute certainty that Bangla must have been the language of communication for several centuries before the time of composition of Carya songs. By the time Carya songs were composed, Bangla had already acquired prosodic as well as rhetoric sophistication to be considered as a medium of literary discourse.}}</ref>

Though some archaeologists claim that some 10th-century texts were in Bengali, it is not certain whether they represent a differentiated language or whether they represent a stage when [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]] were differentiating.<ref>"Within the Eastern Indic language family the history of the separation of Bangla from Odia, Assamese, and the languages of Bihar remains to be worked out carefully. Scholars do not yet agree on criteria for deciding if certain tenth century AD texts were in a Bangla already distinguishable from the other languages, or marked a stage at which Eastern Indic had not finished differentiating." {{harvcol|Dasgupta|2003|pp=386–387}}</ref> The local Apabhraṃśa of the eastern subcontinent, Purbi Apabhraṃśa or [[Abahatta]] ({{lit|meaningless sounds}}), eventually evolved into regional dialects, which in turn formed three groups, the [[Bengali–Assamese languages]], the [[Bihari languages]], and the [[Odia language]].

The language was not static: different varieties coexisted and authors often wrote in multiple dialects in this period. For example, Ardhamagadhi is believed to have evolved into Abahatta around the 6th century, which competed with the ancestor of Bengali for some time.<ref name="abahatta">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php|title=Banglapedia|website=Banglapedia|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-date=15 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515073155/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Main_Page|url-status=live}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=February 2021|reason=Need the specific Banglapedia article – link to the Banglapedia main page is not enough}} The ancestor of Bengali was the language of the [[Pala Empire]] and the [[Sena dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://global.britannica.com/topic/Pala-dynasty|title=Pala dynasty – Indian dynasty|website=Global.britannica.com|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305002609/https://global.britannica.com/topic/Pala-dynasty|archive-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/paladynasty.html|title=Pala Dynasty, Pala Empire, Pala empire in India, Pala School of Sculptures|last=nimmi|website=Indianmirror.com|access-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028151905/http://www.indianmirror.com/dynasty/paladynasty.html|archive-date=28 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Medieval===
{{See also|Persian language in the Indian subcontinent}}
{{multiple image
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|image1=Silver coin of Danujamarddana.jpg
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|caption1=Silver coin of Maharaj Gaudeshwar Danujmardandev of [[Deva dynasty]], {{Circa|1417}}
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|caption2=Silver coin with proto-Bengali script, [[Harikela]] Kingdom, {{Circa|9th}}–13th century
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During the medieval period, [[Middle Bengali]] was characterised by the [[elision]] of the word-final ''{{lang|bn|অ}} ô'' and the spread of compound verbs, which originated from the [[Sanskrit]] [[schwa]]. Slowly, the word-final ''ô'' disappeared from many words influenced by the [[Arabic]], [[Farsi|Persian]], and [[Turkic languages]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} The arrival of merchants and traders from the Middle East and [[Turkestan]] into the [[Buddhist]]-ruling [[Pala Empire]], from as early as the 7th century, gave birth to Islamic influence in the region.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

In the 13th century, subsequent [[Arab Muslim]] and [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Persian]] expeditions to Bengal heavily influenced the local vernacular by settling among the native population.<ref name="Bari">{{Cite news |last=Bari |first=Sarah Anjum |date=12 April 2019 |title=A Tale of Two Languages: How the Persian language seeped into Bengali |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/longform/news/tale-two-languages-how-the-persian-language-seeped-bengali-1728421 |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Majumder |first=Atindra |title=Arabic, Persian and Turkish words in Bengali Literature |language=English}}</ref> Bengali absorbed Arabic and Persian influences in its vocabulary and dialect, including the development of [[Dobhashi]].<ref name="Bari"/>

Bengali acquired prominence, over Persian, in the court of the [[Sultans of Bengal]] with the ascent of [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]].<ref>"What is more significant, a contemporary Chinese traveler reported that although Persian was understood by some in the court, the language in universal use there was Bengali. This points to the waning, although certainly not yet the disappearance, of the sort of foreign mentality that the Muslim ruling class in Bengal had exhibited since its arrival over two centuries earlier. It also points to the survival, and now the triumph, of local Bengali culture at the highest level of official society." {{harvcol|Eaton|1993|p=60}}</ref> Subsequent Muslim rulers actively promoted the literary development of Bengali,<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344|title=Politics and Literary Activities in the Bengali Language during the Independent Sultanate of Bengal|first=AKM Golam|last=Rabbani|date=7 November 2017|journal=Dhaka University Journal of Linguistics|volume=1|issue=1|pages=151–166|access-date=7 November 2017|via=www.banglajol.info|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123110/https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/DUJL/article/view/3344|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> allowing it to become the most spoken [[vernacular]] language in the Sultanate.{{sfn|Eaton|1993}} Bengali adopted many words from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], which was a manifestation of [[Islamic culture]] on the language. Major texts of Middle Bengali (1400–1800) include [[Yusuf-Zulekha]] by [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]] and [[Shreekrishna Kirtana|Srikrishna Kirtana]] by the [[Chandidas]] poets. Court support for Bengali culture and language waned when the [[Mughal Empire]] conquered Bengal in the late 16th and early 17th century.<ref>{{harvcol|Eaton|1993|pp=167–174}}</ref>

===Modern===
{{See also|Bengali language movement}}
The standard literary form of Modern Bengali was developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries based on the west-central dialect spoken in [[Santipur (community development block)|Shantipur region]] of the [[Nadia district]]. Modern Bengali shows a high degree of [[diglossia]], with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language.<ref name="cornell">{{cite web |url=https://lrc.cornell.edu/asian/courses/bengali |title=Bengali Language at Cornell |website=Department of Asian Studies |publisher=Cornell University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115131805/http://lrc.cornell.edu/asian/courses/bengali |archive-date=15 November 2012}}</ref> Modern [[Bengali vocabulary]] is based on words inherited from Magadhi Prakrit and Pali, along with [[tatsama]]s and reborrowings from Sanskrit and borrowings from [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Austroasiatic languages]] and other languages with which it has historically been in contact.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, there were two standard forms of written Bengali:
* {{lang|bn|চলিতভাষা}} ''Chôlitôbhasha'', a colloquial form of Bengali using simplified inflections.
* {{lang|bn|সাধুভাষা}} ''[[Sadhu bhasha|Sadhubhasha]]'', a formal and genteel form of Bengali.<ref name="SKumar">{{cite web|url=http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/translation/articles/bengali-language.html|title=The Bengali Language and Translation|access-date= 19 November 2006|last=Ray|first=S Kumar|work=Translation Articles|publisher=Kwintessential|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925204904/http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/translation/articles/bengali-language.html|archive-date=25 September 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2024 |title=Bengali language {{!}} History, Writing System & Dialects {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

In 1948, the government of Pakistan tried to impose [[Urdu]] as the sole state language in Pakistan, giving rise to the [[Bengali language movement]].<ref name="sas">{{cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Hanne-Ruth|title=Bengali|date=2012|publisher=John Benjamins Pub. Co.|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-90-272-3819-1|page=3|edition=Paperback with corrections.}}</ref> This was a popular ethnolinguistic movement in the former [[East Bengal]] (today [[Bangladesh]]), which arose as a result of the strong linguistic consciousness of the [[Bengalis]] and their desire to promote and protect spoken and written Bengali's recognition as a state language of the then [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. On 21 February 1952, five students and political activists were killed during protests near the campus of the [[University of Dhaka]]; they were the first ever [[martyrs]] to die for their right to speak their mother tongue. In 1956, Bengali was made a state language of Pakistan.<ref name="sas" /> 21 February has since been observed as [[Language Movement Day]] in Bangladesh and has also been commemorated as [[International Mother Language Day]] by [[UNESCO]] every year since 2000.

In 2010, the parliament of Bangladesh and the legislative assembly of West Bengal proposed that Bengali be made an official UN language.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8425744.stm |title=Bengali 'should be UN language' |date=22 December 2009 |website=BBC News |access-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108040418/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8425744.stm |archive-date=8 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of January 2023, no further action has been yet taken on this matter. However, in 2022, the UN did adopt Bangla as an unofficial language, after a resolution tabled by India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 June 2022 |title=UN adopts Bangla as unofficial language |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/06/12/un-adopts-bangla-as-unofficial-language |access-date=20 January 2023 |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120163409/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2022/06/12/un-adopts-bangla-as-unofficial-language |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2024, the [[government of India]] conferred Bengali with the status of [[Classical languages of India|classical language]].<ref name="IT_Oct2024"/><ref name="TH_Oct2024"/>

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| caption2 = Language Martyr's Memorial at Silchar Railway Station in [[Assam]], India.
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==Geographical distribution==
{{Pie chart
| caption = Approximate distribution of native Bengali speakers (assuming a rounded total of 280-290 million) worldwide.{{Efn|The number of [[Bangladeshis]] worldwide exceeds 190 million. Nearly 15 million Bangladeshis live outside Bangladesh and are not included during national census counts.<ref name="BangladeshiMigrants">{{Cite web |title=Migrants’ contribution to the 50-year journey of Bangladesh {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/celebrating-50-years-bangladesh/news/migrants-contribution-the-50-year-journey-bangladesh-2067097 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How diaspora can support Bangladesh’s development {{!}} The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/how-diaspora-can-support-bangladeshs-development-2170991 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=www.thedailystar.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the actual number of Bangladeshi migrant workers? |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/migration/333923/what-is-the-actual-number-of-bangladeshi-migrant |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Growing Influence of Bangladeshi Diaspora |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/post/709600/budget2025-2026 |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Becoming a more effective diaspora |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/360818/becoming-a-more-effective-diaspora |access-date=23 March 2026 |website=Dhaka Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BangladeshMigrationSnapshot">{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh — Migration Snapshot Report 2024 {{!}} Displacement Tracking Matrix |url=https://dtm.iom.int/reports/bangladesh-migration-snapshot-report-2024 |access-date=28 February 2026 |website=dtm.iom.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Streatfield |first=Peter Kim |last2=Karar |first2=Zunaid Ahsan |date=September 2008 |title=Population challenges for Bangladesh in the coming decades |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2740702/ |journal=Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=261–272 |issn=1606-0997 |pmc=2740702 |pmid=18831223}}</ref> Considering the total number of Bengalis to be around 270–280 million, Bangladeshis constitute approximately 67–70% of the global Bengali population.|name=Bangladeshis}}
| value1 = 68
| label1 = [[Bangladesh]] or [[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi origin]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNData app |url=https://data.un.org/en/iso/bd.html |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=data.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gigauri |first=Giorgi |date=26 March 2021 |title=Migrants' contribution to the 50-year journey of Bangladesh |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/celebrating-50-years-bangladesh/news/migrants-contribution-the-50-year-journey-bangladesh-2067097 |access-date=5 January 2026 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>
| color1 = #006a4e
| value2 = 32
| label2 = [[India]] or [[Indian people|Indian origin]]
| color2 = #ffc000
| other-label =
| other-color =
| other =
}}[[File:Bengali-speaking world.svg|thumb|upright=1.25|Geographical distribution of the Bengali language in the world.{{legend|#003380|Main language|invert=y}}{{legend|#0055d4|Regional language|invert=y}}{{legend|#2a7fff|Overseas population of more than a million|invert=y}}
{{legend|#5599ff|Overseas population of more than 100 thousand|invert=y}}
{{legend|#80b3ff|Overseas population of more than 10 thousand|invert=y}}
{{legend|#aaccff|Overseas population of more than a thousand|invert=y}}|class=skin-invert-image]]
Besides the native region it is also spoken by the Bengalis living in [[Tripura]], southern [[Assam]] and the Bengali population in the Indian union territory of [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. Bengali is also spoken in the neighbouring states of [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]], and [[Jharkhand]], and sizeable minorities of Bengali speakers reside in Indian cities outside Bengal, including [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Thane]], [[Varanasi]], and [[Vrindavan]]. There are also significant Bengali-speaking communities in the [[Bangladeshis in the Middle East|Middle East]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/09/07/kuwait-restricts-imports-male-bangladeshi-workers/ |title=Kuwait restricts recruitment of male Bangladeshi workers |work=Dhaka Tribune |language=en-US |access-date=4 December 2017 |date=7 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830163025/http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2016/09/07/kuwait-restricts-imports-male-bangladeshi-workers/ |archive-date=30 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://gulfmigration.eu/bahrain-foreign-population-by-country-of-citizenship-sex-and-migration-status-worker-family-dependent-selected-countries-january-2015/ |title=Bahrain: Foreign population by country of citizenship, sex and migration status (worker/ family dependent) (selected countries, January 2015) – GLMM |date=20 October 2015 |work=GLMM |access-date=4 December 2017 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216162345/http://gulfmigration.eu/bahrain-foreign-population-by-country-of-citizenship-sex-and-migration-status-worker-family-dependent-selected-countries-january-2015/ |archive-date=16 December 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SA |title=Saudi Arabia |work=Ethnologue |access-date=4 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171123150627/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SA |archive-date=23 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Bengali American|United States]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/download/voting/voteform.pdf |title=New York State Voter Registration Form |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127085322/http://www.elections.ny.gov/NYSBOE/download/voting/voteform.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Singapore]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blls.sg |title=Bangla Language and Literary Society, Singapore |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505011428/http://blls.sg/ |archive-date=5 May 2013}}</ref> [[Bangladeshis in Malaysia|Malaysia]], [[Bangladeshis in Australia|Australia]], [[Bangladeshi Canadian|Canada]], the [[British Bangladeshi|United Kingdom]], and [[Bangladeshis in Italy|Italy]].

===Official status===
The 3rd article of the [[Constitution of Bangladesh]] states Bengali to be the sole [[official language]] of Bangladesh.<ref name="constitution" /> The [[Bangla Bhasha Prachalan Ain, 1987|Bengali Language Implementation Act, 1987]], made it mandatory to use Bengali in all records and correspondences, laws, proceedings of court and other legal actions in all courts, government or semi-government offices, and autonomous institutions in Bangladesh.<ref name="Bengali Act" /> It is also the ''de facto'' [[National language|national]] language of the country.

In India, Bengali is one of the 22 [[Languages with official status in India|official languages]].<ref name="secondmost">{{cite web| url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IN| title=Languages of India| publisher=Ethnologue Report| access-date=4 November 2006| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226043734/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=IN| archive-date=26 December 2009| url-status=live}}</ref> It is the official language of the Indian states of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]] and in [[Barak Valley]] of [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Language |website=Government of Assam| url=http://www.assam.gov.in/language.asp| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826225557/http://www.assam.gov.in/language.asp|archive-date=26 August 2006| access-date=20 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Kishalay |date=30 April 2008 |title=It's Indian language vs Indian language|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080048434 |work=[[NDTV]].com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723023746/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080048434 |archive-date=23 July 2013 |access-date=27 May 2008}}</ref> Bengali has been a second official language of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Jharkhand]] since September 2011.

In [[Pakistan]], Bengali is a recognised secondary language in the city of [[Karachi]]<ref>{{cite news |author=Syed Yasir Kazmi |date=16 October 2009 |title=Pakistani Bengalis |url=http://www.demotix.com/news/160560/bengalis-pakistan-karachi#media-160511 |work=DEMOTIX |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150102005045/http://www.demotix.com/news/160560/bengalis-pakistan-karachi |archive-date=2 January 2015 |access-date=2 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/story/2003/11/031117_karachi_bangali_as.shtml |title=کراچی کے 'بنگالی پاکستانی'(Urdu) |work=محمد عثمان جامعی |date=17 November 2003 |access-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031119115353/http://www.bbc.co.uk/urdu/pakistan/story/2003/11/031117_karachi_bangali_as.shtml |archive-date=19 November 2003 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.21stfebruary.org/eassy21_5.htm |title=The Language Movement : An Outline |last=Rafiqul Islam |access-date=12 May 2016 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119232520/http://www.21stfebruary.org/eassy21_5.htm |archive-date=19 November 2012}}</ref> mainly spoken by [[Bengalis in Pakistan|stranded Bengalis of Pakistan]]. The Department of Bengali in the [[University of Karachi]] (established by East Pakistani politicians before [[Independence of Bangladesh]]) also offers regular programs of studies at the Bachelors and at the Masters levels for Bengali Literature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/bengali/ |title=Karachi Department of Bengali |access-date=2 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510221536/http://www.uok.edu.pk/faculties/bengali/ |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The national anthems of both Bangladesh (''[[Amar Sonar Bangla]]'') and India (''[[Jana Gana Mana]]'') were written in Bengali by the Bengali Nobel laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.gov.bd/statements/fm39.htm|title=Statement by Foreign Minister on Second Bangladesh-India Track II dialogue at BRAC Centre on 07 August, 2005|access-date=27 May 2008|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, [[Government of Bangladesh]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080418063436/http://www.mofa.gov.bd/statements/fm39.htm  |archive-date=18 April 2008}}</ref> [[Notuner Gaan]] known as "''Chol Chol Chol"'' is Bangladesh's national march, written by ''The National Poet'' [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] in Bengali in 1928. It was adopted as the national marching song by the [[Bangladeshi government]] in 1972. Additionally, the first two verses of ''[[Vande Mataram]]'', a patriotic song written in Bengali by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]], was adopted as the "national song" of India in both the colonial period and later in 1950 in independent India. Furthermore, it is believed by many that the national anthem of Sri Lanka ([[Sri Lanka Matha]]) was inspired by a Bengali poem written by [[Rabindranath Tagore]],<ref name="CIA">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Sri Lanka|encyclopedia=[[The World Factbook]]|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217185333/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TOI030411">{{cite news|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=CAP/2011/04/03&ID=Ar01601|title=Man of the series: Nobel laureate Tagore|date=3 April 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|agency=[[Times News Network]]|access-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143239/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=CAP%2F2011%2F04%2F03&ID=Ar01601|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="TH040216">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sri-lanka-iday-to-have-anthem-in-tamil/article8189939.ece|title=Sri Lanka I-Day to have anthem in Tamil|date=4 February 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204001139/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/sri-lanka-iday-to-have-anthem-in-tamil/article8189939.ece|archive-date=4 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="HT120510">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/tagore-s-influence-on-lankan-culture/story-ABmSseNTEg4EFv5AAoDpbN.html|title=Tagore's influence on Lankan culture|date=12 May 2010|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011122425/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world/tagore-s-influence-on-lankan-culture/story-ABmSseNTEg4EFv5AAoDpbN.html|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> while some even believe the anthem was originally written in Bengali and then translated into [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]].<ref name="Wickramasinghe">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wde58hbSxUEC&q=Tagore|title=Dressing the Colonised Body: Politics, Clothing, and Identity in Sri Lanka|last1=Wickramasinghe|first1=Nira|date=2003|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]|isbn=978-81-250-2479-8|page=26|author-link1=Nira Wickramasinghe|access-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929080417/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Wde58hbSxUEC&printsec=frontcover&q=Tagore|archive-date=29 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DM300315">{{cite news|url=http://mirrorcitizen.dailymirror.lk/2015/03/30/sri-lankan-national-anthem-can-it-be-used-to-narrow-the-gap/|title=Sri Lankan National Anthem: can it be used to narrow the gap?|last1=Wickramasinghe|first1=Kamanthi|work=[[The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka)]]|last2=Perera|first2=Yoshitha|issue=30 March 2015|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011123106/http://mirrorcitizen.dailymirror.lk/2015/03/30/sri-lankan-national-anthem-can-it-be-used-to-narrow-the-gap/|archive-date=11 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DS070511">{{cite news|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=184548|title=Rabindranath: He belonged to the world|last1=Haque|first1=Junaidul|date=7 May 2011|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)]]|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092524/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=184548|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TH170511">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/celebrating-rabindranath-tagores-legacy/article2026880.ece|title=Celebrating Rabindranath Tagore's legacy|last1=Habib|first1=Haroon|date=17 May 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|author-link1=Haroon Habib|access-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613010300/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/celebrating-rabindranath-tagores-legacy/article2026880.ece|archive-date=13 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2009, elected representatives in both Bangladesh and West Bengal called for Bengali to be made an [[Official languages of the United Nations|official language of the United Nations]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8425744.stm |date=22 December 2009 |access-date=25 January 2010 |first=Subir |last=Bhaumik |title=Bengali 'should be UN language' |work=BBC News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403040151/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8425744.stm |archive-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Dialects==
{{Main|Bengali dialects}}

Regional [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] in spoken Bengali constitute a [[dialect continuum]]. Linguist [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]] grouped the dialects of Bengali language into four large clusters: [[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi]], [[Bangali dialect|Vangiya]], [[Kamarupi Prakrit|Kamrupi]] and [[Varendri dialect|Varendri]];<ref>name="huq_sarkar"</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali language, Suniti kumar Chatterjee, Vol- 1, Page 140, George Allen and Unwin London, New Edition, 1970|language=English}}</ref> but many alternative grouping schemes have also been proposed.<ref name="morshed">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Dialect|author=Morshed, Abul Kalam Manjoor}}</ref> The West-Central dialects ([[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi]] or [[Nadia district|Nadia]] dialect) form the basis of modern standard colloquial Bengali. In the dialects prevalent in much of eastern and south-eastern Bangladesh ([[Barisal Division|Barisal]], [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]] and [[Sylhet Division]]s of Bangladesh), many of the stops and [[Affricate consonant|affricates]] heard in [[West Bengal]] and western Bangladesh are pronounced as [[Fricative consonant|fricatives]]. Western [[Alveolo-palatal consonant|alveolo-palatal affricates]] {{lang|bn|চ}} {{IPAblink|tʃ|tʃɔ}}, {{lang|bn|ছ}} {{IPAblink|ʰ|tʃʰɔ~tʃɔ}}, {{lang|bn|জ}} {{IPAblink|dʒ|dʒɔ}} correspond to eastern {{lang|bn|চ}} {{IPA|[tsɔ~sɔ]}}, {{lang|bn|ছ}} {{IPA|[sɔ]}}, {{lang|bn|জ}} {{IPA|[dzɔ~zɔ]}}.

The potential influence of [[Tibeto-Burman languages]] on the [[phonology]] of Eastern Bengali is used to explain the lack of nasalised vowels and an alveolar articulation of what are categorised as the "cerebral" consonants (as opposed to the postalveolar articulation of western Bengal). Some [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of Bengali, particularly [[Sylheti language|Sylheti]],<ref>{{cite conference |last2=Mahanta |first2=Sakuntala |last1=Gope |first1=Amalesh |year=2014 |title=Lexical Tones in Sylheti |url=https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/tal_2014/papers/tl14_010.pdf |conference=4th International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages (TAL-2014) |access-date=27 June 2020 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815121216/https://www.isca-speech.org/archive/tal_2014/papers/tl14_010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Chittagonian language|Chittagonian]] and [[Chakma language|Chakma]], have contrastive [[tone (linguistics)|tone]]; differences in the pitch of the speaker's voice can distinguish words. [[Kharia Thar language|Kharia Thar]] and [[Mal Paharia language|Mal Paharia]] are closely related to Western Bengali dialects, but are typically classified as separate languages. Similarly, [[Hajong language|Hajong]] is considered a separate language, although it shares similarities to [[Northern Bengali]] dialects.<ref name="hajong">{{cite web | url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=haj | title=Hajong | publisher=The Ethnologue Report | access-date=19 November 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115092134/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=haj | archive-date=15 November 2006 | url-status=live }}</ref>

During the standardisation of Bengali in the 19th century and early 20th century, the cultural centre of Bengal was in [[Kolkata]], a city founded by the British. What is accepted as the standard form today in both West Bengal and Bangladesh is based on the [[Rarhi dialect|West-Central dialect]] of [[Nadia District|Nadia]] and [[Kushtia District]].<ref name="daniul">{{cite Banglapedia |first1=Chalita |last1=Bhasa |author2=Huq, Mohammad Daniul}}</ref> There are cases where speakers of Standard Bengali in [[West Bengal]] will use a different word from a speaker of Standard Bengali in Bangladesh, even though both words are of native Bengali descent. For example, the word salt is {{lang|bn|লবণ}} ''lôbôṇ'' in the east which corresponds to {{lang|bn|নুন}} ''nun'' in the west.<ref name=Banglabetelco/>
[[File:Bengali dialects.png|thumb|center|400px|A map of [[Bengal]] (including parts of [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Myanmar]], [[Nepal]] and [[Jharkhand]]) showing the Bengali dialect clusters and their dialects. Cluster shades: 
Blue = [[Bangali dialect|Bangali]] 
Green = [[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi]] 
Red = [[Varendri]] 
Pink = [[Rangpuri language|Rangpuri]] 
Yellow = [[Manbhumi]] 
Purple = [[Sundarbani]] 
(''those marked with an asterisk (*) on the map are sometimes considered dialects and sometimes considered separate languages'')|class=skin-invert-image]]

Bengali exhibits [[diglossia]], though some scholars have proposed triglossia or even n-glossia or [[heteroglossia]] between the written and spoken forms of the language.<ref name="cornell" /> Two styles of writing have emerged, involving somewhat different vocabularies and [[syntax]]:<ref name="daniul"/><ref name="daniul1">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Sadhu Bhasa|author=Huq, Mohammad Daniul}}</ref>
# ''[[Sadhu bhasha]]'' ({{lang|bn|সাধু ভাষা}} "upright language") was the written language, with longer verb inflections and more of a [[Pali]] and [[Sanskrit]]-derived ''[[Tatsama]]'' vocabulary. Songs such as India's national anthem ''[[Jana Gana Mana]]'' (by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]) were composed in this style. Its use in modern writing however is uncommon, restricted to some official signs and documents as well as for achieving particular literary effects.
# ''Chôlito bhasha'' ({{lang|bn|চলিত ভাষা}} "running language"), known by linguists as Standard Colloquial Bengali, is a written Bengali style exhibiting a preponderance of colloquial idiom and shortened verb forms and is the standard for written Bengali now. This form came into vogue towards the turn of the 19th century, promoted by the writings of [[Peary Chand Mitra]] (''[[Alaler Gharer Dulal]]'', 1857),<ref name="alal">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Alaler Gharer Dulal|author=Huq, Mohammad Daniul}}</ref> [[Pramatha Chaudhuri]] (''Sabujpatra'', 1914) and in the later writings of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. It is modelled on the dialect spoken in the [[Shantipur]] and [[Shilaidaha]] region in [[Nadia district|Nadia]] and [[Kushtia District|Kushtia]] Districts respectively. This form of Bengali is often referred to as the "Kushtia standard"(Bangladesh), "Nadia standard" (West Bengal), "West-Central dialect", "Shantipuri Bangla" or "Shilaidahi Bangla".<ref name="morshed"/>

Linguist [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]] categorises the language as:
* Madhya [[Rarh region|Rarhi]] dialect
* [[Midnapore district|Kanthi]] (Contai) dialect
* [[Kolkata metropolitan area|Kolkata]] dialect
* [[Nadia district|Shantipuriya]] (Nadia) dialect
* [[Shershahabadia]] (Maldahiya/ Jangipuri) dialect
* [[Varendra|Barendri]] dialect
* [[Rangpur Division|Rangapuriya]] dialect
* [[Sylhet Division|Sylheti]] dialect
* [[Dhaka Division|Dhakiya]] (Bikrampuri) dialect
* [[Jessore District|Jashore]]/Jessoriya dialect
* [[Barisal Division|Barisal]] (Chandradwip) dialect
* [[Chittagong Division|Chattal]] (Chittagong) dialect

While most writing is in Standard Colloquial Bengali (SCB), spoken dialects exhibit a greater variety. People in southeastern West Bengal, including Kolkata, speak in SCB. Other dialects, with minor variations from Standard Colloquial, are used in other parts of West Bengal and western Bangladesh, such as the [[Midnapore]] dialect, characterised by some unique words and constructions. However, a majority in Bangladesh speaks dialects notably different from SCB. Some dialects, particularly those of the [[Chittagong]] region, bear only a superficial resemblance to SCB.<ref name="ray89">{{Harvnb|Ray|Hai|Ray|1966|p=89}}</ref> The dialect in the Chittagong region is least widely understood by the general body of Bengalis.<ref name="ray89" /> The majority of Bengalis are able to communicate in more than one [[Variety (linguistics)|variety]] – often, speakers are fluent in ''Cholitobhasha'' (SCB) and one or more regional dialects.<ref name="SKumar" />

Even in SCB, the vocabulary may differ according to the speaker's religion: Muslims are more likely to use words of Persian and Arabic origin, along with more words naturally derived from Sanskrit ([[tadbhava]]), whereas Hindus are more likely to use [[tatsama]] (words directly borrowed from Sanskrit).<ref name="ray80">{{Harvnb|Ray|Hai|Ray|1966|p=80}}</ref>.
For example:<ref name="Banglabetelco">{{cite web
| url=http://www.betelco.com/bd/bangla/bangla.html
| title=History of Bengali (Banglar itihash)
| access-date=20 November 2006
| publisher=Bengal Telecommunication and Electric Company
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707230420/http://www.betelco.com/bd/bangla/bangla.html
| archive-date=7 July 2011
}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Predominantly Hindu Usage !! Origin !! Predominantly Muslim Usage !! Origin !! Translation
|-
|{{lang|bn|নমস্কার}} ''nômôskār''||Directly borrowed from [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Namaskara|namaskāra]]''||{{lang|bn|আসসালামু আলাইকুম}} ''āssālāmu ālāikum''||Directly from [[Arabic]] ''[[As-salamu alaykum|as-salāmu ʿalaykum]]''||hello
|-
|{{lang|bn|নিমন্ত্রণ}} ''nimôntrôṇ''||Directly borrowed from Sanskrit ''nimantraṇa'' as opposed to the native Bengali ''nemôntônnô''||{{lang|bn|দাওয়াত}} ''dāowāt''||Borrowed from Arabic ''[[daʿwah]]'' via [[Farsi|Persian]]|| invitation
|-
|{{lang|bn|জল}} ''jôl''|| Directly borrowed from Sanskrit ''jala''||{{lang|bn|পানি}} ''pāni''||Native, compare with Sanskrit ''pānīya''|| water
|-
|{{lang|bn|স্নান}} ''snān''||Directly borrowed from Sanskrit ''snāna''||{{lang|bn|গোসল}} ''gosol''||Borrowed from Arabic ''[[ghusl|ghuṣl]]'' via Persian|| bath
|-
|{{lang|bn|দিদি}} ''didi''||Native, from Sanskrit ''[[devī]]''||{{lang|bn|আপা}} ''āpā''||From [[Turkic languages]]|| sister / elder sister
|-
|{{lang|bn|দাদা}} ''dādā''||Native, from Sanskrit ''dāyāda''||{{lang|bn|ভাইয়া}} ''bhāiyā''||Native, from Sanskrit ''bhrātā''|| brother / elder brother<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bengali-dictionary.com/english_bengali_words_phrases_relations%202.html|title=A Bilingual Dictionary of Words and Phrases (English-Bengali)|website=Bengali-dictionary.com|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025180820/http://www.bengali-dictionary.com/english_bengali_words_phrases_relations%202.html|archive-date=25 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{lang|bn|মাসি}} ''māsi''
|Native, from Sanskrit ''mātṛṣvasā''
|{{lang|bn|খালা}} ''khālā''
|Directly borrowed from Arabic ''khālah''
|maternal aunt
|-
|{{lang|bn|পিসি}} ''pisi''
|Native, from Sanskrit ''pitṛṣvasā''
|{{lang|bn|ফুফু}} ''phuphu''
|Native, from Prakrit ''phupphī''
|paternal aunt
|-
|{{lang|bn|কাকা}} ''kākā''
|From Persian or Dravidian ''kākā''
|{{lang|bn|চাচা}} ''chāchā''
|From Prakrit ''cācca''
|paternal uncle
|-
|{{lang|bn|দিদিমা}} ''didimā''
|From Sanskrit ''[[Devī]]'' and ''Mātā''
|{{lang|bn|নানী}} ''nānī''
|From [[Hindi language|Hindi]] नानी (Nani)
|maternal grandmother
|-
|{{lang|bn|ঠাকুরমা}} ''ṭhākuramā''
|From Sanskrit ''Ṭhākura'' and ''Mātā''
|{{lang|bn|দাদী}} ''dādī''
|From Persian ''dādī''
|paternal grandmother
|-
|{{lang|bn|প্রার্থনা}} ''prārthonā''
|Directly borrowed from Sanskrit ''prārthanā''
|{{lang|bn|দোয়া}} ''doyā'' or {{lang|bn|নামাজ}} ''nāmāj''
|Borrowed from Arabic ''[[dua|duʿāʾ]]''
|prayer
|-
|{{lang|bn|আশীর্বাদ}} ''āśīrbād''
|From Sanskrit ''Āśīrvāda''
|{{lang|bn|দোয়া}} ''doyā''
| From Arabic ''[[dua|duʿāʾ]]''
| blessings
|-
|লঙ্কা ''lônkā''
|Native, named after [[Sri Lanka|Lanka]]
|মরিচ ''morich''
|Directly borrowed from Sanskrit ''marica''
|chilli
|-
|}

==Phonology==
{{Main|Bengali phonology}}

The [[phoneme|phonemic]] inventory of standard Bengali consists of 29 consonants and 7 vowels, as well as 7 [[Nasal vowel|nasalised vowels]]. The inventory is set out below in the [[help:IPA|International Phonetic Alphabet]] (upper grapheme in each box) and romanisation (lower grapheme).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Vowels
!
! colspan="3" |Non-nasalised
! colspan="3" |Nasalised
|-
! ||[[Front vowel|Front]]||[[Central vowel|Central]]||[[Back vowel|Back]]
![[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{lang|bn|ই~ঈ}} {{IPA link|i}} i|| ||{{lang|bn|উ~ঊ}} {{IPA link|u}} u
|{{lang|bn|ইঁ}}~{{lang|bn|ঈঁ}} {{IPA link|ĩ}} ĩ
|
|{{lang|bn|উঁ}}~{{lang|bn|ঊঁ}} {{IPA link|ũ}} ũ
|-
![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|{{lang|bn|এ}} {{IPA link|e}} e|| ||{{lang|bn|ও}} {{IPA link|o}} o
|{{lang|bn|এঁ}} {{IPA link|ẽ}} {{IPA link|ẽ}}
|
|{{lang|bn|ওঁ}} {{IPA link|õ}} õ
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|{{lang|bn|অ্যা}} {{IPA link|æ}} æ || ||{{lang|bn|অ}} {{IPA link|ɔ }} ô
|{{lang|bn|অ্যাঁ}} {{IPA link|æ̃}} æ̃
|
|{{lang|bn|অঁ}} {{IPA link|ɔ̃}} ɔ̃
|-
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| ||{{lang|bn|আ}} {{IPA link|ɐ|a}} a ||
|
|{{lang|bn|আঁ}} {{IPA link|ã}} ã
|
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants
! colspan="3" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Palatoalveolar consonant|Palato- alveolar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}|| {{IPA link|n}} || || ||{{IPA link|ŋ}}|| 
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate]]
! rowspan="2" | [[voicelessness|voiceless]]
! unaspirated
|{{IPA link|p}}||{{IPA link|t̪|}}||{{IPA link|ʈ}}||{{IPA|[[Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate|tʃ]]}}||{{IPA link|k}}||
|-
![[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|{{IPA link|pʰ}}||{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}}||{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}||{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}||{{IPA link|kʰ}}||
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
! unaspirated
|{{IPA link|b}}||{{IPA link|d̪|}}||{{IPA link|ɖ}}||{{IPA|[[Voiced palato-alveolar affricate|dʒ]]}}||{{IPA link|ɡ}}||
|-
![[Breathy voice|aspirated]]
|{{IPA link|bʱ}}||{{IPA link|d̪ʱ}}||{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}||{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}||{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}||
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! voiceless
| ({{IPA link|ɸ}}) || {{IPA link|s}} || || {{IPA link|ʃ}} |||| ({{IPA link|h}})
|-
! voiced
| ({{IPA link|β}}) || ({{IPA link|z}}) || || || || {{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
! colspan="3" |[[Approximant]]
| ({{IPA link|w}}) ||{{IPA link|l}}|| || ({{IPA link|j}}) || ||
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
! unaspirated
| || {{IPA link|ɾ|r}} || {{IPA link|ɽ}} || || ||
|-
! aspirated
| || || ({{IPA link|ɽʱ}}) || || ||
|}

Bengali is known for its wide variety of [[diphthongs]], combinations of [[vowel]]s occurring within the same [[syllable]].<ref>{{Harv|Masica|1991|pp=116}}</ref> Two of these, {{IPA|/oi̯/}} and {{IPA|/ou̯/}}, are the only ones with representation in script, as {{lang|bn|ঐ}} and {{lang|bn|ঔ}} respectively. {{IPA|/e̯ i̯ o̯ u̯/}} may all form the glide part of a diphthong. The total number of diphthongs is not established, with bounds at 17 and 31. An incomplete chart is given by Sarkar (1985) of the following:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sarkar|first1=Pabitra|title=Bangla diswar dhoni|date=1985|location=Bhasa}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! ||{{IPA|e̯}}||{{IPA|i̯}}||{{IPA|o̯}}||{{IPA|u̯}}
|-
!{{IPA|a}}
|{{IPA|ae̯}}||{{IPA|ai̯}}||{{IPA|ao̯}}||{{IPA|au̯}}
|-
!{{IPA|æ}}
|{{IPA|æe̯}}|| ||{{IPA|æo̯}}||
|-
!{{IPA|e}}
| ||{{IPA|ei̯}}|| ||{{IPA|eu̯}}
|-
!{{IPA|i}}
| ||{{IPA|ii̯}}|| ||{{IPA|iu̯}}
|-
!{{IPA|o}}
|{{IPA|oe̯}}||{{IPA|oi̯}}||{{IPA|oo̯}}||{{IPA|ou̯}}
|-
!{{IPA|u}}
| ||{{IPA|ui̯}}|| ||
|}

===Stress===
In standard Bengali, [[Stress (linguistics)|stress]] is predominantly initial. Bengali words are virtually all [[trochee|trochaic]]; the primary stress falls on the initial [[syllable]] of the word, while secondary stress often falls on all odd-numbered syllables thereafter, giving strings such as in {{lang|bn|সহযোগিতা}} '''''shô'''-hô-'''jo'''-gi-'''ta''''' "cooperation", where the '''boldface''' represents primary and secondary stress.

===Consonant clusters===
{{Main|Bengali consonant clusters}}

Native Bengali words do not allow initial [[consonant cluster]]s;<ref>{{Harv|Masica|1991|pp=125}}</ref> the maximum syllabic structure is CVC (i.e., one vowel flanked by a consonant on each side). Many speakers of Bengali restrict their phonology to this pattern, even when using Sanskrit or English borrowings, such as {{lang|bn|গেরাম}} ''geram'' (CV.CVC) for {{lang|bn|গ্রাম}} ''gram'' (CCVC) "village" or {{lang|bn|ইস্কুল}} ''iskul'' (VC.CVC) for {{lang|bn|স্কুল}} ''skul'' (CCVC) "school".

==Writing system==
{{Main|Bengali-Assamese Script|Bengali alphabet|Bengali Braille}}

[[File:Tagore handwriting Bengali.jpg|thumb|An example of handwritten Bengali. Part of a poem written in Bengali (and with its English translation below each Bengali paragraph) by Nobel Laureate [[Rabindranath Tagore]] in 1926 in Hungary|class=skin-invert-image]]
[[File:Bangla lights Whitechapel.jpg|thumb|The Library of [[Whitechapel]] in [[East London]] with the word "বাংলা" illuminated in its front.]]

The [[Bengali-Assamese script]] is an [[abugida]], a script with letters for consonants, with diacritics for vowels, and in which an [[inherent vowel]] (অ ''ô'') is assumed for consonants if no vowel is marked.<ref name="it46">{{cite web | url=http://www.it46.se/docs/courses/ICT4D_localization_software_primer_it46_v1.5.pdf | author=Escudero Pascual Alberto | title=Writing Systems/ Scripts | date=23 October 2005 | access-date=20 November 2006 | work=Primer to Localization of Software | publisher=it46.se | archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090319013436/http://www.it46.se/docs/courses/ICT4D_localization_software_primer_it46_v1.5.pdf | archive-date=19 March 2009 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Bengali alphabet]] is used throughout Bangladesh and eastern India (Assam, West Bengal, Tripura). The Bengali alphabet is believed to have evolved from a modified [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic script]] around 1000 CE (or 10th–11th century).<ref name="akhor">{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangalah |title=Bangalah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705234223/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangalah |archive-date=5 July 2015 }} in {{Harvnb|Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|2003}}</ref> It is a [[cursive]] script with eleven [[grapheme]]s or signs denoting nine vowels and two [[diphthong]]s, and thirty-nine graphemes representing [[consonant]]s and other modifiers.<ref name="akhor" /> There are no distinct [[Letter case|upper and lower case]] letter forms. The letters run from left to right and spaces are used to separate [[Word#Orthography|orthographic words]]. Bengali script has a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the graphemes that links them together called {{lang|bn|মাত্রা}} ''matra''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://banglasemantics.net/ |title=banglasemantics.net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224112403/http://banglasemantics.net/ |archive-date=24 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Since the Bengali script is an abugida, its consonant graphemes usually do not represent phonetic [[Segment (linguistics)|segments]], but carry an "inherent" vowel and thus are [[Syllable|syllabic]] in nature. The inherent vowel is usually a [[back vowel]], either {{IPA|[ɔ]}} as in {{lang|bn|মত}} {{IPA|[m'''ɔ'''t]}} "opinion" or {{IPA|[o]}}, as in {{lang|bn|মন}} {{IPA|[m'''o'''n]}} "mind", with variants like the more open {{IPA|[ɒ]}}. To emphatically represent a consonant sound without any inherent vowel attached to it, a special diacritic, called the ''[[virama|hôsôntô]]'' {{lang|bn|(্)}}, may be added below the basic consonant grapheme (as in {{lang|bn|ম্}} {{IPA|[m]}}). This diacritic, however, is not common and is chiefly employed as a guide to pronunciation. The abugida nature of Bengali consonant graphemes is not consistent, however. Often, syllable-final consonant graphemes, though not marked by a ''hôsôntô'', may carry no inherent vowel sound (as in the final {{lang|bn|ন}} in {{lang|bn|মন}} {{IPA|[m'''o'''n]}} or the medial {{lang|bn|ম}} in {{lang|bn|গামলা}} {{IPA|[ɡamla]}}).

A consonant sound followed by some vowel sound other than the inherent {{IPA|[ɔ]}} is orthographically realised by using a variety of vowel [[allograph]]s above, below, before, after, or around the consonant sign, thus forming the ubiquitous consonant-vowel [[typographic ligature]]s. These allographs, called {{lang|bn|কার}} ''kar'', are [[diacritic]]al vowel forms and cannot stand on their own. For example, the graph {{lang|bn|মি}} {{IPA|[mi]}} represents the consonant {{IPA|[m]}} followed by the vowel {{IPA|[i]}}, where {{IPA|[i]}} is represented as the diacritical allograph {{lang|bn| ি}} (called {{lang|bn|ই-কার}} ''i-kar'') and is placed ''before'' the default consonant sign. Similarly, the graphs {{lang|bn|মা}} {{IPA|[ma]}}, {{lang|bn|মী}} {{IPA|[mi]}}, {{lang|bn|মু}} {{IPA|[mu]}}, {{lang|bn|মূ}} {{IPA|[mu]}}, {{lang|bn|মৃ}} {{IPA|[mri]}}, {{lang|bn|মে}} {{IPA|[me~mɛ]}}, {{lang|bn|মৈ}} {{IPA|[moj]}}, {{lang|bn|মো}} {{IPA|[mo]}} and {{lang|bn|মৌ}} {{IPA|[mow]}} represent the same consonant {{lang|bn|ম}} combined with seven other vowels and two diphthongs. In these consonant-vowel ligatures, the so-called "inherent" vowel {{IPA|[ɔ]}} is first expunged from the consonant before adding the vowel, but this intermediate expulsion of the inherent vowel is not indicated in any visual manner on the basic consonant sign {{lang|bn|ম}} {{IPA|[mɔ]}}.

The vowel graphemes in Bengali can take two forms: the independent form found in the basic inventory of the script and the dependent, abridged, allograph form (as discussed above). To represent a vowel in isolation from any preceding or following consonant, the independent form of the vowel is used. For example, in {{lang|bn|মই}} {{IPA|[moj]}} "ladder" and in {{lang|bn|ইলিশ}} {{IPA|[iliʃ]}} "Hilsa fish", the independent form of the vowel {{lang|bn|ই}} is used (cf. the dependent form{{lang|bn| ি)}}. A vowel at the beginning of a word is always realised using its independent form.

In addition to the inherent-vowel-suppressing ''hôsôntô'', three more diacritics are commonly used in Bengali. These are the superposed ''chôndrôbindu'' {{lang|bn|(ঁ)}}, denoting a suprasegmental for [[nasalisation]] of vowels (as in {{lang|bn|চাঁদ}} {{IPA|[tʃãd]}} "moon"), the postposed ''ônusbar'' {{lang|bn|(ং)}} indicating the [[velar nasal]] {{IPA|[ŋ]}} (as in {{lang|bn|বাংলা}} {{IPA|[baŋla]}} "Bengali") and the postposed ''bisôrgô'' {{lang|bn|(ঃ)}} indicating the [[voiceless glottal fricative]] {{IPA|[h]}} (as in {{lang|bn|উঃ!}} {{IPA|[uh]}} "ouch!") or the [[gemination]] of the following consonant (as in {{lang|bn|দুঃখ}} {{IPA|[dukʰːɔ]}} "sorrow"). Like other Indic scripts, the Bengali script has [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|Schwa deletion]] and does not always mark when the inherent vowel is deleted — typically at the end of words.

The [[Bengali consonant clusters]] ({{lang|bn|যুক্তব্যঞ্জন}} ''juktôbênjôn'') are usually realised as ligatures, where the consonant which comes first is put on top of or to the left of the one that immediately follows. In these ligatures, the shapes of the constituent consonant signs are often contracted and sometimes even distorted beyond recognition. As in, ক্ষ (ক+ষ) or হ্ম (হ+ম) In the Bengali writing system, there are nearly 285 such ligatures denoting consonant clusters. Although there exist [[Bengali alphabet#Consonant conjuncts|a few visual formulas]] to construct some of these ligatures, many of them have to be learned by rote. Recently, in a bid to lessen this burden on young learners, efforts have been made by educational institutions in the two main Bengali-speaking regions (West Bengal and Bangladesh) to address the opaque nature of many consonant clusters, and as a result, modern Bengali textbooks are beginning to contain more and more "transparent" graphical forms of consonant clusters, in which the constituent consonants of a cluster are readily apparent from the graphical form. However, since this change is not as widespread and is not being followed as uniformly in the rest of the Bengali printed literature, today's Bengali-learning children will possibly have to learn to recognise both the new "transparent" and the old "opaque" forms, which ultimately amounts to an increase in learning burden.

Bengali punctuation marks, apart from the downstroke {{lang|bn|।}} ''daṛi'' – the Bengali equivalent of a [[full stop]] – have been adopted from Western scripts and their usage is similar.<ref name="huq_sarkar" />

Unlike in Western scripts (Latin, Cyrillic, etc.) where the letter forms stand on an invisible baseline, the Bengali letter-forms instead hang from a visible horizontal left-to-right headstroke called {{lang|bn|মাত্রা}} ''matra''. The presence and absence of this matra can be important. For example, the letter {{lang|bn|ত}} ''tô'' and the numeral {{lang|bn|৩}} "3" are distinguishable only by the presence or absence of the ''matra'', as is the case between the consonant cluster {{lang|bn|ত্র}} ''trô'' and the independent vowel {{lang|bn|এ}} ''e'', also the letter {{Lang|Bn|হ}} ''hô'' and Bengali [[Avagraha|Ôbogroho]] {{Lang|bn|ঽ}} ''(~ô)'' and letter {{Lang|bn|ও}} ''o'' and consonant cluster {{Lang|bn|ত্ত}} ''ttô''. The letter-forms also employ the concepts of letter-width and letter-height (the vertical space between the visible matra and an invisible baseline).

There is yet to be a uniform standard [[collating sequence]] (sorting order of graphemes to be used in dictionaries, indices, computer sorting programs, etc.) of Bengali graphemes. Experts in both Bangladesh and India are currently working towards a common solution for this problem.

===Alternative and historic scripts===
[[File:Halot-un-nabi-page1.gif|thumb|right|An 1855 [[Dobhashi]] manuscript of ''Halat-un-Nabi'' written by [[Sadeq Ali]] using the [[Sylheti Nagri]] script.|class=skin-invert-image]]
Throughout history, there have been instances of the Bengali language being written in different scripts, though these employments were never popular on a large scale and were communally limited. Owing to Bengal's geographic location, Bengali areas bordering non-Bengali regions have been influenced by each other. Small numbers of people in [[Midnapore district|Midnapore]], which borders [[Odisha]], have used the [[Odia script]] to write in Bengali. In the border areas between [[West Bengal]] and [[Bihar]], some Bengali communities historically wrote Bengali in [[Devanagari]], [[Kaithi]] and [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]].{{sfnp|Chatterji|1926|page=234–235}}

In [[Sylhet Division|Sylhet]] and [[Bankura district|Bankura]], modified versions of the [[Kaithi script]] had some historical prominence, mainly among Muslim communities. The variant in Sylhet was identical to the Baitali Kaithi script of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] with the exception of Sylhet Nagri possessing ''matra''.<ref>{{cite book |pages=751–779 |title=Report of All Asia Educational Conference (Benares, December 26–30, 1930) |chapter=The Origin of the Alphabet and Numbers |author=Saha, RN |location=[[Allahabad]], India |editor=Khattry, DP |publisher=The Indian Press Ltd |year=1935 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.124177/page/n772/mode/2up}}</ref> Sylhet Nagri was standardised for printing in {{circa|1869}}.<ref name="bpedia" />

Up until the 19th century, numerous variations of the [[Arabic script]] had been used across Bengal from [[Chittagong]] in the east to [[Meherpur District|Meherpur]] in the west.{{sfnp|Chatterji|1926|pages=228–233}}<ref>{{cite book |title=A Bengali Book written in Persian Script |author=Khan Sahib, Maulavi Abdul Wali |date=2 November 1925 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280407/page/n405/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Ahmad, Qeyamuddin |author-link=Qeyamuddin Ahmad |title=The Wahhabi Movement in India |date=20 March 2020 |publisher=[[Routledge]]}}</ref> The 14th-century court scholar of Bengal, [[Nur Qutb Alam]], composed Bengali poetry using the [[Persian alphabet]].<ref name="blogs.edgehill.ac.uk">{{cite web |url=https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf |title=The development of Bengali literature during Muslim rule |website=Blogs.edgehill.ac.uk |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809050525/https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=shahid>{{cite book |script-title=bn:ইসলাম প্রসঙ্গ |author=[[Muhammad Shahidullah|Shahidullah, Muhammad]] |title=Islam Prasanga ed. 1st |location=[[Dacca]] |publisher=Mawla Brothers |date=February 1963 |edition=1 |chapter=হযরত নূরুদ্দীন নূরুল হক নূর কুতবুল আলম (রহঃ) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.457435/page/n95/mode/2up |language=bn |page=99}}</ref> After the [[Partition of India]] in the 20th century, the Pakistani government attempted to institute the Perso-Arabic script as the standard for Bengali in [[East Pakistan]]; this was met with resistance and contributed to the Bengali language movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kurzon |first=Dennis |date=2010 |title=Romanisation of Bengali and Other Indian Scripts |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27756124 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=71–73 |jstor=27756124 |issn=1356-1863 |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823150607/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27756124 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 16th century, Portuguese missionaries began a tradition of using the Roman alphabet to transcribe the Bengali language. Though the Portuguese standard did not receive much growth, a few Roman Bengali works relating to Christianity and Bengali grammar were printed as far as [[Lisbon]] in 1743. The Portuguese were followed by the English and French respectively, whose works were mostly related to Bengali grammar and transliteration. The first version of the [[Aesop's Fables]] in Bengali was printed using Roman letters based on [[English phonology]] by the Scottish linguist [[John Gilchrist (linguist)|John Gilchrist]]. Consecutive attempts to establish a Roman Bengali have continued across every century since these times, and have been supported by the likes of [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], [[Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda]], and [[Muhammad Enamul Haq]].{{sfnp|Chatterji|1926|pages=233–234}} The [[Digital Revolution]] has also played a part in the adoption of the [[English alphabet]] to write Bengali,<ref>{{cite thesis|title=Romanisation of Bengali and Other Indian Scripts|author=Kurzon, Dennis|publisher=[[Cambridge University]]|year=2009}}</ref> with certain social media influencers publishing entire novels in Roman Bengali.<ref>{{cite news |author=Islam, Tahsina |date=18 September 2019 |title=The question of standard Bangla |url=https://www.theindependentbd.com/post/215864 |work=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)|The Independent]] |location=Dhaka |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512155611/https://www.theindependentbd.com/post/215864 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Orthographic depth===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2023}}
The Bengali script in general has a comparatively [[orthographic depth|shallow orthography]] when compared to the Latin script used for English and French, i.e., in many cases there is a one-to-one correspondence between the sounds (phonemes) and the letters (graphemes) of Bengali. But grapheme-phoneme inconsistencies do occur in many cases. In fact, Bengali-Assamese script has the deepest orthography ([[orthographic depth|deep orthography]]) among the Indian scripts. In general, the Bengali-Assamese script is fairly transparent for grapheme-to-phoneme conversion, i.e., it is easier to predict the pronunciation from spelling of the words, though there are many cases where pronunciation is different from what is written. But the script is fairly opaque for phoneme-to-grapheme conversion, i.e., it is often quite difficult to predict the spelling from the pronunciation of the words. In general, the script is fairly transparent for "tadbhav" words (native Bengali words). But it is quite opaque for "tatsam" words (words derived from Sanskrit), for both, phoneme-to-grapheme as well as grapheme-to-phoneme conversions.

One kind of inconsistency is due to the presence of several letters in the script for the same sound. In spite of some modifications in the 19th century, the Bengali spelling system continues to be based on the one used for Sanskrit,<ref name="huq_sarkar" /> and thus does not take into account some sound mergers that have occurred in the spoken language. For example, there are three letters ({{lang|bn|শ}}, {{lang|bn|ষ}}, and {{lang|bn|স}}) for the [[voiceless postalveolar fricative]] {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, although the letter {{lang|bn|স}} retains the [[voiceless alveolar sibilant]] {{IPA|[s]}} sound when used in certain consonant conjuncts as in {{lang|bn|স্খলন}} {{IPA|[skʰɔlon]}} "fall", {{lang|bn|স্পন্দন}} {{IPA|[spɔndon]}} "beat", etc. The letter {{lang|bn|ষ}} also, sometimes, retains the [[voiceless retroflex sibilant]] {{IPA|[ʂ]}} sound when used in certain consonant conjuncts as in {{lang|bn|কষ্ট}} {{IPA|[kɔʂʈo]}} "suffering", {{lang|bn|গোষ্ঠী}} {{IPA|[ɡoʂʈʰi]}} "clan", etc. Similarly, there are two letters ({{lang|bn|জ}} and {{lang|bn|য}}) for the [[voiced postalveolar affricate]] {{IPA|[dʒ]}}. Moreover, what was once pronounced and written as a retroflex nasal {{lang|bn|ণ}} {{IPA|[ɳ]}} is now pronounced as an alveolar {{IPA|[n]}} when in conversation (the difference is heard when reading) (unless conjoined with another [[retroflex consonant]] such as {{lang|bn|ট}}, {{lang|bn|ঠ}}, {{lang|bn|ড}} and {{lang|bn|ঢ}}), although the spelling does not reflect this change. The [[near-open front unrounded vowel]] {{IPA|[æ]}} is orthographically realised by multiple means, as seen in the following examples: {{lang|bn|এত}} {{IPA|[æto]}} "so much", {{lang|bn|এ্যাকাডেমী}} {{IPA|[ækaɖemi]}} "academy", {{lang|bn|অ্যামিবা}} {{IPA|[æmiba]}} "amoeba", {{lang|bn|দেখা}} {{IPA|[dækʰa]}} "to see", {{lang|bn|ব্যস্ত}} {{IPA|[bæsto]}} "busy", {{lang|bn|ব্যাকরণ}} {{IPA|[bækorɔn]}} "grammar".

Another kind of inconsistency is concerned with the incomplete coverage of phonological information in the script. The inherent vowel attached to every consonant can be either {{IPA|[ɔ]}} or {{IPA|[o]}} depending on [[vowel harmony]] ({{lang|bn|স্বরসঙ্গতি}}) with the preceding or following vowel or on the context, but this phonological information is not captured by the script, creating ambiguity for the reader. Furthermore, the inherent vowel is often not pronounced at the end of a syllable, as in {{lang|bn|কম}} {{IPA|[kɔm]}} "less", but this omission is not generally reflected in the script, making it difficult for the new reader.

Many consonant clusters have different sounds than their constituent consonants. For example, the combination of the consonants {{lang|bn|ক্}} {{IPA|[k]}} and {{lang|bn|ষ}} {{IPA|[ʂ]}} is graphically realised as {{lang|bn|ক্ষ}} and is pronounced {{IPA|[kkʰo]}} (as in {{lang|bn|রুক্ষ}} {{IPA|[rukkʰo]}} "coarse"), {{IPA|[kʰɔ]}} (as in {{lang|bn|ক্ষমতা}} {{IPA|[kʰɔmota]}} "capability") or even {{IPA|[kʰo]}} (as in {{lang|bn|ক্ষতি}} {{IPA|[kʰoti]}} "harm"), depending on the position of the cluster in a word. Another example is that there are around 7 or more graphemes to represent the sound {{IPA|[ʃ]}}. These are '{{lang|bn|শ}}' as in {{lang|bn|শব্দ}} (''śabda'', pronounced as ''śôbdo'' "word"), '{{lang|bn|ষ}}' as in {{lang|bn|ষড়যন্ত্র}} (''ṣaṛayantra'', pronounced as ''śoṛōjontrō'' "conspiracy"), '{{lang|bn|স}}' as in {{lang|bn|সরকার}} (''sarakāra'', pronounced as ''śorkar'' "government"), '{{lang|bn|শ্ব}}' as in {{lang|bn|শ্বশুর}} (written as ''śbaśura'' but pronounced with the ব ''b'' silent, i.e., as ''śōśur'' "father-in-law"), '{{lang|bn|শ্ম}}' as in {{lang|bn|শ্মশান}} (written as ''śmaśāna'' but pronounced with the {{lang|bn|ম}} 'm' silent, i.e., as ''śośan'' "crematorium"), '{{lang|bn|স্ব}}' as in {{lang|bn|স্বপ্ন}} (written as "sbapna" but pronounced with the {{lang|bn|ব}} 'b' silent, i.e., as ''śopnō'' "dream"), '{{lang|bn|স্ম}}' as in {{lang|bn|স্মরণ}} (written as ''smaraṇa'' but pronounced with the {{lang|bn|ম}} 'm' silent, i.e., as ''śorōn'' "remembrance"), '{{lang|bn|ষ্ম}}' as in {{lang|bn|গ্রীষ্ম}} (written as ''grīṣma'' but pronounced with the {{lang|bn|ম}} 'm' silent, i.e., as ''griśśō'' "summer") and so on. In most of the consonant clusters, only the first consonant is pronounced and rest of the consonants are silent. Examples are {{lang|bn|লক্ষ্মণ}} (written as ''lakṣmaṇa'' but pronounced as ''lokkhōn'' "[[Lakshman (disambiguation)|Lakshman]]"), {{lang|bn|বিশ্বাস}} (written as ''biśbāsa'' but pronounced as ''biśśaś'' "belief"), {{lang|bn|বাধ্য}} (written as ''bādhya'' but pronounced as ''baddhō'' "obliged") and {{lang|bn|স্বাস্থ্য}} (written as ''sbāsthya'' but pronounced as ''śasthō'' "health"). Some consonant clusters have completely different pronunciation as compared to the constituent consonants. For example, '{{lang|bn|হ্য}}' as in {{lang|bn|ঐতিহ্য}} (meaning "heritage") where ''hy'' is pronounced as ''jjh'' (written as ''aiti'''hy'''a'' but pronounced as ''ōiti'''jjh'''ō''). The same হ্য is pronounced as 'hæ' as in {{lang|bn|হ্যাঁ}} (meaning "yes") (written as ''hyām̐'' but pronounced as nasalised "hæ").

Another example of inconsistency in the script is that of words like, {{lang|bn|অন্য}} (written as ''anya'' but pronounced as ''ōnnō'' "other, different") and {{lang|bn|অন্ন}} (written as ''anna'' but pronounced as ''onnō'' "cooked rice, food"); in these words, the letter {{lang|bn|অ}} is combining with two different consonant clusters {{lang|bn|ন্য}} (''nya'') and {{lang|bn|ন্ন}} (''nna''), and while the same letter {{lang|bn|অ}} has two different pronunciations, ''ō'' and ''o'', the two different consonant clusters have the same pronunciation. Thus, same letters and graphemes can often have different pronunciations depending on their position in a word and different graphemes and letters often have the same pronunciation.

The main reason for these numerous inconsistencies is that there have been lots of sound mergers in Bengali, but the script has failed to account for the sound shifts and consonant mergers in the language. Bengali has lots of tatsam words (words directly derived from Sanskrit) and in all these words, the original spelling has been preserved but the pronunciations have changed due to consonant mergers and sound shifts. In fact, most of the tatsam words have many grapheme-to-phoneme inconsistencies while most of the tadbhav words (native Bengali words) have fairly consistent grapheme-to-phoneme correspondence.
Another reason is that Vidyasagar's reformations in the 19th century flooded the Bengali language with lots of Sanskrit words. By the 19th century, the Bengali phonology had diverged a lot from Sanskrit phonology and had lost many of the consonant clusters used in Sanskrit. So when these Sanskrit words re-entered the Bengali vocabulary as tatsam words, their pronunciations were modified, but their spellings were retained. That is why most of the tatsam words are pronounced way different from what they are written or spelt. Almost all the cases of silent letters existing in Bengali are found in the tatsam words.
The Bengali writing system, therefore, is often not a true guide for pronunciation.

===Uses===
The script used for Bengali, Assamese, and other languages is known as [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali script]]. The script is known as the [[Bengali alphabet]] for Bengali and its dialects and the [[Assamese alphabet]] for [[Assamese language]] with some minor variations. Other related languages in the nearby region also make use of the Bengali script like the [[Meitei language]] in the Indian state of [[Manipur]], where the Meitei language has been written in the Bengali script for centuries, though the [[Meitei script]] has been promoted in recent times.

=== Number system ===
Bengali digits are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
!0
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
|-
|০
|১
|২
|৩
|৪
|৫
|৬
|৭
|৮
|৯
|}
Some 19th-century grammars note additional signs for fractions, quarters and sixteenths in particular.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yates |first1=William |author1-link=William Yates (missionary) |editor1-last=Wenger |editor1-first=John |title=A Bengali Grammar |volume=I |year=1847 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |page=120 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.195743/page/n138/mode/1up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Beames |first1=John |author1-link=John Beames |title=Grammar of the Bengali language: Literary and Colloquial |year=1891 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5j6yIiBN3L0C&pg=PA4}}</ref>

===Romanisation===
{{Main|Romanisation of Bengali}}

There are various romanisation systems used for Bengali created in recent years, most of which have failed to represent the true Bengali phonetic sound. The Bengali alphabet has often been included with the group of Brahmic scripts for romanisation where the true phonetic value of Bengali is never represented. Some of them are the [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration]], or IAST system (based on diacritics);<ref name="IAST1">{{cite web
| url=http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanskrit3.html
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212100431/http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar/english/sanskrit/sanskrit3.html
| archive-date=12 February 2007
| title=Learning International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration
| work=Sanskrit 3 – Learning transliteration
| publisher=Gabriel Pradiipaka & Andrés Muni | access-date=20 November 2006
}}</ref> "Indian languages Transliteration", or [[ITRANS]] (uses upper case letters suited for [[ASCII]] keyboards);<ref name="ITRANS1">{{cite web
| url=http://www.aczoom.com/itrans/
| title=ITRANS – Indian Language Transliteration Package
| access-date=20 November 2006
| publisher=Avinash Chopde
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123020111/http://www.aczoom.com/itrans/
| archive-date=23 January 2013
| url-status=live
}}</ref> and the [[National Library at Kolkata romanisation]].<ref name="NatLib">{{cite web
| url=https://varamozhi.sourceforge.net/iscii91.pdf
| title=Annex-F: Roman Script Transliteration
| access-date=20 November 2006
| date=1 April 1999
| work=Indian Standard: Indian Script Code for Information Interchange – ISCII
| publisher=[[Bureau of Indian Standards]]
| page=32
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716225648/http://varamozhi.sourceforge.net/iscii91.pdf
| archive-date=16 July 2012
| url-status=live
}}</ref>

In the context of Bengali [[romanisation]], it is important to distinguish [[transliteration]] from [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]]. Transliteration is orthographically accurate (i.e. the original spelling can be recovered), whereas transcription is phonetically accurate (the pronunciation can be reproduced). As the spelling often doesn't reflect the actual pronunciation, [[transliteration]] and [[transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] are often different.

Although it might be desirable to use a transliteration scheme where the original Bengali orthography is recoverable from the Latin text, Bengali words are currently romanised on Bharatpedia using a [[phonemic orthography|phonemic transcription]], where the true phonetic pronunciation of Bengali is represented with no reference to how it is written.

The most recent attempt has been by publishers Mitra and Ghosh with the launch of three popular children's books, ''Abol Tabol'', ''Hasi Khusi'' and ''Sahoj Path'', in Roman script at the Kolkata Book Fair 2018. Published under the imprint of Benglish Books, these are based on phonetic transliteration and closely follow spellings used in social media but for using an underline to describe soft consonants.

==Grammar==
{{Main|Bengali grammar}}

Bengali nouns are not assigned gender, which leads to minimal changing of adjectives ([[inflection]]). However, nouns and pronouns are moderately [[declension|declined]] (altered depending on their function in a sentence) into four [[grammatical case|cases]] while verbs are heavily [[grammatical conjugation|conjugated]], and the verbs do not change form depending on the number of the noun. [[Romani language|Romani]] grammar is also closer to Bengali grammar than to that of western Indo-Aryan languages.<ref name="hub1995">{{cite journal |first=Milena |last=Hübschmannová |title=Romaňi čhib – romština: Několik základních informací o romském jazyku |journal=Bulletin Muzea Romské Kultury |issue=4/1995 |year=1995 |place=Brno |quote=Zatímco romská lexika je bližší hindštině, marvárštině, pandžábštině atd., v gramatické sféře nacházíme mnoho shod s východoindickým jazykem, s bengálštinou.}}</ref>

===Word order===
As a [[Head-directionality parameter|head-final]] language, Bengali follows a [[subject–object–verb]] [[word order]], although variations on this theme are common.<ref name="tb16">{{Harv|Bhattacharya|2000|pp=16}}</ref> Bengali makes use of [[Preposition and postposition|postpositions]], as opposed to the prepositions used in English and most European languages. [[Determiner]]s follow the [[noun]], while numerals, [[adjective]]s, and [[possession (linguistics)|possessors]] precede the noun.<ref name="UCLA1">{{cite web
| url=http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=84&menu=004
| title=Bengali
| access-date=20 November 2006
| work=UCLA Language Materials project
| publisher=University of California, Los Angeles
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715213818/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=84&menu=004
| archive-date=15 July 2007
| url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Yes–no questions do not require any change to the basic word order; instead, the low (L) [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] of the final syllable in the utterance is replaced with a falling (HL) tone. Additionally, optional [[grammatical particle|particles]] (e.g. {{lang|bn|কি}} ''-ki'', {{lang|bn|না}} ''-na'', etc.) are often [[clitic|encliticised]] onto the first or last word of a yes–no question.

Wh-questions are formed by fronting the wh-word to [[focus (linguistics)|focus]] position, which is typically the first or second word in the utterance.

===Nouns===
Nouns and pronouns are inflected for [[declension|case]], including [[Nominative case|nominative]], [[Accusative case|objective]], [[genitive case|genitive (possessive)]], and [[locative case|locative]].<ref name="tb" /> The case marking pattern for each noun being inflected depends on the noun's degree of [[animacy]]. When a [[article (grammar)|definite article]] such as {{lang|bn|-টা}} ''-ṭa'' (singular) or {{lang|bn|-গুলো}} ''-gulo'' (plural) is added, as in the tables below, nouns are also inflected for [[grammatical number|number]].

In most of Bengali grammar books, cases are divided into 6 categories and an additional possessive case (the possessive form is not recognised as a type of case by Bengali grammarians). But in terms of usage, cases are generally grouped into only 4 categories.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Noun inflection
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Animate
! colspan="2" | Inanimate
|-
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
! Nominative
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|ছাত্রটি|chatrô-ṭi|the student}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|ছাত্র'''রা''' / ছাত্রগণ|chatrô-'''ra''' {} {}|the students}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|জুতোটা|juto-ṭa|the shoe}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|জুতাগুলা / জুতোগুলো|juta-gula / juto-gulo|the shoes}}
|-
! Objective
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|ছাত্রটি'''কে/রে'''|chatrô-ṭi-'''ke/re'''|the student}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|ছাত্র'''দের(কে)'''|chatrô-'''der(ke)'''|the students}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|জুতোটা|juto-ṭa|the shoe}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|জুতাগুলা / জুতোগুলো|juta-gula / juto-gulo|the shoes}}
|-
! Genitive
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|ছাত্রটি'''র'''|chatrô-ṭi-'''r'''|the student's}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|ছাত্র'''দের'''|chatrô-'''der'''|the students'}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|জুতোটা'''র'''|juto-ṭa-'''r'''|the shoe's}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|জুতাগুলা / জুতোগুলো'''র'''|juta-gula / juto-gulo-'''r'''|the shoes'}}
|-
! Locative
| –
|–
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|জুতোটা'''য়'''|juto-ṭa-'''y'''|on/in the shoe}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|জুতাগুলা / জুতোগুলো'''তে'''|juta-gula / juto-gulo-'''te'''|on/in the shoes}}
|}

When counted, nouns take one of a small set of [[measure word]]s. Nouns in Bengali cannot be counted by adding the numeral directly adjacent to the noun. An appropriate measure word ('''MW'''), a [[Classifier (linguistics)|classifier]], must be used between the numeral and the noun (most languages of the [[Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area]] are similar in this respect). Most nouns take the generic measure word {{lang|bn|-টা}} ''-ṭa'', though other measure words indicate semantic classes (e.g. {{lang|bn|-জন}} ''-jôn'' for humans). There is also the classifier ''-khana,'' and its diminutive form ''-khani'', which attaches only to nouns denoting something flat, long, square, or thin. These are the least common of the classifiers.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Descriptive grammar of Bangla|last=Boyle David|first=Anne|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2015|pages=141–142}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Measure words
|-
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|নয়'''টা''' গরু|Nôy-'''ṭa''' goru|nine-'''{{gcl|MW|measure word}}''' cow|Nine cows}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|কয়'''টা''' বালিশ|Kôy-'''ṭa''' balish|{how many}-'''{{gcl|MW|measure word}}''' pillow|How many pillows}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|অনেক'''জন''' লোক|Ônek-'''jôn''' lok|many-'''{{gcl|MW|measure word}}''' person|Many people}}
|{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|চার-পাঁচ'''জন''' শিক্ষক|Ĉar-pãc-'''jôn''' shikkhôk|four-five-'''{{gcl|MW|measure word}}''' teacher|Four to five teachers}}
|}

Measuring nouns in Bengali without their corresponding measure words (e.g. {{lang|bn|আট বিড়াল}} ''aṭ biṛal'' instead of {{lang|bn|আট'''টা''' বিড়াল}} ''aṭ-'''ṭa''' biṛal'' "eight cats") would typically be considered ungrammatical. However, when the semantic class of the noun is understood from the measure word, the noun is often omitted and only the measure word is used, e.g. {{lang|bn|শুধু এক'''জন''' থাকবে।}} ''Shudhu êk-'''jôn''' thakbe.'' ({{lit|Only one-}}'''MW''' will remain.") would be understood to mean "Only one '''person''' will remain.", given the semantic class implicit in {{lang|bn|-জন}} ''-jôn''.

In this sense, all nouns in Bengali, unlike most other Indo-European languages, are similar to [[mass noun]]s.

===Verbs===
There are two classes of verbs: [[finite verb|finite]] and non-finite. Non-finite verbs have no inflection for tense or person, while finite verbs are fully inflected for [[grammatical person|person]] (first, second, third), [[grammatical tense|tense]] (present, past, future), [[grammatical aspect|aspect]] (simple, perfect, progressive), and [[honorifics (linguistics)|honour]] (intimate, familiar, and formal), but ''not'' for number. [[conditional mood|Conditional]], imperative, and other special inflections for [[grammatical mood|mood]] can replace the tense and aspect suffixes. The number of inflections on many verb roots can total more than 200.

[[Inflection]]al suffixes in the [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] of Bengali vary from region to region, along with minor differences in [[syntax]].

Bengali differs from most Indo-Aryan Languages in the [[zero copula]], where the [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] or connective ''be'' is often missing in the present tense.<ref name="huq_sarkar">{{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Language |title=Bangla language |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706032246/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Language |archive-date=6 July 2015}} in {{Harvnb|Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|2003}}</ref> Thus, "he is a teacher" is {{lang|bn|তিনি শিক্ষক}} ''se shikkhôk'', (literally "he teacher").<ref name="hacce-bangali">Among Bengali speakers brought up in neighbouring linguistic regions (e.g. Hindi), the lost copula may surface in utterances such as ''she shikkhôk hocche''. This is viewed as ungrammatical by other speakers, and speakers of this variety are sometimes (humorously) referred as "hocche-Bangali".</ref> In this respect, Bengali is similar to Russian and [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]].

==Vocabulary==
{{Main|Bengali vocabulary}}

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 16
| value2 = 40
| value3 = 16
| label1 = Tadbhavas in Bengali (Inherited Indo-Aryan vocabulary)
| label2 = Tatsamas in Bengali (Direct borrowings from Sanskrit)
| label3 = Native Words (Indigenous, "Desi" words)
| caption = Origins of Words in the Bengali Language
| value4 = 28
| label4 = Foreign Loanwords (words originating from Persian, Turkish, Arabic, English, Portuguese, etc.)
}}

Bengali is typically thought to have around 100,000 separate words, of which 16,000 (16%) are considered to be তদ্ভব ''tôdbhôbô, or [[Tadbhava]]'' (inherited [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] vocabulary), 40,000 (40%) are তৎসম ''tôtśômô'' or ''[[Tatsama]]'' (words directly borrowed from [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]), and borrowings from দেশী ''deśi,'' or "indigenous" words, which are at around 16,000 (16%) of the Bengali vocabulary. The rest are বিদেশী ''bideśi'' or "foreign" sources, including [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Arabic]], and English among others, accounting for around 28,000 (28%) of all Bengali words, highlighting the significant influence that foreign languages and cultures have had on the Bengali language throughout Bengal's long history of contact with different peoples and the cultural exchanges that came with such interactions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dash |first=Niladri Sekhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rk_zCQAAQBAJ&dq=tatsama+bengali+percent&pg=PA255 |title=A Descriptive Study of Bengali Words |date=15 January 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-22268-3 |language=en}}</ref> Bengali is reportedly similar to [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and has a lexical similarity of 40 per cent with [[Nepali language|Nepali]].<ref name="Ben">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ben/ |title=Bengali |publisher=Ethnologue |access-date=19 November 2023 |archive-date=9 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309081938/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ben/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], dictionaries from the early 20th century attributed a little more than 50% of the Bengali vocabulary to native words (i.e., naturally modified [[Sanskrit]] words, corrupted forms of Sanskrit words, and loanwords non-Indo-European languages). About 45% per cent of Bengali words are unmodified Sanskrit, and the remaining words are from foreign languages.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language|title=Bengali language|access-date=2 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011103133/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bengali-language|archive-date=11 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> However, more modern sources cite that this is not the case with Bengali vocabulary, as there are far more dominant foreign influences that accurately reflect the way modern Bengalis speak and utilise Bengali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Persian in Bengali. : languagehat.com |url=https://languagehat.com/persian-in-bengali/#:~:text=Some%2010,000%20Bengali%20words%20came,it%20to%20English%20around%201836. |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=languagehat.com}}</ref> [[Persian language|Persian]] is also thought to have influenced many grammatical forms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Billah |first=Abu M. M. A. |title=Lexicographic affinities between Persian and Bengali language |url=https://www.academia.edu/12941988 |journal=Academia}}</ref> More recent studies suggest that the use of foreign words has been increasing, mainly because of the preference of Bengali speakers for the colloquial style.<ref name=":02" /> Because of centuries of contact with [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]], [[Turkic peoples]], and [[Persians]], Bengali has absorbed numerous words from foreign languages, often totally integrating these borrowings into the core vocabulary.

[[Persian language|Persian]] influence was significant for the development of Bengali up to the modern day, and was the primary official language in the region for 600 years, until [[British Empire|British]] rule, when it was changed to English in 1836. In fact, there was so much Persian influence that a register of highly Persianized Bengali, known as [[Dobhashi]] appeared in medieval Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Persian - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Persian |access-date=6 October 2025 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref>

The most common borrowings from foreign languages come from three types of contact. After close contact with several indigenous Austroasiatic languages,<ref>[[Byomkes Chakrabarti]] ''A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali'', K.P. Bagchi & Co., Kolkata, 1994, {{ISBN|81-7074-128-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Santhali Bangla Samashabda Abhidhan|last=Das|first=Khudiram|publisher=Paschim Banga Bangla Akademi|year=1998|location=Kolkata, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://professorkhudiramdas.com/files/ebooks/Bangla-santali-vasa-samporko-by-khudiram-das.pdf |title=Bangla santali vasa samporko |access-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301012141/http://professorkhudiramdas.com/files/ebooks/Bangla-santali-vasa-samporko-by-khudiram-das.pdf |archive-date=1 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Bangla Santali Bhasa Samporko (eBook)|last=Das|first=Khudiram}}</ref> and later the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Bengal Sultanate]], and the [[Mughal Empire]], whose court language was [[Persian language|Persian]], numerous [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Chagatai language|Chaghatai]] words were absorbed into the lexicon.<ref name="sas" />

Later, East Asian travellers and lately European [[colonialism]] brought words from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[French language|French]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], and most significantly English during the [[British Raj|colonial period]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Sample text==
The following is a sample text in Bengali of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]: <ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Bengali |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/bng.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619220648/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/bng.pdf |trans-title=মানবাধিকারের সার্বজনীন ঘোষণাপত্র|website=OHCHR.org |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |language=bn |page=3|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref>

{{fs interlinear|lang=bn|indent=2
|সমস্ত মানুষ স্বাধীনভাবে সমান মর্যাদা এবং অধিকার নিয়ে জন্মগ্রহণ করে। তাঁদের বিবেক এবং বুদ্ধি আছে; সুতরাং সকলেরই একে অপরের প্রতি ভ্রাতৃত্বসুলভ মনোভাব নিয়ে আচরণ করা উচিত।
|Sômôstô manush shadhinbhabe sôman môrjada ebông ôdhikar niye jônmôgrôhôn kôre. Tãder bibek ebông buddhi achhe; sutôrang sôkôleri êke ôpôrer prôti bhratrittôsulôbh mônobhab niye achôrôn kôra uchit.
|ʃɔmosto manuʃ ʃadʱinbʱabe ʃoman mɔɾdʒada eboŋ odʱikaɾ nie̯e dʒɔnmoɡrohon kɔɾe tãdeɾ bibek eboŋ budʱːi atʃʰe ʃutoraŋ ʃɔkoleɾi ɛke ɔporeɾ proti bʱratritːoʃulɔbʱ monobʱab nie̯e atʃorɔn kɔra utʃit
|All human free-manner-in equal dignity and right taken birth-take do. Their reason and intelligence exist; therefore everyone-indeed one another's towards brotherhood-ly attitude taken conduct do should.
|All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other.}}

==See also==
* [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)]]
* [[Bangla Academy (West Bengal)]]
* [[Bengali numerals]]
* [[Bengali-language newspapers]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
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| editor=Gary, J. and Rubino. C.
| chapter-url=http://www.homepages.ucl.ac.uk/~uclyara/bong_us.pdf
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}}
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}}
* [[Byomkes Chakrabarti|Chakraborty, Byomkes]], A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali, K.P. Bagchi & Co., Kolkata, 1994, {{ISBN|81-7074-128-9}}.
* {{Cite journal
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| title=Bengali Phonetics
| journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
| doi=10.1017/S0041977X0010179X
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| url=https://zenodo.org/record/1549580
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| doi-access=free
}}
* {{Cite book
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| first=SK
| year=1926
| title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language
| url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.42610
| publisher=Calcutta Univ. Press
| oclc=4700363
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Dasgupta
|first=Probal
|editor-last=Cardona
|editor-first=George
|editor2-last=Jain
|editor2-first=Dhanesh
|contribution=Bangla
|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages
|year=2003
|pages=386–428
|publisher=Routledge
}}
* {{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |year=1993 |title=The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760 |url=https://archive.org/details/riseofislambenga00eato |publisher=University of California |isbn=978-0-520-20507-9 |access-date=13 July 2017 |url-access=registration }}
* {{Cite journal
| last1=Ferguson | first1=CA | last2=Chowdhury | first2=M | year=1960
| title=The Phonemes of Bengali
| journal=Language
| volume=36 |issue=1
| pages=22–59 | doi=10.2307/410622
| jstor=410622 }}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Bengali |volume= 3 |last= Grierson |first= George Abraham |author-link= George Abraham Grierson | pages = 733–736 }}
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| doi=10.1007/BF00133326
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| title=The Sanskrit Drama
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* {{cite journal |last=Khan |first=Sameer ud Dowla |title=Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association | volume=40 |number=2 |year=2010 |pages=221–225 |doi=10.1017/S0025100310000071|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite book
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| editor-first=Bernard
| editor-last=Comrie
| title=The World's Major Languages
| publisher=Croon Helm, London and Sydney
| isbn=978-0-19-506511-4
| chapter-url-access=registration
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* {{Cite book
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| title=The Indo-Aryan Languages | publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press
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| last=Radice | first=W
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| title=Teach Yourself Bengali: A Complete Course for Beginners
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| last1=Ray | first1=P | last2=Hai | first2=MA
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| year=1966
| title=Bengali language handbook
| publisher=Center for Applied Linguistics, Washington | asin=B000B9G89C
}}
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| last=Shah | first=Natubhai
| year=1998
| title =Jainism: The World of Conquerors
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| last1=Tagore | first1=Rabindranath | last2=Das | first2=Sisir Kumar
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| title =The English Writings of Rabindranath Tagore
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| title =The States of South Asia: Problems of National Integration. Essays in Honour of W.H. Morris-Jones
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}}
* Shaw, Rameswar ''Sadharan Bhasabigna O Bangal Bhasa'', Pustak Bipani, Kolkata, 1997.
* Haldar, Narayan ''Bengali Bhasa Prsanga: Banan Kathan Likhanriti'', Pustak Bipani, Kolkata, 2007.
* {{citation |first=Mathew W S |last=Toulmin |title=From Linguistic to Sociolinguistic Reconstruction: The Kamta Historical Subgroup of Indo-Aryan |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |year=2009}}
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{{Col-end}}

==Further reading==
* Thompson, Hanne-Ruth (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=C7vz0ABJnJsC Bengali]''. Volume 18 of London Oriental and African Language Library. John Benjamins Publishing. {{ISBN|90-272-7313-8}}.

==External links==
* [https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/bengali.html The South Asian Literary Recordings Project: Bengali Authors] at the [[Library of Congress]]

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[[Category:Bengali language| ]]
[[Category:Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]]
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Dulmi

2026-03-22T14:55:53Z

Wikimelo: stub - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dulmi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.5307|N|85.6025|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1935
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages (*For language details see [[Dulmi (community development block)#Language and religion]])
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 825101
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06553
| registration_plate = JH
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ramgarh (Jharkhand Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramgarh]]
| website = {{URL|ramgarh.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dulmi''' is a village in the [[Dulmi (community development block)|Dulmi]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Ramgarh subdivision]] of the [[Ramgarh district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=320| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|42|0|N|85|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Ramgarh district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre, P: power plant Abbreviation used- TPP: thermal power project Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|38|31|N|85|19|15|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Balkundra | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Balkundra]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|36|50|N|85|29|0|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2= Barkakana| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Barkakana]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|44|45|N|85|33|20|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Ara| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Ara, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|47|15|N|85|33|09|E}} | label-pos4=bottom|label4= Barughutu| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Barughutu]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|42|5|N|85|31|27|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Bongabar| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bongabar]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|34|35|N|85|39|17|E}} | label-pos6=bottom|label6= Chitarpur| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Chitarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|36|50|N|85|17|1|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Hesla| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Hesla, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|39|40|N|85|19|0|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Jainagar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Jainagar, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|47|21|N|85|35|24|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Kedla| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Kedla]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|43|30|N|85|30|40|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Kuju| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Kuju, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|39|11|N|85|24|35|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11= Lapanga| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Lapanga, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|47|39|N|85|28|12|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Mandu| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Mandu, Jharkhand]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|40|42|N|85|30|25|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Marar| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Marar, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|43|20|N|85|28|26|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Orla| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Orla, Jharkhand]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|40|27|N|85|16|48|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Patratu| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Patratu]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|41|50|N|85|29|49|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Sanri| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Sanri]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|39|11|N|85|20|50|E}} | label-pos17=top|label17= Saunda| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Saunda]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|40|52|N|85|31|19|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Seota| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Seota]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|36|36|N|85|40|48|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Sewai| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Sewai]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|39|15|N|85|25|57|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Sirka| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Sirka, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|50|8|N|85|29|39|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21= Taping| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Taping, Ramgarh]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|44|39|N|85|28|32|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Topa| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Topa]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|37|20|N|85|30|51|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23=Ramgarh Cantonment| numbered23=M| mark-title23= [[Ramgarh Cantonment]] (M) |label-size23=13 |label-color23=#800000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|36|35|N|85|28|20|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bhadani Nagar| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Bhadani Nagar]] (R) |shape-color24= #C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|39|23|N|85|21|50|E}} | label-pos25=bottom|label25= Bhurkunda| numbered25=R|mark-title25=[[Bhurkunda]] (R) |shape-color25= #C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|31|50|N|85|36|9|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Dulmi| numbered26=R|mark-title26=Dulmi (R) |shape-color26=black| label-size26=13|label-color26=black 
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|47|51|N|85|34|28|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Ghatotand| numbered27=R|mark-title27=[[Ghatotand]] (R) |shape-color27= #C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|32|13|N|85|43|1|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Gola| numbered28=R|mark-title28=[[Gola, Ramgarh]] (R) |shape-color28= #C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|37|55|N|85|42|40|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29=Rajrappa| numbered29=T| mark-title29= [[Rajrappa]] (T) |shape-color29= #74C365
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|38|45|N|85|17|35|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= Patratu |labela30 = Super TPP| numbered30=P| mark-title30= [[Patratu Super Thermal Power Project]] |shape-color30=#967117
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|40|55|N|85|19|32|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31=CCL Barka|labela31= Sayal Area |numbered31=0 | mark-title31=[[Barka Sayal Area]] | label-size31=12| shape-color31=#AA6666
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|40|0|N|85|27|1|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32=CCL Argada Area |numbered32=0 | mark-title32=[[Argada Area]] | label-size32=12| shape-color32=#AA6666
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|51|0|N|85|26|28|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33=CCL |labela33=Hazaribagh Area |numbered33=0 | mark-title33=[[Hazaribagh Area]] | label-size33=12| shape-color33=#AA6666
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|42|40|N|85|30|10|E}} | label-pos34=left|label34=CCL Kuju Area |numbered34=0 | mark-title34=[[Kuju Area]] | label-size34=12| shape-color34=#AA6666
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|35|30|N|85|40|45|E}} | label-pos35=left|label35=CCL Rajrappa Area |numbered35=0 | mark-title35=[[Rajrappa Area]] | label-size35=12| shape-color35=#AA6666
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|47|30|N|85|45|0|E}} |label36= Bokaro |labela36= River |label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36= 0| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|14|0|E}} |label37= Damodar|labela37= River |label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37= 0| label-pos37=top| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|34|0|N|85|44|0|E}} |label38= Bhairavi|labela38= River|label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38= -90| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none}}

===Location===
Dulmi is located at {{coord|23.5307|N|85.6025|E|display=inline}}.

===Area overview===
Ramgarh has a vibrant coal-mining sector. The map alongside provides links to five operational areas of [[Central Coalfields]] spread across [[South Karanpura Coalfield]], [[Ramgarh Coalfield]] and [[West Bokaro Coalfield]]. Four of the six CD blocks in the district have coal mines – Patratu, Ramgarh, Mandu and Chitarpur. The high concentration of census towns in these blocks are noticeable on the map. Only two blocks, Gola and Dulmi, are totally rural areas. Ramgarh district lies in the central part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. The [[Damodar River|Damodar valley]] covers most of the district. The forested areas in highlands to the north and the south of the valley can be seen in the map (mark the shaded areas).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2016_PART_A_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 7-8: Physiography, Drainage, Pages 8-11: Minerals and mining|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 9 February 2021}}</ref>"Chotanagpur has a charm of its own… The entire area forms one of the most charming series of views imaginable. The far-off hills in the background in exquisite tints of blue or purple as the light falls, the nearer hills picturesquely shaped and luxuriant in every shade of green with their bold escarpments in black or grey, and the brown plains below furnishing their quota of colours."<ref>’’Bihar" by Ram Chandra Prasad, Page 5, National Book Trust, First edition 1983, ISBN 81-237-0151-9</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Dulmi CD block are located at Dulmi.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2016_PART_B_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map of Ramgarh district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 January 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Dulmi had a total population of 1,935, of which 972 (50%) were males and 967 (50%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 362. The total number of literate persons in Dulmi was 1,503 (95.31% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2016_PART_B_DCHB_RAMGARH.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Ramgarh, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 369149, page 106|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 January 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ramgarh District}}

[[Category:Villages in Ramgarh district]]

Jhalkaribai

2026-03-20T10:43:53Z

Wikimelo: refined layout additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian soldier and historical figure}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jhalkari Bai
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=no|1830|11|22}}<ref name="Sarala1">{{harvnb|Sarala|1999|p=111}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jhansi state]] Bundelkhand
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1858|4|4|1830|11|22}}<ref name="deathdispute">{{cite web|title=When Jhalkari Bai fought as Rani Lakshmi Bai |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020908/herworld.htm#2 |access-date=26 March 2010 |publisher=Tribune India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080511143106/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020908/herworld.htm |archive-date=11 May 2008 }}, which quotes Mr. Nareshchandra Koli stating her date of death as 4 April 1858. {{harvtxt|Sarala|1999|pages=113–114}} notes that she died in 1881. {{harvtxt|Varma|Sahaya|2001|page=305}} notes that she died as a very old woman without giving any exact date of death.</ref>
| death_place = [[Jhansi]], [[Jhansi state]]
| death_cause = Battle of Jhansi
| spouse = Puran Singh (an artilleryman from the artillery unit of Rani Lakshmibai)
| mother = Jamuna Devi
| occupation = Warrior/Army personnel
| image = Jhalkaribai_Statue_at_Gwalior.jpg
| caption = Statue of Jhalkaribai in [[Gwalior]]
| movement = [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
| known_for = Being the most prominent advisor to Rani Lakshmibai
| monuments =
| father = Sadowar Singh
| honours = [[File:Jhalkaribai-Postal-Stamp.jpg|thumb|Jhalkari Bai Postal Stamp]]
}}
'''Jhalkaribai''' (22 November 1830 – 4 April 1858)<ref name="deathdispute"/> was a legendary woman soldier who played an important role in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. As per folk narrative, she served in the women's army of [[Rani Lakshmibai]] of [[Jhansi State|Jhansi]]. She eventually rose to a position of a prominent advisor to the queen, Rani of Jhansi.<ref name="Sarala">{{harvnb|Sarala|1999|pages=112–113}}</ref> At the height of the [[Rani of Jhansi#Siege of Jhansi|Siege of Jhansi]], she disguised herself as the queen and fought on her behalf, on the front, allowing the queen to escape safely out of the fort.<ref name="Sarala"/><ref name="Varma1951">Varma, B. L. (1951), ''Jhansi Ki Rani'', p. 255, as quoted in {{harvnb|Badri Narayan|2006|pages=119–120}}</ref> She is however not mentioned in most contemporary records, with first written account of her coming from the 1907 Marathi language work ''Majha Pravas'' by Vishnu Rao Godse where he she is only mentioned as Lakshmibai's maid.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Chauhan | first=Vibha | title=Lakshmibai and Jhalkaribai: Women Heroes and Contesting Caste and Gender Paradigms and Histories | journal=South Asian Review | volume=37 | issue=2 | date=2016 | issn=0275-9527 | doi=10.1080/02759527.2016.11933063 | pages=81–96 | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02759527.2016.11933063 | access-date=20 March 2026}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Jhalakaribai was born to Sadova Singh, a farmer, and his wife Jamunadevi on 22 November 1830 in Bhojla village, near Jhansi.<ref name="Sarala1"/> It has been claimed that in her youth she stood her ground when attacked by a tiger and killed it with an axe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/freedom/09jhalk.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Jhalkari Bai, a little known chapter on a woman's courage in colonial India|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref> She reportedly once killed a leopard in the forest with a stick she used to herd cattle.<ref>{{harvnb|Sarala|1999|page=112}}</ref>

Jhalkaribai bore an uncanny resemblance to Laxmibai and because of this she was inducted into the women's regiment of the Jhansi army.<ref name="stamp">{{cite web |title=Commemorative Postage Stamp on Jhalkari Bai – Latest Releases |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/rjul2001/20072001/r200720016.html |access-date=9 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209122313/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2001/rjul2001/20072001/r200720016.html |archive-date=9 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Sarala" />

== Military service ==
In the queen's army, she quickly rose in the ranks and began commanding her own army.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7feHAwAAQBAJ&q=dalit+virangana&pg=PP1|title=Women Heroes and Dalit Assertion in North India: Culture, Identity and Politics|last=Narayan|first=Badri|date=7 November 2006|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9788132102809}}</ref> During the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Rebellion of 1857]], [[Hugh Rose, 1st Baron Strathnairn|General Hugh Rose]] attacked Jhansi with a large army. The queen faced the army with 14,000 of her troops. She waited for relief from [[Peshwa]] [[Nana Saheb Peshwa II|Nana Sahib's]] army camping at [[Kalpi]] that did not come because [[Tantia Tope]] had already been defeated by General Rose. Meanwhile, Dulhaji from Thakur community, in charge of one of the gates of the fort, had made a pact with the assailants and opened the doors of Jhansi for the British forces. When the British rushed the fort, Laxmibai, on advice of her courtier, escaped through Bhanderi gate with her son and attendants to Kalpi. Upon hearing of Laxmibai's escape, Jhalkaribai set out for General Rose's camp in disguise and declared herself to be the queen. This led to a confusion that continued for a whole day and gave the Rani's army renewed advantage.<ref name="Varma1951" />

In addition, she was a close confidante and advisor to the queen playing a key role in the analysis of the battle, alongside Laxmibai.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Feminism and Literature: Text and Context|last=Vishwakarma|first=Sanjeev Kumar|publisher=Takhtotaaz|isbn=978-81-922645-6-1|location=Allahabad (India)|pages=132–139}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gupta|first=Charu|date=2007|title=Dalit 'Viranganas' and Reinvention of 1857|jstor=4419579|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=42|issue=19|pages=1739–1745}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Statue of Jhalkaribai in Jhansi 07.jpg|thumb|Statue of Jhalkaribai in Jhansi]]
The death anniversary of Jhalkaribai is celebrated as ''Shahid Diwas'' (Martyr Day) by various [[Koli people|Koli]]/Kori organizations.<ref>{{harvnb|Badri Narayan|2006|page=125}}</ref> The movement to establish [[Bundelkhand]] as a separate state has also used the legend of Jhalkaribai to create the Bundeli identity.<ref name="BN2">{{harvnb|Badri Narayan|2006|page=129}}</ref> The Government of India's Post and Telegraph department has issued a postal stamp depicting Jhalkaribai.<ref>{{harvtxt|Badri Narayan|2006|page=119}} mentions "Today, the Koris, like other Dalit castes, use the myth of Jhalkaribai for the glorification of their community. They also celebrate ''Jhalkaribai Jayanti'' each year to enhance their self respect and elevate the status of their caste. It is a matter of great pride that she was a ''Dalit Virangana'' (brave woman warrior) born in the Kori caste and they highlight this dimension while recounting her brave deeds."</ref>

The [[Archaeological Survey of India]] is setting up a museum at Panch Mahal, a five-storey building located inside the Jhansi Fort in remembrance of Jhalkaribai.<ref>Tankha, Madhur (28 February 2014) [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/asi-to-set-up-jhalkari-bai-museum-at-jhansi-fort/article5734722.ece ASI to set up Jhalkari Bai museum at Jhansi Fort – NEW DELHI]. The Hindu. Retrieved on 21 November 2018.</ref>

She is referred to in the novel ''Jhansi ki Rani'' written in 1951 by B. L. Varma, who created a subplot in his novel about Jhalkaribai. He addressed Jhalkaribai as Korin and an extraordinary soldier in Laxmibai's army. Ram Chandra Heran [[Bundeli]] novel ''Maati,'' published in the same year, depicted her as "chivalrous and a valiant martyr". The first biography of Jhalkaribai was written in 1964 by Bhawani Shankar Visharad, with the help of Varma's novel and his research from the oral narratives of Kori communities living in the vicinity of Jhansi.<ref name="BN1">{{harvnb|Badri Narayan|2006|page=119}}</ref>

Writers narrating the story of Jhalkaribai. Efforts have been made to place Jhalkaribai at an equal footing of Laxmibai.<ref name="BN1" /> Since the 1990s, the story of Jhalkaribai has begun to model a fierce form of Koli womanhood, has acquired a political dimension, and her image is being reconstructed with the demands of social situation.<ref name="BN2" />

President [[Ram Nath Kovind|Ramnath Kovind]] unveiled the statue of Jhalkari Bai at Guru Tegh Bahadur Complex in Bhopal on 10 November 2017.<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/prez-unveils-jhalkari-bais-statue.html Prez unveils Jhalkari Bai's statue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121203747/https://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/bhopal/prez-unveils-jhalkari-bais-statue.html |date=21 November 2018 }}. ''Daily Pioneer'' (11 November 2017)</ref>

===Depiction in film===
''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi|Manikarnika]]'' (2019), a Hindi film starring [[Ankita Lokhande]] as Jhalkaribai has been made.

[[Auroshikha Dey]] played Jhalkaribai in the British [[period drama]] [[The Warrior Queen of Jhansi|''The Warrior Queen of Jhans''i]] (2019).

== See also ==
* [[Tanaji Malusare]]
* [[Rooplo Kolhi]]
* [[Uda Devi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |last=Sarala |first=Srikrishna |title=Indian Revolutionaries: a comprehensive study, 1757–1961 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UggIjEuBaAC&pg=PT150 |year=1999 |volume=I |isbn=978-81-87100-16-4 }}
* {{cite book |last= Narayan |first=Badri|title=Women Heroes and Dalit Assertion in North India: culture, identity and politics |publisher=Sage |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iAQrpDW4-_YC&pg=PP1 |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7619-3537-7 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Varma |first=Vrindavanlala |last2=Sahaya |first2=Amita |title=Lakshmi Bai, the rani of Jhansi |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-HVBdF_YLsC&q=jhalkari |year=2001 |isbn= 978-81-87100-54-6 }}
* {{cite book |last=Sauquet |first=Michel |title= L'idiot du village mondial: Les citoyens de la planète face à l'explosion des outils de communication : subir ou maîtriser |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8CAR1gA4VMC&q=jhalkari |publisher=ECLM |year=2004 |isbn=978-2-84377-094-4 |language=fr }}
* {{cite book |last1=Majumdar |first1=RC |last2=Raychaudhuri |first2=HC |last3=Datta |first3=Kalikinkar |title=[[An Advanced History of India]] |year=1990 |publisher=MacMillan India Limited |isbn=0-333-90298-X }}
* {{cite book |last=Thakur |first=Harinarayan |title=Dalit Sahitya Ka Samajshastra |language=hi |publisher=Bhartiya Jnanpith |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-263-1734-9 }}
* "Bhojla ki beti" Bundeli mahakavya (Dalchand Anuragi, Rajendra Nagar, ORAI) (2010)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jhalkaribai}}
[[Category:1830 births]]
[[Category:1858 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian women warriors]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bundelkhand]]
[[Category:People from Jhansi]]
[[Category:Women in the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]

Eggs as food

2026-03-18T08:58:21Z

Wikimelo: add layout further and improved wording after review

{{short description|Edible animal product}}
{{redirect|Chicken egg|the causality dilemma|Chicken or the egg|the definition of the egg in biology|Egg|other uses|Egg (disambiguation)}}
{{about|eggs as food for humans|eggs as food hunted by other animals|Egg predation}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox food
| image = Huevo frito.jpg
| caption = An egg being fried
| cookbook = Egg
}}

Humans and other [[Hominidae|hominids]] have consumed [[Egg|eggs]] for millions of years.<ref>Kenneth F. Kiple, ''A Movable Feast: Ten Millennia of Food Globalization'' (2007), p. 22.</ref> The most widely consumed eggs are those of [[fowl]], especially [[chicken]]s. People in Southeast Asia began harvesting chicken eggs for food by 1500 BCE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peters |first1=Joris |last2=Lebrasseur |first2=Ophélie |last3=Irving-Pease |first3=Evan K. |last4=Paxinos |first4=Ptolemaios Dimitrios |last5=Best |first5=Julia |last6=Smallman |first6=Riley |last7=Callou |first7=Cécile |last8=Gardeisen |first8=Armelle |last9=Trixl |first9=Simon |last10=Frantz |first10=Laurent |last11=Sykes |first11=Naomi |last12=Fuller |first12=Dorian Q. |last13=Larson |first13=Greger |display-authors=3 |title=The biocultural origins and dispersal of domestic chickens |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=14 June 2022 |volume=119 |issue=24 |article-number=e2121978119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2121978119 |doi-access=free |pmid=35666876 |pmc=9214543 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11921978P}}</ref> Eggs of other [[bird]]s, such as [[duck]]s and [[ostriches]], are eaten regularly but much less commonly than those of chickens. People may also eat the eggs of [[reptile]]s, [[amphibian]]s, and [[fish]]. Fish eggs consumed as food are known as [[roe]] or [[caviar]].

[[Chicken|Hens]] and other egg-laying creatures are raised throughout the world, and [[mass production]] of chicken eggs is a global industry. In 2009, an estimated 62.1 million [[metric ton]]s of eggs were produced worldwide from a total laying flock of approximately 6.4 billion hens.<ref>[http://www.wattagnet.com/Outlook_for_egg_production.html Outlook for egg production] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315145439/http://www.wattagnet.com/Outlook_for_egg_production.html |date=15 March 2015 }} WATT Ag Net – Watt Publishing Co</ref> There are issues of regional variation in demand and expectation, as well as current debates concerning methods of mass production. In 2012, the [[European Union]] banned [[Battery cage|battery husbandry]] of chickens.

== History ==
[[File:Maler der Grabkammer des Menna 009.jpg|thumb|Ancient Egyptian depictions of offerings at the [[TT69|tomb of Menna]], including a basket of eggs]]
Bird eggs have been valuable foodstuffs since [[prehistory]], in both hunting societies and more recent cultures where birds were domesticated. The chicken was most likely domesticated for its eggs (from jungle fowl native to tropical and subtropical Southeast Asia and [[Indian subcontinent]]) before 7500 [[Common Era|BCE]]. [[Chicken]]s were brought to Sumer and Egypt by 1500 BCE, and arrived in [[Greece]] around 800 BCE, where the [[quail]] had been the primary source of eggs.<ref name="McGeep70">{{cite book |title=McGee on Food and Cooking |first=Harold |last=McGee |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-340-83149-6 |page=70}}</ref> In [[Thebes, Egypt]], the tomb of Haremhab, dating to approximately 1420 BCE, shows a depiction of a man carrying bowls of [[ostrich egg]]s and other large eggs, presumably those of the [[pelican]], as offerings.<ref name=Brothwell>{{cite book |title=Food in Antiquity: A Survey of the Diet of Early Peoples |first=Don R. |last=Brothwell |author2=Patricia Brothwell |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |pages=54–55 |isbn=978-0-8018-5740-9 |year=1997}}</ref> In [[ancient Rome]], eggs were preserved using a number of methods and meals often started with an egg course.<ref name=Brothwell/> The [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] crushed the shells in their plates to prevent evil spirits from hiding there.<ref name=Larousse/> The [[Babylonian Talmud]], a Jewish work from [[late antiquity]], states, "A soft-boiled egg is better than six logs of [[Farina (food)|farina]]."<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Broshi |first=Magen |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |date=2001 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |isbn=978-1-84127-201-6 |series=The Library of Second Temple Studies |location=London |page=137}}</ref>

In the [[Middle Ages]], eggs were forbidden during [[Lent]] because of their richness,<ref name=Larousse/> although the motivation for forgoing eggs during Lent was not entirely religious. An annual pause in egg consumption allowed farmers to rest their flocks, and also to limit their hens' consumption of feed during a time of year when food stocks were usually scarce.

Eggs scrambled with acidic fruit juices were popular in [[France]] in the seventeenth century; this may have been the origin of [[lemon curd]].<ref name="McGee087"/>

[[File:Scenes at the Samarkand Square, or the Registan, and Its Market Types. Egg Vendors WDL10882.png|thumb|Egg vendors in [[Samarkand]], {{Circa|1870}}]]
The dried egg industry developed in the nineteenth century, before the rise of the frozen egg industry.<ref name=Stadelman221>{{cite book |title=Egg Science and Technology |first=William |last=Stadelman |publisher=Haworth Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-56022-854-7 |pages=221–223}}</ref> In 1878, a company in [[St. Louis, Missouri]] started to transform egg yolk and egg white into a light-brown, meal-like substance by using a drying process.<ref name=Stadelman221/> The production of [[Powdered eggs|dried eggs]] significantly expanded during [[World War II]], for use by the United States Armed Forces and its allies.<ref name=Stadelman221/>

In 1911, the [[egg carton]] was invented by Joseph Coyle in [[Smithers, British Columbia]], to solve a dispute about broken eggs between a farmer in [[Bulkley Valley]] and the owner of the Aldermere Hotel. Early egg cartons were made of paper.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bcnorth.ca/magazine/pages/Jim/egg/egg1.htm |title=The Coyle Egg-Safety Carton |first=Jim |last=Easterday |publisher=Hiway16 Magazine |date=21 April 2005 |access-date=21 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915080915/http://www.bcnorth.ca/magazine/pages/Jim/egg/egg1.htm |archive-date=15 September 2008 }}</ref> [[Polystyrene]] egg cartons became popular in the latter half of the twentieth century as they were perceived to offer better protection especially against heat and breakage, however, by the twenty-first century environmental considerations have led to the return of more [[biodegradable]] paper cartons (often made of recycled material) that once again became more widely used.

Whereas the wild Asian fowl from which domesticated chickens are descended typically lay about a dozen eggs each year during the breeding season, several millennia of selective breeding have produced domesticated hens capable of laying more than three hundred eggs each annually, and to lay eggs year round.

== Varieties ==
[[File:Vogeleier.jpg|thumb|Quail eggs (upper left), chicken egg (lower left), and [[ostrich]] egg (right)]]
[[File:Eggs in basket 2020 G1.jpg|thumb|Collected chicken eggs and quail eggs in a wicker basket]]
[[Bird]] eggs are a common [[food]] and one of the most versatile [[ingredients]] used in cooking. They are important in many branches of the modern [[food industry]].<ref name=Larousse>{{cite book |title=Larousse Gastronomique |first=Prosper |last=Montagne |isbn=978-0-609-60971-2 |publisher=Clarkson Potter |year=2001 |pages=447–448 |title-link=Larousse Gastronomique}}</ref>

The most commonly used bird eggs are those from the [[chicken]], [[duck]], and [[goose]]. Smaller eggs, such as [[quail egg]]s, are used occasionally as a gourmet ingredient in Western countries. Eggs are a common everyday food in many parts of Asia, such as China and [[Thailand]], with Asian production providing 59 percent of the world total in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/3446/global-poultry-trends-2014-rapid-growth-in-asias-egg-output/ |title=Global Poultry Trends 2014: Rapid Growth in Asia's Egg Output |website=The Poultry Site |date=6 May 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810232554/http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/3446/global-poultry-trends-2014-rapid-growth-in-asias-egg-output/ |archive-date=10 August 2016}}</ref>

The largest bird eggs, from [[ostrich]]es, tend to be used only as special luxury food. [[Gull egg]]s are considered a delicacy in [[England]],<ref name=Roux8>{{cite book |title=Eggs |first=Michel |last=Roux |author2=Martin Brigdale |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-76913-2 |year=2006 |page=8}}</ref> as well as in some Scandinavian countries, particularly in [[Norway]]. In some African countries, [[guineafowl]] eggs often are seen in marketplaces, especially in the spring of each year.<ref name=Stadelman001>{{cite book |title=Egg Science and Technology |first=William |last=Stadelman |publisher=Haworth Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-56022-854-7 |page=1}}</ref> [[Pheasant]] eggs and [[emu]] eggs are edible, but less widely available;<ref name=Roux8/> sometimes they are obtainable from farmers, [[wikt:poulterer|poulterers]], or luxury grocery stores. In many countries, wild bird eggs are protected by laws which prohibit the collecting or selling of them, or permit collection only during specific periods of the year.<ref name=Roux8/>

== Production ==
[[File:World Production Of Hen Eggs.svg|thumb|World production of hen eggs]]
In 2017, world production of chicken eggs was 80.1 million [[tonne]]s. The largest producers were China with 31.3 million of this total, the United States with 6.3 million, India at 4.8 million, Mexico at 2.8 million, Japan at 2.6 million, and Brazil and Russia with 2.5 million each.<ref name="faostat">{{cite web |url=http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QL/E |title=Eggs, hen, in shell; Production/Livestock Primary for World in 2017 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the [[United Nations]], Statistics Division (FAOSTAT) |date=2019 |access-date=3 October 2019 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013333/http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QL/E}}</ref> The largest egg factory in British Columbia, for example, ships 12 million eggs per week.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Quito |first1=Anne |title=Target used 16,000 eggs to decorate a dinner party, in a grand display of design's wastefulness |url=https://qz.com/973820/target-used-16000-eggs-to-decorate-a-dinner-party-then-sent-them-to-a-pig-farm/ |access-date=11 May 2017 |work=[[Quartz (publication)]] |date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511193203/https://qz.com/973820/target-used-16000-eggs-to-decorate-a-dinner-party-then-sent-them-to-a-pig-farm/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Egg index.webp|thumb|[[Urner Barry]] index of egg prices in the United States, 2019–2025]]
For the month of January 2019, the United States produced 9.41 billion eggs, with 8.2 billion for table consumption and 1.2 billion for raising chicks.<ref name="carey">{{cite news |last1=Varley |first1=Kevin |last2=Carey |first2=Dominic |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-27/the-u-s-produced-enough-eggs-in-january-to-reach-the-moon |title=The U.S. produced enough eggs in January to reach the Moon |newspaper=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=27 February 2019 |access-date=28 February 2019 |archive-date=1 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301074432/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-02-27/the-u-s-produced-enough-eggs-in-january-to-reach-the-moon |url-status=live}}</ref> Americans are projected to each consume 279 eggs in 2019, the highest since 1973, but less than the 405 eggs eaten per person in 1945.<ref name=carey/>

During production, eggs can be [[candling|candled]] to check their quality.<ref name="ui">{{cite web |url=http://urbanext.illinois.edu/eggs/res26-candling.html |title=Candling eggs |publisher=[[University of Illinois system|University of Illinois Extension]] |quote=Eggs are candled to determine the condition of the air cell, yolk, and white. Candling detects bloody whites, blood spots, or meat spots, and enables observation of germ development. Candling is done in a darkened room with the egg held before a light. The light penetrates the egg and makes it possible to observe the inside of the egg. Incubated eggs are candled to determine whether they are fertile and, if fertile, to check the growth and development of the embryo |date=2019 |access-date=6 June 2012 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503172110/http://urbanext.illinois.edu/eggs/res26-candling.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The size of an egg's air cell is determined, and if fertilization took place three to six days or earlier prior to the candling, blood vessels can typically be seen as evidence that the egg contains an embryo.<ref name=ui/> Contrary to [[List of common misconceptions|common misconception]], this is not conclusive evidence of fertilization, as blood vessels can just denote an ordinary rupture on the egg yolk surface while the egg was forming.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wolke |first=Robert L |date=April 16, 2002 |title=Egged On |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/food/2002/04/17/egged-on/9b6a738c-42f2-4e9b-9ab1-029687406320/ |access-date=June 25, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Depending on local regulations, eggs may be washed before being placed in [[egg box]]es, although washing may shorten their length of freshness.

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== Anatomy and characteristics ==
{{See also|Egg (biology)}}
[[File:Chicken Egg without Eggshell 5859.jpg|thumb|A raw chicken egg within its membrane, with the shell removed by soaking in [[vinegar]]]]
[[File:Anatomy of an egg.svg|thumb|Schematic of a chicken egg: {{olist
| [[Eggshell]]
| Outer membrane
| Inner membrane
| [[Chalaza]]
| Exterior [[albumen]]
| Middle [[albumen]]
| [[Vitelline membrane]]
| [[Nucleus of Pander]]
| [[Germinal disc]] (nucleus)
| Yellow [[yolk]]
| White [[yolk]]
| Internal [[albumen]]
| [[Chalaza]]
| Air cell
| [[Cuticula]]
}}]]

Bird and reptile eggs consist of a protective [[eggshell]], albumen ([[egg white]]), and vitellus ([[yolk|egg yolk]]), contained within various [[eggshell membrane|thin membranes]]. The egg yolk is suspended in the egg white by one or two spiral bands of tissue called the [[chalaza]]e (from the Greek word [[wikt:χάλαζα|χάλαζα]], meaning 'hailstone' or 'hard lump'). The shape of a chicken egg resembles a [[prolate spheroid]] with one end larger than the other and has cylindrical symmetry along the long axis.

=== Air cell ===
The larger end of the egg contains an air cell that forms when the contents of the egg cool down and contract after it is laid. Chicken eggs are graded according to the size of this air cell, measured during [[candling]]. A very fresh egg has a small air cell and receives a grade of AA. As the size of the air cell increases and the quality of the egg decreases, the grade moves from AA to A to B. This provides a way of testing the age of an egg: as the air cell increases in size due to air being drawn through pores in the shell as water is lost, the egg becomes less dense and the larger end of the egg will rise to increasingly shallower depths when the egg is placed in a bowl of water. A very old egg will float in the water and should not be eaten,<ref name="McGee">{{cite book |last=McGee |first=H. |title=On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen |location=New York |publisher=Scribners |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1}}</ref> especially if a foul odor can be detected if the egg is cracked open.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ask.usda.gov/s/article/What-does-it-mean-when-an-egg-floats-in-water |title=AskUSDA |website=ask.usda.gov |access-date=1 December 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201125357/https://ask.usda.gov/s/article/What-does-it-mean-when-an-egg-floats-in-water |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Shell ===
{{Main|Eggshell}}
Eggshell color is caused by [[pigment]] deposition during egg formation in the [[oviduct]] and may vary according to [[species]] and [[breed]], from the more common white or brown to pink or speckled blue-green. The brown pigment is [[protoporphyrin IX]], a precursor of [[heme]], and the blue pigment is [[biliverdin]], a product of the breakdown of heme.<ref name="Sachar" >{{cite journal |title=Protoporphyrin IX: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly |year=2016 |last1=Sachar |first1=M. |last2=Anderson |first2=K. E. |last3=Ma |first3=X. |journal=Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics |volume=356 |issue=2 |pages=267–275 |doi=10.1124/jpet.115.228130 |doi-access=free |pmid=26588930 |pmc=4727154}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |volume=94 |issue=10 |title=Isolation of Biliverdin IXα, as its Dimethyl Ester, from Emu Eggshells |year=2017 |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |pages=1533–1537 |last1=Halepas |first1=Steven |last2=Hamchand |first2=Randy |last3=Lindeyer |first3=Samuel E. D. |last4=Brückner |first4=Christian |doi=10.1021/acs.jchemed.7b00449 |bibcode=2017JChEd..94.1533H}}</ref> Generally, [[List of chicken breeds|chicken breeds]] with white ear lobes lay white eggs, whereas chickens with red ear lobes lay brown eggs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/AS/AS-518.pdf |title=Information on chicken breeds |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100216212628/http://www.ces.purdue.edu/extmedia/AS/AS-518.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2010 }}</ref> Although there is no significant link between shell color and nutritional value, often there is a cultural preference for one color over another (see {{section link||Color of eggshell}} below). As candling is less effective with brown eggs, they have a significantly higher incidence of blood spots.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://qz.com/431136/heres-why-your-brown-eggs-have-more-blood-spots-than-white-ones/ |title=Here's why your brown eggs have more blood spots than white ones |first=Deena |last=Shanker |date=19 June 2015 |access-date=22 January 2018 |archive-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117192319/https://qz.com/431136/heres-why-your-brown-eggs-have-more-blood-spots-than-white-ones/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Membrane ===
{{Main|Eggshell membrane}}

The [[eggshell membrane]] is a clear film lining the eggshell, visible when one peels a boiled egg. Primarily, it is composed of fibrous [[proteins]] such as [[collagen]] [[Type I collagen|type I]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=M. |last2=Hendrix |first2=M.J. |last3=van der Mark |first3=K. |last4=Little |first4=C. |last5=Stern |first5=R. |title=Collagen in the egg shell membranes of the hen |journal=Dev Biol |date=July 1984 |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=28–36 |pmid=6203793 |doi=10.1016/0012-1606(84)90033-2}}</ref> These membranes may be used commercially as a dietary supplement.

=== White ===
{{Main|Egg white}}

"White" is the common name for the clear liquid (also called the albumen or the glair/glaire) contained within an egg. Colorless and transparent initially, upon cooking it turns white and opaque. In chickens, it is formed from the layers of secretions of the anterior section of the hen [[oviduct]] during the passage of the egg.<ref>Ornithology, Volume 1994 By Frank B. Gill p. 361</ref> It forms around both [[Fertilisation#Fertilisation in animals|fertilized]] and unfertilized yolks. The primary natural purpose of egg white is to protect the yolk and provide additional nutrition during the growth of the [[embryo]].

Egg white consists primarily of approximately 90 percent water into which is dissolved 10 percent [[protein]]s (including [[albumin]]s, [[mucoprotein]]s, and [[globulin]]s). Unlike the yolk, which is high in [[lipid]]s (fats), egg white contains almost no fat and the [[carbohydrate]] content is less than one percent. Egg white has many uses in food and many other applications, including the preparation of [[vaccine]]s, such as [[Influenza vaccine|those for influenza]].<ref>{{cite web |title=How Influenza (Flu) Vaccines Are Made |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/how-fluvaccine-made.htm |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, US Department of Health and Human Services |access-date=30 April 2017 |date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121200238/http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/how-fluvaccine-made.htm |archive-date=21 November 2014}}</ref>

=== Yolk ===
{{Main|Egg yolk}}
[[File:An egg with two yols.jpg|thumb|A single egg with two yolks]] The [[Egg yolk|yolk]] in a newly laid egg is round and firm. As the yolk ages, it absorbs water from the albumen, which increases its size and causes it to stretch and weaken the [[vitelline membrane]] (the clear casing enclosing the yolk). The resulting effect is a flattened and enlarged yolk shape.

Yolk color is dependent on the diet of the hen. If the diet contains yellow or orange plant [[pigments]] known as [[xanthophyll]]s, then they are deposited in the yolk, coloring it. [[Lutein]] is the most abundant pigment in egg yolk.<ref>F. Karadas et al., Effects of carotenoids from lucerne, marigold and tomato on egg yolk pigmentation and carotenoid composition. Br Poult Sci. 2006 Oct;47(5):561-6. {{Cite journal |doi=10.1080/00071660600962976 |title=Effects of carotenoids from lucerne, marigold and tomato on egg yolk pigmentation and carotenoid composition |pmid=17050099 |year=2006 |last1=Karadas |first1=F. |last2=Grammenidis |first2=E. |last3=Surai |first3=P. F. |last4=Acamovic |first4=T. |last5=Sparks |first5=N. H. C. |journal=British Poultry Science |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages=561–566 |s2cid=20868953}}</ref> A diet without such colorful foods may result in an almost colorless yolk. Yolk color is, for example, enhanced if the diet includes foods such as yellow [[maize]] and [[tagetes|marigold]] petals.<ref name="usda-eggs">[https://www.fsis.usda.gov/food-safety/safe-food-handling-and-preparation/eggs/shell-eggs-farm-table Shell eggs from farm to table]. USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service, (2019).</ref> In the US, the use of artificial color additives is forbidden.<ref name="usda-eggs"/>

=== Abnormalities ===

Abnormalities that have been found in eggs purchased for human consumption include:
* '''[[Yolk#Double-yolk eggs|Double-yolk eggs]]''', when an egg contains two or more yolks, occurs when ovulation occurs too rapidly, or when one yolk becomes joined with another yolk.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/moments/s409538.htm |title=Double-yolked eggs and chicken development |first=Karl S. |last=Kruszelnicki |year=2003 |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |access-date=9 December 2007 |archive-date=14 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714061959/http://www.abc.net.au/science/k2/moments/s409538.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''[[Yolkless egg|Yolkless eggs]]''', which contain whites but no yolk, usually occurs during a pullet's first effort, produced before her laying mechanism is fully ready.<ref name="Dwarf Eggs and the Timing of Ovulation in the Domestic Fowl">{{cite journal |title=Dwarf Eggs and the Timing of Ovulation in the Domestic Fowl |date=25 June 1996 |volume=210 |issue=5043 |doi=10.1038/2101371a0 |journal=Nature |page=1371 |last1=Rookledge |first1=K. A |last2=Heald |first2=P. J |s2cid=4280287 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* '''Double-shelled eggs''', where an egg may have two or more outer shells, is caused by a counter-peristalsis contraction and occurs when a second oocyte is released by the ovary before the first egg has completely traveled through the oviduct and been laid.<ref name="The Case of the Double-Shelled Egg">{{cite journal |url=https://academic.oup.com/ps/article-abstract/48/1/349/1597808?redirectedFrom=PDF |title=The Case of the Double-Shelled Egg |date=1 January 1969 |access-date=4 September 2019 |volume=48 |issue=1 |doi=10.3382/ps.0480349 |pmid=5389851 |journal=Poultry Science |pages=349–350 |last1=Blaine |first1=E. M |last2=Munroe |first2=S. S |doi-access=free |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223174541/https://academic.oup.com/ps/article-abstract/48/1/349/1597808?redirectedFrom=PDF |url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Shell-less''' or '''thin-shelled eggs''' may be caused by [[egg drop syndrome]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/egg_drop_syndrome.pdf |title=Egg Drop Syndrome 1976 |vauthors=Spickler, Rovid A |date=2017 |access-date=20 February 2019 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123133358/http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/egg_drop_syndrome.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Culinary properties ==
=== Types of dish ===
{{See also|List of egg dishes}}
[[File:Fried Egg 2.jpg|thumb|A fried chicken egg, [[wikt:sunny side up|sunny side up]]]]
[[File:Rührei.jpg|thumb|[[Scrambled eggs]] served with ham and toast]]
Chicken eggs are widely used in many types of dish, both sweet and savory, including many [[baking|baked goods]]. Some of the most common preparation methods include [[scrambled egg|scrambled]], [[fried egg|fried]], [[poached egg|poached]], [[boiled egg|hard-boiled]], soft-boiled, [[omelettes]], and [[pickled egg|pickled]]. They also may be eaten raw, although this is not recommended for people who may be especially susceptible to [[salmonellosis]], such as the elderly, the infirm, or pregnant women. In addition, the protein in raw eggs is only 51 percent [[bioavailable]], whereas that of a cooked egg is nearer 91 percent bioavailable, meaning the protein of cooked eggs is nearly twice as absorbable as the protein from raw eggs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Evenepoel |first1=P. |last2=Geypens |first2=B. |last3=Luypaerts |first3=A. |last4=Hiele |first4=M. |last5=Ghoos |first5=Y. |last6=Rutgeerts |first6=P. |display-authors=3 |year=1998 |title=Digestibility of Cooked and Raw Egg Protein in Humans as Assessed by Stable Isotope Techniques |url=http://jn.nutrition.org/content/128/10/1716.abstract |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=128 |issue=10 |pages=1716–1722 |doi=10.1093/jn/128.10.1716 |pmid=9772141 |doi-access=free |access-date=18 April 2011 |archive-date=18 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618184528/http://jn.nutrition.org/content/128/10/1716.abstract |url-status=live}}</ref>

As a cooking ingredient, egg yolks are an important [[emulsifier]] in the kitchen, and are also used as a thickener, as in [[custard]]s.

The [[albumen]] (egg white) contains protein, but little or no [[fat]], and may be used in cooking separately from the yolk. The proteins in egg white allow it to form foams and aerated dishes. Egg whites may be aerated or whipped to a light, fluffy consistency, and often are used in desserts such as [[meringue]]s and [[mousse]].

Ground eggshells sometimes are used as a [[food additive]] to deliver [[calcium]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Anne Schaafsma |author2=Gerard M Beelen |title=Eggshell powder, a comparable or better source of calcium than purified calcium carbonate: piglet studies |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |volume=79 |issue=12 |pages=1596–1600 |year=1999 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/63003036/ABSTRACT |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121216134419/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/63003036/ABSTRACT |archive-date=16 December 2012 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199909)79:12<1596::AID-JSFA406>3.0.CO;2-A|bibcode=1999JSFA...79.1596S |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Every part of an egg is edible, although the eggshell is generally discarded. Some recipes call for immature or unlaid eggs, which are harvested after the hen is slaughtered or cooked, while still inside the chicken.<ref>Marian Burros, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/07/dining/07eggs.html?_r=0 "What the Egg Was First"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224091430/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/07/dining/07eggs.html?_r=0 |date=24 December 2016 }}, ''The New York Times'', 7 February 2007</ref>

=== Cooking ===
[[File:Potato galettes with quail eggs.jpg|thumb|Soft-boiled [[quail eggs]] with potato [[galette]]s. The yolk of the eggs have not yet fully solidified.]]
Eggs contain multiple proteins that gel at different temperatures within the yolk and the white, and the temperature determines the gelling time. Egg yolk becomes a [[gel]], or solidifies, between {{convert|61|and|70|C|F}}. Egg white gels at different temperatures: {{convert|60|to|73|C|F}}. The white contains exterior albumen which sets at the highest temperature. In practice, in many cooking processes the white gels first because it is exposed to higher temperatures for longer.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vega |first1=César |last2=Mercadé-Prieto |first2=Ruben |year=2011 |title=Culinary Biophysics: On the Nature of the 6X°C Egg |journal=Food Biophysics |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=152–9 |doi=10.1007/s11483-010-9200-1 |s2cid=97933856}}</ref>

Salmonella is killed instantly at {{convert|160|F|C|order=flip}}, but also is killed from {{convert|54.5|C|F}}, if held at that temperature for sufficiently long time periods. To avoid the issue of salmonella, [[Pasteurized eggs|eggs may be pasteurized]] in-shell at {{convert|57|C|F}} for an hour and 15 minutes. Although the white then is slightly milkier, the eggs may be used in normal ways. Whipping for meringue takes significantly longer, but the final volume is virtually the same.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Schuman JD, Sheldon BW, Vandepopuliere JM, Ball HR |title=Immersion heat treatments for inactivation of Salmonella enteritidis with intact eggs |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=438–44 |date=October 1997 |pmid=9351225 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00253.x |s2cid=22582907}}</ref>

If a boiled egg is overcooked, a greenish ring sometimes appears around the egg yolk due to changes to the [[iron]] and [[sulfur]] compounds in the egg.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Tinkler |first1=Charles Kenneth |last2=Soar |first2=Marion Crossland |date=1 April 1920 |title=The Formation of Ferrous Sulphide in Eggs during Cooking |journal=Biochemical Journal |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=114–119 |doi=10.1042/bj0140114 |issn=0006-2936 |pmc=1258902 |pmid=16742889}}</ref> It also may occur with an abundance of iron in the cooking water.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title=What causes a green ring around the yolk of a hard-cooked egg? |url=https://ask.usda.gov/s/article/What-causes-a-green-ring-around-the-yolk-of-a-hard-cooked-egg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027145750/https://ask.usda.gov/s/article/What-causes-a-green-ring-around-the-yolk-of-a-hard-cooked-egg |archive-date=27 October 2023 |website=AskUSDA}}</ref> Overcooking harms the quality of the protein.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/what-happens-when-you-overcook-eggs/articleshow/70191466.cms |title=overcooked eggs |website=Times of india |date=12 July 2019 |access-date=13 February 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727004604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/health-news/what-happens-when-you-overcook-eggs/articleshow/70191466.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Chilling an overcooked egg for a few minutes in cold water until it is completely cooled may prevent the greenish ring from forming on the surface of the yolk.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2018 |title=How To Make Perfect Hard-Boiled Eggs With No Green Ring |url=https://patch.com/maryland/annapolis/how-make-perfect-hard-boiled-eggs-no-green-ring |access-date=8 January 2022 |website=Annapolis, MD Patch |language=en |archive-date=8 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108034205/https://patch.com/maryland/annapolis/how-make-perfect-hard-boiled-eggs-no-green-ring |url-status=live}}</ref>

Peeling a cooked egg is easiest when the egg was put into boiling water as opposed to slowly heating the egg from a start in cold water.<ref>This was shown experimentally and documented in the book ''[[The Food Lab]]: Better Home Cooking Through Science'' by J. Kenji López-Alt; published 21 September 2015 by W. W. Norton & Company, {{ISBN|978-0-393-08108-4}}</ref>

In February 2025, scientists published research confirming that periodic cooking of an egg is the best way to preserve the distinct textures of each part of an egg as well as its nutritional value.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nazaryan |first=Alexander |date=2025-02-06 |title=How to Boil an Egg? Scientists Claim to Have Cracked the Recipe. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/06/science/boiled-egg-science-recipe.html |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> The method requires alternating between boiling and lukewarm water: two minutes in {{convert|100|C}} water, two minutes at {{convert|30|C}}, repeated eight times.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Di Lorenzo |first1=Emilia |last2=Romano |first2=Francesca |last3=Ciriaco |first3=Lidia |last4=Iaccarino |first4=Nunzia |last5=Izzo |first5=Luana |last6=Randazzo |first6=Antonio |last7=Musto |first7=Pellegrino |last8=Di Maio |first8=Ernesto |date=2025-02-06 |title=Periodic cooking of eggs |journal=Communications Engineering |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=1–10 |article-number=5 |doi=10.1038/s44172-024-00334-w |pmid=39915675 |issn=2731-3395|pmc=11802719 }}</ref>

=== Flavor variations ===
[[File:HK Sai Ying Pun Des Voeux Road West Tea Eggs Snack Shop.JPG|thumb|A batch of [[tea egg]]s with shell intact soaking in a brew of spices and tea]]
Although the age of the egg and the conditions of its storage have a greater influence, the bird's diet affects the flavor of the egg.<ref name="McGee087">{{cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |author-link=Harold McGee |title=On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen |publisher=Scribner |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |page=87}}</ref> For example, when a brown-egg chicken breed eats [[rapeseed]] (canola) or soy meals, its intestinal microbes metabolize them into fishy-smelling [[triethylamine]], which ends up in the egg.<ref name="McGee087"/> The unpredictable diet of free-range hens will produce likewise, unpredictable egg flavors.<ref name="McGee087"/> Duck eggs tend to have a flavor distinct from, but still resembling, chicken eggs.

Eggs may be soaked in mixtures to absorb flavor. [[Tea egg]]s, a common snack sold from street-side carts in China, are steeped in a brew from a mixture of various spices, soy sauce, and black tea leaves to give flavor. Hard boiled eggs are cracked slightly before being simmered in the marinade for more flavor, also giving them their marble pattern.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zhu |first=Maggie |date=2018-06-01 |title=Chinese Tea Eggs (w/ Soft and Hard Boiled Eggs, 茶叶蛋) |url=https://omnivorescookbook.com/chinese-tea-eggs/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=Omnivore's Cookbook |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Storage ===
Careful storage of edible eggs is extremely important, as an improperly handled egg may contain elevated levels of ''[[Salmonella]]'' [[bacteria]] that may cause severe [[food poisoning]]. In the US, eggs are washed. This cleans the shell, but erodes its [[wikt:cuticle|cuticle]].<ref name="Anatomy">{{cite web |title=Anatomy of an Egg |url=https://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/eggs/eggcomposition.html |website=Science of Cooking |publisher=Exploratorium |access-date=30 October 2017 |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114004330/http://www.exploratorium.edu/cooking/eggs/eggcomposition.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{cite news |last1=Arumugam |first1=Nadia |title=Why American Eggs Would Be Illegal In A British Supermarket, And Vice Versa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/nadiaarumugam/2012/10/25/why-american-eggs-would-be-illegal-in-a-british-supermarket-and-vice-versa/3/#368c25d752cf |access-date=30 October 2017 |work=Forbes |date=25 October 2012 |archive-date=24 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024210821/https://www.forbes.com/sites/nadiaarumugam/2012/10/25/why-american-eggs-would-be-illegal-in-a-british-supermarket-and-vice-versa/3/#368c25d752cf |url-status=live}}</ref> The USDA thus recommends refrigerating eggs to prevent the growth of ''Salmonella''.<ref name="usda-eggs"/>

Refrigeration also preserves the taste and texture.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.motherearthnews.com/Sustainable-Farming/1977-11-01/Fresh-Eggs.aspx |title=How to Store Fresh Eggs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127071159/http://www.motherearthnews.com/Sustainable-Farming/1977-11-01/Fresh-Eggs.aspx |archive-date=27 November 2011 |work=Mother Earth News |date=1 November 1977 }}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=May 2024}} In Europe, eggs are not usually washed, and the shells are dirtier, however the cuticle is undamaged, and they do not require refrigeration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2014/09/11/336330502/why-the-u-s-chills-its-eggs-and-most-of-the-world-doesnt |website=[[NPR]] |title=Why The U.S. Chills Its Eggs And Most Of The World Doesn't |date=September 11, 2014 |first=Rae Ellen |last=Bichell |access-date=4 February 2025 }}</ref><ref name=Forbes/>{{Unreliable source?|date=May 2024}} In the UK in particular, hens are immunized against salmonella and generally, their eggs are safe for 21 days.<ref name=Forbes/>

=== Preservation ===
[[File:Salty egg.JPG|thumb|upright|220px|Salted duck egg]]
The simplest method to preserve an egg is to treat it with [[salt]]. Salt draws water out of [[bacteria]] and [[Mold (fungus)|mold]]s, which prevents their growth.<ref name="McGee116">{{cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |author-link=Harold McGee |title=On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen |publisher=Scribner |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |page=116}}</ref> The Chinese [[salted duck egg]] is made by immersing duck eggs in [[brine]], or coating them individually with a paste of salt and [[mud]] or [[clay]]. The eggs stop absorbing salt after approximately a month, having reached [[osmotic equilibrium]].<ref name="McGee116"/> Their yolks take on an orange-red color and solidify, but the white remains somewhat liquid. These often are boiled before consumption and are served with rice [[congee]]; the yolks are also used in [[mooncake]]s and other pastries.

[[File:Pickled egg.jpg|thumb|left|upright|220px|Pickled egg, colored with beetroot juice]]
Another method is to make [[pickled egg]]s, by boiling them first and immersing them in a mixture of [[vinegar]], salt, and spices, such as [[ginger]] or [[allspice]]. Frequently, [[beetroot]] juice is added to impart a red color to the eggs.<ref name=Stadelman479/> If the eggs are immersed in it for a few hours, the distinct red, white, and yellow colors may be seen when the eggs are sliced.<ref name=Stadelman479/> If marinated for several days or more, the red color will reach the yolk.<ref name=Stadelman479>{{cite book |title=Egg Science and Technology |first=William |last=Stadelman |publisher=Haworth Press |year=1995 |isbn=978-1-56022-854-7 |pages=479–480}}</ref> If the eggs are marinated in the mixture for several weeks or more, the vinegar will dissolve much of the shell's [[calcium carbonate]] and penetrate the egg, making it [[acidity|acidic]] enough to inhibit the growth of bacteria and molds.<ref name="McGee116"/> Pickled eggs made this way generally keep for a year or more without refrigeration.<ref name="McGee116"/>

[[File:Century egg.jpg|thumb|upright|220px|[[Century egg]]]]
A [[century egg]] or hundred-year-old egg is preserved by coating an egg in a mixture of [[clay]], [[wood ash]], salt, [[Calcium oxide|lime]], and [[rice]] straw for several weeks to several months, depending on the method of processing. After the process is completed, the yolk becomes a dark green, cream-like substance with a strong odor of sulfur and ammonia, while the white becomes a dark brown, transparent jelly with a comparatively mild, distinct flavor. The transforming agent in a century egg is its [[alkaline]] material, which gradually raises the [[pH]] of the egg from approximately 9 to 12 or more.<ref name="McGee117">{{cite book |last=McGee |first=Harold |author-link=Harold McGee |title=On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen |publisher=Scribner |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-684-80001-1 |page=117}}</ref> This chemical process breaks down some of the complex, flavorless proteins and fats of the yolk into simpler, flavorful ones, which in some way may be thought of as an "inorganic" version of [[fermentation (food)|fermentation]].

== Nutrition and health effects ==
{{Infobox nutritional value
| name = Chicken egg whole, hard-boiled
| kJ = 647
| water = 75 g
| protein = 12.6 g
| fat = 10.6 g
| carbs = 1.12 g
| iron_mg = 1.2
| calcium_mg = 50
| magnesium_mg = 10
| phosphorus_mg = 172
| potassium_mg = 126
| sodium_mg = 126
| zinc_mg = 1.0
| vitA_ug = 149
| pantothenic_mg = 1.4
| folate_ug = 44
| thiamin_mg = 0.066
| riboflavin_mg = 0.5
| niacin_mg = 0.064
| vitB6_mg = 0.121
| vitB12_ug = 1.11
| vitK_ug = 0.3
| tryptophan = 0.153 g
| threonine = 0.604 g
| isoleucine = 0.686 g
| leucine = 1.075 g
| lysine = 0.904 g
| methionine = 0.392 g
| cystine = 0.292 g
| phenylalanine = 0.668 g
| tyrosine = 0.513 g
| valine = 0.767 g
| arginine = 0.755 g
| histidine = 0.298 g
| alanine = 0.700 g
| aspartic acid = 1.264 g
| glutamic acid = 1.644 g
| glycine = 0.423 g
| proline = 0.501 g
| serine = 0.936 g
| vitD_iu = 87
| vitE_mg = 1.03
| choline_mg = 294
| opt2n = [[Cholesterol]]
| opt2v = 373 mg
| source_usda = 1
| note = For edible portion only. Refuse: 12% (shell). An egg just large enough to be classified as "large" in the U.S. yields 50 grams of egg without shell. This size egg is classified as "medium" in Europe and "standard" in New Zealand. [https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/173424/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

Egg yolks and whole eggs store significant amounts of [[protein]] and [[choline]].<ref name="USDA_Home_and_Garden_no_264"/><ref name="USDA_Food_Choline_Chart">{{Cite web |title=USDA Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods |url=http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/Choline/Choline.pdf |date=March 2004 |last1=Howe |first1=Juliette C. |last2=Williams |first2=Juhi R. |last3=Holden |first3=Joanne M. |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture ([[USDA]]) |page=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205060719/http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/Choline/Choline.pdf |archive-date=5 December 2010 }}</ref> Due to their protein content, the [[United States Department of Agriculture]] formerly categorized eggs as ''Meat'' within the [[Food Guide Pyramid]] (now [[MyPlate]]).<ref name="USDA_Home_and_Garden_no_264">{{Cite journal |title=How to Buy Eggs |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture ([[USDA]]) |author=Agricultural Marketing Service |journal=Home and Garden Bulletin |page=1 |issue=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vAwUAAAAYAAJ |year=1995 |access-date=28 February 2019 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405025950/https://books.google.com/books?id=vAwUAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Under the [[Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score|Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score]] (PDCAAS) system, they score the maximum value of 1.0, and under the [[Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score]] (DIAAS) system, they are also classified as an excellent-quality protein source.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fanelli |first=Natalia S. |last2=Martins |first2=Juliana C. F. R. |last3=Stein |first3=Hans H. |date=2024 |title=The digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) in eggs and egg-containing breakfast meals is greater than in toast breads or hash browns served without eggs |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11658930/ |journal=Journal of Nutritional Science |volume=13 |pages=e68 |doi=10.1017/jns.2024.71 |issn=2048-6790 |pmc=11658930 |pmid=39703894}}</ref>

A {{convert|50|g|oz|adj=on}} [[Chicken egg sizes|medium/large]] chicken egg provides approximately 70 kilocalories (290 kJ) of food energy and 6 grams of [[protein]].<ref name=USDAboiledeggs>[https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/01129?n1=%7BQv%3D1%7D&fgcd=&man=&lfacet=&count=&max=25&sort=default&qlookup=egg%2C+whole%2C+boiled&offset=&format=Full&new=&measureby=&Qv=1&ds=&qt=&qp=&qa=&qn=&q=&ing= "Full Report (All Nutrients): 01129, Egg, whole, cooked, hard-boiled"]{{dead link|date=June 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, USDA Branded Food Products Database</ref><ref name=USDAeggs>[https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/45174951?fgcd=&manu=&format=&count=&max=25&offset=&sort=default&order=asc&qlookup=45174951&ds=&qt=&qp=&qa=&qn=&q=&ing= "Full Report (All Nutrients): 45174951, EGGS"]{{dead link|date=June 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, USDA Branded Food Products Database</ref>

{{clarify span|Cooking methods affect the nutritional values of eggs.|date=June 2022}} For example, a large whole chicken egg contains approximately 0.45 - 0.5 μg of vitamin B12, which is concentrated in the yolk. Different cooking methods retain varying amounts of this vitamin; [[scrambled eggs]] lose about 5%, [[Fried egg|lightly fried eggs]] 5 - 15%, and hard-boiled up to 20%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moravcová |first=Monika |last2=Siatka |first2=Tomáš |last3=Krčmová |first3=Lenka Kujovská |last4=Matoušová |first4=Kateřina |last5=Mladěnka |first5=Přemysl |date=2025-06-01 |title=Biological properties of vitamin B12 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nutrition-research-reviews/article/biological-properties-of-vitamin-b12/58C586B5D6B9960C421D92A41D7D0691 |journal=Nutrition Research Reviews |language=en |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=338–370 |doi=10.1017/S0954422424000210 |issn=0954-4224|doi-access=free }}</ref> Studies have also found that the average absorption of vitamin B12 from fried or boiled eggs is more than twice that from scrambled eggs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Doscherholmen |first=A. |last2=McMahon |first2=J. |last3=Ripley |first3=D. |date=1975-09-01 |title=Vitamin B12 absorption from eggs |journal=Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine |volume=149 |issue=4 |pages=987–990 |doi=10.3181/00379727-149-38940 |issn=0037-9727 |pmid=1172618}}</ref> Eggs (boiled) supply several vitamins and minerals as significant amounts of the [[Daily Value]] (DV), including (per 100g) [[vitamin A]] (19% DV), [[riboflavin]] (42% DV), [[pantothenic acid]] (28% DV), [[vitamin B12|vitamin B12]] (46% DV), [[choline]] (60% DV), [[phosphorus]] (25% DV), [[zinc]] (11% DV) and [[vitamin D]] (15% DV).

The diet of laying hens also may affect the nutritional quality of eggs. For instance, chicken eggs that are especially high in [[omega-3]] [[fatty acid]]s are produced by feeding hens a diet containing [[polyunsaturated]] fats from sources such as [[fish oil]], [[chia seeds]], or [[flaxseeds]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Omega-3 fatty acid profile of eggs from laying hens fed diets supplemented with chia, fish oil, and flaxseed |vauthors=Coorey R, Novinda A, Williams H, Jayasena V |journal=J Food Sci |year=2015 |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=S180–7 |doi=10.1111/1750-3841.12735 |pmid=25557903}}</ref> [[Pastured poultry|Pasture-raised free-range hens]], which forage for their own food, also produce eggs that are relatively enriched in omega-3 fatty acids when compared to those of cage-raised chickens.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Poultry Science |year=2011 |volume=90 |issue=7 |pages=1600–1608 |doi=10.3382/ps.2010-01289 |title=Comparison of fatty acid, cholesterol, and vitamin A and E composition in eggs from hens housed in conventional cage and range production facilities |author=Anderson KE |pmid=21673178 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems |year=2010 |volume=25 |pages=45–54 |doi=10.1017/S1742170509990214 |title=Vitamins A, E and fatty acid composition of the eggs of caged hens and pastured hens |author=Karsten HD |s2cid=33668490 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>

A 2010 USDA study determined there were no significant differences of [[macronutrients]] in various chicken eggs.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Physical quality and composition of retail shell eggs |last1=Jones |first1=Deana |last2=Musgrove |first2=Michael |journal=Poultry Science |year=2010 |pages=582–587 |doi=10.3382/ps.2009-00315 |last3=Anderson |first3=K. E. |last4=Thesmar |first4=H. S. |volume=89 |issue=3 |pmid=20181877 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Cooked eggs are easier to digest than raw eggs,<ref>{{cite journal |last=Evenepoel |first=P |author2=Geypens B |author3=Luypaerts A |title=Digestibility of cooked and raw egg protein in humans as assessed by stable isotope techniques |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=128 |issue=10 |pages=1716–1722 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9772141 |display-authors=etal |doi=10.1093/jn/128.10.1716 |doi-access=free}}</ref> as well as having a lower risk of [[salmonellosis]].<ref name="cspinet"/>

=== Cholesterol and fat ===
More than half the calories found in eggs come from the fat in the yolk; 50 grams of chicken egg (the contents of an egg just large enough to be classified as "large" in the US, but "medium" in Europe) contains approximately five grams of fat. [[Saturated fat]] ([[palmitic acid|palmitic]], [[stearic acid|stearic]], and [[myristic acid]]s) makes up 27 percent of the fat in an egg.<ref name="eggwhole">{{cite web |publisher=FoodData Central, US Department of Agriculture |title=Egg, whole, raw, fresh per 100 g |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/171287/nutrients |date=1 April 2019 |access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref> The [[egg white]] consists primarily of water (88 percent) and protein (11 percent), with no cholesterol and 0.2 percent fat.<ref name="eggwhite">{{cite web |publisher=FoodData Central, US Department of Agriculture |title=Egg, white, raw, fresh per 100 g |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/172183/nutrients |date=1 April 2019 |access-date=8 July 2023}}</ref>

There is debate over whether egg yolk presents a health risk. Some research suggests dietary [[cholesterol]] increases the ratio of total to [[High-density lipoprotein|HDL cholesterol]] and, therefore, adversely affects the body's cholesterol profile;<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Weggemans RM, Zock PL, Katan MB |title=Dietary cholesterol from eggs increases the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis |journal=Am. J. Clin. Nutr. |volume=73 |issue=5 |pages=885–91 |year=2001 |pmid=11333841 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/73.5.885 |doi-access=free}}</ref> whereas other studies show that moderate consumption of eggs, up to one a day, does not appear to increase [[heart disease]] risk in healthy individuals.<ref name=Hu>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB |title=A prospective study of egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in men and women |journal=JAMA |volume=281 |issue=15 |pages=1387–94 |year=1999 |pmid=10217054 |doi=10.1001/jama.281.15.1387 |display-authors=etal |doi-access=free |bibcode=1999JAMA..281.1387H }}</ref> [[Harold McGee]] argues that the cholesterol in the egg yolk is not what causes a problem, because fat (particularly saturated fat) is much more likely to raise cholesterol levels than the consumption of cholesterol.<ref name="McGee"/>

=== Type 2 diabetes ===

Studies have shown conflicting results about a possible connection between egg consumption and [[type 2 diabetes]].

A meta-analysis from 2013 found that eating four eggs per week was associated with a 29 percent increase in the relative risk of developing diabetes.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |title=Egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a meta-analysis |year=2013 |volume=229 |issue=2 |pmid=23643053 |last1=Li |first1=Y |last2=Zhou |first2=C |last3=Zhou |first3=X |last4=Li |first4=L |pages=524–530 |doi=10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.04.003 |journal=Atherosclerosis}}</ref> Another meta-analysis from 2013 also supported the idea that egg consumption may lead to an increased incidence of type two diabetes.<ref name="Shin2013">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shin JY, Xun P, Nakamura Y, He K |date=July 2013 |title=Egg consumption in relation to risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Am J Clin Nutr |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=146–59 |doi=10.3945/ajcn.112.051318 |pmc=3683816 |pmid=23676423}}</ref> A 2016 meta-analysis suggested that association of egg consumption with increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes may be restricted to cohort studies from the [[United States]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tamez M, Virtanen J, Lajous M |year=2016 |title=Egg consumption and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies |journal=British Journal of Nutrition |volume=15 |issue=12 |pages=2212–2218 |doi=10.1017/S000711451600146X |pmid=27108219 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

A 2020 meta-analysis found that there was no overall association between moderate egg consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes and that the risk found in US studies was not found in European or Asian studies.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Drouin-Chartier JP, Schwab AL, Chen S, Li Y, Sacks FM, Rosner B, Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Hu FB, Bhupathiraju SN |display-authors=3 |year=2020 |title=Egg consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: findings from 3 large US cohort studies of men and women and a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies |journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition |url= |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=619–630 |doi=10.1093/ajcn/nqaa115 |pmid=32453379 |pmc=7458776}}</ref>

===Cancer===
A 2015 meta-analysis found an association between higher egg consumption (five a week) with increased risk of [[breast cancer]] compared to no egg consumption.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Keum N, Lee DH, Marchand N, Oh H, Liu H, Aune D, Greenwood DC, Giovannucci EL |year=2015 |title=Egg intake and cancers of the breast, ovary and prostate: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies |journal=British Journal of Nutrition |volume=114 |issue=7 |pages=1099–107 |doi=10.1017/S0007114515002135 |pmid=26293984 |s2cid=31168561 |doi-access=free |hdl=10044/1/48759 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Another meta-analysis found that egg consumption may increase [[ovarian cancer]] risk.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zeng ST, Guo L, Liu SK, Wang DH, Xi J, Huang P, Liu DT, Gao JF, Feng J, Zhang L |display-authors=3 |year=2015 |title=Egg consumption is associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer: Evidence from a meta-analysis of observational studies |journal=Clinical Nutrition |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=635–641 |doi=10.1016/j.clnu.2014.07.009 |pmid=25108572}}</ref>

A 2019 meta-analysis found an association between high egg consumption and risk of upper aero-digestive tract cancers in hospital-based case-control studies.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Aminianfar A, Fallah-Moshkani R, Salari-Moghaddam A, Saneei P, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A |display-authors=3 |year=2019 |title=Egg Consumption and Risk of Upper Aero-Digestive Tract Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies |journal=Advances in Nutrition |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=660–672 |doi=10.1093/advances/nmz010 |pmid=31041448 |pmc=6628841}}</ref>

A 2021 review did not find a significant association between egg consumption and breast cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kazemi A, Barati-Boldaji R, Soltani S, Mohammadipoor N, Esmaeilinezhad Z, Clark CC, Babajafari S, Akbarzadeh M |display-authors=3 |year=2021 |title=Intake of Various Food Groups and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies |journal=Advances in Nutrition |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=809–849 |doi=10.1093/advances/nmaa147 |pmid=33271590 |pmc=8166564}}</ref> A 2021 [[umbrella review]] found that egg consumption significantly increases the risk of ovarian cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Tanha K, Mottaghi A, Nojomi M, Moradi M, Rajabzadeh R, Lotfi S, Janani L |year=2021 |title=Investigation on factors associated with ovarian cancer: an umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analyses |journal=Journal of Ovarian Research |volume=14 |issue=1 |article-number=153 |doi=10.1186/s13048-021-00911-z |pmid=34758846 |pmc=8582179 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Cardiovascular health ===
One systematic review and meta-analysis of egg consumption found that higher consumption of eggs (more than 1 egg/day) was associated with a significant reduction in risk of coronary artery disease.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=3 |last1=Krittanawong |first1=Chayakrit |last2=Narasimhan |first2=Bharat |last3=Wang |first3=Zhen |last4=Virk |first4=Hafeez Ul Hassan |last5=Farrell |first5=Ann M. |last6=Zhang |first6=HongJu |last7=Tang |first7=W.H. Wilson |date=January 2021 |title=Association Between Egg Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=The American Journal of Medicine |volume=134 |issue=1 |pages=76–83.e2 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.046 |pmid=32653422 |s2cid=220499217}}</ref> Another systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary cholesterol and egg consumption found that egg consumption was associated with an increased all-cause mortality and CVD mortality.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhao |first1=Bin |last2=Gan |first2=Lu |last3=Graubard |first3=Barry I. |last4=Männistö |first4=Satu |last5=Albanes |first5=Demetrius |last6=Huang |first6=Jiaqi |year=2022 |title=Associations of Dietary Cholesterol, Serum Cholesterol, and Egg Consumption With Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality, and Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analysis |journal=Circulation |volume=145 |issue=20 |pages=1506–1520 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057642 |pmc=9134263 |pmid=35360933 |s2cid=247853807}}</ref> These contrary results may be due to somewhat different methods of study selection and the use primarily of [[Observational study|observational studies]], where [[confounding]] factors are not controlled.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang X, Lv M, Luo X |year=2020 |title=Egg consumption and health outcomes: a global evidence mapping based on an overview of systematic reviews |journal=Annals of Translational Medicine |volume=8 |issue=21 |page=1343 |doi=10.21037/atm-20-4243 |pmc=7723562 |pmid=33313088 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

A 2018 meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials found that consumption of eggs increases total cholesterol (TC), [[LDL-C]] and [[HDL-C]] compared to no egg-consumption but not to low-egg control diets.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rouhani MH, Rashidi-Pourfard N, Salehi-Abargouei A, Karimi M, Haghighatdoost F |display-authors=3 |title=Effects of Egg Consumption on Blood Lipids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |date=2018 |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=99–110 |pmid=29111915 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2017.1366878 |s2cid=33208171}}</ref> In 2020, two meta-analyses found that moderate egg consumption (up to one egg a day) is not associated with an increased cardiovascular disease risk.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Drouin-Chartier JP, Chen S, Li Y |year=2020 |title=Egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease: three large prospective US cohort studies, systematic review, and updated meta-analysis |journal=The BMJ |url= |volume=368 |pages=m513 |doi=10.1136/bmj.m513 |pmid=32132002 |pmc=7190072}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Godos J, Micek A, Brzostek T, Toledo E, Iacoviello L, Astrup A, Franco OH, Galvano F, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Grosso G |display-authors=3 |year=2020 |title=Egg consumption and cardiovascular risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies |journal=European Journal of Nutrition |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=1833–1862 |doi=10.1007/s00394-020-02345-7 |issn=1436-6207 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343997269 |pmid=32865658 |pmc=8137614 |s2cid=221372891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A 2020 umbrella review concluded that increased egg consumption is not associated with cardiovascular disease risk in the general population.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Mah E, Chen CO, Liska DJ |title=The effect of egg consumption on cardiometabolic health outcomes: an umbrella review |journal=Public Health Nutr |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=935–955 |date=October 2019 |pmid=31599222 |doi=10.1017/S1368980019002441 |pmc=10200385 |s2cid=204029375}}</ref> Another umbrella review found no association between egg consumption and cardiovascular disorders.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Marventano S, Godos J, Tieri M, Ghelfi F, Titta L, Lafranconi A, Gambera A, Alonzo E, Sciacca S, Buscemi S, Ray S, Del Rio D, Galvano F, Grosso G |display-authors=etal |title=Egg consumption and human health: an umbrella review of observational studies. |journal=International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition |date=2020 |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=325–331 |pmid=31379223 |doi=10.1080/09637486.2019.1648388 |s2cid=199437922 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/9250040 |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924220536/https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Egg_consumption_and_human_health_an_umbrella_review_of_observational_studies/9250040 |url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2013 meta-analysis found no association between egg consumption and heart disease or stroke.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rong |first1=Ying |last2=Chen |first2=Li |last3=Tingting |first3=Zhu |last4=Yadong |first4=Song |last5=Yu |first5=Miao |last6=Shan |first6=Zhilei |last7=Sands |first7=Amanda |last8=Hu |first8=Frank B |last9=Liu |first9=Liegang |display-authors=3 |year=2013 |title=Egg consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=346 |article-number=e8539 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e8539 |pmc=3538567 |pmid=23295181}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=No link between eggs and heart disease or stroke, says BMJ meta-analysis |date=25 January 2013 |url=http://www.foodnavigator.com/Science-Nutrition/No-link-between-eggs-and-heart-disease-or-stroke-says-BMJ-meta-analysis |access-date=22 January 2018 |archive-date=19 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130219063451/http://www.foodnavigator.com/Science-Nutrition/No-link-between-eggs-and-heart-disease-or-stroke-says-BMJ-meta-analysis |url-status=live}}</ref> A 2013 systematic review and meta-analysis found no association between egg consumption and cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular disease mortality, but did find egg consumption of more than once daily increased cardiovascular disease risk 1.69-fold in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus when compared to type 2 diabetics who ate less than one egg per week.<ref name="Shin2013" /> Another 2013 meta-analysis found that eating four eggs per week increased the risk of cardiovascular disease by six percent.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Eggs are one of the largest sources of [[phosphatidylcholine]] ([[lecithin]]) in the human diet.<ref>{{cite web |last=Patterson |first=Kristine |title=USDA Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods |url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400525/Data/Choline/Choln02.pdf |access-date=25 April 2013 |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019164652/http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12354500/Data/Choline/Choln02.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> A study published in the scientific journal, ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'', showed that dietary phosphatidylcholine is digested by bacteria in the gut and eventually converted into the compound [[Trimethylamine N-oxide|TMAO]], a compound linked with increased heart disease.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Zeneng |date=7 April 2011 |title=Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease |journal=Nature |volume=472 |issue=7341 |pages=57–65 |bibcode=2011Natur.472...57W |doi=10.1038/nature09922 |pmc=3086762 |pmid=21475195}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Willyard |first=Cassandra |date=30 January 2013 |title=Pathology: At the heart of the problem |journal=Nature |volume=493 |issue=7434 |pages=S10–S11 |bibcode=2013Natur.493S..10W |doi=10.1038/493s10a |pmid=23364764 |doi-access=free |s2cid=4355857}}</ref> Another study found that type 2 diabetes mellitus and kidney disease also increase TMAO levels and that evidence for a link between TMAO and cardiovascular diseases may be due to [[confounding]] or reverse causality.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jinzhu Jia |last2=Pan Dou |last3=Meng Gao |last4=Xuejun Kong |last5=Changwei Li |last6=Zhonghua Liu |last7=Tao Huang |display-authors=3 |date=September 2019 |title=Assessment of Causal Direction Between Gut Microbiota–Dependent Metabolites and Cardiometabolic Health: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Analysis |url=https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/68/9/1747 |journal=[[Diabetes (journal)|Diabetes]] |volume=68 |issue=9 |pages=1747–1755 |doi=10.2337/db19-0153 |pmid=31167879 |access-date=15 June 2021 |doi-access=free |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320222409/https://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/68/9/1747 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

===Other===

Egg consumption does not increase [[hypertension]] risk.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang Y, Zhang DZ |title=Red meat, poultry, and egg consumption with the risk of hypertension: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies |journal=Journal of Human Hypertension |date=2018 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41371-018-0068-8 |volume=32 |issue=7 |pages=507–517 |doi=10.1038/s41371-018-0068-8 |pmid=29725070 |s2cid=19187913 |access-date=4 January 2022 |archive-date=4 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104123950/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41371-018-0068-8 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kolahdouz-Mohammadi R, Malekahmadi M, Clayton ZS, Sadat SZ, Pahlavani N, Sikaroudi MK, Soltani S |title=Effect of Egg Consumption on Blood Pressure: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials |journal=Current Hypertension Reports |date=2020 |volume=22 |issue=3 |article-number=24 |pmid=32114646 |doi=10.1007/s11906-020-1029-5 |pmc=7189334}}</ref> A 2016 meta-analysis found that consumption of up to one egg a day may contribute to a decreased risk of total [[stroke]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Alexander DD, Miller PE, Vargas AJ, Weed DL, Cohen SS |title=Meta-analysis of Egg Consumption and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke |journal=Journal of the American College of Nutrition |date=2016 |volume=35 |issue=8 |pages=704–716 |pmid=27710205 |doi=10.1080/07315724.2016.1152928 |s2cid=37407829}}</ref> Two recent meta-analyses found no association between egg intake and risk of stroke.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Bechthold A, Boeing H, Schwedhelm C, Hoffmann G, Knüppel S, Iqbal K, De Henauw S, Michels N, Devleesschauwer B, Schlesinger S, Schwingshackl L |display-authors=3 |title=Food groups and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and heart failure: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |date=2019 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2017.1392288 |volume=59 |issue=7 |pages=1071–1090 |pmid=29039970 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2017.1392288 |hdl=1854/LU-8542107 |s2cid=38637145 |hdl-access=free |access-date=11 September 2021 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911203419/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408398.2017.1392288 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Godos J, Micek A, Brzostek T, Toledo E, Iacoviello L, Astrup A, Franco OH, Galvano F, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Grosso G |title=Egg consumption and cardiovascular risk: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies |journal=European Journal of Nutrition |date=2021 |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=1833–1862 |pmid=32865658 |doi=10.1007/s00394-020-02345-7 |issn=1436-6207 |pmc=8137614}}</ref>

A 2019 meta-analysis revealed that egg consumption has no significant effect on serum biomarkers of [[inflammation]].<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Sajadi Hezaveh Z, Sikaroudi MK, Vafa M, Clayton ZS, Soltani S |title=Effect of egg consumption on inflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials |journal=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture |date=2019 |volume=99 |issue=15 |pages=6663–6670 |doi=10.1002/jsfa.9903 |pmid=31259415 |pmc=7189602 |bibcode=2019JSFA...99.6663S}}</ref> A 2021 review of clinical trials found that egg consumption has beneficial effects on macular pigment optical density and serum lutein.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Khalighi Sikaroudi M, Saraf-Bank S, Clayton ZS, Soltani S |title=A positive effect of egg consumption on macular pigment and healthy vision: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials |journal=J Sci Food Agric |date=2021 |volume=101 |issue=10 |pages=4003–4009 |pmid=33491232 |doi=10.1002/jsfa.11109 |bibcode=2021JSFA..101.4003K |s2cid=231700748}}</ref>

=== Contamination ===
[[File:EggCleaningKaffiholen.jpg|thumb|Egg cleaning on a farm in Norway]]
A health issue associated with eggs is contamination by [[pathogenic]] [[bacteria]], such as ''[[Salmonella enteritidis]]''. Contamination of eggs with other members of the genus ''Salmonella'' while exiting a female bird via the [[cloaca]] may occur, so care must be taken to prevent the egg shell from becoming contaminated with [[fecal]] matter. In commercial practice in the US, eggs are quickly washed with a sanitizing solution within minutes of being laid. The risk of infection from raw or undercooked eggs is dependent in part upon the sanitary conditions under which the hens are kept.

Health experts advise people to refrigerate washed eggs, use them within two weeks, cook them thoroughly, and never consume raw eggs.<ref name="cspinet">"[http://www.cspinet.org/nah/eggs-ja.htm Eggs – No Yolking Matter] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509043408/http://www.cspinet.org/nah/eggs-ja.htm |date=9 May 2008 }}." ''Nutrition Action Health Letter,'' July/August 1997.</ref> As with [[meat]], containers and surfaces that have been used to process raw eggs should not come in contact with ready-to-eat food.

A study by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 2002 (Risk Analysis April 2002 22(2):203-18) suggests the problem is not so prevalent in the U.S. as once thought. It showed that of the 69 billion eggs produced annually, only 2.3 million are contaminated with ''Salmonella''—equivalent to just one in every 30,000 eggs—thus showing ''Salmonella'' infection is quite rarely induced by eggs. This has not been the case in other countries, however, where ''Salmonella enteritidis'' and ''[[Salmonella typhimurium]]'' infections due to egg consumption are major concerns.<ref name=ccni>{{cite journal |last1=Kimura |first1=Akiko C. |display-authors=3 |title=Chicken Consumption Is a Newly Identified Risk Factor for Sporadic Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritidis Infections in the United States: A Case-Control Study in FoodNet Sites |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |volume=38 |pages=S244–S252 |year=2004 |doi=10.1086/381576 |pmid=15095196 |last2=Reddy |first2=V |last3=Marcus |first3=R |last4=Cieslak |first4=PR |last5=Mohle-Boetani |first5=JC |last6=Kassenborg |first6=HD |last7=Segler |first7=SD |last8=Hardnett |first8=FP |last9=Barrett |first9=T |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=phis>{{cite journal |last1=Little |first1=C.L |display-authors=3 |title=Public health investigations of Salmonella Enteritidis in catering raw shell eggs, 2002–2004 |journal=Letters in Applied Microbiology |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=595–601 |year=2007 |doi=10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02131.x |pmid=17576219 |last2=Surman-Lee |first2=S |last3=Greenwood |first3=M |last4=Bolton |first4=FJ |last5=Elson |first5=R |last6=Mitchell |first6=RT |last7=Nichols |first7=GN |last8=Sagoo |first8=SK |last9=Threlfall |first9=EJ |s2cid=19995946 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=lost>{{cite journal |last1=Stephens |first1=N. |title=Large outbreaks of Salmonella Typhimurium phage type 135 infections associated with the consumption of products containing raw egg in Tasmania |journal=Communicable Diseases Intelligence |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=118–24 |year=2007 |pmid=17503652 |last2=Sault |first2=C |last3=Firestone |first3=SM |last4=Lightfoot |first4=D |last5=Bell |first5=C |display-authors=3 |doi=10.33321/cdi.2007.31.8 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Egg shells act as [[hermetic seal]]s that guard against bacteria entering, but this seal can be broken through improper handling or if laid by unhealthy chickens. Most forms of contamination enter through such weaknesses in the shell. In the [[UK]], the [[British Egg Industry Council]] awards the lions stamp to eggs that, among other things, come from hens that have been vaccinated against ''[[Salmonella]]''.<ref>[http://egginfo.co.uk/page/ukeggs Knowledge Guide] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206125826/http://www.egginfo.co.uk/page/ukeggs |date=6 February 2010 }}, British Egg Information Service. Retrieved 26 February 2010.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110203140150/http://www.lioneggs.co.uk/files/lioneggs.co.uk/pdfs/LionCodeSummary.pdf Lion Code of Practice]. Retrieved 26 February 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.farminguk.com/news/Irish-salmonella-outbreak-traced-to-rare-strain_17812.html Farming UK news article] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310062846/http://www.farminguk.com/news/Irish-salmonella-outbreak-traced-to-rare-strain_17812.html |date=10 March 2012 }}. Retrieved 26 February 2010.</ref>

In 2017, authorities blocked millions of eggs from sale in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany because of contamination with the [[insecticide]] [[2017 Fipronil egg scandal|fipronil]].<ref name=guardian>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/03/eggs-removed-from-european-shelves-over-toxicity-fears-fipronil |author=Daniel Boffey |title=Millions of eggs removed from European shelves over toxicity fears |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=3 August 2017 |access-date=3 August 2017 |archive-date=7 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807205801/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/03/eggs-removed-from-european-shelves-over-toxicity-fears-fipronil |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Food allergy ===
{{Main|Egg allergy}}

One of the most common [[food allergy|food allergies]] in infants is eggs.<ref name="food_allergy">[http://www.sswahs.nsw.gov.au/rpa/allergy/resources/allergy/eggallergy.pdf Egg Allergy Brochure] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125112704/http://www.sswahs.nsw.gov.au/rpa/allergy/resources/allergy/eggallergy.pdf |date=25 November 2011 }}, distributed by [[Royal Prince Alfred Hospital]]</ref> Infants usually have the opportunity to grow out of this allergy during childhood, if exposure is minimized.<ref>[http://www.aafa.org/display.cfm?id=9&sub=20&cont=523 "Egg Allergy Facts"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112200539/http://www.aafa.org/display.cfm?id=9&sub=20&cont=523 |date=12 January 2013 }} Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America</ref> [[Allergy|Allergic reaction]]s against egg white are more common than reactions against egg yolks.<ref name="isbn3-540-20768-6">{{cite book |author=Arnaldo Cantani |title=Pediatric Allergy, Asthma and Immunology |url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalspowd00pech_440 |url-access=limited |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=2008 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalspowd00pech_440/page/n728 710]–713 |isbn=978-3-540-20768-9}}</ref> In addition to true allergic reactions, some people experience a [[food intolerance]] to egg whites.<ref name="isbn3-540-20768-6" /> Food labeling practices in most developed countries now include eggs, egg products, and the processing of foods on equipment that also process foods containing eggs in a special allergen alert section of the ingredients on the labels.<ref>[https://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/food-allergen-labelling-technical-guidance.pdf "Food allergen labelling and information requirements under the EU Food Information for Consumers Regulation No. 1169/2011: Technical Guidance"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707062644/https://www.food.gov.uk/sites/default/files/food-allergen-labelling-technical-guidance.pdf |date=7 July 2017 }} (April 2015).</ref>

== Farming ==
{{See also|Poultry farming}}
[[File:GroceryStoreEggs.JPG|thumb|Eggs for sale at a grocery store]]
[[File:6-Pack-Chicken-Eggs.jpg|thumb|White and brown eggs in an egg crate]]

Most commercially farmed chicken eggs intended for human consumption are unfertilized, since the laying hens are kept without [[rooster]]s. Fertile eggs may be eaten, with little nutritional difference when compared to the unfertilized. Fertile eggs will not contain a developed [[embryo]], as refrigeration temperatures inhibit cellular growth for an extended period of time. Sometimes an embryo is allowed to develop, but eaten before hatching as with [[balut (egg)|balut]].

=== Grading by quality and size ===
{{See also|Food grading|Chicken egg sizes}}
[[File:Egg scale.jpg|thumb|A scale for grading eggs]]
The U.S. Department of Agriculture grades eggs by the interior quality of the egg (see [[Haugh unit]]) and the appearance and condition of the egg shell. Eggs of any quality grade may differ in weight (size). Grade AA and Grade A eggs are best for frying and poaching, where appearance is important.
* U.S. Grade AA
** Eggs have whites that are thick and firm; have yolks that are high, round, and practically free from defects; and have clean, unbroken shells.
* U.S. Grade A
** Eggs have characteristics of Grade AA eggs except the whites are "reasonably" firm.
** This is the quality most often sold in stores.
* U.S. Grade B
** Eggs have whites that may be thinner and yolks that may be wider and flatter than eggs of higher grades. The shells must be unbroken, but may show slight stains.
** This quality is seldom found in retail stores because usually they are used to make liquid, frozen, and dried egg products, as well as other egg-containing products.

In [[Australia]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Requirements for the Egg Industry in the 2001 Welfare Code |url=http://www.poultryhub.org/egg-industry/requirements-for-the-egg-industry-in-the-2001-welfare-code/#Free_range_systems_.28non_cage_systems.29 |access-date=23 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110330102743/http://www.poultryhub.org/egg-industry/requirements-for-the-egg-industry-in-the-2001-welfare-code/ |archive-date=30 March 2011 }}</ref> and the [[European Union]], eggs are graded by the hen raising method, [[free range]], [[battery cage]]d, etc.

Chicken eggs [[Chicken egg sizes|are graded by size]] for the purpose of sales. Some maxi eggs may have double-yolks and some farms separate out double-yolk eggs for special sale.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Merwin |first1=Hugh |title=Noticed November 25, 2014 10:00 a.m. You Can Now Buy Double-Yolk Eggs by the Dozen |url=http://www.grubstreet.com/2014/11/sauders-double-yolkers-eggs.html |access-date=26 November 2014 |work=Grub Street |date=25 November 2014 |archive-date=4 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204190816/http://www.grubstreet.com/2014/11/sauders-double-yolkers-eggs.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Egg and maxi egg 1.jpg|{{center|Comparison of an egg and a maxi egg with a double-yolk - closed (1/2)}}
File:Egg and maxi egg 2.jpg|{{center|Comparison of an egg and a maxi egg with a double-yolk - opened (2/2)}}
File:Egg with two yellows.jpg|{{center|Double-yolk egg - opened}}
</gallery>

=== Color of eggshell ===
[[File:Egg colours.jpg|thumb|left|White, speckled (red), and brown chicken eggs]]
Although eggshell color is a largely cosmetic issue, with no effect on egg quality or taste, it is a major issue in production due to regional and national preferences for specific colors, and the results of such preferences on demand. For example, in most regions of the [[United States]], chicken eggs generally are white. However, brown eggs are more common in some parts of the [[Northeastern United States]], particularly [[New England]], where a television jingle for years proclaimed "brown eggs are local eggs, and local eggs are fresh!".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willard |first=L. F. |date=1 August 2022 |title=Are Brown Eggs the Only Local Eggs? |url=https://newengland.com/food/brown-eggs-vs-white-eggs/ |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=New England |language=en}}</ref> Local chicken breeds, including the [[Rhode Island Red]], lay brown eggs. Brown eggs are preferred in [[China]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Ireland]], [[France]], and the [[United Kingdom]]. In [[Brazil]] and [[Poland]], white chicken eggs are generally regarded as industrial, and brown or reddish ones are preferred. Small farms and [[smallholdings]], particularly in economically advanced nations, may sell eggs of widely varying colors and sizes, with combinations of white, brown, speckled (red), green, and blue (as laid by certain breeds, including araucanas,<ref>Blue eggs, sometimes thought a joke, are a reality, as reported here [https://web.archive.org/web/20111103173514/http://www.costacalidachronicle.com/articles/food-and-drink/blue-hen-eggs.html], for example.</ref> heritage skyline, and cream leg bar) eggs in the same box or carton, while the supermarkets at the same time sell mostly eggs from the larger producers, of the color preferred in that nation or region.

[[File:7oeufs.JPG|thumb|upright|Very dark brown eggs of [[Marans]], a [[France|French]] breed of [[chicken]]]]
These cultural trends have been observed for many years. ''The New York Times'' reported during the Second World War that housewives in Boston preferred brown eggs and those in New York preferred white eggs.<ref>See ''New York Times'' [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/12/21/98584419.pdf historical archive] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225035025/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/12/21/98584419.pdf |date=25 February 2021 }} for details – link opens on correct page.</ref> In February 1976, the ''[[New Scientist]]'' magazine, in discussing issues of chicken egg color, stated "Housewives are particularly fussy about the colour of their eggs, preferring even to pay more for brown eggs although white eggs are just as good".<ref name=newscientist>{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhC9t3Q3YMcC&q=housewife+prefers+brown+egg&pg=PA449 |title=A Blue Story |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |date=26 February 1976 |volume=69 |issue=989 |access-date=6 April 2011 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405030009/https://books.google.com/books?id=AhC9t3Q3YMcC&q=housewife+prefers+brown+egg&pg=PA449 |url-status=live}}</ref> As a result of these trends, brown eggs are usually more expensive to purchase in regions where white eggs are considered "normal", due to lower production.<ref>Evidence cited here [https://web.archive.org/web/20121105203443/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-16609821.html].</ref> In France and the United Kingdom, it is very difficult to buy white eggs, with most supermarkets supplying only the more popular brown eggs. By contrast, in [[Egypt]] it is very hard to source brown eggs, as demand is almost entirely for white ones, with the country's largest supplier describing white eggs as "table eggs" and packaging brown eggs for export.<ref>El-banna company website, product information, available here [http://www.elbannapoultry.com/products.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617074420/http://www.elbannapoultry.com/products.htm|date=17 June 2013}}.</ref>

Research conducted by a French institute in the 1970s demonstrated blue chicken eggs from the Chilean [[araucana]] fowl may be stronger and more resilient to breakage.<ref name=newscientist/>

Research at [[Nihon University]], Japan, in 1990 revealed that when Japanese housewives were deciding which eggs to buy, color was a distinct factor, with most Japanese housewives preferring the white color.<ref>Results of the study are [http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=1993/JP/JP93003.xml;JP9301809 published here] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811060849/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search/display.do?f=1993%2FJP%2FJP93003.xml%3BJP9301809 |date=11 August 2011 }}.</ref>

Egg producers carefully consider cultural issues, as well as commercial ones, when selecting the breed or breeds of chickens used for production, as egg color varies between breeds.<ref>Virtually any on-line chicken supply company will state the egg color of each breed supplied. [http://www.freewebs.com/happy_hens/meetourlayinghens.htm This] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128071253/http://www.freewebs.com/happy_hens/meetourlayinghens.htm |date=28 November 2011 }} is one example.</ref> Among producers and breeders, brown eggs often are referred to as "tinted", while the speckled eggs preferred by some consumers often are referred to as being "red" in color.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eggs and Egg Colour Chart |url=http://www.themaransclub.co.uk/eggs-and-egg-colour-chart/4541995077 |website=The Marans Club |access-date=30 October 2017 |archive-date=29 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029183726/http://www.themaransclub.co.uk/eggs-and-egg-colour-chart/4541995077 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Living conditions of birds ===

{{Further|Battery cage|Yarding}}
[[File:Battery hens -Bastos, Sao Paulo, Brazil-31March2007.jpg|thumb|upright|Laying hens in battery cages]]
Commercial [[Intensive animal farming|factory farming]] operations often involve raising the hens in small, crowded cages, preventing the chickens from engaging in natural behaviors, such as wing-flapping, dust-bathing, scratching, pecking, perching, and nest-building. Such restrictions may lead to pacing and [[escape response|escape behavior]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hsus.org/farm/resources/research/welfare/scientists_and_experts_on_battery_cages.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501091340/http://www.hsus.org/farm/resources/research/welfare/scientists_and_experts_on_battery_cages.html |archive-date=1 May 2008 |title=Scientists and Experts on Battery Cages and Laying Hen Welfare |publisher=Hsus.org |access-date=10 January 2010}}</ref>

Many hens confined to battery cages, and some raised in cage-free conditions, are [[debeaking|debeaked]] to prevent them from harming each other and engaging in [[cannibalism]]. According to critics of the practice, this can cause hens severe pain to the point where some may refuse to eat and starve to death. Some hens may be [[forced molting|forced to molt]] to increase egg quality and production level after the [[molting]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/poultry/mp70/mp70-15.htm |title=Eggs and force-moulting |publisher=Ianrpubs.unl.edu |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081019165352/http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/poultry/mp70/mp70-15.htm |archive-date=19 October 2008}}</ref> Molting can be induced by extended food withdrawal, water withdrawal, or controlled lighting programs.

Laying hens often are euthanized when reaching 100 to 130 weeks of age, when their egg productivity starts to decline.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/poultry/publication/commegg/ |title=Commercial Egg Production and Processing |publisher=Ag.ansc.purdue.edu |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012015330/http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/poultry/publication/commegg/ |archive-date=12 October 2009}}</ref> Due to modern [[selective breeding]], laying hen [[strain (biology)|strain]]s differ from meat production strains. As male birds of the laying strain do not lay eggs and are not suitable for meat production, they generally are killed soon after they hatch.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Go Vegan |url=https://www.vegansociety.com/go-vegan/why-go-vegan/animals |website=[[The Vegan Society]] |access-date=2025-02-18}}</ref>

[[Free-range eggs]] are considered by some advocates to be an acceptable substitute to factory-farmed eggs. [[Free-range]] laying hens are given outdoor access instead of being contained in crowded cages. Questions regarding the living conditions of free-range hens have been raised in the United States of America, as there is no legal definition or regulations for eggs labeled as free-range in that country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cok.net/lit/freerange.php |title=Free-range eggs |publisher=Cok.net |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100124174339/http://www.cok.net/lit/freerange.php |archive-date=24 January 2010 }}</ref>

In the United States, increased public concern for [[animal welfare]] has pushed various egg producers to promote eggs under a variety of standards. The most widespread standard in use is determined by [[United Egg Producers]] through their voluntary program of certification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uepcertified.com/abouttheprogram.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108231358/http://www.uepcertified.com/abouttheprogram.html |archive-date=8 January 2008 |title=United Egg Producers Certified |date=8 January 2008 |access-date=22 January 2018}}</ref> The United Egg Producers program includes guidelines regarding housing, food, water, air, living space, beak trimming, molting, handling, and transportation, however, opponents such as [[The Humane Society]] have alleged UEP certification is misleading and allows a significant amount of unchecked animal cruelty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hsus.org/farm/resources/pubs/uep_certified_logo.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518094024/http://www.hsus.org/farm/resources/pubs/uep_certified_logo.html |archive-date=18 May 2008 |title=Wondering What The "UEP Certified" Logo Means? |publisher=Hsus.org |access-date=10 January 2010}}</ref> Other standards include "Cage Free", "Natural", "Certified Humane", and "[[Certified Organic]]". Of these standards, "Certified Humane", which carries requirements for stocking density and cage-free keeping and so on, and "Certified Organic", which requires hens to have outdoor access and to be fed only organic vegetarian feed and so on, are the most stringent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eggindustry.com/cfi/faq/ |title=Egg Labels |publisher=EggIndustry.com |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=4 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904164954/http://www.eggindustry.com/cfi/faq/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=The Humane Society of the United States |url=http://www.hsus.org/farm/resources/pubs/animal_welfare_claims_on_egg_cartons.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518094024/http://www.hsus.org/farm/resources/pubs/uep_certified_logo.html |archive-date=18 May 2008 |title=A Brief Guide to Egg Carton Labels and Their Relevance to Animal Welfare |publisher=Hsus.org |access-date=10 January 2010}}</ref>

Effective 1 January 2012, the [[European Union]] banned conventional battery cages for egg-laying hens, as outlined in EU Directive 1999/74/EC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31999L0074:EN:HTML |title=EUR-Lex – 31999L0074 – EN |publisher=Eur-lex.europa.eu |access-date=10 January 2010 |archive-date=16 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616082508/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31999L0074:EN:HTML |url-status=live}}</ref> The EU permits the use of "enriched" [[furnished cages]] that must meet certain space and amenity requirements. Egg producers in many member states have objected to the new quality standards while in some countries, even furnished cages and family cages are subject to be banned as well. The production standard of the eggs is visible on a mandatory [[egg marking]] categorization where the EU egg code begins with 3 for caged chicken to 1 for free-range eggs and 0 for organic egg production.

===Killing of male chicks===
{{main|Chick culling}}
In all methods of egg production, unwanted male chicks are killed at birth during the process of securing a further generation of egg-laying hens.<ref name=egg>{{cite web |title=Egg Production & Welfare |author=Vegetarian Society |url=http://www.vegsoc.org/page.aspx?pid=587# |access-date=22 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316205339/https://www.vegsoc.org/page.aspx?pid=587 |archive-date=16 March 2018}}</ref> As of June 2023, this practice has been banned in Germany, France, Luxembourg, and Italy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Torrella |first=Kenny |date=1 May 2023 |title=Save the male chicks |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/5/1/23700952/egg-industry-male-chick-culling-animal-welfare |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-17 |title=Animal protection in Luxembourg |url=http://gouvernement.lu/en/dossiers/2018/tierschutz.html |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=gouvernement.lu |language=en}}</ref> Some egg producers have begun using [[in-ovo sexing]] to analyze the sex of a chick before it hatches, allowing them to remove male eggs from incubation and avoid chick culling.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Blond |first=Josie Le |date=22 December 2018 |title=World's first no-kill eggs go on sale in Berlin |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/dec/22/worlds-first-no-kill-eggs-go-on-sale-in-berlin |access-date=29 June 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> As of April 2025, five companies offer commercially available in-ovo sexing technology, which is used for 28 percent of the European layer population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In-Ovo Sexing Overview |url=https://www.innovateanimalag.org/egg-sexing |access-date=25 August 2025 |website=Innovate Animal Ag |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Cultural significance ==
{{Further|Egg decorating|Easter egg}}
[[File:Easter eggs - straw decoration.jpg|thumb|''Hanácké kraslice'', Easter eggs from the [[Haná]] region, the [[Czech Republic]]]]
A popular [[Easter]] tradition in some parts of the world is a decoration of hard-boiled eggs (usually by dyeing, but often by spray-painting). A similar tradition of [[egg decorating|egg painting]] exists in areas of the world influenced by the culture of [[Persian empire|Persia]]. Before the spring [[equinox]] in the Persian New Year tradition (called ''[[Norouz]]''), each family member decorates a hard-boiled egg and they set them together in a bowl.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Stephanie |date=6 April 2017 |title=The Ancient Art of Decorating Eggs {{!}} Folklife Today |url=https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2017/04/decorating-eggs/ |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=The Library of Congress}}</ref> In Northern Europe and North America, Easter eggs may be hidden by adults for children to find in an [[Egg hunt|Easter egg hunt]]. They may be [[egg rolling|rolled]] in some traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Hunt: How an Easter Tradition Was Hatched |url=https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/inspire-me/blog/articles/the-history-of-the-egg-hunt/ |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=English Heritage}}</ref> In Eastern and Central Europe, and parts of England, easter eggs may be [[egg tapping|tapped against each other]] to see whose egg breaks first.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bociąga |first=Przemysław |date=7 April 2023 |title=A Worldwide Easter Tradition With Central European Roots |url=https://3seaseurope.com/egg-tapping-may-have-spread-from-central-europe/ |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=3 Seas Europe |language=en-US}}</ref>

Since the sixteenth century, the tradition of a [[dancing egg]] is held during the feast of [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] in Barcelona and other [[Catalonia|Catalan]] cities. It consists of a hollow eggshell, positioned over the water jet from a fountain, which causes the eggshell to revolve without falling.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dancing eggs for Corpus Christi {{!}} Barcelona Cultura |url=https://www.barcelona.cat/barcelonacultura/en/recomanem/corpus-christi-dancing-eggs-open-days |access-date=25 November 2023 |website=www.barcelona.cat}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Food}}
* [[Egg substitutes]]
* [[Lists of foods]]
* [[List of egg dishes]]
* [[Roe|Fish eggs]]
* [[Yolkless egg]]
* [[Ham and eggs]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|Egg}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080617163340/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/fs-eggs6.html Fact Sheet on FDA's Proposed Regulation: Prevention of Salmonella Enteritidis in Shell Eggs During Production] (archived 17 June 2008)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130616195011/http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/GuidanceDocumentsRegulatoryInformation/Eggs/default.htm Egg Information] U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2011)
* [http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/Details.aspx?itemNo=8154 Egg Basics for the Consumer: Packaging, Storage, and Nutritional Information] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200738/http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/Details.aspx?itemNo=8154 |date=25 May 2014 }}. (2007) University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved 23 May 2014.

{{Eggs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Egg (Food)}}
[[Category:Eggs as food| ]]
[[Category:Types of food]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Rasika Dugal

2026-03-17T14:15:17Z

Wikimelo: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1985)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rasika Dugal
| image = Rasika Dugal at Grazia Young Fashion Awards 2024.jpg
| caption = Dugal in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|01|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]]
| alma_mater =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2007–present
| known_for = Mirzapur(2018-present)
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Mukul Chadda]]|2010}}
}}

'''Rasika Dugal''' (born 31 January 1985) is an Indian actress<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.therahnuma.com/rasika-dugal-shares-smiles-and-scowls-of-shootlife/ |title=Rasika Dugal shares smiles and scowls of shootlife |website=Rahnuma |date=July 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108050253/https://www.therahnuma.com/rasika-dugal-shares-smiles-and-scowls-of-shootlife/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/rasika-dugal-i-am-craving-the-energy-of-being-back-on-set-apprehensions-though-are-still-there-101624885633397.html |title=Rasika Dugal- I am craving the energy of being back on set apprehensions though are still here |author=Rishabh Suri |date=28 June 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> known for her roles in several [[Bollywood|Indian movies]] and television productions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Rasika-Dugal |title=Rasika Dugal |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/rasika-dugal-shares-glimpse-of-life-on-the-set/81802954.html |title=Rasika Dugal shares glimpse of life on the set |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |author=agencies |date=10 July 2021}}</ref>

She made her screen debut with a small role, in the film ''[[Anwar (2007 film)|Anwar]]'' (2007)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.therahnuma.com/rasika-dugal-my-career-is-about-different-people-seeing-me-in-different-roles/ |title=Rasika Dugal says my career is about different people seeing me in different roles |website=The Rahnuma Daily (रहनुमा) |access-date=5 August 2021 |archive-date=25 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725081602/https://www.therahnuma.com/rasika-dugal-my-career-is-about-different-people-seeing-me-in-different-roles/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and went on to star in many critically acclaimed films namely ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]'' (2007), ''[[Aurangzeb (film)|Aurangzeb]]'' (2013), ''[[Qissa (film)|Qissa]]'' (2015), ''[[Train Station (film)|Train Station]]'' (2015), ''[[Tu Hai Mera Sunday]]'' (2017) and ''[[Hamid (film)|Hamid]]'' (2018).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/movies/after-manto-rasika-dugal-to-be-next-seen-in-aijaz-khans-hamid-1545085.html |title=After Manto, Rasika Dugal To Be Next Seen In Aijaz Khan's Hamid |date=13 October 2017 |publisher=News18.com |accessdate=13 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/rasika-dugal-signs-yoodle-films-hamid-1063112-2017-10-12 |title=Rasika Dugal signs Yoodle Films Hamid |work=India Today |date=12 October 2017 |access-date=12 October 2017}}</ref> In 2018, she was seen in the biographical movie ''[[Manto (2018 film)|Manto]]'' based on the life of writer [[Saadat Hassan Manto]], where she essayed the role of Safia, Manto's wife,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/manto-trailer-nawazuddin-siddiqui-as-saadat-hasan-manto-is-brilliant-take-a-bow-1900726 |title=Manto Trailer: Nawazuddin Siddiqui As Saadat Hasan Manto Is Brilliant. Take A Bow |date=15 August 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=15 August 2018 |language=English}}</ref> for which she garnered her first [[Screen Awards|Screen Award]] nomination in the category of [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]. She appeared in movies like ''[[Lootcase]]'' and ''[[Darbaan]]'', her performances in both of which were praised.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/rasika-dugal-says-shooting-for-lootcase-was-a-welcome-break-from-intense-roles-3721855/ |title=Rasika Dugal Says Shooting For Lootcase Was a 'Welcome Break' From Intense Roles |date=19 July 2013 |website=India |language=en |access-date=20 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="multiplex">{{cite web |title=Disney Plus Hotstar Makes Strategic Choice to Bypass India's Theaters, Give More Movies Streaming Premieres |website=Variety |date=29 June 2020 |url=https://variety.com/2020/streaming/news/akshay-kumar-ajay-devgn-hotstar-1234692525/ |access-date=29 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/feb/15/sharib-hashmi-sharad-kelkar-to-star-in-darbaan-17054.html |title=Sharib Hashmi, Sharad Kelkar, Rasika Dugal to star in Darbaan |website=Cinema Express |date=15 February 2020 |language=en |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/darbaan-trailer-sharad-kelkar-sharib-hashmi-leave-internet-impressed-597190 |title=Sharad Kelkar, Sharib Hashmi's Darbaan trailer leaves internet impressed |last=Yadav |first=Nitesh |date=11 March 2020 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en |access-date=19 March 2020}}</ref>

Rasika's breakthrough came in the year 2018 with her role in the [[Amazon Prime Video]] original series ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/manoj-bajpayee-divya-dutta-rasika-dugal-actors-bat-for-self-censorship-on-ott-platforms-101624684620616.html |title=Manoj Bajpayee, Rasika Dugal, Divya Dutta, actors bat for self censorship on OTT platforms |website=Hindustan Times |author=Rishabh Suri |date=26 June 2021}}</ref> for which she earned a nomination in [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] in the category of Best Actress in a web series. Since then, she has received critical appraisal for multiple [[web series]], including ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]'' (2019), ''[[Delhi Crime]]'' (2019), ''[[Out of Love (Indian TV series)|Out of Love]]'' (2019-2021), ''[[A Suitable Boy (series)|A Suitable Boy]]'' (2020), and ''[[OK Computer (TV series)|OK Computer]]'' (2021).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/working-on-delhi-crime-assuaged-my-guilt-about-moving-on-actor-rasika-dugal-919846.html |title=Working on Delhi Crime assuaged my guilt about moving on says Rasika Dugal |website=Deccan Herald |author=PTI, New Delhi |location=New Delhi |date=25 November 2020 |access-date=28 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/17766/exclusive-a-suitable-boy-had-rasika-dugal-feeling-nostalgic-for-the-50s |website=Mashable |title=A Suitable Boy has Rasika Dugal feeling nostalgic for the 50s |author=Tanzim Pardiwalla |date=20 October 2020 |location=Mumbai}}</ref>

In addition to films, Dugal is also active in the television industry. She has appeared in many television serials, such as ''[[Powder (TV series)|Powder]]'' (2010), ''[[Kismat (TV series)|Kismat]]'' (2010), ''Upanishad Ganga'' (2012), and ''[[P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke]]'' (2016).<ref>{{cite web |author=Apoorv Nijhara |title=Rasika Dugal best roles |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/78499-rasika-dugal-best-roles-lootcase-a-suitable-boy-mirzapur-delhi-crime.html |website=Mens XP|date=17 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Banga |first1=Gursimran Kaur |date=10 November 2016 |title=Review: P.O.W. - Bandi Yuddh Ke strikes a chord with its engaging content |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Review-P-O-W-Bandi-Yuddh-Ke-strikes-a-chord-with-its-engaging-content/articleshow/55349694.cms |access-date=8 April 2021}}</ref> She co-wrote a short film with her husband ([[Mukul Chadda]]) titled ''Banana Bread''.<ref>{{cite web |date=5 November 2019 |title=Rasika Dugal likes sensitive scripts |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/rasika-dugal-likes-sensitive-scripts |website=Fresh Press Journal}}</ref> She also did a comic [[podcast]] named ''Uncovidable'' (2020), which was created by Vekeana Dhillon. It is available on the [[Audible (service)|Audible]] platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rasika-dugal-narrates-quirky-audiobook-series-uncovidable-news-bollywood-ukmoPzfabfhed.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013061206/https://www.sify.com/movies/rasika-dugal-narrates-quirky-audiobook-series-uncovidable-news-bollywood-ukmoPzfabfhed.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2020 |website=[[Sify]] |title=Rasika Dugal narrates quirky audiobook series uncovidable |date=12 October 2020 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rasika Dugal was born in Circuit House Area, [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]] to Jessie Dugal and Raveen Dugal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.therahnuma.com/rasika-dugal-has-tips-on-wearing-an-outfit/ |title=Rasika Dugal has tips on wearing an outfit |website=Rahnuma |access-date=16 July 2021 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108044948/https://www.therahnuma.com/rasika-dugal-has-tips-on-wearing-an-outfit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> She attained a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in [[mathematics]] in 2004 from [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women]], [[University of Delhi|Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/rasika-dugal-shares-humorous-mid-week-musings-on-world-social-media-day-715829 |title=Rasika Dugal shares humorous mid week musings on world social media day |date=30 June 2021 |publisher=India Tv News}}</ref> Subsequently, Dugal attended [[Sophia Polytechnic]] for a [[postgraduate diploma]] in Social Communications Media and [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]] for a [[postgraduate diploma]] in [[acting]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/back-to-ftii-days-for-rasika-dugal-23178755 |title=Back to FTII days for Rasika Dugal |website=Mid Day |author=Uma Ramasubramaniam |date=18 June 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
===Early roles, career struggles (2007-2014)===

Rasika has been appearing in Hindi cinema since 2007. She first appeared in the film ''[[Anwar (2007 film)|Anwar]]'' (2007) in a [[character actor|small role]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/bwmEEnWusJRuQ3K93FlOKN/Ten-Bollywood-directors-who-found-success-late.html |title=Here are 10 directors who didn't taste success in the first few attempts, but are at the top of the game today |last=Jha |first=Lata |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/local-news/archivefullstory.php?newsid=179576&creation_date=2006-04-26 |title=The eat is on… Kakoris entice Bollywood to Lucknow |date=26 April 2006 |work=The Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Then she appeared in various films but in a minor role namely ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]'' (2007), ''[[Hijack (2008 film)|Hijack]]'' (2008), ''[[Tahaan]]'' (2008), ''[[Agyaat]]'' (2009), ''[[Kshay]]'' (2011) and ''[[Aurangzeb (film)|Aurangzeb]]'' (2013).<ref name="Aurangzeb Review ToI">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/20082528.cms |title=Review: Aurangzeb |author=Meena Iyer |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ |access-date=17 May 2013}}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref><ref name="Aurangzeb Review Rediff">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-aurangzeb/20130517.htm |title=Review: Aurangzeb is VERY engaging |author=Sukanya Verma |work=Rediff.com |access-date=17 May 2013}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref><ref name="ko">{{Cite news |url=http://keralaonline.com/entertainment/ramus-agyaat_32131.html |title=Ramu's Agyaat |publisher=Keralaonline |access-date=19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502161032/http://keralaonline.com/entertainment/ramus-agyaat_32131.html |archive-date=2 May 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Along with films, she appeared in television shows like ''[[Powder (TV series)|Powder]]'' (2010), ''[[Rishta.com]]'' (2010), ''[[Kismat (TV series)|Kismat]]'' (2010), and ''Upanishad Ganga'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/yrf-show-inspired-by-jeffrey-archer-book/story-APBAkdpHTvZChucAVvo9yJ.html |title=YRF show inspired by Jeffrey Archer book? |date=20 August 2010 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.missmalini.com/2017/04/11/7-hindi-tv-serials-that-are-actually-based-on-english-novels/ |title=7 Hindi TV Serials That Are Actually Based On English Novels |date=11 April 2017 |access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rishta.com |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/shruti-seth-s-brother-directs-rishta.com/555415/ |work=The Indian Express |accessdate=18 December 2009}}</ref> None of her roles failed to leave an impact.

===Critical acclaim (2015-2017)===

In 2015, she starred in the critically acclaimed film ''[[Qissa (film)|Qissa]]'' in the role of Neeli. The film received praise from the critics as well as the audience. The critic's consensus was "A masterpiece that lovers of parallel cinema would thoroughly enjoy. This unconventional and heart-breaking folk tale captures human emotions unlike any other recent Indian film."<ref>{{cite web |title=Qissa Review Aggregate |url=http://thereviewmonk.com/movie/qissa/ |publisher=ReviewMonk}}</ref> She also did a [[Malayalam|Malayalam language]] film ''[[Kammatti Paadam]]'' (2016), starring [[Dulquer Salmaan]] in the lead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotstar.com/movies/kammattipadam/1000156927 |title=Kammattipaadam |publisher=[[Hotstar]]}}</ref> She also played a recurring role in the [[Barun Sobti]] starrer ''[[Tu Hai Mera Sunday]]'' (2016).<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Tu Hai Mera Sunday' review: The super dense crush load of Mumbai and the heart |url=https://scroll.in/reel/853043/tu-hai-mera-sunday-review-the-super-dense-crush-load-of-mumbai-and-the-heart |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=Scroll.in |date=6 October 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref>

She also appeared in television series like ''Dariba Dairies'' (2015) in the role of Zeenat Bano and ''[[P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke]]'' (2016) in the role of Shobha Thakur.<ref name=" Dariba Diaries ">{{cite news |title=Dariba Diaries |work=The Indian Express |access-date=21 February 2015 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/dariba-diaries-series-being-telecast-on-epic/}}</ref> She turned host on the show ''[[Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik]]''.<ref name="Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik">{{cite news |title=Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=12 July 2016 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/110716/rasika-dugal-turns-host-for-tv-show-devlok.html}}</ref> She also appeared in [[The Viral Fever]] web shows like ''[[Permanent Roommates]]'' (2016), ''Humorously Yours'' (2016-2019), and ''TVF Couples'' (2017).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/783 |title=TVF's Permanent Roommates S02E04 - The Dinner |publisher=TVF Play |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019103352/http://tvfplay.com/episode/1/3/68/783 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Chawla |first=Ankita |title='Permanent Roommates' is a drama so good, you won't find it on Indian TV |url=https://scroll.in/reel/802380/permanent-roommates-is-a-drama-so-good-you-wont-find-it-on-indian-tv |access-date=20 February 2021 |website=Scroll.in |date=24 January 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Recognition and commercial success (2018-present)===
In 2018, she made a small appearance in the [[Netflix]] anthology film ''[[Lust Stories]]'' in [[Zoya Akhtar|Zoya Akhtar's]] segment.<ref name="trailer">{{cite news |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/lust-stories-trailer-release |title=Netflix's 'Lust Stories' Trailer Promises Shades of Modern Love |work=[[The Quint]] |date=18 May 2018 |access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> Then she appeared in [[Nandita Das|Nandita Das's]] biographical movie ''[[Manto (Hindi film)|Manto]]'' (2018). The movie was about the life of playwright [[Saadat Hasan Manto]], Rasika played the role of his wife Safia. Her performance was praised by the critics, for which she received her first nomination at the [[Screen Awards]] in the category of [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]. After ''[[Manto (Hindi film)|Manto]],'' she appeared in the critically acclaimed film ''[[Hamid (film)|Hamid]]'' (2018) co-starring [[Vikas Kumar]] and Talha Arshad Reshi, directed by Aijaz Khan. The film won many accolades including [[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Feature Film in Urdu|National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Urdu]] at the [[66th National Film Awards]] and Rasika Dugal won the Best Actor Award for her role in the film ''[[Hamid (film)|Hamid]]'' at Rajasthan International Film Festival.<ref name="auto">{{cite tweet |user=taran_adarsh |author=Taran Adarsh |date=30 January 2019 |number=1090534871758323713 |title=Yoodlee Films' talked-about film #Hamid wins two prestigious awards at Rajasthan International Film Festival: Best Director Aijaz Khan and Best Actor Rasika Dugal. https://t.co/x0xWSgywiU}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/2017/10/manto-actor-rasika-dugal-signs-hamid/ |website=Urban Asian |title=Manto actor Rasika Dugal signs Hamid|date=12 October 2017 }}</ref>

She then starred in the [[Amazon Prime Video]] original series ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''. She portrayed the role of Beena Tripathi.<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{Cite web |date=22 October 2020 |title=Rasika Dugal: Beena is as manipulative as she was in Mirzapur Season 1 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/mirzapur-rasika-beena-is-as-manipulative-as-she-was-in-season-1-6738705/ |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> For her role in ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]],'' she was nominated in the [[Indian Television Academy Awards]] in the category of [[Indian Television Academy Awards|Best Actress - Web Series]]. She also appeared in an episode of [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s web series ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]'', she portrayed the role of Nutan Yadav, the daughter of an ambitious politician willing to sacrifice his daughter's dreams for his political career. The show was released on [[Amazon Prime]] on 8 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/zoya-akhtar-s-web-series-made-in-heaven-to-air-on-march-8-first-look-revealed/story-v9j001YEBj7IUHqEBH1rAP.html|title=Zoya Akhtar's web series Made in Heaven to air on March 8|date=17 January 2019}}</ref>

Subsequently, she played the main role in [[Hotstar]] original series ''[[Out of Love (Indian TV series)|Out of Love]]'' (2019-2021), playing the role of Dr. Meera Kapoor. The show was renewed for a second season which was released on 21 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2021 |title=I Find Season Two Very Fascinating: Rasika Dugal on 'Out of Love' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/i-find-season-two-very-fascinating-rasika-dugal-on-out-of-love-3672821.html |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=news18.com |language=en}}</ref> She portrayed the role of a young IPS officer named Neeti Singh in the TV series ''[[Delhi Crime]]'' released on [[Netflix]] on 21 March 2019 which won the International [[48th International Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]] for Best Drama Series.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/rasika-dugal-male-writers-make-women-characters-very-nice-news-bollywood-vd2llygdcidcb.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329105321/https://www.sify.com/movies/rasika-dugal-male-writers-make-women-characters-very-nice-news-bollywood-vd2llygdcidcb.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 March 2021 |title=Rasika Dugal says Male writers make women characters very nice |website=[[Sify]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=29 March 2021}}</ref> She also starred in supporting roles in web series such as ''[[A Suitable Boy (series)|A Suitable Boy]]'' (2020) and ''[[OK Computer (TV series)|OK Computer]]'' (2021).{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}} In 2020, her two films were released namely ''[[Lootcase]]'' and ''[[Darbaan]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/interview-rasika-dugal-on-lootcase-and-a-suitable-boy/cid/1787586 |title=Rasika Dugal on her latest work; Lootcase and The Suitable Boy |website=The Telegraph (India) |date=29 July 2020 |author=Priyanka Roy}}</ref> In both of the films, her performance was praised by the critics. She also did a podcast titled ''Uncovidable'' (2020) which was released on [[Audible (service)|Audible]]. It was created by Vekeana Dhillon.

Rasika was roped in for an international comedy audio series ''The Empire'' written by [[Anuvab Pal]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/hollywood/rasika-dugal-joins-stephen-fry-for-audio-series-the-empire-says-its-a-delight-to-hear-beautiful-voices-7217004/ |title=Rasika Dugal joins Stephen Fry for audio series The Empire, says 'it's a delight to hear beautiful voices' |date=6 March 2021 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref> She will be next seen in [[Srijit Mukherji]]'s ''Sherdil'' which also stars [[Neeraj Kabi]] and [[Pankaj Tripathi]] in key roles.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Personal life==
In 2010, Rasika Dugal married fellow actor [[Mukul Chadda]] after dating for 3 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2020 |title=All you need to know about Rasika Dugal and husband Mukul Chadda's short film |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/all-you-need-to-know-about-rasika-duggal-and-husband-mukul-chaddas-short-film/22841277 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630001849/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/all-you-need-to-know-about-rasika-duggal-and-husband-mukul-chaddas-short-film/22841277 |archive-date=30 June 2020 |website=mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsd.in/mukul-chadda-is-proud-of-wife-rasika-dugals-success/ |title=Mukul Chadda is proud of wife Rasika Dugal |website=newsd.in |author=Arundhati Banerjee |date=15 June 2021}}</ref> She enjoys reading [[Urdu poetry]], learning music, and listening to [[podcasts]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/social-buzz/rasika-dugal-recites-a-poem-for-all-mothers-on-their-special-day |title=Rasika Dugal recites a poem for all mothers on their special day |website=The Quint |author=Quint Neon |date=9 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rasika-dugal-i-have-been-trying-to-learn-how-to-sing-much-to-the-disgust-of-my-neighbours/story-J2QOmSBO2Wyeg16UIlobNL.html |title=Rasika Dugal- I have been trying to learn how to sing much to the disgust of my neighbours |website=Hindustan Times |author=HT Ruchi Kaushal |date=31 October 2020 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> She currently resides in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/mukul-chadda-and-rasika-dugal-spread-message-of-food-conservation-213649 |title=Mukul Chadda and Rasika Dugal spreads message of food conservation |website=The Express Tribune |date=17 February 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185944/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/mukul-chadda-and-rasika-dugal-spread-message-of-food-conservation-213649 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007
|''[[Anwar (2007 film)|Anwar]]''|| Deepti || || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/anwar/critic-review/anwar-movie-review/ |title=Anwar Movie Review |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=12 January 2007 |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]''|| || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008
|''[[Hijack (2008 film)|Hijack]]''|| Neha || ||
|-
|''[[Tahaan]]''|| Nadira || ||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
| 2009
|''[[Agyaat]]''|| Sameera || ||
|-
| 2010
|''[[Thanks Maa]]''|| || ||{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
| 2011
|''[[Kshay]]''|| Chhaya || ||<ref name=" Kshay ">{{cite news |title=Kshay |publisher=Cine Vue |access-date=19 February 2015 |url=http://www.cine-vue.com/2011/11/film-review-kshay-corrode.html}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
|''[[Aurangzeb (film)|Aurangzeb]]''|| Trishla Phogat "Chhoti" || ||
|-
| 2014
|''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''|| Amrita Mathur || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015
|''[[Qissa (film)|Qissa]]''|| Neeli || ||<ref name=" Qissa ">{{cite news |title=Qissa |work=HuffPost |access-date=19 February 2015 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/02/19/quissa-review-irrfan-khan_n_6710870.html}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Train Station (film)|Train Station]]'' || Wife (India) || || <ref name="detroitnews1">{{cite web |url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130428/OPINION03/304280306/1460/OPINION0307/Detroit-duo-collaborates-United-Nations-filmmaking |title=Detroit News |website=Detroit News }}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://michiganradio.org/post/making-one-film-40-directors-23-countries#stream/0 |title=Making one film with 40 directors in 23 countries |first=Stateside |last=Staff|date=9 May 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
|''[[Kammatti Paadam]]''|| Juhi || [[Malayalam]] film ||
|-
|''Shor Se Shuruaat''|| Lina || ||
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Tu Hai Mera Sunday]]'' || Tasneem || || <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2017 |title=Tu Hai Mera Sunday movie review: This Shahana Goswami starrer is a feel-good, light-hearted yarn |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/tu-hai-mera-sunday-movie-review-barun-sobti-shahana-goswami-star-rating-4875595/ |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tu Hai Mera Sunday Movie Review: Barun Sobti Stars In The Year's Nicest Film |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/tu-hai-mera-sunday-movie-review-barun-sobti-stars-in-the-years-nicest-film-1759491 |access-date=16 July 2020 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2018
|''[[Once Again (2018 film)|Once Again]]''|| Sapna || ||
|-
|''[[Lust Stories]]''|| Maid || ||
|-
|''[[Hamid (film)|Hamid]]''|| Ishrat
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/oct/13/8650/rasika-dugal-to-play-kashmiri-widow-in-aijaz-khan-s-hamid |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025185758/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/oct/13/8650/rasika-dugal-to-play-kashmiri-widow-in-aijaz-khan-s-hamid |url-status=live |archive-date=25 October 2017 |title=Rasika Dugal to play Kashmiri widow in Aijaz Khan's Hamid |publisher=Cinestaan |access-date=13 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rasika-dugal-to-play-mother-in-kashmir-set-film-hamid-4886716 |title=Rasika Dugal to play mother in Kashmir-set film Hamid |work=The Indian Express |date=12 October 2017 |accessdate=12 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Manto (Hindi film)|Manto]]''|| Safia || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/delhi/nandita-das-and-nawazuddin-siddiqui-bring-mantoiyat-to-jnu/articleshow/65887274.cms |title=Nandita Das and Nawazuddin Siddiqui bring Mantoiyat to JNU|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/rasikadugal/status/1044125008505835520 |via=Twitter |title=Safia portrayed by Rasika Dugal}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=February 2024}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019
|''#Gadhvi''
| Laxmi
|
|
|-
| ''Hamidabai Ki Kothi''
| Shabbo
| [[ZEE5]] film
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/hamidabai-ki-kothi/0-0-72020 |title=Hamidabai Ki Kothi on Zee5 |website=Zee5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/hamidabai-ki-kothi-now-a-teleplay-on-ott-629074 |title=Hamidabai Ki Kothi now a teleplay on OTT |website=The Hans India |author=Rajeshwari Kalyanam; रजेश्वरी कल्यानम |date=20 June 2020 |access-date=1 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020
|''[[Lootcase]]''|| Lata
| [[Hotstar]] film
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kunal Kemmu starrer Lootcase to release on Disney Plus Hotstar |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/lootcase-kunal-kemmu-disney-plus-hotstar-release-6481660/ |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Darbaan]]''
| Bhuri
| [[ZEE5]] film
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/darbaan/movieshow/74171493.cms |title=Darbaan |website=The Times of India |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5news/zee5-announces-next-original-gilm-darbaan-family-drama-based-on-a-story-by-rabindranath-tagore/ |title=ZEE5 Announces Next Original Gilm {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source}} 'Darbaan', Family Drama Based On A Story By Rabindranath Tagore |date=10 November 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Fairy Folk]]''
|Ritika
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rasika-dugals-fairy-folk-gets-a-release-date/article67824821.ece|title=
Rasika Dugal's 'Fairy Folk' gets a release date|website=The Hindu|date=8 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Logout (film)|Logout]]''
|Pratyush's Sister
|[[ZEE5]] film
|
|-
|''[[Lord Curzon Ki Haveli]]''
|Ira
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="3"|2010
| ''[[Powder (TV series)|Powder]]''
| Rati
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/48458/busting-powder-crime.html |title=Busting 'powder' crime |date=23 January 2010 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rishta.com]]''
|
|
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/311174/rishtacom-most-satisfying-didnt-get.html |title='Rishta.com' was most satisfying, but didn't get TRPs |date=10 February 2013 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |access-date=6 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kismat (TV series)|Kismat]]''
| Lubna
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''Upanishad Ganga''
| Various roles
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://medium.com/@prashank/this-facebook-is-all-about-downloading-all-episodes-of-upnishad-ganga-a-page-where-you-can-a877e0d4d985 |title=Upanishad Ganga |website=Medium |author=Rahul Sharma |date=20 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''Dariba Diaries''
| Zeenat Bano
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.betaseries.com/en/show/dariba-diaries |title=Dariba Diaries |website=Beta Series}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://writersbrew.com/2015/06/dariba-diaries/ |title=Dariba Diaries is set in Dariba kalan of 19th century Delhi, at a time when the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar is rendered powerless and the British Raj is established |website=Writers Brew|date=21 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2016
| ''[[Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik]]''
| Host
| Reality show
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/110716/rasika-dugal-turns-host-for-tv-show-devlok.html |title=Rasika Dugal turns host for television show Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik |date=11 July 2016 |access-date=19 July 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle |author=Sameena Razzaq}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke]]''
| Shobha Thakur
|
| <ref>{{cite news |first1=Ankita |last1=Maneck |date=30 October 2016 |title=Hatufim creator Gideon Raff talks POW: Bandi Yudh Ke, Homeland, remakes and research |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/hatufim-creator-gideon-raff-talks-pow-bandi-yudh-ke-homeland-remakes-and-research-3078676.html |access-date=30 October 2016 |work=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Michael |last1=Schneider |date=24 October 2016 |title='Homeland' Was Just the Beginning, as Gideon Raff's 'Prisoners of War' Inspires More Shows Globally |url=http://www.indiewire.com/2016/10/homeland-prisoners-of-war-israel-gideon-raff-1201739546/ |access-date=24 October 2016 |work=[[IndieWire]]}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Platform
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2016
|''[[Permanent Roommates]]''
| Cameo
| rowspan="3"|[[The Viral Fever]]
| Season 2; Episode 4
| <ref name="auto2"/>
|-
| 2016–2023
| ''Humorously Yours''
| Mrs. Kavya Goyal
| 9 episodes
|
|-
| 2017
| ''TVF Couples''
| Kavya
| Episode: ''Saheb, Biwi aur Billi''
|
|-
| 2018–present
| ''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''
| Beena Tripathi
| rowspan="2"|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
| 19 episodes
|{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|-
| 2019
|''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]''
| Nutan Yadav
| 2 episodes
|
|-
| 2019 – present
| ''[[Delhi Crime]]''
| Neeti Singh
| [[Netflix]]
| 7 episodes
|
|-
| 2019–2021
| ''[[Out of Love (Indian TV series)|Out of Love]]''
| Dr. Meera Kapoor
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| 11 episodes
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-rasika-dugal-meets-physicians-for-her-role-in-dr-kapoor/337019 |title=Rasika Dugal meets physicians for her role in the Hotstar series Out of Love |website=Outlook |author=Lachmi Deb Roy, Arts and Entertainment |date=24 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2021/may/22/i-want-my-characters-to-make-people-re-examine-their-lives-and-affect-them-says-rasika-dugal-33769.html |title=I want my characters to make people re-examine their lives and affect them says Rasika Dugal on her role in Out of Love |website=Indulge Express |author=Priyanka Chandani |date=22 May 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''[[A Suitable Boy (series)|A Suitable Boy]]''
| Savita Mehra Kapoor
| [[BBC One]] & [[Netflix]]
|
| <ref>
|{{Cite web |title=BBC - Cast announced for BBC One's A Suitable Boy, the first screen adaptation of Vikram Seth's classic novel - Media Centre |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2019/a-suitable-boy-cast |publisher=BBC}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[OK Computer (TV series)|OK Computer]]''
| Satoshi
| [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| 2 episodes
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2020 |title=OK Computer to premiere on Disney Plus Hotstar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ok-computer-to-premiere-on-disney-plus-hotstar-6619237/ |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='OK Computer' review: Artificial intelligence meets human bumbling |url=https://scroll.in/reel/990484/ok-computer-review-artificial-intelligence-meets-human-bumbling |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=Scroll.in |date=26 March 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Spike''
|Rudra
|[[ZEE5]]
|08 Episodes
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Adhura]]''
|Supriya
|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
|08 Episodes
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Shekhar Home]]''
|Iraboty
|[[JioCinema]]
|
|}

===Podcast===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Podcasts that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes podcasts that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Platform
! Notes
!Ref(s)
|-
| 2020
| ''Uncovidable''
| Vekeana Dhillon
| [[Audible (service)|Audible]]
| 21 episodes
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.siasat.com/rasika-dugal-in-audio-content-how-you-look-does-not-determine-your-roles-2005156/ |title=Rasika Dugal says in Audio content how you look does not determine your roles |website=Siasat, www.siasat.com |location=New Delhi |author=IANS (Siddhi Jain) IANS life |date=22 October 2020 |access-date=29 December 2020}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| ! scope="row" style="text-align:left; background:#ffc;"| '''''The Empire''''' {{Dagger}}
| {{TBA}}
| {{TBA}}
|
|
|}

===Short films===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes short films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2009
| ''Narmeen''
| Noor
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/narmeen-38560 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201145011/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/narmeen-38560 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 December 2020 |title=Narmeen (2009) cast, crew and review |website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
| 2010
| ''Na Jeeva Maharaaj''
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Agli Baar''
| Faiza
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Chutney (film)|Chutney]]''
| Rasika
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://thereel.scroll.in/822778/short-film-chutney-has-the-flavour-of-roald-dahl |title=Short film 'Chutney' has the flavour of Roald Dahl |work=scroll.in |date=28 November 2016 |accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/MfmAbdU2Bq78lBYuvE4F6H/Short-film-review-Chutney.html |title=Short film review: Chutney |first=Sankhayan |last=Ghosh |date=5 December 2016 |work=livemint.com |accessdate=22 April 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
| ''Life Support''
|
|
|-
| ''[[The School Bag]]''
| Ammi
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thedigitalhash.com/short-film-the-school-bag/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928094625/https://www.thedigitalhash.com/short-film-the-school-bag/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=28 September 2020 |website=The Digital Hash |title=The School Bag (2017)- short film |date=17 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| ''Banana Bread''
| Shruti
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/in-rasika-dugal-mukul-chaddas-banana-bread-how-a-real-life-couple-became-co-creators-of-a-social-distancing-satire-8491661.html |title=Rasika Dugal and Mukul Chadda's banana bread; How a real life couple became co-creators of a social distancing satire |website=First Post |author=Devansh Sharma |date=18 June 2020 |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
|''The Miniaturist of Junagadh''
| Nurhayat
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/rasika-dugals-the-miniaturist-of-junagadh-screens-at-the-new-york-indian-film-festival/ |title=Rasika Dugal's the Miniaturist of Junagadh screens at the New York Indian Film Festival |website=Cinebuster |author=Keerti Kadam by Cinebuster Online |date=18 June 2021 |access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://asumetech.com/naseeruddin-shah-and-rasika-duggal-starrer-the-miniaturist-of-junagadh/ |website=Asumetech |title=Naseeruddin Shah and Rasika Dugal starrer Miniaturist of Junagadh |author=Dianna Clary|date=14 June 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{|class= "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!Year
!Award Show
!Award
!Title
!Result
!Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan="4"|2019
| [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Manto (2018 film)|Manto]]''
|{{nom}}
| <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.awardsandshows.com/features/special-awards-4.html |title=Nokia Star Screen Special Awards Categories Of Star Screen Special Awards |website=awardsandshows.com |access-date=30 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Film festival|Rajasthan International Film Festival]]
| Best Actress
| ''[[Hamid (film)|Hamid]]''
|{{won}}
| {{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
|-
|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Best Actress- Web Series
|rowspan="2"|''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''
|{{nom}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/ita-awards-2018-winners-list-5489473/ |title=Indian Television Academy Awards 2018 {{!}} Winners |website=The Indian Express |date=12 December 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|[[iReel Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2019 |title=iReel Awards 2019: Check Out The Complete List Of Winners |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/ireel-awards-2019-check-out-the-complete-list-of-winners-2320007.html |access-date=23 September 2019 |website=News18}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|rowspan="2"|[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne]]
| Best Actress
| ''[[Lootcase]]''
|{{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iffm-2021-nominations-family-man-2-sherni-soorarai-pottru-ludo-bag-top-honours-7439457/ |title=IFFM have announced their nominations of 2021 |website=The Indian Express |date=6 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| Best Actress- Web Series
|''[[Mirzapur (TV series)|Mirzapur]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|2023
|[[2023 Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actress (Drama Series)
|''[[Delhi Crime|Delhi Crime (season 2)]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2023|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2023/|website=Filmfare|date=26 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023}}</ref>
|}

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dugal, Rasika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Sophia Polytechnic alumni]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Urdu cinema]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian podcasters]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

Enlightenment in Buddhism

2026-03-16T21:38:15Z

Wikimelo: cleanup references additionally and cleaned formatting after review

{{Short description|Highest spiritual goal in Buddhist cultivation}}
{{Other uses|Enlightenment (disambiguation)|Awakening (disambiguation)|Bodhi (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Buddhism}}

The English term '''''enlightenment''''' is the Western translation of various [[Buddhist]] terms, most notably '''''bodhi''''' and '''''vimutti'''''. The abstract noun ''bodhi'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|oʊ|d|i}}; [[Sanskrit]]: [[wikt:बोधि#Sanskrit|बोधि]]; [[Pali]]: ''bodhi'') means the knowledge or [[Wisdom in Buddhism|wisdom]], or awakened intellect, of a Buddha.<ref group=web name="MW_bodhi"/> The verbal root ''budh-'' means "to awaken", and its literal meaning is closer to '''awakening'''. Although the term ''[[buddhi]]'' is also used in other Indian philosophies and traditions, its most common usage is in the context of [[Buddhism]]. ''[[Vimukti#Buddhism|Vimutti]]'' is the freedom from or release of the [[Fetter (Buddhism)|fetters]] and [[Five hindrances|hindrances]].

The term ''enlightenment'' was popularised in the Western world through the 19th-century translations of British philologist [[Max Müller]]. It has the Western connotation of general insight into [[Transcendentals|transcendental]] truth or reality. The term is also being used to translate several other Buddhist terms and concepts, which are used to denote (initial) insight (''[[Prajñā (Buddhism)|prajna]]'' (Sanskrit), ''[[Wu (awareness)|wu]]'' (Chinese), ''[[kensho]]'' and ''[[satori]]'' (Japanese));{{sfn|Fischer-Schreiber |Ehrhard |Diener |2008|p=5051, lemma "bodhi"}}{{sfn|Gimello|2004}} knowledge (''[[Vidya (Knowledge)|vidya]]''); the "blowing out" (''[[Nirvana (Buddhism)|nirvana]]'') of disturbing emotions and desires; and the attainment of supreme [[Buddhahood]] (''samyak sam bodhi''), as exemplified by [[Gautama Buddha]].

What exactly constituted the Buddha's awakening is unknown. It may have involved the knowledge that liberation was attained by the combination of [[mindfulness]] and ''[[Dhyāna in Buddhism|dhyāna]]'', applied to the understanding of the arising and ceasing of craving. The relation between ''dhyana'' and insight is a core problem in the study of Buddhism, and is one of the fundamentals of Buddhist practice.

==Etymology==
''Bodhi'', [[Sanskrit]] {{Lang|sa|बोधि}},<ref group=web name="SDSS_bodhi">Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit, [http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=bodhi&direct=au "bodhi"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221224708/http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=bodhi&direct=au |date=21 December 2019 }}.</ref> "awakening",{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=50}} "perfect knowledge",<ref group=web name="SDSS_bodhi"/> "perfect knowledge or wisdom (by which a man becomes a बुद्ध [Buddha<ref group=web name="SDSS_budh"/>] or जिन [''jina'', ''arahant''; "victorious", "victor"<ref group=web name="MW_jina">Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/indexcaller.php ''jina''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816181453/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/indexcaller.php |date=16 August 2011 }}</ref>], the illuminated or enlightened intellect (of a Buddha or जिन)".<ref group=web name="MW_bodhi">Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/indexcaller.php ''bodhi''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816181453/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/indexcaller.php |date=16 August 2011 }}</ref>

The word Bodhi is an [[abstract noun]], formed from the verbal root ''*budh-'',{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=50}} Sanskrit {{Lang|sa|बुध}},<ref group=web name="SDSS_budh">Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit, [http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=budh&direct=au ''budh''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225111344/http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=budh&direct=au |date=25 December 2019 }}</ref><ref group=web name="MW_budh"/> "to awaken, to know",{{sfn|Buswell|2004|p=50}} "to wake, wake up, be awake",<ref group=web name="MW_budh">Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary, [http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/indexcaller.php ''budh''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816181453/http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/monier/indexcaller.php |date=16 August 2011 }}</ref> "to recover consciousness (after a swoon)",<ref group=web name="MW_budh"/> "to observe, heed, attend to".<ref group=web name="MW_budh"/>

It corresponds to the verbs ''bujjhati'' (Pāli) and ''bodhati'', बोदति, "become or be aware of, perceive, learn, know, understand, awake"<ref group=web>Sanskrit Dictionary for Spoken Sanskrit, [http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=bodhati&direct=au ''bodhati''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223204942/http://spokensanskrit.org/index.php?mode=3&script=hk&tran_input=bodhati&direct=au |date=23 December 2019 }}</ref> or ''budhyate'' (Sanskrit).

The feminine Sanskrit noun of ''*budh-'' is {{Lang|sa|बुद्धि}}, ''[[buddhi]]'', "prescience, intuition, perception, point of view".<ref group=web name="SDSS_budh"/>

==Translation==
Robert S. Cohen notes that the majority of English books on Buddhism use the term "enlightenment" to translate the term ''bodhi''.{{sfn|Cohen|2006|p=1}} The root ''budh'', from which both ''bodhi'' and ''Buddha'' are derived, means "to wake up" or "to recover consciousness".{{sfn|Cohen|2006|p=1}} Cohen notes that ''bodhi'' is not the result of an illumination, but of a path of realization, or coming to understanding.{{sfn|Cohen|2006|p=1}} The term "enlightenment" is event-oriented, whereas the term "awakening" is process-oriented.{{sfn|Cohen|2006|p=1}} The western use of the term "enlighten" has Christian roots, as in Calvin's "It is God alone who enlightens our minds to perceive his truths".{{sfn|Cohen|2006|p=2}}

Early 19th-century ''bodhi'' was translated as "intelligence".{{sfn|Cohen|2006|p=2}} The term "enlighten" was first being used in 1835, in an English translation of a French article,{{sfn|Cohen|2006|pp=2–3}} while the first recorded use of the term 'enlightenment' is credited (by the Oxford English Dictionary) to the ''Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' (February 1836). In 1857 ''The Times'' used the term "the Enlightened" for the Buddha in a short article, which was reprinted the following year by [[Max Müller]].{{sfn|Cohen|2006|p=3}} Thereafter, the use of the term subsided, but reappeared with the publication of Max Müller's ''Chips from a german Workshop'', which included a reprint from the ''Times'' article. The book was translated in 1969 into German, using the term "{{Lang|de|der Erleuchtete}}".{{sfn|Cohen|2006|p=9}} Max Müller was an [[Perennial philosophy|essentialist]], who believed in a [[natural religion]], and saw religion as an inherent capacity of human beings.{{sfn|Cohen|2006|p=4}} "Enlightenment" was a means to capture natural religious truths, as distinguished from mere mythology.{{sfn|Cohen|2006|pp=6–7}}{{refn|group=note|See also [http://www.here-now4u.de/eng/theosophy_or_pantheism__friedr.htm Lourens Peter van den Bosch, ''Theosophy or Pantheism? Friedrich Max Müller's Gifford Lectures on Natural Religion'']: "The three principal themes of his Gifford lectures on natural religion were the discovery of God, the discovery of the soul, and the discovery of the oneness of God and soul in the great religions of the world."}} This perspective was influenced by [[Immanuel Kant|Kantian]] thought, particularly Kant's definition of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] as the free, unimpeded use of reason. Müller's translation echoed this idea, portraying Buddhism as a rational and enlightened religion that aligns with the natural religious truths inherent to human beings.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cummiskey |first=David |date=2017-06-02 |chapter=Buddhist Modernism and Kant on Enlightenment |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119424246.ch11 |title=Buddhist Philosophy |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1002/9781119424246.ch11|isbn=978-1-119-06824-2 }}</ref>

By the mid-1870s it had become commonplace to call the Buddha "enlightened", and by the end of the 1880s the terms "enlightened" and "enlightenment" dominated the English literature.{{sfn|Cohen|2006|p=3}}

== Related terms ==
=== Insight ===
==== Bodhi ====
{{Redirect|Bodhi}}

While the Buddhist tradition regards ''bodhi'' as referring to full and complete liberation (''samyaksambudh''), it also has the more modest meaning of knowing that the path that is being followed leads to the desired goal. According to [[Johannes Bronkhorst]],{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}} Tillman Vetter,{{sfn|Vetter|1988}} and K.R. Norman,{{sfn|Norman|1997|p=29}} ''bodhi'' was at first not specified. K.R. Norman:
{{blockquote|It is not at all clear what gaining ''bodhi'' means. We are accustomed to the translation "enlightenment" for ''bodhi'', but this is misleading ... It is not clear what the buddha was awakened to, or at what particular point the awakening came.{{sfn|Norman|2005|p=25}}}}

According to Norman, ''bodhi'' may basically have meant the knowledge that ''nibbana'' was attained,{{sfn|Norman|1997|p=30}}{{sfn|Vetter|1988|p=xxix, xxxi}} due to the practice of ''dhyana''.{{sfn|Norman|1997|p=29}}{{sfn|Vetter|1988}} Originally only "prajna" may have been mentioned,{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}} and Tillman Vetter even concludes that originally dhyana itself was deemed liberating, with the stilling of pleasure or pain in the fourth jhana, not the gaining of some perfect wisdom or insight.{{sfn|Vetter|1988}} Gombrich also argues that the emphasis on insight is a later development.{{sfn|Gombrich|1997}}

In [[Theravada]] Buddhism, ''bodhi'' refers to the realisation of the [[four stages of enlightenment]] and becoming an [[Arahant]].{{sfn|Fischer-Schreiber |Ehrhard |Diener |2008|p=50}} In Theravada Buddhism, ''bodhi'' is equal to supreme insight, and the realisation of the four noble truths, which leads to deliverance.{{sfn|Fischer-Schreiber |Ehrhard |Diener |2008|p=50}} According to Nyanatiloka,

{{blockquote|(Through Bodhi) one awakens from the slumber or stupor (inflicted upon the mind) by the defilements (''[[Kleshas (Buddhism)|kilesa]]'', q.v.) and comprehends the [[Four Noble Truths]] (''[[Sacca (Buddhism)|sacca]]'', q.v.).{{sfn|Nyanatiloka|1980|p=40}}}}

This equation of ''bodhi'' with the four noble truths is a later development, in response to developments within Indian religious thought, where "liberating insight" was deemed essential for [[Moksha|Liberation]].{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}{{sfn|Vetter|1988}} The four noble truths as the liberating insight of the Buddha eventually were superseded by [[Pratītyasamutpāda]], the twelvefold chain of causation, and still later by anatta, the emptiness of the self.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}

In [[Mahayana]] Buddhism, ''bodhi'' is equal to ''prajna'', insight into the [[Buddha-nature]], [[sunyata]] and [[tathatā]].{{sfn|Fischer-Schreiber |Ehrhard |Diener |2008|p=51}} This is equal to the realisation of the non-duality of [[Two truths doctrine|absolute and relative]].{{sfn|Fischer-Schreiber |Ehrhard |Diener |2008|p=51}}

==== Prajna ====
{{Main|Prajñā (Buddhism)}}

In Theravada Buddhism ''pannā'' (Pali) means "understanding", "wisdom", "insight".{{sfn|Nyanatiloka |1980|p=150}} "Insight" is equivalent to ''[[vipassana]]'', insight into the three marks of existence, namely ''[[anicca]]'', ''[[dukkha]]'' and ''[[anatta]]''.{{sfn|Nyanatiloka |1980|p=150}} Insight leads to the four stages of enlightenment and Nirvana.{{sfn|Nyanatiloka|1980|p=150}}

In Mahayana Buddhism Prajna (Sanskrit) means "insight" or "wisdom", and entails insight into ''sunyata''. The attainment of this insight is often seen as the attainment of "enlightenment".{{sfn|Fischer-Schreiber |Ehrhard |Diener |2008|p=281}}{{Request quotation|date=January 2015}}

====Wu, kensho and satori====
''[[Wu (awareness)|Wu]]'' is the Chinese term for initial insight.{{sfn|Gimello|2004}} ''[[Kensho]]'' and ''[[satori]]'' are Japanese terms used in [[Zen]] traditions. ''Kensho'' means "seeing into one's true nature". ''Ken'' means "seeing", ''sho'' means "nature", "essence",{{sfn|Kapleau|1989}} c.q Buddha-nature. ''Satori'' (Japanese) is often used interchangeably with kensho, but refers to the ''experience'' of kensho.{{sfn|Kapleau|1989}} The [[Rinzai school|Rinzai]] tradition sees ''kensho'' as essential to the attainment of [[Buddhahood]], but considers [[Hakuin#Four ways of knowing|further practice]] essential to attain Buddhahood.

East-Asian (Chinese) Buddhism emphasizes insight into Buddha-nature. This term is derived from Indian tathagata-garbha thought, "the womb of the thus-gone" (the Buddha), the inherent potential of every sentient being to become a [[Buddha]]. This idea was integrated with the Yogacara-idea of the ''ālaya vijñāna'', and further developed in [[Chinese Buddhism]], which integrated [[Indian Buddhism]] with native Chinese thought. Buddha-nature came to mean both the potential of awakening ''and'' the whole of reality, a dynamic interpenetration of absolute and relative. In this awakening it is realized that observer and observed are not distinct entities, but mutually co-dependent.{{sfn|Lusthaus|1998}}{{sfn|Lai|2003}}

=== Knowledge ===
The term ''vidhya'' is being used in contrast to ''[[avidhya]]'', ignorance or the lack of knowledge, which binds us to [[samsara]]. The ''Mahasaccaka Sutta''{{refn|group=note|Majjhima Nikaya chapter 36}} describes the three knowledges which the Buddha attained:{{sfn|Nanamoli |Bodhi |1995|pp=340–342}}{{sfn|Warder|2000|pp=47–48}}{{sfn|Snelling|1987|p=27}}
# Insight into his past lives
# Insight into the workings of [[karma]] and [[reincarnation]]
# Insight into the [[Four Noble Truths]]

According to Bronkhorst, the first two knowledges are later additions, while insight into the four truths represents a later development, in response to concurring religious traditions, in which "liberating insight" came to be stressed over the practice of ''dhyana''.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}

=== Freedom ===
Vimukthi, also called ''[[moksha]]'', means "freedom",{{sfn|Bowker|1997|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}} "release",{{sfn|Bowker|1997|p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}}<ref group=web>{{cite web |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O101-Vimukthi.html |website=Encyclopedia.com |title=Vimukthi}}</ref> "deliverance".{{sfn|Nyanatiloka |1980|p=239}} Sometimes a distinction is being made between ''ceto-vimukthi'', "liberation of the mind", and ''panna-vimukthi'', "liberation by understanding".{{sfn|Gombrich|2005|p=147}} The Buddhist tradition recognises two kinds of ''ceto-vimukthi'', one temporarily and one permanent, the last being equivalent to ''panna-vimukthi''.{{sfn|Gombrich|2005|p=147}}{{refn|group=note|According to Gombrich, this distinction is artificial, and due to later, too literal, interpretations of the suttas.{{sfn|Gombrich|2005|pp=147–148}}}}

[[Yogacara]] uses the term ''āśraya parāvŗtti'', "revolution of the basis",{{sfn|Park|1983|pp=126–132}}
{{blockquote|... a sudden revulsion, turning, or re-turning of the [[Eight Consciousnesses#Ālayavijñāna|ālaya vijñāna]] back into its original state of purity [...] the Mind returns to its original condition of non-attachment, non-discrimination and non-duality".{{sfn|Park|1983|p=127}}}}

=== Nirvana ===
Nirvana is the "blowing out" of disturbing emotions, which is the same as liberation.<ref group=web name="Berzin">{{Cite web|url=https://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/lam-rim/samsara-nirvana/nirvana-and-enlightenment|title=Nirvana and Enlightenment|website=studybuddhism.com|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=7 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407164503/http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/lam-rim/samsara-nirvana/nirvana-and-enlightenment|url-status=live}}</ref> The usage of the term "enlightenment" to translate "nirvana" was popularized in the 19th century, in part, due to the efforts of Max Müller, who used the term consistently in his translations.{{sfn|Scott|2009|p=8}}

== Buddha's awakening ==
=== Buddhahood ===
There are [[Buddhahood|three recognized types]] of Buddha:<ref name=Snelling-1987>{{harvnb|Snelling|1987|pp=83–4}}: "Instead of the ''arhat'', who seeks release from the painful realm of cyclic existence for himself alone, and the ''pratyeka-buddha'', who wins it privately and never seeks to impart the ''Dharma'' to others, we have in the Mahayana the ''bodhisattva'' [...]"</ref>
* [[Arhat (Buddhism)|Arhat]] ([[Pali]]: ''arahant''), those who reach Nirvana by following the teachings of the Buddha.<ref name=Snelling-1987/> Sometimes the term [[Savakabuddha|Śrāvakabuddha]] (Pali: ''sāvakabuddha'') is used to designate this kind of awakened person;{{citation needed|date=December 2011}}
* [[Pratyekabuddha]]s (Pali: ''paccekabuddha''), those who reach Nirvana through self-realisation, without the aid of spiritual guides and teachers, but do not teach the [[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dharma]];<ref name=Snelling-1987/>
* Samyaksambuddha (Pali: ''samma sambuddha''), often simply referred to as ''Buddha'', one who has reached Nirvana by one's own efforts and wisdom and teaches it skillfully to others.{{sfn|Snelling|1987|p=81}}{{failed verification|date=July 2024}}

[[Siddhartha Gautama]], known as the Buddha, is said to have achieved full awakening, known as ''samyaksaṃbodhi'' (Sanskrit; Pāli: ''sammāsaṃbodhi''), "perfect Buddhahood", or ''anuttarā-samyak-saṃbodhi'', "highest perfect awakening".{{sfn|Mäll|2005|p=83}} Specifically, ''anuttarā-samyak-saṃbodhi'', literally meaning unsurpassed, complete and perfect enlightenment, is often used to distinguish the enlightenment of a Buddha from that of an Arhat.

The term ''[[Buddhology|Buddha]]'' and the [[Buddhist paths to liberation|way to Buddhahood]] is understood somewhat differently in the various Buddhist traditions. An equivalent term for [[Buddha]] is [[Tathāgata]], "the thus-gone".

===The awakening of the Buddha===

====Canonical accounts====
In the [[suttapitaka]], the Buddhist canon as preserved in the [[Theravada]] tradition, a couple of texts can be found in which the Buddha's attainment of liberation forms part of the narrative.{{sfn|Warder|2000|pp=45–50}}<ref name="faure_1991">{{harvcolnb|Faure|1991}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|See Majjhima Nikaya chapter 4, 12, 26 & 36}}

The ''Ariyapariyesana Sutta'' (Majjhima Nikaya 26) describes how the Buddha was dissatisfied with the teachings of [[Āḷāra Kālāma]] and [[Uddaka Rāmaputta]], wandered further through Magadhan country, and then found "an agreeable piece of ground" which served for striving. The sutta then only says that he attained Nibbana.{{sfn|Nanamoli|Bodhi|1995|p=259}}

In the ''Vanapattha Sutta'' (Majjhima Nikaya 17){{sfn|Nanamoli |Bodhi |1995 |p={{page needed|date=October 2020}}}} the Buddha describes life in the jungle, and the attainment of awakening. The ''Mahasaccaka Sutta'' (Majjhima Nikaya 36) describes his ascetic practices, which he abandoned. Thereafter he remembered a spontaneous state of jhana, and set out for jhana-practice. Both suttas narrate how, after destroying the [[Sankhara|disturbances of the mind]], and attaining [[Dhyāna in Buddhism|concentration of the mind]], he attained three knowledges (vidhya):{{sfn|Nanamoli |Bodhi |1995|pp=340–342}}{{sfn|Warder|2000|pp=47–48}}{{sfn|Snelling|1987|p=27}}
# Insight into his past lives
# Insight into the workings of [[karma]] and [[reincarnation]]
# Insight into the [[Four Noble Truths]]

Insight into the [[Four Noble Truths]] is here called awakening.{{sfn|Warder|2000|pp=47–48}} The monk (''[[bhikkhu]]'') has "...attained the unattained supreme security from bondage."{{sfn|Nanamoli |Bodhi |1995|p=199}} Awakening is also described as synonymous with [[Nirvana]], the extinction of the passions whereby suffering is ended and no more rebirths take place.{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=49}} The insight arises that this liberation is certain: "Knowledge arose in me, and insight: my freedom is certain, this is my last birth, now there is no rebirth."{{sfn|Warder|2000|p=49}}

====Critical assessment====
Schmithausen{{refn|group=note|In his often-cited article ''On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism''}} notes that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the Rupa Jhanas, is a later addition to texts such as Majjhima Nikaya 36.{{sfn|Schmithausen|1981}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}{{sfn|Vetter|1988}} Bronkhorst notices that
{{blockquote|...the accounts which include the Four Noble Truths had a completely different conception of the process of liberation than the one which includes the Four Dhyanas and the destruction of the intoxicants.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=110}}}}

It calls in question the reliability of these accounts, and the relation between ''dhyana'' and insight, which is a core problem in the study of early Buddhism.{{sfn|Vetter|1988}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993}}{{sfn|Gombrich|1997}} Originally the term ''prajna'' may have been used, which came to be replaced by the four truths in those texts where "liberating insight" was preceded by the four jhanas.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=108}} Bronkhorst also notices that the conception of what exactly this "liberating insight" was developed throughout time. Whereas originally it may not have been specified, later on the four truths served as such, to be superseded by ''pratityasamutpada'', and still later, in the Hinayana schools, by the doctrine of the non-existence of a substantial self or person.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|pp=100–101}} And Schmithausen notices that still other descriptions of this "liberating insight" exist in the Buddhist canon:
{{blockquote|"that the five Skandhas are impermanent, disagreeable, and neither the Self nor belonging to oneself";{{refn|group=note|Majjhima Nikaya 26}} "the contemplation of the arising and disappearance (''udayabbaya'') of the five Skandhas";{{refn|group=note|Anguttara Nikaya II.45 (PTS)}} "the realisation of the Skandhas as empty (''rittaka''), vain (''tucchaka'') and without any pith or substance (''asaraka'').{{refn|group=note|Samyutta Nikaya III.140–142 (PTS)}}{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|p=101}}}}

An example of this substitution, and its consequences, is Majjhima Nikaya 36:42–43, which gives an account of the awakening of the Buddha.{{sfn|Bronkhorst|1993|pp=102–103}}

==Understanding of ''bodhi'' and Buddhahood==
The term bodhi acquired a variety of meanings and connotations during the development of Buddhist thoughts in the various schools.

===Early Buddhism===
{{Main|Early Buddhist schools}}

In early Buddhism, ''bodhi'' carried a meaning synonymous to ''[[nirvana]]'', using only a few different metaphors to describe the insight, which implied the extinction of ''[[lobha]]'' (greed), ''[[Dvesha (Buddhism)|dosa]]'' (hate) and ''[[Moha (Buddhism)|moha]]'' (delusion).

===Theravada===
{{See also|Dhyāna in Buddhism#Contemporary reassessment - the "Jhana wars"|l1=Non-reactive and lucid awareness}}

In [[Theravada Buddhism]], bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning: that of being freed from greed, hate and delusion. ''Bodhi'', specifically, refers to the realisation of the [[four stages of enlightenment]] and becoming an [[Arahant]].{{sfn|Fischer-Schreiber |Ehrhard |Diener |2008|p=50}} It is equal to supreme insight, the realisation of the four noble truths, which leads to deliverance.{{sfn|Fischer-Schreiber |Ehrhard |Diener |2008|p=50}} Reaching full awakening is equivalent in meaning to reaching [[Nirvāṇa]].<ref group=web>{{cite web |website=UrbanDharma.org |url=http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma6/enlightnirvana.html |author=Kusala Bhikshu |date=March 2008 |title=Buddhist Enlightenment vs Nirvana |access-date=9 January 2010 |archive-date=9 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150209054548/http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma6/enlightnirvana.html |url-status=live }} {{As of|2010|09}}</ref> Attaining Nirvāṇa is the ultimate goal of Theravada and other śrāvaka traditions.<ref group=web>{{cite web |url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/26715.htm |author=David Loy |date=2010 |title=Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same? |access-date=9 January 2010 |archive-date=24 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524224604/http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-AN/26715.htm |url-status=live }} {{As of|2010|09}}</ref> It involves the abandonment of the [[Fetter (Buddhism)|ten fetters]] and the cessation of dukkha or suffering. Full awakening is reached in four stages. According to Nyanatiloka,

{{blockquote|(Through Bodhi) one awakens from the slumber or stupor (inflicted upon the mind) by the defilements (''[[Kleshas (Buddhism)|kilesa]]'', q.v.) and comprehends the [[Four Noble Truths]] (''[[Sacca (Buddhism)|sacca]]''', q.v.).{{sfn|Nyanatiloka|1980|p=40}}}}

Since the 1980s, western Theravada-oriented teachers have started to question the primacy of insight. According to [[Thanissaro Bhikkhu]], ''jhana'' and ''vipassana'' (insight) form an integrated practice.{{sfn|Quli|2008}} Polak and Arbel, following scholars like Vetter and Bronkhorst, argue that [[right effort]], c.q. the [[Four Right Exertions|four right efforts]] (sense restraint, preventing the arising of [[Five hindrances|unwholesome states]], and the generation of [[Seven factors of awakening|wholesome states]]), mindfulness, and ''[[Dhyana in Buddhism|dhyana]]'' form an integrated practice, in which ''dhyana'' is the actualisation of insight, leading to an awakened awareness which is "non-reactive and lucid".{{sfn|Polak|2011}}{{sfn|Arbel|2017}}

===Mahayana===
{{Main|Mahayana}}

In Mahayana-thought, bodhi is the realisation of the inseparability of [[samsara]] and [[nirvana]], and the unity of subject and object.{{sfn|Fischer-Schreiber |Ehrhard |Diener |2008|p=51}} Similar to [[Wisdom in Buddhism|prajna]], the [[kensho|realizing of the Buddha-nature]], bodhi realizes [[sunyata]] and [[suchness]].{{sfn|Fischer-Schreiber |Ehrhard |Diener |2008|p=51}} In time, the Buddha's awakening came to be understood as an immediate full awakening and liberation, instead of the insight into and certainty about the way to follow to reach enlightenment. In some Zen traditions, however, this perfection came to be relativized again; according to one contemporary Zen master, "Shakyamuni buddha and Bodhidharma are still practicing."{{sfn|Harris|p=103|2004}}

Mahayana discerns three forms of awakened beings:{{sfn|Fischer-Schreiber |Ehrhard |Diener |2008|p=51}}
# [[Arahat]] – Liberation for oneself;{{refn|group=note|This also includes [[Pratyekabuddha]], but is not being mentioned by {{harvtxt |Fischer-Schreiber |Ehrhard |Diener |2008}}}}
# [[Bodhisattva]] – Liberation for living beings;
# [[Buddhahood|Full Buddhahood]].

Within the various Mahayana-schools exist various further explanations and interpretations.{{sfn|Fischer-Schreiber |Ehrhard |Diener |2008|p=51}} In [[Mahāyāna]] Buddhism, the [[Bodhisattva]] is the ideal. The ultimate goal is not only of one's own liberation in Buddhahood, but the liberation of all living beings. The cosmology of Mahayana Buddhism regards a wide range of buddhas and bodhisattvas, who assist humans on their way to liberation.

[[Nichiren Buddhism]], a branch of Mahayana Buddhism, regards Buddhahood as a state of perfect freedom, in which one is awakened to the eternal and ultimate truth that is the reality of all things. This supreme state of life is characterized by boundless wisdom and infinite compassion. The Lotus Sutra reveals that Buddhahood is a potential in the lives of all beings.<ref group=web>{{cite web |url=https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/G/66 |title=Gosho |website=Nichiren Buddhism Library |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-date=27 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927130703/http://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/G/66 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Buddha-nature====
In the [[Tathagatagarbha]] and [[Buddha-nature]] doctrines, bodhi becomes equivalent to the universal, natural and pure state of the mind:
{{blockquote|''Bodhi'' is the final goal of a Bodhisattva's career [...] ''Bodhi'' is pure universal and immediate knowledge, which extends over all time, all universes, all beings and elements, conditioned and unconditioned. It is absolute and identical with Reality and thus it is [[Tathata]]. ''Bodhi'' is immaculate and non-conceptual, and it, being not an outer object, cannot be understood by discursive thought. It has neither beginning, nor middle nor end and it is indivisible. It is non-dual (''advayam'') [...] The only possible way to comprehend it is through [[samadhi]] by the yogin.{{sfn|Sebastian|2005|p=274}}}}

According to these doctrines, bodhi eternally exists within one's mind, although requiring the mind's defilements to be removed. This vision is expounded in texts such as the [[Shurangama Sutra]] and the [[Uttaratantra]].

In [[Shingon Buddhism]] as well, the state of Bodhi is regarded as naturally inherent in the mind. Bodhi is the mind's natural and pure state, where no distinction is being made between a perceiving subject and perceived objects. This is also the understanding of Bodhi found in [[Yogacara]] Buddhism.

To achieve this vision of non-duality, it is necessary to recognise one's own mind:
{{blockquote|... it means that you are to know the inherent natural state of the mind by eliminating the split into a perceiving subject and perceived objects which normally occurs in the world and is wrongly thought to be real. This also corresponds to the Yogacara definition ... that emptiness (''sunyata'') is the absence of this imaginary split{{sfn|Hodge|2003|pp=31–32}}}}

===Vajrayana===
During the development of Mahayana Buddhism, the various strands of thought on Bodhi were continuously being elaborated. Attempts were made to harmonize the various terms.

The Vajrayana Buddhist commentator [[Buddhaguhya]] treats various terms as synonyms:
{{blockquote|For example, he defines emptiness (''sunyata'') as suchness (''tathata'') and says that suchness is the intrinsic nature (''svabhava'') of the mind which is Enlightenment (''[[Bodhicitta|bodhi-citta]]''). Moreover, he frequently uses the terms suchness (''tathata'') and Suchness-Awareness (''tathata-jnana'') interchangeably. But since Awareness (''jnana'') is non-dual, Suchness-Awareness is not so much the Awareness of Suchness, but the Awareness which ''is'' Suchness. In other words, the term Suchness-Awareness is functionally equivalent to Enlightenment. Finally, it must not be forgotten that this Suchness-Awareness or Perfect Enlightenment ''is'' Mahavairocana [the Primal Buddha, uncreated and forever existent]. In other words, the mind in its intrinsic nature is Mahavairocana, whom one "becomes" (or vice versa) when one is perfectly enlightened.{{sfn|Hodge|2003|pp=31–32}}}}

==Bodhi Day==
Sakyamuni's enlightenment is celebrated on [[Bodhi Day]]. In Sri Lanka and Japan, different days are used for this celebration. According to the Theravada tradition in Sri Lanka, Sakyamuni reached Buddhahood at the [[full moon]] in May. This is celebrated at [[Vesak|Vesākha Pūjā]], the full moon in May, known as [[Sambuddhatva jayanthi]] (or Sambuddha jayanthi).<ref group=web>{{Cite web|url=https://dedunu.wordpress.com/2008/06/12/vesak-full-moon-poya-day/|title=Vesak full moon poya day|date=12 June 2008|access-date=6 October 2022|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006104841/https://dedunu.wordpress.com/2008/06/12/vesak-full-moon-poya-day/|url-status=live}}</ref> Secular Bodhi day is celebrated on December 8 in Japan, while China, South Korea and Vietnam, Bodhi Day is observed on the eighth day of the 12th lunar month.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conversation |first=The |date=2024-11-27 |title=On Bodhi Day, Buddhists commemorate Siddhartha Gautama's enlightenment by lighting lamps to combat darkness |url=https://religionnews.com/2024/11/27/on-bodhi-day-buddhists-commemorate-siddhartha-gautamas-enlightenment-by-combatting-darkness/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=RNS |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Buddhism and psychology}}
* {{annotated link|Buddhist philosophy}}
* {{annotated link|Four stages of enlightenment}}
* {{annotated link|Nirvana (Buddhism)}}
* {{annotated link|Dependent Origination}}
* {{annotated link|Jhanas}}
* {{annotated link|Saṃvega}}
* {{annotated link|Satori}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}

* {{Citation | last =Arbel | first =Keren | year =2017 | title =Early Buddhist Meditation: The Four Jhanas as the Actualization of Insight | publisher =Routledge | url =https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317383994 | access-date =14 November 2018 | archive-date =4 April 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190404224523/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317383994 | url-status =live }}

* {{Citation | editor-last =Bowker | editor-first =John | year =1997 | title =The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | place =Oxford | publisher =Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19213965-8}}
* {{Citation | last =Bronkhorst | first =Johannes | author-link = Johannes Bronkhorst | year =1993 | title =The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ.}}
* {{Citation | editor-last =Buswell | editor-first =Robert |editor-link=Robert Buswell Jr. | year =2004 | title =Encyclopedia of Buddhism | publisher =MacMIllan reference USA}}

* {{Citation | last =Cohen | first =Robert S. | year =2006 | title =Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity | publisher =Routledge}}

* {{Citation | last =Faure | first =Bernard | year =1991 | title =The Rhetoric of Immediacy. A Cultural Critique of Chan/Zen Buddhism | place =Princeton, New Jersey | publisher =Princeton University Press | isbn = 0-691-02963-6}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Fischer-Schreiber | first1 =Ingrid | last2 =Ehrhard | first2 =Franz-Karl | last3 =Diener | first3 =Michael S. | year =2008 | title =Lexicon Boeddhisme. Wijsbegeerte, religie, psychologie, mystiek, cultuur an literatuur | publisher =Asoka}}

* {{Citation | last =Gimello | first =Robert M. | year =2004 | chapter =Bodhi | editor-last =Buswell | editor-first =Robert E. | title =Encyclopedia of Buddhism | publisher =MacMillan | chapter-url =https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bodhi-awakening | access-date =5 November 2019 | archive-date =5 November 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20191105091351/https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bodhi-awakening | url-status =live }}
* {{Citation | last =Gombrich | first =Richard F. | year =1997 | title =How Buddhism Began. The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings | place =New Delhi | publisher =Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.}}
* {{Citation | last =Gombrich | first =Richard | year =2005 | title=Kindness and compassion as a means to Nirvana. In: Paul Williams (ed.), "Buddhism: The early Buddhist schools and doctrinal history; Theravāda doctrine, Volume 2" | publisher =Taylor & Francis}}

* {{Citation | last =Harris | first =Ishwar C. | year =2004 | title =The Laughing Buddha of Tofukuji: The Life of Zen Master Keido Fukushima | publisher =World Wisdom Books | isbn =978-0-941532-62-4}}
* {{Citation | last =Hodge | first =Stephen | year =2003 | title =The Maha-Vairocana-Abhisambodhi Tantra, With Buddhaguya's Commentary | location =London | publisher =RoutledgeCurzon}}

* {{Citation |last=Kapleau |first=Phillip |author-link=Philip Kapleau |year=1989 |title=The Three Pillars of Zen: Teaching, Practice and Enlightenment |place=New York |publisher=Anchor Books |isbn=0-385-26093-8}}

* {{Citation |last=Lai |first=Whalen |year=2003 |title=Buddhism in China: A Historical Survey. In Antonio S. Cua (ed.): Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy |publisher=New York: Routledge |url=http://cw.routledge.com/ref/chinesephil/Buddhism.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112205228/http://cw.routledge.com/ref/chinesephil/Buddhism.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2014 }}
* {{Citation | last =Lusthaus | first =Dan | year =1998 | title =Buddhist Philosophy, Chinese. In: Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Index | publisher =Taylor & Francis}}

* {{Citation | last =Mäll | first =Linnart | year =2005 | title =Studies in the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā and other essays | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | isbn =9788120827479 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=sN5xv7yywrEC&q=samyaksambodhi&pg=PA83 }}

* {{Citation | last1 =Nanamoli |first1=Bhikkhu | last2 =Bodhi |first2=Bhikkhu | year =1995 | title =The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha. A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya}}
* {{Citation |last=Norman |first=K. R. |year=1997 |title=A Philological Approach to Buddhism |series=The Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Lectures 1994 |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London)}}
* {{cite book |last=Norman |first=K. R. |year=2005 |title=Buddhist Forum Volume V: Philological Approach to Buddhism |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-75154-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYyRAgAAQBAJ }}
* {{Citation | last =Nyanatiloka | year =1980 | title =Buddhist Dictionary. Manual of Buddhist terms and Doctrines. Fourth Revised edition | publisher =Buddhist Publication Society}}

* {{Citation | last =Park | first =Sung-bae | year =1983 | title =Buddhist Faith and Sudden Enlightenment | publisher =SUNY Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Polak | first =Grzegorz | year =2011 |title =Reexamining Jhana: Towards a Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology | publisher =UMCS}}

* {{citation | last =Quli | first =Natalie | year =2008 | title =Multiple Buddhist Modernisms: Jhana in Convert Theravada | journal =Pacific World 10:225–249 | url =http://www.leighb.com/Jhana_in_Theravada_Quli.pdf | access-date =14 November 2018 | archive-date =11 March 2019 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190311222023/http://www.leighb.com/Jhana_in_Theravada_Quli.pdf | url-status =live }}

* {{Citation | last =Schmithausen | first =Lambert | year =1981 | title =On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism". In: Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf), hrsg. von Klaus Bruhn und Albrecht Wezler, Wiesbaden 1981, 199–250}}
* {{Citation | last = Scott | first =Rachelle M. | year =2009 | title =Nirvana for sale? Buddhism, Wealth, and the Dhammakaya Temple in Contemporary Thailand | publisher =SUNY Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Sebastian | first =C. D. | year =2005 | title =Metaphysics and Mysticism in Mahayana Buddhism | place =Delhi | publisher =Sri Satguru Publications}}
* {{Citation | last =Snelling | first =John | year =1987 | title =The Buddhist handbook. A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice | place =London | publisher =Century Paperbacks}}

* {{Citation | last =Vetter | first =Tilmann | year =1988 | title =The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism | publisher =BRILL}}

* {{Citation | last =Warder | first =A. K. | year =2000 | title =Indian Buddhism | place =Delhi | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers}}
{{refend}}

;Web references
{{reflist|group=web}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}

* {{Citation |ref=none |last=Cousins |first =L. S. |year=1996 |chapter=The origins of insight meditation |editor-last=Skorupski |editor-first=T. |title=The Buddhist Forum IV, seminar papers 1994–1996 |pages=35–58 |place=London |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies |chapter-url=http://www.shin-ibs.edu/documents/bForum/v4/03Cousins.pdf |access-date=28 November 2014 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507005729/http://www.shin-ibs.edu/documents/bForum/v4/03Cousins.pdf |url-status=dead}}.

* {{Citation |ref=none |last=Kalupahana |first=David J. |year=1992 |title=The Principles of Buddhist Psychology |place=Delhi |publisher =Sri Satguru Publications|isbn=9780887064043}}.

* {{Citation |ref=none |last=Low |first=Albert |year=2006 |title=Hakuin on Kensho: The Four Ways of Knowing |place=Boston & London |publisher=Shambhala|isbn=9780834826229}}.

* {{Citation |ref=none |last=Mohr |first=Michel |year=2000 |chapter=Emerging from Nonduality: Koan Practice in the Rinzai Tradition since Hakuin |editor1-first=Steven |editor1-last=Heine |editor2-first=Dale S. |editor2-last=Wright |title=The Koan: Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195117493}}.

* {{Citation |ref=none |last=Shankman |first=R. |year=2008 |title=The Experience of Samadhi: An In-depth Exploration of Buddhist Meditation |publisher=Shambhala |isbn=9781590305218}}.

* {{Citation |ref=none |last=Wright |first=Dale |year=2016 |title=What is Buddhist Enlightenment? |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190622596}}.
{{refend}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Soteriology}}

[[Category:Buddhist belief and doctrine]]
[[Category:Buddhist stages of enlightenment]]

Querobina Carvalho

2026-03-15T08:34:12Z

Wikimelo: creating a info

{{Short description|Indian comedian and actress (1959–2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Querobina Carvalho
| image = Quero Carvalho.jpg
| caption = Carvalho during her youth
| birth_name = Querobina Costa Carvalho
| birth_date = {{birth date|1959|10|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Margão]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|7|3|1959|10|24|df=y}}
| death_place = Margao, Goa, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Comedian|actress|singer}}
| years_active = {{circa|1968}}–2010s
| spouse = {{marriage|Agnelo Fernandes|1990}}
| website = {{URL|facebook.com/querobina.carvalho.7}}
}}

'''Querobina Costa Carvalho''' (24 October 1959 – 3 July 2025) was an Indian comedian, actress, and singer known for her work in ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Querobina Costa Carvalho was born on 24 October 1959 in [[Margão]], [[Goa]], which was then part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] into a [[Goan Catholic]] family. She was born to Diogo Carvalho, a carpenter from the [[Goan]] town of [[Majorda]], and Maria Raquel Aranja Fernandes, a [[homemaker]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |url-status= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> During her childhood, Carvalho enjoyed the ''zomnivhele khell'', traditional [[street play|street performances]] that formed a unique aspect of the [[Carnival in Goa|Carnival festivities]] within her community. Diogo, Carvalho's father, was known for portraying [[tragic character]]s in the traditional [[folk play|folk performances]] that featured a group of actors called the Carvalho Brothers.<ref name=":1" />

This group included Diogo and his seven siblings. The Carvalho Brothers collaborated to present ''zomnivhele khell'' performances to the village community. Carvalho enjoyed observing her father's performances during these traditional theatrical presentations. In her early schooling years at St Aloysius High School in Majorda, when she was 8 years old, she participated in the school's annual day celebrations by singing a song.<ref name=":1" />

Carvalho's paternal uncle, Agnelo, had studied at the identical academic establishment as she had. This gave him insight into the school's history, and he composed a song for his niece. The audience's appreciation for Carvalho's rendition was demonstrated through the celebratory burning of firecrackers. Carvalho's father expressed admiration for his daughter's musical skills by commenting, "''Baien paik nanv haddlem''," signifying the honor she had brought to him through her talents.<ref name=":1" />

In addition to solo performances, Carvalho also collaborated with her uncle Agnelo, performing [[duet]]s at village shows. Agnelo composed melodies intended for the indigenous village festivals held in regions such as [[Majorda]], Madel ([[Margao]]), [[Raia, Goa|Raia]], [[Navelim]], and Ambajim ([[Fatorda]]). Carvalho's skills as both a singer and actress later brought her fame with other ''[[tiatr]]ists''. Jose Mario Pereira from Majorda included Carvalho in his [[theatrical troupe|theatrical group]] after presenting a musical performance on [[All India Radio]] (AIR). Popular ''[[tiatrist]]s'' such as A. M. Pacheco and [[Comedian Peter]], who were affiliated with Pereira's ensemble, acknowledged Carvalho's skills while working together.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
Carvalho maintained an active career as both a [[character actress]] and singer over several years. "During the mid-1990s, she transitioned her focus more towards comedic roles, establishing herself as a popular comedienne on the ''[[tiatr]]'' stage," writes historian [[Wilson Mazarello]]. She has been praised for her singing, having recorded [[audio recording]]s particular in [[audio cassette]]s and performed on [[All India Radio]]. Carvalho has acted in productions by many of [[Goa]]'s leading ''tiatr'' directors, including [[C. Alvares]], [[M. Boyer]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Aristides Dias]], and [[Robin Vaz]], among others. In 1995, Carvalho took a job opportunity that required her to travel to the [[Gulf region]], leading to a temporary hiatus from the ''tiatr'' stage.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=237–238 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-16 |archive-date=2024-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107200151/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite this break, Carvalho was considered one of the most sought-after female artists in [[Goan]] ''tiatrs'' during the 1990s, with her stage performances, especially in comedic roles, earning acclaim. Carvalho began her theatrical career at a young age, first appearing in dramas around the age of 9. She made her debut as a singer on All India Radio's [[Panjim]], Goa station when she was 10 years old. Carvalho began acting in professional ''tiatr'' productions with the help of director A. M. Pacheco.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=A. Veronica |date=2009-04-29 |title=Rosary And Querobina |url=http://www.goa-world.com/goa/kuwait/1997/rosary.htm |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=Goa World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429053548/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/kuwait/1997/rosary.htm |archive-date=2009-04-29 }}</ref>

Carvalho has provided for her family and sustained herself by earning a living as a professional stage artist in the field of [[performing art]]s. Director [[Patrick Dourado]] assessed Carvalho's career and acknowledged her capabilities, leading to her taking up comedy roles. This transition ultimately established her reputation for delivering memorable comedic performances. Writer A. Veronica Fernandes states, Carvalho displayed a keen ambition to present her talents and captivate audiences with her skills. From the mid-1990s onwards, she had been engaged in professional activities in [[Kuwait]]. During this period, Carvalho had been under the employment of different individuals, notably her Kuwaiti employer, who demonstrates a high regard for her competencies and personal attributes. This is noted as contrasting with the experiences of [[Human rights in Kuwait|many other individuals who have complained about their employers in Kuwait]]. Throughout her career, Carvalho has traveled to perform in various parts of India, the Gulf region, and London. On 11 July 1997, she was a featured comedy performer in a show produced by Rosary Ferns, sharing the stage with popular comedians [[Prince Jacob]] and Agostinho. The event, titled ''Tumkan Lagon Jhielom'', was eagerly anticipated by Carvalho's fan base.<ref name=":0" />

Carvalho's early career involved collaborations with several popular [[Konkani people|Konkani]] theater directors. She joined the [[theatrical company]] founded by A. M. Pacheco, where she gained experience performing in a series of his theatrical productions, including well-known plays like ''Mr Romeo'' and ''Odruxtt''. In the subsequent season, Carvalho performed in A. M. Pacheco's Konkani theater play ''Fator''. She maintained her association with the troupe when Benny, Pacheco's brother staged the ''[[tiatr]] Vis Vorsam Adim''. Director [[Patrick Dourado]] later provided Carvalho with opportunities to perform in multiple ''tiatrs'' under his helm, including ''Sot'', ''Patok'', ''Tem Mhojem Soirem'', ''Maim'', and ''Dev Borem Korum'', among others. Carvalho was a member of Dourado's dramatic troupe for nearly 12 years, often taking on serious maternal roles. When Dourado wrote the ''tiatr Ostori'', he directed Carvalho to take on a comedic part. During the [[Bombay]] staging of this production, [[Promoter (entertainment)|theater contractors]] Albert and Seby recognized Carvalho as the "Comedy Queen of the Konkani stage". Apart from her contributions to Dourado's work, Carvalho engaged in various ''tiatrs'' under the direction of [[C. D'Silva]]. She performed in the ''tiatr Mog'', a collaborative effort directed by both Dourado and D'Silva. Following her roles in Dourado's ''tiatrs'', Carvalho was chosen by director [[M. Boyer]] to star in his production ''Mog, Kazar, Divorce'', where her comedic talent alongside Boyer garnered praise in [[Goa]] and [[Bombay]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Reign of the Comedy Queen |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Reign-of-the-Comedy-Queen/124506 |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=oHeraldo |date=31 August 2022 |archive-date=2024-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616120842/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Review/Voice-Of-Tiatr/Reign-of-the-Comedy-Queen/124506 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Carvalho made significant contributions to the [[Goan]] ''tiatr'' theatrical tradition over the course of her career. She gained prominence by joining the productions of leading directors and expanding her reach across multiple [[theater troupe]]s. Carvalho's flair for comedy shone through as she became part of [[Prince Jacob]]'s theater group, where she showcased her talent on stage. She appeared in a number of his ''tiatr'' ([[Konkani language]] plays) productions, including ''Ponvoth'', ''Panvdde'', ''PoixePoixe'', and ''Poltodd'', among others. Carvalho remained an integral part of Prince Jacob's company for approximately five years. After her tenure with Prince Jacob's troupe, Carvalho transitioned to working with director [[Jose Rod]]. She starred in ''tiatrs'' such as ''Paus Paus'' and ''Nisonn'', among others, as a member of Rod's performing ensemble over a three-year period. Following this, Carvalho made appearances in the ''tiatr Dhump'' under the direction of Mario de Vasco, and also in the production ''Familik Ollkhona''. In addition to her collaborations with Goan theater directors, Carvalho participated in performances overseen by artists situated in [[Bombay]] (now known as Mumbai). This included performances in ''tiatrs'' helmed by Bab Peter, such as ''Mijeas'' and ''Tuka Kiteak Poddlam'', in addition to productions directed by [[C. Alvares]], [[Robin Vaz]], [[Wilson Mazarello]], [[Sharon Mazarello]], etc. Carvalho is known for her meticulous [[record keeping]] of her theatrical activities. She maintained a diary titled ''Treasury of My Dramas'' that documented details about the ''tiatrs'' she performed in, including the titles, locations, dates, and the compensation she received from the various directors she collaborated with. This allowed Carvalho to closely track her professional engagements and earnings over the course of her career in Goan and Bombay theater.<ref name=":1" />

Before the year 1995, the last recorded instance of Carvalho's stage presence was in a ''[[tiatr]]'' production overseen by Mario de Vasco. She then traveled overseas and lived in [[Kuwait]] for approximately one year, where she participated in ''tiatr'' presentations led by several popular Konkani theater directors, including Rosary Ferns, Laurente Pereira, Mario de Majorda, Simon Gonsalves, Salu Faleiro, and Comedian Philip Pereira, among other [[Goan]] expatriates. After a substantial hiatus of 14 years, Carvalho reemerged on the Goan ''tiatr'' stage in around 2009–2010, when Laurente Pereira cast her in his production titled ''Hea Ghorachim Daram Bond''. In 2017, Carvalho made a return to the ''tiatr'' stage after a break of nine years by starring in the production ''Ami Khuxal'', which was directed by Braz de Parra.<ref name=":1" /> Within this work, Carvalho portrayed a comedic character and also contributed [[solo (music)|solo]] and an opening [[duet]] musical performance with Braz.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2018-01-23 |title='Ami Khuxal' – TIATR REVIEW JP Pereira – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/01/23/magazines/buzz/ami-khuxal-tiatr-review-jp-pereira/ |access-date=2024-06-16 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701175817/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/01/23/magazines/buzz/ami-khuxal-tiatr-review-jp-pereira/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Carvalho is also regarded as part of a select group of contemporary [[Konkani people|Konkani]] ''tiatr'' comedians who carried forward the legacy established by pioneering Konkani comedic performers such as [[A. R. Souza Ferrão]], [[Anthony Mendes]], [[Kid Boxer]], [[Minguel Rod]], [[Jacinto Vaz]], and [[M. Boyer]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=51–52 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-16 |archive-date=2023-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045216/https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Carvalho had been based in [[Kuwait]] since the 1990s.<ref name=":3" /> On 24 January 1990, she married Agnelo Jacinto Fernandes, aged 30, who hailed from [[Salcete#Salcette territory|Utorda]], [[Goa]], at the Chapel of the Mother of God in [[Majorda]]. Eight days prior, they had their [[civil marriage]] registration done in [[Margao, Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mendes |first=Caetano |date=22 February 1990 |title=Marriage Register |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/AllServices?cat=allZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520212143/https://goaonline.gov.in/AllServices?cat=allZUeFHBL0zH_B_o_qI0Yn9nWEpm_kl2vuh1xW8sAol-2ZD-iDWhXpXWE_eMk/t-bc8/9nW91 |archive-date=20 May 2024 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> Carvalho, who was born in Margao, lived in Majorda, where her parents also resided.<ref name=":2" />

==Death==
Carvalho died on 3 July 2025 in [[Margao, Goa]], India. She was 65.<ref name="HeraldDeath25">{{Cite web |date=4 July 2025 |title=Konkani stage loses 'Comedy Queen' Querobina Carvalho |url=https://epaper.heraldgoa.in/oHeraldo?eid=1&edate=04/07/2025&pgid=58452&device=mobile&view=0&sedId=0&uemail= |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[O Heraldo]]}}</ref> Her funeral was held on 5 July at Majorda, Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2025 |title=obituaries/news |url=https://epaper.heraldgoa.in/oheraldo |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=[[O Heraldo]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carvalho, Querobina}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]

Social liberalism

2026-03-14T21:22:18Z

Wikimelo:

{{short description|Political ideology within liberalism}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{About|the ideology|liberalism as a social philosophy|Cultural liberalism}}
{{Distinguish|Liberal socialism}}
}}
{{redirect|Social liberals|the Austrian political party|The Social Liberals}}
{{use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{use Oxford spelling|date=February 2023}}


{{liberalism sidebar|schools}}

'''Social liberalism'''{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Also known as '''new liberalism''' in the United Kingdom,<ref name="freeden" /><ref name="adams" /> '''modern liberalism''' in the United States (where it is also simply known as ''liberalism''),<ref>Pease, Donald E.; Wiegman, Robyn (eds.) (2002). ''The Futures of American Studies''. Duke University Press. p. 518.</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Courtland |first1=Shane D. |title=Liberalism |date=2022 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/liberalism/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Spring 2022 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=16 September 2022 |last2=Gaus |first2=Gerald |last3=Schmidtz |first3=David |archive-date=22 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322170905/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/liberalism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> '''left-liberalism''' ({{langx|de|Linksliberalismus}}) in Germany,<ref>Hoensbroech, Paul Kajus Graf (1912). ''Der Linksliberalismus''. Leipzig.</ref><ref>Felix Rachfahl (1912). ''Eugen Richter und der Linksliberalismus im Neuen Reiche''. Berlin.</ref><ref>Ulrich Zeller (1912). ''Die Linksliberalen''. Munich.</ref> and '''progressive liberalism''' ({{langx|es|liberalismo progresista}}) in [[Spanish-speaking countries]]<ref>[[José Luis Comellas]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=T6hbEOvZz6AC&dq=docea%C3%B1istas+y+veintea%C3%B1istas&pg=PA421 ''Del antiguo al nuevo régimen: hasta la muerte de Fernando VII'']{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, pp. 421. (Spanish)</ref>}} or '''progressive liberalism'''<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-philosophy-and-policy/article/abs/founding-liberalism-progressive-liberalism-and-the-rights-of-property/293BF08EFAD8A65ACC22B0482AFDF491|title=FOUNDING LIBERALISM, PROGRESSIVE LIBERALISM, AND THE RIGHTS OF PROPERTY|last=Pestritto|first=Ronald|date=31 May 2011|journal=[[Cambridge University Press]]|volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=56–73 |doi=10.1017/S026505251000021X |access-date=5 December 2025|url-access=subscription}}</ref> is a [[political philosophy]] and variety of [[liberalism]] that endorses [[social justice]], [[social services]], a [[mixed economy]], and the expansion of [[civil and political rights]], as slightly opposed to [[classical liberalism]] which favors [[limited government]] and an overall more ''[[laissez-faire]]'' style of governance. While both are committed to personal freedoms, social liberalism places greater emphasis on the role of government in addressing social inequalities and ensuring public welfare.

Social liberal governments address economic and social issues such as [[poverty]], [[welfare spending|welfare]], [[infrastructure]], [[healthcare]], and [[education]] using government intervention, while emphasising individual rights and autonomy.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rohr|first=Donald G.|date=September 1964|title=The Origins of Social Liberalism in Germany|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7548652|journal=[[The Journal of Economic History]]|volume=24|issue=3|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-date=8 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108024518/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7548652|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberalism/#NewLib|title=The 'New Liberalism'|last1=Gaus|first1=Gerald|last2=Courtland|first2=Shane D.|date=Spring 2011|encyclopedia=[[The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]|name-list-style=amp|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-date=8 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180908003440/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberalism/#NewLib|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2010/07/social-liberalism-hobhouse|title=The origins of social liberalism|last=Derbyshire|first=John|date=12 July 2010|work=[[New Statesman]]|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222122744/http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2010/07/social-liberalism-hobhouse|url-status=live}}</ref>

Economically, social liberalism is based on the [[social market economy]] and views the [[common good]] as harmonious with the individual's freedom.<ref>De Ruggiero, Guido (1959). ''The History of European Liberalism''. pp. 155–157.</ref> Social liberals overlap with [[social democrats]] in accepting [[market intervention]] more than other liberals;<ref name="Slomp 2000">{{cite book|last=Slomp|first=Hans|title=European Politics Into the Twenty-First Century: Integration and Division|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|isbn=0275968146|year=2000|location=Westport|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/europeanpolitics0000slom|page=35}}</ref> its importance is considered auxiliary compared to social democrats.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Margalit|first=Avishai|date=2013|title=Liberal or Social Democrat?|url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/liberal-or-social-democrat|access-date=19 September 2022|website=Dissent|issue=Spring 2013|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171322/https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/liberal-or-social-democrat|url-status=live}}</ref> Ideologies that emphasize its economic policy include '''welfare liberalism''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Main Ideas of General-welfare Liberalism |url=https://www1.udel.edu/htr/American/Texts/weliber.html |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=www1.udel.edu |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126113324/https://www1.udel.edu/htr/American/Texts/weliber.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[New Deal liberalism]] and [[New Democrats (United States)|New Democrats]] in the United States,<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Classical Liberalism Morphed Into New Deal Liberalism |url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/think-again-how-classical-liberalism-morphed-into-new-deal-liberalism/ |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=Center for American Progress |date=26 April 2012 |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172614/https://www.americanprogress.org/article/think-again-how-classical-liberalism-morphed-into-new-deal-liberalism/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and '''Keynesian liberalism'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=kanopiadmin |date=7 April 2010 |title=Was Keynes a Liberal? |url=https://mises.org/library/was-keynes-liberal |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=Mises Institute |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172801/https://mises.org/library/was-keynes-liberal |url-status=live }}</ref> Almost all of the Western world has widely adopted social liberal policies.<ref name="Faulks"/>

Social liberal ideas and parties tend to be considered [[Centrism|centre]] to [[centre-left]], although there are deviations from these positions to both the [[Political spectrum|political left or right]].{{efn|[[France]]'s centre to [[centre-right]] social liberal [[Democratic Movement (France)|MoDem]], [[Greenland]]'s centre to centre-right [[Democrats (Greenland)|Democrats]], [[Poland]]'s centre-left to left-wing liberal [[Polish Initiative]], [[Taiwan]]'s left-wing liberal [[Taiwan Statebuilding Party]], [[South Korea]]'s left-wing liberal [[Progressive Party (South Korea, 2017)|Progressive Party]] and [[Japan]]'s liberal [[left-wing populist]] politician [[Tarō Yamamoto]].}}<ref name="Slomp 2000" /><ref name="hombachbodo">{{cite book |last=Hombach |first=Bodo |url=http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-074562460X.html |title=The politics of the new centre |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2000 |isbn=9780745624600 |access-date=6 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803105747/http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-074562460X.html |archive-date=3 August 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="womenpower">{{cite book |last1=Matland |first1=Richard E. |url=https://archive.org/details/womensaccesstopo0000unse |title=Women's access to political power in post-communist Europe |last2=Montgomery |first2=Kathleen A. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-924685-4 |location=Oxford |url-access=registration}}</ref> In modern political discourse, social liberalism is associated with [[progressivism]],<ref>{{cite book |editor=Klaus P. Fischer |title=America in White, Black, and Gray: A History of the Stormy 1960s |date=2007 |page=39 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Great Courses |title=The Modern Political Tradition: Episode 17: Progressivism and New Liberalism |date=2014 |publisher=Great Courses }}{{ISBN?}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Helen Hardacre |editor2=Timothy S. George |editor3=Keigo Komamura |editor4=Franziska Seraphim |title=Japanese Constitutional Revisionism and Civic Activism |date=2021 |pages=136, 162 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield }}{{ISBN?}}</ref> a left-liberalism contrasted to the right-leaning [[neoliberalism]],<ref>{{cite book|editor= Muzammil Quraishi |title=Towards a Malaysian Criminology: Conflict, Censure and Compromise |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQzWDwAAQBAJ&dq=Progressivism+%22left-liberalism%22&pg=PA83 |quote=The urgent need for a meaningful theoretical perspective and research agenda is driven by an observation that both left liberalism (progressivism) and right liberalism (neoliberalism) have neutralised traditional conservative socialist discourses. |date=2020 |page=83 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9781137491015 }}</ref> and combines support for a [[mixed economy]] with cultural liberalism.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Joseph M. Hoeffel |title=Fighting for the Progressive Center in the Age of Trump |quote=Modern American progressive thought combines social liberalism, including its government spending programs and mix of private enterprise and government regulation, with liberal cultural causes including voting rights for minorities, ... |date=2014 |page=56 |publisher=ABC-CLIO }}{{ISBN?}}</ref>

[[Cultural liberalism]] is an ideology that advocates the freedom of individuals to choose whether to conform to cultural norms. In American usage, the term ''Social liberalism'' may also refer to [[American progressive]] stances on sociocultural issues,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26495780|title=They retain meaning across populations and through time. That's the whole point ... | Hacker News|access-date=3 November 2021|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052049/https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=26495780|url-status=live}}</ref> such as [[reproductive rights]] and [[same-sex marriage]], in contrast with [[American social conservatism]]. Cultural liberalism is often referred to as ''social liberalism'' because it expresses the social dimension of liberalism; however, it is not the same as the broader political ideology known as social liberalism. In [[American politics]], a ''social liberal'' may hold either [[Fiscal conservatism|conservative]] ([[economic liberal]]) or [[economic progressive|progressive]] views on [[fiscal policy]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Farai|last=Chideya|year=2004|chapter=The Red and the Blue: A Divided America|title=Trust: Reaching the 100 Million Missing Voters and Other Selected Essays|publisher=Soft Skull Press|pages=33–46|isbn=9781932360264}}</ref>

== Origins ==
{{See also|History of liberalism}}
=== United Kingdom ===
[[File:Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse, c1910.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Leonard Hobhouse]] was one of the originators of social liberalism, notably through his book ''Liberalism'', published in 1911.]]
By the end of the 19th century, downturns in economic growth challenged the principles of [[classical liberalism]], a growing awareness of poverty and unemployment present within modern industrial cities, and the agitation of [[organised labour]]. A significant political reaction against the changes introduced by [[industrialisation]] and ''[[laissez-faire]]'' [[capitalism]] came from [[One-nation conservatism|one-nation conservatives]] concerned about social balance and the introduction of the famous [[Education Act 1870]]. However, [[socialism]] later became a more important force for change and reform. Some Victorian writers—including [[Charles Dickens]], [[Thomas Carlyle]] and [[Matthew Arnold]]—became early influential critics of social injustice.<ref>Richardson, pp. 36–37.</ref>

[[John Stuart Mill]] contributed enormously to liberal thought by combining elements of classical liberalism with what eventually became known as the new liberalism. Mill developed this philosophy by liberalising the concept of [[consequentialism]] to promote a rights based system.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Utilitarianism and the New Liberalism {{!}} History of ideas and intellectual history |url=https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/history-ideas-and-intellectual-history/utilitarianism-and-new-liberalism,%20https://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/history-ideas-and-intellectual-history |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=Cambridge University Press |language=en}}</ref> He also developed his liberal dogma by combining the idea of using a [[Utilitarianism|utilitarian]] foundation to base upon the idea of individual rights.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brink |first=David O. |date=18 April 2013 |title=Mill's Progressive Principles |chapter=Liberalism, utilitarianism, and rights |pages=214–233 |chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/12215/chapter/161685296 |language=en |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199672141.003.0009 |isbn=978-0-19-967214-1 |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052049/https://academic.oup.com/book/12215/chapter-abstract/161685296?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref> The new liberals tried to adapt the old language of liberalism to confront these difficult circumstances, which they believed could only be resolved through a broader and more interventionist conception of the state. Ensuring that individuals did not physically interfere with each other or merely by impartially having formulated and applied laws could not establish an equal right to liberty. More positive and proactive measures were required to ensure that every individual would have an [[equal opportunity]] for success.<ref name="eatwell">{{cite book|last1=Eatwell|first1=Roger|last2=Wright|first2=Anthony|title=Contemporary Political Ideologies|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=1999|isbn=9780826451736}}</ref>

==== New Liberals ====
{{Distinguish|text = [[TNL (political party)|The New Liberals]] in Australia}}
[[File:T.H. Green.png|thumb|left|upright|[[Thomas Hill Green]]]]
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a group of British thinkers known as the New Liberals made a case against ''laissez-faire'' classical liberalism. It argued in favour of state intervention in social, economic and cultural life. What they proposed is now called social liberalism.<ref name="freeden">[[Michael Freeden|Freeden, Michael]] (1978). ''The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> The New Liberals, including intellectuals [[Thomas Hill Green]], [[Leonard Hobhouse]] and [[John A. Hobson]], saw individual liberty achievable only under favourable social and economic circumstances.<ref name="adams">{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|title=Political Ideology Today (Politics Today)|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=0719060206|year=2001|location=Manchester|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000adam}}</ref> In their view, the poverty, squalor, and ignorance in which many people lived made it impossible for freedom and individuality to flourish. New Liberals believed through collective action coordinated by a strong, welfare-oriented and interventionist state could alleviate these conditions.

The [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] governments of [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]] and [[H. H. Asquith]], mainly thanks to [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]] and later Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]], established the foundations of the [[welfare state]] in the United Kingdom before World War I. The comprehensive welfare state built in the United Kingdom after World War II, although primarily accomplished by the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]'s [[Attlee ministry]], was significantly designed by two Liberals, namely [[John Maynard Keynes]] (who laid the foundations in economics with the [[Keynesian Revolution]]) and [[William Beveridge]] (whose [[Beveridge Report]] was used to design the welfare system).<ref name="adams"/>

Historian Peter Weiler has argued: <blockquote>Although still partially informed by older Liberal concerns for character, self-reliance, and the capitalist market, this legislation nevertheless marked a significant shift in Liberal approaches to the state and social reform, approaches that later governments would slowly expand and that would grow into the welfare state after the Second World War. What was new in these reforms was the underlying assumption that the state could be a positive force, that the measure of individual freedom ... was not how much the state left people alone, but whether he gave them the capacity to fulfill themselves as individuals.<ref>Weiler, Peter (2016). "New Liberalism". In Leventhal, Fred M., ed. (1995). ''Twentieth-century Britain: An Encyclopedia''. Garland. pp. 564–565.</ref><ref>Weiler, Peter (2016). ''The New Liberalism: Liberal Social Theory in Great Britain, 1889–1914'' (2016). [https://www.amazon.com/New-Liberalism-1889-1914-Routledge-Nineteenth/dp/1138696528 Excerpt] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019022114/https://www.amazon.com/New-Liberalism-1889-1914-Routledge-Nineteenth/dp/1138696528 |date=19 October 2016 }}.</ref></blockquote>

=== Germany ===
The term "Social Liberalism" may have first been employed by [[Max Stirner]] in his primary work, [[The Ego and its Own]], used to ridicule [[Socialism]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://files.libcom.org/files/Stirner_The_Ego_and_Its_Own.pdf | title=The Ego and its Own | website=files.libcom.org}}</ref>

In 1860s Germany, left-liberal politicians like [[Max Hirsch (labor economist)|Max Hirsch]], [[Franz Duncker]], and [[Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch]] established [[trade union]]s—modelled on their British counterparts—to help workers improve working and economic conditions through reconciliation of interests and cooperation with their employers rather than class struggle. Schulze-Delitzsch is also the founding father of the German [[History of the cooperative movement|cooperative movement]] and the organiser of the world's first [[credit union]]s. Some liberal economists, such as [[Lujo Brentano]] or [[Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz]], established the {{lang|de|[[Verein für Socialpolitik]]}} (German Economic Association) in 1873 to promote social reform based on the [[historical school of economics]] and therefore rejecting [[classical economics]], proposing a third way between [[Manchester Liberalism]] and socialist revolution in the 1871-founded [[German Empire]].

However, the German left-liberal movement fragmented into wings and new parties over the 19th century. The main objectives of the left-liberal parties—the [[German Progress Party]] and its successors—were free speech, freedom of assembly, representative government, secret and equal but obligation-tied suffrage, and protection of private property. At the same time, they were strongly opposed to creating a [[welfare state]], which they called [[state socialism]]. The main differences between the left-liberal parties were:

* The national ambitions.
* The different substate people's goals.
* [[Free trade]] against ''Schutzzollpolitik.''
* ''The'' building of the national economy.

The term ''social liberalism'' ({{langx|de|Sozialliberalismus}}) was used first in 1891 by [[Austria-Hungary|Austria-Hungaria]]n economist and journalist [[Theodor Hertzka]].<ref>Theodor Hertzka: ''Socialdemokratie und Socialliberalismus'' (German). Dresden/Leipzig: Pierson. 1891.</ref>{{efn|Hertzka was from [[Pest, Hungary|Pest]], part of [[Budapest]], now the capital of [[Hungary]]. At the time of his birth, Hungary was the territory of the [[Austrian Empire]].}} Subsequently, in 1893, the historian and [[Reform movement|social reformer]] [[Ignaz Jastrow]] also used this term and joined the [[Verein für Socialpolitik|German Economic Association]]. He published the [[Democratic socialism|socialist democratic]] manifesto "Social-liberal: Tasks for Liberalism in Prussia" to create an "action group" for the general people's welfare in the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]], which they rejected.<ref>{{cite book|last=Na|first=Inho|title=Sozialreform oder Revolution: Gesellschaftspolitische Zukunftsvorstellungen im Naumann-Kreis 1890–1903/04|publisher=Tectum Verlag|year=200 |page=27}}</ref>

[[File:Portrait Friedrich Naumann (ca. 1911).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Friedrich Naumann]]]]
The [[National-Social Association]], founded by the Protestant pastor [[Friedrich Naumann]] also maintained contacts with the left liberals.<ref>{{citation|first=Joshua|last=Derman|title=Max Weber in Politics and Social Thought: From Charisma to Canonization|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2012|page=25}}</ref> He tried to draw workers away from [[Marxism]] by proposing a mix of nationalism and Protestant-Christian-value-inflected social liberalism to overcome class antagonisms by non-revolutionary means. Naumann called this a "proletarian-bourgeois integral liberalism". Although the party could not win any seats and soon dissolved, he remained influential in theoretical German left-liberalism.

In the [[Weimar Republic]], the [[German Democratic Party]] was founded and came into an inheritance of the left-liberal past and had a leftist social wing<ref>{{cite book|first=Liesbeth|last=Van De Grift|title=Securing the Communist State: The Reconstruction of Coercive Institutions in the Soviet Zone of Germany and Romania, 1944-48|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2012|page=41|isbn=978-0-7391-7178-3}}</ref> and a rightist economic wing but heavily favoured the democratic constitution over a monarchist one. Its ideas of a socially balanced economy with solidarity, duty, and rights among all workers struggled due to the economic sanctions of the [[Treaty of Versailles]], but it influenced local [[cooperative]] enterprises.<ref>{{cite book|first=Hans|last=Mommsen|title=The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallweimarde00momm|url-access=limited|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1996|page=[https://archive.org/details/risefallweimarde00momm/page/n76 58]|isbn=0-8078-2249-3}}</ref><ref name="Kurlander">{{cite book|first=Eric|last=Kurlander|title=The Price of Exclusion: Ethnicity, National Identity, and the Decline of German Liberalism, 1898–1933|publisher=Berghahn Books|year=2006|page=197|isbn=1-8454-5069-8}}</ref>

After 1945, the [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democrats]] included most of the social liberals, including Naumann and Brentano disciple [[Theodor Heuss]] who became the first party chairman and the first [[President of Germany|Federal President of West Germany]]. Other social liberals joined the [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany]]. Until the 1960s, [[post-war]] [[ordoliberalism]] was the model for Germany. It had a theoretical social liberal influence based on duty and rights.<ref name="cis.org.au">Hartwich, Oliver Marc (2009). [http://www.cis.org.au/temp/op114_neoliberalism.pdf "Neoliberalism: The Genesis of a Political Swearword"]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025161041/http://www.cis.org.au/temp/OP114_Neoliberalism.pdf|date=25 October 2009}}</ref>

During the 1950s and 1960s, the Free Democratic Party was dominated by [[Conservative liberalism|conservative liberals]], [[National liberalism|national liberals]] and [[Classical liberalism|classical liberals]]. However, in the 1970s, the party was briefly influenced by [[Progressivism|progressive]] and social liberal ideas which culminated in the 1971 Freiburg Thesis programme.<ref name="Merkl1989">{{cite book |author=Peter H. Merkl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hO88DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA335 |title=The Federal Republic of Germany at Forty: Union Without Unity |publisher=NYU Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0-81-475446-7 |page=335}}</ref> Among other things, the party committed itself to "self-determination", "democratization of society", a "reform of capitalism" and a form of [[Eco-liberalism|ecoliberalism]] which prioritized "environmental protection over profit and personal gains".<ref>Karl-Hermann Flach, Werner Maihofer und Walter Scheel: Die Freiburger Thesen der Liberalen. Rowohlt, Reinbek 1972, ISBN 3-499-11545-X.</ref> In 1977, the social liberal era came to an end with the more [[Economic liberalism|economically liberal]] Kiel Thesis programme (''Kieler Thesen'') effectively setting the party back on a classical liberal course.

As the Free Democrats discarded social liberal ideas in a more conservative and economically liberal approach,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trennung nach 13 gemeinsamen Jahren|url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/trennung-nach-13-gemeinsamen-jahren.724.de.html?dram:article_id=98885|date=17 September 2007|access-date=15 September 2021|newspaper=Deutschlandfunk|language=de-DE|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915121308/https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/trennung-nach-13-gemeinsamen-jahren.724.de.html?dram:article_id=98885|url-status=live}}</ref> some members left the party and formed the social liberal [[Liberal Democrats (Germany)|Liberal Democrats]] in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bundestagswahl 2021: alle teilnehmenden Parteien|url=https://www.bundestagswahl-2021.de/parteien/|access-date=15 September 2021|website=bundestagswahl-2021.de|date=14 December 2020|language=de-DE|archive-date=14 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914172805/https://www.bundestagswahl-2021.de/parteien/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Geschichte|url=https://liberale-demokraten.de/geschichte/|access-date=15 September 2021|website=Liberale Demokraten - Die Sozialliberalen|language=de-DE|archive-date=25 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125124958/https://liberale-demokraten.de/geschichte/|url-status=live}}</ref> Other social liberals have found a new home in Germany's Green party [[Alliance 90/The Greens]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Korte |first=Karl-Rudolf |date=2021-07-01 |title=Veränderungen im Parteiensystem |url=https://www.bpb.de/themen/politisches-system/wahlen-in-deutschland/335669/veraenderungen-im-parteiensystem/ |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung |language=de}}</ref>

=== France ===
In France, [[Social solidarity|solidaristic]] thinkers, including [[Alfred Fouillée]] and [[Émile Durkheim]], developed the social-liberal theory in the Third Republic. [[Sociology]] inspired them, and they influenced radical politicians like [[Léon Bourgeois]]. They explained that a more extensive division of labour caused more opportunity and [[individualism]] and inspired more complex interdependence. They argued that the individual had a debt to society, promoting progressive taxation to support public works and welfare schemes. However, they wanted the state to coordinate rather than manage, encouraging cooperative insurance schemes among individuals. Their main objective was to remove barriers to social mobility rather than create a welfare state.<ref>Eatwell, Roger; Wright, Anthony (1999). ''Contemporary Political Ideologies'' (1999). pp. 35–36.</ref>

=== United States ===
{{main|Modern liberalism in the United States}}
[[File:FDR in 1933.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], the 32nd [[President of the United States]], whose [[New Deal]] domestic policies defined [[American liberalism]] for the middle third of the 20th century]]
Social liberalism was a term in the United States to differentiate it from [[Liberalism in the United States|classical liberalism]] or ''[[laissez-faire]]''. It dominated political and economic thought for several years until the word branched off from it around the [[Great Depression]] and the [[New Deal]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marks|first1=Gary|last2=Wilson|first2=Carole|name-list-style=amp|title=The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Response to European Integration|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=30|pages=433–459|date=July 2000|issue=3|url=http://www.utdallas.edu/~cjwilson/prof/BJPS00.pdf|doi=10.1017/S0007123400000181|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625032020/http://www.utdallas.edu/~cjwilson/prof/BJPS00.pdf|archive-date=25 June 2008 }}</ref><ref name="richardson">{{cite book|last=Richardson|first=James L.|title=Contending Liberalisms in World Politics: Ideology and Power|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|year=2001|isbn=155587939X|location=Colorado}}</ref> In the 1870s and the 1880s, the American economists [[Richard T. Ely|Richard Ely]], [[John Bates Clark]], and [[Henry Carter Adams]]—influenced both by [[socialism]] and the [[Evangelical Protestant]] movement—castigated the conditions caused by industrial factories and expressed sympathy toward [[labor unions|labour unions]]. However, none developed a systematic political philosophy, and they later abandoned their flirtations with socialist thinking. In 1883, [[Lester Frank Ward]] published the two-volume ''Dynamic Sociology''. He formalized the basic tenets of social liberalism while at the same time attacking the ''laissez-faire'' policies advocated by [[Herbert Spencer]] and [[William Graham Sumner]]. The historian [[Henry Steele Commager]] ranked Ward alongside [[William James]], [[John Dewey]], and [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]] and called him the father of the modern welfare state.<ref>Commager, Henry Steele, ed. (1967). ''Lester Ward and the Welfare State''. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.</ref> A writer from 1884 until the 1930s, John Dewey—an educator influenced by Hobhouse, Green, and Ward—advocated socialist methods to achieve liberal goals. John Dewey's expanding popularity as an economist also coincided with the greater [[Georgism|Georgist]] movement that rose in the 1910s, pinnacling with the presidency of [[Woodrow Wilson]].<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Land and Liberty: Henry George, The Single Tax Movement, and the Origins of 20th Century Liberalism |url=https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1029879 |publisher=Georgetown University |date=2015 |degree=thesis |language=en |first=Christopher William |last=England |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=30 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930123315/https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1029879 |url-status=live }}</ref> America later incorporated some social liberal ideas into the [[New Deal]],<ref>Richardson, pp. 38–41.</ref> which developed as a response to the [[Great Depression]] when Franklin D. Roosevelt came into office.

== Implementation ==
[[File:David_Lloyd_George_c1911.jpg|thumb|150px|[[David Lloyd George]], who became closely associated with this new liberalism and vigorously supported expanding social welfare]]
The welfare state grew gradually and unevenly from the late 19th century but fully developed following World War II, along with the [[mixed market economy]] and general [[welfare capitalism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chapter 2: The 1920s and the Start of the Depression 1921-1933 {{!}} U.S. Department of Labor |url=https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/dolchp02 |access-date=22 September 2022 |website=www.dol.gov |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922155123/https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/dolchp02 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also called [[embedded liberalism]], social liberal policies gained broad support across the political spectrum because they reduced society's disruptive and polarizing tendencies without challenging the capitalist economic system. Businesses accepted social liberalism in the face of widespread dissatisfaction with the [[boom and bust]] cycle of the earlier financial system as it seemed to them to be a lesser evil than more left-wing modes of government. Characteristics of social liberalism were cooperation between big business, government, and labour unions. Governments could assume a vital role because the wartime economy had strengthened their power, but the extent to which this occurred varied considerably among Western democracies.<ref>Richardson, pp. 137–138.</ref> Social liberalism is also a generally [[Internationalism (politics)|internationalist]] ideology.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beitz |first=Charles R. |date=1999 |title=Social and Cosmopolitan Liberalism |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2623634 |journal=International Affairs |volume=75 |issue=3 |pages=515–529 |doi=10.1111/1468-2346.00091 |jstor=2623634 |issn=0020-5850 |access-date=22 September 2022 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922144721/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2623634 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Social liberalism has also historically been an advocate for [[liberal feminism]] among other forms of social progress.<ref>{{Citation |last=Baehr |first=Amy R. |title=Liberal Feminism |date=2021 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/feminism-liberal/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Spring 2021 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=30 September 2022 |archive-date=23 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423220618/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2021/entries/feminism-liberal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Social liberals tend to find a compromise between the perceived extremes of unrestrained [[capitalism]] and [[state socialism]] to create an economy built on [[regulated capitalism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Whiteside |first=Heather |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0EHEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22social+liberalism%22+%22regulated+capitalism%22&pg=PT193 |title=Canadian Political Economy |date=3 November 2020 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4875-3091-4 |language=en |access-date=23 October 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052028/https://books.google.com/books?id=f0EHEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22social+liberalism%22+%22regulated+capitalism%22&pg=PT193 |url-status=live }}</ref> Due to a reliance on what they believe to be a too [[centralized government]] to achieve its goals, critics have called this strain of liberalism a more authoritarian ideological position compared to the original schools of liberal thought, especially in the United States, where conservatives have called presidents [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] authoritarians.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hornberger |first=Jacob G. |date=23 November 2016 |title=Don't Forget FDR's Authoritarianism |url=https://www.fff.org/2016/11/23/dont-forget-fdrs-authoritarianism/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=The Future of Freedom Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921140330/https://www.fff.org/2016/11/23/dont-forget-fdrs-authoritarianism/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=September 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carlin |first=David |title=Democratic, Authoritarian, Laissez-Faire: What Type Of Leader Are You? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidcarlin/2019/10/18/democratic-authoritarian-laissez-faire-what-type-of-leader-are-you/ |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921140329/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidcarlin/2019/10/18/democratic-authoritarian-laissez-faire-what-type-of-leader-are-you/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{undue weight inline|date=September 2022}}

=== United Kingdom ===
[[File:National-insurance-act-1911.jpg|thumb|left|British leaflet from the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] expressing support for the [[National Insurance Act 1911]] and the legislation provided benefits to sick and unemployed workers, marking a major milestone in the development of [[social welfare]]]]

The first notable implementation of social liberal policies occurred under the [[Liberal Party (United Kingdom)|Liberal Party]] in Britain from 1906 until 1914. These initiatives became known as the [[Liberal welfare reforms]]. The main elements included pensions for poor older adults, and [[National Insurance Act 1911|health, sickness, and unemployment insurance]]. These changes were accompanied by [[Progressive income tax|progressive taxation]], particularly in the [[People's Budget]] of 1909. The old system of charity relying on the [[English Poor Laws|Poor Laws]] and supplemented by private charity, public cooperatives, and private insurance companies was in crisis, giving the state added impetus for reform. The Liberal Party caucus elected in 1906 also contained more professionals, including academics and journalists, sympathetic to social liberalism. The large business owners had mostly deserted the Liberals for the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]], the latter becoming the favourite party for commercial interests. Both business interests and trade unions regularly opposed the reforms. Liberals most identified with these reforms were Prime Minister [[H. H. Asquith]], [[John Maynard Keynes]], [[David Lloyd George]] (especially as [[Chancellor of the Exchequer]]), and [[Winston Churchill]] (as [[President of the Board of Trade]]), in addition to the civil servant (and later Liberal MP) [[William Beveridge]].<ref>Feuchtwanger, pp. 273–317.</ref>

Most of the [[Social democracy|social democratic]] parties in Europe (notably the [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]]) have taken on strong influences of social liberal ideology. Despite Britain's two major parties coming from the traditions of socialism and conservatism, the most substantive political and economic debates of recent times were between social liberal and classical liberal concepts.<ref name="Vincent_54">{{cite book|last=Vincent|first=Andrew|title=Modern Political Ideologies|edition=Third|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2010|page=54}}</ref>

=== Germany ===
[[File:Alexander Rüstow.jpg|thumb|[[Alexander Rüstow]]]]
[[Alexander Rüstow]], a German economist, first proposed the German variant of economically social liberalism. In 1932, he dubbed this kind of social liberalism [[neoliberalism]] while speaking at the Social Policy Association. However, that term now carries a meaning different from the one proposed by Rüstow. Rüstow wanted an alternative to socialism and the classical liberal economics developed in the [[German Empire]]. In 1938, Rüstow met with various economic thinkers—including [[Ludwig Mises]], [[Friedrich Hayek]], and [[Wilhelm Röpke]]—to determine how and what could renew liberalism. Rüstow advocated a powerful state to enforce free markets and state intervention to correct [[market failure]]s. However, Mises argued that monopolies and cartels operated because of state intervention and protectionism and claimed that the only legitimate role for the state was to abolish barriers to market entry. He viewed Rüstow's proposals as negating market freedom and saw them as similar to socialism.<ref name="cis.org.au"/>

Following World War II, the West German government adopted Rüstow's neoliberalism, now usually called [[ordoliberalism]] or the [[social market economy]], under [[Ludwig Erhard]]. He was the Minister of Economics and later became Chancellor. Erhard lifted price controls and introduced free markets. While Germany's post-war economic recovery was due to these policies, the welfare state—which Bismarck had established—became increasingly costly.<ref name="cis.org.au"/>

=== Turkey ===
{{main|Kemalism}}
The Kemalist economic model was designed by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] in 1930s, founder of the Republic of Turkey, after an unsuccessful attempt to embrace a [[Regulated market|regulated market economy]] from [[İzmir Economic Congress]] until the [[Great Depression|1929 Depression]]. He put the principle of "[[Kemalism#Etatism|etatism]]" in his [[The Six Arrows|Six Arrows]] and stated that [[Kemalism#Etatism|etatism]] was a unique economic system for Turkey and that it was different from [[socialism]], [[communism]], and [[Collectivism and individualism|collectivism]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medeni Bilgiler (Örgün Yayınları)|publisher=Afet İnan|year=1930s|pages=212}}</ref> Atatürk explained his economic idea as follows:

<blockquote>State can't take the place of individuals, but, it must take into consideration the individuals to make them improve and develop theirselves. Etatism includes the work that individuals won't do because they can't make profit or the work which are necessary for national interests. Just as it is the duty of the state to protect the freedom and independence of the country and to regulate internal affairs, the state must take care of the education and health of its citizens. The state must take care of the roads, railways, telegraphs, telephones, animals of the country, all kinds of vehicles and the general wealth of the nation to protect the peace and security of the country. During the administration and protection of the country, the things we just counted are more important than cannons, rifles and all kinds of weapons. (...) Private interests are generally the opposite of the general interests. Also, private interests are based on rivalries. But, you can't create a stable economy only with this. People who think like that are delusional and they will be a failure. (...) And, work of an individual must stay as the main basis of economic growth. Not preventing an individual's work and not obstructing the individual's freedom and enterprise with the state's own activities is the main basis of the principle of democracy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medeni Bilgiler ve M.Kemal Atatürk'ün El Yazıları|publisher=Afet İnan|year=1930s|pages=46–47}}</ref></blockquote>

Moreover, Atatürk said this in his opening speech on 1 November 1937: "Unless there is an absolute necessity, the [[Market economy|markets]] can't be intervened; also, no markets can be completely free."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tarihce/ataturk_konusma/5d3yy.htm|url-status=dead|title=Atatürk'ün Meclis Açılış Konuşmaları|publisher=Turkish Grand National Assembly|date=1 November 1937|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113042205/https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tarihce/ataturk_konusma/5d3yy.htm|archive-date=13 January 2006|access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> Also it was said by [[İsmet İnönü]] that Atatürk's principle of [[Kemalism#Etatism|etatism]] was [[Keynesian economics|Keynesian]] and a Turkish variant of [[New Deal]].<ref>{{cite book|language=tr|page=87|publisher=İletişim Yayınları|title=Yunus Emre, CHP, Sosyal Demokrasi ve Sol}}</ref>

=== Rest of Europe ===
The post-war governments of other countries in Western Europe also followed social liberal policies. These policies were implemented primarily by [[Christian democracy|Christian democrats]] and [[Social democracy|social democrats]] as liberal parties in Europe declined in strength from their peak in the 19th century.<ref>Adams, p. 32.</ref>

=== United States ===
{{main|Modern liberalism in the United States}}
{{modern liberalism US}}
American political discourse resisted this social turn in European liberalism. While the economic policies of the [[New Deal]] appeared [[Keynesianism|Keynesian]], there was no revision of liberal theory in favour of more significant state initiatives. Even though the United States lacked an effective socialist movement, New Deal policies often appeared radical and were attacked by the right. American liberalism would eventually evolve into a more [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] ideology as a result.<ref>{{Cite web |title= A Militant Liberalism: Anti-Communism and the African American Intelligentsia, 1939-1955 |first1=Daniel W. |last1=Aldridge |date=December 2003 |url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/689.html |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=Hartford Web Publishing |archive-date=25 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525074220/http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/45a/689.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[American exceptionalism]] was likely the reason for the separate development of [[modern liberalism in the United States]], which kept mainstream American ideology within a narrow range.<ref>''Contending liberalisms in world politics: ideology and power'' (2001), James L. Richardson, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FM_tCJk51yQC&dq=contending%20liberalisms%20in%20world%20politics&pg=PA38 38–41] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131074102/http://www.google.com/books?id=FM_tCJk51yQC&lpg=PP1&dq=contending%20liberalisms%20in%20world%20politics&pg=PA38 |date=31 January 2013 }}</ref>

[[John Rawls]]' principal work, ''[[A Theory of Justice]]'' (1971), can be considered a flagship exposition of social liberal thinking, noted for its use of [[analytic philosophy]] and advocating the combination of individual freedom and a fairer distribution of resources.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Theory of Justice — John Rawls |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674000780 |access-date=29 September 2022 | date=30 September 1999 | publisher=Belknap Press | isbn=9780674000780 |language=en |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929164001/https://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674000780 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to Rawls, every individual should be allowed to choose and pursue their conception of what is desirable. At the same time, the greater society must maintain a socially just distribution of goods. Rawls argued that differences in material wealth are tolerable if general economic growth and wealth also benefit the poorest.<ref>{{cite book|last=Browing|first=Gary|chapter=Contemporary liberalism|title=Understanding Contemporary Society: Theories of the Present|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2000|pages=154–155}}</ref> ''A Theory of Justice'' countered [[Utilitarianism|utilitarian]] thinking in the tradition of [[Jeremy Bentham]], instead following the [[Immanuel Kant|Kantian]] concept of a [[social contract]], picturing society as a mutual agreement between [[Rationality|rational]] citizens, producing rights and duties as well as establishing and defining roles and tasks of the state. Rawls put the equal liberty principle in the first place, providing every person with equal access to the same set of [[Fundamental rights|fundamental liberties]], followed by the fair equality of opportunity and difference, thus allowing social and economic inequalities under the precondition that privileged positions are accessible to everyone, that everyone has equal opportunities and that even the least advantaged members of society benefit from this framework. This framework repeated itself in the equation of ''[[Justice as Fairness]]''. Rawls proposed these principles not just to adherents of liberalism but as a basis for all democratic politics, regardless of ideology. The work advanced social liberal ideas immensely within the 1970s political and philosophic academia.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harr|first=Edwin van de|title=Degrees of Freedom: Liberal Political Philosophy and Ideology|publisher=Transaction|year=2015}}</ref> Rawls may therefore be a "patron saint" of social liberalism.<ref name="Vincent_54"/>

== Decline ==
Following economic problems in the 1960s and 1970s, liberal thought underwent some transformation. Keynesian financial management faced criticism for interfering with the free market. At the same time, increased welfare spending funded by higher taxes prompted fears of lower investment, lower [[consumer spending]], and the creation of a "dependency culture." Trade unions often caused high wages and industrial disruption, while total employment was considered unsustainable. Writers such as [[Milton Friedman]] and [[Samuel Brittan]], whom Friedrich Hayek influenced, advocated a reversal of social liberalism. Their policies—often called [[neoliberalism]]—had a significant influence on Western politics, most notably on the governments of United Kingdom Prime Minister [[Margaret Thatcher]] and the United States President [[Ronald Reagan]]. They pursued policies of [[deregulation]] of the economy and reduction in spending on social services.<ref name="Faulks">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAtlVdPhEFAC&q=Political+Sociology:+A+Critical+Introduction&pg=PA73|title=Political Sociology: A Critical Introduction|first=Keith|last=Faulks|date=10 December 1999|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9780748613564|access-date=10 December 2018|via=Google Books|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052034/https://books.google.com/books?id=FAtlVdPhEFAC&q=Political+Sociology:+A+Critical+Introduction&pg=PA73|url-status=live}}</ref>

Part of the reason for the collapse of the social liberal coalition was a challenge in the 1960s and 1970s from financial interests that could operate independently of national governments. A related reason was the comparison of ideas such as socialized medicine, advocated by politicians such as Franklin D. Roosevelt, facing criticisms and being dubbed as socialist by conservatives during the midst of the [[Red Scare]], notably by the previously mentioned Reagan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=American Rhetoric: Ronald Reagan -- Radio Address on Socialized Medicine |url=https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreagansocializedmedicine.htm |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=www.americanrhetoric.com |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120172838/https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ronaldreagansocializedmedicine.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Another cause was the decline of organized labour which had formed part of the coalition but was also a support for left-wing ideologies challenging the liberal consensus. Related to this were the downfall of working-class consciousness and the growth of the middle class. The push by the United States and the United Kingdom, which had been least accepting of social liberalism for trade liberalization, further eroded support.<ref>Richardson, pp. 138–139.</ref>

== Contemporary revival of social liberal thought ==
From the end of the 20th century, at the same time that it was losing political influence, social liberalism experienced an intellectual revival with several substantial authors, including John Rawls (political philosophy), [[Amartya Sen]] (philosophy and economy), [[Ronald Dworkin]] (philosophy of law), [[Martha Nussbaum]] (philosophy), [[Bruce Ackerman]] (constitutional law), and others.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vincent|first=Andrew|title=The nature of political theory|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-929795-5|location=Oxford|oclc=193933532}}</ref>

== Parties and organisations ==
In Europe, social liberal parties tend to be small or medium-sized [[Centrism|centrist]] and [[centre-left]] parties.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirchner|first=Emil|title=Liberal parties in Western Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/liberalpartieswe00kirc|url-access=limited|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521323949|year=2000|pages=[https://archive.org/details/liberalpartieswe00kirc/page/n370 356]–357}}</ref> Examples of successful European social liberal parties participating in government coalitions at national or regional levels include the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] in the United Kingdom, the [[Democrats 66]] in the Netherlands, and the [[Danish Social Liberal Party]]. In continental European politics, social liberal parties are integrated into the [[Renew Europe]] group in the [[European Parliament]], the fifth biggest group in the parliament, and includes social liberal parties, market liberal parties, and centrist parties. Other groups such as the [[European People's Party]], the [[Greens–European Free Alliance]], and the [[Progressive Alliance of Socialists and Democrats]] also house some political parties with social-liberal factions.{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

In North America, social liberalism (as Europe would refer to it) tends to be the dominant form of liberalism present, so in common parlance, "liberal" refers to social liberals. In [[Canada]], social liberalism is held by the [[Liberal Party of Canada]], while in the [[United States]], social liberalism is a significant force within the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

Giving an exhaustive list of social liberal parties worldwide is difficult, mainly because political organisations are not always ideologically pure, and party ideologies often change over time. However, peers such as the [[Africa Liberal Network]], the [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party]], the [[Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats]], the [[European Liberal Forum]], the [[Liberal International]], and the [[Liberal Network for Latin America]] or scholars usually accept them as parties who are following social liberalism as a core ideology.{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

===Social liberal parties or parties with social liberal factions===
Social liberal political parties that are more left-biased than general ''centre-left'' parties are not described here. (See [[list of progressive parties]])

{{div col|colwidth=32em}}

* [[Åland]]: [[Liberals for Åland]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/aland.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|work=Parties-and-elections.eu|date=2019|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=30 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330115708/http://parties-and-elections.eu/aland.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Andorra]]: [[Action for Andorra]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/andorra.html | title=Parties and Elections in Europe }}</ref>
* [[Argentina]]: [[Radical Civic Union]]<ref>Godio, Julio; Robles, Alberto José (2008). ''El tiempo de CFK; entre la movilización y la institucionalidad: El desafío de organizar los mercados'' (in Spanish). Corregidor. p. 65.</ref>
* [[Australia]]: [[Liberal Party of Australia]] (factions),<ref>{{cite book|editor=Philip Mendes |title=Australia's Welfare Wars Revisited: The Players, the Politics and the Ideologies |date=2007 |page=123 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9780868409917 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1=Rodney Smith |editor2=Ariadne Vromen |editor3=Ian Cook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMSTxLmZaw0C&pg=PA103 |title=Keywords in Australian Politics |quote= The ideology of the Liberal Party has in fact always been a mixture of conservatism, '''social liberalism''' and classical or neo-liberalism ... |date=2006 |page=103 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521672832 }}</ref> [[Australian Labor Party]] (factions)<ref>{{cite book|author=Judith Brett|chapter=Ideology|editor1=Judith Brett|editor2=James A. Gillespie|editor3=Murray Goot|title=Developments in Australian Politics|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t21idJFcJMUC&pg=PA5|year=1994|publisher=Macmillan Education AU|isbn=978-0-7329-2009-8|page=5|access-date=22 April 2018|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052051/https://books.google.com/books?id=t21idJFcJMUC&pg=PA5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gwenda Tavan|title=The Long, Slow Death of White Australia|publisher=Scribe Publications|year=2005|page=193}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Huo|first=Jingjing|title=Third Way Reforms: Social Democracy After the Golden Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJgpkhbCDZ0C&pg=PA79|year=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51843-7|page=79|access-date=22 April 2018|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052053/https://books.google.com/books?id=wJgpkhbCDZ0C&pg=PA79|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Leigh |first1=Andrew |title=Social liberalism fits Labor |url=https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/opinion/topic/2019/06/29/social-liberalism-fits-labor/15617304008366 |access-date=18 August 2020 |work=The Saturday Paper |date=29 June 2019 |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811161611/https://www.thesaturdaypaper.com.au/opinion/topic/2019/06/29/social-liberalism-fits-labor/15617304008366 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Bahamas]]: [[Progressive Liberal Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenassauguardian.com/opinion/op-ed/61117|title=Haiti's future is secure! It has lots of children|work=The Nassau Guardian|date=22 December 2017|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008083233/http://www.thenassauguardian.com/opinion/op-ed/61117|url-status=live |author1=Administrator }}</ref>
* [[Belgium]]: [[DéFI]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultures-sante.be/component/k2/item/256-les-couleurs-politiques-en-belgique.html|title=Les couleurs politiques en Belgique|publisher=Cultures&Santé|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421100415/https://www.cultures-sante.be/component/k2/item/256-les-couleurs-politiques-en-belgique.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Partei für Freiheit und Fortschritt|Party for Freedom and Progress]], [[Vivant]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/dg.html|title=German-speaking Community/Belgium|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|date=2019|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004203126/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/dg.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]: [[Our Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)|Our Party]]<ref>{{citation|first=Ismet|last=Sejfija|title=Analysis of Interviews with Representatives of Political Parties in Bosnia-Herzegovina|work=Dealing with the Past in the Western Balkans. Initiatives for Peacebuilding and Transitional Justice in Bosnia- Herzegovina, Serbia and Croatia|publisher=Berghahn Foundation|year=2013|page=92|url=http://www.berghof-conflictresearch.org/documents/publications/book_sections/Chapter7a.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=July 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Brazil]]: [[Cidadania]], [[Brazilian Social Democracy Party]], [[Brazilian Socialist Party]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Silva |first=João Herminio Marques de Carvalho e |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOjNEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Partido+Socialista+Brasileiro%22%22social+liberalismo%22&pg=PP90 |title=A classe operária vai ao paraíso dos tribunais: hiperjudicialização antipolítica e a decisão ideológica pela política do direito |date=2023-07-28 |publisher=Editora Dialética |isbn=978-65-252-9676-0 |language=pt-BR |quote=Afinal, PDT e Partido Socialista Brasileiro (PSB) há muito também experimentam o social-liberalismo com as frequentes defeozóes de seus parlamentares e de seus agentes do poder executivo (prefeitos e governadores) em sentido social-lberal.}}</ref>
* [[Canada]]: [[Liberal Party of Canada]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Law Commission of Canada|title=Law and Citizenship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK26Gbk1wjkC&pg=PA6|year=2011|publisher=UBC Press|page=6|isbn=9780774840798|quote=The party became infused with social liberalism in the 1940s and 1950s.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Prentice|first=Susan|year=2004|title=Manitoba's childcare regime: Social liberalism in flux|journal=Canadian Journal of Sociology|volume=29|issue=2|pages=193–207|doi=10.1353/cjs.2004.0029|s2cid=145708797|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Prince|first=Michael J.|year=2012|title=Canadian disability activism and political ideas: In and between neo-liberalism and social liberalism|journal=Canadian Journal of Disability Studies|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–34|doi=10.15353/cjds.v1i1.16|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=Miriam|year=2005|title=Social movements and judicial empowerment: Courts, public policy, and lesbian and gay organizing in Canada|journal=Politics & Society|volume=33|issue=2|pages=327–353|quote=The Liberal Party of Canada, the party that championed the Charter, is strongly identified with the document and uses the social liberalism of the Charter as a distinctive badge of party identification.|doi=10.1177/0032329205275193|s2cid=154613468}}</ref>
* [[Chile]]: [[Radical Party of Chile (2018)|Radical Party of Chile]], [[Liberal Party of Chile (2013)|Liberal Party of Chile]]
* [[Croatia]]: [[Croatian People's Party – Liberal Democrats]],<ref name="Croatia">{{cite web|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/croatia.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|access-date=14 August 2020|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|archive-date=22 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722002355/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/croatia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Centre (Croatian political party)|Centre]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hr.n1info.com/a81993/Vijesti/Puljak-Zelimo-se-maknuti-od-41.-71.-i-91.-godine-i-misliti-na-2031.html |title=Puljak: Želimo se maknuti od '41., '71. i '91. godine |work=N1 HR |publisher=N1 |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=17 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817210024/http://hr.n1info.com/a81993/Vijesti/Puljak-Zelimo-se-maknuti-od-41.-71.-i-91.-godine-i-misliti-na-2031.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/spavam-3-4-sata-vise-otkidam-od-obitelji-nego-od-banke-a-nisam-ni-lijevo-ni-desno-20170323 |title='Spavam 3-4 sata, više otkidam od obitelji nego od banke, a nisam ni lijevo ni desno' |author=Damir Petranović |publisher=tportal.hr |date=26 March 2017 |access-date=15 March 2022 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323141751/https://www.tportal.hr/vijesti/clanak/spavam-3-4-sata-vise-otkidam-od-obitelji-nego-od-banke-a-nisam-ni-lijevo-ni-desno-20170323 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Civic Liberal Alliance]],<ref name="Croatia"/> [[Istrian Democratic Assembly]]<ref name="Croatia"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/1116-croatia-elections-2015-overview-of-the-parties-ids-and-hdssb|title=Croatia Elections 2015: Overview of the Parties - IDS and HDSSB|date=9 October 2015 |access-date=10 December 2018|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028225610/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/politics/1116-croatia-elections-2015-overview-of-the-parties-ids-and-hdssb|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Czech Republic]]: [[Czech Pirate Party]]<ref>Maškarinec, Pavel (2017). [https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/sjps.2017.17.issue-1/sjps-2017-0001/sjps-2017-0001.pdf "The Czech Pirate Party in the 2010 and 2013 Parliamentary Elections and the 2014 European Parliament Elections: Spatial Analysis of Voter Support"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190702013936/https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/sjps.2017.17.issue-1/sjps-2017-0001/sjps-2017-0001.pdf |date=2 July 2019 }}. ''Slovak Journal of Political Sciences''. [[Walter de Gruyter]]. '''17''' (1).</ref>
* [[Denmark]]: [[Danish Social Liberal Party]]<ref name="kirchner">{{cite book|last=J. Kirchner|first=Emil|title=Liberal parties in Western Europe|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1988|location=Avon|isbn=0-521-32394-0}}</ref><ref name="gary">{{cite journal|last1=Marks|first1=Gary|last2=Wilson|first2=Carole|name-list-style=amp|title=The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Response to European Integration|journal=British Journal of Political Science|volume=30|pages=433–459|date=July 2000|url=http://www.utdallas.edu/~cjwilson/prof/BJPS00.pdf|doi=10.1017/S0007123400000181|issue=3|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625032020/http://www.utdallas.edu/~cjwilson/prof/BJPS00.pdf|archive-date=25 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Madsen|first=Tomas Bech|date=Autumn 2007|title=Radicalis and Liberalis in Denmark|journal=Journal of Liberal Democrat History|url=http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/uploads/56_Autumn_2007.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816153638/http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/uploads/56_Autumn_2007.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2009|access-date=16 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="almeida">{{cite web|last=Almeida|first=Dimitri|date=9–11 May 2008|url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/conferences/tgsw/documents/TGSW_Almeida_Paper.pdf|title=Liberal Parties and European Integration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626170316/http://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/conferences/tgsw/documents/TGSW_Almeida_Paper.pdf|archive-date=26 June 2015|access-date=26 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Egypt]]: [[Constitution Party (Egypt)|Constitution Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/egyptian-social-democratic-party-elections-highlight-a-deep-rift|title=Egyptian Social Democratic Party Elections Highlight a Deep Rift|last=Dawoud|first=Khaled|publisher=Atlantic Council|date=8 April 2016|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=28 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151545/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/egyptian-social-democratic-party-elections-highlight-a-deep-rift|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Estonia]]: [[Estonian Centre Party]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Bakke|first=Elisabeth|chapter=Central and East European party systems since 1989|title=Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&pg=PA79|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-48750-4|page=79|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052117/https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&pg=PA79|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Duvold2020"/> [[Estonian Greens]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/estonia.html|title=Estonia|year=2011|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224030925/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/estonia.html|archive-date=24 December 2014|access-date=9 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Estonia 200]]<ref>{{cite news|date=17 January 2019|title=Estonia 200 unveils its full election candidate list|work=ERR News|publisher=[[Eesti Rahvusringhääling]]|url=https://news.err.ee/899167/estonia-200-unveils-its-full-election-candidate-list|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209061416/https://news.err.ee/899167/estonia-200-unveils-its-full-election-candidate-list|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EURACTIV">{{cite news|last1=Sebald|first1=Christoph|last2=Matthews-Ferrero|first2=Daniel|last3=Papalamprou|first3=Ery|last4=Steenland|first4=Robert|date=14 May 2019|title=EU country briefing: Estonia|work=[[EURACTIV]]|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/eu-country-briefing-estonia/|access-date=27 January 2021|archive-date=26 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126123919/https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/eu-country-briefing-estonia/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[European Union]]: [[Volt Europa]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nordsieck |first1=Wolfram |title=European Union |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/eu.html |website=Parties and Elections in Europe |access-date=27 February 2020 |date=2019}}</ref>
* [[Faroe Islands]]: [[Self-Government (Faroe Islands)|Self-Government Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/faroes.html|title=Faroe Islands|year=2019|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230010906/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/faroes.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Finland]]: [[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]],<ref name="Finland">{{cite web|url=https://europarlamentti.info/en/elections/political-parties/Finland-parties/|work=European Parliament Information|date=2014|title=Finland's largest political parties|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807060123/https://europarlamentti.info/en/elections/political-parties/Finland-parties/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Green League]],<ref name="Finland"/> [[National Coalition Party]],<ref>{{cite book|url=http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:ELE-757619|title=Suomalainen oikeisto ja "kansankoti" : Kansallisen kokoomuksen suhtautuminen pohjoismaiseen hyvinvointivaltiomalliin jälleenrakennuskaudelta konsensusajan alkuun|last=Smolander|first=Jyrki|publisher=University of Turku|year=2000|isbn=978-951-45-9652-0|trans-title=The Finnish Right Wing and "Folkhemmet" – Attitudes of the National Coalition Party towards the Nordic Welfare Model from the Period of Reconstruction to the Beginning of Consensus|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052114/https://www.doria.fi/handle/10024/18517|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Swedish People's Party of Finland]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hloušek|first1=Vít|last2=Kopeček|first2=Lubomír|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA204|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7840-3|page=204|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052121/https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA204|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[France]]: [[Renaissance (French political party)|Renaissance]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Hertner|first=Isabelle|title=Centre-left parties and the European Union: Power, accountability and democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaRTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68|year=2018|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-1-5261-2036-6|page=68|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052058/https://books.google.com/books?id=VaRTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Radical Party of the Left]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Kempf|first=Udo|title=Das politische System Frankreichs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BVfgYBUSwsC&pg=PA190|year=2007|publisher=Springer DE|isbn=978-3-531-32973-4|page=190}}</ref> [[Territories of Progress]], [[The New Democrats]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://europeelects.eu/france/ |title=France - Europe Elects |access-date=29 December 2021 |archive-date=20 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820011956/https://europeelects.eu/european-union/france/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]: [[Freedom Square (political party)|Freedom Square]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 July 2024|title=Livecast {{!}} Levan Tsutskiridze, Freedom Square|url=https://civil.ge/archives/615317|website=Civil Georgia}}</ref>
* [[Germany]]: [[Liberal Democrats (Germany)|Liberal Democrats]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Party Politics in the New Germany|last=Roberts|first=Geoffrey|isbn=9781855673113|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=baa_OhYsv6wC&q=germany+1982+liberal+democrats+social+liberalism&pg=PA20|page=20|publisher=A&C Black |access-date=28 October 2020|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052112/https://books.google.com/books?id=baa_OhYsv6wC&q=germany+1982+liberal+democrats+social+liberalism&pg=PA20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Breyman, Steve (2019). ''Movement Genesis: Social Movement Theory And The West German Peace Movement''. "The Liberal Democrats (Liberale Demokraten or LD) split from the FDP to create their own social-left liberal alternative."</ref> [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] (factions),<ref name="Merkl1989"/><ref name="GrotzSchroeder2023">{{cite book|author1=Florian Grotz|author2=Wolfgang Schroeder|title= The Political System of Germany|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2023|isbn=978-3-031-32479-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wq7QEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA216|page=216}}</ref><ref name="Uekotter2017">{{cite book|author=Frank Uekotter|title=The Greenest Nation?: A New History of German Environmentalism|year=2017|isbn= 978-0-26-253469-7|publisher=MIT Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjoiEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA90|page=90}}</ref> [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (factions),<ref>{{cite web|first=Thomas|last=Maron|url=https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.interview-mit-spd-vize-olaf-scholz-das-sozialliberale-ist-tief-in-der-spd-verwurzelt.f8b5624a-29a7-4626-92b6-ec739507920e.html|title=Das Sozialliberale ist tief in der SPD verwurzelt|publisher=Stuttgarter Zeitung|date=28 April 2017|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=18 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918170901/https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.interview-mit-spd-vize-olaf-scholz-das-sozialliberale-ist-tief-in-der-spd-verwurzelt.f8b5624a-29a7-4626-92b6-ec739507920e.html|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|majority of the SPD politicians with social liberal ideology are members of {{Lang|de|[[Seeheimer Kreis]]|italic=no}} wing}} [[Alliance 90/The Greens]] (factions)<ref>Thomas Bräuninger and Marc Debus (10 February 2021). [https://www.bpb.de/themen/parteien/wer-steht-zur-wahl/baden-wuerttemberg-2021/326189/buendnis-90-die-gruenen/ BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN].</ref>
* [[Greenland]]: [[Democrats (Greenland)|Democrats]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/greenland.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|work=Parties-and-elections.eu|date=2021|access-date=1 February 2022|archive-date=5 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705175227/http://parties-and-elections.eu/greenland.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Hungary]]: [[Democratic Coalition (Hungary)|Democratic Coalition]]<ref name="Hedetoft2020">{{cite book|author=Ulf Hedetoft|title=Paradoxes of Populism: Troubles of the West and Nationalism's Second Coming|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ3SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133|year=2020|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-78527-216-5|page=133|access-date=8 July 2020|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052126/https://books.google.com/books?id=VZ3SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT133|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Iceland]]: [[Bright Future (Iceland)|Bright Future]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/03/09/politics_in_iceland_a_beginner_s_guide/|title=Politics in Iceland: A beginner's guide|work=Iceland Monitor|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=3 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203104324/http://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/politics_and_society/2016/03/09/politics_in_iceland_a_beginner_s_guide/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[India]]: [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="NSGehlot1991">{{cite book|author=N. S. Gehlot|title=The Congress Party in India: Policies, Culture, Performance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06HLD2_3Qj4C&pg=PAPM177|year=1991|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7100-306-8|pages=150–200|access-date=4 January 2020|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052105/https://books.google.com/books?id=06HLD2_3Qj4C&pg=PAPM177|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="J.Soper">{{cite book |last1=Soper |first1=J. Christopher |last2=Fetzer |first2=Joel S. |date=2018 |title=Religion and Nationalism in Global Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7BoDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=200–210 |isbn=978-1-107-18943-0 |access-date=13 March 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052102/https://books.google.com/books?id=y7BoDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Indonesia]]: [[Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle]]
* [[Israel]]: [[Blue and White (political party)|Israel Resilience Party]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-Elections/Histadrut-chief-Avi-Nissenkorn-joins-Gantzs-Israel-Resilience-Party-580853|title=Histadrut chief Avi Nissenkorn joins Gantzs Israel Resilience Party|date=16 February 2019|website=The Jerusalem Post|author=Lahav Harkov|access-date=23 February 2019|archive-date=5 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805164045/https://www.jpost.com/Israel-Elections/Histadrut-chief-Avi-Nissenkorn-joins-Gantzs-Israel-Resilience-Party-580853|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Yesh Atid]]<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Bachner |first1=Michael |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/yesh-atid-unveils-detailed-policy-plan-to-promote-lgbt-equaliy/|title=Yesh Atid unveils detailed policy plan to promote LGBT equality|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=7 February 2019 |access-date=10 December 2021|archive-date=19 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019055214/https://www.timesofisrael.com/yesh-atid-unveils-detailed-policy-plan-to-promote-lgbt-equaliy/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Italy]]: [[Democratic Party (Italy)|Democratic Party]] (factions),<ref>{{cite book|publisher=Imprimatur editore|year=2017|last=De Lucia|first=Dario|title=Dal PCI al PD|quote=Le culture di riferimento dei politici appartenenti al Partito democratico sono: la socialdemocrazia, il cristianesimo sociale e il liberalismo sociale [The reference cultures of politicians belonging to the Democratic Party are: social democracy, social Christianity and social liberalism].}}</ref> [[Italia Viva]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/matteo-renzi-fausse-compagnie-au-parti-democrate-20190917|title=Italie: Matteo Renzi fausse compagnie au Parti démocrate|last=Segond|first=Valérie|website=Le Figaro|language=fr|date=17 September 2019|access-date=24 February 2020|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219033611/https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/matteo-renzi-fausse-compagnie-au-parti-democrate-20190917|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Italian Republican Party]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Pridham|first=Geoffrey|chapter=Two roads of Italian liberalism: the Partito Repubblicana Italiano and the Partito Liberale Italiano|editor=Emil J. Kirchner|title=Liberal Parties in Western Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtCIzAyQChQC&pg=PA29|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-32394-9|pages=29–61|access-date=26 November 2018|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052057/https://books.google.com/books?id=wtCIzAyQChQC&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Slomp|first=Hans|title=Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA403|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39182-8|page=403}}</ref> [[Action (Italian political party)|Action]]
* [[Japan]]: [[Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Kölling |first=Martin |date=22 October 2017 |url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/wahl-in-japan-warum-der-sieg-keine-garantie-fuer-stabilitaet-ist/20488336-2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022233126/http://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/wahl-in-japan-warum-der-sieg-keine-garantie-fuer-stabilitaet-ist/20488336-2.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 October 2017 |title=Abe siegt und verbirgt seine Schwäche |language=de |trans-title=Abe wins and hides his weakness |work=[[Handelsblatt]] |access-date=7 August 2020 }}</ref>
* [[Kosovo]]: [[Democratic Party of Kosovo]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/kosovo.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|work=Parties-and-elections.eu|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=20 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020043009/http://www.parties-and-elections.de/kosovo.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Latvia]]: [[Development/For!]]<ref name="Duvold2020">{{cite book|author1=Kjetil Duvold|author2=Sten Berglund|author3=Joakim Ekman|title=Political Culture in the Baltic States: Between National and European Integration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nka5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|year=2020|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-21844-7|page=62|access-date=25 April 2020|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052054/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nka5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA62|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Lesotho]]: [[Revolution for Prosperity]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lesotho's New Party Expected to Win Polls, Early Results Show |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/lesotho-s-new-party-expected-to-win-polls-early-results-show-/6783567.html |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=VOA |date=10 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Luxembourg]]: [[Democratic Party (Luxembourg)|Democratic Party]]<ref>Hearl, Derek (1988). "The Luxembourg Liberal Party". In Kirchner, Emil Joseph (ed.). ''Liberal Parties in Western Europe''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 376–395. {{ISBN|978-0-521-32394-9}}.</ref><ref>Terzis, Georgios (2007). ''European Media Governance: National and Regional Dimensions''. Intellect Books. p. 135. {{ISBN|978-1-84150-192-5}}.</ref><ref>Magone, José (2010). ''Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction''. Routledge. p. 436. {{ISBN|978-0-203-84639-1}}.</ref>
* [[Malaysia]]: [[Democratic Action Party]],<ref>{{cite book |editor=Nam-Kook Kim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GscFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA226 |quote=... The coalition brings together the Islamist Parti SeIslam Malaysia (PAS), the Chineseled left-liberal Democratic Action Party (DAP), originally the Malaysian branch of the Singapore People's Action Party, ... |title=Multicultural Challenges and Redefining Identity in East Asia |date=2016 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781317093671 |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114104814/https://books.google.com/books?id=GscFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA226&dq |url-status=live }}</ref> [[People's Justice Party (Malaysia)|People's Justice Party]]<ref>Senkyr, Jan (2013). [http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_34966-544-2-30.pdf?130819134006 "Political Awakening in Malaysia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201164909/http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_34966-544-2-30.pdf?130819134006 |date=1 February 2014 }}. KAS International Reports. Retrieved 24 June 2019.</ref>
* [[Montenegro]]: [[Positive Montenegro]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/montenegro.html|title=Montenegro|work=Parties-and-elections.eu|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230010859/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/montenegro.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[United Reform Action]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/montenegro.html|title=Montenegro|work=Parties-and-elections.eu|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=30 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230010859/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/montenegro.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Liberal Party of Montenegro|Liberal Party]]
* [[Morocco]]: [[Citizens' Forces]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fot.hct.ac.ae/participants/dr-a-lahlou/|title=Dr. Abderrahmane Lahlou - Festival of Thinkers|access-date=27 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926233335/http://fot.hct.ac.ae/participants/dr-a-lahlou/|archive-date=26 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arabparliaments.org/|title=Neues Parlament für Kryptowährungen|website=arabparliaments.org|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-date=16 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116091242/http://www.arabparliaments.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Myanmar]]: [[National League for Democracy]],<ref>{{cite news|work=Dynamite News|title=Aung San Suu Kyi's award rescinded by US Museum|date=8 March 2018|url=https://www.dynamitenews.com/story/aung-san-suu-kyis-award-rescinded-by-us-museum|access-date=14 January 2023|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114105308/https://www.dynamitenews.com/story/aung-san-suu-kyis-award-rescinded-by-us-museum|url-status=live}}</ref> [[National Democratic Force]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://election.irrawaddy.org/political-parties/250-political-parties.html|title=Political Parties|work=Election.irrawaddy.org|date=7 April 2010|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=21 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721200415/http://election.irrawaddy.org/political-parties/250-political-parties.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Netherlands]]: [[Democrats 66]]<ref name="kirchner"/><ref name="gary"/><ref name="HloušekKopeček2010B">{{cite book|last1=Hloušek|first1=Vít|last2=Kopeček|first2=Lubomír|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA109|access-date=14 July 2013|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-9661-2|pages=108–109}}</ref>
* [[New Zealand]]: [[New Zealand Labour Party]] (factions)<ref>{{cite book|title=Political Science|volume=49-50|page=98|year=1997|first=Jack|last=Vowles}}</ref>
* [[Norway]]: [[Liberal Party (Norway)|Liberal Party]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Slomp|first=Hans|title=Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA425|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39182-8|page=425}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Osterud|first=Oyvind|title=Norway in Transition: Transforming a Stable Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pc2MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-97037-8|page=114|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052036/https://books.google.com/books?id=pc2MAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA114|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Philippines]]: [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]<ref name=PHliberals>{{cite web |url=https://www.liberal.ph/values-charter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724154353/https://liberal.ph/values-charter/ |archive-date=24 July 2018 |title=Values Charter - Liberal Party of the Philippines}}</ref>
* [[Poland]]: [[Polish Initiative]], [[Your Movement]], [[Union of European Democrats]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4g1CDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA353|title=The Baltic Sea Region: A Comprehensive Guide: History, Politics, Culture and Economy of a European Role Model|page=353|editor1-last=Henningsen|editor1-first=Bernd|editor2-last=Etzold|editor2-first=Tobias|editor3-last=Hanne|editor3-first=Krister|publisher=Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag|date=15 September 2017|isbn=978-3-8305-1727-6|access-date=4 June 2020|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052027/https://books.google.com/books?id=4g1CDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA353|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Portugal]]: [[Together for the People]],<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507040614/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/madeira.html|archive-date=7 May 2018|date=2015|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/madeira.html|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|title=Madeira/Portugal|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Liberal Initiative]] (faction)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vasconcelos e Sousa |first=João |date=2023-01-22 |title=Sociais-liberais contra conservadores: há "luta de classes" na IL? |url=https://www.jn.pt/nacional/sociais-liberais-contra-conservadores-ha-luta-de-classes-na-il-15702338.html/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126054658/https://www.jn.pt/nacional/sociais-liberais-contra-conservadores-ha-luta-de-classes-na-il-15702338.html |archive-date=2023-01-26 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Jornal de Notícias |language=pt}}</ref>
* [[Romania]]: [[PRO Romania]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/1954258-1954258|title=Victor Ponta, în partidul Pro România, alături de Daniel Constantin: Nu mi-am propus să rup PSD|date=3 September 2017|work=Libertatea|access-date=23 December 2019|language=ro|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808002229/https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/1954258-1954258|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Russia]]: [[Yabloko]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kulik|first1=Anatoly|last2=Pshizova|first2=Susanna|title=Political Parties in Post-Soviet Space: Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, and the Baltics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c5foejvv3sMC&pg=PA27|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-275-97344-5|page=27|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052026/https://books.google.com/books?id=c5foejvv3sMC&pg=PA27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=White|first=David|title=The Russian Democratic Party Yabloko: Opposition in a Managed Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_tJDI11ZIcC&pg=PA2|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-4675-4|page=2|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052727/https://books.google.com/books?id=L_tJDI11ZIcC&pg=PA2|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Serbia]]: [[Democratic Party (Serbia)|Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite book | url=http://izbornareforma.rs/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/resurscentar/Ideologija%20i%20politicke%20stranke%20u%20Srbiji.pdf | title=Ideologija i političke stranke u Srbiji | trans-title=Ideology and Political Parties in Serbia | publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Faculty of Political Sciences, Institute for Humanities | access-date=17 July 2001 | author=Orlović, Slaviša | last2=Antonić | first2=Slobodan | last3=Vukomanović | first3=Dijana | year=2007 | location=Belgrade | language=sr | isbn=978-86-83767-23-6 | last4=Stojiljković | first4=Zoran | last5=Vujačić | first5=Ilija | last6=Đurković | first6=Miša | last7=Mihailović | first7=Srećko | last8=Gligorov | first8=Vladimir | last9=Komšić | first9=Jovan | last10=Pajvančić | first10=Marijana | last11=Pantić | first11=Dragomir | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127041235/http://izbornareforma.rs/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/resurscentar/Ideologija%20i%20politicke%20stranke%20u%20Srbiji.pdf | archive-date=27 November 2013 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Slovakia]]: [[Progressive Slovakia]]<ref>{{cite web|author1=Daniel Matthews-Ferrero|author2=Patrik Fritz|author3=Robert Steenland|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/eu-country-briefing-slovakia/|title=EU country briefing: Slovakia|quote=Recent presidential elections were seen as a crossroads: sticking with the old establishment in the form of SMER-supported EC Vice-President for Energy Union, Maroš Šefčovič, or a desire for change embodied in the political novice Zuzana Čaputová from the relatively new social liberal Progressive Slovakia (PS) party.|work=[[EURACTIV]]|date=24 April 2019|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807062013/https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/news/eu-country-briefing-slovakia/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2020|title=Slovakia|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/slovakia.html|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302034813/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/slovakia.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Slovenia]]: [[Freedom Movement (Slovenia)|Freedom Movement]]<ref name="Slowenien">{{cite web|title=Slowenien: Richtungswahl für Europa|url=https://www.fr.de/politik/slowenien-richtungswahl-fuer-europa-91492381.html|website=[[Frankfurter Rundschau]]|date=21 April 2022 |accessdate=22 April 2022|language=de}}</ref>
* [[South Africa]]: [[Democratic Alliance (South Africa)|Democratic Alliance]]
* [[South Korea]]: [[Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)|Democratic Party of Korea]],<ref>Denney, Steven (31 December 2015). [https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/an-identity-crisis-for-south-koreas-opposition/ "An Identity Crisis for South Korea's Opposition"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308065138/https://thediplomat.com/2015/12/an-identity-crisis-for-south-koreas-opposition/ |date=8 March 2021 }}. ''The Diplomat''. Retrieved 24 June 2019. "South Korea's main opposition social-liberal party is reeling (again) from intraparty factional struggle. Rebranded earlier this week "the Minjoo Party of Korea" (formerly New Politics Alliance for Democracy), the party is searching for a new identity and direction after high profile and popular assemblyperson Ahn Cheol-soo defected on 13 December."</ref> [[Justice Party (South Korea)|Justice Party]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/seoul-mayors-death-shocks-south-korea/ |title=Seoul Mayor's Death Shocks South Korea |quote=Ryu Ho-jeong of the small liberal opposition Justice Party wrote on Facebook that she won't pay respects to Park, saying she doesn't want the alleged victim to "feel lonely." Her message drew both strong support and opposition online. |work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]] |date=9 July 2019 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109024852/https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/seoul-mayors-death-shocks-south-korea/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/south-korea-pastor-suspended-queer-festival-lgbtq-christian-church/ |title=This South Korean Pastor 'Blessed' a Queer Festival. He's Now Being Investigated. |quote=The minor liberal Justice Party is now on its seventh attempt to pass the bill in the National Assembly. Previous attempts failed as conservative Christian groups have been lobbying against it since 2007. Lee believes that the bill's passing is long overdue. |work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |date=2 October 2020 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323141845/https://www.vice.com/en/article/4ayjx9/south-korea-pastor-suspended-queer-festival-lgbtq-christian-church |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Sweden]]: [[Liberals (Sweden)|Liberals]] (factions),<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RefH7Ya5kU4C&pg=PT228|title=A Political and Economic Dictionary of Western Europe|page=228|editor-last=Annesley|editor-first=Claire|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-40341-9|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052734/https://books.google.com/books?id=RefH7Ya5kU4C&pg=PT228|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="liberati.se">{{Cite web|url=https://liberati.se/liberala-partier/|title=Liberala partier i Sveriges riksdag & deras ideologiska hållning|website=liberati.se}}</ref><ref name="ideologi.se">{{Cite web|url=https://ideologi.se/politiska-ideologier/socialliberalism/|title=Vad är socialliberalism?}}</ref> [[Centre Party (Sweden)|Centre Party]]<ref>{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA437|title = Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics [2 volumes]: An American Companion to European Politics|isbn = 9780313391828|last1 = Slomp|first1 = Hans|date = 26 September 2011| publisher=Abc-Clio |access-date = 25 March 2022|archive-date = 17 January 2023|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052725/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA437|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name="liberati.se"/><ref name="ideologi.se"/>
* [[Switzerland]]: [[Social Democratic Party of Switzerland]] (faction)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.woz.ch/2227/der-rechte-fluegel-der-sp/der-machterhalt-zaehlt | title=Der rechte Flügel der SP: Der Machterhalt zählt | date=6 July 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Taiwan]]: [[Democratic Progressive Party]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Time to Start Worrying about Taiwan|website=The National Interest|url=http://nationalinterest.org/feature/time-start-worrying-about-taiwan-16551|date=12 June 2016|last=Casey|first=Michael|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209182244/http://nationalinterest.org/feature/time-start-worrying-about-taiwan-16551|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Taiwan People's Party]]
* [[Trinidad and Tobago]]: [[People's National Movement]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/parties/tt_parties/pnm.asp|title=Caribbean Elections - People's National Movement|website=Caribbeanelections.com|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813122435/http://caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/parties/tt_parties/pnm.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Turkey]]: [[Republican People's Party]]<ref>{{cite web|title=34. Olağan Kurultay Parti Meclisi Çalışma Raporu|url=https://chp.org.tr/yayin/34olagan-kurultay-part-mecls-calisma-raporu/}} (34th Ordinary Congress Party Assembly Work Report) (in Turkish). p.113.</ref>, [[Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party]] (factions)
* [[United Kingdom]]: [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]],<ref name="kirchner"/><ref name="gary"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Slomp|first=Hans|title=Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA343|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-39182-8|page=343|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052714/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA343|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Liberal Party (UK, 1989)|Liberal Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://liberal.org.uk/introduction-to-the-liberal-party-policies/|title=Introduction to The Liberal Party Policies|website=liberal.org.uk|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524051332/https://liberal.org.uk/introduction-to-the-liberal-party-policies/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[United States]]: [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Grigsby|first=Ellen|title=Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Politics Science|url=https://archive.org/details/analyzingpolitic00grig|url-access=limited|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2008|location=Florence|isbn=978-0495501121|pages=[https://archive.org/details/analyzingpolitic00grig/page/n118 106]–107|quote=Its liberalism is for the most part the later version of liberalism—modern liberalism.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Arnold|first=N. Scott|title=Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordclinicalda00libg|url-access=limited|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|location=Florence|isbn=978-0495501121|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordclinicalda00libg/page/n15 3]|quote=Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States.}}</ref>

{{div col end}}

=== Historical social liberal parties or parties with social liberal factions ===
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* Andorra: [[Democratic Renewal (Andorra)|Democratic Renewal]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|title=Andorra|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|year=2009|url=http://parties-and-elections.de/andorra.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430114727/http://www.parties-and-elections.de/andorra.html|archive-date=30 April 2009|url-status=unfit|access-date=9 April 2019}}</ref>
* Australia: [[Australian Democrats]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Walter|first=James|title=What Were They Thinking?: The Politics of Ideas in Australia (Large Print 16pt)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7xlarxLrK4C&pg=PA430|year=2010|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4596-0494-0|page=430|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052634/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7xlarxLrK4C&pg=PA430|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Icon Group International|title=European: Webster's Timeline History 1973–1977|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780546976427|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FLWW7_qFg34C&pg=PA207|page=207|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052635/https://books.google.com/books?id=FLWW7_qFg34C&pg=PA207|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mirow|first=Wilhelm|title=Strategic Culture, Securitisation and the Use of Force: Post-9/11 Security Practices of Liberal Democracies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nXL7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT189|year=2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-40660-0|page=189}}</ref>
* Belgium: [[Sociaal-Liberale Partij|Spirit]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Wauters|first1=Bram|last2=Lisi|first2=Marco|last3=Teruel|first3=Juan-Rodríguez|chapter=Democratising Party Leadership Selection in Belgium and Israel|editor-last1=Sandri|editor-first1=Giulia|editor-last2=Seddone|editor-first2=Antonella|editor-last3=Venturino|editor-first3=Fulvio|title=Party Primaries in Comparative Perspective|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlOrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-08356-6|page=86|access-date=27 October 2017|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052717/https://books.google.com/books?id=dlOrCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|url-status=live}}</ref> (merged into [[Groen (political party)|Groen]])
* Brazil: [[Social Liberal Party (Brazil)|Social Liberal Party]] ([[Livres (movement)|Livres]] faction)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.estadao.com.br/politica/blog-do-fucs/com-chegada-de-bolsonaro-livres-anuncia-saida-do-psl/|title=Com chegada de Bolsonaro, Livres anuncia saída do PSL|website=Estadão}}</ref>
* France: [[Radical Movement]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dtom.fr/tag/mouvement-radical-social-liberal/|title=Étiquette : Mouvement Radical Social Libéral la revue des vœux des leaders de toute la Droite|date=6 January 2018|language=fr|website=Dtom.fr|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=12 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712184255/https://dtom.fr/tag/mouvement-radical-social-liberal/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Germany: [[Free-minded People's Party (Germany)|Free-minded People's Party]],<ref>{{cite book|first=Eric|last=Kurlander|chapter=The Landscapes of Liberalism: Particularism and Progressive Politics in Two Borderland Regions|title=Localism, Landscape, and the Ambiguities of Place: German-speaking Central Europe, 1860–1930|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=2007|page=125}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Jonathan|last=Sperber|title=The Kaiser's Voters: Electors and Elections in Imperial Germany|url=https://archive.org/details/kaisersvotersele0000sper|url-access=registration|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1997|page=[https://archive.org/details/kaisersvotersele0000sper/page/212 212]|isbn=9780521591386}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Stanley|last=Zucker|title=Ludwig Bamberger: German Liberal Political and Social Critic, 1823-1899|url=https://archive.org/details/ludwigbambergerg0000zuck|url-access=registration|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|year=1975|page=[https://archive.org/details/ludwigbambergerg0000zuck/page/239 239]|isbn=9780822932987}}</ref> [[German Democratic Party]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Lash|first=Scott|title=The End of Organized Capitalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ntmwoaZDR0UC&pg=PA27|date=1987|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-11670-5|page=27|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052637/https://books.google.com/books?id=ntmwoaZDR0UC&pg=PA27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Grift|first=Liesbeth|title=Securing the Communist State: The Reconstruction of Coercive Institutions in the Soviet Zone of Germany and Romania, 1944-1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=357l_mF6lp4C&pg=PA41|year=2012|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-7178-3|page=41|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052735/https://books.google.com/books?id=357l_mF6lp4C&pg=PA41|url-status=live}}</ref> [[German People's Party (1868)|German People's Party]],<ref>Stargardt, Nicholas (1994). ''The German Idea of Militarism: Radical and Socialist Critics 1866-1914''. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.</ref><ref>Winkler, Jürgen R. (1995). ''Sozialstruktur, politische Traditionen und Liberalismus. Eine empirische Längsschnittstudie zur Wahlentwicklung in Deutschland, 1871–1933''. Springer. p. 66.</ref><ref>Sperber, Jonathan (1997). ''The Kaiser's Voters: Electors and Elections in Imperial Germany''. Cambridge University Press. p. 164.</ref> [[Progressive People's Party (Germany)|Progressive People's Party]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Niedermayer|first=Oskar|chapter=Das Parteiensystem Deutschelands|editor-last1=Niedermayer|editor-first1=Oskar|editor-last2=Stöss|editor-first2=Richard|editor-last3=Haas|editor-first3=Melanie|title=Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6BA2dHeoS0C&pg=PA109|year=2006|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-531-90061-2|page=109|access-date=30 November 2018|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052733/https://books.google.com/books?id=T6BA2dHeoS0C&pg=PA109|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Greece: [[The River (Greece)|The River]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Träger|first=Hendrik|chapter=Die Europawahl 2014 als second-order election|editor-last1=Kaeding|editor-first1=Michael|editor-last2=Switek|editor-first2=Niko|title=Die Europawahl 2014: Spitzenkandidaten, Protestparteien, Nichtwähler|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kURvBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41|year=2015|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-658-05738-1|page=41}}</ref>
* Hungary: [[Alliance of Free Democrats]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hloušek|first1=Vít|last2=Kopeček|first2=Lubomír|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA115|access-date=14 July 2013|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-9661-2|page=115|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052822/https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA115|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Iceland: [[Liberal Party (Iceland)|Liberal Party]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/iceland/parties.html|title=European Election Database (EED)|website=Nsd.uib.no|access-date=10 December 2018|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206033513/http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/iceland/parties.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Union of Liberals and Leftists]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Aranson|first=Agust Thor|chapter=The European Union Seen From the Top – the View of an Inside-Outsider|editor=Joakim Nergelius|title=Nordic And Other European Constitutional Traditions|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-uO_MmjwI0C&pg=PA31|year=2006|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=90-04-15171-0|page=31}}</ref>
* Israel: [[Independent Liberals (Israel)|Independent Liberals]],<ref name="Goldstein">{{cite journal|last=Goldstein|first=Amir|title='We Have a Rendezvous With Destiny'—The Rise and Fall of the Liberal Alternative|journal=Israel Studies|volume=16|issue=1|pages=27, 32, 47|date=Spring 2011|doi=10.2979/isr.2011.16.1.26|s2cid=143487617|url=https://www.academia.edu/10234084|quote=Thus, the PP continued to represent mostly white collar and government workers, intellectuals, and the labor intelligentsia, all of whom favored the social liberalism, broadly-based universal views, and social and religious pluralism that the party stood for.4(27); Kol wrote to Goldmann...: 'But the party must be founded on a clear ideological basis, and no such basis exists between our progressive humanistic liberalism and Herut.'20(32); Kol emphasized that, 'The Herut Movement and social liberalism cannot dwell together in the same house.'(47)|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711211844/https://www.academia.edu/10234084|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kulanu]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Riestra|first=Laura|date=17 March 2015|url=http://www.abc.es/internacional/20150317/abci-claves-elecciones-israel-201503160830.html|title=Las claves de las elecciones en Israel|publisher=ABC Internacional|language=es|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328164713/https://www.abc.es/internacional/20150317/abci-claves-elecciones-israel-201503160830.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Progressive Party (Israel)|Progressive Party]]<ref name="Goldstein"/>
* Italy: [[Action Party (Italy)|Action Party]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Pombeni|first=Paolo|chapter=Christian Democracy in power, 1946–63|editor-last1=Jones|editor-first1=Erik|editor-last2=Pasquino|editor-first2=Gianfranco|title=The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWS8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA258|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-966974-5|page=258|access-date=27 October 2017|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052742/https://books.google.com/books?id=iWS8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA258|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Radical Party (Italy)|Radical Party]], [[Italian Liberal Party]], [[Democratic Alliance (Italy)|Democratic Alliance]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Seißelberg|first=Jörg|editor-last1=Steffani|editor-first1=Winfried|editor-last2=Thaysen|editor-first2=Uwe|title=Demokratie in Europa: Zur Rolle der Parlamente|chapter=Berlusconis Forza Italia. Wahlerfolg einer Persönlichkeitspartei|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxT0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|year=1995|publisher=Springer-Verlag|isbn=978-3-322-93517-5|page=209|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052639/https://books.google.com/books?id=YxT0BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Democratic Union (Italy)|Democratic Union]], [[The Democrats (Italy)|The Democrats]]
* Japan: [[Japan Socialist Party]] (factions),<ref>{{cite book|editor=Arthur Stockwin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G2qLEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22left+liberal%22+JSP+japan&pg=PT65 |title=The Failure of Political Opposition in Japan: Implications for Democracy and a Vision of the Future |quote=The Murayama government had a number of broadly left-liberal reforms to its credit. |date=2022 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9789811920769 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1=Arthur Stockwin |editor2=Kweku Ampiah |title=Rethinking Japan: The Politics of Contested Nationalism |quote=... of the debate is the left/liberal "peace movement" currently led by Japanese academics, including legal scholars, and more recently by students, but which until the end of the Cold War was spearheaded by the Japan Socialist Party. |date=2017 |page=196 |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |isbn=9781498537933 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor=Tetsuya Kataoka |title=Creating Single-party Democracy: Japan's Postwar Political System |quote= The constitution was defended by the JSP, the mainstay of kakushin (radical-liberal forces), ... |date=1992 |page=2 |publisher=Hoover Institution Press |isbn=9780817991111 }}</ref> [[Democratic Party of Japan]]<ref>Franičević, Vojimir; Kimura, Hiroshi, eds. (2003) ''Globalization, Democratization and Development: European and Japanese Views of Change in South East Europe''. "Towards the end of the 1990s the social-liberal Minshuto (Democratic Party of Japan, DPJ) consolidated and replaced Shinshinto as a rival of LDP."</ref>
* Latvia: [[Society for Political Change]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Caramani|first=Daniele|title=The Europeanization of Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yPlfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA310|year=2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-11867-6|page=310|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052746/https://books.google.com/books?id=yPlfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA310|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lithuania: [[New Union (Social Liberals)]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Auzias|first1=Dominique|last2=Labourdette|first2=Jean-Paul|title=Vilnius 2012 (avec cartes et avis des lecteurs)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_8ZQ5EXeIcC&pg=PT22|year=2012|publisher=Petit Futé|isbn=978-2-7469-6092-3|page=22}}</ref>
* Luxembourg: [[Radical Socialist Party (Luxembourg)|Radical Socialist Party]]<ref>Hearl, Derek (1988). "The Luxembourg Liberal Party". In Kirchner, Emil (ed.). ''Liberal Parties in Western Europe''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 373–395. {{ISBN|0-521-32394-0}}.</ref>
* Malta: [[Democratic Party (Malta)|Democratic Party]]
* Moldova: [[Our Moldova Alliance]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Chodakiewicz|first=Marek Jan|title=Intermarium: The Land between the Black and Baltic Seas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4zSGR3fBfUcC&pg=PA331|year=2012|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-4786-5|page=331}}</ref>
* Netherlands: [[Free-thinking Democratic League]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Moldenhauer|first=Gebhard|title=Die Niederlande und Deutschland: einander kennen und verstehen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_h-NPz1T8C&pg=PA113|year=2001|publisher=Waxmann Verlag|isbn=978-3-89325-747-8|page=113|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052642/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm_h-NPz1T8C&pg=PA113|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Poland: [[Democratic Party – demokraci.pl]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hloušek|first1=Vít|last2=Kopeček|first2=Lubomír|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K79sdX-amEgC&pg=PA121|year=2010|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-0-7546-7840-3|page=121}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Guardiancich|first=Igor|title=Pension Reforms in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe: From Post-Socialist Transition to the Global Financial Crisis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APcO_fndhx0C&pg=PA144|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-22595-6|page=144}}</ref> [[Spring (political party)|Spring]],<ref>[https://www.bild.de/politik/ausland/politik-ausland/neue-partei-fruehling-kann-dieser-schwule-atheist-polen-veraendern-59948364.bild.html "Kann dieser schwule Atheist Polen verändern?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807080801/https://www.bild.de/politik/ausland/politik-ausland/neue-partei-fruehling-kann-dieser-schwule-atheist-polen-veraendern-59948364.bild.html |date=7 August 2020 }}. ''[[Bild]]''. 5 February 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/neue-partei-in-polen-fruehling-macht-der-linken-mitte.1773.de.html?dram:article_id=440070 ""Frühling" macht der linken Mitte Hoffnung"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706174939/https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/neue-partei-in-polen-fruehling-macht-der-linken-mitte.1773.de.html%3Fdram:article_id%3D440070 |date=6 July 2019 }}. ''[[Deutschlandfunk]]''. 3 February 2019.</ref>
* Russian: [[Constitutional Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Struve|title=The Social Liberalism|pages=412–423|publisher=Internationales Handwtsrterbuch des Gewerkschaftswesens.|date=1932}}</ref>
* Slovenia: [[Liberal Democracy of Slovenia]],<ref name="womenpower"/><ref name="almeida"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Europa|title=The European Union Encyclopedia and Directory 1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NU07cD6NEJQC&pg=PA332|year=1999|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-85743-056-1|page=332}}</ref> [[Zares]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Almeida|first=Dimitri|title=The Impact of European Integration on Political Parties: Beyond the Permissive Consensus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oD7bKbo0FYEC&pg=PT102|year=2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-34039-0|page=102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hloušek|first1=Vít|last2=Kopecek|first2=Lubomír|title=Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W3wHffNQ7owC&pg=PA120|year=2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-9977-0|page=120|access-date=15 May 2016|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052909/https://books.google.com/books?id=W3wHffNQ7owC&pg=PA120|url-status=live}}</ref> [[List of Marjan Šarec]],<ref name="Slovenia 2018">{{cite web|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|title=Slovenia|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|year=2018|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/slovenia.html|access-date=20 March 2019|archive-date=30 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330120016/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/slovenia.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Party of Alenka Bratušek]]<ref name="Slovenia 2018"/>
* South Korea: [[Progressive Party (South Korea, 1956)|Progressive Party (1956)]], [[Uri Party]], [[Grand Unified Democratic New Party]]
* Spain: [[Union, Progress and Democracy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/spain.html|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|title=Spain|publisher=Parties and Elections in Europe|access-date=12 January 2015|quote=Unión, Progreso y Democracia (UPD): Social liberalism.|archive-date=24 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924042541/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/spain.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round6/survey/ESS6_appendix_a3_e02_0.pdf "UPyD. Ideology: centralism, social liberalism. Political Position: Centre"]. ''European Social Survey''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171000/http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round6/survey/ESS6_appendix_a3_e02_0.pdf|date=3 March 2016}}.</ref>
* Switzerland: [[Ring of Independents]]<ref>{{citation|first=Andreas|last=Lachner|title=Das Parteiensystem der Schweiz|work=Die Parteiensysteme Westeuropas|publisher=VS Verlag|year=2006|page=400}}</ref>
* United Kingdom: [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]],<ref name="Clark2012">{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Alistair|title=Political Parties in the UK|chapter=The Liberal Democrats|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsAcBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|year=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-36868-2|page=89}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Ian|title=Ideology and Politics in Britain Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_7t714alm68C&pg=PA63|access-date=20 July 2013|year=1998|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5056-5|page=63|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052730/https://books.google.com/books?id=_7t714alm68C&pg=PA63|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Driver|first=Stephen|title=Understanding British Party Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_Qq6RJr6_QC&pg=PA117|access-date=20 July 2013|year=2011|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-4077-8|page=117|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052825/https://books.google.com/books?id=2_Qq6RJr6_QC&pg=PA117|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

== Notable thinkers ==
Some notable scholars and politicians ordered by date of birth who are generally considered as having made significant contributions to the evolution of social liberalism as a political ideology include:

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Jeremy Bentham]]<ref name="adams"/> (1748–1832)
* [[John Stuart Mill]]<ref name="adams"/><ref name="richardson"/><ref name="cardosorosas">{{cite web|last=Cardoso Rosas|first=João|year=2008|url=https://diarioeconomico.sapo.pt/edicion/diarioeconomico/opinion/columnistas/pt/desarrollo/1123500.html|title=Socialismo ou liberalismo social?|work=Diario Economico|access-date=21 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115064405/http://diarioeconomico.sapo.pt/edicion/diarioeconomico/opinion/columnistas/pt/desarrollo/1123500.html|archive-date=15 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="bresser-pereira">{{cite book|last=Bresser-Pereira|first=Luiz Carlos|title=Building the Republican State|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|location=Oxford|url=http://www.us.oup.com/us/catalog/general/?view=usa&cp=25347&ci=9780199261185|isbn=9780199261185}}</ref> (1806–1873)
* [[Thomas Hill Green]]<ref name="adams"/><ref name="richardson"/><ref name="liberalhistory"/><ref name="newliberalism"/><ref name="liberalinternational">{{cite web|url=http://www.liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=682|title=James Hobson|access-date=19 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331164048/http://www.liberal-international.org/editorial.asp?ia_id=682|archive-date=31 March 2008}}</ref> (1836–1882)
* [[Lester Frank Ward]] (1841–1913)
* [[Lujo Brentano]]<ref name="richardson"/> (1844–1931)
* [[Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)|Bernard Bosanquet]]<ref name="newliberalism">{{cite book|last1=Simhony|first1=Avital|last2=Weinstein|first2=David|title=The new liberalism: reconciling liberty and community|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|location=Cambridge|url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521794048|isbn=9780521794046|access-date=5 April 2009|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812235839/http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521794048|url-status=live}}</ref> (1848–1923)
* [[Woodrow Wilson]]<ref name="modern">{{cite book|last1=Ortiz|first1=Cansino|last2=Gellner|first2=Ernest|last3=Merquior|first3=José Guilherme|last4=Emil|first4=César Cansino|title=Liberalism in Modern Times: Essays in Honour of Jose G. Merquior|publisher=Central European University Press|year=1996|location=Budapest|id=185866053X}}</ref> (1856–1924)
* [[Émile Durkheim]]<ref name="merquior">{{cite book|last=Merquior|first=J. G.|title=Liberalism Old and New|publisher=Twayne Publishers|isbn=0805786279|year=1991|location=Boston}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Seidman|first=Steven|title=Contested knowledge: social theory today|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2004|location=Malden|url=https://archive.org/details/contestedknowled0000seid_x2i5|isbn=9780631226710|url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="wrussel">{{cite book|last=W. Russell|first=James|title=Double standard: social policy in Europe and the United States|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2006|isbn=9780742546936}}</ref> (1858–1917)
* [[John Atkinson Hobson]]<ref name="adams"/><ref name="liberalhistory"/><ref name="newliberalism" /><ref name="liberalinternational"/> (1858–1940)
* [[John Dewey]]<ref name="adams"/><ref name="modern"/> (1859–1952)
* [[Friedrich Naumann]]<ref name="leftliberalism">{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Alastair|title=Left Liberals, the State, and Popular Politics in Wilhelmine Germany|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2000|location=Oxford|url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/?cp=24301&view=usa&ci=0198205430|isbn=9780198205432|access-date=29 September 2009|archive-date=29 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629132740/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/?cp=24301&view=usa&ci=0198205430|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=F. Biagini|first=Eugenio|title=Citizenship and Community: Liberals, Radicals and Collective Identities in the British Isles, 1865–1931|publisher=Published by Cambridge University Press|year=2002|location=Cambridge|page=228|url=http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521893607|isbn=9780521893602|access-date=5 April 2009|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111333/http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521893607|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Rahden|first1=Till|last2=Brainard|first2=Marcus|title=Jews and Other Germans: Civil Society, Religious Diversity, and Urban Politics in Breslau, 1860–1925|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|year=2008|location=Wisconsin|isbn=9780299226947}}</ref> (1860–1919)
* [[Gerhart von Schulze-Gävernitz]]<ref name="richardson"/> (1864–1943)
* [[Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse]]<ref name="adams"/><ref name="richardson"/><ref name="liberalhistory"/><ref name="newliberalism"/><ref name="liberalinternational"/> (1864–1929)
* [[Tokuzō Fukuda]]<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Roger Backhouse |editor2=Bradley W. Bateman |editor3=Tamotsu Nishizawa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TigmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |title=Liberalism and the Welfare State: Economists and Arguments for the Welfare State |date=2017 |page=76 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190676681 |access-date=3 December 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052827/https://books.google.com/books?id=TigmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 |url-status=live }}</ref> (1874–1930)
* [[William Beveridge]]<ref name="adams"/><ref name="liberalhistory">{{cite journal|last=Meadowcroft|first=John|title=The Origins of Community Politics|journal=Journal of Liberal Democrat History|date=Autumn 2000|url=http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/uploads/28_meadowcroft_the_origins_of_community_politics.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816162437/http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/uploads/28_meadowcroft_the_origins_of_community_politics.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2009}}</ref> (1879–1963)
* [[Hans Kelsen]]<ref name="modern" /> (1881–1973)
* [[Mohammad Mossadegh]]<ref>{{cite book|editor=Haim Bresheeth-Zabner |title=[[An Army Like No Other]]: How the Israel Defense Forces Made a Nation |date=2020 |page=118 |publisher=Verso Books }}</ref> (1882–1967)
* [[John Maynard Keynes]]<ref name="adams"/><ref name="modern"/><ref name="liberalhistory"/> (1883–1946)
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (1882–1945)
* [[Lester B. Pearson]] (1897–1972)
* [[Pierre Elliot Trudeau]] (1919–2000)
* [[Bertil Ohlin]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Findlay|first1=Ronald|last2=Jonung|first2=Lars|last3=Lundahl|first3=Mats|title=Bertil Ohlin: a centennial celebration, 1899–1999|publisher=MIT Press|year=2002|location=Cambridge|url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=8800|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910025634/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=8800|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2006|isbn=9780262062282}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Klausen|first=Jytte|title=War and Welfare: Europe and the United States, 1945 to the Present|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2001|isbn=9780312238834}}</ref> (1899–1979)
* [[Piero Gobetti]]<ref name="bresser-pereira"/> (1901–1926)
* [[Karl Popper]] (1902–1994)
* {{ill|Guido Calogero|it}}<ref name="bresser-pereira"/> (1904–1986)
* [[Isaiah Berlin]]<ref name="modern"/> (1909–1997)
* [[Norberto Bobbio]]<ref name="modern"/><ref name="bresser-pereira"/> (1909–2004)
* [[Masao Maruyama (scholar)|Masao Maruyama]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Adam Bronson |date=2016 |title=One Hundred Million Philosophers: Science of Thought and the Culture of Democracy in Postwar Japan |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |page=56 |quote=Maruyama Masao, the left-liberal historian of political thought}}</ref> (1914–1996)
* [[John Rawls]]<ref name="adams"/><ref name="cardosorosas"/><ref name="liberalhistory2">{{cite journal|last=Watson|first=Graham|title=The Two Davids|journal=Journal of Liberal Democrat History|date=Spring 1998|url=http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/uploads/18_watson_the_two_davids.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816162223/http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/uploads/18_watson_the_two_davids.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2009}}</ref><ref name="vincentandrew">{{cite book|last=Vincent|first=Andrew|title=The Nature of Political Theory|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199297955}}</ref> (1921–2002)
* [[Don Chipp]]<ref name="australiademocrats">{{cite web|url=http://www.democrats.org.au/docs/2007/4_History.pdf|title=The Third Team: A brief history of the Australian Democrats after 30 years|access-date=5 April 2009|last1=Aron|first1=Paul|last2=Miller|first2=Luke|year=2007|publisher=Australian Democrats|archive-date=19 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319160302/http://www.democrats.org.au/docs/2007/4_History.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> (1925–2006)
* [[Karl-Hermann Flach]]<ref name="flah">{{cite book|last=Flach|first=Karl-Hermann|title=Noch eine Chance für die Liberalen|publisher=Fischer S. Verlag GmbH|year=1984|location=Frankfurt|isbn=978-3100210012}}</ref> (1929–1973)
* [[Vlado Gotovac]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gotovac|first=Vlado|title=In Defence of Freedom: Zagreb 1971–1996|publisher=Matica hrvatska; Croatian PEN Centre|year=1996|location=Zagreb|page=11|isbn=953-150-066-5}}</ref> (1930–2000)
* [[Richard Rorty]]<ref name="rodriguez">{{cite journal|last=Rodriguez|first=Ángel Rivero|title=Liberalismo, democracia y pragmatismo|journal=Isegoría|issue=8|year=1993|url=http://bddoc.csic.es:8080/basisbwdocs_rdisoc/rev0672/1993_8_49-64.pdf|access-date=5 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816151501/http://bddoc.csic.es:8080/basisbwdocs_rdisoc/rev0672/1993_8_49-64.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> (1931–2007)
* [[Ronald Dworkin]]<ref name="cardosorosas"/><ref name="bresser-pereira"/><ref name="vincentandrew"/> (1931–2013)
* [[Amartya Sen]]<ref name="cardosorosas"/><ref name="Liberalism is the best Cure for Poverty">{{cite web|last=Verhofstadt|first=Dirk|title=Liberalism is the best Cure for Poverty|url=http://www.liberales.be/cgi-bin/en/showframe.pl?essay&verhofstadtucos|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061012215415/http://www.liberales.be/cgi-bin/en/showframe.pl?essay&verhofstadtucos|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2006|access-date=17 August 2008}}</ref><ref name="inclusivedemocracy">{{cite journal|last=Fotopoulos|first=Takis|author-link=Takis Fotopoulos|date=October 2004|title=Why an Inclusive Democracy? The multidimensional crisis, globalisation and inclusive democracy|journal=The International Journal of Inclusive Democracy|volume=1|issue=1|url=http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol1/vol1_no1_why.htm|access-date=21 May 2008|archive-date=12 May 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512122428/http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/vol1/vol1_no1_why.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> (born 1933)
* [[José G. Merquior]]<ref name="modern"/><ref name="tostomilton">{{cite book|last=Tosto|first=Milton|title=The meaning of liberalism in Brazil|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2005|location=Lanham|url=http://www.lexingtonbooks.com/Catalog/SingleBook.shtml?command=Search&db=^DB/CATALOG.db&eqSKUdata=0739109855|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524005311/http://www.lexingtonbooks.com/Catalog/SingleBook.shtml?command=Search&db=%5EDB%2FCATALOG.db&eqSKUdata=0739109855|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 May 2006|isbn=9780739109861|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> (1941–1991)
* [[Bruce Ackerman]]<ref name="cardosorosas"/><ref name="vincentandrew"/> (born 1943)
* [[Roh Moo-hyun]]<ref>{{cite book|editor=David T Johnson, Franklin E Zimring |title=The Next Frontier: National Development, Political Change, and the Death Penalty in Asia |date=2009 |page=150 |publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> (1946–2009)
* [[Martha Nussbaum]]<ref name="Liberalism is the best Cure for Poverty"/> (born 1947)
* [[Grigory Yavlinsky]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://liberal-international.org/people/grigory-yavlinski/ | title=Grigory Yavlinski | work=Liberal International | access-date=20 September 2022 | archive-date=17 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117052747/https://liberal-international.org/people/grigory-yavlinski/ | url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1952)
* [[Paul Krugman]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Conscience of A Liberal|last=Krugman|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Krugman|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2007|isbn=9780141035772|location=New York|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conscienceoflibe00paul}}</ref> (born 1953)
* [[Dirk Verhofstadt]]<ref name="Liberalism is the best Cure for Poverty"/> (born 1955)
* [[Justin Trudeau]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/10/07/justin-trudeau-liberal-let-down/ | title=Justin Trudeau, Liberal Let-Down | Martin Lukacs | date=7 October 2019 | access-date=20 September 2022 | archive-date=20 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920174203/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/10/07/justin-trudeau-liberal-let-down/ | url-status=live }}</ref> (born 1971)
* [[Robert Biedroń]]<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Jörg Haßler |editor2=Melanie Magin |editor3=Uta Russmann |title=Campaigning on Facebook in the 2019 European Parliament Election: Informing, Interacting with, and Mobilising Voters |date=2021 |publisher=Springer Nature }}</ref> (born 1976)

{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* {{Annotated link |Liberal socialism}}
* {{Annotated link |Classical radicalism}}
* {{Annotated link |Colonial liberalism}}
* {{Annotated link |Constitutional liberalism}}
* {{Annotated link |Left-libertarianism}}
* {{Annotated link |Liberalism by country}}
* {{Annotated link |Liberal parties by country}}
* {{Annotated link |Neo-libertarianism}}
* {{Annotated link |Social–liberal coalition}}
* {{Annotated link |Social market economy}}
* ''{{anl|Woke}}''
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|25em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
* Adams, Ian (2001). ''Political ideology today''. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001. {{ISBN|0 7190 6019 2}}.
* De Ruggiero, Guido (1959). ''The History of European Liberalism''. Boston: [[Beacon Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0844619705}}
* Faulks, Keith (1999). ''Political Sociology: A Critical Introduction''. Edinburgh: [[Edinburgh University Press]]. {{ISBN|0 7486 1356 0}}.
* Feuchtwanger, E. J. (1985). ''Democracy and Empire: Britain 1865-1914''. London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd. {{ISBN|0-7131-6162-0}}.
* Richardson, James L. (2001). ''Contending Liberalisms in World Politics''. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. {{ISBN|1-55587-915-2}}.
* Slomp, Hans (2000). ''European Politics Into the Twenty-first Century: Integration and Division''. Westport: Praeger Publishers. {{ISBN|0-275-96814-6}}.
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book|last=Green|first=Thomas Hill|author-link=Thomas Hill Green|title=Lectures on the Principles of Political Obligation|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange|isbn=1584776145|year=2006|location=New Jersey}}
* {{cite book|last=Hobhouse|first=L. T.|author-link=Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse|title=Liberalism and Other Writings|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521437261|year=1994|location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book|last=Hobson|first=John Atkinson|author-link=John Atkinson Hobson|title=The Crisis of Liberalism: New Issues of Democracy|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation|isbn=1421227819|year=2000|location=Delaware}}
* {{cite book|last=Martin|first=Keith D.|title=A Liberal Mandate: Reflections on Our Founding Vision and Rants on How We Have Failed to Achieve It|publisher=Wet Press|isbn=9780578043654|year=2010|location=MSilver Spring}}
* {{cite book|last=Merquior|first=J. G.|author-link=José Guilherme Merquior|title=Liberalism Old and New|publisher=Twayne Publishers|isbn=0805786279|year=1991|location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book|last=Mill|first=John Stuart|author-link=John Stuart Mill|title='On Liberty' and Other Writings|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521379172|year=1989|location=Cambridge}}
* {{cite book|last=Rawls|first=John|author-link=John Rawls|title=A Theory of Justice|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0674017722|year=2005|location=Harvard}}
* {{cite book|last=Rawls|first=John|author-link=John Rawls|title=Political Liberalism|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=0231130899|year=2005|location=New York}}
* {{cite book|last1=Simhony|first1=Avital|last2=Weinstein|first2=David|title=The New Liberalism: Reconciling Liberty and Community|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521794048|year=2001|location=Cambridge}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.socialliberal.net/|title=Social Liberal Forum|accessdate=29 September 2021}}
* {{cite web|url=https://debate21.es/tag/socioliberalismo/|title=Socioliberalismo archivos|publisher=Debate21|language=es|accessdate=30 September 2021|archive-date=30 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210930072813/https://debate21.es/tag/socioliberalismo/|url-status=dead}}

{{liberalism}}

[[Category:Social liberalism| ]]
[[Category:Centre-left ideologies]]
[[Category:Centrism]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Political culture]]
[[Category:Political ideologies]]
[[Category:Radicalism (historical)]]
[[Category:Social policy]]
[[Category:Social philosophy]]
[[Category:Syncretic political movements]]

African cheetah translocation to India

2026-03-13T09:59:04Z

Wikimelo:

{{Short description|Introduction of African cheetahs in India}}
{{good article}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

[[File:Cheetah In India 2.jpg|thumb|A Southeast African Cheetah inside the quarantine facility in Kuno National Park|250x250px]]
[[File:Maharajah Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo with cheetah kill 1948 BNHS.jpg|thumb|The last documented Asiatic cheetahs in India, three males from the same litter, were shot in 1947—while they were sitting together at night—by Maharajah Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo of [[Surguja State]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], who poses behind them with his rifle. His private secretary provided this picture, which was communicated to the [[Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society]] on January 9, 1948.<ref name=last-cheetahs-india-1948>{{cite journal|last=Van Ingen and Van Ingen (firm)|title=Interesting Shikar Trophies: Hunting Cheetah Acinonyx Jubatus (Schreber)|journal=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume = 47|pages=718–720|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/153702|date=January 9, 1948|quote=[The editors were so nauseated by the account of this slaughter that their first impulse was to consign it to the waste-paper basket. Its publication here is intended in the nature of an impeachment rather than any desire on their part to condone or extol the deed. ... What adds to the heinousness of the episode is that the slaughter was done while motoring through the forest at night, presumably with the aid of powerful headlights or a spotlight. This, it will be recognised, is not only against all ethics of sport but it is a statutory offence deserving of drastic action by those whose business it should be to enforce the law. — Eds.]}}</ref><ref name=ceballos-etal-extinction-cheetah/>|250x250px]]
India's native subspecies of the [[cheetah]]—the [[Asiatic cheetah]] (''Acinonyx jubatus venaticus'')—became [[locally extinct|extinct there]] in the mid-20th century. Since then, the Asiatic subspecies has survived only in Iran in critically endangered numbers.<ref name=schmall-kumar-nytimes_cheetah-extinction>{{cite web | last1 = Schmall | first1 = Emily | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Hari | title = After 75 Years, Cheetahs Return to India in a Grand Experiment | work = The New York Times | date = September 16, 2022 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/world/asia/cheetah-relocation-india.html | access-date = September 23, 2022 | quote = Cheetahs once prowled India among lions, tigers and leopards. They appear in ancient Hindu texts and in cave paintings, and are woven into centuries-old tapestries. The Mughal emperor Akbar kept 1,000 cheetahs in his stables. But for 75 years — the entirety of its existence as an independent nation — India has been bereft of cheetahs, the world’s fastest land animal. | archive-date = 28 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220928132043/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/world/asia/cheetah-relocation-india.html | url-status = live }}</ref> In September 2022, small numbers of [[Southeast African cheetah]] (''Acinonyx jubatus jubatus''), a [[Introduced species|non-native]] sub-species in India, were [[Species translocation|translocated]] from [[Namibia]] and [[South Africa]] to a national park in India. The translocation to [[Kuno National Park]] in [[Central India]] was permitted on a short-term basis by the [[Supreme Court of India]] in January 2020.<ref name=india-supreme-ct-cheetah-translocation/><ref name=india-sup-ct-cheetah-decision/>

The Asiatic cheetah whose significant cultural history in [[India]] had given the [[Sanskrit]]-derived vernacular name "cheetah", or "spotted", to the species, ''Acinonyx jubatus'', also experienced gradual habitat loss in the region. Before the [[thorn forest]]s in the [[Punjab]] region—to the northwest—were cleared for agriculture and human settlement, they were intermixed with open grasslands grazed by large herds of [[blackbuck]]; these co-existed with their main natural predator, the Asiatic cheetah. In the [[early modern era]], tame cheetahs had been kept for the pursuit of [[game (hunting)|game]] by Indian nobility.<ref name=tritsch-cheetah-blackbuck/> As a result, the blackbuck is no longer a [[Neontology#Extant taxa versus extinct taxa|living species]] in the Punjab region.<ref name=tritsch-cheetah-blackbuck>{{citation|last=Tritsch|first=M. F.|year=2001|title=Wildlife of India|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|place=London|isbn=978-0-00-711062-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNRQAAAACAAJ|page = 17|quote = Before it was so heavily settled and intensively exploited, the Punjab was dominated by thorn forest interspersed by rolling grasslands which were grazed on by millions of Blackbuck, accompanied by their dominant predator, the Cheetah. Always keen hunters, the Moghul princes kept tame cheetahs which were used to chase and bring down the blackbuck. Today the Asiatic cheetah is extinct in India and the severely endangered blackbuck no longer exists in the Punjab.}}</ref> A combination of similar habitat loss, prey depletion, and trophy hunting during the [[British Raj]] in India led to the extinction of the Asiatic cheetah in other regions of its habitat, the last recorded killing taking place in 1947, when India was on the verge of [[partition of India|decolonization]].<ref name=ceballos-etal-extinction-cheetah>{{cite book|last1=Ceballos|first1=Gerardo|last2=Ehrlich|first2=Anne H.|last3=Erlich|first3=Paul R|title=The Annihilation of Nature: Human Extinction of Birds and Mammals|location=Baltimore|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4214-1718-9|pages=88–89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=77ClCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|quote=Today cheetahs are another of Earth's decimated species and without doubt the most endangered big cats in Asia. The distribution of one subspecies, the Asiatic cheetah, once extended from India to the Arabian Peninsula and Syria and throughout Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran. But the conversion of natural habitats into croplands, over-grazing by livestock, depletion of prey species, and heavy hunting overwhelmed the sleek cats. The last Indian cheetah was killed in 1947, and today all that remains of wild Asiatic cheetahs are found in the arid lands of central and northern Iran, where sixty to one hundred are struggling to survive, scattered in several national parks and adjacent areas.}}</ref><ref name=rashkow-cheetah-extinction-india>{{cite book|last=Rashkow|first=Ezra|title=The Nature of Endangerment in India: Tigers, 'Tribes', Extermination & Conservation, 1818–2020|year=2023|isbn=978-0-19-286852-7|lccn=2022938823|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=116|quote=The Asiatic cheetah, today extinct in India (and surviving only in Iran), was set decisively on that path under British rule. By the end of the nineteenth century, the cheetah was disappearing across most of India. Partly, the problem was that it—like other species—was targeted specifically for its rarity. In 1887, a ‘sportsman’ who came across a female cheetah and her four cubs near Chhindwara, and then dispatched them with his dogs, recorded, ‘It was a pretty sight, and I would have let them off scot free, but that these animals are comparatively rare in Central Provinces, and few there are, are seldom seen on account of the heaviness of the jungle: By the 1920s, Dunbar Brander believed that ‘the number of cheetah now found in the Central Province is a negligible quantity: And by 1939, Pocock felt that the cheetah was ‘now almost, if not quite, extinct in Hindustan: Then in 1947, on the eve of Independence, the Maharaja of Korea shot the last verified cheetahs in India. Having done so, he boastingly submitted a description of the ‘hunt’ to the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. The journal published the account as it said, "not to pander to the Maharaja's ego, but to impeach his actions.”}}</ref>

Discussions on cheetah introduction began after the mid-1950s. Proposals were made to the governments of Iran in the 1970s, but unsuccessfully. Offers were made by the government of Kenya beginning in the 1980s but by 2012 the Supreme Court of India had outlawed the project for a species translocation, considering it, in addition, an "introduction" rather than a "reintroduction."<ref name=rees-laws-cheetah-intro-vs-reintro>{{cite book|last=Rees|first=Paul A.|title=The Laws Protecting Animals and Ecosystems|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|isbn=9781118876459|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHw3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT392|year=2018|quote=A planned introduction of cheetahs (''Acinonyx jubatus'') into India was recently prevented by a decision of the Supreme Court. While the historical range of the cheetah extended across Africa, the Middle East and parts of Asia, the source of the cheetahs for the project was to be Namibia and the Court treated the proposed project as an introduction rather than a reintroduction ... It is clear from the judgment that the court was concerned about the possible effects of introduced cheetahs on the success of a project to translocate Asiatic lions to the same area}}</ref> In January 2020, the court reversed its 2012 decision, and allowed for the import of small numbers on an experimental basis.<ref name=india-supreme-ct-cheetah-translocation>{{cite book |last1=Trouwborst|first1=Arie|last2=Blackmore|first2=Andy|last3=Blyth|first3=Sally|last4=Fleurke|first4=Floor|last5=McCormack|first5=Phillipa|last6=Gaywood|first6=Martin J.|pages=77–107; 79|chapter=Conservation Translocations and the Law|title=Conservation Translocations|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor1-last=Gaywood|editor1-first=Martin J.|editor2-last=Ewen|editor2-first=John G.|editor3-last=Hollingsworth|editor3-first=Peter M.|editor4-last=Moehrenschlager|editor4-first=Axel|isbn=978-1-108-49446-5|year=2023|quote=The role of both the IUCN Guidelines and courts in the current context can be illustrated using the topical example of the proposed conservation translocation of Southern African cheetah ''Acinonyx jubatus jubatus'' from Namibia to India (Aggarwal, 2020). The Asiatic cheetah ''Acinonyx jubatus venaticus'' had been extirpated in India in the last century, and the legal arguments involved the appropriateness of using the Southern African subspecies for the translocation. In 2012, the Supreme Court of India outlawed such a translocation, in part because of incompatibility with a previous version of the [UCN Guidelines (Supreme Court of India, Centre for Environmental Law, WWF. v. Union of India et al., 15 April 2013). In 2020, the same court declared the legality of a renewed proposal to translocate the species on an experimental basis (Supreme Court of India, Centre for Environmental Law, WWF. v. Union of India et al., 28 January 2020).}}</ref><ref name=india-sup-ct-cheetah-decision>{{cite web|last=Supreme Court of India, Record of Proceedings|title=Writ Petition (Civil) No(s).337/1995 Centre of Environmental Law, WWF 1 (Petitioner(s)) Versus Union of India and Others (Respondents|date=28 January 2020 |url=https://main.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/1995/7468/7468_1995_1_2_20029_Order_28-Jan-2020.pdf|access-date=December 5, 2024}}</ref> On 17 September 2022, five female and three male southeast African cheetahs, between the ages of four and six, were transported by air from Namibia and released in a quarantined enclosure within Kuno National Park in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The relocation was supervised by [[Laurie Marker]], of the Namibia-based [[Cheetah Conservation Fund]] and [[Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala|Yadvendradev Jhala]] of the [[Wildlife Institute of India]]. The cheetahs, fitted with radio collars, were moved to a larger enclosure in November. A further 12 cheetahs arrived from [[South Africa]] in February 2023 and began to be released into the park in March 2023. That month a cheetah gave birth to four cubs, the first recorded live cheetah birth in India in over 70 years. The first death was reported later in the month and by January 2024, ten animals had died.{{efn|While wildlife expert Vincent van der Merwe commented that cheetah deaths does not mean that the project is failing, as similar mortality rates have been reported in African reintroduction, Cheetah Conservation Fund suggested that the cheetah deaths could have been prevented with better monitoring and adequate veterinary care.}}

The scientific reaction to the translocation has been mixed. Veterinary pharmacologist Adrian Tordiffe views India as providing a "protected space" for a threatened population. Zoologist [[K. Ullas Karanth]] has been critical of the effort, conjecturing that potential mortalities might require a continual import of African cheetahs. Kuno National Park is a relatively new national park fully established in 2018. Scientists have expressed concern that 20 cheetahs from Africa with typically large individual territories of {{cvt|100|km2}} might be difficult to accommodate in a park with a core zone of {{cvt|748|km2}} and a buffer zone of {{cvt|487|km2}}. Increasing cheetah populations might lead to the animals venturing out of the core zones of the park into adjoining agricultural lands and non-forested areas, bringing them into conflict with humans. With this in mind, the Supreme Court of India ordered the Indian government to look for alternative parks to accommodate a potentially growing population. The African cheetahs had been projected to be a key species of a new phase of [[ecological restoration]] in India. By September 17, 2024, the second anniversary of the introduction, all surviving 12 adult cheetahs and 12 cubs were limited to protective enclosures.<ref name=chellam-frontline-sept-2024/>

{{Wildlife of India}}

== Background ==
[[File:CheetahHunt.jpg|thumb|Hunting of [[blackbuck]] with [[Asiatic cheetah|Indian cheetah]]; Drawing by James Forbes, Oriental Memoirs, c.1812]]

The [[Asiatic cheetah]] (''Acinonyx jubatus venaticus'') once ranged from north western India to the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic plain]] in the east, extending to the [[Deccan Plateau]] in the south.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nowell|first1=K.|last2=Jackson|first2=P.|name-list-style=amp|title=Wild Cats: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|year=1996|publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group|pages=41–44|chapter=Asiatic cheetah|chapter-url=http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf|location=Gland, Switzerland|isbn=978-2-8317-0045-8|access-date=17 June 2017|archive-date=7 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807215533/http://carnivoractionplans1.free.fr/wildcats.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pocock|first=R. I.|year=1939|chapter=''Acinonyx jubatus''|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n405/mode/2up|title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma|volume=Mammalia. – Volume 1|publisher=[[Taylor and Francis]]|location=London|pages=324–330}}</ref> In the [[Middle Ages]], [[Mughal Empire]] rulers supposedly used cheetahs for [[coursing]] [[blackbuck]]s, [[chinkara]]s and [[Four-horned antelope|antelope]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Sayan|last=Lodh|title=Portrayal of 'Hunting' in Environmental History of India|journal=ALTRALANG Journal|date=December 2020|volume=02|issue=2|page=193|url=https://www.univ-oran2.dz/revuealtralang/index.php/altralang/article/view/84|access-date=1 Aug 2022|publisher=University of Oran 2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed.|location=Oran, Algeria|doi=10.52919/altralang.v2i02.84 |issn=2710-8619|archive-date=3 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803195605/https://www.univ-oran2.dz/revuealtralang/index.php/altralang/article/view/84|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Forestry Through the Ages|author=Sharad Singh Negi|year=1994|isbn=978-8-173-87020-0|publisher=Indus Publishing Company|page=222}}</ref> The species had a gradual history of habitat loss. In [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in [[Northern India]], before the thorn forests were cleared for agriculture and human settlement, they were intermixed with open grasslands grazed by large herds of [[blackbuck]] and these co-existed with their main natural predator, the Asiatic cheetah. The blackbuck is also no longer extant in the region.<ref>{{cite book|last=Tritsch|first=M. F.|year=2001|title=Wildlife of India|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|place=London|isbn=978-0-007-11062-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aNRQAAAACAAJ|page=17|quote=Before it was so heavily settled and intensively exploited, the Punjab was dominated by thorn forest interspersed by rolling grasslands which were grazed on by millions of Blackbuck, accompanied by their dominant predator, the Cheetah. Always keen hunters, the Moghul princes kept tame cheetahs which were used to chase and bring down the blackbuck. Today the Asiatic cheetah is extinct in India and the severely endangered blackbuck no longer exists in the Punjab.}}</ref> Trapping of sub-adult cheetahs that have learned hunting skills from their mothers in the wild, for assisting in royal hunts is said to be the major cause of the species' rapid decline.<ref name="Divyabhanusinh">{{cite book|last=Divyabhanusinh|first=Chavda|year=1999|title=The End of a Trail: the Cheetah in India|publisher=Banyan Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8-195-58781-0|page=40}}</ref> [[Trophy hunting]] during the [[British Raj]] further impacted the already dwindling population of cheetahs.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Niraj Rai|author2=Sunil Kumar Verma|author3=Ajay Gaur|author4=Florin Mircea Iliescu|author5=Mukesh Thakur|author6=Tirupathi Rao Golla|author7=Kailash Chandra|author8=Satya Prakash|author9=Wajeeda Tabasum|author10=Sreenivas Ara|author11=Lalji Singh|author12=Kumarasamy Thangaraj|author13=Guy S. Jacobs|title=Ancient mtDNA from the extinct Indian cheetah supports unexpectedly deep divergence from African cheetahs|journal=Scientific Reports|date=March 2020|volume=10|issue=1|page=4618|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-60751-7|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339882330|access-date=1 August 2022|publisher=Nature|pmid=32165662|pmc=7067882|bibcode=2020NatSR..10.4618R|quote=Project: Wildlife Forensic and Conservation of animals in India}}</ref> Asiatic cheetahs rarely breed in captivity as there is only one record of a [[Litter (animal)|litter]] ever born to captive animals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/05/11/world/asiatic-cheetah-cubs-born-in-captivity-scn/index.html|title=Rare triplet Asiatic cheetah cubs mark an important first for the species|work=CNN|date=11 May 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=29 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229120730/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/05/11/world/asiatic-cheetah-cubs-born-in-captivity-scn/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

By the beginning of the 20th century, wild cheetah sightings were rare in India, so much so that between 1918 and 1945, [[Princely state|Indian princes]] imported cheetahs from Africa for coursing. The last confirmed three cheetahs were shot by Maharajah of [[Surguja State|Surguja]] [[Ramanuj Pratap Singh Deo]] in 1948.<ref name=ceballos-etal-extinction-cheetah/> The last known sighting was that of a female in 1951 in [[Koriya district]] in northwestern [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="Divyabhanusinh"/> With the death of the last known population and no further sightings, the species was declared [[locally extinct]] in 1952.<ref name="Dey">{{cite news|last=Dey|first=A.|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Rajasthan to be home for cheetahs|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/rajasthan-to-be-home-for-cheetahs/articleshow/4821200.cms|date=16 July 2009|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906095539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/rajasthan-to-be-home-for-cheetahs/articleshow/4821200.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The Asiatic subspecies is now found only in Iran and is declared as [[critically endangered]].<ref name="NYT">{{cite web|last1=Schmall|first1=Emily|last2=Kumar|first2=Hari|title=After 75 Years, Cheetahs Return to India in a Grand Experiment|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 September 2022|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/world/asia/cheetah-relocation-india.html|access-date=23 September 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928132043/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/16/world/asia/cheetah-relocation-india.html|url-status=live }}</ref>

== Early re-introduction plans ==
In 1955, the State Wildlife Board of [[Andhra Pradesh]] suggested the reintroduction of the Asiatic cheetah on an experimental basis in two districts of the state.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-cheetahs-went-extinct-in-india-plan-to-reintroduce-them-7960897/|title=How cheetahs went extinct in India, and the plan to reintroduce them into the wild|first=Ragu|last=Malhotra|date=10 June 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=5 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805225735/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/how-cheetahs-went-extinct-in-india-plan-to-reintroduce-them-7960897/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 1970s, the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] of [[Government of India]] formally wrote to the [[Government of Iran|Iranian government]] requesting Asiatic cheetahs for reintroduction and received a positive response. The talks stalled after the [[Iranian Revolution]].<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8262862.stm|title=India plans return of the cheetah|date=20 September 2009|work=BBC|access-date=13 February 2021|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212223903/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8262862.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1984, [[wildlife conservation]]ist Divyabhanusinh wrote a paper on the subject on the request of Ministry of Environment and Forests, which was subsequently sent to the Cat Specialist Group of Species Survival Commission of the [[IUCN]]. In the late 1980s, [[Government of Kenya]] reportedly offered to send a few members of related sub-species [[Southeast African cheetah]] (''Acinonyx jubatus jubatus'').<ref name="CASI">{{cite report|url=https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/research/Reclaiming%20the%20Grassland%20for%20the%20Cheetah%20-%20Ghazala%20Shahabuddin%20%28CASI%20Working%20Paper%29.pdf|title=Reclaiming the Grassland for the Cheetah|first=Ghazala|last=Sahaubbudin|publisher=Center for the Advanced Study of India|access-date=13 February 2021|archive-date=3 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303092614/https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/sites/default/files/research/Reclaiming%20the%20Grassland%20for%20the%20Cheetah%20-%20Ghazala%20Shahabuddin%20%28CASI%20Working%20Paper%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the early 2000s, scientists from the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]] (CCMB), [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], proposed a plan to clone Asiatic cheetahs from Iran.<ref>{{cite news|last=Bagla|first=Pallava|date=28 January 2003|title=CCMB's Iran hope for Asiatic cheetah|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/17389/|access-date=16 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In August 2009, talks were rekindled with [[Iran]] for sharing a few of the animals. The dwindling population of the species in the existent range made Iran hesitant to commit to the idea.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lamont|first=James|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c5792cd0-81da-11de-9c5e-00144feabdc0.html|title=India tries cheetah diplomacy on Iran|publisher=FT|date=5 August 2009|access-date=16 May 2013|archive-date=8 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908060818/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c5792cd0-81da-11de-9c5e-00144feabdc0.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Iran proposed that [[Asiatic lion]]s which are existent only in India be given in exchange for cheetahs for which India refused and the plan to source cheetahs from Iran was eventually dropped in 2010.<ref name="Dey"/><ref name="CASI"/>

== Project Cheetah ==
=== Project formulation ===
{{location map+|India|float=right|width=200|caption=Location of the sites which were under consideration for the project. The chosen site is marked in green.
|places=
{{location map~|India|position=right|label=[[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary|Kuno]] |coordinates={{coord|25|40|00|N|77|10|00|E}} |link=[[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary]]| mark=Green pog.svg| marksize=9}}
{{location map~|India|position=right|label=[[Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary|Nauradehi]] |coordinates={{coord|23|10|41.31|N|79|12|6.79|E}} |link=
[[Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary]]|marksize=9}}
{{location map~|India|position=right|label=[[Shahgarh Landscape|Shahgarh]] |lat= 27.1405 |long=69.9620 |link=[[Shahgarh Landscape]]| marksize=9}}
}}

In September 2009, a workshop was organised in Gajnar, Rajasthan, to discuss the appropriateness of relocating some African cheetahs to India. Experts differed in their views, and the Environment Minister, [[Jairam Ramesh]], was cautious, saying more study was required.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|title=Workshop on cheetah relocation begins, views differ|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 September 2009|access-date=29 January 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Workshop-on-cheetah-relocation-begins-views-differ-/articleshow/4991394.cms|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117125409/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Workshop-on-cheetah-relocation-begins-views-differ-/articleshow/4991394.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|title=India joins the race to save Cheetahs|first=Sunny|last=Sebastian|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 September 2009|access-date=29 January 2020|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-joins-the-race-to-save-Cheetahs/article16882561.ece|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129113920/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-joins-the-race-to-save-Cheetahs/article16882561.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Legal troubles and clearance ===
In May 2012, the [[Supreme Court of India]] put the project of importing cheetahs from Africa and reintroducing them in India on hold after a petition was filed against the same.<ref>{{cite news|title=SC stays Cheetah Re-introduction Project|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/247955/sc-stays-cheetah-re-introduction.html|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|access-date=10 May 2012|date=8 May 2012|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-date=10 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510082415/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/247955/sc-stays-cheetah-re-introduction.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the petition, it was argued that Kuno, the proposed location for the re-introduction was prepared for [[Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project|reintroduction of native lions]] from [[Gir National Park]] and introducing cheetahs will be used as a pretext to delay the lion re-introduction project. It was also argued that the reintroduction of African cheetah has not been placed before the Standing Committee of India's National Board for Wildlife and that the scientific studies show the African cheetahs to be genetically different from Asian Cheetahs which is against the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)]] guidelines on translocation of wildlife species.<ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court stalls Centre's plan to reintroduce cheetahs in India|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/supreme-court-stalls-centres-plan-to-reintroduce-cheetahs-in-india-38129|first=Kumar|last=Srivasthava|access-date=11 May 2012|date=8 May 2012|work=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]]|archive-date=3 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303220603/http://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/supreme-court-stalls-centres-plan-to-reintroduce-cheetahs-in-india-38129|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 28 January 2020, the Supreme Court allowed the central government to proceed with the introduction of Southern African cheetahs to a suitable habitat in India as part of a trial, in response to an application filed by the [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]] (NTCA) seeking permission to introduce Southern African cheetahs from Namibia. The Supreme Court set up a three-member committee to guide the NTCA and asked the committee to submit a progress report every four months.<ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court allows Centre to bring African cheetah to suitable wildlife habitat in India|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 January 2020|access-date=29 January 2020|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-allows-centre-to-bring-african-cheetah-to-suitable-wildlife-habitat-in-india/article30673294.ece|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129013423/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-allows-centre-to-bring-african-cheetah-to-suitable-wildlife-habitat-in-india/article30673294.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Court paves way for African cheetahs to be shipped to India|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=28 January 2020|access-date=29 January 2020|url=https://www.afp.com/en/news/826/court-paves-way-african-cheetahs-be-shipped-india-doc-1oh08f1|archive-date=29 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129071649/https://www.afp.com/en/news/826/court-paves-way-african-cheetahs-be-shipped-india-doc-1oh08f1|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, a scientific assessment of all potential reintroduction sites was conducted to understand the habitat conditions, prey species availability, protection status and other ecological criteria for shortlisting initial introduction site with a detailed scientific action plan published in January 2022.<ref>{{cite report|title=Action Plan for Introduction of Cheetah in India|url=https://wii.gov.in/images//images/documents/publications/action_plan_cheetah_introduction_jan_2022.pdf|access-date=25 December 2022|publisher=[[Wildlife Institute of India]]|isbn=81-85496-65-X|archive-date=3 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221003015149/https://wii.gov.in/images//images/documents/publications/action_plan_cheetah_introduction_jan_2022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2022, the [[Union Council of Ministers|Union minister]] of Environment stated that African cheetahs would be reintroduced from Namibia to Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in September and that the Indian Government was also attempting to trans locate another 12 cheetahs from South Africa.<ref>{{cite news|last=Roy|first=Esha|date=20 August 2022|title=Cheetahs from Namibia set to reach in Sept: Union Minister Bhupender Yadav|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cheetahs-from-namibia-set-to-reach-in-sept-union-minister-bhupender-yadav-8100683/|access-date=26 August 2022|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=26 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826125841/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cheetahs-from-namibia-set-to-reach-in-sept-union-minister-bhupender-yadav-8100683/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Nandi|first=Jayashree|date=28 August 2022|title=Not rejected any of the 8 cheetahs to be translocated from Namibia, says Centre|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/not-rejected-any-of-the-8-cheetahs-to-be-translocated-from-namibia-says-centre-101661710216959.html|access-date=29 August 2022|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829105352/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/not-rejected-any-of-the-8-cheetahs-to-be-translocated-from-namibia-says-centre-101661710216959.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India plans to reintroduce cheetahs: All you need to know about the vulnerable species|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/photos/india/india-plans-to-reintroduce-cheetahs-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-vulnerable-species-8916751.html|work=[[Moneycontrol]]|access-date=1 August 2022|date=29 July 2022|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801042137/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/photos/india/india-plans-to-reintroduce-cheetahs-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-vulnerable-species-8916751.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== African cheetah translocation ===
On 17 September 2022, five female and three male southeast African cheetahs, between the ages of four and six, were flown in from Namibia and released in a quarantined enclosure within the Kuno National Park.<ref name="NYT"/><ref>{{cite news|title=India Gets Cheetahs Again After 70 Years: 10 Points|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cheetahs-for-india-riding-a-plane-to-gwalior-will-then-take-a-chopper-3351258|date=17 September 2022|access-date=17 September 2022|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=17 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917071311/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cheetahs-for-india-riding-a-plane-to-gwalior-will-then-take-a-chopper-3351258|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Noronha|first=Rahul|date=7 November 2022|title=African cheetahs at Kuno National Park kill cheetal, make history|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/african-cheetahs-at-kuno-national-park-kill-cheetal-make-history-2294268-2022-11-07|access-date=28 November 2022|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=28 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128203835/https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/african-cheetahs-at-kuno-national-park-kill-cheetal-make-history-2294268-2022-11-07|url-status=live}}</ref> The cheetahs were fitted with radio collars, and were planned to be retained in quarantined enclosures for a month, followed by the release of males (and later the females) into the park. The relocation was supervised by [[Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala|Yadvendradev Jhala]] of the [[Wildlife Institute of India]] and zoologist [[Laurie Marker]], of the Namibia-based [[Cheetah Conservation Fund]]. Subsequently, plans were made for flying in 12 cheetahs from South Africa and scaling up to 40 individuals.<ref name="NYT"/> In November 2022, the cheetahs were shifted to a larger enclosure for further adaption after their mandatory quarantine period.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 November 2022|title='Great news': PM Modi tweets as two cheetahs shift to bigger enclosure at Kuno National Park|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cheetah-kuna-national-park-narendra-modi-8252281/|access-date=6 November 2022|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106203736/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cheetah-kuna-national-park-narendra-modi-8252281/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=28 November 2022|title=Two female cheetahs pass quarantine, join three males in Kuno enclosure|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-female-cheetahs-pass-quarantine-join-three-males-in-kuno-enclosure-101669615264399.html|access-date=28 November 2022|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=28 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128203242/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/two-female-cheetahs-pass-quarantine-join-three-males-in-kuno-enclosure-101669615264399.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2023, following the signing of the agreement between South Africa and India, a first batch of 12 cheetahs arrived next month. The agreement between both countries involved South Africa relocating a further 12 cheetahs every year for the next eight to ten years.<ref>{{cite news|last=Goodwin|first=Allegra|date=27 January 2023|title=South Africa to send dozens of cheetahs to India under new deal|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/27/africa/south-africa-cheetahs-india-intl/index.html|access-date=31 January 2023|work=CNN|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131181802/https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/27/africa/south-africa-cheetahs-india-intl/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Cheetah In India.jpg|thumb|The first cheetah being introduced into the park]]

On 11 March 2023, a male and a female were released together into the wild and were confirmed to have successfully hunted prey in the park.<ref>{{cite news|last=Naveen|first=P.|date=11 March 2023|title=India's first cheetah couple released into the wild of Kuno National Park|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-first-cheetah-couple-released-into-the-wild-of-kuno-national-park/articleshow/98570012.cms|access-date=12 March 2023|archive-date=14 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314021022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-first-cheetah-couple-released-into-the-wild-of-kuno-national-park/articleshow/98570012.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Naveen|first=P.|date=13 March 2023|title=India's first cheetah couple released in wild in Kuno|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/indias-first-cheetah-couple-released-in-wild-in-kuno/articleshow/98593400.cms|access-date=13 March 2023|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313045519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/indias-first-cheetah-couple-released-in-wild-in-kuno/articleshow/98593400.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the subsequent weeks, further cheetahs were released into the wild and the released animals were tracked by radio collars.<ref>{{cite news|date=22 March 2023|title=2 More Namibian Cheetahs Released Into Wild At Kuno National Park|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-more-namibian-cheetahs-released-into-wild-at-kuno-national-park-3884616|access-date=23 March 2023|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625001114/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/2-more-namibian-cheetahs-released-into-wild-at-kuno-national-park-3884616|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=12 March 2023|title=2 Namibian cheetahs first to be released into the wild in Kuno|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/2-namibian-cheetahs-first-to-be-released-into-the-wild-in-kuno-8491423/|access-date=13 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=13 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313171929/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/2-namibian-cheetahs-first-to-be-released-into-the-wild-in-kuno-8491423/|url-status=live}}</ref> Later in the month, a female died due to kidney complications.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Subramaniam|first1=Tara|last2=Suri|first2=Manveena|date=28 March 2023|title=A cheetah relocated from Namibia to India as part of conservation efforts has died|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/28/asia/india-namibia-cheetah-death-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=29 March 2023|work=CNN|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329181612/https://www.cnn.com/2023/03/28/asia/india-namibia-cheetah-death-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On April 24, another cheetah death was reported due to heart failure.<ref>{{cite news|title=Second African cheetah dies in India's Kuno National Park|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/24/second-african-cheetah-dies-in-indias-kuno-national-park|access-date=1 May 2023|work=Aljazeera|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501164904/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/4/24/second-african-cheetah-dies-in-indias-kuno-national-park|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=24 April 2023|title=Cheetah in India died of cardiac failure|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65370700|access-date=24 April 2023|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501164904/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65370700|url-status=live}}</ref> In May, three more animals were released into the wild.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 May 2023|title=Three more cheetahs released into wild at MP's Kuno National Park; count rises to six|work=[[India Today]]|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/three-more-cheetahs-released-into-wild-mp-kuno-national-park-count-rises-to-six-2381875-2023-05-20|access-date=20 May 2023|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520120010/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/three-more-cheetahs-released-into-wild-mp-kuno-national-park-count-rises-to-six-2381875-2023-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the death of three cheetah cubs, the Central government appointed a high-level steering committee, comprising national and international experts, to oversee the implementation on May 25.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 May 2023|title=New committee set up to oversee cheetah project|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-committee-set-up-to-oversee-cheetah-project/article66893694.ece|access-date=26 May 2023|archive-date=26 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526022437/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/new-committee-set-up-to-oversee-cheetah-project/article66893694.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2023, South African wildlife expert [[Vincent van der Merwe]] clarified that recent cheetah deaths does not mean that the Project Cheetah is failing, as similar mortality rates have been reported in African reintroduction and 50 percent mortality rate is expected in the first year.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 May 2023|title=India's Cheetah reintroduction project is going to see even higher mortalities: South African expert|work=Mathrubhumi|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/india-s-cheetah-reintroduction-project-is-going-to-see-even-higher-mortalities-south-african-expert-1.8587325|access-date=26 May 2023|archive-date=25 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525130455/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/india-s-cheetah-reintroduction-project-is-going-to-see-even-higher-mortalities-south-african-expert-1.8587325|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2023, Namibia-based [[Cheetah Conservation Fund]] wrote a letter to the Supreme Court of India, suggesting that the cheetah deaths could have been prevented with better monitoring and adequate veterinary care. It was based on the postmortem reports which indicated that cheetahs had died of various causes including starvation and infection due to wounds made by the tracking radio collar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66392483|title=Cheetahs in Kuno: Is India's effort to reintroduce the big cat facing a crisis?|date=5 August 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|work=[[BBC News]]|archive-date=16 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116110138/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66392483|url-status=live}}</ref> By January 2024, three more deaths were recorded pushing the count of dead animals to ten since the start of the project.<ref>{{cite news|first=Shruti|last=Tomar|title=Another cheetah dies at Madhya Pradesh's Kuno|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sixth-adult-cheetah-dies-in-india-s-kuno-national-park-raising-concerns-over-translocation-project-s-success-101691003419859.html|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=3 August 2023|access-date=4 August 2023|archive-date=4 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804022243/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sixth-adult-cheetah-dies-in-india-s-kuno-national-park-raising-concerns-over-translocation-project-s-success-101691003419859.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ninth Cheetah in Kuno Died Due to Maggot Infection|url=https://thewire.in/environment/ninth-cheetah-in-kuno-died-due-to-maggot-infection|date=14 July 2023|access-date=28 August 2023|work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=10th Cheetah Dies At Kuno National Park In Madhya Pradesh|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/another-namibian-cheetah-dies-at-kuno-national-park-in-madhya-pradesh-4873662|access-date=16 January 2024|work=[[NDTV]]|first=Anurag|last=Dwary|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116120738/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/another-namibian-cheetah-dies-at-kuno-national-park-in-madhya-pradesh-4873662|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|September 2024}}, the remaining 12 animals were moved to enclosures due to the apparent mortality.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chellam |first=Ravi |date=14 September 2024|title=Cheetah Reintroduction in India Faces Setbacks: All Adult Cats in Captivity After Two Years|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/african-cheetahs-captivity-kuno-national-park-cheetah-action-plan/article68625550.ece|access-date=16 September 2024|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref>

=== Breeding ===
One of the released cheetahs, gave birth to four cubs on 24 March 2023, the first recorded live cheetah birth in over 70 years.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gillett|first=Francesca|date=29 March 2023|title=First cheetah cubs born in India since extinction 70 years ago|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65113651|access-date=29 March 2023|archive-date=29 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329181611/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65113651|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 May 2023, a female was killed during a fight with a male cheetah during mating.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 May 2023|title=Female Cheetah 'Daksha' dies in Kuno National Park|work=Mint|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/female-cheetah-daksha-dies-in-kuno-national-park-11683639914120.html|access-date=9 May 2023|archive-date=9 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509143950/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/female-cheetah-daksha-dies-in-kuno-national-park-11683639914120.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Following the incident, wildlife experts raised concerns on the [[sex ratio]] of the cats in the park and suggested that adequate number of animals of both sexes in the breeding age are required for successful breeding.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/captive-for-months-experts-fear-cheetahs-at-kuno-may-face-breeding-issues-93548|title=Captive for months, experts fear cheetahs at Kuno may face breeding issues|date=23 December 2023|access-date=31 December 2023|work=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]]|first=Himanshu|last=Nitnaware|archive-date=27 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227102345/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/captive-for-months-experts-fear-cheetahs-at-kuno-may-face-breeding-issues-93548|url-status=live}}</ref> Three cubs were born in January and a further six cubs were born in March 2024, raising the total number of cheetahs in the national park to 27.<ref>{{cite news|title=Three cubs born to Namibian cheetah at Kuno National Park|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 January 2024|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/three-cubs-born-to-namibian-cheetah-at-kuno-national-park/article67767867.ece|access-date=1 March 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125083838/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/three-cubs-born-to-namibian-cheetah-at-kuno-national-park/article67767867.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cheetah Gamini gives birth to five cubs at MP's Kuno National Park; big cat count rises to 26|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cheetah-gamini-gives-birth-to-five-cubs-at-mps-kuno-national-park-big-cat-count-rises-to-26/articleshow/108369398.cms|access-date=10 March 2024|date=10 March 2024|archive-date=10 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310120523/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/cheetah-gamini-gives-birth-to-five-cubs-at-mps-kuno-national-park-big-cat-count-rises-to-26/articleshow/108369398.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sustainability and impact ===

The scientific reaction to the translocation has been mixed. Veterinary pharmacologist Adrian Tordiffe viewed India as providing a "protected space" for the fragmented and threatened cheetah population.<ref name="NYT"/> Zoologist [[K. Ullas Karanth]] was critical of the effort, considering it to be a "public relations exercise." He further commented that the "realities" such as [[human overpopulation]], and the presence of larger feline predators and packs of feral dogs, could cause potentially "high mortalities," and require a continual import of African cheetahs.<ref name="NYT"/>

Kuno National Park is a relatively new national park, having declared as such in 2018. It was founded previously as a wildlife sanctuary to implement the [[Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project]], which aimed to establish a second Asiatic lion population in India and protect the isolated lions of the [[Gir National Park]] in [[Gujarat]] from potential [[mass mortality event]]s such as an [[outbreak]] of an [[epizootic]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Khudsar |first1=F. A. |last2=Sharma |first2=K. |last3=Rao |first3=R. J. |last4=Chundawat |first4=R. S. |year= 2008 |title=Estimation of prey base and its implications in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=105 |issue=1 |pages=42–48 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281307523}}</ref> Although the [[Government of Gujarat|state government of Gujarat]] was ordered by the Supreme Court in April 2013 to transfer a small population of lions to Kuno within six months, the order was not ultimately impleented.<ref>{{cite news|author=Anand, U. |year=2013|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/supreme-court-gives-madhya-pradesh-lions-share-from-gujarats-gir/1103080/|title=Supreme Court gives Madhya Pradesh lions' share from Gujarat's Gir|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520004510/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/supreme-court-gives-madhya-pradesh-lions-share-from-gujarats-gir/1103080|archive-date=20 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=17 April 2013}}</ref> It was estimated that Kuno National Park had adequate prey population to support about 20 cheetahs. With an increase in the predator population due to the introduction of cheetahs, prey population has been impacted and periodic studies of prey population is being conducted to take required corrective action.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/in-principle-approval-for-release-of-cheetah-into-kunos-wilderness/articleshow/106007669.cms|title=In-principle approval for release of cheetah into Kuno's wilderness|date=15 December 2023|access-date=1 January 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|first=P.|last=Naveen|archive-date=19 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219193644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/in-principle-approval-for-release-of-cheetah-into-kunos-wilderness/articleshow/106007669.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Scientists from Namibia have indicated concern on the [[spatial ecology]]. Cheetahs in Africa typically have individual territories of {{cvt|100|km2}} and it will be difficult to sustain 20 cheetahs at Kuno National Park with a core zone of {{cvt|748|km2}} and a buffer zone of {{cvt|487|km2}}. Increasing cheetah population leads to the animals venturing out of the core zones of the park into adjoining agricultural lands and non-forested areas, bringing them into conflict with humans.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/indias-cheetah-reintroduction-plan-ignored-spatial-ecology-scientists-say/article66763040.ece|title=India's cheetah reintroduction plan ignored spatial ecology, scientists say|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=21 April 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503045915/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/indias-cheetah-reintroduction-plan-ignored-spatial-ecology-scientists-say/article66763040.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/inadequate-space-for-cheetahs-in-mps-kuno-national-park-claims-ex-wii-official/articleshow/99883686.cms?from=mdr|title=Inadequate space for cheetahs in MP's Kuno National Park, claims ex-WII official|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=30 April 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503045916/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/inadequate-space-for-cheetahs-in-mps-kuno-national-park-claims-ex-wii-official/articleshow/99883686.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> On 2 April 2023, a male cheetah escaped from the boundaries of the park before being captured in a village {{cvt|20|km}} from the park.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cheetah 'Oban' escapes, strays into village 20 km from Kuno; teams deployed to bring it back|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/cheetah-oban-escapes-strays-into-village-20-km-from-kuno-teams-deployed-to-bring-it-back-88581|date=12 April 2023|access-date=12 April 2023|work=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]]|first=Himanshu|last=Nitnaware|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412060626/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/cheetah-oban-escapes-strays-into-village-20-km-from-kuno-teams-deployed-to-bring-it-back-88581|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cheetah Ventures Out of Kuno, Authorities Bring It Back|url=https://thewire.in/environment/cheetah-kuno-venture-capture-oban|work=The Wire|date=12 April 2023|access-date=12 April 2023|first=Aathira|last=Perinchery|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412062132/https://thewire.in/environment/cheetah-kuno-venture-capture-oban|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same month, the Supreme Court of India ordered the central government to look for an alternative site to augment the existing facility as the park did not have an adequate amount of space for the growing number of felines.<ref>{{cite news|date=30 April 2023|title=Inadequate space for cheetahs at KNP, says ex-WII official|work=The Tribune|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/inadequate-space-for-cheetahs-at-knp-says-ex-wii-official-503580|access-date=1 May 2023|archive-date=1 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501170549/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/inadequate-space-for-cheetahs-at-knp-says-ex-wii-official-503580|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=18 May 2023|title=SC concerned over death of cheetahs at KNP, ask Centre to consider shifting them to Rajasthan|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-concerned-death-cheetahs-knp-centre-consider-shifting-rajasthan-8617113|access-date=19 May 2023|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519031450/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-concerned-death-cheetahs-knp-centre-consider-shifting-rajasthan-8617113/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Ravi Chellam, the introduced African cheetahs had been projected to be a key species of a new phase of [[ecological restoration]] in India, comprising [[scrub forests]], [[savannah]]s and [[grasslands]]. By September 17, 2024, the second anniversary of the introduction—at first of eight adults from Namibia and thereafter 12 from South Africa; subsequent deaths of eight adults; births of 17 cubs; and deaths of five—all surviving 12 adults cheetahs and 12 cubs were limited to protective enclosures.<ref name=chellam-frontline-sept-2024>{{Cite web |last=Chellam |first=Ravi |date=2024-09-14 |title=Cheetah Reintroduction in India Faces Setbacks: All Adult Cats in Captivity After Two Years |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/african-cheetahs-captivity-kuno-national-park-cheetah-action-plan/article68625550.ece |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Frontline |language=en|quote=September 17, 2024, will mark the second anniversary of the arrival of eight African cheetahs at Kuno National Park, Madhya Pradesh, from Namibia. Twelve cheetahs from South Africa joined the Namibian cats in February 2023. These felines, brought in with much fanfare, were supposed to herald a new phase in Indian conservation: the restoration and conservation of the much-neglected Open Natural Ecosystems (ONEs), such as scrub forests, grasslands, and savannahs harbouring several endangered species of fauna and flora. As this article goes to print, the surviving 12 adult cheetahs of the original 20 imported from Africa and 12 of the 17 cubs born in India are held captive in enclosures at Kuno. Not one cheetah is ranging free in the wild.}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Conservation of species}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheetah Reintroduction in India}}
[[Category:Animal reintroduction]]
[[Category:Cheetah reintroduction in India| ]]
[[Category:Conservation projects]]
[[Category:Conservation-reliant species]]
[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]

Achyut Godbole

2026-03-11T16:39:52Z

Wikimelo: update

{{Short description|Indian businessman & writer (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Achyut Godbole
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Godbole in 2018
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1950|8|15}}
| birth_place = [[Solapur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| spouse = Shobhana Godbole
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = Chemical Engineering ([[IIT Bombay]])
| occupation = Businessman Writer [[CEO]], [[Patni Computer Systems]].
| website =
}}

'''Achyut Godbole''' (born 15 August 1950) is an Indian businessman and writer from Mumbai, India. He was CEO of [[Patni Computer Systems]] (later acquired by [[IGATE|IGate]]) and few more leading IT firms in 1980 and 1990s. He was at the position of CEO for almost 23 years in his career in management. He moved to writing.<ref>{{Citation|title=ACHYUT GODBOLE {{!}} PART1 {{!}} great bhet|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADxWkMyaN-Y|language=en|access-date=2019-09-02}}</ref>

==Early life==
Achyut Godbole was born in [[Solapur]] and completed his school education from [[Haribhai Deokaran High School]], Solapur. He earned a degree in chemical engineering from [[IIT Mumbai|IIT Bombay]] in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iitb.ac.in/alumni/en/awards/2000/distinguished-alumnus/mr-achyut-godbole|title=Mr. Achyut Godbole | Alumni and Corporate Relations|website=www.iitb.ac.in|accessdate=7 March 2019}}</ref>

==Literary accomplishments==
Godbole is well known for his writings in Marathi and English. He is a writer in all genres and has produced numerous original works as well as adaptations of works from other languages into [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. His writing style is informative and yet very informal. This enables his readers to enjoy the process of assimilating knowledge on diverse subjects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/mumbai-news/achyut-godbole/articleshow/52067230.cms|title='असे का'च्या शोधातून घडली वाचनआवड!|date=2 May 2016|website=Maharashtra Times|accessdate=7 March 2019}}</ref>

===Books in Marathi===
* Sanganakyug (computers) - संगणक- युग (कॉम्प्युटर, माहितीपर, मार्गदर्शनपर)
* Boardroom (management) - बोर्डरूम (बिझनेस आणि व्यवस्थापन, वैचारिक, माहितीपर)
* Nadvedh (music) - नादवेध (अनुभव कथन, ललित, संगीत विषयक)
* Kimayagar (science) - किमयागार (शास्त्र)
* Arthat (economics) - अर्थात (अर्थशास्त्र, शैक्षणिक)
* Gulam (slavery) - गुलाम (सामाजिक)
* Thaiman Changalvadache (psychology) -थैमान चंगळवादाचे
* Nanodaya (nanotechnology)- नॅनोदय (विज्ञानविषयक, टेक्नोलॉजी)
* Steve Jobs (biography)-- स्टीव्ह जॉब्ज (चरित्र)
* Manat (psychology) - मनात
* Musafir (autobiography) - मुसाफिर (आत्मकथन, अनुभव कथन, माहितीपर)
* Ganiti (mathematics) - गणिती (शैक्षणिक, विज्ञानविषयक)
* Zapoorza - Parts 1, 2 & 3 (English literature) - झपूर्झा (शैक्षणिक, माहितीपर, साहित्य आणि समीक्षा, मार्गदर्शनपर)
* Canvas (Western painters and paintings)- कॅनव्हास (कलाकौशल्य, भेट देण्यासाठी निवडक, माहितीपर)
* Jag Badalnare 12 Genius - जग बदलणारे १२ जीनिअस
* Limelight - लाईमलाईट (व्यक्तिचित्रण, चरित्र, चित्रपट)
* जीनिअस अल्बर्ट आईनस्टाईन
* जीनिअस अलेक्झांडर फ्लेमिंग
* जीनिअस एडवर्ड जेन्नर
* जीनिअस गॅलिलिओ गॅलिली
* जीनिअस आयझॅक न्यूटन
* जीनिअस जे. रॉबर्ट ओपेनहायमर
* जीनिअस लीझ माइट्नर
* जीनिअस लुई पाश्चर
* जीनिअस मेरी क्युरी
* जीनिअस स्टीफन हाॅकिंग
* Great Bhet - ग्रेट भेट
* Anarth (dangers of human life) - अनर्थ (विकासनीती सर्वनाशाच्या उंबरठ्यावर)

=== Books in English===
* ''Operating Systems''
* ''Data Communication and Networks''
* ''Web Technologies''
* ''Demystifying Computers'' – This is used as textbooks worldwide. Many are translated in different languages like Chinese.

===Columns in newspapers and magazines===
* Zapoorza (English literature)
* Tantra-Mantra (technology)
* Bakhar Sangankachi (history of computers)
* Udyache jag (tomorrows world)
* Vaidyakayan (history of medicine)
* Pranijagat (animals)
* Vidnyanvad (science)
* Manat (Psychology)
* Sakha Nagarhole (Forest)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godbole, Achyut}}
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Solapur]]

Patna Secretariat

2026-03-07T12:58:04Z

Wikimelo:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Patna Secretariat
| map_type = #India Bihar#India Patna
| map_caption = Location with Patna
| map_dot_label = Patna Secretariat
| building_type = Government building
| architectural_style = [[Indo-Saracenic architecture|Indo-Sarcenic Style]]
| alternate_names = Old Secretariat
| image =
| caption = The Secretariat in 2022
| coordinates = {{coord|25.599|N|85.117|E|scale:10000|display=inline,title}}
| start_date = 1913
| completion_date = 1917
| room_count =
| elevator_count =
| cost =
| location = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| address = Old Secretariat, Harding Road, [[Patna]]
| floor_area =
| architect = Joseph P. Munnings
| engineer =
| main_contractor =
| developer = [[Martin Burn]]
| owner = [[Government of Bihar]]
| website = https://state.bihar.gov.in
| management =
| references =
}}
'''Patna Secretariat''', also known as '''Patna Sachivalaya''' or '''Old Secretariat''', is the administrative headquarters of the state [[Government of Bihar]] in [[India]]. It is located in [[Bihar]]'s capital city of [[Patna]]. This building is situated between two iconic buildings of the city, [[Lok Bhavan, Patna|Lok Bhavan]] in the west and [[Patna High Court]] in the far east.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://patnapedia.com/index.php?env=-in-link/links/link_detail:m325-1-1-2-s-:l-10369-3-10-- |title=Sachivalaya |publisher=PatnaPedia |date=2012-10-08 |access-date=2014-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224002927/http://patnapedia.com/index.php?env=-in-link%2Flinks%2Flink_detail%3Am325-1-1-2-s-%3Al-10369-3-10-- |archive-date=24 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Location, architecture and design==
Patna Secretariat is a mighty Victorian construction located to the east of the Raj Bhavan in Patna.<ref>{{cite web |author=Piyush Kumar Tripathi |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131023/jsp/bihar/story_17481350.jsp#.UwJTE4GDkTA |title=Speed corridors on track |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2013-10-23 |access-date=2014-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210118/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131023/jsp/bihar/story_17481350.jsp#.UwJTE4GDkTA |archive-date=29 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Built by the British in the Indo-Sarcenic style, it was completed in 1917.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Patna-Secretariat-44982.htm |title=Patna Secretariat in Patna India |publisher=India9.com |date=2005-06-07 |access-date=2014-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222032420/http://www.india9.com/i9show/Patna-Secretariat-44982.htm |archive-date=22 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is 716 feet long 364 feet wide and remains one of the largest government buildings of the city. A huge clock tower stands tall amidst the beautiful and green lawn of the place.<ref>{{cite web |author=Hindustan times – Sun 29 Aug 2010 |url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/airport-authority-india-downsize-patna-20100829.html |title=Airport Authority of India to downsize Patna 'Clock Tower' - Yahoo News India |publisher=In.news.yahoo.com |date=2010-08-29 |access-date=2014-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302015957/http://in.news.yahoo.com/airport-authority-india-downsize-patna-20100829.html |archive-date=2 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Originally, it was 198 feet high, but a part of it fell down during the [[1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake]]. Currently, its height is 184 feet from the ground. A four-foot gap left between the concrete ceiling and the outer covering of tiles from Raniganj ensures a reasonable temperature in the interiors during the hot season.<ref>{{cite web|author=Abhay Singh, TNN & Agencies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Majestic-seat-of-real-power/articleshow/14110308.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140217183242/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-14/patna/32234267_1_roofs-clock-tower-mansard |url-status=live |archive-date=2014-02-17 |title=Majestic seat of real power |date=2012-06-14 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-02-17}}</ref>

The campus has lawns and other remarkable things, such as bronze statue of the first [[Chief Minister of Bihar]], Bihar Kesari [[Srikrishna Sinha]] to the west of Lawn and the [[Martyr's Memorial Patna|Martyr's memorial]] to commemorate the sacrifice of seven students during 1942 [[Quit India Movement|August Kranti movement]].

Patna Secretariat Building is one of the remarkable buildings of the city of Patna, known for its architectural splendor. It was designed by the famous architect of [[Sydney]], Joseph Munnings and built by [[Martin Burn]] of [[Calcutta]] during 1913–17.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://patna.bih.nic.in/District/landmarks.htm |title=Landmarks |publisher=Patna.bih.nic.in |date=1912-03-22 |access-date=2014-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114010746/http://patna.bih.nic.in/District/landmarks.htm |archive-date=14 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It stands distinct from any other historical building of the city by its tall clock tower. Today, this is the Secretariat of [[Bihar]] State Government. It is a bustling center with all types of government activities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/news/8840-cm-inaugurates-work-on-500-panchayat-bhawans.html |title=CM Inaugurates Work on 500 Panchayat Bhawans |publisher=PatnaDaily.Com |date=2014-02-13 |access-date=2014-02-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224022243/http://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/news/8840-cm-inaugurates-work-on-500-panchayat-bhawans.html |archive-date=24 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> All the important government departments, such as Home, Finance, General Administration, Cabinet Secretariat etc. are situated here so do the office of the ministers and the bureaucrats.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Administrative headquarters in India}}
{{Patna}}

[[Category:Administrative headquarters of state governments in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Patna]]
[[Category:Government of Bihar]]
[[Category:1917 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government buildings in Bihar]]

Miracle at St. Anna

2026-03-07T06:54:23Z

Wikimelo: improved information additionally and fixed typos based on references

{{short description|2008 film by Spike Lee}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Miracle at St. Anna
| image = Miracle at St. Anna film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Spike Lee]]
| writer = [[James McBride (writer)|James McBride]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''Miracle at St. Anna''|James McBride}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Spike Lee
* Roberto Cicutto
* Luigi Musini
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Derek Luke]]
* [[Michael Ealy]]
* [[Laz Alonso]]
* [[Omar Benson Miller]]
* [[Pierfrancesco Favino]]
* [[Valentina Cervi]]
}}
| music = [[Terence Blanchard]]
| cinematography = [[Matthew Libatique]]
| editing = [[Barry Alexander Brown]]
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* [[Touchstone Pictures]]
* [[40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks]]
* [[Rai Cinema]]
* On My Own Produzioni Cinematografiche
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]] (United States)
* [[01 Distribution]] (Italy)
}}
| released = {{Film date|2008|09|07|[[2008 Toronto International Film Festival|TIFF]]|2008|09|26|United States|2008|10|03|Italy}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = {{Plainlist|
* United States
* Italy<ref name="PDF" />
}}
| language = English Italian German
| budget = $45 million<ref name ="boxofficemojo">{{cite web|url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=main&id=miracleatstanna.htm| title = Miracle at St. Anna (2008)|access-date = April 14, 2014| work = [[Box Office Mojo]] |publisher= [[Internet Movie Database|IMDb, Inc.]]}}</ref>
| gross = $9.3 million<ref name="boxofficemojo" />
}}

'''''Miracle at St. Anna''''' is a 2008 [[epic film|epic]] [[war film]] directed by [[Spike Lee]] and written by [[James McBride (writer)|James McBride]], based on McBride's 2003 novel. The film stars [[Derek Luke]], [[Michael Ealy]], [[Laz Alonso]], [[Omar Benson Miller]], [[Pierfrancesco Favino]] and [[Valentina Cervi]], with [[John Turturro]], [[Joseph Gordon Levitt]], [[John Leguizamo]], [[D.B. Sweeney]] and [[Kerry Washington]] in supporting roles. Set primarily in Italy during the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign of World War II]], the film tells the story of four [[Buffalo Soldier]]s of the [[92nd Infantry Division (United States)|92nd Infantry Division]] who seek refuge in a small [[Tuscany|Tuscan]] village, where they form a bond with the residents. The story is presented as a [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]], as one survivor, Hector Negron (Alonso), reflects upon his experiences in a [[frame story]] set in 1980s New York. Several real-life events that occurred during the war, such as the [[Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre]], are re-enacted, placing ''Miracle at St. Anna'' within the genre of [[historical fiction]].

The film is a [[co-production (media)|co-production]] of the United States and Italy. Lee first learned of the novel in 2004 and approached McBride with the idea of a film adaptation. In Europe, the film's development attracted the attention of Italian film producers Roberto Cicutto and Luigi Musini, who helped finance the $45 million production. A majority of the film was shot in Italy, on several locations affected by World War II. Other filming locations included New York, Louisiana and the Bahamas. Frequent Lee collaborator [[Terence Blanchard]] composed the [[film score|score]], and the visual effects were created by [[Industrial Light & Magic]].

''Miracle at St. Anna'' premiered at the [[2008 Toronto International Film Festival]] before it was released on September 26, 2008. It was met with mostly negative reviews from critics and drew controversy in Italy over historical inaccuracies. During its theatrical run, ''Miracle at St. Anna'' was a [[box-office bomb]], grossing only $9.3 million worldwide.

==Plot==
In 1983, Hector Negron, an aged, African-American [[World War II]] veteran, works as a post office clerk in [[New York City]]. After recognizing a customer, Negron shoots and kills the man with a German [[Luger pistol]]. Several hours later, rookie reporter Tim Boyle and Detective Tony Ricci are at the crime scene seeking information. At Negron's apartment, Boyle, Ricci, and other officers discover a finely carved statue head, the head of the ''Primavera'', a long-missing segment from the [[Ponte Santa Trinita]]. Also found is a [[Purple Heart]] and a photograph revealing that Negron was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Cross]] and [[Silver Star]].

Negron, in a [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]], tells of his war experiences as a young [[corporal]] of the segregated [[92nd Infantry Division (United States)|92nd Infantry Division]] in Italy, late 1944 during the [[Gothic line]] phase of the [[Italian campaign (World War II)|Italian campaign]]. A disastrous attack ensues on German positions across the [[Serchio]] River. An officer, Captain Nokes, calls down artillery on the 92nd's own position, refusing to believe their reports of how far they have advanced. Many American soldiers are killed, leaving Negron stranded on the wrong side of the river with three men: Staff Sergeant Aubrey Stamps, Sergeant Bishop Cummings, and Private Sam Train. Sam carries the Head of the ''Primavera'' that he found in [[Florence]], which he believes to carry magical powers. He and Bishop rescue an Italian boy named Angelo from a collapsing building. While traveling through the mountains of Tuscany, the soldiers enter a small village where they form a bond with the residents. Sam grows especially fond of Angelo, becoming the boy's father figure. One of the villagers, Renata, soon becomes entangled in a [[love triangle]] with Stamps and Bishop, which creates conflict.

After Negron gets his damaged backpack radio working, the soldiers contact headquarters and are told to capture an enemy soldier. A [[Italian resistance movement|local Italian Partisan]] group arrives with a young German deserter, Hans Brundt, as their prisoner. Earlier, residents of the nearby village of [[Sant'Anna di Stazzema]] were [[Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre|killed by German forces]] following a betrayal by an Italian partisan, named Rodolfo, who knows that Brundt can identify him as the traitor. After concealing the fact that German forces are approaching the village in a counterattack, Rodolfo kills Brundt and the Partisan leader before escaping. It is Rodolfo whom Negron will kill 39 years later. Captain Nokes arrives in the village to interrogate Brundt and finds him dead. The Americans prepare to leave the village ahead of a German counterattack, but Sam refuses to leave Angelo behind. After promising to court-martial all four soldiers, Nokes and his contingent drive out of town, but are killed in the opening German offensive.

The remaining Americans and [[Italian Partisans]] hold their ground, killing many Germans. Bishop and Negron hold off the Germans while Stamps tries to get the villagers to safety, but they are too heavily outnumbered. Sam, Stamps and Bishop are killed in the attack. While attempting to retreat, Negron is shot in the back, but is saved by his backpack radio. After Angelo gives him the ''Primavera''{{'}}s head, Negron gives the boy his rosary and tells him to leave. Angelo is led away by the spirit of his brother Arturo, who had been killed during the massacre at St. Anna. Negron is spared by a German officer who hands him his own Luger pistol and tells Negron to defend himself. More Americans arrive and secure the village before evacuating Negron.

In 1984, Negron is the defendant in a court proceeding, facing a life sentence for his killing of Rodolfo. He is defended at his bail hearing by a powerful attorney acting on behalf of an unknown wealthy man. Negron is brought to [[the Bahamas]] and is reunited with the head of the ''Primavera'', accompanied by its new owner who takes out a rosary and reveals himself as an adult Angelo. They both hold Negron's rosary and burst into tears of remembrance.

==Cast==
* [[Derek Luke]] as Staff Sergeant Aubrey Stamps:
:One of four stranded [[Buffalo Soldier]]s from the [[92nd Infantry Division (United States)|92nd Infantry Division]]. Director [[Spike Lee]] described Stamps as "the leader" of the men, while screenwriter [[James McBride (writer)|James McBride]] stated that, "Stamps is a well-educated college graduate who has both faith and disappointment in the American system. He's deeply divided as to what his place and the place of the Negro in American society is or should be."<ref name="PDF">{{cite web |title=MASA_PressKit_FIN2 |publisher=[[Touchstone Pictures]] |first=Holly |last=Waddell |date=March 9, 2008 |url=http://www.mediatecatoscana.it/img_rassegna_stampa/COMUNICATI_STAMPA_2008/57.MIRACLE_engl.pdf |access-date=11 April 2013 |archive-date=5 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905005458/http://www.mediatecatoscana.it/img_rassegna_stampa/COMUNICATI_STAMPA_2008/57.MIRACLE_engl.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{rp|20}} [[Wesley Snipes]] was originally cast as Stamps, but could not commit due to his financial troubles.<ref name="UGO">{{cite web|title=Spike Lee Interview |work=[[UGO Networks|UGO]] |publisher=[[IGN|IGN Entertainment]] |first=Tom |last=Blunt |date=September 16, 2008 |url=http://www.ugo.com/movies/spike-lee-interview |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615230657/http://www.ugo.com/movies/spike-lee-interview |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 15, 2013 |access-date=15 April 2013 }}</ref>
* [[Michael Ealy]] as Sergeant Bishop Cummings:
:One of the four soldiers, a womanizer and card player. The character is also known for being arrogant and distrustful, and shows hatred towards his white commanders. Lee stated that the character is “a happy-go-lucky guy. He does not like to be under the thumb of authority. He likes card games and women.”<ref name="PDF" /> Ealy described the character's indifference: "I think Bishop is the voice that doesn't believe change is going to come, and doesn't believe that he belongs over there fighting."<ref name="PDF" /> {{rp|21}} [[Terrence Howard]] was originally in talks to play Bishop, prior to Ealy's casting.<ref name="UGO" />
* [[Laz Alonso]] as Corporal Hector Negron:
:Negron first appears in the film's [[frame story]] as a bitter, 70-year-old World War II veteran living in Harlem, New York who reflects on his experiences during [[World War II]]. Negron, a black [[Nuyorican]], is fluent in English, Spanish and Italian, which enables him to serve as an interpreter for the Americans and Italians.<ref name="PDF" /> {{rp|21}} Alonso first learned of the novel from his agent and read it prior to auditioning for the role.<ref name="PDF" /> {{rp|21}} He had to convince Lee that he was fluent in Spanish, and created an audition tape of himself speaking the language, which won him the role.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|21}} Alonso found difficulty in portraying Negron as an elderly World War II veteran: "This role was very emotionally draining. Ninety percent of the time, the elderly have outlived most of the people they have loved. When I played Negrón as an old man, I had to focus on everything I've lost in my life: my dad, friends and love lost, and that was a really depressing thing to do."<ref>{{cite news|title=Laz Alonso in "Miracle at St. Anna:" The War Within|newspaper=[[New York Daily News]]|first=Lee|last=Hernández|date=September 30, 2008|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/laz-alonso-miracle-st-anna-war-article-1.325549|access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>
* [[Omar Benson Miller]] as Private First Class Samuel "Sam" Train:
:The "biggest" of the four soldiers,<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|22}} Sam is known for his child-like personality. He befriends a young Italian boy, Angelo Torancelli, and becomes a father figure to the child. Sam is first to discover a finely carved statue head, the Head of the Primavera, which he believes to carry magical powers. Miller was a fan of McBride's novel prior to learning of the film adaptation by Lee.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|21}} He fought hard to win the role of Sam, which resulted in him physically preparing for the part: "My physical prep was a little different than everybody else's, because Spike wanted me for the movie, but he told me I had to lose weight to do it. I had nine weeks to lose 60 pounds. We got it done."<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|22}}
* Matteo Sciabordi as Angelo Torancelli – The Boy:
:A young Italian boy who befriends Sam Train. Sciabordi appears in his debut film role. Lee issued a casting call for an Italian child actor. 5,000 child actors auditioned for the role prior to Sciabordi's casting.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|22}} Sciabordi described working with co-star Omar Benson Miller: "Omar was great fun. We were always playing and he even taught me how to play baseball."<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|22}} [[Luigi Lo Cascio]] portrays an adult Angelo in the film's final scene.
* [[Pierfrancesco Favino]] as Peppi "The Great Butterfly" Grotta:
:The leader of a [[Italian resistance movement|Partisan]] group operating in the area. Favino was the filmmakers' primary choice for the role. McBride suggested that the character represents the great Partisan leaders who led thousands in Italy throughout World War II: "He's a deeply thoughtful young man. After witnessing several atrocities, he basically snaps and becomes one of the most ruthless and most clever and most sought-after Partisans. Although he's ruthless against his enemies, he's always a fair-minded person, deeply kind, fighting for his country—not fighting to kill Germans, fighting to kill the enemy. He's a leader with a heart."<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|23}}
* [[Valentina Cervi]] as Renata Salducci:
:One of the Italian villagers, who proves to be an instant ally of the four soldiers. Renata soon becomes entangled in a [[love triangle]] with Stamps and Bishop, which creates conflict. McBride said of the character, "Renata exemplifies the difficulties Italian women faced during the war. Her husband was drafted and she hasn't heard from him in two years. She's very smart and is one of the few people in her village who has learned some English. She tries very hard to make her father renounce his [[Fascism|Fascist]] beliefs."<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|23}}
* [[John Turturro]] as Detective Antonio "Tony" Ricci, who is charged with investigating a post office murder in 1983
* [[Joseph Gordon-Levitt]] as Tim Boyle, the investigative reporter assigned to cover the murder and subsequent discovery of an Italian artifact
* [[Kerry Washington]] as Zana Wilder, a lawyer hired to represent the suspected post office murderer. [[Naomi Campbell]] was originally cast as Wilder in September 2007,<ref>{{cite web|title=Naomi Campbell signed a contract with Spike Lee last night|magazine=[[Vogue (British magazine)|Vogue]]|first=Dolly|last=Jones|date=14 September 2007|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2007/09/14/breaking-news-naomi-signs-with-spike-lee|access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref> but later pulled out due to scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Campbell Replaced By Washington In Lee Movie |work=[[ContactMusic.com]]|first=Dolly|last=Jones|date=14 January 2008|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news/campbell-replaced-by-washington-in-lee-movie_1056159|access-date=21 April 2013}}</ref>

Other cast members include [[John Leguizamo]], in a cameo appearance, as Enrico; [[D. B. Sweeney]] as Colonel Jack Driscoll, an advocate for the Buffalo Soldiers; [[Robert John Burke]] as General [[Edward Almond|Ned Almond]], a high-ranking officer who opposes the 92nd Division; [[Omari Hardwick]] as Platoon Commander Huggs; [[Omero Antonutti]] as Ludovico Salducci, Renata's Fascist father; [[Sergio Albelli]] as Rodolfo Berelli, a Partisan of questionable loyalties; [[Lydia Biondi]] as Natalina, a village healer; [[Michael K. Williams]] as Tucker, a scared soldier; [[Walton Goggins]] as Captain Nokes; [[Christian Berkel]] as Captain Eichholz; [[Colman Domingo]] as a [[West Indies|West Indian]] postal customer; Jan Pohl as Corporal Hans Brundt, the German deserter; and [[Alexandra Maria Lara]] as [[Mildred Gillars]], nicknamed [[Axis Sally]], an American broadcaster employed by the Germans as a propagandist.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|2 and 23}}

==Production==

===Development===
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#F0F8FF; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" |You could say it's a war movie. You could say it's a movie about a boy and a man. You could say it's a movie about Americans and Italians. You could say it's a movie about a German who does the right thing. But the film is ultimately about the miracle of love between human beings and the choices they make in the face of enormous adversity.”
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |—Screenwriter [[James McBride (writer)|James McBride]] describing the film adaptation of his novel.<ref name="PDF" /> {{rp|20}}
|}

The novel ''Miracle at St. Anna'' was written by [[James McBride (writer)|James McBride]] originating from his late uncle's experiences as a World War II soldier.<ref name="PDF" /> {{rp|18}} Upon writing the novel, McBride conducted his own research and learned of the [[92nd Infantry Division (United States)|92nd Infantry Division]], which consisted of 15,000 African-American soldiers, who served in Italy during World War II from August 1944 to November 1945. McBride interviewed several remaining members of the 92nd Division. "I studied Italian at [[The New School]] in New York City," he explained. "I moved to Italy with my family for six months. I interviewed dozens of Italians—[[Italian resistance movement|Partisan]]s and [[Italian Fascism|Fascists]]. I interviewed dozens of African-American soldiers who fought in the war, most who have since passed away. I must have read at least 20 books. I went to the [[United States Army War College|Army War College]] in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. I studied the whole business of what the 92nd did in Italy during the war, to try to get an idea of what really transpired."<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|19}} The 92nd Division served as the basis for McBride's novel, which was published in 2003.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|18}}

[[Spike Lee]] first learned of the novel in 2004 and contacted McBride about making a [[film adaptation]].<ref name="FilmIndependent">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmindependent.org/files/FILM0908.pdf |title=MIRACLE AT ST. ANNA |access-date=April 27, 2013 |author=Lorena Munoz |work=Film Independent |publisher=Postmaster |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222152824/http://filmindependent.org/files/FILM0908.pdf |archive-date=December 22, 2010 }}</ref>{{rp|Sec1:6}} <ref name ="CIVI">{{cite web| url = http://www.cinemaevideo.it/content/index.php?action=read_cnt&id_cnt=1795&tipo=en| title = Cinema & Video International – Rivista di informazione ed approfondimento cinematografico| date = September 2007| access-date = 15 April 2013| work = Cinema & Video International| last = Lyman| first = Eric J.| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150610205343/http://www.cinemaevideo.it/content/index.php?action=read_cnt&id_cnt=1795&tipo=en| archive-date = 10 June 2015| url-status = dead}}</ref> He felt that McBride was the perfect person to write the screenplay, believing that his novel would serve as a guide.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|18–19}} Commenting on the difficult process of adapting his book into a screenplay, McBride stated, “As a novelist, you tend to think internally. You can guide what the character says and you can explore what he or she is thinking. Movies don't have time to explain. You have to get right to the muscle.”<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|20}}

The film adaptation of ''Miracle at St. Anna'' attracted the attention of Italian producers Roberto Cicutto and Luigi Musini, the co-founders of On My Own Produzioni Cinematografiche.<ref name ="CIVI" /> Cicutto explained that they knew that Lee was "not just coming to Italy to make a film as an American director, but to make a film that belongs to his culture and to our history." The film's budget was an estimated $45 million.<ref name="boxofficemojo" /> Under their Own My Own production banner, Cicutto and Musini contributed $8.74 million.<ref name ="CIVI" /><ref name="WashPost">{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2008/09/26/ST2008092603453.html| title =Spike Lee Goes to War With 'St. Anna'| date = 28 September 2008 | access-date = 12 April 2013 | newspaper = [[The Washington Post]]| last = Jennings| first = Sheri}}</ref> Lee's reputation as an acclaimed filmmaker in Europe, where he served as a jury member of the [[2004 Venice Film Festival]], also helped the filmmakers obtain two-thirds of the budget from Italy's [[RAI|RAI Cinema]] and France's [[TF1]] ($30 million).<ref name="Numbers">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2008/MSANA.php |title=''Miracle at St. Anna'' |access-date=April 14, 2013 |website=The Numbers |publisher=Nash Information Services, LLC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611174819/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2008/MSANA.php |archive-date=June 11, 2013 }}</ref> [[Touchstone Pictures]] provided the remainder ($6.26 million),<ref name="WashPost" /><ref name="Numbers" /> and later released the film in North America.

Lee described ''Miracle at St. Anna'' as an "ensemble piece"<ref name="PDF" /> {{rp|20}} and aimed for authenticity in his depiction of American and German soldiers battling in Italy.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|24}} In casting Italian actors, he held a [[casting call]] in Rome. The Italian actors, all born in Rome, were coached to sound as though they were from Tuscany.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|22}} The actors portraying soldiers underwent a two-week boot camp, supervised by senior military advisor Billy Budd, a 15-year [[Royal Marine]] veteran who had served in the [[Falklands War]].<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|24}}

===Filming===
[[File:Spike Lee.jpg|thumb|Director [[Spike Lee]] in 2007]]

[[Principal photography]] for ''Miracle at St. Anna'' lasted nine weeks, beginning in October 2007<ref name ="CIVI" /> and concluding in December of that year;<ref name="WashPost" /> filming took place in Italy, New York, Louisiana and the Bahamas.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|6–8}} The film was the first by Lee to be shot in Europe, and the director insisted on shooting on locations where the story is set. Filming began in Tuscany,<ref name="UGO" /> where the Tuscan regional government gave Lee permission to film where the actual events took place.<ref name="WashPost" /> According to producer Luigi Musini, ''Miracle at St. Anna'' was shot along the [[Gothic Line]], which was the major line of defense in the final stages of World War II: "The location is highly representative of what the war was in Italy, what our resistance was. True dramatic episodes took place there.”<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|24}} The first ten days of filming took place on the Serchio River, covering the battle sequence that opens the film.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|25}} A scene that recreates the [[Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre]] was shot where the atrocity took place; the massacre—in which over 500 villagers were murdered by [[German-occupied Europe|German occupation]] forces—is re-enacted in the film.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.filminglocations.com/press-releases/PressRelease.aspx?Id=13| title = Behind the scenes of miracle at St. Anna with Billy Budd – Filminglocations.com| date = 26 September 2008| access-date = 11 April 2013| work = Filming Locations.com| last = Mathie| first = Steve| archive-date = 26 December 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141226065252/http://www.filminglocations.com/press-releases/PressRelease.aspx?Id=13| url-status = dead}}</ref> Filming then took place in Rome for one month; in New York for four days; in White Castle, Louisiana for two days; and in the Bahamas for two days.<ref name="UGO" />

===Design and visual effects===
[[Matthew Libatique]] served as cinematographer, having previously collaborated with Lee on the films ''[[She Hate Me]]'' (2004) and ''[[Inside Man]]'' (2006). Libatique relied on the use of natural light, which proved challenging for scenes shot indoors.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|26}} The final battle sequence in the film was especially difficult as the film relied on the use of practical effects and difficult weather conditions.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|25}} Libatique's solution was to collaborate with Lee, military advisor Billy Budd, and first [[assistant director]] Mike Ellis in creating [[storyboard]]s to choreograph the scenes. [[Production designer]] Tonino Zera was tasked with filling outdoor locations with greenery, rebuilding exteriors and constructing the interior of an Italian barn.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|25}} [[Costume design]]er Carlo Poggiolo consulted with a former Buffalo Soldier of the 92nd Division, prior to designing the American soldiers' outfits. He also provided contemporary and historical wardrobe pieces.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|26}} [[Ernest R. Dickerson]], who previously worked with Lee as cinematographer on all of his films from ''[[She's Gotta Have It]]'' (1986) to ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)|Malcolm X]]'' (1992), served as [[second unit]] director, cinematographer, and camera operator on the film.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|6}} The visual effects were created by [[Lucasfilm]]'s [[Industrial Light & Magic]] (ILM).<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|10}} After Lee approached him, Lucas allowed ILM's team of artists to work on the visual effects for the film.<ref name="UGO" />

===Music===
{{Further|Miracle at St. Anna (soundtrack)}}
[[Terence Blanchard]] composed the [[film score]], marking his twelfth collaboration with Lee. For the score, he attempted to make a distinction between American and German soldiers. "That was first done through the use of percussion, using a higher-pitched, tighter sound for Germans, and a fuller-field drum sound for Americans," he explained. "I also distinguished by using [[French horn]]s for American forces, and a [[Wagner tuba|Wagner tuben]] for German forces." Scoring the film required the use of a 90-piece orchestra, which was larger than in any of Lee's previous films. Blanchard also relied on the use of instruments from the 1940s era, including a [[mandolin]], [[accordion]], [[slide guitar]] and rope drum.<ref name="PDF" />{{rp|26–27}} The film's soundtrack, titled ''Miracle at St. Anna: Original Soundtrack'', was released in [[CD]] and [[download|digital downloading]] formats by [[Hollywood Records]] on September 23, 2008.<ref name="allmusic">{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/miracle-at-st-anna-mw0000799774|title=Miracle at St. Anna – Terence Blanchard : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards : AllMusic|publisher=[[Allmusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]] |access-date=April 20, 2013}}</ref> The trailers prominently feature the song "1000 Ships of the Underworld" by [[Two Steps From Hell]].

==Release==
[[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]] released ''Miracle at St. Anna'' through the [[Touchstone Pictures]] label. The film's world premiere was at the [[2008 Toronto International Film Festival]] on September 7, 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/lee-blasts-hollywood-war-mythology-as-miracle-at-st-anna-debuts-1.764188| title =Lee blasts Hollywood war mythology as Miracle at St. Anna debuts | date = 7 September 2008| access-date = 13 April 2013 | work = [[CBC News]]|publisher= [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref> The film later premiered in France at the 34th [[Deauville American Film Festival]] on September 10, 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.cbsnews.com/2300-503143_162-4458914-11.html| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130615230656/http://www.cbsnews.com/2300-503143_162-4458914-11.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = June 15, 2013| title =Film In Deauville Pictures| access-date = 25 April 2013|work =[[CBS News]]|publisher =[[CBS Interactive]]}}</ref> ''Miracle at St. Anna'' premiered in New York City at the [[Ziegfeld Theatre (1969)|Ziegfeld Theatre]] on September 22, 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://urbanmecca.net/news/2008/09/24/arrivals-miracle-at-st-anna-new-york-premiere/| title =ARRIVALS: Miracle at St. Anna New York Premiere | access-date = 25 April 2013|date=September 24, 2008|work =Urban Mecca}}</ref> Disney released the film in the United States and Canada on September 26, 2008. The film was released in Italy on October 3, 2008; in Romania on April 10, 2009; in Bolivia and Brazil on April 30, 2009; in the United Arab Emirates on May 28, 2009; and in Lebanon on September 10, 2009.<ref name="BOMojo">{{cite web|url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=miracleatstanna.htm| title = Miracle at St. Anna (2008) – International Box Office Results|access-date = April 14, 2013| work = Box Office Mojo |publisher= IMDb, Inc.}}.</ref>

===Box office===
''Miracle at St. Anna'' grossed $7,658,999 in North America<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&view=chart&id=miracleatstanna.htm| title = Miracle at St. Anna (2008) – Daily Box Office Results|access-date = April 14, 2013| work = Box Office Mojo |publisher= IMDb, Inc.}}</ref> and $1,404,716<ref name="BOMojo" /> from markets elsewhere—a worldwide total of $9,323,833 against a $45 million budget.<ref name ="boxofficemojo"/>

On its opening day in North America, the film debuted at ninth place, grossing $967,329 from 1,185 theaters.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/daily/chart/?sortdate=2008-09-26&track=miracleatstanna.htm| title = Daily Box Office for Friday, September 26, 2008|access-date = April 14, 2013| work = Box Office Mojo |publisher= IMDb, Inc.}}</ref> The end of the opening weekend saw the film take a total of $3,477,996—for an average of $2,935 per theater—finishing as the number eight grossing film of the weekend.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.boxofficemojo.com/daily/chart/?sortdate=2008-09-28&track=miracleatstanna.htm| title = Daily Box Office for Sunday, September 28, 2008 |access-date = April 14, 2013| work = Box Office Mojo |publisher= IMDb, Inc.}}</ref> Steve Mason of ''[[Hollywood.com]]'' believed that ''Miracle at St. Anna'''s negative reviews and moviegoers' declining interest in [[war film]]s contributed to the film's poor box office performance.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.hollywood.com/news/movies/5319242/box-office-weekend-predictions?page=all| title = Box Office: Weekend Predictions <nowiki>|</nowiki> Movie News <nowiki>|</nowiki> Hollywood.com|access-date = April 28, 2013| work = [[Hollywood.com]] |publisher=Hollywood.com}}</ref> On its second weekend, the film saw a 50.1% decrease in revenue, moving down to fourteenth place and earning an additional $1,736,302—an average of $1,465 per theatre.<ref>{{cite web|url =https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2008&wknd=40&p=.htm| title =Weekend Box Office Results for October 3–5, 2008|access-date = April 27, 2013| work = Box Office Mojo |publisher= IMDb, Inc.}}</ref> ''Miracle at St. Anna'' was pulled out of theatres on November 25, 2008 after 61 days (8.7 weeks) of domestic release.<ref name="boxofficemojo" />

Following its release in North America, ''Miracle at St. Anna'' continued to perform poorly in international markets. Its highest gross was in Italy, where it grossed $1,363,754 during its theatrical run.<ref name ="boxofficemojo"/> Also contributing to the film's $1.4 million gross in international markets was Bolivia ($9,821), Brazil ($9,821), Lebanon ($3,184), Romania ($1,465), and the United Arab Emirates ($26,492).<ref name ="boxofficemojo"/>

===Home media===
''Miracle at St. Anna'' was released on [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] formats by [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment|Buena Vista Home Entertainment]] on February 10, 2009. The DVD is available in separate [[anamorphic widescreen]] and Blu-ray editions, each with [[Dolby Digital]] 5.1 and 2.0 tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.dvdtimes.co.uk/content.php?contentid=69993|title = Miracle at St. Anna|date = 2009-04-02| access-date=2009-07-05|work = DVD Times|last = Jones|first =Clydefro}}</ref> Upon its release on DVD, ''Miracle at St. Anna'' debuted in eighth place, selling 142,782 units in its first week.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2008/MSANA-DVD.php| title = Movie Miracle at St. Anna – DVD Sales |access-date = April 14, 2013| website = The Numbers|publisher=Nash Information Services, LLC}}</ref> In North America, the film has grossed $10.1 million from DVD sales.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Miracle-at-St-Anna#tab=news| title = ''Miracle at St. Anna'' |access-date = April 14, 2013| website = [[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|publisher=Nash Information Services, LLC}}</ref> The extra features include a meeting of Spike Lee with surviving [[Buffalo Soldiers]] and [[Tuskegee Airmen]] discussing their personal war experiences.

==Reception==

===Critical response===
The film has received mostly negative reviews from critics. On the review aggregator site [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 33% based on 121 reviewer and a [[weighted average]] of 5.2/10. The website's consensus states "''Miracle at St. Anna'' is a well-intentioned but overlong, disjointed affair that hits few of the right notes."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/miracle_at_st_anna/|title=''Miracle at St. Anna''|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Flixster]]|access-date=May 16, 2020}}</ref> [[Metacritic]], another [[review aggregator]], assigned the film a [[standard score|normalized]] score of 37% based on 31 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/miracle-at-st-anna|title=''Miracle at St. Anna'' Reviews|work=[[Metacritic]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|access-date=April 14, 2013}}</ref>

[[Todd McCarthy]] of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called the film "a clunky, poorly constructed drama designed to spotlight the little-remarked role of black American soldiers in World War II."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/review/VE1117938228/?categoryid=31&cs=1 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615230555/http://variety.com/review/VE1117938228/?categoryid=31&cs=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 June 2013 |title=Miracle at St. Anna Variety |date=7 September 2008 |access-date=13 April 2013 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety Media]] |last=McCarthy |first=Todd }}</ref> James Rocchi, writing for ''Cinematical'', gave the film a mixed review: "When ''Miracle at St. Anna'' falters, it's in the moments that seem like they could have been crafted by any other film maker; when ''Miracle at St. Anna'' succeeds, it's in the moments that could only have been crafted by Lee."<ref name="Cinematical">{{cite web| url = http://blog.moviefone.com/2008/09/26/review-miracle-at-st-anna| title = Review: Miracle at St. Anna – The Moviefone Blog| date = 26 September 2008| access-date = 13 April 2013| work = [[AOL|Aol, Inc.]]| last = Rocchi| first = James| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130615230631/http://blog.moviefone.com/2008/09/26/review-miracle-at-st-anna| archive-date = 15 June 2013| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref> Ann Hornaday of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote that the film was "overwrought, overproduced, overbusy and overlong" and that "''Miracle at St. Anna'' finally suffers from the worst filmmaking sin of all: the failure of trust, in the story and the audience."<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/movies/miracle-at-st.-anna,1146328/critic-review.html#reviewNum1| archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919185426/http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/movies/miracle-at-st.-anna,1146328/critic-review.html%23reviewNum1| url-status=dead| archive-date=2012-09-19| title=Miracle at St. Anna | date= 2008-09-26 | newspaper =The Washington Post | last=Hornaday |first=Ann}}</ref> Claudia Puig of ''[[USA Today]]'' wrote that the film "aspires to be epic, but mostly it's just unfocused, sprawling and badly in need of editing" and that "[i]t tries hard to be inspiring, but it has jarring tonal shifts, stereotyped characters and a lack of narrative perspective."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2008-09-25-miracle-st-anna_N.htm| title='Miracle at St. Anna' could use some divine intervention | date=2008-09-26| work=[[USA Today]] | last=Puig | first=Claudia}}</ref> [[Peter Travers]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' described the film as "too long, lazily constructed, and crammed with too many characters and subplots for any director to develop fully outside of an [[HBO]] miniseries."<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/reviews/miracle-at-st-anna-20080926| title=Miracle at St. Anna <nowiki>|</nowiki> Movie Reviews <nowiki>|</nowiki> Rolling Stone| date= September 26, 2008| magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] | last=Travers| first=Peter}}</ref>

Despite a mostly negative reception, ''Miracle at St. Anna'' received some praise. Eric D. Snider, writing for ''Film.com'' praised the film, writing, "This is beyond the scope of anything Lee has done before, and he rises to the challenge remarkably well, with battle scenes nearly as visceral and jolting as those in ''[[Saving Private Ryan]]'' and a multi-layered story involving the U.S. Army, the Nazis, and the Italian resistance movement."<ref name="Snider">{{cite web | url = http://www.film.com/movies/dispatches-from-the-toronto-international-film-festival-6| title = Dispatches from the Toronto International Film Festival #6 – Film.com| date = 13 September 2008| access-date = 13 April 2013| work = MTV Network| last = Snider | first = Eric D.}}</ref> Snider criticized the film's [[frame story]], which he described as "unnecessary and definitely corny."<ref name="Snider" /> James Verniere of the ''[[Boston Herald]]'' awarded the film an "A" grade, calling it a "[[masterpiece]]" and a "classic American WWII movie that both acknowledges the rousing tradition of such war epics as ''[[The Longest Day (film)|The Longest Day]]'' (1962) and ''[[The Big Red One]]'' (1980) and adds something new: paying tribute to the World War II African-American soldiers who made the ultimate sacrifice for their country.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bostonherald.com/entertainment/movies/reviews/view.bg?articleid=1121484 | title ='Miracle' man Spike Lee crafts WWII masterpiece | date = 2008-09-26 | access-date = 2008-09-26 | work = [[Boston Herald]] | last = Verniere | first = James}}</ref> [[Roger Ebert]], writing for the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', criticized the editing but praised the film overall, describing it as "epic" with "one of the best battle scenes I can remember, on par with ''Saving Private Ryan''...''Miracle at St. Anna'' contains richness, anger, history, sentiment, fantasy, reality, violence and life. Maybe too much. Better than too little."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080925/REVIEWS/809250306| title = Miracle at St. Anna (2008): Reviews|date =2008-09-25|access-date =2008-09-25|work = [[Chicago Sun-Times]]|last = Ebert|first = Roger|author-link=Roger Ebert}}</ref>

===Controversy===
Protests were scheduled for the film's Italian premiere in Viareggio, Italy, by unspecified organizations. The protesters objected to the plotline of a Partisan collaborating with the Nazis. This runs directly counter to the accepted historical version of events, ruled by an Italian military court in 2005, that the Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre was entirely premeditated by the Germans with no reason except the aim to frighten the population.<ref name="Variety">{{cite web | url = https://variety.com/2008/more/news/lee-made-honorary-st-anna-citizen-1117993424/| title = Lee made honorary St. Anna citizen <nowiki>|</nowiki> Variety|date = October 30, 2008| access-date = April 18, 2013| work = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Vivarelli|first=Nick|publisher = [[Variety (magazine)|Variety Media, LLC]]}}</ref> Giovanni Cipollini, deputy head of the [[ANPI|National Association of the Italian Partisans]], said the film was a "false reconstruction" and a "travesty of history". However, Lee, unrepentant, stated "I am not apologizing." He told Italians there was "a lot about your history you have yet to come to grips with. This film is our interpretation, and I stand behind it." McBride, the novel's author, stated: "As a black American, I understand what it's like for someone to tell your history... unfortunately, the history of World War Two here in Italy is ours as well, and this was the best I could do... it is, after all, a work of fiction.”<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4853669.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081018104410/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4853669.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = October 18, 2008 | title = Italian War Veterans Denounce 'Insulting' Spike Lee Film | date = September 30, 2008| access-date = April 18, 2013| work = [[American Renaissance (magazine)|American Renaissance]]|author = Richard Owen for ''[[Times Online]]''}}</ref>

In light of the film's controversy, Lee was awarded [[honorary citizenship]] by the mayor of [[Stazzema]], Michele Silicani, who defended the film, stating, "It's true that the film depicts a partisan who betrayed civilians. But above it is the tale of those partisans who fought to the death to defend civilians."<ref name="Variety" />

===Litigation===
Following the theatrical release of ''Miracle at St. Anna'', Spike Lee and the Italian production company On My Own Produzioni Cinematografiche brought a lawsuit against [[TF1]], alleging that the company failed in its contractual agreement with On My Own to distribute the film in international markets, excluding the United States, Canada and Italy. In its defense, TF1 refused to distribute ''Miracle at St. Anna'', claiming that Lee had made a different film than the one promised, and refused to pay On My Own the [[Euro|€]]11 million advance needed to distribute the film internationally.<ref name="Lawsuit">{{cite web| url = http://www.france24.com/en/20110706-france-culture-television-station-fined-million-for-failure-to-distribute-spike-lee-film-us| title = French TV station fined €32m for failure to distribute Spike Lee film – FRANCE – CINEMA – FRANCE 24|date= July 6, 2011|access-date = April 18, 2013| work = France 24|publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref>

On June 21, 2011, a Paris court ruled in Lee and On My Own's favor, believing that TF1 failed to honor the contract, which proved "disastrous" for the film. TF1 was fined €32 million ([[United States dollar|US$]]46 million).<ref name="Lawsuit" /> TF1 was ordered to pay On My Own €20 million in damages, plus a further €1 million for moral prejudice; Lee was awarded €1 million, while screenwriter James McBride received €200,000; TF1 was also ordered to pay €13 million to [[BNP Paribas]] to cover the advance it had failed to pay.<ref name="Lawsuit" />

In November 2016, trustees of below-the-line Hollywood unions filed a lawsuit against Lee and two of his production companies claiming Lee had failed to pay $45,000 in pension and other health contributions for the crew.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/11/spike-lee-lawsuit-union-pension-health-payments-miracle-at-st-anna-1201859406/|title=Spike Lee Sued For Allegedly Failing To Make Union Pension & Health Fund Payments|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|first=David|last=Robb|date=November 23, 2016|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/biz/news/spike-lee-sued-union-funds-miracle-at-st-anna-1201925927/|title=Spike Lee Sued Over $45,000 Allegedly Owed to Union Funds|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Gene|last=Maddus|date=November 23, 2016|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/spike-lee-sued-pension-health-benefits-allegedly-owed-950187 |title=Spike Lee Sued for Pension and Health Benefits Allegedly Owed|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Eriq|last=Gardner|date=November 23, 2016|access-date=November 23, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2008 in film]]
* [[List of World War II films]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1046997}}
* {{Mojo title|miracleatstanna}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|miracle_at_st_anna}}

{{Spike Lee}}

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Tijara

2026-03-06T16:40:06Z

Wikimelo: started new post - done

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tijara
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Tijara
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.93|N|76.85|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Khairthal-Tijara district|Khairthal-Tijara]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = Tijara
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Spoken
| demographics1_info2 = [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]
([[Ahirwati]], [[Mewati language|Mewati]])
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 301411
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01469
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Alwar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alwar]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] Constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Tijara Assembly constituency|Tijara]]
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = [[Mahant Balaknath]]
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| governing_body = Government of Rajasthan
}}
'''Tijara''' is a [[city]] and a [[municipality]] in [[Alwar|Khairthal-Tijara]] district of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Dr Aijaz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIU3EAAAQBAJ&dq=tijara&pg=PA149 |title=History of Mewat |date=2021-07-09 |publisher=Alina Books |isbn=978-81-933914-2-6 |language=en}}</ref> Tijara comes under the NCR area and is situated 55 km to the northeast of [[Alwar]]. The nearest railway station to Tijara is [[Khairthal]]. Bhiwadi is a census town in Tijara. It is the biggest industrial area of [[Rajasthan]] and part of the [[Ahirwal]] region. [[Ahirwal]] was a post-Mughal principality ruled by [[Ahir|Ahirs]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Sobhana K. |date=2023-11-11 |title=Balak Nath brands himself as 'Rajasthan ka Yogi', raises communal passions in Tijara |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly/dalit-voters-hold-the-key-to-victory-in-tijara/article67517068.ece |access-date=2024-05-23 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Imperial Impact on Rajputana: The Case of Alwar, 1775–1850 |first=Edward S. |last=Haynes |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=12 |issue=3 |year=1978 |pages=423–424 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |jstor=312228 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00006223}} {{subscription required}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC&dq=Rao+Tej+singh&pg=PA75 | title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India | isbn=978-81-7062-216-1 | last1=Yadava | first1=S. D. S. | date=2006 | publisher=Lancer Publishers }}</ref>

=={{anchor|Tijara fort|Tijari fort}} History==
{{See also | Alwar State | Mewat State | Rao Tula Ram | Ahirwal | Rewari }}

Tijara Fort was established by Maharaja of [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]], after which Rao Tej Pal, Raja of Sarahata as a scion of the [[Ahir]] family, repaired palaces at Tijara.<ref>{{cite book|first=Chandramani |last=Singh |title=Protected Monuments of Rajasthan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-jVAAAAMAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Jawahar Kala Kendra, 2002 |isbn=9788186782606 |page=68}}</ref>

The city was largely inhabited by [[Ahir]]s or Muslim Meos since ancient times. The Ahir's from Tijara are settled in villages of [[Delhi]]. In 850 [[Vikram Samvat]], Ahir King Charu Rao was the king of Tijara. His 9 descendants up to Rao Chandrabhanu Singh ruled tijara till 1040s. In around 1043 A.D, the family of Rao Harpal of tijara, son of chandrabhanu, settled his family in the Dabur area of modern Delhi, with its headquarters at Surhera.
[[Rao Inderjit Singh]] is a descendant of Charu Rao. Ahirs from Tijara participated in [[:simple:Battle of Nasibpur|Battle of Nasibpur]] under the leadership of [[Rao Tula Ram|Raja Rao Tula Ram]] and [[:simple:Pran Sukh Yadav|Pran Sukh Yadav]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Narayan |first=Laxmi |date=1998 |title=Rao Tula ram and his successors |chapter=2 |publisher= Maharishi dayanand university |hdl=10603/114767 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/114767}}</ref>
Rao Ruda Singh, an Ahir ruler of Tijara with his Ahir khap fought on the side of Humayun in battle against Sher Shah Suri. After the victory Humayun granted Jagirdari of Pargana to Ruda Singh( ''Prakrit word for Rudra'') which later came to be known as Rewari. He cleared the jungle in [[Ahirwal]] in 1555 and founded new villages.<ref name="Mahendergarh1">{{cite web | url=http://mahendragarh.gov.in/history.asp#modern | title=Mahendragarh at A Glance >> History | publisher=india.gov.in | work=District Administration, Mahendragarh. | accessdate=14 April 2015 | author=District Administration, Mahendragarh.}}</ref><ref>K.C. Yadav, 'History of the Rewari State 1555-1857; Journal of the Rajasthan Historical Research Society, Vol. 1(1965), p. 21</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC&dq=Rao+Ruda+singh&pg=PA49 | isbn=9788170622161 | title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India | year=2006 | publisher=Lancer Publishers }}</ref><ref>Man Singh, Abhirkuladipika Urdu (1900) Delhi, p. 105, 106</ref>
[[File:Raja Rao Tula Ram.jpg|thumb|Raja Rao Tula Ram]]

An early mention of Tijara is found in the book, ''Mirat ul Masaud'', which relates how Saiyad Ibrahim Mashhadi Barah Hazari (died 421 [[Hijri year|AH]] / 1030 CE), teacher of [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]], and an officer of [[Mahmud of Ghazni|Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni]], in A.H. 420 (1030 CE) attacked Dhundgarh near [[Rewari]], the Raja of which fled to his kinsman, Rao Tej Pal. The latter, in a night attack, killed Saiyad Ibrahim, but his disciple [[Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud]] compelled Tej Pal to flee to Tijara, where three relatives of Salar were killed in battle.

The descendants of Syed Maroofuddin, brother of Syed Salar Sahu, remained in Tijara till 1857 when they shifted to Bhopal during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|rebellion of 1857]]. Many participated against British forces and were killed, but some Syed families are now living in Bhopal. [[Munshi Hakimuddin]], who served as Chief Secretary at Bhopal during the reign of [[Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal|Shah Jahan Begum]], is a direct descendant of Syed Maroofuddin Ghazi. The tombs of some associates of Syed Mohammad Dost (Nana Barah Hazari), Rukn Alam Shaheed, Roshan Shaheed, and Bhakan Shaheed in and around the town of Tijara are now places of pilgrimage.<ref>Major P.W. Powlett. Gazetteer of Ulwar (late settlement officer of Ulwar), London: Trubner and Co. Ludgate Hill, 1878, page 129-130</ref>

Another tomb of the cousin of Saiyad Ibrahim Mashhadi (Barah Hazari), Syed Hameeduddin can also be seen at Kot Qasim (20 km away from Tijara), who was going as injured after the battle of Tijara to Rewari.<ref>{{cite book | author = Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman | year = 2008 | title = Hayat Karam Husain | chapter = Chapter: Rajasthan wa Mewat ki Ahmiyat | edition = 2nd | pages = 20–22| publisher = [[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences]] | location = Aligarh/India | oclc=852404214 | author-link = Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman}}</ref>

A ''sanad'' (decree conferring the title of property) of [[Akbar]]'s time speaks of "Tijara Shahbad" as though they were the principal towns of a district.<ref>Major P.W. Powlett. Gazetteer of Ulwar (late settlement officer of Ulwar), London: Trubner and Co. Ludgate Hill, 1878, page 133</ref>

In the [[Ain-i-Akbari]], the [[Khanzada Rajputs]] tribe was living in Tijara, where they occupied a brick fort along with 405,108 bighas of land of which the annual revenue was 11,906,847 rupees. The tribe had 400 cavalry and 2000 infantry soldiers at its disposal.<ref>"Sarkar of Tijarah". Ain i Akbari</ref> Tijara was a part of [[Mewat State]], which was ruled by [[Khanzada Rajputs]].

In 1402, after the death of [[Raja Nahar Khan]], his kingdom was divided among his nine sons. His son, [[Malik Alaudin Khan]], became the [[Jagir|''Jagirdar'']] of Tijara. Khanzada Ikram Khan, a direct descendant of [[Malik Alaudin Khan]], revolted against the [[Subahdar]] Khalilullah of Mewat during the era of [[Mughal Emperor]], [[Aurangzeb]]. He removed the Subahdar from his post and fort and took control of Tijara and the surrounding districts. [[Subahdar]] Khalilullah went for an aide to [[Aurangzeb]], who then sent [[Jai Singh I]] to crush the revolting Khanzada chief, Ikram Khan.

After decline of Mughal Empire, Rao Tej Singh (1766-1823) was ruler of Tijara. He was king or jagirdar of Kotkasim (region of Alwar), Tapukara (Tijara), Bawal, Taoru, Pataudi, Nuh, Hodal, Palwal, Sohna(Gurgaon) and surrounding areas, in addition to his jagir. Other Ahir jagir of Rewari comprised 360 villages. Rao Ganga Bishan Singh died in 1799. Thereafter, Rani Maya Kanwar appoints Rao Tej Singh, ruler of Taoru as her manager. He overthrow Iranian invader and businessman Jauki Ram and added Rewari Pargana (area other than Bawal) into his jagir. His jagirdari comprises a vast area of North East Rajasthan and South Haryana. He built bada talab in Rewari. He was grandfather of freedom fighter Rao Tula Ram and Rao Gopal Dev.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://haryanatourism.gov.in/Destination/bada-talab | title=Bada Talab | Places of Interest | Rewari | Destinations | Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p69GMA226bgC&dq=Rao+Tej+singh&pg=PA75 | title=Followers of Krishna: Yadavas of India | isbn=978-81-7062-216-1 | last1=Yadava | first1=S. D. S. | date=2006 | publisher=Lancer Publishers }}</ref>

Dehra-Tijara was a well-developed region. The discovery of the image of Shri 1008 Bhagwan Chandraprabhu in 1956 has a remarkable history.<ref>J Brigg's Farishta, vol. i. p. 471 to 481, and Musalmau Historians</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman | year = 2008 | title = Hayat Karam Husain | chapter = Chapter: Qazi Syed Inayatullah | edition = 2nd | pages = 29–43| publisher = [[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences]] | location = Aligarh/India | oclc=852404214 | author-link = Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman}}</ref>

[[File:Tijara.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Tijara fort, now a heritage hotel]]
[[Khanzada]]s Community in large number also lived in this town before partition in 1947. [[Fateh Naseeb Khan]] of the Khanzada community, who was the [[Commander-in-chief]] of [[Alwar State]] in early 1930s, hailed from Tijara.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lLlqAAAAMAAJ&q=hayat+karam+hussain | title = Hayat Karam Hussain (Biography)| publisher = [[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences]], Aligarh, India| year = 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = https://openlibrary.org/b/OL3006896M/Ḥayāt-i_Karam_Ḥusain | title = Biography | date = 1983 | publisher = [[Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences]], Aligarh, India| isbn = 978-81-906070-5-6 | ol = 3006896M }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Om Prakash Jaggi | year = 1967 | volume = 8 | title = History of Science, Technology and Medicine in India: Medicine in Medieval India | publisher = Atma Ram and Sons |location = New Delhi |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Orq4AAAAIAAJ&q=Syed+Karam+Hussain }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Keswani | first = Nandkumar H | year = 1970 | title = UCLA Forum in Medical Sciences (No. 12) – The history of Medical Education | chapter = Medical Education in India since ancient times | editor = [[Victor E. Hall]] and CD O’Malley | edition = 12th | pages = [https://archive.org/details/historyofmedical0000unse/page/329 329–366] | publisher = University of California Press | location = California, LA | isbn = 0520015789 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/historyofmedical0000unse/page/329 }}</ref>

Tijara Fort was converted into a heritage hotel by the [[Neemrana Hotels]] group.<ref name=tij1>{{cite web |title=Holding fort|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/20081208-holding-fort-738366-2008-11-27 |date=27 November 2008|publisher=[[India Today]] }}</ref> The Tijari fort at Alwar is not a ruin but a building that had been left unfinished in 1845 because of war; the Neemrana Hotels has undertaken completion.<ref name=ibnlive>Malini Goyal, Forbes India, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110619035535/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hotel-kings-bring-back-the-fine-life-to-palaces/99844-7-single.html Hotel kings bring back the fine life to palaces], [[IBN Live]], 24 August 2009</ref><ref name=itoday>Chitra Subramanyam, [http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/StoryPrint?sId=21122&secid=34&page=null Holding fort]{{dead link|date=November 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, [[India Today]], 27 November 2008</ref>

==Jain Temple==
{{Main article|Tijara Jain Temple}}
[[File:Tijara Jain Temple - Main(3).jpg|thumb|Tijara Jain Temple]]
In 1956, the excavation work was taken up for the widening of the roads. While digging, a small "Talghar" was found. Saraswati Devi discovered an idol on ''Shravan Shukla Dashmi.'' The image bears the date "Vaishakh Shukla 3,1554 Vikram Samvat". Later on, one white idol of god [[Chandraprabha|Chandraprabhu]] was discovered on 29 March 1972 by Acharya Vimal Sagar.<ref name=tij1/>

==Geography==
Tijara is located at {{Coord|27.93|N|76.85|E}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/24/Tijara.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Tijara]</ref> It has an average elevation of 291 metres (954 feet). Tijara can be reached via State Highway 25 (Rajasthan) which connects [[Gangapur, Sawai Madhopur|Gangapur city]] with Daruhera via [[Bhiwadi]]. Guwalda is biggest village in population and area in Tijara tehsil. Nearby towns are [[Ferozepur Jhirka]] and [[Nuh (city)|Nuh]] in Haryana, and [[Alwar]], Tapukara, [[Bhiwadi]], and [[Kishangarh Bas]] in Rajasthan.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Tijara had a population of 19,918. Males constitute 53% of the population and females, 47%. Tijara has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 51%. In Tijara, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Notable people==


*[[Advocate Nasiruddin]] (1892–1949), lawyer, political and social leader

==See also==
* [[Alwar State]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Alwar district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Alwar district]]
[[Category:People from Tijara| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Khairthal-Tijara district]]

Geetha Bangle Store

2026-03-04T04:37:27Z

Wikimelo: done

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Geetha Bangle Store
| image = Geetha Bangle Store.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Manju Mitra
| writer = Manju Mitra
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = C Kemparaju
| starring = [[Pramod Panju]] Sushmita
| narrator =
| cinematography = Cinetech Soori
| editing = K M Prakash
| music = [[V. Manohar]]
| studio = Jathin Cinemas
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|9|11}}
| runtime = 162 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Geetha Bangle Store''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed by Manju Mitra and starring [[Pramod Panju]] and Sushmita.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Pramod Panju]] as Veerabhadra alias Veeru
*Sushmita as Geetha
*[[Bhavya]]
*[[Mandya Ramesh]]
*[[Vinaya Prasad]]
*[[Achyuth Kumar]]
*[[Veena Sundar]]
*Different Danny
*Kari Subbu
*Mata Guruprasad
*Nallur Prasad
*B M Giriraj
*[[V. Manohar]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[V. Manohar]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Geetha Bangle Store
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Manohar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2015
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 27:29
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer =
| chronology = [[V. Manohar]]
| prev_title = [[Oriyan Thoonda Oriyagapuji]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Vamshodharaka]]
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|9HDpC8SmSNc|Geetha Bangle Store – Jukebox}}}}
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = En Sambhavam
| length1 = 1:38
| lyrics1 = V. Manohar
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| title2 = Swalpa Talu Prayave
| length2 = 4:58
| lyrics2 = Manju Mitra
| extra2 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| title3 = Hupuduga
| length3 = 5:57
| lyrics3 = Manju Mitra
| extra3 = [[Vani Harikrishna]], Naveen Sajju
| title4 = Balegara Beladanu
| length4 = 4:08
| lyrics4 = R Mahadevanayak
| extra4 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]]
| title5 = Hedi Aadanin
| length5 = 1:40
| lyrics5 = V. Manohar
| extra5 = Chaitra
| title6 = Ale Ale Aleyoo
| length6 = 3:29
| lyrics6 = [[Doddarangegowda]]
| extra6 = [[Chintan Vikas]]
| title7 = Swagatha Koruve Prayave
| length7 = 4:51
| lyrics7 = Manju Mitra
| extra7 = Anuradha Bhat
| title8 = Kanna Tumba Kansubeku
| length8 = 0:48
| lyrics8 = Manju Mitra
| extra8 = Vani Harikrishna
| total_length = 27:29
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 stars and wrote that "What could have been the underdog champion of the year ends up just short of the finish line, as the director falls prey to commercial elements that he deemed mandatory".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/geetha-bangle-stores/movie-review/48942489.cms|title=Geetha Bangle Stores Movie Review|work=The Times of India|access-date=2023-12-19|archive-date=2023-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219002945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/geetha-bangle-stores/movie-review/48942489.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "The result, Geetha Bangle Store, nicely performed by ensemble cast, including debutant pair, embellished by evocative and enchanting cinematography by Cinetech Suri, which captures the hinterlands in its verdant, vibrant hues, and V Manohar’s catchy music, which lend special lustre and luminescence, makes for must watch movie, despite its length".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/a-riveting-rural-romance-2150583|title=A riveting rural romance|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=2023-12-19|archive-date=2023-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219005217/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/a-riveting-rural-romance-2150583|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote that "The film which is 162 minutes long comes with a lot of scope for romance, suspense and action which translates successfully on to screen. The film’s lush background captured by cinematographer Cinetech Soori makes the film visually charming and lends poignancy to the ill-fated love story. V Manohar’s music is melodious. The result is a Kannada film which is a fragrant with native innocence".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/sep/12/a-film-fragrant-with-native-iinnocence-813483.html|title=A Film Fragrant with Native Innocence|website=The New Indian Express|date=12 September 2015 |access-date=2023-12-19|archive-date=2023-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114193341/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/sep/12/A-Film-Fragrant-with-Native-iInnocence-813483.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Vijaya Karnataka]]'' rated the film {{Fraction|3|1|2}} out of 5 stars and wrote that "The duration of the film is 162 minutes. KM to experiment with more cutting for post-interval scenes. Prakash could have tried. Keeping such minor flaws aside, this is a first-class film that is worthy of class and mass".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/moviereview/48919913.cms|title=ಗೀತಾ ಬ್ಯಾಂಗಲ್ಸ್ ಸ್ಟೋರ್ : ನವಿರು ಪ್ರೇಮಕಥೆಯ ರೂಪಕ|website=Vijay Karnataka|access-date=2023-12-19|archive-date=2023-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211140836/https://vijaykarnataka.com/moviereview/48919913.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|13282248}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]

Mandaladeesudu

2026-03-03T22:00:46Z

Wikimelo: stub

{{use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mandaladeesudu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]]
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Dr. DVN Raju
| starring = {{Unbulleted list|[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]|[[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]]|[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]|[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]}}
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1987|2|26|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mandaladeesudu''''' ({{langx|te-Latn|Maṇḍalādhīśuḍu||[[Tehsil|Sub-district]] head}}) is a 1987 Indian Telugu-language [[satire (film and television)|satirical film]] directed by [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] and starring [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] in the main role. The film was based on the then [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|chief minister]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[N. T. Rama Rao]], causing the film's production to be controversial and both negatively and positively impacting Rao's career.

==Plot==
The famous actor Bhima Rao (a parody of N. T. Rama Rao) shifts to politics, using theatrics, making impossible promises and cutting backroom deals to try to win the election.

==Cast==
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Bhima Rao
* [[P. Bhanumathi]]
* [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]

==Production==
''Mandaladeesudu'' was made by Krishna during a low point in his relationship with Rama Rao. Already major rivals in the film industry, their animosity increased after Rama Rao entered politics with the formation of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] and eventually became the chief minister of pre-bifurication Andhra Pradesh in 1983, with Krishna entering the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] in response. During this period, Krishna made three films criticizing Rama Rao, with ''Mandaladeesudu'' being one of them.<ref>{{cite web|first=BVS|last=Prakash|date=2 December 2008|access-date=2021-08-23|title=The politics rivalry|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-politics-rivalry/articleshow/3779606.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Initially, no one "dared" to play Rama Rao, especially leading actors, and even when Kota Srinivasa Rao, considered a "character actor", was cast for the part, he was fearful of the potential backlash.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Sashidhar|last1=Adivi|access-date=2021-08-23|title=An unwilling lot|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/050718/an-unwilling-lot.html|date=5 July 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-08-24|title=From 'Mahanati' to 'Yatra': Telugu filmmakers speak on the biopic craze in Tollywood|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mahanati-yatra-telugu-filmmakers-speak-biopic-craze-tollywood-86984|date=21 August 2018|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

==Reception==
According to Rao, he was blacklisted by some directors and producers in the industry that supported NTR after the film's release, and was also involved in an incident where he was confronted and beaten by a mob of [[Telugu Desam Party]] supporters at a train station.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaghyalakshmi |first=Challa |title= జీవితమే ఓ ప్రతిఘటన (కోట శ్రీనివాసరావు ఇంటర్వ్యూ) |language=te |trans-title=A life of resistance: Kota Srinivasa Rao Interview |pages=[https://lit.andhrajyothy.com/cinema%20cinema/kota-srinivasarao-interview-29130/page/27 27]-[https://lit.andhrajyothy.com/cinema%20cinema/kota-srinivasarao-interview-29130/page/29 29] |work=[[Andhra Jyothi]]}}</ref> [[Posani Krishna Murali]] has stated that NTR himself actually approved of Rao's performance and went on to say that the character was indistinguishable from him.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ca3iQO_AHQ |title=Posani on NTR's reaction when films like Mandaladeesudu, Gandipeta Rahasyam were made & Chandrababu |date=March 18, 2019 |work=IndiaGlitz}}</ref> Rao also stated in a 2021 interview that NTR appreciated his performance, but that his son and fellow actor [[Nandamuri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] spat in his face when he encountered him during another film shooting in [[Rajahmundry]] sometime during the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-08-23|title=Nandamuri Balakrishna Spit in My Face: Senior Tollywood Actor|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/nandamuri-balakrishna-spit-my-face-senior-tollywood-actor-141550|date=23 August 2021|website=[[Sakshi Post]]}}</ref> Later on, [[Jandhyala]] decided to cast Rao as the miser character Lakshmipathy in the film ''[[Aha Naa-Pellanta! (1987 film)|Aha Naa-Pellanta!]]'' based on his acting in ''Mandaladeesudu'' despite the initial objections of producer [[D. Ramanaidu]], with both the film and the character becoming a huge success.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-08-23|title=లక్ష్మీపతి పాత్రకు తొలుత అనుకున్నదెవరినో తెలుసా?|trans-title=|language=te|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/aha-naa-pellanta-director-jandhyala-wants-to-give-lakshmipathi-role-to-rao-gopala-rao/0208/120151295|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823023244/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/aha-naa-pellanta-director-jandhyala-wants-to-give-lakshmipathi-role-to-rao-gopala-rao/0208/120151295|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 August 2022|website=[[Eenadu]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8761286}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://indiancine.ma/ABYU|title=Mandaladeeshudu (1987)|website=Indiancine.ma|access-date=2021-08-23}}

[[Category:Cultural depictions of N. T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:1987 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1987 Telugu-language films]]

Sandyakkenthinu Sindhooram

2026-03-03T21:11:03Z

Wikimelo: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sandyakkenthinu Sindhooram
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[P. G. Vishwambharan]]
| producer = Somaja Abraham
| writer = [[Kanam E. J.]] [[Thoppil Bhasi]] (dialogues)
| screenplay = Thoppil Bhasi
| starring = [[Dr.Balamuralikrishna]] [[Mammootty]] [[Seema (actress)|Seema]] [[Nedumudi Venu]] [[Venu Nagavally]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = C. E. Babu
| editing = G. Venkittaraman
| studio = CS Productions
| distributor = CS Productions
| released = {{Film date|1984|11|3|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Sandyakkenthinu Sindhooram''''' is a 1984 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[P. G. Vishwambharan]] and produced by Somaja Abraham. The film stars [[Dr. Balamuralikrishna]], Malayalam movie actor, [[Mammootty]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], [[Nedumudi Venu]] and [[Venu Nagavally]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1647|title=Sandhyaykkenthinu Sindooram|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4747|title=Sandhyaykkenthinu Sindooram|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/sandhyakenthinu-sindooram-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021022742/http://spicyonion.com/title/sandhyakenthinu-sindooram-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 October 2014|title=Sandhyakenthinu Sindooram|accessdate=2014-10-20|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Dr.Balamuralikrishna]]
*[[Mammootty]]
*[[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
*[[Nedumudi Venu]]
*[[Venu Nagavally]]
*M. Balamuralikrishna
*[[Krishnachandran]]
*[[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]]
*[[V. D. Rajappan]]
*Baby Ambili
*[[Balan K. Nair]]
*[[Janardanan]]
*[[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]]
*[[Mala Aravindan]]
*[[Poojappura Ravi]]
*[[Soorya]]
*[[T. G. Ravi]]
*[[Kothuku Nanappan]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Chanthamerina Poovilum" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Kavalam Narayana Panicker]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Maanasasarovaram" || S. Janaki || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|-
| 3 || "Manassin Aarohanam" || S. Janaki, M. Balamuralikrishna || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|-
| 4 || "Manassin Aarohanam" || [[K. G. Markose]] || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|-
| 5 || "Manassin Aarohanam" (F) || S. Janaki || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|-
| 6 || "Marubhoomi Chodichu" || S. Janaki || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|-
| 7 || "Ponnanthiyil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]], S. Janaki || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|-
| 8 || "Raaga Vistharam" || M. Balamuralikrishna || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|-
| 9 || "Shivamkari Sadaa" || [[Krishnachandran]] || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|-
| 10 || "Shivamkari Sadaa" || K. J. Yesudas || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|-
| 11 || "Vadakkannam Kaattilu" || K. J. Yesudas || Kavalam Narayana Panicker ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0269822|Sandhyakenthinu Sindooram}}

[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. G. Viswambharan]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]

{{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Raqeeb

2026-03-03T11:59:14Z

Wikimelo: basic rework details for clarity and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{short description|2007 film directed by Anurag Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{for|the Arabic word and military rank|Raqīb}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Raqeeb: Rivals in Love
| image = raqeeb.jpg
| director = [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]]
| producer = [[Raj Kanwar]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Sharman Joshi]] [[Tanushree Dutta]] [[Jimmy Shergill]] [[Rahul Khanna]]
| music = [[Pritam]]
| cinematography = Fuwad Khan
| editing = Kuldeep Mehan
| studio = Filmcity
| distributor = Inderjit Films Combine
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|05|18}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Raqeeb''''' ({{lit|Enemy}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Romantic thriller|romantic thriller film]] directed by [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]] and produced by [[Raj Kanwar]]. The film stars [[Sharman Joshi]], [[Jimmy Shergill]], [[Rahul Khanna]], and [[Tanushree Dutta]]. It was released on 18 May 2007. It is an unofficial remake of 1979 American television film ''[[Murder by Natural Causes]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bookwala |first=Tanveer |date=18 May 2007 |title=Review: Raqeeb belongs to Sharman |url=https://rediff.com/movies/2007/may/18raqeeb.htm|website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref>

==Plot==
Remo ([[Rahul Khanna]]) is a multi-millionaire simpleton. Thanks to his mischievous half-brother Siddarth ([[Sharman Joshi]]), who meets Sophie ([[Tanushree Dutta]]), he falls in love with her and marries her. Trouble starts when Sunny ([[Jimmy Sheirgill]]), Sophie's ex-boyfriend, enters the picture. Sunny and Sophie hatch a diabolical plan to kill Remo by natural means - threatening fake bullets, so that he dies in an [[asthma]]tic attack, and no suspicion is raised. Sunny fires his gun, and Remo gets killed as the bullets are real. Siddharth has set this up. It is revealed that Siddharth and Sophie are indeed in a relationship and working together by killing Remo to take revenge against his half-brother and his father. His father had an extramarital affair with another woman, causing Siddharth's mother to have a mental breakdown, sending her to a mental asylum, and now taking over his ownership money and framing Sunny for the murder. However, all the money from Remo's bank account is removed, and it is revealed that Remo is indeed alive, and all he had to do was fake his death to catch him. He, Sunny, SMS and CBI Officer Pradhan were all working together to catch him red-handed. In the climax, Siddharth and Sophie meet Remo, and officer Pradhan comes to arrest them. A fight starts between the men, fatally injuring Siddharth, while Sophie runs away and falls into an open grave. Remo looks at her and feels sorry for loving the wrong person. An enraged Siddharth comes from behind to stab Remo, but Remo dodges the attack and accidentally stabs Sophie and himself, falling into the grave, thus ending both of their lives. In the end, Remo meets his stepmother in the mental asylum, claiming he doesn't know her. When he gets into his car, he meets Sunny and thanks him for saving him from getting framed for murder. Both men shake hands.

== Cast ==
* [[Rahul Khanna]] as Remo Matthews
* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Sunny Anil Khanna
* [[Sharman Joshi]] as Siddharth Verma
* [[Tanushree Dutta]] as Sophie Matthews
* [[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as CBI Officer Pradhan
* [[Vivek Shauq]] as Shri Mismatch Sharma (SMS)
* [[Sherlyn Chopra]] in a special appearance in an item number

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Raqeeb
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2007|04|09}}
| recorded = March 15, 2007
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature Film soundtrack]], [[Rock music|Rock]]
| length =
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Pritam
| prev_title = [[Awarapan]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = [[Bhram]]
| next_year = 2007
}}
''Raqeeb'' had 8 songs composed by [[Pritam Chakraborty|Pritam]] and written by [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]. The album received a poor review from Glamsham.<ref>{{cite web|title=Raqeeb Music Review: Gamsham|url=http://www.glamsham.com/music/reviews/raqeeb.asp|publisher=Glamsham.com|accessdate=February 26, 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050052/http://www.glamsham.com/music/reviews/raqeeb.asp|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1= Jaane Kaise
| extra1 = [[KK (singer)|K.K.]]
| length1 = 06:14

| title2 = Channa Ve Channa
| extra2 = [[Gayatri Iyer|Gayatri Ganjawala]]
| length2 = 04:34

| title3 = Dushmana
| note3 = Female
| extra3 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length3 = 04:18

| title4 = Tum Ho
| extra4 = [[Tulsi Kumar]], [[Zubeen Garg]]
| length4 = 05:37

| title5 = Qatil
| extra5 = [[Alisha Chinai]]
| length5 = 04:24

| title6 = Dushmana
| note6 = Male
| extra6 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
| length6 = 04:23

| title7 = Channa Ve Channa
| note7 = Remix (Remixed by DJ G, Earl, Edgard G)
| extra7 = Gayatri Ganjawala
| length7 = 04:27

| title8 = Jaane Kaise
| note8 = Remix (Remixed by DJ G, Earl, Edgard G)
| extra8 = K.K.
| length8 = 04:28
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0898943}}

{{Anurag Singh (director)}}

[[Category:2000s erotic drama films]]
[[Category:2000s erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:2007 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2000s mystery films]]
[[Category:2000s police procedural films]]
[[Category:2007 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2007 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Anurag Singh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language mystery films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic romance films]]
[[Category:Indian erotic thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian murder mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery films]]
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Police detective films]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]

{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}

M. R. Gandhi

2026-02-28T04:23:43Z

Wikimelo:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M.R. Gandhi
| image = MR Gandhi.png
| birth_name = Mavilai Ramasamy Gandhi
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1945|7|25|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/tamil-nadu/nagercoil-election-result-live-updates-round-wise-counting-of-votes-lead-trail-n-suresh-rajan-vs-m-r-gandhi-4628344/|title=Nagercoil Election Result: Gandhi MR of BJP Wins With 1,8769 Votes, Defeats DMK|first=India com News|last=Desk|date=2 May 2021|website=India News, Breaking News | India.com}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kanyakumari district]]
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| otherparty = [[Jana Sangh]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Nagercoil (state assembly constituency)|Nagercoil]]
| term_start1 = 12 May 2021
| predecessor1 = [[N. Suresh Rajan]]
| office2 = Vice President, Bharatiya Janata Party-Tamil Nadu
| term2 = 2016 - 2020
| children =
| spouse =
| alma_mater =

}}

'''Mavilai Ramasamy Gandhi''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from [[Nagercoil]]. He belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/nagercoil-election-result-2021-live-updates-nagercoil-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3697712.html|title=Nagercoil Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Gandhi M R of BJP Wins|date=2 May 2021|website=www.news18.com}}</ref> He is the former vice-president of Bharatiya Janata Party, Tamil Nadu.

==Early life and education==

Gandhi was born into an agricultural family in [[Kanyakumari district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He obtained his Bachelor's degree from Scott Christian College at Madurai Kamaraj University in 1967.<ref>https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6ImxUYzF2Q2JvUkVHcTJWWHNyRVwvbUtnPT0iLCJ2YWx1ZSI6Im9zZ0k2MXFYeGF4SU9GMytyWGJzenc9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjdmYjQ1MTg5ODhkNTk1YjhlNjBjOWMzNjFjNmMwNzkyMTQyNDJmNmMzN2FiNWRlM2QxMmM4ZTdhNjkyMTA4NGEifQ==/MTY=/MTA=/Mw==/QUM=</ref> Gandhi remains unmarried.<ref name=":0" />

== Political career ==

He played a pivotal role in establishing the [[Hindu nationalist]] organisation, [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] in Kanyakumari.<ref name=":0" /> He was one of the leaders of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] in Kanyakumari district.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Maran|first=Mathivanan|date=2019-07-29|title=ஆளுநராகிறார் தமிழகத்தின் மூத்த ஆர்.எஸ்.எஸ். தலைவர் குமரி காந்தி அண்ணாச்சி?|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/chennai/one-more-senior-rss-leader-from-tn-to-become-governor-358446.html|access-date=2021-05-16|website=tamil.oneindia.com|language=ta}}</ref>

In 1967, he was the Kanyakumari district president of [[Jana Sangh]] and in 1975 he was the Tamil Nadu state secretary of the party. He was also jailed during [[The Emergency (India)|The Emergency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://thefederal.com/tamilnadu-elections-2021/bjps-gandhi-dispels-saffron-myths-in-tamil-nadu-villages/|title=BJP's Gandhi dispels 'saffron myths' in Tamil Nadu villages|date=23 March 2021|website=The Federal}}</ref> He served as Tamil Nadu state BJP vice-president from 2016 and 2020.

He was assaulted by a gang with sickles when he was going for a walk on 21 April 2013 and suffered multiple injuries in this attempt to murder him.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-04-17 |title=Madras HC stays hearing in BJP leader's attack case in Nagercoil |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/madras-hc-stays-hearing-in-bjp-leaders-attack-case-in-nagercoil/articleshow/46957693.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-03-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-17 |title=Five acquitted in attempt to murder case |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/five-acquitted-in-attempt-to-murder-case/articleshow/69365360.cms |access-date=2024-03-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He unsuccessfully contested from [[Colachel]] in 1984 and [[Nagercoil (state assembly constituency)|Nagercoil]] in 2006. Gandhi contested the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] and won against DMK's former Minister [[N. Suresh Rajan]] by a margin of 11,669 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/bjp-candidate-defeats-suresh-rajan-in-nagercoil/article34467620.ece|title=BJP candidate defeats Suresh Rajan in Nagercoil|date=2 May 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
==Electoral performance ==
=== Assembly Elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Election
!Party
!Constituency
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote %
|-
|[[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Janata Party]]
|[[Nagercoil (state assembly constituency)|Nagercoil]]
|{{Lost}}
|693
|0.96%
|-
|[[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Colachel (state assembly constituency)|Colachel]]
|{{Lost}}
|32,996
|38.64%
|-
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2006]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Colachel (state assembly constituency)|Colachel]]
|{{Lost}}
|29,321
|36.75%
|-
|[[2011 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2011]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Kanyakumari (state assembly constituency)|Kanyakumari]]
|{{Lost}}
|20,094
|11.15%
|-
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|2016]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Nagercoil (state assembly constituency)|Nagercoil]]
|{{Lost}}
|46,413
|26.78%
|-
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Nagercoil (state assembly constituency)|Nagercoil]]
|{{Won}}
|88,804
|48.21%
|}

=== Lok Sabha Elections ===

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Election
!Party
!Constituency
!Result
!Votes gained
!Vote %
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[Nagercoil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagercoil]]
|{{Lost}}
|39,164
|7.12%
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gandhi, M. R.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kanyakumari district]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:1945 births]]

Shoebill

2026-02-26T20:27:27Z

Wikimelo: fix

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Redirect|B. rex|the ''Tyrannosaurus'' specimen|B-rex}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Shoebill
| image = Balaeniceps rex -Ueno Zoo, Tokyo, Japan-8a.jpg
| image_caption = At the [[Ueno Zoo]] in [[Tokyo]]
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Balaeniceps rex'' |article-number=e.T22697583A133840708 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697583A133840708.en}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| genus = Balaeniceps
| parent_authority = [[John Gould|Gould]], 1850
| species = rex
| authority = [[John Gould|Gould]], 1850
| range_map = Balaeniceps rex distribution.svg
| range_map_caption = {{legend0|#ff6601| range}}
}}

The '''shoebill''' ('''''Balaeniceps rex'''''), also known as the '''whale-headed stork''', '''whalebill''', and '''shoe-billed stork''', is a large long-legged wading bird. Its name comes from its enormous, shoe-shaped [[beak|bill]]. It has a somewhat [[stork]]-like overall form and was previously classified as a stork in the order [[Ciconiiformes]], but genetic evidence places it with [[pelican]]s and [[heron]]s in the [[Pelecaniformes]]. Adults are mainly grey, while juveniles are browner. It lives in tropical [[East Africa]] in large swamps from South Sudan to Zambia.

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Hammerkopf2.jpg|thumb|left|alt=hamerkop|Molecular studies have found the [[hamerkop]] to be the closest relative of the shoebill.]]
The shoebill may have been known to [[Ancient Egypt]]ians<ref>{{Cite book |last=Houlihan |first=Patrick F. |title=The Birds of Ancient Egypt |date=1988 | publisher=American University in Cairo Press |location=Cairo, Egypt | pages=25–26 |isbn=978-977-424-185-7 | url=https://archive.org/details/birdsofancienteg0000houl/page/25/mode/1up | url-access=registration }}</ref> but was not classified by Europeans until the 19th century, after skins and eventually live specimens were brought to Europe. [[John Gould]] very briefly described it in 1850 from the skin of a specimen collected on the upper [[White Nile]] by English traveler [[Mansfield Parkyns]]. Gould provided a more detailed description in the following year. He placed the species in its own [[genus]] ''Balaeniceps'' and coined the [[binomial name]] ''Balaeniceps rex,''<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Gould | first=John | author-link=John Gould | year=1850 | title=Scientific: Zoological | journal=Athenaeum | issue=1207 | page=1315 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30570891 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | last=Gould | first=John | author-link=John Gould | year=1851 | title=On a new and remarkable form in ornithology | journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London | volume=19 | issue=219 | pages=1–2 | doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1851.tb01123.x | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12859071 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | pages=252–253 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108892 }}</ref> from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|balaena}} 'whale' and {{lang|la|caput}}/{{lang|la|ceps}} 'head'.<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=66 | url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n66/mode/1up }}</ref> Other common names are whalebill,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feduccia |first=Alan |date=1977 |title=The whalebill is a stork |journal=Nature |volume=266 |issue=5604 |pages=719–720 |doi=10.1038/266719a0 |bibcode=1977Natur.266..719F |s2cid=4260563 }}</ref> shoe-billed stork, and whale-headed stork.<ref name=hbw/><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Winkler |first=David W. |last2=Billerman |first2=Shawn M. |last3=Lovette |first3=Irby J. |date=2020 |title=Shoebill (Balaenicipitidae), version 1.0 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/balaen1/cur/introduction |journal=Birds of the World |language=en |doi=10.2173/bow.balaen1.01 |issn=2771-3105|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Traditionally considered as allied with the [[stork]]s ([[Ciconiiformes]]), it was retained there in the [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]], which grouped many unrelated taxa into the Ciconiiformes. Based on osteological evidence, the suggestion of a pelecaniform affinity was made in 1957 by Patricia Cottam.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Cottam, P. A.|year=1957|title=The Pelecaniform characters of the skeleton of the Shoebill Stork, ''Balaeniceps rex'' |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2342059|journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology |volume=5|pages=49–72|doi=10.5962/bhl.part.11718|doi-access=free}}</ref> Microscopic analysis of eggshell structure by Konstantin Mikhailov in 1995 found that the eggshells of shoebills closely resembled those of other [[Pelecaniformes]] in having a covering of thick microglobular material over the crystalline shells.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mikhailov|first=Konstantin E.|year=1995|title=Eggshell structure in the shoebill and pelecaniform birds: comparison with hamerkop, herons, ibises and storks|journal=Canadian Journal of Zoology|volume=73|issue=9|pages=1754–70|doi=10.1139/z95-207|bibcode=1995CaJZ...73.1754M }}</ref> In 2003, the shoebill was again suggested as closer to the [[pelican]]s (based on anatomical comparisons)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mayr, Gerald |year=2003 |title=The phylogenetic affinities of the Shoebill (''Balaeniceps rex'') |url=http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/balaeniceps.pdf |journal=Journal für Ornithologie |volume=144 |issue=2 |pages=157–175 |doi=10.1007/BF02465644 |bibcode=2003JOrni.144..157M |s2cid=36046887 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929002144/http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/balaeniceps.pdf |archive-date=29 September 2018 |access-date=21 August 2012}}</ref> or the [[heron]]s (based on biochemical evidence).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hagey, J. R. |last2=Schteingart, C. D. |last3=Ton-Nu, H.-T. |last4=Hofmann, A. F. |name-list-style=amp |year=2002 |title=A novel primary bile acid in the Shoebill stork and herons and its phylogenetic significance |journal=Journal of Lipid Research |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=685–90 |doi=10.1016/S0022-2275(20)30109-7 |pmid=11971938|doi-access=free }}</ref> A 2008 DNA study reinforces their membership among the Pelecaniformes.<ref>{{ cite journal | last1=Hackett | first1=S.J.| last2=Kimball | first2=R.T. | last3=Reddy | first3=S. | last4=Bowie | first4=R.C.K.| last5=Braun | first5=E.L.| last6=Braun | first6=M.J.| last7=Chojnowski | first7=J.L.| last8=Cox | first8=W.A. | last9=Han | first9=K-L. | last10=Harshman | first10=J. | last11=Huddleston | first11=C.J.| last12=Marks | first12=B.D.| last13=Miglia | first13=K.J.| last14=Moore | first14=W.S.| last15=Sheldon | first15=F.H.| last16=Steadman | first16=D.W.| last17=Witt | first17=C.C.| last18= Yuri | first18= T. | year=2008 | title=A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history | journal=Science | volume=320 | issue=5884 | pages=1763–1767 | doi=10.1126/science.1157704 | pmid=18583609| bibcode=2008Sci...320.1763H| s2cid=6472805}}</ref>

So far, two fossilized relatives of the shoebill have been described: ''[[Goliathia]]'' from the [[Rupelian|Early Oligocene]] of [[Egypt]] and ''[[Paludiavis]]'' from the [[Late Miocene]] of [[Pakistan]] and [[Tunisia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Smith|first1=N.D.|last2=Ksepka|first2=D.T.|year=2015|title=Five well-supported fossil calibrations within the "Waterbird" assemblage (Tetrapoda, Aves)|journal=Palaeontologia Electronica|volume=18|issue=1|pages=1–21|doi=10.26879/483|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rich|first1=P.V.|title=A fossil avifauna from the Upper Miocene, Beglia Formation of Tunisia|journal=Notes et mémoires du Service géologique (Tunis)|date=1972|volume=35|pages=29–66}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mayr|first1=G.|year=2003|title=The phylogenetic affinities of the Shoebill (''Balaeniceps rex'')|journal=Journal of Ornithology|volume=144|issue=2|pages=157–175|doi=10.1007/BF02465644|bibcode=2003JOrni.144..157M |url=https://www.senckenberg.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/balaeniceps.pdf}}</ref> The enigmatic African fossil bird ''[[Eremopezus]]'' has been suggested to have features resembling those of the shoebill and the secretary bird.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Rasmussen, D. Tab |author2=Simons, Elwyn L. |author3=Hertel, F. |author4=Judd, A. |year=2001|title= Hindlimb of a giant terrestrial bird from the Upper Eocene, Fayum, Egypt|journal=[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]]|volume=44|issue=2|pages= 325–337|doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00182|bibcode=2001Palgy..44..325R |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Balaeniceps rex (Schuhschnabel - Shoebill) - Weltvogelpark Walsrode 2010-10.jpg|alt=photograph|left|thumb|Shoebill]]
The shoebill is a tall bird, with a typical height range of {{convert|110|to|140|cm|in|abbr=on}}, with some specimens reaching as much as {{convert|152|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Length from tail to beak can range from {{convert|100|to|140|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and wingspan is {{convert|230|to|260|cm|ftin|0|abbr=on}}. Weight has reportedly ranged from {{convert|4|to|7|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. A male typically weighs around {{convert|5.6|kg|lb|abbr=on}} and is larger than a typical female of {{convert|4.9|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Hancock" /> The signature feature of the species is its huge, bulbous [[Beak|bill]], which is pinkish in color with erratic greyish markings. The [[Culmen (bird)|exposed culmen]] (or the measurement along the top of the upper mandible) is {{convert|18.8|to|24|cm|in|abbr=on}}, the third-longest bill among extant birds after pelicans and large storks, and can outrival the pelicans in bill circumference, especially if the bill is considered as the hard, bony keratin portion.<ref name="Hancock" /> As in the pelicans, the upper mandible is strongly keeled, ending in a sharp nail. The dark-coloured legs are fairly long, with a [[Tarsus (skeleton)|tarsal]] length of {{convert|21.7|to|25.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The shoebill's feet are exceptionally large, with the middle toe reaching {{convert|16.8|to|18.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, likely assisting the species in its ability to stand on aquatic vegetation while hunting. The neck is relatively shorter and thicker than other long-legged wading birds such as herons and [[crane (bird)|crane]]s. The wings are broad, with a [[Wing chord (biology)|wing chord]] length of {{convert|58.8|to|78|cm|in|abbr=on}}, and well-adapted to [[Lift (soaring)|soaring]].<ref name="Hancock" />

[[File:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.AVES.26542 - Balaeniceps rex Gould, 1850 - Balaenicipitidae - skeleton (whole) specimen.jpeg|thumb|right|alt=photograph|Shoebill skull]]
The plumage of adult birds is blue-grey with darker [[slaty]]-grey [[flight feather]]s. The breast presents some elongated feathers, which have dark shafts. The juvenile has a similar plumage colour, but is a darker grey with a brown tinge.<ref name=hbw>{{ cite book | last=Elliot | first=A. | year=1992 | chapter=Family Balaenicipitidae (Shoebill) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=1: Ostrich to Ducks | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=84-87334-10-5 | pages=466–471 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/466/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }}</ref> When they are first hatched, shoebills have a more modestly sized bill, which is initially silvery-grey. The bill becomes more noticeably large when the chicks are 23 days old and becomes well developed by 43 days.<ref name="Hancock" />

===Voice===
Shoebills are normally silent, but perform bill-clattering displays at the nest.<ref name=hbw/> When engaging in these displays, adult birds have also been noted to utter a [[cattle]]-like ''moo'', as well as high-pitched whines. Both nestlings and adults engage in bill-clattering during the nesting season as a means of communication. When young are begging for food, they call out with a sound uncannily like human hiccups. In one case, a flying adult bird was heard uttering hoarse croaks, apparently as a sign of aggression at a nearby [[marabou stork]] (''Leptoptilos crumeniferus'').<ref name="Hancock" />

===Flight pattern===
Its wings are held flat while soaring, and as in the pelicans and the storks of the genus ''[[Leptoptilos]]'', the shoebill flies with its neck retracted. Its flapping rate, estimated at 150 flaps per minute, is one of the slowest of any bird, with the exception of the larger stork species. The pattern is alternating flapping and gliding cycles around 7 seconds each, putting its gliding distance between the larger storks and the [[Andean condor]] (''Vultur gryphus''). When flushed, shoebills usually try to fly no more than {{convert|100|to|500|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Hancock" /> Long flights of the shoebill are rare, and only a few flights beyond its minimum foraging distance of {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} have been recorded.

[[File:Shoebill-uenozoo2008.ogv|thumb|alt=photograph|A shoebill at the [[Ueno Zoo]], [[Tokyo]] (video)]]

==Distribution and habitat==
The shoebill is distributed in freshwater swamps of central tropical Africa, from southern [[Sudan]] and [[South Sudan]] through parts of eastern [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], [[Rwanda]], [[Uganda]], western [[Tanzania]], and northern [[Zambia]]. The species is most numerous in the [[West Nile subregion]] and South Sudan (especially the [[Sudd]], a main stronghold for the species); its population is also significant in wetlands of Uganda and western Tanzania. More isolated records have been reported of shoebills in [[Kenya]], the [[Central African Republic]], northern [[Cameroon]], south-western [[Ethiopia]], and [[Malawi]]. Vagrant strays to the [[Okavango Basin]], [[Botswana]], and the upper [[Congo River]] have also been sighted. The distribution of this species seems to largely coincide with that of [[Cyperus papyrus|papyrus]] and [[Protopterus|lungfish]]. They are often found in areas of flood plain interspersed with undisturbed papyrus and reedbeds. When shoebill storks are in an area with deep water, a bed of floating vegetation is a requirement. They are also found in areas of poorly oxygenated water. This causes the fish living in the water to surface for air more often, increasing the likelihood a shoebill stork can capture it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Balaeniceps rex'' (shoebill) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balaeniceps_rex/ |last=Steffen |first=Angie |website=Animal Diversity Web |language=en |access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> The shoebill is nonmigratory, but with limited seasonal movements due to habitat changes, food availability, and disturbance by humans.<ref name="Hancock">{{Cite book |last1=Hancock | first1=J.A. |last2=Kushan | first2=J.A. | last3=Kahl | first3= M.P. | date=1992 | title=Storks, Ibises and Spoonbills of the World |publisher=Academic Press/Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers |isbn=0-12-322730-5 |location=London | pages=139–145, 305 }}</ref>

[[Petroglyph]]s from [[Rock engravings of Oued Djerat|Oued Djerat]], eastern [[Algeria]], show that the shoebill occurred during the [[Holocene|Early Holocene]] much more to the north, in the wetlands that covered the present-day [[Sahara]] at that time.<ref name="oeschger2004">{{Cite journal |last=Oeschger, E. |year=2004 |title=Sahara - Algeria - Rock Art in Oued Derat and the Tefedest Region |url=http://www.rockartscandinavia.com/images/articles/a04oeschger.pdf |journal=Adoranten |language=English |volume=2004 |pages=5–19}}</ref>

The shoebill occurs in extensive, dense freshwater [[marshes]]. Almost all wetlands that attract the species have undisturbed ''Cyperus papyrus'' and [[reed bed]]s of ''[[Phragmites]]'' and ''[[Typha]]''. Although their distribution largely seems to correspond with the distribution of papyrus in central Africa, the species seems to avoid pure papyrus swamps and is often attracted to areas with mixed vegetation. More rarely, the species has been seen foraging in [[Paddy field|rice fields]] and flooded [[plantation]]s.<ref name="Hancock" />

==Behaviour and ecology==
Shoebills are noted for their slow movements and tendency to stay still for long periods, resulting in descriptions of the species as "statue-like". They are quite sensitive to human disturbance and may abandon their nests if flushed by humans. While foraging, though, if dense vegetation stands between them and humans, they can be fairly tame. Shoebills are often attracted to poorly oxygenated waters such as swamps, marshes, and bogs where fish frequently surface to breathe. They also seem to exhibit migratory behaviors based upon differences in the surface water level. Immature shoebills abandon nesting sites, which increased in the surface water level, whereas adult shoebills abandon nesting sites with decreases in surface water level. Both adult and immature shoebills are thought to prefer nesting sites with similar surface water levels.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Acácio |first1=Marta |last2=Mullers |first2=Ralf H. E. |last3=Franco |first3=Aldina M. A. |last4=Willems |first4=Frank J. |last5=Amar |first5=Arjun |date=2021-08-04 |title=Changes in surface water drive the movements of Shoebills |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=15796 |doi=10.1038/s41598-021-95093-5 |pmid=34349159 |pmc=8338928 |bibcode=2021NatSR..1115796A |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>

Exceptionally for a bird this large, the shoebill often stands and perches on floating vegetation, making it appear somewhat like a giant [[Jacana (genus)|jacana]], although the similarly sized and occasionally sympatric [[Goliath heron]] (''Ardea goliath'') is also known to stand on aquatic vegetation. The shoebill, being solitary, forages at {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} or more from one another even where relatively densely populated. This species stalks its prey patiently, in a slow and lurking fashion. While hunting, the shoebill strides very slowly and is frequently motionless. Unlike some other large waders, this species hunts entirely using vision and is not known to engage in [[Somatosensory system|tactile]] hunting. When prey is spotted, it launches a quick, violent strike, but depending on the size of the prey, handling time after the strike can exceed 10 minutes. Around 60% of strikes yield prey. Frequently, water and vegetation are snatched up during the strike and spilled out from the edges of the mandibles. The activity of [[hippopotamus]]es may inadvertently benefit the shoebill, as submerged hippos occasionally force fish to the surface.<ref name="Hancock" />

===Breeding===
[[File:Balaeniceps rex in Prague Zoo 03.JPG|thumb|right|alt=photograph|A sitting shoebill in [[Prague Zoo]], [[Czech Republic]]]]

The solitary nature of shoebills extends to their breeding habits. Nests typically occur at less than 3/km2, unlike herons, [[cormorant]]s, pelicans, and storks, which predominantly nest in colonies. A breeding pair of shoebills vigorously defends a territory of {{convert|2|to|4|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} from [[Conspecificity|conspecifics]]. In the extreme north and south of the species' range, nesting starts right after the rains end. In more central regions of the range, they may nest near the end of the wet season so the eggs hatch around the beginning of the following wet season. Both parents engage in building the nest on a floating platform after clearing out an area around {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} across. The large, flattish nesting platform is often partially submerged in water and can be as much as {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep. The nest itself is about {{convert|1.0|to|1.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide. Both the nest and platform are made of aquatic vegetation. From one to three white eggs are laid; they measure {{convert|80|to|90|mm|in|abbr=on}} high by {{convert|56|to|61|mm|in|abbr=on}} and weigh around {{convert|164|g|oz|abbr=on}}. Incubation lasts roughly 30 days. Both parents actively brood, shade, guard, and feed the nestling, though the females are perhaps slightly more attentive. Shoebills use their mandibles to cool their eggs with water during days with high temperatures around {{Convert|30-33|C}}. They fill their mandible once, swallow the water, and fill another mandible full of water before proceeding back to their nest, where they pour out the water and regurgitate the previously swallowed water onto both the nest and eggs.<ref name="Tomita-2014" /> Food items are regurgitated whole from the gullet straight into the bill of the young. Shoebills rarely raise more than one chick, but can hatch more. The younger chicks usually die or function as "back-ups" in case the eldest chick dies or is weak. Fledging is reached around 105 days, and the young birds can fly well by 112 days. However, they are still fed for possibly a month or more after this. The young shoebills need three years before they become fully sexually mature.<ref name="Hancock" />

Shoebills are elusive when nesting, so cameras must be placed to observe them from afar to collect behavioral data. An advantage for birds is that are early breeders, as the chicks are tended for a longer period.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mullers|first1=Ralf H. E.|last2=Amar|first2=Arjun|date=2015|title=Parental nesting behavior, chick growth and breeding success of shoebills (''Balaeniceps rex'') in the Bangweulu Wetlands, Zambia | journal=Waterbirds|volume=38|issue=1|pages=1–9|doi=10.1675/063.038.0102 |s2cid=84828980 }}</ref>

===Diet===
Shoebills are largely [[piscivorous]], but are assured predators of a considerable range of wetland vertebrates. Preferred prey species have reportedly included [[marbled lungfish]] (''Protopterus aethiopicus''), [[Protopterus annectens|African lungfish]] (''Protopterus annectens''), and [[Polypterus senegalus|Senegal bichir]] (''Polypterus senegalus''), various ''[[Tilapia (genus)|Tilapia]]'' species and [[catfish]], the latter mainly in the genus ''[[Clarias]]''. Other prey eaten by this species has included [[frog]]s, [[watersnake]]s, [[Nile monitor]]s (''Varanus niloticus''), and baby [[crocodile]]s. More rarely, small [[turtle]]s, [[snail]]s, [[rodent]]s, small [[waterfowl]], and [[carrion]] reportedly have been eaten.<ref name = 'ohn' >{{cite journal |last1=John |first1=Jasson |last2=Lee |first2=Woo |title=Kleptoparasitism of Shoebills ''Balaeniceps rex'' by African Fish Eagles ''Icthyophaga vocifer'' in Western Tanzania |journal=Tanzania Journal of Science |date=2019 |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=131–143 | url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/tjs/article/view/188165 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Collar |first=Nigel J. |year=1994 |title=The Shoebill |journal=Bulletin of the African Bird Club |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=18–20 |doi=10.5962/p.308857 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/210670#page/25/mode/1up|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name = 'BUXTON'>{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.1978.tb00440.x | title=The breeding behaviour of the shoebill or whale-headed stork ''Balaeniceps rex'' in the Bangweulu Swamps, Zambia | year=1978 | last1=Buxton | first1=Lucinda | last2=Slater | first2=Jenny | last3=Brown | first3=Leslie H. | journal=African Journal of Ecology | volume=16 | issue=3 | pages=201–220 | bibcode=1978AfJEc..16..201B }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balaeniceps_rex/ | title=Balaeniceps rex (Shoebill) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref>

Given its sharp-edged beak, huge bill, and wide gape, the shoebill can hunt large prey, often targeting prey bigger than is taken by other large wading birds. In the [[Bangweulu Swamps]] of Zambia, fish eaten by this species are commonly in the range of {{convert|15|to|50|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name = 'Mullers'>{{cite journal |last1=Mullers |first1=Ralf HE |last2=Amar |first2=Arjun |title=Shoebill ''Balaeniceps rex'' foraging behaviour in the Bangweulu Wetlands, Zambia |journal=Ostrich |date=2015 |volume=86 |issue=1–2 |pages=113–118 |doi=10.2989/00306525.2014.977364|bibcode=2015Ostri..86..113M |s2cid=84194123 }}</ref> The main prey items fed to young by the parents were the catfish ''[[Clarias gariepinus]]'', ([[syn.]] ''C. mossambicus'') and {{convert|50|to|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} long watersnakes.<ref name = 'BUXTON'/> In Uganda, lungfish and catfish were mainly fed to the young.<ref name="Hancock" /> Larger lungfish and catfish were taken in Malagarasi wetlands in western Tanzania. During this study, fish around {{convert|60|to|80|cm|in|abbr=on}} were quite frequently taken, and the largest fish caught by the shoebill was {{cvt|99|cm|abbr=on}} long. Fish exceeding {{cvt|60|cm|abbr=on}} were usually cut into sections and swallowed at intervals. The entire process from scooping to swallowing ranged from 2 to 30 minutes depending on prey size. However, these large prey are relatively hard to handle and often targeted by [[African fish eagle]] (''Icthyophaga vocifer''), which frequently steal large wading birds' prey.<ref name = 'ohn' />

==Relationship to humans==
This species is considered to be one of the five most desirable birds in Africa by [[birdwatcher]]s.<ref name="Matthiessen">{{Cite book |last=Matthiessen |first=Peter |title=African Silences |url=https://archive.org/details/africansilences00pete |url-access=registration |publisher=Random House |year=1991 |isbn=0-679-40021-4 |edition=1st |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/africansilences00pete/page/56 56] |oclc=22707869 |author-link=Peter Matthiessen}}</ref> They are docile with humans and show no threatening behavior. Researchers were able to observe a bird on its nest at a close distance – within {{convert|2|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Balaeniceps rex'' (shoebill) |url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balaeniceps_rex/ |publisher=Animal Diversity Web |access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref> Shoebills are often kept in zoos, but breeding is rarely reported. Shoebills have bred successfully at [[Pairi Daiza]] in [[Belgium]] and at [[ZooTampa at Lowry Park|Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo]] in Florida.<ref name=muir>{{Cite journal | last1=Muir | first1=A. | last2=King | first2=C.E. | date=2013 |title=Management and husbandry guidelines for Shoebills ''Balaeniceps rex'' in captivity |journal=International Zoo Yearbook | volume=47 |issue=1|pages=181–189|doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.2012.00186.x}}</ref><ref name="Tomita-2014">{{Cite journal |last1=Tomita |first1=J.A. | last2=Killmar | first2=L.E. | last3=Ball | first3=R. | last4=Rottman | first4=L.A. | last5=Kowitz | first5=M. |year=2014 |title=Challenges and successes in the propagation of the Shoebill ''Balaeniceps rex'': with detailed observations from Tampa's Lowry Park Zoo, Florida |journal=International Zoo Yearbook |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=69–82 |doi=10.1111/izy.12038}}</ref>

=== Appearances in popular culture ===
Beginning in 2014 and with various interspersed surges of attention since then, the shoebill has become the subject of [[internet meme]]s, in part due to its intimidating appearance and its tendency to stand still for long periods of time. One such example is a video of a shoebill standing in the rain whilst staring into the camera. These memes have since also appeared on the [[social media]] platform [[TikTok]], bringing a comparatively unknown species of bird into [[popular culture]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vidal |first=Nicholas |date=2023-03-28 |title=Extinction, Climate Change and Shoebills Oh My! |url=https://themontclarion.org/opinion/extinction-climate-change-and-shoebills-oh-my/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=The Montclarion |language=en-US}}</ref> The shoebill also inspired the design of the Loftwing birds in the 2011 game ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yuste Frías |first1=José |title=Traducción y paratraducción en la localización de videojuegos |journal=Scientia Traductionis |date=16 December 2014 |issue=15 |page=72 |doi=10.5007/1980-4237.2014n15p61 |url=https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/scientia/article/view/1980-4237.2014n15p61/28328 |access-date=28 January 2024 |language=es |quote=Pero por mucho que la forma del pico del ave esté inspirada en el picozapato (''Shoebill'' en inglés, ''balaeniceps rex'' en latín), un ave de color gris del África tropical y oriental, lo que más destaca en la imagen de ''Loftwing'' no es su pico sino sus alas.|doi-access=free }} [formatting original]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=[[The Legend of Zelda: Hyrule Historia]]|author-link1=Shigeru Miyamoto|last1=Miyamoto|first1=Shigeru|author-link2=Eiji Aonuma|last2=Aonuma|first2=Eiji|publisher=[[Dark Horse Comics|Dark Horse]]|isbn=978-1-6165-5041-7|date=2013-01-29|page=9|quote=Loftwings are modeled after birds called shoebills [...] — Hiraoka, designer}}</ref>

==Status and conservation==
Its population is estimated to be between {{Val|5000|fmt=commas}} and {{Val|8000|fmt=commas}}, the majority of which live in swamps in South Sudan, Uganda, eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Williams |first1=John G. |title=A Field Guide to the Birds of East Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldguidetobird00will |url-access=registration |last2=Arlott |first2=N |publisher=Collins |year=1980 |isbn=0-00-219179-2 |edition=Rev. |location=London |oclc=7649557}}</ref> Also, a viable population is in the Malagarasi wetlands in Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=John |first1=Jasson |last2=Nahonyo |first2=Cuthbert |last3=Lee |first3=Woo |last4=Msuya |first4=Charles |date=March 2013 |title=Observations on nesting of shoebill ''Balaeniceps rex'' and wattled crane ''Bugeranus carunculatus'' in Malagarasi wetlands, western Tanzania |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=184–187 |doi=10.1111/aje.12023|bibcode=2013AfJEc..51..184J }}</ref> [[BirdLife International]] has classified it as [[vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] with the main threats being [[habitat destruction]], disturbance, and hunting. The bird is listed under Appendix II of the [[CITES|Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Appendices I, II and III |url=http://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.shtml |date=14 October 2010 |publisher=Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna |access-date=20 December 2019}}</ref> Habitat destruction and degradation, hunting, disturbance, and illegal capture are all contributing factors to the decline of this species. Agriculture cultivation and pastures for cattle have also caused significant habitat loss. Indigenous communities that surround shoebill habitats capture their eggs and chicks for human consumption and for trade. Frequent fires in southern Sudan and deliberate fires for grazing access contribute to habitat loss. Some swamps in Sudan are being drained for construction of a canal to control nearby waterways, causing more habitat loss.<ref name=muir/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Guillet |first=A |date=1978 |title=Distribution and conservation of the Shoebill (''Balaeniceps rex'') in the Southern Sudan |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=39–50 |doi=10.1016/0006-3207(78)90017-4 |bibcode=1978BCons..13...39G | ref=none}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Shoe-bill}}

{{Pelecaniformes}}
{{Pelecaniformes genera|P.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q18700}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa]]
[[Category:Birds of East Africa]]
[[Category:Pelecaniformes]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1850]]
[[Category:Taxa named by John Gould]]

Baghmara Pitcher Plant Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T16:56:44Z

Wikimelo: started initial post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Protected area in Meghalaya, India}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Baghmara Pitcher Plant Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Nepenthes khasiana.jpg
| map = India Meghalaya#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| location = South Garo Hills, Meghalaya, India
| area = 0.02 km²
| established = 1984
}}
'''Baghmara Pitcher plant Wildlife Sanctuary''' or '''Baghmara Wildlife Sanctuary''' or '''Baghmara Reserve Forest''' is a wildlife sanctuary located in the Indian state of [[Meghalaya]]. This wildlife sanctuary is a protected area for [[Pitcher plant|pitcher plants]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-23 |title=Baghmara Pitcher Plant Wildlife Sanctuary (Reserve Forest) - WildTrails {{!}} The One-Stop Destination for all your Wildlife Holidays |url=https://wildtrails.in/baghmara-pitcher-plant-wildlife-sanctuary-reserve-forest/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The site located near the city of [[Baghmara, India|Baghmara]] in [[South Garo Hills district]].

The total reserved forest occupies an area of {{cvt|2.7|hectare}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Area of Baghmara Pitcher plant Wildlife Sanctuary|url=https://megforest.gov.in/wildlife_parks.html}}</ref> Out of which 1.19 square kilometres is notified as Pitcher Plant Sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-08 |title=Meghalaya to notify 'Pitcher Plant Sanctuary' |url=https://thenortheastaffairs.com/meghalaya-to-notify-pitcher-plant-sanctuary/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> The site is 112 km south of [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]].

This sanctuary is known for its population of the endangered pitcher plant species ''[[Nepenthes khasiana]]'', locally known ''Me'mang-Koksi'' or ''ghost basket.''

The [[Government of Meghalaya|Meghalaya Government]] declared this area a wildlife sanctuary in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=The Meghalayan |date=2022-06-07 |title=Govt notifies Pitcher Plant Sanctuary at Baghmara Reserve Forest |url=https://themeghalayan.com/govt-notifies-pitcher-plant-sanctuary-at-baghmara-reserve-forest/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=The Meghalayan |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|25.1991545|90.6403134}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Meghalaya]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]

Permi Jhooti

2026-02-22T04:12:11Z

Wikimelo: creating new info

{{Short description|1st British South Asian footballer}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Permi Jhooti
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|year=1971|month=January|day=31}}
| birth_place = [[Preston, Lancashire]],<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/aug/13/newsstory.sport14|title=Making the league is a job for the girls|date=August 12, 2000|website=the Guardian|access-date=November 28, 2022|archive-date=November 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128020905/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/aug/13/newsstory.sport14|url-status=live}}</ref> England
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder]]<ref name="auto"/>
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1995–1998
| clubs1 = [[Chelsea F.C. Women|Chelsea F.C.]]
| caps1 = 19
| goals1 = 4
| years2 =
| clubs2 = [[Millwall Lionesses L.F.C.|Millwall L.F.C.]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 1999–2000
| clubs3 = [[Fulham L.F.C.]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| years4 = 2000–2002
| clubs4 = [[Chelsea F.C. Women|Chelsea F.C.]]
| caps4 = 5
| goals4 = 1
| pcupdate =
| ntupdate =
| manageryears1 =
| managerclubs1 =
}}
'''Permi Jhooti''' is an English artist and former [[Women's association football|footballer]] who was the first [[British South Asian]] female footballer to play professionally. Jhooti's career inspired the film [[Bend It Like Beckham]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/jhooti-still-bends-it-like-beckham/P7JU3ZNUF4FRJNEMMETY3ATAQE/|title=Jhooti still bends it like Beckham|website=NZ Herald|access-date=2022-11-28|archive-date=2022-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128020509/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/jhooti-still-bends-it-like-beckham/P7JU3ZNUF4FRJNEMMETY3ATAQE/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30534439|title=Dyke: More Asians needed in football|work=BBC Sport |access-date=2022-11-28|archive-date=2022-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128022020/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/30534439|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Born in Preston to Indian parents as one of three children, Jhooti began playing football at primary school, but with few opportunities for girls to play, she only took the sport up seriously at university.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Merritt |first=Stephanie |date=8 April 2001 |title=Something for the ladies |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2001/apr/08/newsstory.sport7 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Henderson |first=Jon |date=13 August 2000 |title=Making the league is a job for the girls |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2000/aug/13/newsstory.sport14 |access-date=17 December 2025 |work=The Guardian |language= |issn=}}</ref> Jhooti has spoken publicly about the pressure she felt due to expectations from both her parents' Indian culture and her own British upbringing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Braswell |first=Armando |date=29 September 2016 |title=Spotlight: Permi Jhooti |url=https://interviewenlair.com/permi-jhooti/ |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Interview en l'air}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Buchli |first=Steffi |date=8 October 2021 |title=Deshalb hat Baslerin Permi Jhooti genug vom Fussball |trans-title=Why Permi Jhooti has had enough of football |url=https://www.blick.ch/sport/fussball/baslerin-permi-jhooti-sie-war-die-vorlage-fuer-kick-it-like-beckham-id16890690.html |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Blick |language=de-CH}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhatia |first=Shyam |date=6 October 2003 |title=UK-based Indian footballers get a look |url=https://m.rediff.com/sports/report/footshyam/20031006.htm |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Rediff}}</ref>

== Club career ==
In the 1990s, Jhooti played for [[Chelsea F.C. Women|Chelsea]] and briefly for [[Millwall Lionesses F.C.|Millwall]], where she was subject to racist abuse from a fellow player.<ref name=":1" /> She played for amateur club [[Fulham F.C. Women|Fulham L.F.C.]] while studying for a Ph.D in coronary artery imaging at [[Imperial College London|Imperial College]].<ref name="theathletic">{{cite news |last1=Rutzler |first1=Peter |date=27 December 2021 |title=Pioneers, film premieres and unrivalled dominance: When Al-Fayed turned Fulham's women professional |url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/3028983/2021/12/27/pioneers-film-premieres-and-unrivalled-dominance-when-al-fayed-turned-fulham-women-professional/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127194931/https://theathletic.com/3028983/2021/12/27/pioneers-film-premieres-and-unrivalled-dominance-when-al-fayed-turned-fulham-women-professional/ |archive-date=27 November 2022 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=The Athletic}}</ref> In 1999, Jhooti ruptured her small intestine in a collision with a goalkeeper and feared that the injury would put an end to her footballing career.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hastings |first=Rob |date=19 August 2023 |title=Woman who inspired Bend it Like Beckham on the world finally waking up to women's football |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/permi-jhooti-woman-inspired-bend-it-like-beckham-world-womens-football-2557908?srsltid=AfmBOopyxprpYCEx8nTX8IGsBnNd2WJfGrZEGcE-Nsgm3Bpetiv_vE8i |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=The I Paper}}</ref> When Fulham turned professional in 2000, Jhooti became the first [[British South Asian]] professional female footballer.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWmaCwAAQBAJ&dq=permi+jhooti+football&pg=PA114|title=British Asians, Exclusion and the Football Industry|first=Daniel|last=Kilvington|date=February 22, 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317569039|via=Google Books|access-date=January 30, 2023|archive-date=February 2, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202060303/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWmaCwAAQBAJ&dq=permi+jhooti+football&pg=PA114|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025 |title=21st Century Ballers |url=http://www.thefa.com/inclusion-and-anti-discrimination/21st-century-ballers |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=The FA |language=}}</ref>

== After football ==
After retiring from football Jhooti returned to her roots in science, working at the [[Royal Brompton Hospital]] in London.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sidhu |first=Harjot |date=13 January 2022 |title=A conversation with Permi Jhooti, the real-life 'Bend it Like Beckham' story |url=https://www.londonwritingguy.com/post/a-conversation-with-permi-jhooti-the-real-life-bend-it-like-beckham-story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128021839/https://www.londonwritingguy.com/post/a-conversation-with-permi-jhooti-the-real-life-bend-it-like-beckham-story |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=London Writing Guy}}</ref> She also served as an ambassador for [[FIFA]], travelling around the world to support developing women's clubs and leagues.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 July 2018 |title=Bend it like Permi "Independence makes you strong" |url=https://www.swisslife.com/en/home/hub/interview-permi-jhooti.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128021930/https://www.swisslife.com/en/home/hub/interview-permi-jhooti.html |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Swiss Life Group}}</ref> In 2005 Jhooti and her husband emigrated to Switzerland, where she worked as an IT specialist in the heart research department at the [[University of Basel]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2007 |title=Basel it like Beckham |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/basel-it-like-beckham/976260 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128021610/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/basel-it-like-beckham/976260 |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Swiss Info}}</ref> She later discovered a love of art and began creating digital art, eventually giving up her job in research to pursue art full-time.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The city that has both culture and heart |url=https://www.myswitzerland.com/en-gb/experiences/cities-culture/stories/the-city-that-has-both-culture-and-heart/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128021608/https://www.myswitzerland.com/en-gb/experiences/cities-culture/stories/the-city-that-has-both-culture-and-heart/ |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Switzerland Tourism}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

In 2013, Jhooti was invited to [[Buckingham Palace]], where [[William, Prince of Wales|Prince William]] presented her with an award in recognition of her contributions to football.<ref name=":4" /> In 2018, she received the Jaguar Lifetime Achievement Award at the British Ethnic Diversity Sports Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trehan |first=Dev |date=25 March 2018 |title=Maro Itoje and Ellie Downie crowned at BEDSAs |url=https://www.skysports.com/more-sports/news/29877/11302893/maro-itoje-and-ellie-downie-crowned-at-bedsas |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Jhooti has spoken out about misogyny and racism in football throughout her career, in particular criticising the lack of racial diversity in the England women's squad.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://permijhooti.com/}}
* [https://www.stamford-bridge.com/player.php?id=5899&surname=Jhooti&firstname=Permi Chelsea FC profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jhooti, Permi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Preston, Lancashire]]
[[Category:English people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British Asian footballers]]
[[Category:FA Women's National League players]]
[[Category:English women's footballers]]
[[Category:Women's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Fulham F.C. Women players]]
[[Category:Chelsea F.C. Women players]]
[[Category:Millwall Lionesses L.F.C. players]]
[[Category:21st-century English artists]]
[[Category:English expatriates in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sri Venkateswara University

2026-02-12T22:21:44Z

Wikimelo: brief improved lead per standard format also and fixed typos per sources

{{Short description|Public university in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sri Venkateswara University
| native_name =
| image = Sri Venkateswara University logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Seal of Sri Venkateswara University
| motto = ({{Langx|sa|ज्ञानं सम्यगवेक्षणम्}}) {{IAST|Jñānaṃ Samyagavekṣaṇam}}
| mottoeng = "Wisdom lies in proper perspective"
| established = {{start date and age|1954}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| budget = {{INRConvert|185.2|m|lk=r}} (12th plan)<ref>[http://www.ugc.ac.in/stateuniversitylist.aspx?id=1&Unitype=2 UGC.ac.in State Universities, Andhra Pradesh]</ref>
| rector =
| endowment =
| administrative_staff =
| faculty =
| chancellor = [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]
| vice_chancellor = Tata Narasinga Rao<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2025/Oct/09/andhra-pradesh-governor-abdul-nazeer-appoints-vice-chancellors-for-five-universities|title=Andhra Pradesh Governor Abdul Nazeer appoints Vice-Chancellors for five universities|date=9 October 2025|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|accessdate=17 October 2025}}</ref>
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| campus_type = Urban
| campus_size = {{cvt|1000|acre|order=flip}}
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| nickname = SVU
| accreditation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.svuniversity.edu.in}}
}}

'''Sri Venkateswara University''' (commonly referred as '''S. V. University''' or '''SVU''') is a [[Public university|public]] [[State university (India)|state university]] located in [[Tirupati]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India. The university is named after [[Venkateswara|Lord Venkateswara]], whose shrine is located in the city.

The university was founded in 1954 by the then [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief minister of Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu]] and [[S. Venkataramadas Nayudu|Siram Govindarajulu Naidu]] as its founder vice-chancellor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-09-02/Strive-for-further-development-of-varsity-Vice-Chancellor-exhorts-staff/409354|title=Strive for further development of varsity, Vice-Chancellor exhorts staff|website=The Hans India|date=2 September 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref> The university campus covers a large area on land leased by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]. It is located on the West side of [[Tirupati]], surrounded by the other universities in the city, namely [[Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam]], [[Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University]], [[Sri Venkateswara Vedic University]], [[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]] and [[National Sanskrit University]].
[[File:SVU Main Arch.jpg|thumb|SVU Main Entrance]]

==Affiliated colleges==
Colleges that are affiliated belong to [[Tirupati district]], [[Chittoor district]], and some parts of [[Annamayya district]].

== College of Sciences ==
[[File:SVU Admin Building.jpg|thumb|SVU Admin Building]]

===College of Engineering===
[[SVU College of Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University|Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering]] is an autonomous institution whose foundation was laid by the late Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first prime minister of India, on 13 October 1959.<ref>{{Cite web| title=5th Phase of Equipment Procurement under TEQIP Scheme | url=http://svuce.org/project1/main.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224131134/http://www.svuce.org:80/project1/main.html | archive-date=2007-02-24}}</ref>

=== Department of Physics ===

The Department of Physics hosts one of the four national research facilities: a center for research using the [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory|MST Radar Facility at Gadanki]], commissioned under the UGC.<ref name="ugc_grant">[http://www.ugc.ac.in/orgn/national_facility.html#radar UGC National Facilities]</ref>

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type = University
| Times Higher Education Asia World University Rankings_2025 = 601+
| QS World University Rankigs Asia_2025 = 581-600
| NIRF_O_2022 = 101-150
| NIRF_U_2022 = 67
| THE_W_2023 = 1201-1500
| THES_A_2022 = 351-400
| QS_A_2023 = 351-400
|NIRF_E_2024=201-300}}

Sri Venkateswara University was ranked 1201–1500 in the world by the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' of 2023<ref name="Rankings_THE_W_2023" /> and 351–400 in Asia.<ref name="Rankings_THES_A_2022" /> The [[QS World University Rankings]] of 2023 ranked it 351-400 in Asia.<ref name="Rankings_QS_A_2023" /> The university was ranked 101-150 overall in India by the ''[[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF)'' in 2023,<ref name="Rankings_NIRF_O_2022" /> 60th among universities<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patra |first=B Suraj |title=NIRF India |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2023/UniversityRanking.html}}</ref> and 251-300 in the engineering ranking.<ref name="Rankings_NIRF_E_2022" /> The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]] ranked the university between 201-300 in the engineering rankings in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

== Vice Chancellors ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* S. Govindarajulu, 1954–1964
* Y. C. Vaman Rao, 1964–1969
* Jagannatha Reddy, 1969–1975
* K. Sachidananda Murthy, 1975–1978
* M. Santappa, 1979–1980
* M. V. Rama Sarma, 1980–1984
* G. N. Reddy, 1984–1987
* S. V. J. Lakshman, 1988–1991
* P. Jayaram Reddy, 1991–1994
* R. Rama Murthi, 1994–1997
* [[Kolakaluri Inoch]], 1998–2001
* P. Murali, 2001–2004
* S. Jayarama Reddy, 2004–2007
* C. Ratnam, 2008–2008
* N. Prabhakara Rao, 2008–2011
* W. Rajendra, 2012–2015
* A. Damodaram, 2015–2018
* V. V. N. Rajendra Prasad, 2019–2019
* K. Raja Reddy, 2020–2023
* V. Srikanth Reddy, 2023–2024
* Ch. Appa Rao, 2024–2025
* Tata Narasinga Rao, 2025–present{{colend}}

== Notable alumni ==
{{alumni|date=December 2021}}

* [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]], [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] and president of [[Telugu Desam Party]]
* [[Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy]], former [[Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] and former Union Cabinet Minister
* [[Prem Reddy]], cardiologist and a major owner of [[Prime Healthcare Services]]
* [[Raj & DK]], filmmaking duo
* [[Ramachandra Naidu Galla]], industrialist and founder of [[Amara Raja Group]]
* [[Ranganath (actor)|Ranganath]], [[Telugu language]] actor
* [[Vakkantham Vamsi]], dialogue writer, screenwriter, and director in [[Telugu cinema]]
* [[Muzaffar Ali]], Indian Filmmaker
* [[T. N. Manoharan]], former chairman of [[Canara Bank]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{official|https://www.svuniversity.edu.in}}

{{Tirupati topics}}
{{Universities in Andhra Pradesh|collapsed=true}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sri Venkateswara University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Universities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1954]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

Indira Gandhi Arena

2026-02-12T00:42:37Z

Wikimelo: expanded content

{{short description|Indoor arena in India}}
{{Hatnote|This article is about an indoor stadium in [[New Delhi]]. For other similarly named stadiums, see [[Indira Gandhi Stadium (disambiguation)|Indira Gandhi Stadium]].}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium इंदिरा गांधी इंडोर स्टेडियम
| nickname = Indira Gandhi Arena
| logo_image =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium
| former_names =
| location = Indraprastha Estate, [[New Delhi]]
| coordinates =
| broke_ground =
| built =
| opened = {{start date and age|1982|01|01|df=y}}
| renovated = 2010
| expanded =
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = [[Government of India]]
| operator = [[Sports Authority of India]]
| surface =
| scoreboard =
| cost = ₹240 crore (Renovation) in 2010
| architect =
| project_manager =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| main_contractors =
| capacity = 14,349

| suites =
| record_attendance =
| dimensions =
| acreage =
| volume =
| tenants =
| embedded =
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20130630110249/http://delhigovt.nic.in/ground.asp#arc6 Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium]
| public_transit =
| mapframe-zoom = 17
}}

The '''Indira Gandhi Arena''' (officially '''Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium'''), formerly known as the '''Indraprashtha Stadium''', is located at the Indraprastha Estate in the eastern part of [[New Delhi]]. It is the largest [[indoor arena|indoor sports arena]] in [[India]] and among the largest in [[Asia]]. The multi-purpose arena is regularly used by [[tennis]] club [[Indian Aces]] and [[Delhi Football League|DSA Senior Division]] [[Futsal]] League.

==History==

Built by the Government of India in 1982 in order to host the indoor games events in the [[1982 Asian Games]], the arena's grounds cover an area of {{convert|102|acre|km2}}. Since its construction, the arena hosted a number of other tournaments as well. The facility seats 14,348<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/indira_gandhi_sports_complex|title=Indira Gandhi Sports Complex | XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=15 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115192932/http://d2010.thecgf.com/indira_gandhi_sports_complex|url-status=dead}}</ref> people and is named after former [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name="Indira Gandhi Arena">{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthgamesnewdelhi.com/venues-2010/indira-gandhi-arena.html |title=Indira Gandhi Arena |access-date=27 August 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114115434/http://www.commonwealthgamesnewdelhi.com/venues-2010/indira-gandhi-arena.html |archive-date=14 January 2009 }}</ref> The venue also hosts political events and music events in addition to sports events like tennis and kabaddi matches.

Since its inception, the arena has been repeatedly renovated and modernized. Equipped with soundproof synthetics walls, lighting systems, and audio system, the arena underwent another renovation for the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]].<ref name="Indira Gandhi Arena"/>

It was renovated for the 2010 Commonwealth Games at a cost of ₹240 crore. [http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/dr-m-s-gill-to-inaugurate-indira-gandhi-indoor-stadium_100345528.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075643/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/dr-m-s-gill-to-inaugurate-indira-gandhi-indoor-stadium_100345528.html |date=4 March 2016 }}

A new air-conditioned [[Velodrome]] has been built costing ₹150 crore (U$33.76 million).[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20100802-the-con-games-743620-2010-07-23]

The stadium hosted matches of first ever [[International Premier Tennis League]] tournament played on 6 December 2014 to 8 December 2014. Tennis club [[Indian Aces]] are tenants.

On 15th and 16th January 2016, [[WWE]] would host their live events in this arena, both headlined by [[Roman Reigns]] [[WWE Championship|WWE World title]] defence against [[Big Show]] and [[Miro (wrestler)|Rusev]] respectively. WWE would later return to the arena on 9th December 2017 with [[Jinder Mahal]] taking on [[Triple H]] in the main event.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WWE Live « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=188651 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.cagematch.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WWE Live « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=142969 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.cagematch.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=WWE Live « Events Database « CAGEMATCH - The Internet Wrestling Database |url=https://www.cagematch.net/?id=1&nr=142971 |access-date=2025-12-04 |website=www.cagematch.net}}</ref>

The 2023 IBA women's amateur boxing world championships took place at the stadium, from 16 March to 26 March.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://boxrec.com/en/location/280281 | title=BoxRec: Login }}</ref>

==Other facilities==
There are 2 other venues located in the same complex with the arena:
==Indira Gandhi Indoor Cycling Velodrome==

'''Indira Gandhi Indoor Cycling Velodrome''' is a 3,800 seater velodrome that hosted track cycling events of [[2010 Commonwealth Games]].<ref name="sai">{{cite web |title=Indira Gandhi Stadium Complex |url=http://sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/index1.asp?ls_id=510 |website=Sport Authority of India |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>
==KD Jadhav Indoor Hall==

The '''KD Jadhav Indoor Hall''' is a 6,000-capacity indoor stadium that hosted wrestling events for the 2010 Commonwealth Games.<ref name="sai"/> After three months without official name, it was finally named after Indian wrestler [[Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav|K. D. Jadhav]] who won Independent India's first individual medal at the Olympics i.e. a bronze medal at the [[1952 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite news |title=CWG wrestling venue re-christened as K. D. Jhadav Stadium |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/CWG-wrestling-venue-re-christened-as-K.-D.-Jhadav-Stadium/article16186982.ece |website=The Hindu |date=6 July 2010 |access-date=4 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130630110249/http://delhigovt.nic.in/ground.asp#arc6 Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium] at Government of Delhi
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090521102212/http://www.thecommonwealthgames.org/delhi-2010/ Commonwealth Games News]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20090114115434/http://www.commonwealthgamesnewdelhi.com/venues-2010/indira-gandhi-arena.html Facility information]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111009025533/http://www.commonwealthgame2010.info/Delhi Commonwealth Games visitors website]

{{IPTL}}
{{2010 Commonwealth Games venues|state=collapsed}}
{{coord|28|37|52|N|77|14|58|E|type:landmark|display=t}}

[[Category:Indoor arenas in India]]
[[Category:2010 Commonwealth Games venues]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Delhi]]
[[Category:Venues of the 1982 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games badminton venues]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:International Premier Tennis League]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1982]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Judo venues]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games wrestling venues]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Mehboob Ali (Rajasthani politician)

2026-02-08T17:40:27Z

Wikimelo: biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{About|the Rajasthani politician|other people by the same name|Mehboob Ali (disambiguation){{!}}Mehboob Ali}}
{{one source|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mehboob Ali
| birth_date = 1931
| birth_place = [[Bikaner district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| death_date = 2011
| occupation = Politician
| known_for =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Mehboob Ali''' (1931–2011) was a former leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Rajasthan]]. He was a cabinet minister from 1977 to 1980 in the [[Government of Rajasthan]] headed by Chief Minister Shekhewat. He hailed from [[Bikaner district]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-23|title=Former Rajasthan minister dead|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/rajasthan/former-rajasthan-minister-dead_689243.html|access-date=2020-08-19|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Mehboob}}
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:People from Bikaner district]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kambalath Govindan Nair

2026-02-07T23:21:14Z

Wikimelo: new initial pg basic info

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter and poet}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=December 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kambalath Govindan Nair
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Kambalath Govindan Nair
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|04|15}}
| birth_place = [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = {{Death date |df=yes|1983|04|30}}
| death_place = [[Malappuram]]
| occupation = Teacher, poet, activist

| known_for = [[Indian Independence Movement]]
| spouse = Shinnammu Amma
| children =
}}

'''Kambalath Govindan Nair''' (1914-1983) was an [[Indian freedom movement|Indian freedom]] fighter, founder of a Teachers' Organization and a [[Malayalam]] poet in [[Kerala]]. He plays a major role in Malabar Rebellion by writing War Songs ( padappattu)

== Life and career ==
He was born in Nediyiruppu Village of Malappuram District in 1924. His parents were Kunhan Nair and Naniyamma.<ref>{{Cite web|last=ലേഖകൻ|first=മാധയമം|date=2021-10-13|title='അനനിരപതതൊനനിൽ..'; കമപളതതമായളള ബനധം വി.എം കടടി ഒാർതതെടതതപപോൾ {{!}} Madhyamam|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/culture/literature/when-vm-kutty-remembered-kambalath-govindan-nair-857630|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.madhyamam.com|language=ml}}</ref>

== Family ==
He was married to Shinnammu Amma. They had 8 children.

== War Song (Padappattu) ==
In 1944, when Govindan Nair was working as a Clerk cum Bill Collector in [[Nediyiruppu]] Panchayath, a protest struggle started demanding the demolition of the Hitchcock memorial statue in [[Valluvambram Junction|Valluvambram]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-02-24|title=Notes of Dissent|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/notes-of-dissent/|access-date=2021-08-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Hitchcock was the British District Police Officer who suppressed the [[Malabar rebellion|Malabar Revolt]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rahman|first=Ayoob|date=2013-12-31|title=Comic Sans|url=https://argazali.wordpress.com/2013/12/31/comic-sans/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Inhibitions|language=en}}</ref> Govindan Nair was in the forefront of the protest.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Krishna|date=2020-12-11|title=Kerala SCERT Class 10 Social Science 1 Kerala towards Modernity Question Answer|url=https://www.netexplanations.com/kerala-scert-class-10-social-science-1-kerala-towards-modernity-question-answer/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Net Explanations|language=en-US}}</ref> His war song (padappattu) titled "The Brave Children of [[Eranad]]" got widespread appreciation during and after the Indian independence struggle.<ref>{{Citation|title=അനനിരപതതൊനനിൽ {{!}} Sameer Binsi {{!}} കമപളതത ഗോവിനദൻ നായർ| date=30 July 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4wN7-JmxpI|language=en|access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ameerudheen|first=T. A.|title=Priya Varrier's viral song 'Manikya Malaraya Poovi' gets Kerala's Muslim folk poetry wider attention|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/868987/priya-verriers-viral-song-manikya-malaraya-poovi-gets-keralas-muslim-folk-poetry-wider-attention|access-date=2021-08-25|website=Scroll.in|date=20 February 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>
{{Cquote|"Way back in [19]21 in this land of Malayalam 
United we fought the forces of the white 
with the sons of Eranad who shed blood 
facing battle tanks with bare chests 
[[Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji|Kunhahammadhaji]] of Variankunnath 
led his team of souls moved by truth

Reason for our fight 
was our objection to 
feeding the lords 
with our rice

Reason for our fight 
was our objection to 
sending our assets 
to England

He did erect stone on our chest 
that pig killed our brothers? 
you can see the dead Hitchcock's grave stone 
the real satan's tomb 
on the road of Mongam 
miles away from manjeri

This land has brave patriots 
Oh white men 
If you want to live long 
escape to England soon"
| author = Kambalath Govindan Nair
| source = <ref>Kerala State Syllabus Text Book, https://online.pubhtml5.com/ocop/dvlo/#p=36</ref>
}}
The [[Deshabhimani]] Weekly was confiscated by the British Government for publishing this war song of Kambalath Govindan Nair.<ref name="deshabhimani-ക">{{Cite web|date=2014-04-24|title=ചരിതരതതിനറെ കവലയില നടടപിടിപപിചച ജീവിതം - DESHABHIMANI|url=http://www.deshabhimani.com/newscontent.php?id=443613|access-date=2021-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424064504/http://www.deshabhimani.com/newscontent.php?id=443613|archive-date=2014-04-24}}</ref> It was prohibited then to keep this book or to sing the song.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

== Works ==

* Onappudava

==References==
{{reflist}}
 

[[Category:Indian independence activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]

Nayagaon, Bihar

2026-02-05T04:39:07Z

Wikimelo: done.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nayagaon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Naya ganw
| settlement_type = semi-urban area
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.74|N|85.08|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Saran district|Saran]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Local Village Body
| governing_body = Gram Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 2.09
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 8,575<ref name="saranfull2011"/><ref name="nayagawn"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = 4102
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 841217
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonpur]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name2 = Dr Ramanuj Prasad(RJD)
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]] [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)|Saran]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Sonpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sonpur]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Nayagaon Panchayat
}}
'''Nayagaon''' is a semi-urban area<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saran.bih.nic.in/DISTRICT%20MAP.htm|title=Saran Map Nayagaon town}}</ref> in [[Sonpur community development block|Sonpur Block]] in [[Saran district|Saran]] in [[Bihar]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/between-each-party-and-victory-its-candidates/|title=Nayagaon seat|date=6 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saran-parrys-caretaker-select-nayagaon-13911789.html|title=Nayagaon selected}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/india-news/eyes-wide-shut-dalit-votes-welcome-in-bihar-not-their-woes-1440265325.html|title = Eyes wide shut: Dalit votes welcome in Bihar, not their woes}}</ref> Nayagaon is part of [[Sonpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101026/jsp/bihar/story_13101255.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604001414/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101026/jsp/bihar/story_13101255.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 June 2016|title=Roll of the dais Sonepur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://saran.bih.nic.in/election%202015/PDF&PNG%20MAP/SONEPUR%20AC.pdf|title=Sonepur constituency map}}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and [[Saran (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. New townships are being built in Nayagaon,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/lack-of-infra-deters-people-from-buying-land-at-sonepur/articleshow/59133039.cms|title=Lack of infra deters people from buying land at Sonepur|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.bhaskar.com/news/MON-PERS-PFPR-very-good-opportunity-to-buy-the-cheapest-property-in-near-digha-sonpur-bridge-5051063.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716045719/http://money.bhaskar.com/news/MON-PERS-PFPR-very-good-opportunity-to-buy-the-cheapest-property-in-near-digha-sonpur-bridge-5051063.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2015|title=यहां मिलेगा 15 लाख रुपए में फ्लैट गंगा किनारे लग्जुरियस लाइफ जीने का मौका}}</ref><ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-030002-1229338-NOR.html प्रॉपर्टी एक्सपो आज से, ऑनस्पॉट बुकिंग पर मिलेगी छूट]</ref> N G Town by Phenomenal Projects Pvt.,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020502-1297543-NOR.html|title=फेनोमेनल प्रोजेक्ट्स में बड़ी छूट}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.bhaskar.com/news/MON-PERS-PFPR-opportunity-to-earn-cheaper-property-in-emerging-realty-mkt-of-sonepur-5142831-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816081938/http://money.bhaskar.com/news/MON-PERS-PFPR-opportunity-to-earn-cheaper-property-in-emerging-realty-mkt-of-sonepur-5142831-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 August 2016|title=Patna adjoining Sonepur real estate market}}</ref><ref>[http://property.magicbricks.com/microsite/premium-ms/phenomenal-projects-ng-town/index.html छपरा में सज रहा नए ग्रेटर पटना का सपना शैलेन्द्र शर्मा छपरा दैनिक जागरण]</ref> The Sai Green Mega Township Project by TCW (The Corporate World) Realty under Greater Patna Project,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tcwrealty.com/downloads/photoGallery/eBrochure-Patna.pdf|title=Nayagaon plan|access-date=16 May 2016|archive-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010105843/http://tcwrealty.com/downloads/photoGallery/eBrochure-Patna.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tcwrealty.com/downloads/photoGallery/TheSaiGreens_Bro_Patna_SamsP.pdf|title=Nayagaon pohase II}}</ref> Natural City by Bold India Infra Private Limited<ref>[http://www.boldindiainfra.com/projectcontent.php?pid=3&pagid=2&pagiddetal=1 Bold India]</ref> Devkripa Green city<ref>[http://www.devkripagreencity.com/projects.html SCR Patna]</ref> Shital Green City Project Of Shital Buildtech Pvt Ltd, Kazari infra tech pvt ltd, Rav Residency and Aryavart Group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aryavartgroup.in/images/aryavartGreens_brochure.pdf|title=Aryavart Group Brochure}}</ref> The distance of Nayagaon to Patna([[Patliputra Junction railway station|Patliputra]]) has been reduced from earlier 45 km to 15 km due to [[Digha–Sonpur rail–road bridge]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Saran-residents-await-opening-of-Digha-bridge/articleshow/50288046.cms|title = Saran residents await opening of Digha bridge | Patna News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-patna-bridge-inaugurated-by-suresh-prabhu-in-bandra-opening-still-a-distant-dream-2112685|title = Patna bridge inaugurated by Suresh Prabhu in Bandra, opening still a distant dream}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://propertyhubworld.com/tcw-thesaigreens/2016/04/25/hello-world/|title=15 km from patna}}</ref> Nayagaon is located on [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]], Nayagaon Sarai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saran.bih.nic.in/News/DEM.pdf|title=District Election Management Plan, Saran|access-date=15 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617144448/http://saran.bih.nic.in/News/DEM.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nayagaon is located at [[Mouza]]/[[Mauja]] Rasulpur.<ref>[https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saran-11230657.html नयागांव के खूंटहा दियारा]</ref> It is located along river [[Ganges]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150410/jsp/bihar/story_13703.jsp#.VzCF2_l97IU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711103431/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150410/jsp/bihar/story_13703.jsp#.VzCF2_l97IU|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2015|title=Great zigzag shift towards original path of Ganga}}</ref> It is also near the under construction [[Chhapra-Hajipur Highway|Hajipur-Chhapra-Ghazipur four-lane Highway]] ([[National Highway 31 (India)|NH 31]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Four-lane-Ganga-highway-to-be-ready-by-Sept-17/articleshow/46668140.cms|title=Four-lane Ganga highway to be ready by September '17|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/saran/story/832251.html|title=एक साल में पूरी हो जायेगी फोरलेन सड़क}}</ref> The distance to [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna|AIIMS Patna]] in [[Phulwari Sharif]] is also reduced due to Digha-AIIMS elevated highway ([[Patli Path]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140715/jsp/bihar/story_18614206.jsp#.VzCIyfl97IU |title=Digha-AIIMS speedway hits fast lane |access-date=9 May 2016 |archive-date=4 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604010951/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140715/jsp/bihar/story_18614206.jsp#.VzCIyfl97IU |url-status=dead }}</ref> Census code of Nayagaon is 234491.<ref name="saranfull2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1017_PART_B_DCHB_SARAN.pdf|title=page 34 and pp 31215965 sq km = 15965 hectares}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1017_PART_B_DCHB_SARAN.pdf|title=Saran digha}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://energy.bih.nic.in/districts/saran.pdf|title=Nayagawn Habitation}}</ref> A power sub-station became functional in Nayagaon under [[Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana]] in August 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/saran/nayagaon-electric-substation-charge-power-supply-will-start-from-monday|title=नयागांव विद्युत सबस्टेशन चार्ज, सोमवार से शुरू होगी बिजली की आपूर्ति}}</ref><ref>[http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/saran/story/935506.html सोनपुर प्रखंड के नयागांव में रसूलपुर के फोरलेन सड़क के पास व दरियापुर प्रखंड के डेरनी थाना के कस्तूरबा गांधी बालिका आवासीय विद्यालय के पास सब स्टेशन बनाये जा सकते हैं.]</ref> An ITI ([[Industrial training institute]]) is also planned in Nayagaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/saran/story/1051716.html|title=जिले के तीन आईटीआई जगह के अभाव में चल रहे हैं एक साथ}}</ref> Nayagaon is 12 km from [[Rail Wheel Plant, Bela]], [[Dariapur community development block|Dariapur Block]] in Saran. A stadium is being constructed at the cost of Rs 55 lakhs in the sports ground of Gogal Singh Intermediate College, Nayagaon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/vaishali/story/1107401.html|title=नयागांव में 55 लाख की लागत से बनेगा स्टेडियम|newspaper=Prabhat Khabar - Hindi News}}</ref> An inter-modal terminal at Kalughat, Nayagaon is being constructed as part of [[National Waterway 1]] under the government's Jal Marg Vikas project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/IWAI-National-Waterways-project-to-generate-employment-in-state/articleshow/55339297.cms|title=IWAI: National Waterways project to generate employment in state|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/cabinet-approves-jal-marg-vikas-project-for-enhanced-navigation-on-the-haldia-varanasi-stretch-of-national-waterway-1-118010400173_1.html|title=Cabinet approves Jal Marg Vikas Project for enhanced navigation on the Haldia-Varanasi stretch of National Waterway-1|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=4 January 2018|last1=Market|first1=Capital}}</ref>

==Naya gaon railway station==
{{main|Nayagaon railway station}}
Nayagaon falls under the jurisdiction of [[Sonpur railway division]]. Route between Nayagaon and Digha Bridge Halt: [https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Digha+Bridge+Halt,+Danapur+Main+Road,+Yadav+Colony,+Patna,+Bihar/Q39X%2BXWH+The+Sai+Greens,+Hasanpur,+Bihar+841217/@25.7022033,84.9910408,19366m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m13!4m12!1m5!1m1!1s0x39ed5716a10cda91:0xa0a4d50c005eeda1!2m2!1d85.0798022!2d25.6456015!1m5!1m1!1s0x39ed4ffd8a9fcd5f:0x10418e737bc1fde6!2m2!1d85.0998593!2d25.7699469?hl=en&entry=ttu path][https://www.google.com/maps/@25.7597006,85.0973177,1156m/data=!3m1!1e3?hl=en Google location]
[[File:Sonpur and Danapur division Stations.png|center|700px|thumb|Danapur Sonpur division stations]]

==Important landmarks==
[[File:Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya nayagaon sonpur bihar.jpg|thumb|right|Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya nayagaon sonpur]]
Nayagaon has a good market.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/vaishali-angry-people-made-off-nayagaon-market-stall-14467748.html|title=आक्रोशित लोगों ने बंद कराई सोनपुर प्रखंड के नयागांव बाजार की दुकानें}}</ref>
* State Bank of India, Nayagaon Branch (004862), Saran, Bihar – IFSC Code-SBIN0004862
* Gogal Singh Intermediate College, Nayagaon<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bseidc.in/secondary_school.php|title = Bihar State Educational Infrastructure Development Corporation}}</ref>
* [[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]] (KGBV), Nayagaon<ref>[http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/saran/story/914427.html कस्तूरबा स्कूल की छात्राओं को दिये गये गर्म कपड़े]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://champarannews.live/2016/12/24/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0/|title=सोनपुर के नयागांव मे छत्राओं के बीच ऊनी वस्त्र का वितरण}}</ref>
* Sant Ravidas Bhavan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/saran/story/967461.html|title=भूमि माफियाओं के खिलाफ आंदोलन चलाने का निर्णय}}</ref>
* [[Kaalratri]] Temple, Dumri Buzurg, Nayagaon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/vaishali-maa-durga-blesses-16757381.html|title=सोनपुर के नयागांव डुमरी बुजुर्ग में मां कालरात्रि का भव्य मंदिर स्थापित है।}}</ref>
* St. Kevin's Academy, Nayagaon
* Raghubir Singh High School, Mahadalichak, Nayagaon<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chhapra.co.in/school.html|title=Chhapra.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/saran/story/806706.html|title=रघुवीर सिंह उच्च विद्यालय महदलीचक नयागांव}}</ref>
* Devki Nand senior secondary school Nayagaon
* Upgraded Middle School (Ums) Baherwa Gachi School, Nayagaon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/ums-baherwa-gachi/10171900702|title = Ums Baherwa Gachi Middle School, Sonepur - Reviews, Admissions, Address and Fees 2022}}</ref>
* SAHID RAJENDRA DWAR<ref>[http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/saran/story/1010489.html छपरा-पटना मार्ग पर बढ़ गया वाहनों का दबाव]</ref><ref>[http://www.kvrwpbela.org/index-h.php?page_code_no=2 Rajendra Dwar]</ref>

==Demographics==
The population of Nayagaon is 8,575 as per 2011 census.<ref name="nayagawn">{{cite web|url=http://www.ruralconnectindia.com/detail.php?id=37|title=Rural connect India-Nayagaon Saran|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813193622/http://www.ruralconnectindia.com/detail.php?id=37|archive-date=13 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/234491-naya-ganw-bihar.html|title=Naya Ganw Population - Saran, Bihar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/1267-sonepur-saran-bihar.html|title=Villages & Towns in Sonpur Block of Saran, Bihar}}</ref> The sex ratio is 924 females per 1000 males. Area of Nayagaon is 209 hectares.<ref name="saranfull2011"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Area !! SC !! ST !! General and OBC !! Total
|-
| Naya ganw|| 1167|| 1 || 7407|| 8575
|}

==Nayagaon Panchayat==
[[File:Kaalratri Temple Dumri Buzurg Nayagaon Saran Bihar.jpg|thumb|right|Kaalratri Temple Dumri Buzurg Nayagaon Saran Bihar]]
Panchayat Elections in Sonepur were held in June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/vaishali-nayagaon-panchyat-result-declaer-14110033.html|title = नयागांव पंचायत की मुखिया बनी नसीमा प्रवीण}}</ref>

== Nayagaon Police Station ==
[[File:Sonpur block saran.png|thumb|right|300px|Nayagaon location in [[Sonpur community development block|Sonpur block]] in Saran]]
Areas that come under the jurisdiction of Nayagaon P.S are:
# Mohammadchak<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/2-held-for-killing-patna-city-bizman/articleshow/57562743.cms|title=Mohammadchak under the Nayagaon police station area in Saran district|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170310/jsp/bihar/story_139902.jsp#.WMIukNJ97IU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312045939/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170310/jsp/bihar/story_139902.jsp#.WMIukNJ97IU|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 March 2017|title=Cops crack twin murders}}</ref>
# Rasulpur
# Kasturi Chak-Paswan tola<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/22-sand-laden-trucks-liquor-seized-in-saran/articleshow/60468234.cms|title=22 sand-laden trucks, liquor seized in Saran|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
# Chuturpur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1131221/jsp/bihar/story_17704007.jsp#.WMIuW9J97IU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411111659/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131221/jsp/bihar/story_17704007.jsp#.WMIuW9J97IU|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2014|title=huturpur village under the jurisdiction of Nayagaon police station in Saran district, around 70km northwest of Patna.}}</ref>
# Madrani Chak ghat
# Nayagaon
# Sitabganj<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cop-three-others-killed-in-Saran-district/articleshow/98359.cms|title=2003 Sitabganj market under the Nayagaon police station of Saran district|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
# Dumri Buzurg<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/2-Maoists-arrested-in-Saran-district/articleshow/12738478.cms|title=Dumri Buzurg village under Nayagaon police station|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Saran district}}
{{Sonpur Block, Bihar}}

[[Category:Villages in Saran district]]

2002–03 World Series of Women's Cricket

2026-02-04T23:21:37Z

Wikimelo: started a post initial version

{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
|administrator =
|cricket format = [[Women's One Day International|ODI]] (50 overs)
|partof=
|image=
|caption=
|champions= {{crw|AUS}}
|runner up= {{crw|NZ}}
|fromdate = 26 January
|todate = 8 February 2003
|participants = 4
|matches = 14
|host= New Zealand
|most runs = [[Belinda Clark]] (Aus) (343)
|most wickets = [[Cathryn Fitzpatrick]] (Aus) (15)
|player of the series =
}}
The '''World Series of Women's Cricket''' was a [[Women's One Day International]] series which took place in New Zealand in January and February 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255 |title=World Series of Women's Cricket 2002/03 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> The four teams competing were [[Australia national women's cricket team|Australia]], [[England women's cricket team|England]], [[India national women's cricket team|India]] and [[New Zealand national women's cricket team|New Zealand]]. The tournament consisted of a double round-robin group stage, in which Australia and New Zealand finished as the top two, and then a third-place play-off and a final were contested to decide the final positions. Australia defeated New Zealand by 109 runs in the final.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/new-zealand-women-vs-australia-women-final-67274/full-scorecard |title=Final, Lincoln, Feb 8 2003, World Series of Women's Cricket: Australia Women v New Zealand Women |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> The three matches that took place between Australia and New Zealand at the tournament were also played for the [[Rose Bowl series|Rose Bowl]], which was won by Australia 3–0. Following the tour, England went on to [[English women's cricket team in Australia in 2002–03|tour Australia]] for [[The Women's Ashes]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cup-finalists-to-open-women-s-quadrangular-at-lincoln-111833 |title=Cup finalists to open women's quadrangular at Lincoln |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto"
|-
! {{crw|AUS}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/acb-announces-commonwealth-bank-southern-stars-team-for-one-day-series-in-new-zealand-127777 |title=ACB announces Commonwealth Bank Southern Stars team for one-day series in New Zealand |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>
! {{crw|ENG}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/england-women-s-squad-announced-for-odi-tournament-and-ashes-test-series-122021 |title=England Women's Squad announced for ODI Tournament and Ashes Test Series |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>
! {{crw|IND}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=996;team=1863;type=tournament |title=Records/World Series of Women's Cricket, 2002/03 – India Women/Batting and Bowling Averages |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>
! {{crw|NZ}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/maia-lewis-returns-to-new-zealand-women-s-team-128112 |title=Maia Lewis returns to New Zealand women's team |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Belinda Clark]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Alex Blackwell]]
* [[Kris Britt]]
* [[Melissa Bulow]]
* [[Cathryn Fitzpatrick]]
* [[Michelle Goszko]]
* [[Julie Hayes]]
* [[Mel Jones]]
* [[Emma Liddell]]
* [[Julia Price]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Karen Rolton]]
* [[Clea Smith]]
* [[Lisa Sthalekar]]
|
* [[Clare Connor]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Arran Brindle]]
* [[Sarah Collyer]]
* [[Charlotte Edwards]]
* [[Mandie Godliman]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Laura Harper (cricketer)|Laura Harper]]
* [[Dawn Holden]]
* [[Kathryn Leng]]
* [[Laura Newton]]
* [[Lucy Pearson (cricketer)|Lucy Pearson]]
* [[Nicky Shaw]]
* [[Laura Spragg]]
* [[Claire Taylor]]
* [[Clare Taylor]]
|
* [[Anjum Chopra]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]]
* [[Neetu David]]
* [[Rumeli Dhar]]
* [[Jhulan Goswami]]
* [[Bindeshwari Goyal]]
* [[Hemlata Kala]]
* [[Mamata Kanojia]]
* [[Reema Malhotra]]
* [[Babita Mandlik]]
* [[Sulakshana Naik]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sunetra Paranjpe]]
* [[Mithali Raj]]
* [[Amita Sharma]]
* [[Jaya Sharma]]
|
* [[Emily Drumm]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Nicola Browne]]
* [[Amanda Green (cricketer)| Amanda Green]]
* [[Frances King (cricketer)|Frances King]]
* [[Maia Lewis]]
* [[Michelle Lynch]]
* [[Sara McGlashan]]
* [[Louise Milliken]]
* [[Nicola Payne (cricketer)|Nicola Payne]]
* [[Kate Pulford]]
* [[Rebecca Rolls]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Rebecca Steele (cricketer)|Rebecca Steele]]
* [[Haidee Tiffen]]
* [[Aimee Watkins]]
|}

==Tour Matches==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 January 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ|name=New Zealand A}}
| team2 = {{crw|AUS}}
| score1 = 155/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Michelle Lynch]] 77 (142)
| wickets1 = [[Clea Smith]] 3/28 (8 overs)
| score2 = 157/6 (43 overs)
| runs2 = [[Karen Rolton]] 45 (52)
| wickets2 = [[Beth McNeill]] 1/16 (6 overs)
| result = Australia Women won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/147/147008.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lincoln Green (New Zealand)|Lincoln Green]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = Jeremy Busby (NZ) and [[Dave Quested]] (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = New Zealand A Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 January 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 235/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rebecca Rolls]] 63 (76)
| wickets1 = [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]] 2/29 (8 overs)
| score2 = 35/1 (14 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jaya Sharma]] 11[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets2 = [[Louise Milliken]] 1/7 (3 overs)
| result = No result
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/147/147034.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Hagley Oval]], [[Christchurch]]
| umpires = Glenn Holdem (NZ) and Ian Shine (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 January 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|NZ|name=New Zealand A}}
| score1 = 199/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Arran Brindle]] 75 (99)
| wickets1 = Maree Hannay 3/42 (9 overs)
| score2 = 200/9 (49.4 overs)
| runs2 = Megan Kane 57 (70)
| wickets2 = [[Nicky Shaw]] 3/33 (9 overs)
| result = New Zealand A Women won by 1 wicket
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/147/147018.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Lincoln Green (New Zealand)|Lincoln Green]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = Mike George (NZ) and [[Dave Quested]] (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = England Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

==Points table==
''Note: '''P''' = Played, '''W''' = [[Result (cricket)#Win and loss|Wins]], '''L''' = [[Result (cricket)#Win and loss|Losses]], '''BP''' = Bonus Points, '''CP''' = Consolation Points, '''Pts''' = Points, '''NRR''' = [[Net run rate]].''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Pos
! Team
! P
! W
! L
! BP
! CP
! Pts
! NRR
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 1
| style="text-align:left;"| {{crw|AUS}}
|| 6 || 6 || 0 || 6 || 0 || 36 || +1.393
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 2
| style="text-align:left;"| {{crw|NZL}}
|| 6 || 4 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 23 || +0.343
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 3
| style="text-align:left;"| {{crw|IND}}
|| 6 || 1 || 5 || 1 || 1 || 7 || −0.795
|- style="text-align:center;"
|| 4
| style="text-align:left;"| {{crw|ENG}}
|| 6 || 1 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 6 || −0.936
|}
* Source: CricketArchive<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/2/World_Series_of_Womens_Cricket_2002-03.html |title=World Series of Women's Cricket 2002/03 Table |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>

==Fixtures==
===Group stage===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 January 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{crw|NZ}}
| score1 = 223/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Karen Rolton]] 86 (84)
| wickets1 = [[Frances King (cricketer)|Frances King]] 4/24 (10 overs)
| score2 = 160/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nicola Payne (cricketer)|Nicola Payne]] 36 (83)
| wickets2 = [[Karen Rolton]] 2/17 (6 overs)
| result = Australia Women won by 63 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/new-zealand-women-vs-australia-women-1st-match-67265/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = [[Doug Cowie (umpire)|Doug Cowie]] (NZ) and Mike George (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = Australia Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Australia Women 6, New Zealand Women 0
* [[Kris Britt]] (Aus), [[Amanda Green (cricketer)|Amanda Green]] and [[Michelle Lynch]] (NZ) all made their WODI debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 January 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 86 (35.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Charlotte Edwards]] 23 (54)
| wickets1 = [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]] 5/14 (6.5 overs)
| score2 = 89/4 (29.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jaya Sharma]] 33 (64)
| wickets2 = [[Clare Taylor]] 2/15 (9 overs)
| result = India Women won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/england-women-vs-india-women-2nd-match-67266/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = [[Doug Cowie (umpire)|Doug Cowie]] (NZ) and Mike George (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: India Women 6, England Women 0
* [[Rumeli Dhar]] (Ind) made her WODI debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 January 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 248/5 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nicola Payne (cricketer)|Nicola Payne]] 93 (130)
| wickets1 = [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]] 2/44 (10 overs)
| score2 = 165/5 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sunetra Paranjpe]] 41 (85)
| wickets2 = [[Emily Drumm]] 1/17 (3 overs)
| result = New Zealand Women won by 83 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/new-zealand-women-vs-india-women-3rd-match-67267/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = [[Dave Quested]] (NZ) and [[Evan Watkin]] (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = New Zealand Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: New Zealand Women 6, India Women 0
* [[Rebecca Steele (cricketer)|Rebecca Steele]] (NZ) made her WODI debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 January 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|AUS}}
| score1 = 156/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Claire Taylor]] 35 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Emma Liddell]] 1/19 (8 overs)
| score2 = 157/3 (39.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Karen Rolton]] 68[[not out|*]] (102)
| wickets2 = [[Laura Harper (cricketer)|Laura Harper]] 2/31 (10 overs)
| result = Australia Women won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/australia-women-vs-england-women-4th-match-67268/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = [[Gary Baxter (umpire)|Gary Baxter]] (NZ) and [[Kathy Cross]] (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = England Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Australia Women 6, England Women 0
* [[Alex Blackwell]] (Aus) made her WODI debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 January 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|NZ}}
| score1 = 140 (46.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sarah Collyer]] 29 (71)
| wickets1 = [[Emily Drumm]] 3/8 (5 overs)
| score2 = 141/6 (39.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rebecca Rolls]] 41 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Laura Harper (cricketer)|Laura Harper]] 2/17 (10 overs)
| result = New Zealand Women won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/new-zealand-women-vs-england-women-5th-match-67330/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = Lincoln No. 3, [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = [[Evan Watkin]] (NZ) and [[Kathy Cross]] (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = England Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: New Zealand Women 6, England Women 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 February 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 216/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Karen Rolton]] 68 (82)
| wickets1 = [[Neetu David]] 2/30 (10 overs)
| score2 = 157/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mithali Raj]] 36 (51)
| wickets2 = [[Julie Hayes]] 3/28 (10 overs)
| result = Australia Women won by 59 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/australia-women-vs-india-women-6th-match-67331/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = Lincoln No. 3, [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = [[Gary Baxter (umpire)|Gary Baxter]] (NZ) and Robert Anderson (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = Australia Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Australia Women 6, India Women 0
* [[Melissa Bulow]] (Aus), [[Babita Mandlik]] and [[Reema Malhotra]] (Ind) all made their WODI debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 February 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{crw|ENG}}
| score1 = 226/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Belinda Clark]] 81 (106)
| wickets1 = [[Sarah Collyer]] 2/31 (9 overs)
| score2 = 120 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Clare Connor]] 29 (69)
| wickets2 = [[Kris Britt]] 4/16 (7 overs)
| result = Australia Women won by 106 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/australia-women-vs-england-women-7th-match-67332/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = Lincoln No. 3, [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = [[Gary Baxter (umpire)|Gary Baxter]] (NZ) and Robert Anderson (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = Australia Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Australia Women 6, England Women 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 February 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 239/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rebecca Rolls]] 59 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Nooshin Al Khadeer]] 4/38 (9 overs)
| score2 = 186 (47.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mithali Raj]] 82 (98)
| wickets2 = [[Emily Drumm]] 3/26 (7 overs)
| result = New Zealand Women won by 57 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/new-zealand-women-vs-india-women-8th-match-67269/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = [[Dave Quested]] (NZ) and Jeremy Busby (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = New Zealand Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: New Zealand Women 6, India Women 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 February 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|NZ}}
| score1 = 173/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sarah Collyer]] 39 (89)
| wickets1 = [[Rebecca Steele (cricketer)|Rebecca Steele]] 3/31 (10 overs)
| score2 = 174/3 (44.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Emily Drumm]] 93 (115)
| wickets2 = [[Dawn Holden]] 1/19 (5.3 overs)
| result = New Zealand Women won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/new-zealand-women-vs-england-women-9th-match-67270/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = [[Gary Baxter (umpire)|Gary Baxter]] (NZ) and Robert Anderson (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = England Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: New Zealand Women 5, England Women 1
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 February 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|AUS}}
| score1 = 134/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Anjum Chopra]] 25 (84)
| wickets1 = [[Alex Blackwell]] 2/18 (6 overs)
| score2 = 135/1 (28 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lisa Sthalekar]] 58[[not out|*]] (80)
| wickets2 = [[Amita Sharma]] 1/25 (6 overs)
| result = Australia Women won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/australia-women-vs-india-women-10th-match-67271/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = Robert Anderson (NZ) and [[Tony Hill (umpire)|Tony Hill]] (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Australia Women 6, India Women 0
* [[Mamata Kanojia]] (Ind) made her WODI debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 February 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{crw|AUS}}
| score1 = 174 (49.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Maia Lewis]] 43 (85)
| wickets1 = [[Cathryn Fitzpatrick]] 5/27 (9.1 overs)
| score2 = 175/4 (40 overs)
| runs2 = [[Belinda Clark]] 67 (87)
| wickets2 = [[Rebecca Steele (cricketer)|Rebecca Steele]] 2/29 (10 overs)
| result = Australia Women won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/new-zealand-women-vs-australia-women-11th-match-67272/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = Glenn Holdem (NZ) and [[Tony Hill (umpire)|Tony Hill]] (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = New Zealand Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Points: Australia Women 6, New Zealand Women 0
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 February 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 208/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Charlotte Edwards]] 79[[not out|*]] (94)
| wickets1 = [[Neetu David]] 1/20 (10 overs)
| score2 = 207 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mithali Raj]] 98 (126)
| wickets2 = [[Sarah Collyer]] 2/35 (9 overs)
| result = England Women won by 1 run
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/england-women-vs-india-women-12th-match-67333/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = Lincoln No. 3, [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = [[Gary Baxter (umpire)|Gary Baxter]] (NZ) and Jeremy Busby (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = India Women won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Points: England Women 5, India Women 1
}}
----

===Third-place play-off===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 February 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 191 (48.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kathryn Leng]] 80 (109)
| wickets1 = [[Neetu David]] 3/42 (10 overs)
| score2 = 101 (43.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mithali Raj]] 26 (45)
| wickets2 = [[Sarah Collyer]] 3/9 (9.5 overs)
| result = England Women won by 90 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/england-women-vs-india-women-3rd-ppo-67273/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = [[Gary Baxter (umpire)|Gary Baxter]] (NZ) and [[Tony Hill (umpire)|Tony Hill]] (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = England Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----

===Final===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 February 2003
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{crw|NZ}}
| score1 = 214 (49.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Belinda Clark]] 80 (119)
| wickets1 = [[Frances King (cricketer)|Frances King]] 3/44 (9.5 overs)
| score2 = 105 (30 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aimee Watkins]] 31 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Julie Hayes]] 3/31 (7 overs)
| result = Australia Women won by 109 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255/new-zealand-women-vs-australia-women-final-67274/full-scorecard Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bert Sutcliffe Oval]], [[Lincoln, New Zealand|Lincoln]]
| umpires = [[Gary Baxter (umpire)|Gary Baxter]] (NZ) and [[Tony Hill (umpire)|Tony Hill]] (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = Australia Women won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Australia Women won the 2002–03 World Series of Women's Cricket.
* Australia Women won the 2002–03 [[Rose Bowl series|Rose Bowl]] 3–0.
}}
----

==Statistics==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:80%;"
|-
! Player!! Team !! [[Innings (cricket)|Innings]] !! [[Run (cricket)|Runs]] !! [[Batting average (cricket)|Average]] !! [[Strike rate]] !! Highest Score
|-
| {{sortname|Belinda|Clark}} || {{crw|AUS}} || 7 || 343 || {{nts|49.00}} || {{nts|64.83}} || {{sort|810|81}}
|-
| {{sortname|Mithali|Raj}} || {{crw|IND}} || 7 || 292 || {{nts|41.71}} || {{nts|67.28}} || {{sort|980|98}}
|-
| {{sortname|Karen|Rolton}} || {{crw|AUS}} || 7 || 291 || {{nts|58.20}} || {{nts|81.51}} || {{sort|860|86}}
|-
| {{sortname|Lisa|Sthalekar}} || {{crw|AUS}} || 6 || 189 || {{nts|37.80}} || {{nts|63.85}} || {{sort|590|59}}
|-
| {{sortname|Maia|Lewis}} || {{crw|AUS}} || 7 || 186 || {{nts|46.50}} || {{nts|50.68}} || {{sort|500|50}}
|- class="unsortable"
| colspan="8" | Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref name="batting">{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=996;type=tournament |title=Records / World Series of Women's Cricket 2002/03 / Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>
|}

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:80%;"
|-
! Player!! Team !! [[Over (cricket)|Overs]] !! [[Wicket (dismissal)|Wickets]] !! [[Bowling average|Average]] !! [[Economy rate|Economy]] !! [[Glossary of cricket terms#best bowling|BBI]]
|-
| {{sortname|Cathryn|Fitzpatrick}} || {{crw|AUS}} || {{nts|54.1}} || {{sort|15|15}} || {{nts|10.06}} || {{nts|2.78}} || {{sort|523|5/27}}
|-
| {{sortname|Nooshin|Al Khadeer}} || {{crw|IND}} || {{nts|63.5}} || {{sort|14|14}} || {{nts|17.28}} || {{nts|3.79}} || {{sort|536|5/14}}
|-
| {{sortname|Frances|King|dab=cricketer}} || {{crw|NZL}} || {{nts|43.1}} || {{sort|11|11}} || {{nts|15.90}} || {{nts|4.05}} || {{sort|426|4/24}}
|-
| {{sortname|Julie|Hayes}} || {{crw|AUS}} || {{nts|65.0}} || {{sort|10|10}} || {{nts|17.70}} || {{nts|2.72}} || {{sort|322|3/28}}
|-
| {{sortname|Emma|Liddell}} || {{crw|AUS}} || {{nts|62.0}} || {{sort|09|9}} || {{nts|21.11}} || {{nts|3.06}} || {{sort|319|3/31}}
|- class="unsortable"
| colspan="10" | Source: ESPNcricinfo<ref name="bowling">{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=996;type=tournament |title=World Series of Women's Cricket, 2002/03 / Most Wickets |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[English women's cricket team in Australia in 2002–03]]
* [[Rose Bowl series]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-of-women-s-cricket-2002-03-61255 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket in 2002–03}}
{{Australia women's national cricket team}}
{{England women's cricket team}}
{{India women's national cricket team}}
{{New Zealand women's national cricket team}}
{{International women's cricket tours of New Zealand}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:World Series of Women's Cricket 2002-03}}
[[Category:2003 in English cricket]]
[[Category:2002–03 Australian cricket season]]
[[Category:2002–03 New Zealand cricket season]]
[[Category:2003 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2003 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:Women's international cricket competitions in New Zealand]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2003]]

Bidyut Chakrabarty

2026-02-02T15:18:54Z

Wikimelo: started basic details v1

{{Short description|Indian political scientist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Expand German|topic=bio|date=February 2025}}
{{Expand Bengali|date=February 2025}}
'''Bidyut Chakrabarty''' is an Indian professor and political analyst who served as the [[Vice-chancellor|Vice-Chancellor]] of [[Visva-Bharati University|Visva Bharati University]] (2018-2023).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vice Chancellor |url=https://visvabharati.ac.in/ViceChancellor.html |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=visvabharati.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DU Professor Bidyut Chakraborty Appointed Visva-Bharati Vice Chancellor |url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/delhi-university-professor-bidyut-chakraborty-appointed-visva-bharati-vice-chancellor-1928853 |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
He was Professor in the Department of Political Science in University of Delhi till November 2018.<ref>https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/author/bidyut-chakrabarty</ref>

==Education==

He completed his PhD from [[London School of Economics]].<ref>https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/bidyut-chakraborty-retires-as-visva-bharati-vc-after-controversial-tenure-123110801423_1.html</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakrabarty, Bidyut}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Visva-Bharati University]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]

Jay Oza

2026-02-01T18:36:20Z

Wikimelo: new basic stub v1

{{Short description|Indian Cinematographer}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Jay Pinak Oza
| birth_name = Jay Pinak Oza
| birth_place = [[Vadodara]], Gujrat, India
| education = [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda | Maharaja Sayajirao University]] ([[Bachelor of Fine Arts]]) [[Prague Film School]] ([[Cinematography]])
| occupation = Cinematographer
| years_active = 2006-present
| organization = Pink Window Productions
| awards = [[Filmfare Awards | Filmfare Award]] [[Zee Cine Awards | Zee Cine Award]] [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards | Asia Pacific Screen Award]]
}}

'''Jay Pinak Oza''' is an Indian cinematographer known for his work in Hindi films and web series. He has worked on notable projects such as ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]'', ''[[Blackmail (2018 film)|Blackmail]], [[Gully Boy]]'', ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]'', ''[[Ghoul (miniseries)|Ghoul]]'' and ''[[Toofaan]]''. He was selected as one of the ten participants for the [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] '''Breakthrough India''' talent initiative in 2021.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last1=Ramanujam |first1=Srinivasa |last2=Dundoo |first2=Sangeetha Devi |last3=S |first3=Srivatsan |date=2021-06-10 |title=BAFTA Breakthrough India: First among equals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meet-some-of-the-bafta-breakthrough-india-honourees/article34775262.ece |access-date=2025-11-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Early life and education ==
Oza was born and raised in [[Vadodara]], Gujarat, India. He pursued a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] (B.F.A.) from [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]], majoring in [[art history]] and [[aesthetics]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-29 |title=Meet the 2020/2021 India Breakthroughs |url=https://www.bafta.org/stories/breakthrough-india-2020-21/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Bafta |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Shetye |first=Archit |date=2021-06-08 |title=Through The Lens Of Cinematographer Jay Oza : Gully Boy, Made In Heaven, Ghoul And More. |url=https://homegrown.co.in/homegrown-voices/through-the-lens-of-cinematographer-jay-oza-gully-boy-made-in-heaven-ghoul-and-more |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Homegrown |language=en}}</ref> During his college years, he interned as a set [[production assistant]] (PA), which sparked his interest in filmmaking.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Initially working on set as a PA and [[assistant director]] on films such as ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' and ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'', Oza developed an interest in cinematography. To gain formal training, he attended the [[Prague Film School]], where he studied the technical aspects of cinematography.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Career ==

=== Early work ===
After returning to India, Oza assisted cinematographers [[Ayananka Bose]] and [[Sudeep Chatterjee]] on several projects.<ref name=":0" /> His first independent cinematography work was on the music documentary series ''[[The Dewarists]]'' (Season 1 and 2). He also worked on the Indian adaptation of the TV series ''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]''.<ref name=":1" />

Oza made his feature film debut with [[Anurag Kashyap]]'s ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]'' in 2016.<ref name=":1" /> He subsequently worked on ''[[Ghoul (miniseries)|Ghoul]]'', ''[[Blackmail (2018 film)|Blackmail]]'', and the web series ''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]'' (Season 1).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

=== Breakthrough and major works ===
Oza gained widespread recognition for his work on [[Zoya Akhtar]]'s ''[[Gully Boy]]'' (2019), which he described as his breakthrough project.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Jay Oza on his Breakthrough |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/vivacity/long-wait-ends.html |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref> In the film, Oza’s cinematography captured the narrow streets of [[Mumbai]] and the contrasting high life of [[Delhi]], blending realism with visual storytelling.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2019-02-17 |title=Zoya Akhtar on 'Gully Boy' and 'Jay Oza' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/913542/zoya-akhtar-on-gully-boy-i-wanted-murad-to-be-the-kind-of-man-i-want-to-see-in-the-world |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

He has also worked on [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra|Rakeysh Om Prakash Mehra]]'s ''[[Toofaan]]'' (2021), [[Aryan Khan]]’s streaming series [[The Ba***ds of Bollywood|''The Bas***ds of Bollywood'']] (2025), and upcoming film ''Jee Le Zaraa'' which will be directed by [[Farhan Akhtar]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-30 |title=Jay Oza talks about Actors, Industry Culture and Aryan Khan's 'The Bast***ds of Bollywood' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/aryan-khans-stardom-director-jay-oza-reveals-that-in-bollywood-actors-have-a-lot-of-control-says-before-we-are-finalized-the-actor-has-approved-us/articleshow/110564107.cms |access-date=2025-11-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Cinematographic style ==
Oza’s work has been noted for its focus on [[Realism (arts)|realism]] and emotional sensitivity in his visual storytelling. He emphasizes the importance of capturing the environment authentically, as seen in ''[[Gully Boy]]'', where mixed lighting conditions in [[Dharavi]] were maintained without over grading, creating an immersive experience.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> He cites cinematographers [[Roger Deakins]] and [[Christopher Doyle]] as key influences and often adapts his style to suit the narrative and characters of each project.<ref name=":1" />

He has discussed the collaborative nature of [[filmmaking]], highlighting the balance between technical execution and managing production dynamics on set.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" />

== Recognition ==
In 2021, Oza was selected for the '''BAFTA Breakthrough India''' talent initiative, a year-long mentoring program aimed at supporting the next generation of Indian film, television, and games talent. He was recognized for his work on ''[[Gully Boy]]'' and was among a cohort chosen by a jury of industry experts including [[Anupam Kher]], [[Mira Nair]], and Monika Shergill.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Suri |first=Ridhi |date=2021-06-10 |title=BAFTA Breakthrough list of selected Indian participants |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/news/bafta-breakthrough-india-selected-list-of-participants-revealed-710702 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=India TV News |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:10%;" | Year
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:25%;" | Title
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:30%;" | Director
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff;" width:25%;| Role
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:10%;" | Notes
|-
|rowspan=2 | 2006 || ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' || [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]] || Set Production Assistant || <ref name=":2" />
|-
| ''[[I See You (2006 film)|I see You]]''
| [[Vivek Agrawal]]
| Assistant Director
|
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Loins of Punjab Presents]]'' || [[Manish Acharya]]|| Assistant Director
| <ref>{{cite web
| title = End Credits: Loins Of Punjab Presents
| website = Loins Of Punjab Presents Official Site
| publisher = Loins Of Punjab Presents
| date = 2007-09-21
| url = https://www.loinsofpunjabpresents.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/END-CREDITS-Loins-Of-Punjab-Presents.pdf
| access-date = 2025-11-13
}}</ref>
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Jodhaa Akbar]]'' || [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]|| Set Production Assistant
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]'' || [[Anurag Kashyap]] || Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2016-06-24 |title=Raman Raghav 2.0 Cast List {{!}} Raman Raghav 2.0 Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/raman-raghav-2-0/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Blackmail (2018 film)|Blackmail]]''
|[[Abhinay Deo]]
|Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2018-04-06 |title=Blackmail Cast List {{!}} Blackmail Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/blackmail-2/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Gully Boy]]''
|[[Zoya Akhtar]]
|Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2019-02-14 |title=Gully Boy Cast List {{!}} Gully Boy Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/gully-boy/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Unpaused]]'' || [[Nikkhil Advani]], [[Avinash Arun]], [[Tannishtha Chatterjee]], [[Krishna D.K.]], [[Nitya Mehra]], [[Raj Nidimoru]] || Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2020-12-18 |title='Unpaused' review: Amazon Prime Video anthology film finds the rainbow in the Covid-19 storm |url=https://scroll.in/reel/981356/unpaused-review-amazon-prime-video-anthology-film-finds-the-rainbow-in-the-covid-19-storm |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmaffinity.com%2Fus%2Ffullcredits.php%3Fmovie_id%3D383397 |title=Full credits of "Unpaused " |language=en |access-date=2025-11-14 |via=www.filmaffinity.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Toofaan]]'' || [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]] || Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2021-07-16 |title=Toofaan Cast List {{!}} Toofaan Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/toofaan/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Haddi]]'' || Akshat Ajay Sharma || Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-09-07 |title=Haddi Cast List {{!}} Haddi Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/haddi/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Yudhra]]'' || Ravi Udyawar || Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-09-20 |title=Yudhra Cast List {{!}} Yudhra Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/yudhra/cast/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Series===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:10%;" | Year
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:25%;" | Title
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:30%;" | Director
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff;" width:25%;| Role
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:10%;" | Notes
|-
| 2011–2012 || ''[[The Dewarists]]'' || Vishwesh Krishnamoorthy, Ayesha Sood || Cinematographer
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=2014-06-23 |title=Vadodara boy finds calling in cinematography |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/gujarati/jay-oza-barodaian-jay-oza-is-making-strong-inroads-in-films-and-television/articleshow/37084060.cms |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2012
|''[[Bring On the Night (TV series)|Bring on the Night]]''
|Vishwesh Krishnamoorthy
|Cinematographer
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|2013
|''[[24 (Indian TV series)|24]]''
|[[Rensil D'Silva]], [[Abhinay Deo]], [[Nitya Mehra]]
|Cinematographer
|<ref name=":6" />
|-
|2014
|''Tandanu''
|[[Spandan Banerjee]]
|Cinematographer
|
|-
|2016
|''Love Shots''
|[[Manoj Sharma]], Ankur Tiwari
|Cinematographer
"Episode 2 named ''Textbook''"
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2016 |title=Love Shots' 3rd Short Film 'Textbook' premieres on YouTube today! |url=https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/20/3rd-short-film-under-love-shots-textbook-premieres-on-youtube-today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713051522/https://www.yashrajfilms.com/news/detail/2016/05/20/3rd-short-film-under-love-shots-textbook-premieres-on-youtube-today |archive-date=2025-07-13 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=www.yashrajfilms.com |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Ghoul (miniseries)|Ghoul]]''
|Patrick Graham
|Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmaffinity.com%2Fus%2Ffullcredits.php%3Fmovie_id%3D628961 |title=Full credits of "Ghoul (TV Miniseries)" |language=en |access-date=2025-11-14 |via=www.filmaffinity.com}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Voice of the Streets''
|Arjun Varain Singh, Siddhant Goswami, [[Zoya Akhtar]]
|Cinematographer
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Made in Heaven (TV series)|Made in Heaven]]''
|[[Nitya Mehra]], [[Zoya Akhtar]], [[Reema Kagti]], [[Prashant Nair]], [[Alankrita Shrivastava]], [[Neeraj Ghaywan]]
|Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmaffinity.com%2Fus%2Ffullcredits.php%3Fmovie_id%3D903885 |title=Full credits of "Made in Heaven (TV Series)" |language=en |access-date=2025-11-14 |via=www.filmaffinity.com}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Flip (TV series)|Flip]]''
|[[Bejoy Nambiar]], Aman Sachdeva
|Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Flip season 1 |url=https://cinetown.org/ott/Jio%20Cinema/503/season/1 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Cine town |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''[[Vir Das: Landing]]''
|[[Vir Das]]
|Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmaffinity.com%2Fus%2Ffullcredits.php%3Fmovie_id%3D506221 |title=Full credits of "Vir Das: Landing (TV)" |language=en |access-date=2025-11-14 |via=www.filmaffinity.com}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[The Ba***ds of Bollywood]]''
|[[Aryan Khan]]
|Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-11 |title=Jay Oza on shooting Aryan Khan's debut 'The Ba***ds of Bollywood' {{!}} EXCLUSIVE |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/jay-oza-bads-of-bollywood-interview-j5dqrf4d |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Short Films ===

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:10%;" | Year
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:20%;" | Title
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:35%;" | Director
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff;" width:25%;| Role
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:10%;" | Notes
|-
| 2016 || [[Chutney (film)|''Chutney'']]|| [[Jyoti Kapur Das]]|| Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chutney Credits - Full Cast and Crew |url=https://www.moviefone.com/movie/chutney/gxss6HOBf9TtjdniLbSlD1/credits/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Moviefone |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''August 25''|| Gautam Parvi || Cinematographer
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=August 25 {{!}} Cast and Crew {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/august_25/cast-and-crew |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:10%;" | Year
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:23%;" | Award
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:22%;" | Category
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff;" width:23%;| Outcome
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff;" width:12%;| Work
! style="background-color:#000000; color:#ffffff; padding:8px; border:1px solid #ffffff; width:10%;" | Notes
|-
| 2016
|[[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]
|[[Asia Pacific Screen Award for Best Cinematographer|Achievement in Cinematography]]
|{{nominated}}
|''[[Raman Raghav 2.0]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 Archives |url=https://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/apsa-nominees-winners/2016 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=Asia Pacific Screen Awards |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|FOI Online Award
|Best Cinematography
|{{won}}
|''[[Gully Boy]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foionlineawards.com/post/5thfoioa-winners-announced-ivan-ayr-s-soni-bags-the-best-feature-film-gully-boy-scores-big|website=www.foionlineawards.com|access-date=2025-11-27|title=5th FOI Online Awards 2020 Winners Announced}}</ref>
|-
|[[65th Filmfare Awards|2020]]
|[[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|{{won}}
|''Gully Boy''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Winners From 1953 to 2025 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-03 |title=65th Filmfare Awards 2020: Technical and Short Films Awards Announced! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/filmfare-2020-technical-and-short-films-awards-announced/articleshow/73881586.cms |access-date=2025-11-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[21st IIFA Awards|2020]]
|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Award]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|{{Won}}
|''Gully Boy''
|
|-
|2020
|[[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine Award]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|{{won}}
|''Gully Boy''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2020 – Zee Cine Awards |url=https://zeecineawards.com/zca-2020/ |access-date=2025-11-13 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|[[Screen Awards|Screen Award]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|{{Won}}
|''Gully Boy''
|
|}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{imdbname|2607764}}
* [https://www.instagram.com/ozajay/ Jay Oza] at [[Instagram]]
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/jay_oza Jay Oza] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/jay-oza/filmography/ Jay Oza] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]
{{Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Oza, Jay}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Artists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Hindi film cinematographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]

Helena Luke

2026-01-25T23:00:54Z

Wikimelo: new initial details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian actress (died 2024)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox actor
| name = Helena Luke
| birth_date = 1958
| death_date = 3 November 2024
}}
'''Helena Luke''' (1958{{Spaced en dash}} 3 November 2024) was an Indian actress who worked predominantly in Hindi cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Helena Luke: कौन थीं मिथुन की पहली पत्नी हेलेना ल्यूक? हिंदी सिनेमा की मशहूर फिल्मों में किया था काम |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/who-is-mithun-chakraborty-first-wife-helena-luke-know-about-his-movies-career-and-relationship-2024-11-04 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-04 |title=Mard actor Helena Luke, who divorced Mithun Chakraborty after 4 months, passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mard-actor-helena-luke-who-divorced-mithun-chakraborty-after-4-months-passes-away-9652469/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
She became famous for playing the role of Lady Helena in Amitabh Bachchan's film ''[[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]]'' (1985) directed by [[Manmohan Desai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mithun Chakraborty की पहली पत्नी Helena Luke का अमेरिका में निधन, आखिरी बार कहा था- 'मैं असमंजस में हूं' - Mithun Chakraborty first wife helena luke dies in America she work with Amitabh Bachchan in Mard |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-mithun-chakraborty-first-wife-helena-luke-dies-in-america-she-work-with-amitabh-bachchan-in-mard-23825809.html |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> She was briefly married to [[Mithun Chakraborty]].

Helena lived in the United States for many years, where she worked for Delta Air Lines.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Mithun Chakraborty's First Wife Helena Luke Dies In The US |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/mithun-chakrabortys-first-wife-helena-luke-dies-in-the-us-article-114939753 |date=4 November 2024 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=timesnownews.com}}</ref>

Luke died in the United States on 3 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Mithun Chakraborty's first wife, actress Helena Luke passes away in the US |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/mithun-chakrabortys-first-wife-actress-helena-luke-passes-away-in-the-us/ |date=4 November 2024 |access-date=10 November 2024 |website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-04 |title=तलाक लेने के बाद इन फिल्मों में नजर आई थीं मिथुन चक्रवर्ती की पहली पत्नी हेलेना ल्यूक |url=https://www.jansatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/helena-luke-first-wife-of-mithun-chakraborty-dies-a-look-back-at-her-film-career-and-journey/3665464/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

== Selected filmography ==
* ''[[Judaai (1980 film)|Judaai]]'' (1980) as Madhavika
* ''[[Yeh Nazdeekiyan]]'' (1982) as Actress (uncredited)
* ''Saath Saath'' (1982)
* ''Bhai Aakhir Bhai Hota Hai'' (1982)
* ''Do Gulaab'' (1983)
* ''Aao Pyaar Karen'' (1983)
* ''[[Mere Saath Chal]]'' (1984) as Seema
* ''[[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]]'' (1985) as Lady Helena (uncredited)
* ''[[Ek Naya Rishta]]'' (1988) as Ruby

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1956135}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luke, Helena}}
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:1958 births]]

Ignatius Dias

2026-01-19T20:25:11Z

Wikimelo: updated page

{{short description|Indian football midfielder|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=July 2015}}
{{More footnotes|date=July 2015}}
{{update|date=October 2014}}
}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Ignatius Dias
| image =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = India
| death_date =
| height =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| years1 = | clubs1 = [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]] | caps1 = |goals1 =
| nationalyears1 = | nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]| nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 =
}}

'''Ignatius Dias''' is an Indian former [[association football|football]] [[midfielder]] who played for [[India national football team|India]] in the [[1984 Asian Cup]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-12 |title=Are Goan players no longer good enough? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/are-goan-players-no-longer-good-enough/articleshow/67495349.cms |access-date=2025-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He also played for [[Goa]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2018-09-30 |title=When Goa broke the jinx and won the Santosh Trophy for the first time in 1984 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/when-goa-broke-the-jinx-and-won-the-santosh-trophy-for-the-first-time-in-1984/articleshow/66019798.cms |access-date=2025-08-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]. He was part of the team that helped Goa win its first [[Santosh Trophy]] in 1984 scoring a brace to enable them enter the semifinals.<ref name=":0" /> He also was part of the Salgaocar team that retained the 1989 [[Federation Cup (India)]] scoring a goal in the semifinal of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapadia |first=Novy |date=2012-12-28 |title=Indian Sport: Memories of an age gone by |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-sport-memories-of-an-age-gone-by |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tables/84asch.html Stats] at [[RSSSF]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dias, Ignatius}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]

{{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}

Tryst with Destiny

2026-01-03T16:40:53Z

Wikimelo: small fix

{{Short description|1947 English speech by Jawaharlal Nehru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Wikisource|A Tryst With Destiny}}
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru gives his "tryst with destiny" speech at Parliament House in New Delhi in 1947 (02).jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] delivers his "Tryst with Destiny" speech on 14 August 1947]]

{{external media
| float = right
| width = 200px
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Cudc5Mhlcc&feature=youtu.be Tryst with Destiny, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's Independence Day Speech (1947)] video by [[Indian National Congress]]
}}

"'''Tryst with Destiny'''" was an [[English language|English-language]] speech by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] of [[India]], to the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Indian Constituent Assembly]] in the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Parliament House]], on the eve of [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence]], towards midnight on 14 August 1947. The speech spoke on the aspects that transcended [[History of India|Indian history]]. It is considered to be one of the greatest speeches of the 20th century<ref name="Great_Speeches">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/series/greatspeeches | title=Great speeches of the 20th century | work=The Guardian | date=8 February 2008 | access-date=18 December 2016 | archive-date=2 December 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202020709/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/series/greatspeeches | url-status=live }}</ref> and to be a landmark oration that captures the essence of the triumphant culmination of the [[Indian independence movement]] against [[British Raj|British colonial rule in India]]. He declared the end of the colonial era and called on citizens to recognize the promise and opportunity of the moment:<blockquote>Long years ago, we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge, not wholly or in full measure, but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, which comes but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance.</blockquote>His speech<ref name="modern_history_Sourcebook">{{cite web |date=October 1998 |title=Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964): Speech On the Granting of Indian Independence, August 14, 1947 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947nehru1.html |accessdate=11 November 2010 |work=Modern History Sourcebook |publisher=[[Fordham University]] |archive-date=18 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818123622/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947nehru1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> went on to pay homage to [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi's]] efforts in the Independence Movement and called upon his countrymen to work together to<blockquote>bring freedom and opportunity to the common man, to the peasants and workers of India; to fight and end poverty and ignorance and disease; to build up a prosperous, democratic and progressive nation, and to create social, economic and political institutions which will ensure justice and fullness of life to every man and woman.</blockquote>The declaration ends with an exhortation to work together in the [[Common good|common weal]] and cautions against narrow [[Sectarianism|sectarian]] or religious divisiveness:<blockquote>All of us, to whatever religion we may belong, are equally the children of India with equal rights, privileges and obligations. We cannot encourage communalism or narrow-mindedness, for no nation can be great whose people are narrow in thought or in action.</blockquote>

==Popular culture ==
* The final episode of the 1984 series ''[[The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)|The Jewel in the Crown]]'' contains extracts of the speech.
* The speech is referenced in the 1998 [[Bollywood|Hindi film]] ''[[Earth (1998 film)|Earth]]'' directed by [[Deepa Mehta]]. The film portrays the main characters listening to the speech over the radio, against the backdrop of the [[Hindu]]-[[Muslim]] riots following the [[Partition of India]]. This provides an interesting juxtaposition between the realities of Partition and the optimism that followed Independence.<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2009">{{cite book|author1=K. Moti Gokulsing|author2=[[Wimal Dissanayake]]|title=Popular Culture in a Globalised India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXx9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|date=13 January 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-02307-3|pages=28–}}</ref>
* In the 2000 film ''[[Hey Ram]]'' directed by [[Kamal Haasan]], parts of the speech are heard in the background providing the audience a timeline of the happenings in the movie.<ref name="Sarkar2009">{{cite book|author=Bhaskar Sarkar|title=Mourning the Nation: Indian Cinema in the Wake of Partition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wghFNlpM3PIC&pg=PA340|date=29 April 2009|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=0-8223-9221-6|pages=340–}}</ref>
* ''[[Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi]]'', a 2003 Hindi film by [[Sudhir Mishra]] that portrayed the political and social turbulence of the late 1960s and the '70s in India contains a clip of the speech and the narrative voice speaks of the souring of Nehru's dream within two decades of Independence.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Agrawal|first1=Parul|title=Citizen Journalism: In pursuit of Accountability India|url=https://reutersdev.nsms.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Publications/fellows__papers/2011-2012/Citizen_Journalism_-__In_pursuit_of_Accountability_in_India.pdf|publisher=Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford|access-date=12 November 2014|page=9|archive-date=19 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219233818/https://reutersdev.nsms.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Publications/fellows__papers/2011-2012/Citizen_Journalism_-__In_pursuit_of_Accountability_in_India.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2012 Hindi film ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' used clips from this speech in one of the shots featuring the character Shahid Khan.
* The [[Salman Khan]] film ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]'' also used clips from the speech in their trailer.<ref>_
* {{cite magazine |last= Nihalani|first= Akash|date= 22 April 2019|title= Watch the trailer of Salman Khan and Katrina Kaif’s Bharat|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/watch-the-trailer-of-salman-khan-and-katrina-kaifs-bharat-33443.html |magazine= [[Filmfare]]|location= |publisher= |access-date=15 June 2025|quote=Keeping in turn with the subject of the film, the trailer begins with Nehru’s Tryst with destiny speech.}}
* {{cite news |last= |first= |date= 23 April 2019|title= Bharat trailer out. Salman Khan romances Katrina Kaif, Disha Patani and India in new deshbhakti film|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/bharat-trailer-salman-khan-katrina-kaif-disha-patani-1507327-2019-04-22 |work= [[India Today]]|location= |publisher= |access-date=15 June 2025|quote=Keeping in tune with the subject of the film, the trailer of Bharat begins with Jawaharlal Nehru's famous speech, "At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom."}}</ref>
* The film ''[[Student of the Year]]'' mentioned the name of the speech as a clue in the treasure hunt game.
* The book ''[[Midnight's Children]]'' by [[Salman Rushdie]] has a reference to this speech<ref name="Rushdie2010">{{cite book|author=Salman Rushdie|title=Midnight's Children|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I4ITufjFf0oC&pg=PA155|date=7 September 2010|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-1-4090-2848-2|pages=155–}}</ref> as does the novel ''[[Train to Pakistan]]'' by [[Khushwant Singh]].<ref name="Singh2013">{{cite book|author=Khushwant Singh|title=Train to Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XElKNNAgyQC&pg=PA185|date=February 2013|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-341796-5|pages=185–}}</ref>
* The speech is sampled by trance artist [[John 00 Fleming]] in the album ''One Hundred Ten WKO'' during the fifth track, "The Stroke of the Midnight Hour".<ref>{{cite web|title=Album Review: John O’Fleming – One.Hundred.Ten W.K.O|url=http://globaldigitaldjs.com/album-review-john-ofleming-one-hundred-ten-w-k-o/|access-date=12 November 2014|archive-date=22 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222192209/http://globaldigitaldjs.com/album-review-john-ofleming-one-hundred-ten-w-k-o/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The musical group [[Kobo Town]] uses sound clips from this speech in their song "Sing Out, Shout Out" from their album ''Independence''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sing Out, Shout Out by Kobo Town - Lyrics|url=http://www.lyrster.com/lyrics/sing-out-shout-out-lyrics-kobo-town.html|access-date=12 November 2014|archive-date=12 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112102125/http://www.lyrster.com/lyrics/sing-out-shout-out-lyrics-kobo-town.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* In the aftermath of the [[2008 Mumbai Attacks]], the indie rock band, [[Parikrama (band)|Parikrama (Band)]], released a single "One" in tribute, which sampled part of the speech.
* The "Let's Crack It" song owned by [[Unacademy]] made its intro using the actual speech voice clips.
* [[Zohran Mamdani]] quoted lines from the speech after winning the [[2025 New York City mayoral election]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2025-11-05 |title=Zohran Mamdani invokes Nehru in victory speech, says New York City mayoral election toppled ‘political dynasty’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/zohran-mamdani-new-york-mayor-elections-victory-speech-nehru-november-5-2025/article70243017.ece |access-date=2025-11-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Anwesha |date=2025-11-05 |title=Zohran Mamdani Quotes Jawaharlal Nehru After Winning New York Polls |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/indian-origin-democratic-socialist-zohran-mamdani-quotes-jawaharlal-nehru-after-winning-new-york-polls-9578123 |work=NDTV}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Speeches about Indian independence]]
* [[The light has gone out of our lives]], speech on the death of Mahatma Gandhi by Nehru

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.harappa.com/wall/nehru.html Video of Nehru's "Tryst with Destiny" address]
*{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1947nehru1.html|title=Speech On the Granting of Indian Independence, 14 August 1947 |last=Nehru|first=Jawaharlal|work = Modern History Sourcebook| publisher=Internet History Sourcebook Project|access-date=3 March 2010}}

{{Jawaharlal Nehru}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tryst With Destiny}}
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:History of the Republic of India]]
[[Category:1947 in India]]
[[Category:Nehru administration]]
[[Category:1947 speeches]]
[[Category:Speeches by Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:Speeches about colonialism]]
[[Category:Inaugural addresses]]

Association of Mutual Funds of India

2025-12-12T01:57:01Z

Wikimelo: general refine page for clarity and improved wording for accuracy

{{Short description|Association of mutual funds in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Association of Mutual Funds in India
| abbreviation = AMFI
| logo = AMFILogo.jpg
| type = [[Trade association]] ([[Non Profit Organisation]])
| formation = {{Start date and age|1995|08|22|df=yes}}
| founder =
| purpose = Represent Indian [[Asset management|asset management companies]]
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amfiindia.com/contact-us|title=Contact Us | Mutual Funds in India | Investment Plans | Tax Saving}}</ref>
| key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|Chalasani Venkat Nageswar {{small|([[Chief Executive Officer]])}}|S L Pandian {{small|(Dy. Chief Executive Officer)}}}}
| area_served = India
| owner =
| members = 49
| num_employees =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.amfiindia.com}}
}}

'''Association of Mutual Funds in India''' ('''AMFI''') is an Indian [[trade association]] for all the [[Asset management|asset management companies]] of [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]] registered mutual funds in [[India]].

== History ==
It was incorporated on 22 August 1995, as a non-profit organisation. As of now, 49 asset management companies that are registered with SEBI, are its members. Most [[mutual fund]]s firms in India are its members.

The organisation aims to develop the mutual funds market in India, by improving ethical and professional standards.<ref name="PROSCHOOL">{{cite book|author=IMS PROSCHOOL|title=Introduction to Financial Planning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjdmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184|accessdate=17 August 2025|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-1-259-02825-0|page=184}}</ref> As of August 2025, there are 49 members.<ref name=about>{{cite web|title=Know About AMFI|url=https://www.amfiindia.com/know-about-amfi|publisher=AMFI|accessdate=17 April 2015}}</ref> These are asset management companies which are registered with AMFI with assets under management of over {{currency|75|INR}} [[lakh]] [[crore]]. <ref>{{cite news |title=Mutual Funds Instrumental In Channelizing Retail Saving into Capital Market: AMFi |newspaper=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/mf/mf-news/mf-industry-instrumental-in-channelising-retail-savings-into-capital-mkts-in-a-big-way-amfi/articleshow/77733877.cms}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.amfiindia.com/ Official website]

[[Category:Mutual funds of India]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1995]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Finance industry associations]]

{{India-org-stub}}

Pamuluru

2025-12-02T06:28:17Z

Wikimelo: creating stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}{{refimprove|date=April 2014}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pamuluru
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.4031|N|78.4247|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[YSR district|Kadapa]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Vempalle
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1371
| population_as_of = 2011 Census
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 516350
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Pamuluru''' is a village and panchayat in Kadapa district in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Single teacher schools in tribal areas: a study of Girijan Vidya Vikas Kendras in Andhra Pradesh|page=90|first=Ke|last=Sujāta|publisher=Vikas publications}}</ref>

==Population==

The total population of the village is 1371 containing 669 male and 702 female.

==Education==
It has a primary school, or elementary school and Z.P.H.S school, which are helpful in improving the literacy of the villages around.
and secondary education also there

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Kadapa-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Villages in Kadapa district]]

Tafsir al-Mahaimi

2025-10-24T15:59:10Z

Wikimelo: started post - done

{{Short description|Book by Makhdoom Ali Mahimi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Tabsir al-Rahman wa Taysir al-Mannan bi-ba'd ma yashir ila I'jaz al-Quran
| image = Cover of Tafsir al-Mahaimi.jpg
| caption = Arabic cover
| alt = Book cover
| author = [[Makhdoom Ali Mahimi]]
| title_orig = تـبـصـيـر الـرحـمـن وتـيـسـيـر الـمـنـان بـبـعـض مـا يـشـيـر إلـى إعـجـاز الـقـرآن
| orig_lang_code = ar
| language = Arabic
| subject = [[Tafsir]]
| genre = Classical
| published = [[15th century]]
| media_type = Print
| isbn = 978-2-7451-6386-8
| isbn_note = (Beirut, 2011)
| dewey = 297.1227
| congress = BP130.4 M343 2011
| title_working = Tafsir al-Mahaimi
}}
'''''Tabsir al-Rahman wa Taysir al-Mannan bi-ba'd ma yashir ila I'jaz al-Quran''''' ({{langx|ar|تـبـصـيـر الـرحـمـن وتـيـسـيـر الـمـنـان بـبـعـض مـا يـشـيـر إلـى إعـجـاز الـقـرآن}}, commonly known as '''''Tafsir al-Mahaimi''''', is a 15th-century [[Tafsir|Quranic commentary]] authored by the Indian Sufi scholar [[Makhdoom Ali Mahimi]]. It is regarded as one of the earliest Quranic exegeses produced in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The work combines mystical, philosophical, and linguistic interpretations. Its methodological approach influenced several later scholars, including [[Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlavi]] and [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]], particularly in Thanwi's [[Bayan al-Quran|''Bayan al-Quran'']].

== Background ==
The full title of Mahimi's work is ''Tabsir al-Rahman wa Taysir al-Mannan ba'd ma yushiru ila I'jaz al-Quran'', though it is more commonly known by its shorter name, ''Tafsir al-Mahaimi''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=al-Muhammadi |first=Muhammad Muslih Mahdi |date=2018 |title=The Renown Interpreter Ali Al-Maha'ami: His Life, Personality, And Scientific Status Among Scientists |url=https://al-qanatir.com/aq/article/view/131 |journal=Al-Qanatir |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=49}}</ref> A companion text, ''Nuzhat al-Qulub fi Tafsir Gharib al-Quran'' by Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Aziz al-Sijistani, is frequently found in the margins of surviving manuscripts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Zubair |first=Hafiz Muhammad |last2=Rehman |first2=Zia ur |date=2019 |title="Tafsir-e-Mahaimi" Research and Analytical Studies |url=https://theislamicculture.com/index.php/tis/article/view/564 |journal=The Islamic Culture |language=ur |issue=41 |pages=108–109 |doi=10.46568/tis.v0i41.564 |issn=2663-1709}}</ref> The commentary demonstrates the influence from the Andalusian mystic [[Ibn Arabi]] and integrates elements of [[Sufism]], rational analysis, and theological reflection.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tareen |first=SherAli |date=2020 |title=South Asian Qur'an Commentaries and Translations: A Preliminary Intellectual History |url=https://scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.13169/reorient.5.2.0233 |journal=ReOrient |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=236 |doi=10.13169/reorient.5.2.0233 |issn=2055-561X}}</ref>

The work was printed at the [[Bulaq Press]] in Egypt under the patronage of Muhammad Jamal al-Din Dehlawi, an administrator of the [[Bhopal State]]. His associate, Muhammad Husayn Faqir Dehlawi, was sent to Egypt to supervise the publication process.<ref name=":0" />

Mahimi's interpretive method influenced several later South Asian scholars. Among them, Shah Abdul Aziz adopted Mahimi's emphasis on Quranic coherence (nazm), while Ashraf Ali Thanwi, Hussain Ali, [[Hamiduddin Farahi]], [[Ghulam Ullah Khan]], and [[Amin Ahsan Islahi]] incorporated aspects of his exegetical approach in their own writings.{{Sfn|Zubair|Rehman|2019|p=117}}

== Content and methodology ==
Mahimi emphasized the thematic and structural coherence (nazm) of the Qur'an, explaining how verses within each [[surah]] connect to form a unified message.{{Sfn|Zubair|Rehman|2019|p=109–110}} He extended this method even to the [[Basmala|Bismillah]] and the disjointed letters (Huruf al-Muqatta'at), interpreting them in relation to the themes of their respective chapters. However, his approach mainly focused on the internal unity of individual surahs rather than on the overall structure of the Qur'an.{{Sfn|Zubair|Rehman|2019|p=116}}

His tafsir maintains a close link between text and meaning, ensuring a natural flow of interpretation where understanding emerges directly from the Qur'anic wording. In each surah, he records the reported names, explores their meanings, and identifies a central theme (maqsad) around which the verses are organized. Mahimi also presents a contextual interpretation of the Bismillah at the beginning of every surah.{{Sfn|Zubair|Rehman|2019|p=112–113}}

When verses appear to recur, he provides distinct explanations to highlight their contextual purpose. His treatment of the disjointed letters likewise connects them to the thematic content of the surahs rather than treating them as isolated symbols.{{Sfn|Zubair|Rehman|2019|p=116}}

Stylistically, Mahimi avoids the lengthy grammatical and rhetorical debates found in earlier commentaries. He prioritizes thematic meaning and spiritual reflection, using [[hadith]], historical reports, and philosophical insights only when relevant. Qur'anic stories are narrated briefly and emphasize their moral and spiritual lessons.{{Sfn|Zubair|Rehman|2019|p=116}}

== See also ==
* [[List of tafsir works]]
* [[List of Sunni books]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [[iarchive:tmahayimi|''Tafsir al-Mahaimi'']] at [[Internet Archive]]

{{Tafsir}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shafi'i literature]]
[[Category:Sunni tafsir]]
[[Category:Tafsir works]]
[[Category:Sufi tafsir]]
[[Category:Arabic-language books]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:15th-century Indian books]]

Yarwng

2025-10-14T14:07:11Z

Wikimelo: started new stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| italic_title = Yarwng
| name = Yarwng
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Joseph Pulinthanath
| producer = Joseph Kizhakechennadu
| writer =
| screenplay = Joseph Pulinthanath
| story =
| based_on = 
| starring =
| narrator =
| music = Bikash Roy Debbarma
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Don Bosco Sampari Pictures Tripura
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|9|4|[[Agartala]]}}
| runtime = 95 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Kokborok]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Yarwng''''' is a 2008 [[Kokborok]] feature film produced by Don Bosco Sampari Pictures Tripura, written and directed by Joseph Pulinthanath.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/the-multilingual-screen-new-reflections-on-cinema-and-linguistic-difference |title=The Multilingual Screen: New Reflections on Cinema and Linguistic Difference |date=2016 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Inc |isbn=978-1-5013-0284-8 |editor-last=Mamula |editor-first=Tijana |doi=10.5040/9781501302848 |editor-last2=Patti |editor-first2=Lisa}}</ref> The story of the 95-minute feature film revolves round the large-scale displacement which happened in [[Tripura]] state, in northeast [[India]], when the newly built Dumbur dam (1970s) submerged huge areas of arable land in the fertile Raima valley about 40 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Film from Northeast India 'Yarwng' (Roots) to premiere at Paris|url=https://morungexpress.com/film-northeast-india-yarwng-roots-premiere-paris|access-date=2021-04-16|website=MorungExpress}}</ref> The film won the first national film award for Tripura at the [[56th National Film Awards]] in (2008)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-03-26|title=Tripura film bags first National Film Award|url=https://www.assamtimes.org/node/3662|access-date=2021-04-17|website=Assam Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tripura's 'Yarwng' gets national Film Award|url=http://www.archivioradiovaticana.va/storico/2010/01/27/tripura%E2%80%99s_%E2%80%98yarwng%E2%80%99_gets_national_film_award/in2-352410|access-date=2021-04-17|website=www.archivioradiovaticana.va}}</ref>

== Plot summary ==
The protagonist, Sukurai, has just learnt that his wife Karmati had once been the fiancée of his ''jhum'' companion Wakhirai. Karmati says she and Wakhirai were to be married but on the night before their wedding a newly built dam submerged her village and separated them forever. Wakhirai moved out along with his family and his ailing father died on the way. Wakhirai tells Sukurai that his meeting Karmati is just a co-incidence. Sukurai, himself a victim of the same catastrophe, suggests a reunion between Karmati and Wakhirai. Karmati goes to Wakhirai’s house but finds him missing. But the poor woman is ready to face her destiny bravely and keeps waiting.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deb Barma |first=Aloy |title=CINEMA AS ART & POPULAR CULTURE IN TRIPURA: An Introduction |publisher=[[Tribal Research and Cultural Institute]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-81-958995-0-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barma |first=Aloy Deb |date=2024 |title=Talking Back through Peripheral Visions and Negotiating Identity: Kokborok and Bengali Films and Music Videos in Tripura |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/34/article/931184 |journal=[[Journal of Film and Video]] |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=33–48 |issn=1934-6018 |via=Project MUSE}}</ref>

== Cast ==

* Meena Debbarma as Kormoti
* Nirmal Jamatia as Uakhirai
* Surabhi Debbarma
* Sushil Debbarma as Sukurai
* Debra Bimal Singh Debbarma
* Ainati Jasmine Debbarma
* Yathek Judharam Reang
* Grandpa Nikunja Molsom
* Ochai Manohar Jamatia
* Ochai’s Wife Padhirung Reang
* Choudhury Amulya Ratan Jamatia
* Choudhury’s wife Suchitra Debbarma
* Agent Madan Debbarma
* Agurai Galem Debbarma
* Mereng Rabindra Jamatia
* Thunta Nanda Hari Jamatia
* Kekli Krishna Chura Jamatia
* Moi Usha Debbarma
* Nobar Laldiga Molsom
* Berma Boy Mishan Debbarma
* Berma Boy’s Ma Buddhalaxmi Debbarma
* Agurai’s Wife Shantirung Reang
* Khumbarti Purnarung Reang
* Khumbarti’s Daughter Mari Reang
* Khumbarti’s son Vikas Reang
* Villager with Townsmen Pabiram Reang
* Soldiers Ajit Roga, Rabi Debbarma, Subudh Debbarma

== Themes ==
''Yarwng'' depicts the lives of ordinary people striving to preserve their humanity in the face of abrupt social change and economic desperation. ''Yarwng'' is based on true events of displacement and resettlement problem of Indigenous [[Tripuri people]] caused by the Dumbor Hydel Power Project commissioned in 1976 by the [[Government of India|Indian Government]]. The film examines the aftermath of the Dam construction over the confluence Raima-Saima River on the local people socio-economic, relationships and loss of home. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Thakkar|first=Himanshu|date=2008-09-06|title=The untold story of displacement in the North-East|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/books-and-more-the-untold-story-of-displacement-in-the-north-east-1188225|access-date=2021-04-17|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref name="reuters 2008">{{Cite news |author= |author-link= |date=2008-11-24 |title=Film examines problem of displacement in Tripura |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-36671620081124 |access-date=2021-07-17}}</ref>

== Production ==
The film was produced by Joseph Kizhakechennadu and was directed by Father Joseph Pulinthanath. Both are priests of the Don Bosco mission and ''Yarwng'' was their second film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Paul|first=C.M.|date=26 March 2010|title=Salesians Honoured At 56th National Film Awards|url=https://www.donboscoindia.com/english/bis/default_ms.php?newsid=3727&pno=45&newsidlist=,3727,3690,3678,3676,3645,3575,3581,3568,3557,3547,|access-date=17 April 2021|website=Don Bosco India}}</ref> The film was partially funded by the [[Catholic Church in India]]. Filming in the Tripura district took one month.<ref name="reuters 2008" />

==Award==
The film won the Best Feature Film in Kokborok award at the [[56th National Film Awards]]. The producer and director received their award from Indian president Pratibha Patil. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Matta |first=Mara |date=2016 |title=Multilingualism and Indigenous Cinema in Northeast India: The Case of Kokborok Language Films |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501302848.ch-017 |journal=The Multilingual Screen |doi=10.5040/9781501302848.ch-017|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kokborok]]
[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tripura]]
[[Category:Cinema of Tripura]]
[[Category:Kokborok-language films]]
{{India-film-stub}}

North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests

2025-10-06T19:13:00Z

Wikimelo: creating new data!

{{Short description|Ecoregion in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

{{Infobox ecoregion
|name = North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
|image = Anshi National Park (8890831927).jpg
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption = [[Anshi National Park]], Karnataka
|map = Ecoregion IM0134.png
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Ecoregion territory (in purple)
|ecozone = [[Indomalayan realm|Indomalayan]]
|biome = [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]
|animals =
|bird_species =
|mammal_species =
|border1 = [[Deccan thorn scrub forests]]
|border2 = [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]]
|border3 = [[Malabar Coast moist forests]]
|border4 = [[Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests]]
|border5 = [[North Western Ghats montane rain forests]]
|border6 = [[South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]]
|border7 = [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]]
|border8 = [[South Western Ghats montane rain forests]]
|area = 48,040
|country = [[India]]
|state1 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
|state2 = [[Goa]]
|state3 = [[Gujarat]]
|state4 = [[Karnataka]]
|state5 = [[Maharashtra]]
|region_type = States and union territory
|elevation =
|geology =
|seas =
|rivers =
|climate =
|soil =
|conservation = critical/endangered
|global200 =
|habitat_loss =
|habitat_loss_ref =
|coordinates =
|protected = 2,375 km2 (5
|protected_ref = )<ref>Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014]</ref>
|embedded =
}}

The '''North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests''' is a [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical moist broadleaf forest]] [[ecoregion]] of southwestern [[India]].

==Geography==
The North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests lies in the northern portion of the [[Western Ghats]] (Sahyadri) range. It extends from southeastern [[Gujarat]] through [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], and [[Karnataka]]. It covers the eastern and western slopes of the range between 250 and 1000 meters elevation, and surrounds the [[North Western Ghats montane rain forests]] ecoregion, which lies above 1000 meters elevation. The ecoregion has an area of {{convert|48,200|km2|sqmi|sp=us}}. It is bounded on the west by the [[Malabar Coast moist forests]] ecoregion, which lies between the 250 meter elevation and the [[Arabian Sea]]. At its northern end, the ecoregion extends to the [[Narmada River]], and borders the [[Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests]] to the northwest and the [[Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests]] to the northeast. The Wayanad forests at the southern end of the ecoregion mark the transition to the [[South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]] further the south.

To the east, in the dry [[rain shadow]] of the Ghats, are the [[Deccan thorn scrub forests]] and the [[South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests]] ecoregions, which cover the Ghats' eastern foothills and the [[Deccan Plateau]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern Asia: Southwestern India|url=http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0135|work=WWF|access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref>

==Protected areas==
A 2017 assessment found that 2,375 km2, or 5%, of the ecoregion was in [[protected area]]s. Another 15% is forested but outside protected areas.<ref>Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014]</ref> A 1997 assessment identified thirteen protected areas in the ecoregion, with a combined area of approximately 2,200 km².<ref>Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). ''Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.'' Island Press; [[Washington, DC]]. pp. 311-313</ref>

* [[Anshi National Park]], [[Karnataka]] (280 km²; also extends into the [[North Western Ghats montane rain forests]])
* [[Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary]], Karnataka (330 km², also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)
* [[Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Maharashtra]] (30km², also extends into the [[Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests]])
* [[Chandoli National Park]], Maharashtra (100 km², also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)
* [[Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Goa]] (170km²)
* [[Karnala Bird Sanctuary]], Maharashtra (50km²)
* [[Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary]], Maharashtra (90 km², also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)
* [[Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary]], Karnataka (140 km², also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)
* [[Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Gujarat]] (330 km²)
* [[Purna Wildlife Sanctuary]], Gujarat (150 km²)
* [[Sharavati Valley Wildlife Sanctuary]], Karnataka (220 km², also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)
* [[Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary]], Karnataka (280 km², also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)
* [[Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary]], Maharashtra (80 km², also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)

==See also==
*[[List of ecoregions in India]]
*[[Arid Forest Research Institute]] (AFRI)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commons-inline}}
*{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0134|name=North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests}}

{{ecoregions of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests}}
[[Category:North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests| ]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of India]]
[[Category:Forests of India]]
[[Category:Indomalayan ecoregions]]
[[Category:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]]