Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Nikhil Kumawat

2023-10-08T22:00:34Z

Wikimaniac: Pbrks moved page Nikhil Kumawat to Forsaken (gamer): MOS:VG

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Drug abuse in India

2023-10-05T14:36:17Z

Wikimaniac: Created article

{{lead missing|date=October 2023}}

{{orphan|date=October 2023}}

India, located between the Golden Crescent and Golden Triangle, is the world's largest producer of licit opium for the pharmaceutical trade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DRUG TRAFFICKING IN THE GOLDEN CRESCENT AND THE GOLDEN TRIANGLE CSS DIALOGUE REPORT |url=https://jgu.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/jsia/Drug+trafficking.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Due to its geographical location, India experiences a large amount of drug trafficking through its borders. Heroin is smuggled from Pakistan and Burma, with some quantities transshipped through Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India |url=https://www.unodc.org/pdf/india/publications/south_Asia_Regional_Profile_Sept_2005/10_india.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> Most heroin shipped from India are destined for Europe, with some reports of heroin smuggled from Mumbai to Nigeria for further export. Mumbai is an important center for distribution of drug, with the most commonly used drug being Indian heroin. Both public and private transportation are used for this drug trade.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=Drug trafficking through maritime routes, postal services on rise: NCB |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/drug-trafficking-through-maritime-routes-postal-services-on-risencb-101664305955719.html |access-date=2023-10-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Drug trafficking affects the country in many ways, including drug abuse, organized crime, political instability, and the growth of organized crime. The most common drugs used in India are cannabis, hashish, opium, and heroin. The Indian government has taken several measures to combat drug trafficking, including being a party to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.

==See also==
*[[Drug policy of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{India-stub}}
[[Category:Illegal drug trade in Asia]]
[[Category:Drugs in India]]
[[Category:Social issues in India]]
[[Category:Drug policy of India]]

Rakri, Punjab

2023-09-07T14:10:02Z

Wikimaniac: Wrote an insightful write-up.

{{Short description|Town in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{other uses|Rakri (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rakri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.9250193|N|75.7928829|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tahsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mukerian]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 5.47
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5722
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rakri''' is a [[census town]] in [[Mukerian]] tahsil of [[Hoshiarpur district]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It contains the site of Datarpur, capital of the former [[Datarpur State]]. As of 2011, it has a population of 5,722, in 1,196 households.

== History ==
Rakri contains the site of Datarpur, which was capital of the former [[Datarpur State]].<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|75}} Datarpur is said to have been founded around the year 1500.<ref name="Gazetteer 1904">{{cite book |title=Puunjab District Gazetteers, Volume XIII-A: Hoshiarpur District |publisher=Punjab Government Press |location=Lahore |url=https://revenue.punjab.gov.in/sites/default/files/hoshiarpur1904.PDF |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|18}}

Rakri was first reclassified as a non-statutory census town for the 2011 census (previously it had been designated as a village).<ref name="Census 2011 B"/>{{rp|10}}

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Rakri had a population of 5,722, in 1,196 households. This population was 50.8% male (2,908) and 49.2% female (2,814). The 0-6 age group numbered 566 (286 male and 280 female), or 9.9% of the total population. 1,265 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 22.1% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Punjab District Census Handbook - Hoshiarpur, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/997/download/3002/DH_2011_0304_PART_B_DCHB_HOSHIARPUR.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|22-3}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Rakri as having a population of 4,270 people (2,813 male and 2,087 female), in 710 households and 710 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Punjab: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A & B: Village & Town Directory, District Hoshiarpur |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28539/download/31721/27658_1981_HOS.pdf |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|258}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Rakri (as "Rakri ''maruf'' Datarpur") with a total population of 3,029 people (1,548 male and 1,481 female), in 577 households and 577 physical houses. It then had 2 hospitals and a post office.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: Punjab District Census Handbook No. 9: Hoshiarpur District |publisher=Government of Punjab |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29218/download/32399/22080_1961_HOS.pdf |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|xxiv}}

== Economy ==
Among the most important commodities produced in Rakri are shoes and wooden products. As of 2009, Rakri had 1 nationalised bank, 0 private commercial banks, 1 [[cooperative banking#India|cooperative bank]], and 1 [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit society]].<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|406-7}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Rakri has 1 hospital with 8 beds, 5 medicine shops, 10 schools teaching at the primary level and 3 teaching at the secondary level, and 1 public library. Water is stored in overhead tank(s), with a total capacity of 500 kilolitres. The town does not have a local fire department; the nearest one is at [[Talwara]], 10 km away.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Punjab District Census Handbook - Hoshiarpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/996/download/2998/DH_2011_0304_PART_A_DCHB_HOSHIARPUR.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=7 September 2023}}</ref>{{rp|403-7}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hoshiarpur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hoshiarpur district]]

Tarpura, Rajasthan

2023-07-11T13:19:58Z

Wikimaniac: Developed original content.

{{Short description|Village in Sikar, Rajasthan}}

{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Tarpura
| postal_code = 332024
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| population_total = 7392
| elevation_m = 450
| native_name =
| image_map =
| settlement_type = Village
| government_type =
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| area_code =
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate = RJ-23
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], [[English language|English]]
| coordinates = {{coord|27|44|20|N|75|15|06|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| area_total_ha = 2387
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| leader_title =
}}
'''Tarpura''' is a village located in the [[Sikar]] tehsil of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. It is 22 kilometers from Sikar district. The geographical area of Tarpura village is 23.9 sq. km.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TARPURA Pin Code - 332024, Sikar All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search SIKAR Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/sikar/tarpura-pincode-332024.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Tarpura village had a population of 7392 of which 3784 were males and 3608 females.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tarpura Village Population - Sikar - Sikar, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/81510-tarpura-rajasthan.html |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== Literacy ==
As of 2011, the literacy rate of Tarpura village was 72.31 % compared to 66.11 % for Rajasthan.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajasthan-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Sikar district]]

Swahili language

2023-03-13T03:47:01Z

Wikimaniac: Page started.

{{Short description|Bantu language spoken mainly in East Africa}}

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Swahili
| nativename = [[Swahili Ajami|Ajami]]: {{lang|sw|كِسوَحِيلِ}} {{lang|sw|Kiswahili}}
| pronunciation = {{IPA-sw|kiswɑˈhili|lang|Kiswahili.ogg|lang}}
| ethnicity = [[Swahili people|Swahili]]
| history =
| states = mainly in [[Tanzania]], [[Kenya]] and, [[Comoros]], [[Mayotte]], [[Uganda]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], the eastern part of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], the [[Bajuni Islands]] (part of [[Somalia]]), northern [[Mozambique]] (mostly [[Mwani language|Mwani]]),<ref>Thomas J. Hinnebusch, 1992, "Swahili", ''International Encyclopedia of Linguistics'', Oxford, pp. 99–106 David Dalby, 1999/2000, ''The Linguasphere Register of the World's Languages and Speech Communities'', Linguasphere Press, Volume Two, pp. 733–735 Benji Wald, 1994, "Sub-Saharan Africa", ''Atlas of the World's Languages'', Routledge, pp. 289–346, maps 80, 81, 85</ref> [[Zambia]], [[Malawi]], and [[Madagascar]].
| speakers = [[First language|L1]] speakers: {{sigfig|18.099500|1}} million.

Combined [[First language|L1]] and [[Second language|L2]] speakers: {{sigfig|82.559500|1}} million<ref name=e51/>
| date = 2019
| speakers_label = Speakers
| familycolor = Niger-Congo
| fam1 = [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]
| fam2 = [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]
| fam3 = [[Volta–Congo languages|Volta-Congo]]
| fam4 = [[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]
| fam5 = [[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]]
| fam6 = [[Southern Bantoid languages|Southern Bantoid]]
| fam7 = [[Bantu languages|Bantu]]
| fam8 = [[Northeast Bantu languages|Northeast Bantu]]
| fam9 = [[Northeast Coast Bantu languages|Northeast Coast Bantu]]
| fam10 = [[Sabaki languages|Sabaki]]
| protoname = '''Proto-Swahili'''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lGwnDwAAQBAJ |title = The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800-1500|isbn = 9781512821666|last1 = Nurse|first1 = Derek|last2 = Spear|first2 = Thomas|date = 10 June 2017|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lGwnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 50]}}</ref>
| script = {{Plainlist}}
* [[Latin script]] ([[#Orthography|Roman Swahili alphabet]])
* [[Arabic script]] ([[Swahili Ajami|Arabic Swahili alphabet]])
* [[Swahili Braille]]
{{Endplainlist}}
| nation = {{Collapsible list
| expand = yes
| titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title = 4 countries
| {{flag|Tanzania}}
| {{flag|Rwanda}}
| {{flag|Kenya}}
| {{flag|Uganda}}
}}
{{Collapsible list
| expand = yes
| titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
| title=Organizations
| {{flagdeco|African Union}} [[African Union]]
| {{flagdeco|East African Community}} [[East African Community]]
| {{flagdeco|SADC}} [[Southern African Development Community]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadc Adopts Kiswahili as 4th Working Language |url=https://ec.europa.eu/education/knowledge-centre-interpretation/news/sadc-adopts-kiswahili-4th-working-language_en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018082045/https://ec.europa.eu/education/knowledge-centre-interpretation/news/sadc-adopts-kiswahili-4th-working-language_en |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=21 February 2021 |website=European Commission}}</ref>
}}
| minority = {{Plainlist}}
* {{flag|Burundi}}
* {{flag|DR Congo}}
* {{flag|Mozambique}}
{{Endplainlist}}
| agency = {{Plainlist}}
* {{lang|sw|[[Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa]]|italic=no}} (Tanzania)
* {{lang|sw|[[Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa]]|italic=no}} (Kenya)
{{Endplainlist}}
| iso1 = sw
| iso2 = swa
| iso3 = swa
| lc1 = swc
| ld1 = Congo Swahili
| lc2 = swh
| ld2 = Coastal Swahili
| lc3 = ymk
| ld3 = [[Makwe language|Makwe]] (?)
| lc4 = wmw
| ld4 = [[Mwani language|Mwani]] (?)
| lingua = 99-AUS-m
| guthrie = {{Plainlist}}
* G.42–43;
* G.40.A–H (pidgins & creoles)
{{Endplainlist}}
| glotto = swah1254
| glottorefname = Swahili (G.40)
| map = Maeneo penye wasemaji wa Kiswahili.png
| mapcaption = Geographic-administrative extent of Swahili. Dark: native range (the [[Swahili coast]]). Medium green: Spoken by a majority alongside indigenous languages. Light green: Spoken by a minority.
| notice = IPA
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym
| person = Mswahili
| people = [[Swahili people|Waswahili]]
| language = Kiswahili
}}
'''Swahili''', also known by its [[endonym and exonym|local name]] '''{{lang|sw|Kiswahili}}''', is the [[first language|native language]] of the [[Swahili people]], who are found primarily in [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]] and [[Mozambique]] (along the [[East Africa]]n coast and adjacent litoral islands).<ref>{{cite web|last=Mugane|first=John|url=https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/9780896804890_chapter_01_and_toc.pdf |title=The Story of Swahili|work=Center for International Studies,Ohio University |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> It is a [[Bantu languages|Bantu language]], though Swahili has borrowed a number of words from foreign languages, particularly [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], but also words from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[English language|English]] and [[German language|German]]. Around forty percent of Swahili vocabulary consists of Arabic loanwords,<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60333796 | title='It's time we move from the coloniser's language' | work=BBC News | date=17 February 2022 }}</ref> including the name of the language ({{lang|ar|سَوَاحِلي}} {{lang|ar-Latn|sawāḥilī}}, a plural adjectival form of an Arabic word meaning 'of the coast'). The loanwords date from the era of contact between [[Arab slave trade]]rs and the [[Northeast Bantu languages|Bantu]] inhabitants of the east coast of Africa, which was also the time period when Swahili emerged as a [[lingua franca]] in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swahili-language|title=Swahili language|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|access-date=30 January 2021|archive-date=23 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723004044/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Swahili-language|url-status=live}}</ref> The number of Swahili speakers, be they native or second-language speakers, is estimated to be around {{sigfig|82.559500|1}} million.<ref name="stanford">{{cite web |title=HOME – Home |url=http://swahililanguage.stanford.edu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215022721/http://swahililanguage.stanford.edu/ |archive-date=15 December 2016 |access-date=19 July 2016 |publisher=Swahililanguage.stanford.edu |quote=After Arabic, Swahili is the most widely used African language but the number of its speakers is another area in which there is little agreement. The most commonly mentioned numbers are 50, 80, and 100 million people. [...] The number of its native speakers has been placed at just under 2 million.}}</ref>

Due to concerted efforts by the government of [[Baraza la Kiswahili la Taifa|Tanzania]], Swahili is one of three official languages (the others being English and French) of the [[East African Community]] (EAC) countries, namely [[Burundi]], [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Tanzania]], and [[Uganda]]. It is a [[lingua franca]] of other areas in the [[African Great Lakes]] region and [[East Africa|East]] and [[Southern Africa]], including some parts of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC), [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], the southern tip of [[Somalia]], and [[Zambia]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mazrui, Ali Al'Amin.|title=Swahili state and society : the political economy of an African language|publisher=East African Educational Publishers|isbn=0-85255-729-9|oclc=441402890}}</ref><ref>Prins 1961</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Development and Promotion of Extractive Industries and Mineral Value Addition|url=http://www.eac.int/treaty/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=206&Itemid=331|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021151552/http://www.eac.int/treaty/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=206&Itemid=331|archive-date=21 October 2016|access-date=20 July 2016|publisher=[[East African Community]]}}</ref> Swahili is also one of the working languages of the African Union and of the [[Southern African Development Community]]. The [[East African Community]] created an institution called the ''East African Kiswahili Commission'' (EAKC) which began operations in 2015. The institution currently serves as the leading body for promoting the language in the [[East Africa|East African region]], as well as for coordinating its development and usage for regional integration and sustainable development.<ref name="Press Release on EAKC">[https://www.eac.int/press-releases/138-education,-science-technology-news/738-east-african-kiswahili-commission-discusses-strategy-implementation-plan#:~:text=About%20the%20East%20African%20Kiswahili,Operations%20Plan%20for%202016%2D2017. Press Release on EAKC]</ref> In recent years [[South Africa]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-09-17-kiswahili-gets-ministers-stamp-to-be-taught-in-sa-schools/|title=Kiswahili gets minister's stamp to be taught in SA schools|newspaper=[[The Sowetan]]|last=Sobuwa|first=Yoliswa|access-date=9 October 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918231128/https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-09-17-kiswahili-gets-ministers-stamp-to-be-taught-in-sa-schools/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Botswana]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.languagemagazine.com/2020/10/12/botswana-to-introduce-swahili-language-in-local-schools/ |title=Botswana to Introduce Swahili Language in Local Schools |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322162812/https://www.languagemagazine.com/2020/10/12/botswana-to-introduce-swahili-language-in-local-schools/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Namibia]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://neweralive.na/posts/pandemic-disrupts-kiswahili-adoption-plans |title=Pandemic disrupts Kiswahili adoption plans |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205223846/https://neweralive.na/posts/pandemic-disrupts-kiswahili-adoption-plans |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ethiopia]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAU to Start Teaching Kiswahili Language – Ethiopian Monitor |url=https://ethiopianmonitor.com/2022/02/09/addis-ababa-university-to-start-ma-ba-degrees-in-kiswahili-language/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[South Sudan]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mbamalu |first=Socrates |title=Tanzania to send Kiswahili teachers to South Sudan |url=https://thisisafrica.me/arts-and-culture/tanzania-to-send-kiswahili-teachers-to-south-sudan/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=This is africa |language=en-US}}</ref> have begun offering Swahili as a subject in schools or have developed plans to do so.

[[Comorian language|Shikomor]] (or [[Comorian language|Comorian]]), an official language in [[Comoros]] and also spoken in [[Mayotte]] ({{lang|swb|[[Shimaore]]}}), is closely related to Swahili and is sometimes considered a dialect of Swahili, although other authorities consider it a distinct language.<ref>Nurse and Hinnebusch, 1993, p.18</ref><ref>Nurse and Hinnebusch, 1993</ref> In 2022, based on Swahili's growth as a prominent international language, the [[United Nations]] declared [[UN Swahili Language Day|Swahili Language Day]] as 7 July to commemorate the date that [[Julius Nyerere]] adopted Swahili as a unifying language for African independence struggles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO declares July 7 World Kiswahili Language Day |url=https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/news/un-declares-july-7-world-kiswahili-language-day |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730061449/https://www.uonbi.ac.ke/news/un-declares-july-7-world-kiswahili-language-day |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=2022-08-09 |website=unesco.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Classification==
Swahili is a [[Bantu languages|Bantu language]] of the [[Sabaki languages|Sabaki branch]].<ref>Derek Nurse, Thomas J. Hinnebusch, Gérard Philippson. 1993. ''Swahili and Sabaki: A Linguistic History''. University of California Press</ref> In [[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages|Guthrie's geographic classification]], Swahili is in Bantu zone G, whereas the other Sabaki languages are in zone E70, commonly under the name ''Nyika.'' Historical linguists consider the Arabic influence on Swahili to be significant, since it takes around 40% of its vocabulary directly from [[Arabic]], and was initially spread by [[Arab slave trade]]rs along the [[East Africa]]n coast.<ref name="bbc.com"/><ref>Derek Nurse, Thomas T. Spear. 1985. Arabic loan words make up to 40% of the language. ''The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society'', 800–1500. University of Pennsylvania Press</ref><ref>Thomas Spear. 2000. "Early Swahili History Reconsidered". ''The International Journal of African Historical Studies'', Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 257–290</ref>

==History==
[[File:Askari makumbusho matini Kiswahili - Kiarabu.png|thumb|upright|Swahili in Arabic script—memorial plate at the [[Askari Monument]], Dar es Salaam (1927)]]

===Etymology===
The origin of the word Swahili is its phonetic equivalent in Arabic:
{|
|-
|{{wikt-lang|ar|سَاحِل}} || →   || {{wikt-lang|ar|سَوَاحِل}} || →   || {{lang|ar|سَوَاحِلِيّ}}
|-
| {{transliteration|ar|ALA|sāḥil}} || || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|sawāḥil}} || || {{transliteration|ar|ALA|sawāḥilī}}
|-
|"coast" || || "coasts" ([[broken plural]]) || || "of coasts"
|}

===Origin===
The core of the Swahili language originates in [[Northeast Coast Bantu languages|Bantu languages]] of the coast of East Africa. Much of Swahili's Bantu vocabulary has cognates in the [[Pokomo language|Pokomo]], [[Taita language|Taita]], and [[Mijikenda language]]s<ref>{{Cite book|last=Polomé|first=Edgar|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED012888.pdf|title=Swahili Language Handbook|publisher=Centre for Applied Linguistics|year=1967|pages=28|access-date=12 September 2019|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014857/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED012888.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and, to a lesser extent, other [[Northeast Bantu languages|East African Bantu languages]]. While opinions vary on the specifics, it has been historically purported that around 16-20% of the Swahili vocabulary is derived from loan words, the vast majority [[Arabic]], but also other contributing languages, including [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], and [[Malay language|Malay]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ali |first=Hassan O. |title=A Brief History of the Swahili Language |url=http://www.glcom.com/hassan/swahili_history.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512022044/http://www.glcom.com/hassan/swahili_history.html |archive-date=12 May 2017 |access-date=30 September 2017 |website=Swahili Language & Culture}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Source languages for loanwords in Swahili<ref>"1. Loanwords in Swahili", T. Schadeberg, in Tadmor, Uri. Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Germany: De Gruyter, 2009.</ref>
! Source languages !! Percentage
|-
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (mainly [[Omani Arabic]]) || 15%
|-
| [[English language|English]] || 4.6%
|-
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] || 0.9–1.0%
|-
| [[Hindustani language|Hindi]] || 0.7–3.9%
|-
| [[Persian language|Persian]] (mainly [[Iranian Persian]]) || 0.4–3.4%
|-
| [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] || 0.2–0.4%
|}

[[Omani Arabic]] is the source of most Arabic loanwords in Swahili.<ref>Baldi, Sergio, [https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/98881/edition/85189/content/folia-orientalia-2012-vol-xlix-arabic-loans-in-east-african-languages-through-swahili-a-survey-baldi-sergio?language=en Arabic Loans in East African Languages through Swahili: A Survey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330035142/https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/98881/edition/85189/content/folia-orientalia-2012-vol-xlix-arabic-loans-in-east-african-languages-through-swahili-a-survey-baldi-sergio?language=en }}, Folia Orientalia, 2012, PAS Journals Repository</ref><ref>Nurse and Hinnebusch, 1993, p. 321</ref> In the text "Early Swahili History Reconsidered", however, Thomas Spear noted that Swahili retains a large amount of grammar, vocabulary, and sounds inherited from the [[Sabaki languages|Sabaki language]]. In fact, while taking account of daily vocabulary, using lists of one hundred words, 72–91% were inherited from the [[Sabaki languages|Sabaki language]] (which is reported as a parent language) whereas 4–17% were loan words from other African languages. Only 2–8% were from non-African languages, and Arabic loan words constituted a fraction of that.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor = 220649|title = Early Swahili History Reconsidered|last1 = Spear|first1 = Thomas|journal = The International Journal of African Historical Studies|year = 2000|volume = 33|issue = 2|pages = 257–290|doi = 10.2307/220649}}</ref> According to other sources, around 40% of the Swahili vocabulary comes from Arabic.<ref name="bbc.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/swahili/guide/facts.shtml |title=A Guide to Swahili - 10 facts about the Swahili language |access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-date=5 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905184549/http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/swahili/guide/facts.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> What also remained unconsidered was that a good number of the borrowed terms had Bantu equivalents. The preferred use of Arabic loan words is prevalent along the coast, where local people, in a cultural show of proximity to, or descent from Arab culture, would rather use loan words, whereas the people in the interior tend to use the Bantu equivalents. It was originally written in [[Arabic script]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.glcom.com/hassan/swahili_history.html |title=Swahili history |last=Juma |first=Abdurahman |publisher=glcom.com |access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-date=12 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170512022044/http://www.glcom.com/hassan/swahili_history.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The earliest known documents written in Swahili are letters written in [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]], [[Tanzania]], in 1711 in the Arabic script that were sent to the Portuguese of Mozambique and their local allies. The original letters are preserved in the Historical Archives of Goa, [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |first=E. A. |last=Alpers |title=Ivory and Slaves in East Central Africa |location=London |year=1975 |pages=98–99}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first=T. |last=Vernet |title=Les cités-Etats swahili et la puissance omanaise (1650–1720) |journal=Journal des Africanistes |volume=72 |issue=2 |year=2002 |pages=102–05|doi=10.3406/jafr.2002.1308 }}</ref>

===Colonial period===
[[File:Swahili-pn.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Although originally written with the Arabic script, Swahili is now written in a [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] introduced by [[Christians|Christian]] [[Missionary|missionaries]] and colonial administrators. The text shown here is the [[Catholic]] version of the [[Lord's Prayer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wikisource.org/wiki/Baba_yetu |title=Baba yetu |publisher=Wikisource |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-date=8 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008014826/http://wikisource.org/wiki/Baba_yetu |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Various colonial powers that ruled on the coast of East Africa played a role in the growth and spread of Swahili. With the arrival of the Arabs in East Africa, they used Swahili as a language of trade as well as for teaching Islam to the local [[Bantu peoples]]. This resulted in Swahili first being written in the Arabic alphabet. The later contact with the Portuguese resulted in the increase of vocabulary of the Swahili language. The language was formalised in an institutional level when the Germans took over after the [[Berlin conference]]. After seeing there was already a widespread language, the Germans formalised it as the official language to be used in schools. Thus schools in Swahili are called Shule (from German {{Lang|de|Schule}}) in government, trade and the court system. With the Germans controlling the major Swahili-speaking region in East Africa, they changed the alphabet system from Arabic to Latin. After the First World War, Britain took over German East Africa, where they found Swahili rooted in most areas, not just the coastal regions. The British decided to formalise it as the language to be used across the East African region (although in [[East Africa Protectorate|British East Africa]] [Kenya and Uganda] most areas used English and various Nilotic and other Bantu languages while Swahili was mostly restricted to the coast). In June 1928, an inter-territorial conference attended by representatives of [[Kenya]], [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]], [[Uganda]], and [[Zanzibar]] took place in [[Mombasa]]. The Zanzibar dialect was chosen as standard Swahili for those areas,<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/Swahili |title=Swahili |publisher=About World Languages |access-date=30 September 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001030923/http://aboutworldlanguages.com/Swahili |url-status=live }}</ref> and the standard orthography for Swahili was adopted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lexikos.journals.ac.za/pub/article/viewFile/918/437 |title=Dictionaries and the Standardization of Spelling in Swahili |publisher=Lexikos |last=Mdee |first=James S. |volume=9 |year=1999 |pages=126–27 |access-date=2 June 2017 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028234354/http://lexikos.journals.ac.za/pub/article/viewFile/918/437 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Current status==
Swahili has become a second language spoken by tens of millions of people in the four [[African Great Lakes]] countries ([[Kenya]], [[DRC]], [[Uganda]], and [[Tanzania]]), where it is an official or national language. It is also the first language for many people in Tanzania, especially in the coastal regions of Tanga, Pwani, Dar es Salaam, Mtwara and Lindi. In the inner regions of Tanzania, Swahili is spoken with an accent influenced by other local languages and dialects. There, it is a first language for most of the people who are born in the cities, whilst being spoken as a second language in rural areas. Swahili and closely related languages are spoken by relatively small numbers of people in [[Burundi]], [[Comoros]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]], [[Zambia]] and [[Rwanda]].<ref>Nurse & Thomas Spear (1985) ''The Swahili''</ref> The language was still understood in the southern ports of the [[Red Sea]] in the 20th century.<ref name="Kharusi">{{Cite journal |last=Kharusi |first=N. S. |title=The Ethnic Label Zinjibari: Politics and Language Choice Implications Among Swahili Speakers in Oman |journal=[[Ethnicities (journal)|Ethnicities]] |language=en |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=335–353 |doi=10.1177/1468796811432681 |s2cid=145808915}}</ref><ref>Adriaan Hendrik Johan Prins (1961) ''The Swahili-speaking Peoples of Zanzibar and the East African Coast.'' ''[[Ethnologue]]''</ref> The [[East African Community]] created an institution called the [[East African Kiswahili Commission|East African Kiswahili Commission (EAKC)]] which began operations in 2015. The institution currently serves as the leading body for promoting the language in the [[East Africa|East African region]], as well as for coordinating its development and usage for regional integration and sustainable development.<ref name="Press Release on EAKC"/>

Swahili is among the first languages in Africa for which [[language technology]] applications have been developed. [[Arvi Hurskainen]] is one of the early developers. The applications include a [[spelling checker]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Zana za Uhakiki za Microsoft Office 2016 - Kiingereza|url=http://www.microsoft.com/sw-ke/download/details.aspx?id=52668|website=Microsoft Download Center|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044655/http://www.microsoft.com/sw-KE/download/details.aspx?id=52668|url-status=live}}</ref> [[part-of-speech tagging]],<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=Salama|url=http://77.240.23.241/|website=77.240.23.241|access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref> a [[language learning software]],<ref name="auto" /> an analysed Swahili [[text corpus]] of 25 million words,<ref>{{cite web|title=Helsinki Corpus of Swahili 2.0 (HCS 2.0) – META-SHARE|url=http://metashare.csc.fi/repository/browse/helsinki-corpus-of-swahili-20-hcs-20/d544fe38184411e291cf005056be118e78589842c66b4efda6ad46f4034679c9/|website=metashare.csc.fi|access-date=23 October 2019|archive-date=23 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023142138/http://metashare.csc.fi/repository/browse/helsinki-corpus-of-swahili-20-hcs-20/d544fe38184411e291cf005056be118e78589842c66b4efda6ad46f4034679c9/|url-status=live}}</ref> an [[electronic dictionary]],<ref name="auto" /> and [[machine translation]]<ref name="auto" /> between Swahili and English. The development of language technology also strengthens the position of Swahili as a modern medium of communication.<ref>Hurskainen, Arvi. 2018. Sustainable language technology for African languages. In Agwuele, Augustine and [[Adams Bodomo|Bodomo, Adams]] (eds), The Routledge Handbook of African Linguistics, 359–375. London: Routledge Publishers. {{ISBN|978-1-138-22829-0}}</ref> Furthermore, Swahili Wikipedia is one of the few Wikipedias in an African language that features a fair amount of contributors and articles.

===Tanzania===
The widespread use of Swahili as a national language in Tanzania came after Tanganyika gained independence in 1961 and the government decided that it would be used as a language to unify the new nation. This saw the use of Swahili in all levels of government, trade, art as well as schools in which primary school children are taught in Swahili, before switching to English (medium of instruction)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.socialstudies.org/sites/default/files/publications/se/6107/610708.html |title=The Failure of Language Policy in Tanzanian Schools |access-date=13 October 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716031547/http://www.socialstudies.org/sites/default/files/publications/se/6107/610708.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in secondary schools (although Swahili is still taught as an independent subject).
After Tanganyika and Zanzibar unification in 1964, ''Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili'' (TUKI, Institute of Swahili Research) was created from the Interterritorial Language Committee. In 1970 TUKI was merged with the [[University of Dar es Salaam]], while ''Baraza la'' ''Kiswahili la Taifa'' (BAKITA) was formed. BAKITA is an organisation dedicated to the development and advocacy of Swahili as a means of national integration in Tanzania. Key activities mandated for the organization include creating a healthy atmosphere for the development of Swahili, encouraging use of the language in government and business functions, coordinating activities of other organizations involved with Swahili, standardizing the language. BAKITA vision are: "1.To efficiently manage and coordinate the development and use of Kiswahili in Tanzania 2.To participate fully and effectively in promoting Swahili in East Africa, Africa and the entire world over".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vision and Mission of The National Kiswahili Council |url=https://www.bakita.go.tz/eng/vision_mission |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022065512/https://www.bakita.go.tz/eng/vision_mission |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=The United Republic of Tanzania National Kiswahili Council |language=en}}</ref> Although other bodies and agencies can propose new vocabularies, BAKITA is the only organisation that can approve its usage in the Swahili language.

===Kenya===
In Kenya, Kiswahili has been the national language since 1964 and is official since 2010.<ref name="theeastafrican.co.ke">{{cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/uganda-finally-adopts-kiswahili-as-official-language-3869770|title=Uganda finally adopts Kiswahili as official language|work=[[Nation Media Group|The East African]]|access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> ''Chama cha Kiswahili cha Taifa'' (CHAKITA) was established in 1998 to research and promote Kiswahili language in Kenya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chakita.org/|title=CHAKITA:Chama Cha Kiswahili Cha Taifa|work=chakita.org|access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> Kiswahili is a compulsory subject in all Kenyan primary and secondary schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kbc.co.ke/cs-matiangi-kiswahili-remain-compulsory-in-new-curriculum/|title=CS Matiangi: Kiswahili to remain compulsory in new curriculum|work=Kenya Broadcasting Corporation(KBC)|access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref>

===Uganda===
Uganda adopted Kiswahili as the official language in 2022, and also made it compulsory across primary and secondary schools in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/kiswahili-language-compulsory-in-primary-secondary-schools-cabinet--3869906|title=Kiswahili language compulsory in primary, secondary schools – Cabinet|work=[[Nation Media Group|The Monitor]]|access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref><ref name="theeastafrican.co.ke"/>

===Somalia===
The Swahili language is not widespread in Somalia and has no [[Official language|official status]] nationally or regionally.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution of 2012.|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=94693&p_country=SOM&p_classification=01}}</ref> [[Dialect]]s of Swahili are spoken by some [[Minority group|ethnic minorities]] on the [[Bajuni Islands|Bajuni islands]] in the form of [[Bajuni dialect|Kibajuni]] on the southern tip of the country and in the town of [[Barawa|Brava]] in the form of [[Bravanese dialect|Chimwiini]]; both contain a significant amount of [[Somali language|Somali]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] loanwords.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Henderson|first=Brent|title=Chimwiini: Endangered Status and Syntactic Distinctiveness|url=http://users.clas.ufl.edu/bhendrsn/JWAL%20paper%20Chimwiini.pdf|journal=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nurse|first=Derek|title=When northern Swahili met southern Somali|url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/23416/1006736.pdf?sequence=1#page=659|journal=Contemporary African Linguistics}}</ref> Standard Swahili is generally only spoken by Somali nationals who have resided in Kenya and subsequently returned to Somalia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scharrer|first=Tabea|title="Ambiguous citizens": Kenyan Somalis and the question of belonging|journal=Journal of Eastern African Studies|volume=12|issue=3|pages=494–513|doi=10.1080/17531055.2018.1483864|s2cid=149655820|issn=1753-1055|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Weitzberg|first=Keren|title=We Do Not Have Borders: Greater Somalia and the Predicaments of Belonging in Kenya|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv224txv2.16|work=|pages=181–182|publisher=Ohio University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv224txv2.16|s2cid=240478166|access-date=2022-01-19}}</ref> Lastly, a closely related language [[Zigula language|Mushunguli]] (also known as Zigula, Zigua, or Chizigua) is spoken by some of the [[Somali Bantus|Somali Bantu]] ethnic minority mostly living in the [[Jubba Valley]].<ref>{{e25|xma|Mushungulu}}</ref> It is classified as a [[Northeast Coast Bantu languages|Northeast Coast Bantu language]] as Swahili is<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glottolog 4.5 - Northeast Coastal Bantu|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort3209|access-date=2022-01-25|website=glottolog.org}}</ref> and has some intelligibility with Swahili.{{citation needed}}

==Religious and political identity==
===Religion===
Swahili played a major role in spreading both [[history of Christianity|Christianity]] and [[history of Islam|Islam]] in [[East Africa]]. From their arrival in East Africa, [[Arabs]] brought Islam and set up [[madrasa]]s, where they used Swahili to teach Islam to the natives. As the Arab presence grew, more and more natives were converted to Islam and were taught using the Swahili language.

From the arrival of [[rape of Africa|Europeans]] in East Africa, Christianity was introduced to the region. While the Arabs were mostly based in the coastal areas, European missionaries went further inland spreading Christianity. As the first missionary posts in East Africa were in the coastal areas, missionaries picked up Swahili and used it to spread Christianity, since it contained many similarities with other indigenous languages in the region.

===Politics===
During the struggle for Tanganyika independence, the [[Tanganyika African National Union]] used Swahili as a language of mass organisation and political movement. This included publishing pamphlets and radio broadcasts to rally the people to fight for independence. After gaining independence, Swahili was adopted as the national language. To this day, Tanzanians carry a sense of pride when it comes to Swahili, especially when it is used to unite over 120 tribes across Tanzania. Swahili was used to strengthen solidarity within the nation, and remains to be a key identity of the Tanzanian people.

==Phonology==
{{For|assistance with IPA transcriptions of Swahili for Bharatpedia articles|Help:IPA/Swahili|selfref=yes}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Iddy speaking Swahili.webm|thumb|Example of spoken Swahili]]

===Vowels===
Standard Swahili has five vowel [[phoneme]]s: {{IPA|/ɑ/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, and {{IPA|/u/}}. According to [[Ellen Contini-Morava]], vowels are never [[vowel reduction|reduced]], regardless of [[stress (linguistics)|stress]].<ref name=":1">Contini-Morava, Ellen. 1997. Swahili Phonology. In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.), Phonologies of Asia and Africa 2, 841–860. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns.</ref> However, according to [[Edgar Polomé]], these five phonemes can vary in pronunciation. Polomé claims that {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, and {{IPA|/u/}} are pronounced as such only in stressed syllables. In unstressed syllables, as well as before a prenasalized consonant, they are pronounced as {{IPA|[e]}}, {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, {{IPA|[o]}}, and {{IPA|[ʊ]}}. ''E'' is also commonly pronounced as mid-position after ''w''. Polomé claims that {{IPA|/ɑ/}} is pronounced as such only after ''w'' and is pronounced as {{IPA|[a]}} in other situations, especially after {{IPA|/j/}} (''y''). ''A'' can be pronounced as {{IPA|[ə]}} in word-final position.<ref name="files.eric.ed.gov">{{Citation |title=Swahili Language Handbook |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED012888.pdf |type=Report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014857/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED012888.pdf |access-date=12 September 2019 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> Swahili vowels can be [[Vowel length|long]]; these are written as two vowels (example: {{lang|sw|kondoo}}, meaning "sheep"). This is due to a historical process in which the [[Voiced alveolar lateral approximant|L]] became deleted between the second last and last vowel of a word (e.g. {{lang|sw|kondoo}} "sheep" was originally pronounced ''kondolo'', which survives in certain dialects). However, these long vowels are not considered to be [[phonemic]]. A similar process exists in [[Zulu language#Vowels|Zulu]].

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align:center"
|+Swahili consonant phonemes<ref name=":1" /><ref>Modern Swahili Grammar East African Publishers, 2001 Mohamed Abdulla Mohamed p. 4</ref>
|-
! colspan=2 |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]] / [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=4 | [[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]]
| {{IPA link|ᵐb̥}}
|
| {{IPA link|ⁿd̥}}
| {{IPA link|ⁿd̥ʒ̊}}
| {{IPA link|ᵑɡ̊}}
|
|-
! [[Implosive consonant|implosive]] / [[Voiced plosive|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|ɓ}} ~ {{IPA link|b}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɗ}} ~ {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA link|ʄ}} ~ {{IPA link|dʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɠ}} ~ {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! [[Voiceless plosive|voiceless]]
| {{IPA link|p}}
|
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
| ({{IPA link|pʰ}})
|
| ({{IPA link|tʰ}})
| ({{IPA link|tʃʰ}})
| ({{IPA link|kʰ}})
|
|-
! rowspan=3 | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! [[Prenasalized consonant|prenasalized]]
| {{IPA link|ᶬv̥}}
|
| {{IPA link|ⁿz̥}}
|
|
|
|-
! [[Voiced fricative|voiced]]
| {{IPA link|v}}
| ({{IPA link|ð}})
| {{IPA link|z}}
|
| ({{IPA link|ɣ}})
|
|-
! [[Voiceless fricative|voiceless]]
| {{IPA link|f}}
| ({{IPA link|θ}})
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
| ({{IPA link|x}})
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|-
! colspan=2 | [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
|
|
| {{IPAlink|r}}
|
|
|
|}

Where not shown, the orthography is the same as IPA.

Some dialects of Swahili may also have the aspirated phonemes {{IPA|/pʰ tʰ tʃʰ kʰ bʱ dʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ/}} though they are unmarked in Swahili's orthography.<ref name="Lodhi">{{Cite journal |last=Lodhi |first=Abdulaziz Y. |title=Aspiration in Swahili Adjectives and Verbs |url=https://sprak.gu.se/digitalAssets/1324/1324063_aspiration-in-swahili.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Africa & Asia |language=en |volume=3 |page=157 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715041859/https://sprak.gu.se/digitalAssets/1324/1324063_aspiration-in-swahili.pdf |archive-date=2020-07-15}}</ref> Multiple studies favour classifying prenasalization as consonant clusters, not as separate phonemes. Historically, nasalization has been lost before voiceless consonants, and subsequently the voiced consonants have devoiced{{Citation needed}}, though they are still written ''mb, nd'' etc. The /r/ phoneme is realised as either a short trill {{IPA blink|r}} or more commonly as a single tap {{IPA blink|ɾ}} by most speakers. {{IPA|[x]}} exists in free variation with h, and is only distinguished by some speakers.<ref name="files.eric.ed.gov" /> In some Arabic loans (nouns, verbs, adjectives), emphasis or intensity is expressed by reproducing the original emphatic consonants {{IPA|/dˤ, sˤ, tˤ, zˤ/}} and the uvular {{IPA|/q/}}, or lengthening a vowel, where aspiration would be used in inherited Bantu words.<ref name="Lodhi" />

==Orthography==
{{See also|Swahili Ajami}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA0075, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Einheimisches Mädchen.jpg|thumb|upright|Swahili in Arabic script on the clothes of a girl in [[German East Africa]] (ca. early 1900s)]]
Swahili is now written in the Latin alphabet. There are a few [[digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] for native sounds, ''ch'', ''sh'', ''ng{{'}}'' and ''ny''; ''q'' and ''x'' are not used,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/swahili/guide/alphabet.shtml |title=A Guide to Swahili – The Swahili alphabet |publisher=BBC |access-date=25 December 2019 |archive-date=12 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212181115/http://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/other/swahili/guide/alphabet.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref> ''c'' is not used apart from the digraph ''ch'', unassimilated English loans and, occasionally, as a substitute for ''k'' in advertisements. There are also several digraphs for Arabic sounds, which many speakers outside of ethnic Swahili areas have trouble differentiating.

The language used to be primarily written in the [[Swahili Ajami|Ajami script]], which is an Arabic script. Much literature was produced in this script. With the introduction of Latin, the use of Ajami script has been diminished significantly. However, the language continues to have a tradition of being written in Arabic script.<ref name="Mutiua"/> Starting from the later half of the 19th century, continuing into the 20th century, and going on in the 21st century, a process of "Swahilization" of the Arabic Script has been under way by Swahili scribes and scholars. The first of such attempts was done by [[:sw:Mwalimu Sikujua|Mwalimu Sikujua]], a scholar and poet from [[Mombasa]].<ref name="Omar">Omar, Y. A., & Frankl, P. J. L. (1997). An Historical Review of the Arabic Rendering of Swahili Together with Proposals for the Development of a Swahili Writing System in Arabic Script (Based on the Swahili of Mombasa). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 7(01), 55–71. doi:[https://doi.org/10.1017/S1356186300008312 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1356186300008312]</ref> However, the spread of a standardized indigenous variation of Arabic script for Swahili was hampered by the colonial takeover of East Africa by [[the United Kingdom]] and [[Germany]]. The usage of Arabic script was suppressed in [[German East Africa]] and to a lesser extent in [[Kenya Colony|British East Africa]]. Nevertheless, well into the 1930s and 1940s, rural literacy rate in Arabic script as well as a local preference to write Swahili the Arabic script, an unmodified version as opposed to proposals such as that of Mwalimu Sikujua, was relatively high.<ref name="Omar"/> There were also differences in orthographic conventions between cities and authors and over the centuries, some quite precise but others different enough to cause difficulties with intelligibility. Thus despite a lack of official governmental backing, attempts at standardization and "Swahilization of the Arabic script continued into the 20th century.

In the most recent and most widely acknowledged orthographic standard, devised by Mu’allim Sheikh Yahya Ali Omar, the dialect of his hometown [[Mombasa]] has been chosen as the basis. This is, according to Yahya Ali Omar himself, because this dialect has historically been affected by all vernacular varieties of Swahili and it has formed the basis of literary Swahili. This dialect is in his opinion, best fitted for accurate Swahili prose.<ref name="Omar"/>

Traditionally Arabic had 3 [[Arabic diacritics|vowel diacritics]], {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}, and {{IPA|/u/}} whereas Swahili had 5. This meant that vowels {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/e/}} were conflated, as were vowels {{IPA|/u/}} and {{IPA|/o/}}. But one of the things that Swahili scholars have come to agree upon is the creation of two new diacritic, {{IPA|/e/}} was to be from {{IPA|/i/}} by rotating the ''[[kasrah|kasra]]'' 90° (◌ٖ) and {{IPA|/o/}} from {{IPA|/u/}} by writing the ''[[damma]]'' (◌ٗ). backwards.

Several Swahili consonants do not have equivalents in Arabic. Instead, the closest Arabic sound was substituted. Not only did that mean that one letter often stands for more than one sound, but also writers made different choices of which consonant to substitute. In the process of standardization, new letters and even [[Digraph (orthography)|diagraphs]] have been introduced to represent such sounds. Conventions from Urdu were a source of inspiration in this process, as letters from Urdu were adopted so as to distinguish aspiration and {{IPA|/p/}} from {{IPA|/b/}}: {{lang|sw-Arab|پھا}} {{IPA|/pʰaa/}} 'gazelle', {{lang|sw-Arab|پا}} {{IPA|/paa/}} 'roof'. Although it is not found in Standard Swahili today, there is a distinction between dental and [[alveolar consonant]]s in some dialects, which is reflected in some orthographies, for example in {{lang|sw-Arab|كُٹَ}} ''{{lang|sw|-kuta}}'' 'to meet' vs. {{lang|sw-Arab|كُتَ}} ''{{lang|sw|-kut̠a}}'' 'to be satisfied'. A ''k'' with the dots of ''y'', <big>{{Script|Arab|ـػ}}</big><big>{{Script|Arab|ـػـ}}</big><big>{{Script|Arab|ػـ}}</big><big>{{Script|Arab|ػ}}</big>, was used for ''ch'' in some conventions; ''ky'' being historically and even contemporaneously a more accurate transcription than Roman ''ch''. Whereas others more commonly used letters similar to those in [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] and [[Persian alphabet|Persian]]. In Mombasa, it was common to use the Arabic emphatics for Cw, for example in {{lang|sw-Arab|صِصِ}} ''{{lang|sw|swiswi}}'' (standard ''{{lang|sw|sisi}}'') 'we' and {{lang|sw-Arab|كِطَ}} ''{{lang|sw|kit̠wa}}'' (standard ''{{lang|sw|kichwa}}'') 'head'.

Particles such as ''{{lang|sw|ya, na, si, kwa, ni}}'' were joined to the following noun, and possessives such as ''{{lang|sw|yangu}}'' and ''{{lang|sw|yako}}'' were joined to the preceding noun, but verbs are written as two words, with the subject and [[tense–aspect–mood]] morphemes separated from the object and root, as in ''{{lang|sw|aliyeniambia}}'' "he who told me".<ref>Jan Knappert (1971) ''Swahili Islamic poetry'', Volume 1</ref> Nowadays, preserving the word segmentation that is now conventional in Roman script is preferred when writing in Arabic script too. Thus these monosyllabic particles are written separately.<ref name="Omar"/><ref name="Donnelly">Donnelly, K. (2015). Writing and transliterating Swahili in Arabic script with Andika. [http://www.fluxus-editions.fr/grafematik2020-files/donnelly-document.pdf http://www.fluxus-editions.fr/grafematik2020-files/donnelly-document.pdf] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230429051042/http://www.fluxus-editions.fr/grafematik2020-files/donnelly-document.pdf Archive])</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://corcencc.org/kevin-donnelly/ | title=Kevin Donnelly – CorCenCC – National Corpus of Contemporary Welsh }}</ref>

Below is the equivalents between Arabic Swahili and Roman Swahili orthograph:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+Swahili Ajami Letters<ref name="Omar"/><ref name="Donnelly"/>
! rowspan="2" |Name
! colspan="4" |Forms
! rowspan="2" |Sound represented
! rowspan="2" |Roman equivalent
! colspan="3" |Example
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Isolated
!Final
!Medial
!Initial
!Ajami
!Roman
!Meaning
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|alifu}} {{Script/Arabic|أَلِيفُ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ا}}
|colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـا}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ا}}
|{{IPA|/a/}}
|a
|{{Script/Arabic|أَنَسٖيمَ}} {{Script/Arabic|سَاسَ}} {{Script/Arabic|ڤِئَازِ}}
| anasema sas viazi
| he is speaking now potatoes
| The ''alifu'' has two functions: first, to indicate the vowel [a] when stressed; second, to be the carrier of the hamzah as word initial and at vowel sequences.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|bee}} {{Script/Arabic|بٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ب}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـب}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـبـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|بـ}}
|{{IPA|/ɓ/}}
| b
|{{Script/Arabic|بُويُ}} {{Script/Arabic|مْبرَزِل}}
| buyu mbrazil
| fruit Brazilian person
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|mbee}} {{Script/Arabic|نْبٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نْب}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـنْب}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـنْبـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نْبـ}}
|{{IPA|/ᵐb/}}
| b
|{{Script/Arabic|نْبٖيلٖ}}
| mbele
| in front
| Not applicable to [[wikt:Appendix:Swahili noun classes#M-wa class|Swahili noun class 1]] (the M-wa class) and other instances of syllabic "mb" consonant sequence. (meaning instances when "mb" is pronounced as [m̩ɓ] as opposed to [ᵐb])
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|pee}} {{Script/Arabic|پٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|پ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـپ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـپـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|پـ}}
|{{IPA|/p/}}
| p
|{{Script/Arabic|كُپَاكَ}}
| kupaka
| paint
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|p'ee}} {{Script/Arabic|پھٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|پْھ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـپْھ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـپْھـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|پْھـ}}
|{{IPA|/pʰ/}}
| p
|{{Script/Arabic|پْھَاكَ}}
| paka
| cat
| Not distinguished from [p] in Roman orthography.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|tee}} {{Script/Arabic|تٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ت}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـت}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـتـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|تـ}}
|{{IPA|/t̪/}}
| t
|{{Script/Arabic|هَتُؤَ}}
| haua
| action
| Dental [t].
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|t'ee}} {{Script/Arabic|تھٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|تْھ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـتْھ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـتْھـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|تْھـ}}
|{{IPA|/t̪ʰ/}}
| t
|{{Script/Arabic|تْھُوپَ}}
| tupa
| bottle
| Dental aspirated [t]. Not distinguished from [t̪], [t], or [tʰ] in Roman orthography.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|tee}} {{Script/Arabic|ٹٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ٹ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـٹ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـٹـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ٹـ}}
|{{IPA|/t/}}
| t
|{{Script/Arabic|ٹُونْڈُ}}
| tundu
| chicken coop
| Alveolar [t], unique to Mombasa Dialect. Not distinguished from [t̪], [t̪ʰ], or [tʰ] in Roman orthography.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|t'ee}} {{Script/Arabic|ٹھٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ٹھ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـٹھ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـٹھـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ٹھـ}}
|{{IPA|/tʰ/}}
| t
|{{Script/Arabic|ٹھُونْدُ}}
| tundu
| a hole
| Alveolar aspirated [t], unique to Mombasa Dialect. Not distinguished from [t̪], [t̪ʰ], or [t] in Roman orthography.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|thee}} {{Script/Arabic|ثٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ث}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـث}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـثـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ثـ}}
|{{IPA|/θ/}}
| th
|{{Script/Arabic|ثٖمَنِينِ}}
| themanini
| eighty
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|jimu}} {{Script/Arabic|جِيمُ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ج}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـج}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـجـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|جـ}}
|{{IPA|/ʄ ~ dʒ/}}
| j
|{{Script/Arabic|جَانَ}}
| jana
| yesterday
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|njimu}} {{Script/Arabic|نْجِيمُ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نْج}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـنْج}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـنْجـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نْجـ}}
|{{IPA|/ⁿd̥ʒ̊/}}
| nj
|{{Script/Arabic|نْجٖيمَ}}
| njema
| good
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|chimu}} {{Script/Arabic|چِيمُ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|چ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـچ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـچـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|چـ}}
|{{IPA|/tʃ/}}
| ch
|{{Script/Arabic|چُونْڠوَ}}
| chungwa
| orange
| Historically, some manuscripts used ''kafu'' with two dots {{Script/Arabic|ػ}} as well.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|ch'imu}} {{Script/Arabic|چھِيمُ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|چھ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـچھ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـچھـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|چھـ}}
|{{IPA|/tʃʰ/}}
| ch
|{{Script/Arabic|چھُونْڠوَ}}
| ch'ungwa
| medium-sized orange
| Not distinguished from [tʃ] in Roman orthography.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|hee}} {{Script/Arabic|حٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ح}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـح}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـحـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|حـ}}
|{{IPA|/h/}}
| h
|{{Script/Arabic|حَسَن}} {{Script/Arabic|وَسوَحِيلِ}}
| hasan waswahili
| Name "Hasan" Swahili people
| Only used in loanwords from Arabic. As the original Arabic pronunciation doesn't exist in Swahili phonology, Swahili speakers pronounce it as [h].
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|khee}} {{Script/Arabic|خٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|خ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـخ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـخـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|خـ}}
|{{IPA|/χ ~ h/}}
| h (kh)
|{{Script/Arabic|خَبَارِ}}
| habari
| news
| Only used in loanwords from Arabic. Most Swahili speakers pronounce it as [h].
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|dali}} {{Script/Arabic|دَالِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|د}}
|colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـد}}
|{{Script/Arabic|د}}
|{{IPA|/d̪/}}
| d
|{{Script/Arabic|دَنْڠَانْيَ}}
| danganya
| deceive
| Dental [d].
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|ndali}} {{Script/Arabic|نْدَالِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نْد}}
|colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـنْد}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نْد}}
|{{IPA|/ⁿd̪/}}
| nd
|{{Script/Arabic|مْوٖينْدٖ}}
| mwenḏe
| go
| Prenasalized Dental [nd].
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|dali}} {{Script/Arabic|ڈَالِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ڈ}}
|colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـڈ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ڈ}}
|{{IPA|/d/}}
| d
|{{Script/Arabic|ڈُو}}
| du
| Large bucket
| Alveolar [d], unique to Mombasa Dialect. Not distinguished from [d̪] in Roman orthography.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|ndali}} {{Script/Arabic|نْڈَالِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نْڈ}}
|colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـنْڈ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نْڈ}}
|{{IPA|/d/}}
| d
|{{Script/Arabic|نْڈَانِ}}
| ndani
| Inside
| Prenasalized Alveolar [d], unique to Mombasa Dialect. Not distinguished from [nd̪] in Latin orthography.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|dhali}} {{Script/Arabic|ذَالِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ذ}}
|colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـذ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ذ}}
|{{IPA|/ð/}}
| dh
|{{Script/Arabic|ذَهَابُ}}
| dhahabu
| gold
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|ree}} {{Script/Arabic|رٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ر}}
|colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـر}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ر}}
|{{IPA|/ɾ/}}
| r
|{{Script/Arabic|كِرَاكَ}}
| kiraka
| patch
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|zee}} {{Script/Arabic|زٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ز}}
|colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـز}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ز}}
|{{IPA|/z/}}
| z
|{{Script/Arabic|كُزِيمَ}}
| kuzima
| to extinguish
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|zhee}} {{Script/Arabic|ژٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ژ}}
|colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـژ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ژ}}
|{{IPA|/ʒ/}}
| zh
|{{Script/Arabic|ژِينَ}}
| Zhina
| Personal name "Zhina"
| Nonexistent in most Swahili dialects and in most literature. Only seen in vernacular of Northern dialects.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|sini}} {{Script/Arabic|سِينِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|س}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـس}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـسـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|سـ}}
|{{IPA|/s/}}
| s
|{{Script/Arabic|كُسِكِئَ}}
| kusikia
| to hear
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|shini}} {{Script/Arabic|شِينِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ش}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـش}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـشـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|شـ}}
|{{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| sh
|{{Script/Arabic|كُشِيكَ}}
| kushika
| to hold
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|sadi}} {{Script/Arabic|صَادِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ص}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـص}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـصـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|صـ}}
|{{IPA|/s/}}
| s
|{{Script/Arabic|صَحِيبُ}}
| sahibu
| friend
| Only used in loanwords from Arabic. Most Swahili speakers pronounce it as [s].
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|dhadi}} {{Script/Arabic|ضَادِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ض}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـض}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـضـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ضـ}}
|{{IPA|/ð/}}
| dh
|{{Script/Arabic|ضِيكِ}}
| dhiki
| distress
| Only used in loanwords from Arabic. Swahili speakers pronounce it as [dh].
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|tee}} {{Script/Arabic|طٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ط}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـط}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـطـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|طـ}}
|{{IPA|/t/}}
| t
|{{Script/Arabic|كُطَهِرِيشَ}}
| kutahirisha
| to purify
| Only used in loanwords from Arabic. Swahili speakers pronounce it as [t].
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|dhee}} {{Script/Arabic|ظٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ظ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـظ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـظـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ظـ}}
|{{IPA|/ð/}}
| dh
|{{Script/Arabic|أَظُهُورِ}}
| adhuhuri
| noon
| Only used in loanwords from Arabic. Swahili speakers pronounce it as [dh].
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|aini}} {{Script/Arabic|عَئِينِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ع}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـع}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـعـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|عـ}}
| /-/ ({{IPA|/ʕ/}})
| -
|{{Script/Arabic|مَعَانَ}}
| maana
| meaning
| Only used in loanwords from Arabic. Not pronounced in Swahili. Vowel sequences in Roman orthography can correspond to this leter.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|ghaini}} {{Script/Arabic|غَئِينِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|غ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـغ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـغـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|غـ}}
| {{IPA|/ɣ/}}
| gh
|{{Script/Arabic|غَضَابُ}}
| ghadhabu
| anger
| Only used in loanwords from Arabic.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|gaini}} {{Script/Arabic|ڠَئِينِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ڠ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـڠ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـڠـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ڠـ}}
| {{IPA|/ɠ ~ ɡ/}}
| g
|{{Script/Arabic|ڠُنِئَ}}
| gunia
| sack
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|ngaini}} {{Script/Arabic|نْڠَئِينِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نْڠ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـنْڠ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـنْڠـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نْڠـ}}
| {{IPA|/ᵑɡ/}}
| ng
|{{Script/Arabic|مْچَانْڠَ}}
| mchanga
| sand
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|ng'aini}} {{Script/Arabic|نݝَئِينِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نݝ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـنݝ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـنݝـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نݝـ}}
| {{IPA|/ŋ/}}
| ng'
|{{Script/Arabic|نݝٗومْبٖ}}
| ng'ombe
| cattle
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|fee}} {{Script/Arabic|فٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ف}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـف}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـفـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|فـ}}
| {{IPA|/f/}}
| f
|{{Script/Arabic|فِيڠٗ}}
| figo
| kidney
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|vee}} {{Script/Arabic|ڤٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ڤ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـڤ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـڤـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ڤـ}}
| {{IPA|/v/}}
| v
|{{Script/Arabic|كُڤِيمْبَ}}
| kuvimba
| to swell
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|qafu}} {{Script/Arabic|قَافُ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ق}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـق}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـقـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|قـ}}
| {{IPA|/q/}}
| q
|{{Script/Arabic|وَقفُ}}
| waqfu
| endowment
| Only used in loanwords from Arabic. Swahili speakers pronounce it as [k].
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|kafu}} {{Script/Arabic|كَافُ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ك}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـك}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـكـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|كـ}}
| {{IPA|/k/}}
| k
|{{Script/Arabic|كُوكُ}}
| kuku
| large hen
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|k'afu}} {{Script/Arabic|كھَافُ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|كھ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـكھ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـكھـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|كھـ}}
|{{IPA|/kʰ/}}
| k
|{{Script/Arabic|كھُوكُ}}
| k'uku
| medium-sized hen
| Not distinguished from [k] in Roman orthography.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|lamu}} {{Script/Arabic|لَامُ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ل}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـل}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـلـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|لـ}}
| {{IPA|/l/}}
| l
|{{Script/Arabic|كُلِيمَ}}
| kulima
| to dig
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|mimu}} {{Script/Arabic|مِيمُ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|م}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـم}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـمـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|مـ}}
| {{IPA|/m/}}
| m
|{{Script/Arabic|مِيمِ}}
| mimi
| I (first person singular pronoun)
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|nuni}} {{Script/Arabic|نُونِ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ن}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـن}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـنـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نـ}}
| {{IPA|/n/}}
| n
|{{Script/Arabic|نَانِ}}
| nani
| who?
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|waw}} {{Script/Arabic|وَو}}
|{{Script/Arabic|و}}
|colspan=2|{{Script/Arabic|ـو}}
|{{Script/Arabic|و}}
| {{IPA|/ʋ ‍~ w/}} {{IPA|/ɔ/}} {{IPA|/u/}}
| w ''o'' ''u''
|{{Script/Arabic|كُوَ}} {{Script/Arabic|مْكٗونْڠَ}} {{Script/Arabic|كُسُڠُؤَ}}
| kuwa mkonga kusugua
| to be elephant trunk to rub
| The ''waw'' has three functions: first, to be a consonant, represented in Roman orthography as [w]. Second is to indicate the vowels [o] or [u] when stressed; third, to be the carrier of the hamzah at vowel sequences.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|hee}} {{Script/Arabic|هٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ه}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـه}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـهـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|هـ}}
| {{IPA|/h/}}
| h
|{{Script/Arabic|هَيُوپٗ}}
| hayupo
| he/she is not there
|
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|hamza}} {{Script/Arabic|هَامزَ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ء}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـاء}} {{Script/Arabic|ـؤ}} {{Script/Arabic|ـئ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـأ}} {{Script/Arabic|ـؤ}} {{Script/Arabic|ـئـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|أ}} {{Script/Arabic|إ}}
| -
| -
|{{Script/Arabic|إٖنْدٖلٖئَ}} {{Script/Arabic|كُسُڠُؤَ}} {{Script/Arabic|مَفَاءَ}}
| endelea kusugua mafaa
| go on to rub usefulness
| ''Hamza'' is used in conjunction with either ''alif'', ''waw'', or ''yee'' as its career as word initial and at vowel sequences.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|yee}} {{Script/Arabic|يٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ي}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـي}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـيـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|يـ}}
| {{IPA|/j/}} {{IPA|/ɛ/}} {{IPA|/i/}}
| y ''e'' ''i''
|{{Script/Arabic|يَاكٗ}} {{Script/Arabic|كٖلٖيلٖ}}
| yako kelele
| your scream
| The ''yee'' has two functions: first, to be a consonant, represented in Roman orthography as [y]. Second is to indicate the vowels [e] or [i] when stressed. A dotless letter ''yee'' is used as the carrier of the hamzah at vowel sequences.
|-
|{{Transliteration|sw|nyee}} {{Script/Arabic|نْيٖئٖ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نْي}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـنْي}}
|{{Script/Arabic|ـنْيـ}}
|{{Script/Arabic|نْيـ}}
| {{IPA|/ɲ/}}
| ny
|{{Script/Arabic|نْيٗوكَ}}
| nyoka
| snake
|
|}

==Grammar==
{{See also|Swahili grammar}}

===Noun classes {{anchor|Noun classes}}===
Swahili nouns are separable into classes, which are roughly analogous to [[Grammatical gender|gender]]s in other languages. In Swahili, [[prefix]]es mark groups of similar objects: {{angbr|m-}} marks single human beings ({{lang|sw|mtoto}} 'child'), {{angbr|wa-}} marks multiple humans ({{lang|sw|watoto}} 'children'), {{angbr|u-}} marks abstract nouns ({{lang|sw|utoto}} 'childhood'), and so on. And just as adjectives and pronouns must agree with the gender of nouns in some languages with grammatical gender, so in Swahili adjectives, pronouns and even verbs must agree with nouns. This is a characteristic feature of all the [[Bantu languages]].

====Semantic motivation====
The ''ki-/vi-'' class historically consisted of two separate genders, artefacts (Bantu class 7/8, utensils and hand tools mostly) and diminutives (Bantu class 12/13), which were conflated at a stage ancestral to Swahili. Examples of the former are ''kisu'' "knife", ''kiti'' "chair" (from ''mti'' "tree, wood"), ''chombo'' "vessel" (a contraction of ''ki-ombo''). Examples of the latter are ''kitoto'' "infant", from ''mtoto'' "child"; ''kitawi'' "frond", from ''tawi'' "branch"; and ''chumba'' (''ki-umba'') "room", from ''nyumba'' "house". It is the diminutive sense that has been furthest extended. An extension common to diminutives in many languages is ''approximation'' and ''resemblance'' (having a 'little bit' of some characteristic, like ''-y'' or ''-ish'' in English). For example, there is ''kijani'' "green", from ''jani'' "leaf" (compare English 'leafy'), ''kichaka'' "bush" from ''chaka'' "clump", and ''kivuli'' "shadow" from ''uvuli'' "shade". A 'little bit' of a verb would be an instance of an action, and such ''instantiations'' (usually not very active ones) are found: ''kifo'' "death", from the verb ''-fa'' "to die"; ''kiota'' "nest" from ''-ota'' "to brood"; ''chakula'' "food" from ''kula'' "to eat"; ''kivuko'' "a ford, a pass" from ''-vuka'' "to cross"; and ''kilimia'' "the [[Pleiades]]", from ''-limia'' "to farm with", from its role in guiding planting. A resemblance, or being a bit like something, implies marginal status in a category, so things that are marginal examples of their class may take the ''ki-/vi-'' prefixes. One example is ''chura'' (''ki-ura'') "frog", which is only half terrestrial and therefore is marginal as an animal. This extension may account for disabilities as well: ''kilema'' "a cripple", ''kipofu'' "a blind person", ''kiziwi'' "a deaf person". Finally, diminutives often denote contempt, and contempt is sometimes expressed against things that are dangerous. This might be the historical explanation for ''kifaru'' "[[rhinoceros]]", ''kingugwa'' "[[spotted hyena]]", and ''kiboko'' "[[hippopotamus]]" (perhaps originally meaning "stubby legs").<ref>Ellen Contini-Morava (1994) ''Noun Classification in Swahili.''</ref>

Another class with broad semantic extension is the ''m-/mi-'' class (Bantu classes 3/4). This is often called the 'tree' class, because ''mti, miti'' "tree(s)" is the prototypical example. However, it seems to cover vital entities neither human nor typical animals: trees and other plants, such as ''mwitu'' 'forest' and ''mtama'' 'millet' (and from there, things made from plants, like ''mkeka'' 'mat'); supernatural and natural forces, such as ''mwezi'' 'moon', ''mlima'' 'mountain', ''mto'' 'river'; active things, such as ''moto'' 'fire', including active body parts (''moyo'' 'heart', ''mkono'' 'hand, arm'); and human groups, which are vital but not themselves human, such as ''mji'' 'village', and, by analogy, ''mzinga'' 'beehive/cannon'. From the central idea of ''tree'', which is thin, tall, and spreading, comes an extension to other long or extended things or parts of things, such as ''mwavuli'' 'umbrella', ''moshi'' 'smoke', ''msumari'' 'nail'; and from activity there even come active instantiations of verbs, such as ''mfuo'' "metal forging", from ''-fua'' "to forge", or ''mlio'' "a sound", from ''-lia'' "to make a sound". Words may be connected to their class by more than one metaphor. For example, ''mkono'' is an active body part, and ''mto'' is an active natural force, but they are also both long and thin. Things with a trajectory, such as ''mpaka'' 'border' and ''mwendo'' 'journey', are classified with long thin things, as in many other languages with noun classes. This may be further extended to anything dealing with time, such as ''mwaka'' 'year' and perhaps ''mshahara'' 'wages'. Animals exceptional in some way and so not easily fitting in the other classes may be placed in this class.

The other classes have foundations that may at first seem similarly counterintuitive.<ref>See Contini-Morava for details.</ref> In short,
*Classes 1–2 include most words for people: kin terms, professions, ethnicities, etc., including translations of most English words ending in ''-er.'' They include a couple of generic words for animals: ''mnyama'' 'beast', ''mdudu'' 'bug'.
*Classes 5–6 have a broad semantic range of groups, expanses, and augmentatives. Although interrelated, it is easier to illustrate if broken down:
**Augmentatives, such as ''joka'' 'serpent' from ''nyoka'' 'snake', lead to titles and other terms of respect (the opposite of diminutives, which lead to terms of contempt): ''Bwana'' 'Sir', ''shangazi'' 'aunt', ''fundi'' 'craftsman', ''kadhi'' 'judge'
**Expanses: ''ziwa'' 'lake', ''bonde'' 'valley', ''taifa'' 'country', ''anga'' 'sky'
***from this, mass nouns: ''maji'' 'water', ''vumbi'' 'dust' (and other liquids and fine particulates that may cover broad expanses), ''kaa'' 'charcoal', ''mali'' 'wealth', ''maridhawa'' 'abundance'
**Collectives: ''kundi'' 'group', ''kabila'' 'language/ethnic group', ''jeshi'' 'army', ''daraja'' ' stairs', ''manyoya'' 'fur, feathers', ''mapesa'' 'small change', ''manyasi'' 'weeds', ''jongoo'' 'millipede' (large set of legs), ''marimba'' 'xylophone' (large set of keys)
***from this, individual things found in groups: ''jiwe'' 'stone', ''tawi'' 'branch', ''ua'' 'flower', ''tunda'' 'fruit' (also the names of most fruits), ''yai'' 'egg', ''mapacha'' 'twins', ''jino'' 'tooth', ''tumbo'' 'stomach' (cf. English "guts"), and paired body parts such as ''jicho'' 'eye', ''bawa'' 'wing', etc.
***also collective or dialogic actions, which occur among groups of people: ''neno'' 'a word', from ''kunena'' 'to speak' (and by extension, mental verbal processes: ''wazo'' 'thought', ''maana'' 'meaning'); ''pigo'' 'a stroke, blow', from ''kupiga'' 'to hit'; ''gomvi'' 'a quarrel', ''shauri'' 'advice, plan', ''kosa'' 'mistake', ''jambo'' 'affair', ''penzi'' 'love', ''jibu'' 'answer', ''agano'' 'promise', ''malipo'' 'payment'
***From pairing, reproduction is suggested as another extension (fruit, egg, testicle, flower, twins, etc.), but these generally duplicate one or more of the subcategories above
*Classes 9–10 are used for most typical animals: ''ndege'' 'bird', ''samaki'' 'fish', and the specific names of typical beasts, birds, and bugs. However, this is the 'other' class, for words not fitting well elsewhere, and about half of the class 9–10 nouns are foreign loanwords. Loans may be classified as 9–10 because they lack the prefixes inherent in other classes, and most native class 9–10 nouns have no prefix. Thus they do not form a coherent semantic class, though there are still semantic extensions from individual words.
*Class 11 (which takes class 10 for the plural) are mostly nouns with an "extended outline shape", in either one dimension or two:
**mass nouns that are generally localized rather than covering vast expanses: ''uji'' 'porridge', ''wali'' 'cooked rice'
**broad: ''ukuta'' 'wall', ''ukucha'' 'fingernail', ''upande'' 'side' (≈ ''ubavu'' 'rib'), ''wavu'' 'net', ''wayo'' 'sole, footprint', ''ua'' 'fence, yard', ''uteo'' 'winnowing basket'
**long: ''utambi'' 'wick', ''utepe'' 'stripe', ''uta'' 'bow', ''ubavu'' 'rib', ''ufa'' 'crack', ''unywele'' 'a hair'
***from 'a hair', [[singulative]]s of nouns, which are often class 6 ('collectives') in the plural: ''unyoya'' 'a feather', ''uvumbi'' 'a mote of dust', ''ushanga'' 'a bead'.
*Class 14 are abstractions, such as ''utoto'' 'childhood' (from ''mtoto'' 'a child') and have no plural. They have the same prefixes and concord as class 11, except optionally for adjectival concord.
*Class 15 are verbal infinitives.
*Classes 16–18 are locatives. The Bantu nouns of these classes have been lost; the only permanent member is the Arabic loan ''mahali'' 'place(s)', but in Mombasa Swahili, the old prefixes survive: ''pahali'' 'place', ''mwahali'' 'places'. However, any noun with the locative suffix ''-ni'' takes class 16–18 agreement. The distinction between them is that class 16 agreement is used if the location is intended to be definite ("at"), class 17 if indefinite ("around") or involves motion ("to, toward"), and class 18 if it involves containment ("within"): ''mahali pazuri'' 'a good spot', ''mahali kuzuri'' 'a nice area', ''mahali muzuri'' (it's nice in there).

====Borrowing====
Borrowings may or may not be given a prefix corresponding to the semantic class they fall in. For example, Arabic {{lang|ar|دود}} ''dūd'' ("bug, insect") was borrowed as ''mdudu'', plural ''wadudu'', with the class 1/2 prefixes ''m-'' and ''wa-'', but Arabic {{lang|ar|فلوس}} ''fulūs'' ("fish scales", plural of {{lang|ar|فلس}} ''fals'') and English ''sloth'' were borrowed as simply ''fulusi'' ("[[mahi-mahi]]" fish) and ''slothi'' ("[[sloth]]"), with no prefix associated with animals (whether those of class 9/10 or 1/2).

In the process of naturalization<ref>See pp. 83-84 in [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] (2020), ''[[Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond]]'', [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/revivalistics-9780199812790 Oxford University Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125062747/https://global.oup.com/academic/product/revivalistics-9780199812790?cc=us&lang=en& }} {{ISBN|9780199812790}} / {{ISBN|9780199812776}}.</ref> of borrowings within Swahili, loanwords are often reinterpreted, or reanalysed,<ref name=LCLE>See pp. 11 and 52 in [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] (2003), ''[[Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew]]'', [https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781403917232 Palgrave Macmillan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143416/https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781403917232 }} {{ISBN|9781403917232}} / {{ISBN|9781403938695}}.</ref> as if they already contain a Swahili class prefix. In such cases the interpreted prefix is changed with the usual rules. Consider the following loanwords from Arabic:
#The Swahili word for "book", ''kitabu'', is borrowed from Arabic {{lang|ar|كتاب}} ''kitāb(un)'' "book" (plural {{lang|ar|كتب}} ''kutub''; from the Arabic root ''k.t.b.'' "write"). However, the Swahili plural form of this word ("books") is '''''vi'''tabu'', following Bantu grammar in which the ''ki-'' of '''''ki'''tabu'' is reanalysed (reinterpreted) as a nominal class prefix whose plural is ''vi-'' (class 7/8).<ref name=LCLE/>
#Arabic {{lang|ar|معلم}} ''muʿallim(un)'' ("teacher", plural {{lang|ar|معلمين}} ''muʿallimīna'') was interpreted as having the mw- prefix of class 1, and so became ''mwalimu'', plural ''walimu''.
#Arabic {{lang|ar|مدرسة}} ''madrasa'' school, even though it is singular in Arabic (with plural {{lang|ar|مدارس}} ''madāris''), was reinterpreted as a class 6 plural ''madarasa'', receiving the singular form ''darasa''.

Similarly, English ''wire'' and Arabic {{lang|ar|وقت}} ''waqt'' ("time") were interpreted as having the class 11 prevocalic prefix ''w-'', and became ''waya'' and ''wakati'' with plural ''nyaya'' and ''nyakati'' respectively.

===Agreement===
{{more citations needed section}}
Swahili phrases agree with nouns in a system of [[Agreement (linguistics)|concord]] but, if the noun refers to a human, they accord with noun classes 1–2 regardless of their noun class. Verbs agree with the noun class of their subjects and objects; adjectives, prepositions and demonstratives agree with the noun class of their nouns. In Standard Swahili ''(Kiswahili sanifu)'', based on the dialect spoken in Zanzibar, the system is rather complex; however, it is drastically simplified in many local variants where Swahili is not a native language, such as in Nairobi. In non-native Swahili, concord reflects only animacy: human subjects and objects trigger ''a-, wa-'' and ''m-, wa-'' in verbal concord, while non-human subjects and objects of whatever class trigger ''i-, zi-''. Infinitives vary between standard ''ku-'' and reduced ''i-.''<ref>Kamil Ud Deen, 2005. ''The acquisition of Swahili''.</ref> ("Of" is animate ''wa'' and inanimate ''ya, za.'')

In Standard Swahili, human subjects and objects of whatever class trigger animacy concord in ''a-, wa-'' and ''m-, wa-,'' and non-human subjects and objects trigger a variety of gender-concord prefixes.

{| class=wikitable
|+Swahili noun-class concord
|-
!NC!!Semantic field!!Noun -C, -V!!Subj.!!Obj.!!''-a''!!Adjective -C, -i, -e<ref group="*">Most Swahili adjectives begin with either a consonant or the vowels ''i-'' or ''e-'', listed separately above. The few adjectives beginning with other vowels do not agree with all noun classes since some are restricted to humans. NC 1 ''m(w)-'' is ''mw-'' before ''a'' and ''o,'' and reduces to ''m-'' before ''u''; ''wa-'' does not change; and ''ki-, vi-, mi-'' become ''ch-, vy-, my-'' before ''o'' but not before ''u'': ''mwanana, waanana'' "gentle", ''mwororo, waororo, myororo, chororo, vyororo'' "mild, yielding", ''mume, waume, kiume, viume'' "male".</ref>
|-
! –
| ''I''
| (mimi) || colspan=2| ni- ||
|-
! –
| ''we''
| (sisi) || colspan=2| tu- ||
|-
! –
| ''thou''
| (wewe)
| u- || ku- ||
|-
! –
| ''you''
| (ninyi) || m- || wa- ||
|-
! 1
| ''person''
| m-, mw- || a- || m- || wa || m-, mwi-, mwe-
|-
! 2
| ''people''
| wa-, w- || colspan=2| wa- || wa || wa-, we-, we-
|-
! 3
| ''tree''
| m-, mw- || colspan=2| u- || wa || m-, mwi-, mwe-
|-
! 4
| ''trees''
| mi- || colspan=2| i- || ya || mi-, mi-, mye-
|-
! 5
| ''group,'' [[Augmentative|{{sc|aug}}]]
| ji-/Ø, j- || colspan=2| li- || la || ji-/Ø, ji-, je-
|-
! 6
| ''groups,'' {{sc|aug}}
| ma- || colspan=2| ya- || ya || ma-, me-, me-
|-
! 7
| ''tool,'' [[diminutive|{{sc|dim}}]]
| ki-, ch- || colspan=2| ki- || cha || ki-, ki-, che-
|-
! 8
| ''tools,'' {{sc|dim}}
| vi-, vy- || colspan=2| vi- || vya || vi-, vi-, vye-
|-
! 9
| rowspan=2|''animals, 'other','' ''loanwords''
| rowspan=2| N- || colspan=2| i- || ya || rowspan=2| N-, nyi-, nye-
|-
! 10
| colspan=2| zi- || za
|-
! 11
| '' 'extension' ''
| u-, w-/uw- || colspan=2| u- || wa || m-, mwi-, mwe-
|-
! 10
| (plural of 11)|| N- || colspan=2| zi- || za || N-, nyi-, nye-
|-
! 14
| ''abstraction''
| u-, w-/uw- || colspan=2| u- || wa || m-, mwi-, mwe- ''or'' u-, wi-, we-
|-
! 15
| ''infinitives''
| ku-, kw-<ref group="*">In a few verbs: ''kwenda, kwisha''</ref> || colspan=2| ku- || kwa- || ku-, kwi-, kwe-
|-
! 16
| ''precise position''
| -ni, ''mahali'' || colspan=2| pa- || pa || pa-, pe-, pe-
|-
! 17
| ''imprecise position''
| -ni || colspan=2| ku- || kwa || ku-, kwi-, kwe-
|-
! 18
| ''internal position''
| -ni || colspan=2| m(u)- || mwa || mu-, mwi-, mwe-
|}

<references group="*"/>

==Dialects and closely related languages==
This list is based on ''Swahili and Sabaki: a linguistic history''.

===Dialects===
Modern standard Swahili, written in Latin, is based on ''Kiunguja,'' the dialect spoken in [[Zanzibar City]].<ref name="Lambert10"/>

Swahili literature and poetry, traditionally written in [[Swahili Ajami]], is based on ''Kiamu'', the dialect of [[Lamu]] on the Kenyan Coast.<ref name="Mulokozi"/><ref name="Mutiua">Mutiua, Chapane. “Swahili Ajami: An Introduction.” Hypotheses, October 7, 2020. [https://ajami.hypotheses.org/1089 https://ajami.hypotheses.org/1089] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20230429043729/https://ajami.hypotheses.org/1089 Archive].</ref>

But there are numerous other dialects of Swahili, some of which are mutually unintelligible, such as the following:<ref name="Lambert10">H.E.Lambert 1956, 1957, 1958</ref>

====Old dialects====
Maho (2009) considers these to be distinct languages:
*''[[Kimwani]]'' is spoken in the Kerimba Islands and northern coastal Mozambique.
*''[[Bravanese dialect|Chimwiini]]'' is spoken by the ethnic minorities in and around the town of [[Barawa]] on the southern coast of Somalia.
*''[[Kibajuni dialect|Kibajuni]]'' is spoken by the [[Bajuni people|Bajuni]] minority ethnic group on the coast and islands on both sides of the Somali–Kenyan border and in the [[Bajuni Islands]] (the northern part of the Lamu archipelago) and is also called ''Kitikuu'' and ''Kigunya''.
*[[Socotra Swahili]] (extinct)
*[[Sidi language|Sidi]], in Gujarat (extinct)
The rest of the dialects are divided by him{{Citation needed}} into two groups:
*Mombasa–Lamu Swahili
**Lamu
*** The dialects of the Lamu group (especially Kiamu, Kipate, Kingozi) are the linguistic base of the oldest ({{Circa|1600 CE}}) Swahili manuscripts and poems that reached us.<ref name="Mulokozi">{{cite book |title=History of Kiswahili Poetry, A.D. 1000-2000: A Report | isbn=9789976911220 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWPE1-OpxF4C |access-date=11 November 2022| last1=Mulokozi | first1=Mugyabuso M. | last2=Sengo | first2=Tigiti S. Y. | year=1995 }}</ref> They are sometimes described as "literary" dialects but they were also used for everyday life and are still spoken today except Kingozi.
***''Kiamu'' is spoken in and around the island of [[Lamu]] (Amu) and have an important corpus<ref name="SOAS Swahili manuscripts">{{cite web |title=SOAS Swahili manuscripts |url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/swahili |website=SOAS Swahili manuscripts |publisher=varia |access-date=11 November 2022 |ref=SOAS}}</ref> of classical poems of the 18st and 19st centuries written in Arabic script (Kiajemi).
***''Kipate'' is a local dialect of [[Pate Island]], considered{{by whom}} to be closest to the original dialect of Kingozi{{Citation needed}}. It has also an important classical corpus<ref name="SOAS Swahili manuscripts"/> of poems from the 18st and 19st centuries.
***''Kingozi'' is an extinct dialect spoken on the Indian Ocean coast between Lamu and Somalia and is sometimes still{{Citation needed}} used in poetry. It is often considered{{by whom}} the source of Swahili{{Citation needed}}. Academic theories about Kingozi as an old literary dialect are conflicting. It's sometimes linked to [[Fumo Liyongo|the epics of Liongo]]. For Sacleux,<ref>{{cite book |last1=SACLEUX |first1=Charles |title=Grammaire des dialectes swahilis |publisher=Procure des PP. du Saint-Esprit |location=Paris |page=IX}}</ref> it's and old and "an exclusively literary, arcane dialect". It varies depending on the authors whose will to return to a pure form of the old language make them use Kigunya mainly (Kipate is a subdialect of Kigunya) and secondarily Kiamu and Kimvita. Knappert,<ref>{{cite book |last1=KNAPPERT |first1=Jan |title=Four centuries of Swahili verses |publisher=DARF PUBLISHERS |location=London}}</ref> on the contrary, states the existence of a literary [[Koiné language|koine]] in the 18th century based on the Kingozi as a prestigious and widespread dialect. The 2009 New Updated Guthrie List, a referential classification of the Bantu languages, considers kiOzi as a dialect in itself.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maho |first1=Jouni Filip |title=The online version of the New Updated Guthrie List, a referential classification of the Bantu languages |url=https://brill.com/fileasset/downloads_products/35125_Bantu-New-updated-Guthrie-List.pdf |website=brill.com |publisher=Brill |access-date=11 November 2022 |ref=2009}}</ref> It's not the ancestor language of Kiswahili but a member of the Lamu group (code G42a) with Kiamu, Kipate and Kisiu. This brief overview indicates that the state of research is fragmented and uncertain on the history of the kingozi.
**Mombasa
***''Chijomvu'' is a subdialect of the Mombasa area.
***''Kimvita'' is the major dialect of Mombasa (also known as "Mvita", which means "war", in reference{{Citation needed}} to the many wars which were fought over it, the other major dialect alongside Kiunguja. It has an important classical corpus written in Arabic script from the 18st and 19st century.<ref>{{cite web |title=SOAS Swahili manuscripts |url=https://digital.soas.ac.uk/swahili |website=SOAS Swahili manuscripts |publisher=varia |access-date=11 November 2022}}</ref>
***''Kingare'' is the subdialect of the Mombasa area.
**''Kimrima'' is spoken around [[Pangani]], [[Vanga]], [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Rufiji District|Rufiji]] and [[Mafia Island]].
**''Kiunguja'' is spoken in [[Stone Town|Zanzibar City]] and environs on [[Zanzibar|Unguja (Zanzibar) Island]]. Kitumbatu (Pemba) dialects occupy the bulk of the island.
**Mambrui, Malindi
**''Chichifundi'', a dialect of the southern Kenya coast.
**Chwaka
**''Kivumba'', a dialect of the southern Kenya coast.
**Nosse Be (Madagascar)
*Pemba Swahili
**''Kipemba'' is a local dialect of the [[Pemba Island]].
**''Kitumbatu'' and ''Kimakunduchi'' are the countryside dialects of the island of Zanzibar. Kimakunduchi is a recent renaming of "Kihadimu"; the old name means "serf" and so is considered pejorative.
**Makunduchi
**Mafia, Mbwera
**Kilwa (extinct)
**''Kimgao'' used to be spoken around [[Kilwa District]] and to the south.

Maho includes the various [[Comorian language|Comorian]] dialects as a third group. Most other authorities consider Comorian to be a [[Sabaki languages|Sabaki]] language, distinct from Swahili.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uJmgsq37dMC&pg=PA65|title=The Swahili: Reconstructing the History and Language of an African Society, 800–1500|page=65|author1=Derek Nurse|author2=Thomas Spear|author3=Thomas T. Spear|isbn=9780812212075|year=1985|access-date=15 June 2016|archive-date=30 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330035233/https://books.google.com/books?id=7uJmgsq37dMC&pg=PA65|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other regions===
In [[Somalia]], where the [[Afroasiatic languages|Afroasiatic]] [[Somali language]] predominates, a variant of Swahili referred to as [[Bravanese dialect|Chimwiini]] (also known as Chimbalazi) is spoken along the [[Benadir]] coast by the [[Bravanese people]].<ref name=e25/> Another Swahili dialect known as [[Kibajuni dialect|Kibajuni]] also serves as the mother tongue of the [[Bajuni people|Bajuni]] minority ethnic group, which lives in the tiny [[Bajuni Islands]] as well as the southern [[Kismayo]] region.<ref name=e25/><ref name="Godfrey">{{cite book| last = Mwakikagile| first = Godfrey| title = Kenya: identity of a nation| publisher = New Africa Press| year = 2007| page = 102| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lsqjN-t6mP4C| isbn = 978-0-9802587-9-0| access-date = 15 September 2017| archive-date = 23 March 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210323164112/https://books.google.com/books?id=lsqjN-t6mP4C| url-status = live}}</ref>

In [[Oman]], there are an estimated {{sigfig|51,800|2}} people who speak Swahili as of 2020.<ref name=e25/> Most are descendants of those repatriated after the fall of the [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]].<ref name="African">{{cite news|last=Fuchs|first=Martina|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-oman-music-idUSTRE7942XI20111005|title=African Swahili music lives on in Oman|work=Reuters|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=17 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117033444/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/10/05/us-oman-music-idUSTRE7942XI20111005|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Josephi">Beate Ursula Josephi, ''Journalism education in countries with limited media freedom'', Volume 1 of Mass Communication and Journalism, (Peter Lang: 2010), p.96.</ref>

===Pidgins and creoles===
There are Swahili-based slangs, pidgins and creoles:
* {{annotated link|Kitaa - Dar es Salaam}}
* {{annotated link|Engsh}}
* {{annotated link|KiKAR}}
* {{annotated link|Kutchi-Swahili}}
* {{annotated link|Settler Swahili}}
* {{annotated link|Sheng slang}}

==Swahili poets==
* [[Shaaban bin Robert]] (1909-1962), Tanzanian poet, author, and essayist
* [[Euphrase Kezilahabi]] (1944-2020), Tanzanian novelist, poet, and scholar
* [[Mathias E. Mnyampala]] (1917-1969), Tanzanian writer, lawyer, and poet
* [[Tumi Molekane]] (b. 1981), South African rapper and poet
* [[Fadhy Mtanga]] (b. 1981), Tanzanian creative writer, photographer, graphic designer
* [[Christopher Mwashinga]] (b. 1965), Tanzanian author and poet

==Swahili sayings==
{{interlinear|lang=sw|indent=0
|Fuata nyuki ule asali.|c1=<ref name = "Kamusi la Kiswahili Fasaha">{{cite book | author=Baraza la Kiswahili la Zanzibar | title=Kamusi la Kiswahili Fasaha | publisher = Oxford University Press | date=2010 | isbn=978-0-19-573618-2 | oclc=800802371 | language=sw}}</ref>{{rp | page = 478}}
|Follow the bee so that you may eat honey.}}

{{interlinear|lang=sw|indent=0
|Baada ya dhiki faraja.|c1=<ref name = "Kamusi la Kiswahili Fasaha" />{{rp | page = 477}}
|There is no trouble that lasts forever.}}

{{interlinear|lang=sw|indent=0
|Mgaagaa na upwa hali wali mkavu.|c1=<ref name = "Kamusi la Kiswahili Fasaha" />{{rp | page = 482}}
|The one who busies himself with work will not miss a meal.}}

[[File:Elephants fight Amboseli (7234358288) (2).jpg|thumb|[[Loxodonta africana]] elephants frolic in [[Amboseli National Park]], Kenya, 2012.]]
Two sayings with the same literal meaning of ''Where elephants fight, the grass is trampled'' or figuratively speaking, when those with power fight, it is those below them who suffer:<ref>[https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199539536.001.0001/acref-9780199539536-e-650 www.oxfordreference.com When elephants fight, it is the grass that suffers]. Consulted on 13 June 2021.</ref><ref>[[New York Times]] 26 March 1936</ref>

{{interlinear|lang=sw|indent=3
|Wapiganapo tembo nyasi huumia.|c1=<ref>[https://howafrica.com/27-fascinating-african-proverbs-about-elephants-one-of-the-big-5-animals/ howafrica.com Animals - 27 Fascinating African Proverbs About Elephants, One of the Big 5 Animals 17. When elephants fight it is the grass that suffers. ~ Kikuyu Proverb]. Consulted on 13 June 2021.</ref>
|Fighting elephants damage the grass.}}

{{interlinear|lang=sw|indent=3
|Ndovu wawili wakisongana, ziumiazo ni nyika.|c1=<ref>[https://afriprov.org/nov2001 afriprov.org Nov. 2001 Proverb: ” When elephants fight the grass (reeds) gets hurt.” – Swahili ( Eastern and Central Africa ), Also Gikuyu ( Kenya), Kuria ( Kenya/Tanzania), Ngoreme (Tanzania)]. Consulted on 13 June 2021.</ref>
|Where two elephants argue, the grassland is damaged.}}

{{interlinear|lang=sw|indent=0
|Mwacha mila ni mtumwa.
|The person who abandons his culture, is a slave.}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Africa|Languages}}
*[[Mandombe script]]
*[[Swahili literature]]
*[[UCLA Language Materials Project]]
*[[Languages of Africa]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Sources===
*Ashton, E. O. 1947. ''Swahili Grammar: Including intonation.'' Essex: Longman House. {{ISBN|0-582-62701-X}}.
*Irele, Abiola and Biodun Jeyifo. 2010. ''The Oxford encyclopedia of African thought, Volume 1''. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-533473-6}}
*Blommaert, Jan. 2003. [http://www.kcl.ac.uk/content/1/c6/01/42/29/paper23.pdf Situating Language Rights: English and Swahili in Tanzania Revisited] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609191850/http://kcl.ac.uk/content/1/c6/01/42/29/paper23.pdf }} (sociolinguistic developments in Tanzanian Swahili) – ''Working Papers in Urban Language & Literacies'', paper 23, Ghent University.
* Brock-Utne, Birgit. 2001. "Education for All – in Whose Language?" ''Oxford Review of Education'', 27(1): 115–134. doi:10.1080/03054980125577. S2CID 144457326.
*Chiraghdin, Shihabuddin and [[Mathias E. Mnyampala]]. 1977. ''Historia ya Kiswahili''. Oxford University Press. Eastern Africa.{{ISBN|0-19-572367-8}}
*Contini-Morava, Ellen. 1994. ''[http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/swahili/ Noun Classification in Swahili]''.
*Lambert, H.E. 1956. ''Chi-Chifundi: A Dialect of the Southern Kenya Coast''. (Kampala)
*Lambert, H.E. 1957. ''Ki-Vumba: A Dialect of the Southern Kenya Coast''. (Kampala)
*Lambert, H.E. 1958. ''Chi-Jomvu and ki-Ngare: Subdialects of the Mombasa Area''. (Kampala)
*Marshad, Hassan A. ''Kiswahili au Kiingereza (Nchini Kenya)''. Jomo Kenyatta Foundation. Nairobi 1993. {{ISBN|9966-22-098-4}}.
*Mugane, John A. 2015. ''The Story of Swahili''. Athenns, OH: Ohio University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-89680-293-3}}.
*Nurse, Derek, and Hinnebusch, Thomas J. ''Swahili and Sabaki: a linguistic history''. 1993. Series: University of California Publications in Linguistics, v. 121.
*[http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol12num3/ogechi.pdf Ogechi, Nathan Oyori: "On language rights in Kenya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716165827/http://www.njas.helsinki.fi/pdf-files/vol12num3/ogechi.pdf }} (on the legal position of Swahili in Kenya)", in: ''Nordic Journal of African Studies'' 12(3): 277–295 (2003)
*Prins, A.H.J. 1961. "The Swahili-Speaking Peoples of Zanzibar and the East African Coast (Arabs, Shirazi and Swahili)". ''Ethnographic Survey of Africa'', edited by Daryll Forde. London: International African Institute.
*Prins, A.H.J. 1970. ''A Swahili Nautical Dictionary''. Preliminary Studies in Swahili Lexicon – 1. Dar es Salaam.
*Sakai, Yuko. 2020. ''Swahili Syntax Tree Diagram: Based on Universal Sentence Structure''. Createspace. {{ISBN|978-1696306461}}
*Whiteley, Wilfred. 1969. ''Swahili: the rise of a national language''. London: Methuen. Series: Studies in African History.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150905062228/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=17&menu=004 UCLA report on Swahili]
*John Ogwana (2001) [http://www.inst.at/trans/11Nr/ogwana11.htm Swahili Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: Factors of Its Development and Expansion]
*[https://swahili-dictionary.com/english-swahili/@list-swahili-english-dictionaries List of Swahili Dictionaries]
* {{cite book | author = Arthur Cornwallis Madan | url = https://archive.org/details/englishswahilid00madagoog/page/n3 | title = English-Swahili dictionary | website = [[Internet Archive|archive.org]] | publisher = [[Clarendon Press]] | year = 1902 | page = 555 | archive-url = https://archive.today/2018.10.14-223800/https://archive.org/stream/englishswahilid00madagoog/englishswahilid00madagoog_djvu.txt | archive-date = 14 October 2018 | url-status = live}}
*{{cite book |last1=Erickson |first1=Helen |last2=Gustafsson |first2=Marianne |title=Kiswahili Grammar Notes |url=https://kamusi.org/content/kiswahili-grammar-notes |access-date=21 December 2021}}
* [https://omniglot.com/conscripts/nasema.htm Nasema], a method of writing Swahili with the [[N'Ko script]]

{{sister bar|auto=1|d=Q7838|b=Swahili|voy=Swahili phrasebook|wikt=Wiktionary:About Swahili|iw=sw}}
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Sierra Club

2023-02-11T10:09:41Z

Wikimaniac: Composed an original article.

{{Distinguish|Sierra Club Foundation|Sierra Club Canada}}
{{short description|Environmental nonprofit membership association based in the United States}}
{{Infobox organization
| image = Sierra_Club_logo.png
| alt = Logo of Sierra Club
| motto = Explore, enjoy, and protect the planet
| formation = {{Start date and age|1892|05|28}}
| type = Social welfare organization
| tax_id = 94-1153307
| status = [[501(c)(4) organization]]
| purpose = To explore, enjoy, and protect the wild places of the earth; practice and promote responsible use of the Earth's ecosystems and resources; educate and enlist humanity to protect and restore the quality of the natural and human environment; use all lawful means to carry out these objectives
| headquarters = 2101 Webster St. Suite 1300
| location_city = [[Oakland]], [[California]]
| location_country = [[United States]]
| leader_title = Acting Exec. Dir.
| leader_name = Dan Chu
| leader_title2 = President
| leader_name2 = Ramón Cruz
| affiliations = [[Sierra Club Foundation]], [[Sierra Student Coalition]], [[Sierra Club Books]], [[Sierra Club Canada]]
| budget = $97,891,373 (2013)<ref name=guidestar>{{cite web|title=IRS Form 990 2013|url=http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2013/941/153/2013-941153307-0ae26c68-9O.pdf|publisher=Internal Revenue Service|access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref>
| name = Sierra Club
| size = 150px
| founder = [[John Muir]]
| staff = Approximately 600<ref name=pope />
| membership = 1+ million<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gelles |first1=David |title=The Sierra Club Tries to Move Past John Muir, George Floyd and #MeToo |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/24/climate/ben-jealous-sierra-club.html |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref>
| website = {{URL| https://www.sierraclub.org}}
}}

The '''Sierra Club''' is an American [[environmental organization]] with chapters in all 50 [[U.S. state|U.S. states]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], and [[Puerto Rico]]. The club was founded on May 28, 1892, in [[San Francisco, California]], by Scottish-American preservationist [[John Muir]], who became the first president as well as the longest-serving president, at approximately 20 years in this leadership position. The Sierra Club operates only in the [[United States]] and holds the legal status of [[501(c)(4)]] [[nonprofit]] social welfare organization. [[Sierra Club Canada]] is a separate entity.

Traditionally associated with the [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive movement]], the club was one of the first large-scale environmental preservation organizations in the world, and currently engages in lobbying politicians to promote environmentalist policies. Recent focuses of the club include promoting [[sustainable energy]] and mitigating [[global warming]], as well as [[Beyond Coal|opposition to the use of coal]], [[hydropower]], and [[nuclear power]]. The organization takes strong positions on issues that sometimes creates controversy, criticism, or opposition either internally or externally or both. The club is known for its political endorsements generally supporting [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberal]] and progressive candidates in elections.

In addition to political advocacy, the Sierra Club organizes outdoor recreation activities, and has historically been a notable organization for [[mountaineering]] and [[rock climbing]] in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sierraclub.org/about-sierra-club|title=About the Sierra Club|website=Sierra Club|language=en|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> Members of the Sierra Club pioneered the [[Yosemite Decimal System]] of climbing, and were responsible for a substantial amount of the early development of climbing. Much of this activity occurred in the group's namesake, the [[Sierra Nevada]].

==Overview==
The Sierra Club's stated mission is "To explore, enjoy, and protect the wild places of the earth; To practice and promote the responsible use of the earth's ecosystems and resources; To educate and enlist humanity to protect and restore the quality of the natural and human environment; and to use all lawful means to carry out these objectives."<ref name=mission>{{cite web|title=Policies|url=http://www.sierraclub.org/policy|publisher=Sierra Club|access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref>

The Sierra Club is governed by a 15-member [[Board of Directors]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Board of Directors|url=http://www.sierraclub.org/board|publisher=Sierra Club|access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Each year, five directors are elected to three-year terms, and all club members are eligible to vote. A president is elected annually by the Board from among its members. The [[executive director]] runs the day-to-day operations of the group. [[Michael Brune]], formerly of [[Rainforest Action Network]], has served as the organization's executive director since 2010.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Carl Pope to Step Down as Executive Director of Sierra Club |publisher=Sierra Club |url=http://action.sierraclub.org/site/MessageViewer?em_id=154481.0|access-date=2010-01-20}}</ref> Brune succeeded [[Carl Pope (environmentalist)|Carl Pope]]. Pope stepped down amid discontent that the group had strayed from its core principles.<ref name=pope>{{cite news|last1=Sahagun|first1=Louis|title=Sierra Club leader departs amid discontent over group's direction|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/19/local/la-me-sierra-club-20111119|access-date=1 May 2015|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

The Sierra Club is organized on both a national and state level with chapters named for the 50 states and two U.S. territories (Puerto Rico and Washington D.C.) California is the lone state to have numerous chapters named for California counties. The club chapters allow for regional groups and committees, some of which have many thousands of members. These chapters further allow for special interest sections (ex. Camera, Outings), committees (conservation and political), and task forces on a single issue with some kind of geography involved. While much activity is coordinated at a local level, the club is a unified organization; decisions made at the national level take precedence, including the removal and creation of Chapters, as well as recruiting and removing members.<ref name=mission/>

The club is known for engaging in two main activities: promoting and guiding outdoor recreational activities, which is done throughout the United States but primarily in California (especially Southern California), and political activism to promote environmental causes. Sierra Club has been described as one of the United States' "leading environmental organizations".<ref name="Skinner2007" /> The Sierra Club makes endorsements of individual candidates for elected office.<ref name="Skinner2007">{{cite book|author=Richard M. Skinner|title=More Than Money: Interest Group Action in Congressional Elections|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8y3aNQ7mPwC&pg=PA57|year=2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0742547216|pages=57–58}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Petition and map from John Muir and other founders of Sierra Club.djvu|thumb|upright|Petition and map from [[John Muir]] and other founders of Sierra Club]]
=== Founding ===
Journalist [[Robert Underwood Johnson]] had worked with John Muir on the successful campaign to create a large [[Yosemite National Park]] surrounding the much smaller state park which had been created in 1864. This campaign succeeded in 1890. As early as 1889, Johnson had encouraged Muir to form an "association" to help protect the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]], and preliminary meetings were held to plan the group. Others involved in the early planning included artist [[William Keith (artist)|William Keith]], [[Willis Linn Jepson]], [[Warren Olney]], [[Willard Drake Johnson]], [[Joseph LeConte]] and [[David Starr Jordan]].

In May 1892, the young botany professor, Willis Linn Jepson from the [[University of California at Berkeley|University of California, Berkeley]] helped Muir and attorney [[Warren Olney]] launched the new organization modeled after the eastern [[Appalachian Mountain Club]]. The charter members of the Sierra Club elected Muir president, an office he held until his death in 1914.<ref name=history>Michael P. Cohen, ''The History of the Sierra Club, 1892–1970'' (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1988)</ref>

The first goals of the club included establishing [[Glacier National Park (U.S.)|Glacier]] and [[Mount Rainier National Park|Mount Rainier]] national parks, convincing the California legislature to give [[Yosemite Valley]] to the U.S. federal government, and preserving coastal [[Coast Redwood|redwood]] forests of California.

Muir escorted President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] through Yosemite in 1903, and two years later the California legislature ceded Yosemite Valley and [[Mariposa Grove]] to the federal government. The Sierra Club won its first lobbying victory with the creation of the country's second national park, after [[Yellowstone]] in 1872.<ref name=legacy>Stephen Fox, ''John Muir and His Legacy: The American Conservation Movement'' (Boston: Little, Brown, 1981), pp. 125–319.</ref>

In 2020, in wake of the [[George Floyd protests]] and subsequent public [[List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests|reconciliation of systematic racism in public history]], the Sierra Club described their own early history as intermingled with racism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Pulling Down Our Monuments|url=https://www.sierraclub.org/michael-brune/2020/07/john-muir-early-history-sierra-club|access-date=2020-07-24|website=Sierra Club|language=en}}</ref> In particular, the early Sierra Club favored the needs of white members to the exclusion of people of color, and Muir and some of his associates, such as [[Joseph LeConte]], [[David Starr Jordan]], and [[Henry Fairfield Osborn]] were closely related to the early [[Eugenics in the United States|eugenics movement in the United States]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name="WPmuir">{{cite news|title=Liberal, progressive — and racist? The Sierra Club faces its white-supremacist history|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/07/22/liberal-progressive-racist-sierra-club-faces-its-white-supremacist-history/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]| author=Darryl Fears and Steven Mufson}}</ref> Osborn cofounded the [[Society for Biodemography and Social Biology|American Eugenics Society]], which called Jews and other non-whites as racially inferior to white people.<ref name="WPmuir" />

=== Environmental action over the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir ===
[[File:Theodore-Roosevelt-and-John-Muir 1906.jpg|thumb|[[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[John Muir]] in [[Yosemite National Park]], c. 1906]]
In the first decade of the 1900s, the Sierra Club became embroiled in the [[Hetch Hetchy Reservoir]] battle that divided preservationists from "resource management" conservationists. In the late 19th century, the city of San Francisco was rapidly outgrowing its limited water supply, which depended on intermittent local springs and streams. In 1890, San Francisco mayor [[James D. Phelan]] proposed to build a dam and aqueduct on the Tuolumne River, one of the largest southern Sierra rivers, as a way to increase and stabilize the city's water supply.<ref name="controversy">{{cite web
|url = http://www1.assumption.edu/users/mcclymer/His130/P-H/hetch%20hetchy/default.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041230222555/http://www.assumption.edu/users/mcclymer/His130/P-H/hetch%20hetchy/default.html
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 2004-12-30
|title = The Hetch Hetchy Dam Controversy: An Introduction
|publisher = Assumption College
|access-date = 2013-05-25
}}</ref>

[[Gifford Pinchot]], a progressive supporter of public utilities and head of the [[US Forest Service]], which then had jurisdiction over the national parks, supported the creation of the Hetch Hetchy dam. Muir appealed to his friend U.S. President Roosevelt, who would not commit himself against the dam, given its popularity with the people of San Francisco (a [[referendum]] in 1908 confirmed a seven-to-one majority in favor of the dam and municipal water). Muir and attorney [[William Edward Colby]] began a national campaign against the dam, attracting the support of many eastern conservationists. With the 1912 election of U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]], who carried San Francisco, supporters of the dam had a friend in the White House.

The bill to dam Hetch Hetchy passed Congress in 1913, and so the Sierra Club lost its first major battle. In retaliation, the club supported creation of the [[National Park Service]] in 1916, to remove the parks from Forest Service oversight. [[Stephen Mather]], a Club member from Chicago and an opponent of the Hetch Hetchy dam, became the first National Park Service director.<ref name=legacy />

=== 1920s–1940s ===
During the 1920s and 1930s, the Sierra Club functioned as a social and recreational society, conducting outings, maintaining trails and building huts and lodges in the Sierra. Preservation campaigns included a several-year effort to enlarge [[Sequoia National Park]] (achieved in 1926) and over three decades of work to protect and then preserve [[Kings Canyon National Park]] (established in 1940). Historian Stephen Fox notes, "In the 1930s most of the three thousand members were middle-aged Republicans."<ref name=legacy />

The [[New Deal]] brought many conservationists to the Democratic Party, and many Democrats entered the ranks of conservationists. Leading the generation of [[Young Turks (U.S. politics)|Young Turks]] who revitalized the Sierra Club after World War II were attorneys [[Richard M. Leonard|Richard Leonard]] and [[Bestor Robinson]], nature photographer [[Ansel Adams]], and [[David Brower]].

Adams sponsored Brower for membership in the club, and he was appointed to the editorial board of the ''Sierra Club Bulletin.'' After [[World War II]] Brower returned to his job with the University of California Press, and began editing the ''Sierra Club Bulletin'' in 1946.<ref name=legacy />

===National reach===
[[File:1953 Sierra Club Green River Canyon Trip. Sierra Club members beach the 13-ton inflatable pontoon boat raft at Dinosaur (e63bbea7dd514e039f7bf9013d4e079b).jpg|thumb|Green River canyon trip at [[Dinosaur National Monument]]'s Bull Park in 1953.]]
In 1950, the Sierra Club had some 7,000 members, mostly on the West Coast. That year the Atlantic chapter became the first formed outside California. An active volunteer board of directors ran the organization, assisted by a small clerical staff. Brower was appointed the first executive director in 1952, and the club began to catch up with major conservation organizations such as the [[National Audubon Society]], [[National Wildlife Federation]], [[The Wilderness Society (United States)|The Wilderness Society]], and [[Izaak Walton League]], which had long had professional staff.<ref name=legacy />

The Sierra Club secured its national reputation in the battle against the [[Echo Park Dam]] in [[Dinosaur National Monument]] in [[Utah]], which had been announced by the [[Bureau of Reclamation]] in 1950. Brower led the fight, marshaling support from other conservation groups. Brower's background in publishing proved decisive; with the help of publisher Alfred Knopf, ''This Is Dinosaur'' was rushed into press. Invoking the specter of Hetch Hetchy, conservationists effectively lobbied Congress, which deleted the Echo Park dam from the [[Colorado River]] project as approved in 1955. Recognition of the Sierra Club's role in the Echo Park dam victory boosted membership from 10,000 in 1956 to 15,000 in 1960.<ref name=legacy />

The Sierra Club was now truly a national conservation organization, and preservationists took the offensive with wilderness proposals. The club's Biennial Wilderness Conferences, launched in 1949 in concert with The Wilderness Society, became an important force in the campaign that secured passage of the [[Wilderness Act]] in 1964,<ref name=legacy /> marking the first time that public lands (9.1 million acres) were permanently protected from development. Grand Teton National Park and Olympic National Park were also enlarged at the Sierra Club's urging.

=== Book series ===
In 1960, Brower launched the Exhibit Format book series with ''This Is the American Earth'', and in 1962 ''In Wildness Is the Preservation of the World'', with color photographs by [[Eliot Porter]]. These coffee-table books, published by their [[Sierra Club Books]] division, introduced the Sierra Club to a wider audience. Fifty thousand copies were sold in the first four years, and by 1960 sales exceeded $10 million. Soon Brower was publishing two new titles a year in the Exhibit Format series, but not all did as well as ''In Wildness.'' Although the books were successful in introducing the public to wilderness preservation and the Sierra Club, they lost money for the organization, some $60,000 a year after 1964. Financial management became a matter of contention between Brower and his board of directors.<ref name=legacy/>

=== Grand Canyon campaign ===
The Sierra Club's most publicized crusade of the 1960s was the effort to stop the Bureau of Reclamation from building two dams that would flood portions of the [[Grand Canyon]]. The book ''Time and the River Flowing: Grand Canyon'' authored by Francois Leydet was published in the Exhibit Format book series. Opposing the [[Bridge Canyon Dam|Bridge Canyon]] and [[Marble Canyon Dam|Marble Canyon]] dam projects, full-page ads the club placed in ''The New York Times'' and ''The Washington Post'' in 1966 exclaimed, "This time it's the Grand Canyon they want to flood," and asked, "Should we also flood the Sistine Chapel so tourists can get nearer the ceiling?" The ads generated a storm of protest to the Congress, prompting the [[Internal Revenue Service]] to announce it was suspending the Sierra Club's [[501(c)#501(c)(3)|501(c)(3)]] status pending an investigation. The board had taken the precaution of setting up the [[Sierra Club Foundation]] as a (c)(3) organization in 1960 for endowments and contributions for educational and other non-lobbying activities.<ref name=history/> Even so, contributions to the club dropped off, aggravating its annual operating deficits. Membership, however, climbed sharply in response to the investigation into the legitimacy of the society's tax status by the IRS from 30,000 in 1965 to 57,000 in 1967 and 75,000 in 1969.

The victory over the dam projects and challenges from the IRS did not come without costs. To make up for the power that would have been produced by the dams, the Sierra Club actually advocated for coal power plants. The result of the campaign and its trade-off was, in the words of historian Andrew Needham, that "the Grand Canyon became protected, sacred space," while "the Navajo Reservation"—which housed some of the main power plants picking up the slack—"became increasingly industrial."<ref>{{Cite book|title = Power Lines: Phoenix and the Making of the Modern Southwest|last = Needham|first = Andrew|publisher = Princeton University Press|year = 2014|isbn = 978-1400852406|location = Princeton, NJ|pages = 211}}</ref>

=== End of the Brower era ===
Despite the club's success in blocking plans for the Grand Canyon dams and weathering the transition from 501(c)(3) to [[501(c)#501(c)(4)|501(c)(4)]] status, tension grew over finances between Brower and the board of directors. The club's annual deficits rose from $100,000 in 1967 and 1968 to some $200,000 in 1969. Another conflict occurred over the club's policy toward the nuclear power plant to be constructed by [[Pacific Gas and Electric]] (PG&E) at [[Diablo Canyon Power Plant|Diablo Canyon]] near [[San Luis Obispo, California]]. Although the club had played the leading role blocking PG&E's nuclear power plant proposed for [[Bodega Bay, California]], in the early 1960s, that case had been built around the local environmental impact and earthquake danger from the nearby [[San Andreas fault]], not from opposition to nuclear power itself. In exchange for moving the new proposed site from the environmentally sensitive Nipomo Dunes to Diablo Canyon, the board of directors voted to support PG&E's plan for the power plant. A membership referendum in 1967 upheld the board's decision. But Brower concluded that nuclear power at any location was a mistake, and he voiced his opposition to the plant, contrary to the club's official policy. As pro- and anti-Brower factions polarized, the annual election of new directors reflected the conflict. Brower's supporters won a majority in 1968, but in the April 1969 election the anti-Brower candidates won all five open positions. Ansel Adams and president Richard Leonard, two of his closest friends on the board, led the opposition to Brower, charging him with financial recklessness and insubordination and calling for his ouster as executive director. The board voted ten to five to accept Brower's resignation.<ref name=history/> Eventually reconciled with the club, Brower was elected to the board of directors for a term from 1983 to 1988, and again from 1995 to 2000. Brower resigned from the board in 2000.<ref name=ap00/>

=== McCloskey years ===
[[File:SIERRA CLUB NATURE HIKE - NARA - 543236.jpg|thumb|Nature hike at [[Point Lobos|Point Lobos State Reserve]] in 1972.]]
Michael McCloskey, hired by Brower in 1961 as the club's first northwest field representative, became the club's second executive director in 1969. An administrator attentive to detail, McCloskey had set up the club's conservation department in 1965 and guided the campaigns to save the Grand Canyon and establish [[Redwoods National Park]] and [[North Cascades National Park]]. During the 1970s, McCloskey led the club's legislative activity—preserving [[Alaska]]n lands and eastern wilderness areas, and supporting the new environmental agenda: the [[Toxic Substances Control Act]] of 1976, the [[Clean Air Act (United States)|Clean Air Act]] amendments, and the [[Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act]] of 1977, passed during the administration of President [[Jimmy Carter]]. Efforts of the Sierra Club and others—including Black community organizers who fought against destructive "urban renewal" projects—led to passage of the [[National Environmental Policy Act]] and the [[Water Pollution Control Act]].{{cn}}

The Sierra Club formed a political committee and made its first presidential endorsement in 1984 in support of [[Walter Mondale]]'s unsuccessful campaign to unseat [[Ronald Reagan]]. McCloskey resigned as executive director in 1985 after {{frac|16|1|2}} years (the same length of time Brower had led the organization), and assumed the title of chairman, becoming the club's senior strategist, devoting his time to conservation policy rather than budget planning and administration.<ref>Michael McCloskey, ''In the Thick of It: My Life in the Sierra Club'' (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2000), pp. 99–248.</ref> After a two-year interlude with Douglas Wheeler, whose Republican credentials were disconcerting to liberal members, the club hired Michael Fischer, the former head of the [[California Coastal Commission]], who served as executive director from 1987 to 1992. [[Carl Pope (environmentalist)|Carl Pope]], formerly the club's legislative director, was named executive director in 1992.

=== Lobbying within the club ===
In the 1990s, club members Jim Bensman, Roger Clarke, David Dilworth, Chad Hanson and David Orr along with about 2,000 members formed the John Muir Sierrans (JMS), an internal caucus, to promote changes to club positions. They favored a zero-cut forest policy on public lands and, a few years later, decommissioning [[Glen Canyon Dam]]. JMS was successful in changing club positions on both counts.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Broydo|first1=Leora|title=Mutiny at the Sierra Club|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1998/11/mutiny-sierra-club|access-date=1 May 2015|publisher=Mother Jones}}</ref>

=== 21st century ===
[[File:Senator Stabenow meets with representatives of the Sierra Club. (37077987870).jpg|thumb|[[Debbie Stabenow|Senator Stabenow]] meets with representatives of the Sierra Club in 2017.]]
In 2008, several Sierra Club officers quit in protest after the Sierra Club agreed to promote products by [[Clorox]], which had been named one of a "dangerous dozen" chemical companies by the [[Public Interest Research Group]] in 2004. According to Carl Pope, the Sierra Club chairman, the deal brought the club US$1.3 million over the four-year term of the contract.<ref name="articles.latimes.com">Louis Sahagun: [http://articles.latimes.com/2011/nov/19/local/la-me-sierra-club-20111119 Sierra Club leader departs amid discontent over group's direction] [[Los Angeles Times]], 19 November 2011.</ref> In November 2011, Sierra Club chairman [[Carl Pope (environmentalist)|Carl Pope]] stepped down amid discontent about the Clorox deal and other issues.<ref name="articles.latimes.com"/> Between 2007 and 2010, the Sierra Club accepted over US$25 million in donations from the gas industry, mostly from [[Aubrey McClendon]], CEO of [[Chesapeake Energy]], a large gas drilling company involved in [[fracking]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Bryan |title=How the Sierra Club Took Millions From the Natural Gas Industry – and Why They Stopped |url=http://science.time.com/2012/02/02/exclusive-how-the-sierra-club-took-millions-from-the-natural-gas-industry-and-why-they-stopped/ |access-date=28 October 2019 |publisher=TIME }}</ref>

In January 2013, executive director [[Michael Brune]] announced <ref>{{cite web |title=From Walden to the White House |publisher=The blog of Sierra Club Executive Director Michael Brune |url=http://sierraclub.typepad.com/michaelbrune/2013/01/civil-disobedience.html |access-date=2013-02-25}}</ref> that the Sierra Club would officially participate in the first civil disobedience action in its 120-year history as part of the ongoing protest calling on the Obama administration to reject the [[Keystone Pipeline|Keystone XL]] tar sands pipeline, stating, "We are watching a global crisis unfold before our eyes, and to stand aside and let it happen—even though we know how to stop it—would be unconscionable." On 13 February 2013, Brune was arrested along with forty-eight people, including civil rights leader [[Julian Bond]] and NASA climate scientist [[James Hansen]].<ref>{{cite web |title=48 Arrested at Keystone Pipeline Protest as Sierra Club Lifts 120-Year Ban on Civil Disobedience |publisher=Democracy Now! |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2013/2/14/8_arrested_at_keystone_pipeline_protest |access-date=2013-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Keystone XL pipeline protest marks first civil disobedience by Sierra Club |publisher=Christian Science Monitor |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Environment/Energy-Voices/2013/0214/Keystone-XL-pipeline-protest-marks-first-civil-disobedience-by-Sierra-Club |access-date=2013-02-25}}</ref> In May 2015, the Sierra Club appointed its first black president of the board of directors, [[Aaron Mair]].<ref name="Politico-Green groups set sights on diversity">{{cite web|last1=Restuccia|first1=Andrew|title=Green groups set sights on diversity|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/05/new-sierra-club-president-green-diversity-problem-118433.html?hp=c3_3|publisher=Politico|access-date=1 June 2015}}</ref> The Sierra Club endorsed [[Hillary Clinton]] in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Glover|first1=Asha|title=Sierra Club Endorses Clinton|url=https://morningconsult.com/alert/sierra-club-endorses-clinton/|access-date=14 June 2016|publisher=Morning Consult|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916010710/https://morningconsult.com/alert/sierra-club-endorses-clinton/|archive-date=16 September 2016}}</ref> It endorsed [[Joe Biden]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 U.S. presidential election]], citing its opposition to [[Donald Trump]]'s environmental deregulation.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Grandoni|first=Dino|title=Biden wins Sierra Club's endorsement|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/08/10/biden-wins-sierra-clubs-endorsement/|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>

In January 2023, former president of the [[NAACP]] [[Ben Jealous]] became the organization's new executive director, making him the first [[African Americans|African American]] to fulfill the role.

==Outdoor programs==
===Mountaineering===
In 1901, [[William Edward Colby|William Colby]] organized the first Sierra Club [[excursion]] to [[Yosemite Valley]]. The annual [[High Trips]] were led by [[Mountaineering|mountaineers]] such as [[Francis P. Farquhar]], [[Joseph Nisbet LeConte]], [[Norman Clyde]], [[Walter A. Starr, Jr.]], [[Jules Eichorn]], [[Glen Dawson (mountaineer)|Glen Dawson]], [[Ansel Adams]], and [[David R. Brower]]. A number of [[first ascent]]s in the Sierra Nevada were made on Sierra Club outings. Sierra Club members were also early enthusiasts of rock climbing. In 1911, the first chapter was formed, Angeles, and it began conducting local excursions in the mountains surrounding [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] and throughout the West. [[Steve Roper]]'s ''[[Fifty Classic Climbs of North America]]'', sponsored and published by the Sierra Club, is still considered one of the definitive rock climbing guidebooks in the United States. The [[Wilderness Travel Course]] is a basic mountaineering class that is administered by the Sierra Club.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vanderknyff|first1=Rick|title=Sierra Club Course Puts Basic Skills to the Test|work=Los Angeles Times|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1994-12-29/news/ol-14008_1_sierra-club|access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref>

The Sierra Club does not set standards for or regulate alpinism, but it organizes wilderness courses, hikes, and occasional alpine expeditions for members. In [[California]], the club, through its outdoor recreation groups, is usually considered the state's analogue to other state mountaineering clubs such as [[Mazamas]], [[The Mountaineers (club)|The Mountaineers]], or the [[Colorado Mountain Club]]. Due to an increasing focus on political activity and concerns about financial liability, mountaineering activity in the Sierra Club has subsided since the 1980s. Some chapters, mostly in California, continue to maintain large mountaineering programs. The club currently occasionally awards the [[Francis P. Farquhar Mountaineering Award]] to outstanding member mountaineers.

===Hiking and outings===
In [[World War II]], a number of Sierra Club leaders joined the [[10th Mountain Division (United States)|10th Mountain Division]].<ref name="http://sierraclub.org/outings">{{cite web|url=http://sierraclub.org/outings/ |title=Outings |publisher=Sierra Club |access-date=2012-04-01}}</ref> Among them was [[David R. Brower]], who managed the High Trip program from 1947 to 1954, while serving as a major in the Army Reserve.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brower|first=David R.|title=Sierra High Trip|journal=The National Geographic Magazine|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington, DC|volume= CV|issue= Six|pages=844–868}}</ref>

In many areas of the country, Sierra Club also organizes hiking tours. Sierra Club's website has a "hiking near me" function. Section "[http://sierraclub.org/near-you Sierra Club Near You]" shows all the upcoming trips in nearby area.<ref>Howard, Jeffrey. July 26, 2017. [https://hikeandcycle.com/find-the-best-hiking-buddy-in-1-day-the-ultimate-guide-2017/ Find the Best Hiking Buddy in 1 Day: The Ultimate Guide 2017]</ref>

The historic High Trips, sometimes large expeditions with more than a hundred participants and crew, have given way to smaller and more numerous excursions held across the United States and abroad. These outings form a major part of Sierra Club culture, and in some chapters, constitute the majority of member activity.<ref name="http://sierraclub.org/outings" /> Other chapters, however, may sponsor very few outdoor or recreational activities, being focused solely on political advocacy. Generally, chapters in California are much more active with regard to outdoor activities.

==={{anchor|Sierra Club awards}} Sierra Club awards===

[[File:Ladybug, Ready for Takeoff.jpg|thumb|upright|''Ladybug, Ready for Takeoff'' – Grand Prize Winner in the Sierra Club's April 2010 Trails Photo Contest]]

The Sierra Club presents a number of annual awards, such as the [[Sierra Club John Muir Award]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mock|first1=Brentin|title=Robert Bullard, pioneer in environmental justice, is honored by the Sierra Club|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/robert-bullard-pioneer-in-environmental-justice-is-honored-by-the-sierra-club/2013/09/24/88e0e882-251c-11e3-b3e9-d97fb087acd6_story.html|access-date=1 May 2015|newspaper=Washington Post}}</ref> the [[Ansel Adams Award for Conservation Photography]], the [[Francis P. Farquhar Mountaineering Award]], the [[Edgar Wayburn Award]] for public officials, the [[Rachel Carson Award (Sierra)|Rachel Carson Award]] for journalists and writers, the [[William O. Douglas Award (Sierra)|William O. Douglas Award]] for legal work, and the [[EarthCare Award]] for international environmental protection and conservation.

==Policy positions==
===Land management===
Land management, access, conservation are traditionally considered the core advocacy areas of the Sierra Club. Uniquely for a progressive organization, the Sierra Club has strong grassroots organization in rural areas, with much activity focused on ensuring equitable and environmentally-friendly use of public lands. This is particularly accentuated by the fact that the club attracts many people who primarily join the club for recreation and use of public land for hiking.<ref name="Culhane2013">{{cite book|author=Paul J. Culhane|title=Public Lands Politics: Interest Group Influence on the Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tY8uAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|year= 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1135990787|pages=166–}}</ref>

Some Sierra Club members have urged the club to be more forceful in advocating for the protection of [[United States National Forest|National Forests]] and other federally owned public lands. For example, in 2002 the club was criticized for joining with the [[The Wilderness Society (United States)|Wilderness Society]] in agreeing to a compromise that would allow logging in the [[Black Hills]] in [[South Dakota]].{{cn}}

===Opposition to coal===
{{Main|Beyond Coal}}
{{Further|fossil-fuel phase-out}}
[[File:People's Climate March 2017 in Washington DC 40.jpg|thumb|Sierra Club at [[2017 People's Climate March|People's Climate March]] in Washington DC in 2017.]]
A goal of the Sierra Club is to replace coal with other energy sources.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beyond Coal|url=https://content.sierraclub.org/coal/about-the-campaign|publisher=Sierra Club|access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> Through its "[[Beyond Coal]]" campaign, the Sierra Club has set a goal to close half of all coal plants in the U.S. by 2017. American business magnate and former New York City mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] donated $50 million to the Sierra Club's anti-coal work in 2011, and announced another $30 million gift to Sierra's Beyond Coal campaign in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sheppard|first1=Kate|title=Bloomberg, Sierra Club Direct $60 Million To Closing Half Of U.S. Coal Plants By 2017|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/04/08/sierra-club-coal-bloomberg_n_7027706.html|access-date=1 May 2015|publisher=Huffington Post}}</ref> The Beyond Coal campaign says 187 coal plants have been closed since 2010.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Restuccia|first1=Andrew|title=Michael Bloomberg, other donors add $60 million to Sierra Club's coal fight|url=http://www.politico.com/story/2015/04/michael-bloomberg-donate-sierra-club-116761.html|access-date=1 May 2015|publisher=Politico}}</ref> Other funders of the Sierra Club's anti-coal campaign include the [[William and Flora Hewlett Foundation]] and the [[John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gemab|first1=Ben|title=Michael Bloomberg Throws Another $30 Million at Sierra Club's Anti-Coal Campaign|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/energy/michael-bloomberg-throws-another-30-million-at-sierra-club-anti-coal-campaign-20150408|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408160147/http://www.nationaljournal.com/energy/michael-bloomberg-throws-another-30-million-at-sierra-club-anti-coal-campaign-20150408|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 8, 2015|access-date=1 May 2015|work=National Journal}}</ref> The CEO of [[Chesapeake Energy]], a natural gas company, donated $26 million to the Beyond Coal campaign between 2007 and 2010.<ref name=beyond/>

=== Opposition to nuclear power ===
The Sierra Club is "unequivocally opposed" to nuclear power.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Geman|first1=Ben|title=Greens Still See Red on Nuclear Power|url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/daily/greens-still-see-red-on-nuclear-power-20140202|access-date=1 May 2015|work=National Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Geman|first1=Ben|title=Climate scientists: Embrace nuclear power|url=http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/189068-climate-scientists-to-green-activists-embrace-nuke-power|access-date=1 May 2015|work=The Hill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=California's next climate challenge: Replacing its last nuclear power plant|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2021-05-18/california-climate-change-nuclear-power-plant|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Opposition to hydropower and dams===
The Sierra Club has lobbied against hydropower projects and large-scale dams.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Maine's North Woods offers glimpse of future fights for 'green energy'|url=https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2021/10/22/maine-cmp-corridor-energy-climate/8381634736567/|access-date=2022-02-18|website=UPI|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Karlin|first=Rick|title=Sierra Club wants more review for Canadian hydropower line|url=https://www.timesunion.com/news/article/Sierra-Club-wants-more-review-for-Canadian-15352761.php|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Times Union|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lawyers clash over $1B hydropower transmission corridor|url=https://apnews.com/article/technology-environment-maine-boston-e23f3c56329513743181cac676e543ee|access-date=2022-02-18|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=NYC's Big Clean Energy Plan Is Under Attack From One-Time Advocate|work=Bloomberg News|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-02-18/champlain-hudson-power-express-plan-to-bring-hydro-power-to-nyc-faces-pushback}}</ref> In lobbying against hydropower projects, the Sierra Club has expressed opposition to power lines and said that hydropower projects disrupt animal habitats.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How New England bungled its plan to transition to renewable energy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/dec/29/maine-renewable-energy-hydropower-new-england|access-date=2022-02-18|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Singer|first=Stephen|title=Environmentalists split in their opposition to New England's latest power transmission line|url=https://www.courant.com/business/hc-biz-avangrid-maine-transmission-line-20200923-cchaomhygjevpjhbepeu22o25a-story.html|access-date=2022-02-18|website=courant.com}}</ref>

The Sierra Club opposes dams it considers inappropriate, including some government-built dams in national parks.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Fierce Green Fire|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/a-fierce-green-fire/when-the-sierra-club-saved-the-grand-canyon/2931/|access-date=30 April 2015|publisher=PBS}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Brower|first1=Kenneth|title=Appreciation: Lessons From the Man Who Stopped Grand Canyon Dams|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/12/141202-grand-canyon-dams-colorado-river-martin-litton-conservation/|access-date=30 April 2015|publisher=National Geographic}}</ref> In the early 20th century, the organization fought against the damming and flooding of the [[Hetch Hetchy Valley]] in [[Yosemite National Park]]. Despite this lobbying, [[United States Congress|Congress]] authorized the construction of [[Hetch Hetchy|O'Shaughnessy Dam]] on the [[Tuolumne River]]. The Sierra Club continues to support removal of the dam.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Williams|first1=Lance|title=Sierra Club officials 'don't know what to make' of Hetch Hetchy measure|url=https://www.baycitizen.org/blogs/pulse-of-the-bay/sierra-club-restore-hetch-hetchy-measure/|access-date=30 April 2015|publisher=The Bay Citizen|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223012307/http://www.baycitizen.org/blogs/pulse-of-the-bay/sierra-club-restore-hetch-hetchy-measure/|archive-date=23 December 2012}}</ref>

The Sierra Club advocates the decommissioning of [[Glen Canyon Dam]] and the draining of [[Lake Powell]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Marston|first1=Ed|title=Sierra Club moves to fortify its 'drain Lake Powell' campaign|url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/116/3716|access-date=30 April 2015|publisher=High Country News}}</ref> The club also supports removal, breaching or decommissioning of many other dams, including four dams on the lower [[Snake River]] in eastern [[Washington (state)|Washington]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cole|first1=Ken|title=Let's really talk about taking down those Snake River dams|url=http://www.thewildlifenews.com/2010/06/17/lets-really-talk-about-taking-down-those-snake-river-dams/|access-date=30 April 2015|publisher=The Wildlife News}}</ref> The Sierra Club opposes the importation of energy from Quebec's hydropower plants to New York, arguing that importing excess energy by the Quebec plants will cause environmental damage and lead to fewer in-state New York renewable energy projects.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dezember |first=Ryan |title=Can Quebec's Dams Power New York City? Blackstone Is Betting $4.5 Billion on It. |language=en-US |work=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/can-quebecs-dams-power-new-york-city-blackstone-is-betting-4-5-billion-on-it-11645180226 |access-date=2022-04-03 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

===Mixed views on solar projects===
Some chapters of the Sierra Club have lobbied against solar power projects,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Montgomery County approves limited solar development in agricultural reserve|language=en-US|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/montgomery-solar-vote/2021/02/22/1d309dc8-7535-11eb-948d-19472e683521_story.html|access-date=2022-02-21|issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Azhar|first=Aman|title=An African American Community in Florida Blocked Two Proposed Solar Farms. Then the Florida Legislature Stepped In.|url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/02012022/environmental-justice-florida-solar-preemption-legislature-desantis/|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Inside Climate News|language=en-US}}</ref> whereas other chapters have defended solar power projects.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Journal|first=Chris Hubbuch {{!}} Wisconsin State|title='More than we bargained for': Solar farm proposal roils Cambridge community|url=https://madison.com/news/local/environment/more-than-we-bargained-for-solar-farm-proposal-roils-cambridge-community/article_98bd4f0a-a1ab-5ed5-8da5-da770cd37f10.html|access-date=2022-02-21|website=madison.com|date=23 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Hayley|title=Solar or Open Space? Green Fault Lines in the East Bay|url=https://baynature.org/2021/05/06/controversial-solar-development-east-bay/|access-date=2022-02-21|website=Bay Nature|language=en-US}}</ref> The Sierra Club opposed the Battle Born Solar Project, the largest solar project in the U.S., citing its potential impact on desert tortoise habitats.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Solar Power's Land Grab Hits a Snag: Environmentalists|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/solar-powers-land-grab-hits-a-snag-environmentalists-11622816381|access-date=2022-02-21|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>

===Opposition to streamlined permitting===
In response to proposed reforms to streamline the permitting process for environmental projects amid concerns that environmental permitting reviews were delaying and blocking projects with a beneficial environmental impact, the Sierra Club expressed opposition to such reforms, arguing "Whatever the proposed project is — whether it's a pipeline or a highway or a solar farm — it should be subject to the same commonsense review process. If we want these projects to move forward faster, we shouldn't be weakening environmental laws, but investing more resources into the agencies and staff."<ref>{{Cite news |title=To fight climate change, environmentalists may have to give up a core belief |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/09/02/fight-climate-greens-have-embrace-big-energy-projects-fast/ |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

===Alliance with organized labor===
[[File:Fight for $15 on 4-15 (17160504492).jpg|thumb|Members at the New York City [[Fight for $15]] event in 2015.]]
The Sierra Club is a member of the BlueGreen Alliance, a coalition of environmental groups and labor unions. The BlueGreen Alliance was formed in 2006 and grew out of a less-formal collaboration between the Sierra Club and the [[United Steelworkers]]. In 2012, the [[Laborers' International Union of North America]] left the coalition due to the Sierra Club and other environmental groups' opposition to the [[Keystone Pipeline]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Restuccia|first1=Andrew|title=Labor union quits alliance with greens over Keystone pipeline|url=http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/205441-labor-union-leaves-bluegreen-alliance-over-keystone-disagreement|access-date=30 April 2015|work=The Hill}}</ref>

===Population and immigration===
Immigration was historically among the most divisive issues within the club. In 1996, after years of debate, the Sierra Club adopted a neutral position on immigration levels. As the club has shifted to the left over the years, this position was amended in 2013 to support "an equitable path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sierraclub.org/policy/immigration|title=Immigration}}</ref><ref name="colorlines">{{cite web|url=https://www.colorlines.com/articles/how-sierra-club-learned-love-immigration|title=How the Sierra Club Learned to Love Immigration |website=Colorlines.com}}</ref>

Although the position of the Sierra Club has generally been favorable towards immigration, some critics of the Sierra Club have charged that the efforts of some club members to restrain immigration, are a continuation of aspects of [[human population control]] and the [[eugenics movement]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cockburn|first1=Alexander|title=A Big Green Bomb Aimed at Immigration|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997/oct/02/local/me-38318|access-date=30 April 2015|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Ordover|first1=Nancy|title=American Eugenics: Race, Queer Anatomy, and the Science of Nationalism|url=https://archive.org/details/americaneugenics00ordo|url-access=limited|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0816635597|page=[https://archive.org/details/americaneugenics00ordo/page/n77 49]}}</ref> In 1969, the Sierra Club published [[Paul R. Ehrlich]]'s book, ''[[The Population Bomb]]'', in which he said that population growth was responsible for environmental decline and advocated coercive measures to reduce it. Some observers have argued that the book had a "racial dimension" in the tradition of the [[Eugenics]] movement, and that it "reiterated many of [[Henry Fairfield Osborn|Osborn's]] jeremiads."<ref name=monitor>{{cite news|last1=Cockburn|first1=Alexander|title=The Sierra Club's Ugly Racial Tilt|url=http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9710a/ac-sierraclub.html|access-date=30 April 2015|publisher=Albion Monitor|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/2013.02.21-195338/http://www.monitor.net/monitor/9710a/ac-sierraclub.html|archive-date=21 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Warren|first1=Louis|title=American Environmental History|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0631228646}}</ref><ref name=stern>{{cite book|last1=Stern|first1=Alexandra|title=Eugenic Nation: Faults and Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America|url=https://archive.org/details/eugenicnationfau00ster|url-access=limited|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0520244436|page=[https://archive.org/details/eugenicnationfau00ster/page/n141 127]}}</ref>

During the 1980s, some Sierra Club members, including Paul Ehrlich's wife [[Anne H. Ehrlich|Anne]],<ref name=monitor/> wanted to take the club into the contentious field of [[immigration to the United States]]. The club's position was that [[Human overpopulation|overpopulation]] was a significant factor in the degradation of the environment. Accordingly, the club supported stabilizing and reducing U.S. and world population. Some members argued that, as a practical matter, U.S. population could not be stabilized, let alone reduced, at the then-current levels of immigration. They urged the club to support [[immigration reduction]]. The club had previously addressed the issue of "mass immigration",<ref>"[http://www.susps.org/history/scpolicy.html#ihist Sierra Club Policy: Immigration Policy History]." SUSPS. Accessed 14 May 2008.</ref> and in 1988, the organization's Population Committee and Conservation Coordinating Committee stated that immigration to the U.S. should be limited, so as to achieve population stabilization.<ref>Kunofsky, Judy. "[http://www.susps.org/history/popreport1989.html Sierra Club, U.S. Population Growth, and Immigration]." ''Sierra Club Population Report''. Spring 1989. Accessed 14 May 2008.</ref>

Other Sierra Club members thought that the immigration issue was too far from the club's core environmentalist mission, and were also concerned that involvement would impair the organization's political ability to pursue its other objectives. In the mid 1990s, the club began gradually stepping away from the immigration restrictionist position, culminating with the board adopting a neutral position on immigration policy in 1996.<ref>Davila, Florangela (February 18, 2004). "[http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20040218&slug=sierra18m Immigration dispute spawns factions, anger in Sierra Club]". ''Seattle Times''. Retrieved 2017-04-24.</ref>  In 1998, 60.1% of Sierra Club voting members voted that the organization should remain neutral on America's immigration policies, while 39.2% supported a measure calling for stricter curbs on immigration to the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cone|first1=Marla|title=Sierra Club to Remain Neutral on Immigration|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/apr/26/news/mn-43267|access-date=30 April 2015|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

After the 1996 board policy adoption, some members who were advocates of immigration reduction organized themselves as "[[SUSPS]]", a name originally derived from "Sierrans for U.S. Population Stabilization", which now stands for "Support U.S. Population Stabilization".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sun-Hee Park|first1=Lisa|title=The Slums of Aspen: Immigrants vs. the Environment in America's Eden|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0814768655|page=142}}</ref> SUSPS advocates a return to the Sierra Club's "traditional" (1970–1996) immigration policy stance.<ref>{{cite journal|title=SUSPS|journal=Brigham Young University Law Review|page=1202}}</ref> SUSPS has called for fully closing the borders of the United States, and for returning to immigration levels established by the [[Immigration Act of 1924]], which includes strict ethnic quotas.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Perry|first1=Barbara|title=Hate Crimes: Responding to hate crime|publisher=Praeger Publishers|isbn=978-0275995799|page=245}}</ref> David Brower also cited the club's position shift on immigration as one of the reasons for his resignation from the board in 2000.<ref name=ap00>{{cite news|author=|title=David Brower Quits Sierra Club
|url=https://apnews.com/bbf5a02318b40f6f99614aedc73ef160|work=The Associated Press|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref> Supporters of immigration reduction within the club also charged that the board had abandoned the restrictionist position on immigration due to donations from investor [[David Gelbaum]], who reportedly gave $200 million to the club between the mid 1990s and early 2000s and threatened Carl Pope in the mid 1990s to cease donations if they did not change their position on immigration adopted in 1988.<ref>{{cite news|last=Weiss|first=Kenneth R.|title=The Man Behind the Land|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-oct-27-me-donor27-story.html|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|location=Los Angeles|access-date=2020-04-19}}</ref>

The controversy resurfaced when a group of three immigration reduction proponents ran in the 2004 Sierra Club Board of Directors election, hoping to move the club's position away from a neutral stance on immigration, and to restore the stance previously held.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bustillo|first1=Miguel|last2=Weiss|first2=Kenneth|title=Election Becomes a Fight Over Sierra Club's Future|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2004/jan/18/local/me-sierra18|access-date=1 May 2015|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Barringer|first1=Felicity|title=Bitter Division For Sierra Club On Immigration|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/16/us/bitter-division-for-sierra-club-on-immigration.html|access-date=1 May 2015|work=New York Times}}</ref> Groups outside of the club became involved, such as the [[Southern Poverty Law Center]] and [[MoveOn]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Knickerbocker|first1=Brad|title=A 'hostile' takeover bid at the Sierra Club|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0220/p01s04-ussc.html|access-date=1 May 2015|publisher=Christian Science Monitor}}</ref> Of the three candidates, two (Frank Morris and David Pimentel), were on the board of the anti-immigration group Diversity Alliance for a Sustainable America<ref name="Intelligence Report 2004, p. 57">"Hostile takeover," ''Intelligence Report'', Spring 2004, p. 57.</ref><ref>Potok, Mark, Editor of ''Intelligence Report'', Letter to Larry Fahn, President, The Sierra Club, October 21, 2003. Reprinted in ''Intelligence Report'', Spring 2004, pp. 59–63.</ref> and two ([[Richard Lamm]] and Frank Morris) were on the board of directors or the board of advisors of the [[Federation for American Immigration Reform]];<ref name="Intelligence Report 2004, p. 57" /> both had also held leadership positions within the [[NAACP]].<ref>"Tacoma Seeking Segregation Curb." ''Spokane Daily Chronicle''. July 15, 1966.</ref> Their candidacies were denounced by a fourth candidate, [[Morris Dees]] of the SPLC, as a "hostile takeover" attempt by "radical anti-immigrant activists".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Davila|first1=Florangela|title=Immigration dispute spawns factions, anger in Sierra Club|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20040218&slug=sierra18m|access-date=1 May 2015|publisher=Seattle Times}}</ref> The immigration reduction proponents won 7% of all votes cast in the election.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lyon|first1=Thomas|title=Good Cop/Bad Cop: Environmental NGOs and Their Strategies toward Business|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1136524653}}</ref> In 2005, members voted 102,455 to 19,898 against a proposed change to "recognize the need to adopt lower limits on migration to the United States."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Weiss|first1=Kenneth|title=Sierra Club Members Vote to Stay Neutral in the Immigration Debate|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2005/apr/26/local/me-sierra26|access-date=30 April 2015|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>

With the increased number of progressive activists joining the club in recent years, the Sierra Club has dramatically shifted its stance on immigration further towards the affirmative. Today, the Sierra Club supports a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants, opposes a border wall<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sierraclub.org/press-releases/2018/06/sierra-club-vehemently-opposes-border-wall-militarization-passed-out-senate|title=Sierra Club Vehemently Opposes Border Wall, Militarization passed out of Senate Committee|work=Sierra Club|access-date=2018-10-25|language=en}}</ref> and works with immigrant groups to promote environmental justice.<ref name="colorlines"/>

The Sierra Club has been criticized by anti-immigration groups such as the [[Center for Immigration Studies]] and the [[Federation for American Immigration Reform]] (both of which are designated as hate groups by the [[SPLC]]) for opposing Trump's plan of creating a wall on the United States' southern border. These groups claim that the Sierra Club has criticized the plan for purely partisan reasons and not actually due to any environmental concerns.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://cis.org/Sussis/Sierra-Clubs-Immigration-Obsession|title= The Sierra Club's Immigration Obsession|last= Sussis|first= Matthew|publisher= Center for Immigration Studies|access-date= 29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last = Adedoyin| first = Oyin| date = 6 June 2019| title = Why the Sierra Club is leading the fight against Trump's border wall| url = https://www.politico.com/story/2019/06/06/why-the-sierra-club-is-leading-the-fight-against-trumps-border-wall-1356583| access-date = 10 July 2019}}</ref>

==Affiliates and subsidiaries==
The [[Sierra Club Foundation]] was founded in 1960 by [[David R. Brower]]. A [[501(c)#501(c)(3)|501(c)(3)]] organization, it was founded after the [[Internal Revenue Service]] revoked the Sierra Club's tax-exempt status due to the group's political activities.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Cooper|first1=Ryan|title=The Sierra Club Was Once the Victim of a Politically Motivated IRS Attack|url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/ten-miles-square/2013/05/the_sierra_club_was_once_the_v044762.php|access-date=1 May 2015|publisher=Washington Monthly|archive-date=18 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218025353/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/ten-miles-square/2013/05/the_sierra_club_was_once_the_v044762.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Dreier|first1=Peter|title=Today's Environmental Activists Stand on David Brower's Shoulders|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-dreier/todays-environmental-acti_b_1613782.html|access-date=1 May 2015|publisher=Huffington Post}}</ref> The Sierra Club added its first Canadian chapter in 1963 and in 1989 opened a national office in Ottawa. Canadian affiliates of the Sierra Club operate under the [[Sierra Club Canada]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vaughan|first1=Shannon|last2=Arsenault|first2=Shelly|last3=Arsneault|first3=Michelle|title=Managing Nonprofit Organizations in a Policy World|year= 2013|publisher=CQ Press|isbn=978-1452240053|page=110}}</ref>

In 1971, volunteer lawyers who had worked with the Sierra Club established the Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund. This was a separate organization that used the "Sierra Club" name under license from the club; it changed its name to [[Earthjustice]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund Changes Name to Earthjustice Legal Defense Fund|url=http://earthjustice.org/news/press/1997/sierra-club-legal-defense-fund-changes-name-to-earthjustice-legal-defense-fund|access-date=1 May 2015|publisher=EarthJustice}}</ref> The [[Sierra Student Coalition]] (SSC) is the student-run arm of the Sierra Club. Founded by [[Adam Werbach]] in 1991, it has 30,000 members.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sacks|first1=Danielle|title=Working With the Enemy|url=http://www.fastcompany.com/60374/working-enemy|access-date=1 May 2015|publisher=Fast Company}}</ref> The Summer Program (SPROG) is a one-week leadership training program that teaches tools for environmental and social justice activism to young people across the country.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Local students to get activist skills training|work=Paso Robles Daily News|url=https://pasoroblesdailynews.com/local-students-get-activist-skills-training/84650/|access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Summer Program (SPROG)|url=https://www.sierraclub.org/youth/summer-sprog-training|access-date=2019-01-16|website=Sierra Club|language=en}}</ref> The organization maintains a publishing imprint, [[Sierra Club Books]]. They also publish the [[John Muir]] library, which includes many of their founder's titles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Club Books|url=http://action.sierraclub.org/site/PageServer?pagename=books_categories|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220172729/http://action.sierraclub.org/site/PageServer?pagename=books_categories|archive-date=2012-02-20|access-date=2012-04-01|publisher=Action.sierraclub.org}}</ref>

The Sierra Club Voter Education Fund is a [[527 group]] that became active in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|2004 Presidential election]] by airing television advertisements about the major party candidates' positions on environmental issues. Through the Environmental Voter Education Campaign (EVEC), the club sought to mobilize volunteers for phone banking, door-to-door canvassing and postcard writing to emphasize these issues in the campaign.

== Budget and funding ==
The Sierra Club's annual budget was $88 million in 2011 and $100 million in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Broder|first1=John|title=Sierra Club Leader Will Step Down|url=http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/18/sierra-club-leader-will-step-down/?_r=0|access-date=1 May 2015|work=New York Times}}</ref> In 2013, the group's budget was $97.8 million.<ref name=guidestar/>

In 2008, [[Clorox]] donated $1.3 million to the Sierra Club in exchange for the right to display the Sierra Club's logo on a line of cleaning products.<ref name=pope/>

In February 2012, it was reported that the Sierra Club had secretly accepted over $26 million in gifts from the natural gas industry, mostly from [[Aubrey McClendon]], CEO of [[Chesapeake Energy]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walsh|first1=Bryan|title=Exclusive: How the Sierra Club Took Millions From the Natural Gas Industry – and Why They Stopped|url=http://science.time.com/2012/02/02/exclusive-how-the-sierra-club-took-millions-from-the-natural-gas-industry-and-why-they-stopped/|access-date=1 May 2015|publisher=Time}}</ref> The Sierra Club used the Chesapeake Energy money for its Beyond Coal campaign to block new coal-fired power plants and close old ones. Michael Brune reported that he learned of the gifts after he succeeded Carl Pope as executive director of the Sierra Club in 2010. Brune reported that he ended the financial agreement with natural gas industry interests.<ref name=beyond>{{cite news|last1=Barringer|first1=Felicity|title=Answering for Taking a Driller's Cash|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/14/science/earth/after-disclosure-of-sierra-clubs-gifts-from-gas-driller-a-roiling-debate.html?_r=0|access-date=1 May 2015|work=New York Times}}</ref>

In 2013 [[Naomi Klein]] wrote on the club taking large, multi-million dollar funding from fossil fuel interests, had begun to spark "major controversy" within it and other "environmental" groups that were in similar receipt of fossil funding.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/time-big-green-go-fossil-free/|title=Time for Big Green to Go Fossil Free|first=Naomi|last=Klein|access-date=3 June 2022|website=Thenation.com}}</ref>

In 2014, the Energy and Environment Legal Institute filed a referral with the [[Internal Revenue Service]] pointing out that Sierra Club and Sierra Club Foundation were not paying income taxes from sales of solar panels for their partners across the US.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eelegal.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Bootleggers-and-Baptists-The-Sierra-Club-Hucksterism-An-EE-Legal-Report.pdf | title=Bootleggers and Baptists … and Hucksterism | publisher=Energy & Environment Legal Institute | date=2014-09-17 | access-date=2014-09-17}}</ref>

The Sierra Club has an affiliated [[super PAC]]. It spent $1,000,575 on the 2014 elections, all of it opposing Republican candidates for office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Club Independent Action|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/outsidespending/detail.php?cmte=C00483693&cycle=2014| publisher=[[OpenSecrets]]}}</ref> The Sierra Club is a partner of [[America Votes]], an organization that coordinates and promotes progressive issues.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Beckel|first1=Michael|title=Who's bankrolling secretive liberal group America Votes?|url=http://www.publicintegrity.org/2014/05/21/14791/who-s-bankrolling-secretive-liberal-group-america-votes|access-date=1 May 2015|publisher=Center for Public Integrity}}</ref>

Donors to the Sierra Club have included [[David Gelbaum]], [[Michael Bloomberg]], the [[William and Flora Hewlett Foundation]] and the [[John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hughes|first1=Siobhan|title=ACLU, Sierra Club Donor to Cut Funding|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB126039786736984375|access-date=1 May 2015|publisher=Wall Street Journal}}</ref> The Sierra Club has also received funding from the [[Democracy Alliance]] and the [[Tides (organization)#The Advocacy Fund|Tides Foundation Advocacy Fund]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vadum|first1=Matthew|title=Left vs. left|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/apr/5/left-vs-left/?page=all|access-date=1 May 2015|work=Washington Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Yachnin|first1=Jennifer|title=Still 'electing the best, defeating the worst' – but with far greater resources than before|url=http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059991640|access-date=23 February 2015|publisher=E&E Publishing}}</ref>

In 2015, a PR group, known as the Environmental Policy Alliance, claimed that the Sierra Club and other U.S. environmental groups received funding from groups with ties to Russia's state-owned oil company.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Freedman|first1=Andrew|title=Uh, a GOP leader says Russia funded environmentalists to stop U.S. fracking – what is going on here?|url=http://mashable.com/2017/07/07/lamar-smith-wants-investigation-russia-fracking/#e66yTomKGGqk/|access-date=10 July 2017|website=Mashable.com}}</ref>

== Criticisms ==
=== Stance on housing ===
The Sierra Club has come under criticism for opposing high-density housing development projects in California, which are intended to reduce the state's [[California housing shortage|housing shortage]] and reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/S-F-chapter-of-Sierra-Club-faces-challenge-over-6703607.php|title=S.F. chapter of Sierra Club faces challenge over housing stance|work=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=2018-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/blog/real-estate/2015/10/sierra-club-housing-development-fight-elections.html|title=Housing crisis spurs fight over the soul of the S.F. Sierra Club chapter|website=Bizjournals.com|access-date=2018-01-27}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.ethanelkind.com/sierra-club-now-opposes-one-of-the-most-important-climate-bills-in-california/|title=Sierra Club Now Opposes One Of The Most Important Climate Bills In California|work=Ethan Elkind|access-date=2018-01-27|language=en-US}}</ref> Ethan Elkind, director of the climate program at the [[Center for Law, Energy and the Environment]] (CLEE) at UC Berkeley Law, said that the Sierra Club's opposition to [[California Senate Bill 827]]—which would require cities to allow denser and taller housing near public transport centers and ease the parking requirements that cities can impose on housing developments—was "surprising".<ref name=":0" /> He wrote, "is Sierra Club an organization of wealthy homeowners who want to keep newcomers out of their upscale, transit-rich areas? Or are they actually committed to fighting climate change by providing enough housing for Californians in low-carbon, infill areas? Because their opposition to SB 827 unfortunately indicates more of the former than the latter."<ref name=":0" />

=== Potential foreign influence ===
In late 2020, Representative [[Liz Cheney]] of Wyoming asked the [[United States Department of Justice]] (DOJ) to investigate environmental groups such as the Sierra Club, saying that "robust political and judicial activism—combined with the fact that these groups often espouse views that align with those of our adversaries—makes it all the more critical that the Department is aware of any potential foreign influence within or targeting these groups."<ref>{{cite news |title=Cheney asks DOJ to probe environmental groups |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/516973-cheney-asks-doj-to-probe-environmental-groups |work=The Hill }}</ref>

=== Trips to Israel ===
In early 2021, a variety of pro-Palestinian organizations demanded that the Sierra Club cancel "[[greenwashing]]" trips to [[Israel and apartheid|"apartheid" Israel]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mondoweiss.net/2022/08/sierra-club-reschedules-trip-to-israel-amid-backlash-from-social-justice-groups/|title=Sierra Club reschedules trip to Israel amid backlash from social justice groups |access-date=2022-12-09}}</ref> As a result, the Sierra Club announced cancellation of two forthcoming trips,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/environment/1647262101-sierra-club-succumbs-to-activist-pressure-cancels-israel-trips|title=Sierra Club succumbs to activist pressure, cancels Israel trips|access-date= 2022-12-09}}</ref> but quickly reversed its decision,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3537096/sierra-club-reverses-decision-cancel-trips-israel|title=Sierra Club Reverses Decision to Cancel Trips to Israel|access-date= 2022-12-09}}</ref> saying it was "hastily" made "without consulting a robust set of stakeholders". It subsequently announced a rescheduled trip, which included visits to the [[Golan Heights]] and [[Palestinian territories]], but did not cancel the trip.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mondoweiss.net/2022/08/sierra-club-reschedules-trip-to-israel-amid-backlash-from-social-justice-groups/|title= Sierra Club reschedules trip to Israel amid backlash from social justice groups |access-date=2022-12-09}}</ref>

==Leadership==
{{more citations needed section}}

=== Presidents ===
Presidents of the Sierra Club have included:<ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Club Presidents|url=http://vault.sierraclub.org/history/presidents/default.aspx|publisher=Sierra Club|access-date=1 May 2015}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* 1892–1914 [[John Muir]]
* 1915–1917 [[Joseph Nisbet LeConte|Joseph N. LeConte]]
* 1919–1922 [[William F. Badè]]
* 1922–1924 [[Clair S. Tappaan]]
* 1925–1927 Walter L. Huber
* 1927–1928 [[Aurelia Harwood]]
* 1928–1931 [[Duncan McDuffie]]
* 1931–1933 Phil S. Bernays
* 1933–1935 [[Francis P. Farquhar]]
* 1936–1937 [[Ernest Dawson]]
* 1937–1940 [[Joel H. Hildebrand]]
* 1940–1941 Francis D. Tappaan
* 1941–1943 Walter A. Starr
* 1943–1946 Duncan McDuffie
* 1946–1948 [[Bestor Robinson]]
* 1948–1949 [[Francis P. Farquhar]]
* 1949–1951 Lewis F. Clark
* 1951–1953 Harold E. Crowe
* 1953–1955 [[Richard M. Leonard]]
* 1955–1957 Alexander Hildebrand
* 1957–1959 [[Harold C. Bradley]]
* 1959–1961 Nathan C. Clark
* 1961–1964 [[Edgar Wayburn]]
* 1964–1966 William E. Siri
* 1966–1967 [[George Marshall (conservationist)|George Marshall]]
* 1967–1969 [[Edgar Wayburn]]
* 1969–1971 [[Phillip S. Berry]]
* 1971–1973 Raymond Sherwin
* 1973–1974 Laurence I. Moss
* 1974–1976 Kent Gill
* 1976–1977 Brant Calkin
* 1977–1978 William Futrell
* 1978–1980 Theodore Snyder
* 1980–1982 Joseph Fontaine
* 1982–1984 Denny Shaffer
* 1984–1986 Michele Perrault
* 1986–1988 Lawrence (Larry) Downing
* 1988–1990 Richard Cellars
* 1990–1991 Susan Merrow
* 1991–1992 Phillip Berry
* 1993–1994 Michele Perrault
* 1994–1996 Robbie Cox
* 1996–1998 [[Adam Werbach]]
* 1998–2000 [[Chuck McGrady]]
* 2000–2001 Robbie Cox
* 2001–2003 Jennifer Ferenstein
* 2003–2005 Larry Fahn
* 2005–2007 Lisa Renstrom
* 2007–2008 Robbie Cox
* 2008–2010 Allison Chin
* 2010–2012 Robin Mann
* 2012–2013 Allison Chin
* 2013–2015 Dave Scott
* 2015–2017 [[Aaron Mair]]<ref name=Mair>{{cite news|last1=Valtin|first1=Tom|title=Aaron Mair Elected Sierra Club President|url=http://sierraclub.org/planet/2015/05/aaron-mair-elected-sierra-club-president|access-date=26 May 2015|agency=The Planet|publisher=Sierra Club}}</ref>
* 2017–2020 Loren Blackford
* 2020–present Ramón Cruz
{{div col end}}

=== Executive directors ===
The Sierra Club's executive directors have included:<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100613164231/http://sierraclub.org/history/downloads/executivedirectors.pdf "List of Sierra Club Executive Directors," Sierra Club.] Accessed: September 14, 2012.</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* 1952–1969 [[David R. Brower]]
* 1969–1985 J. Michael McCloskey
* 1985–1986 Douglas Wheeler
* 1987–1992 Michael L. Fischer
* 1992–2010 [[Carl Pope (environmentalist)|Carl Pope]]
* 2010–2021 [[Michael Brune]]
{{div col end}}

=== Directors ===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Ansel Adams]], 1934–1971<ref name=history />
* [[David Brower]], 1941–1953; 1983–1988; 1995–2000
* [[William Edward Colby]]
* [[Leland Curtis]] 1943–1946
* [[George Davidson (geographer)|George Davidson]] 1894–1910
* [[Glen Dawson (mountaineer)|Glen Dawson]]
* [[Michael K. Dorsey|Michael Dorsey]] 1997–2003; 2009–2010; 2014–2017
* Jim Dougherty
* [[William O. Douglas]]
* Veronica Eady, 1998–1999
* [[Anne H. Ehrlich]]
* [[Jules Eichorn]]
* Jennifer Ferenstein, 2001–2003
* [[David Foreman|Dave Foreman]]
* Lisa Force, 2003–2006
* Betsy Gaines, 1997–2000
* Marcia Hanscom, 2002–2005
* Chad Hanson, 1997–2003, 2018–
* [[David Starr Jordan]]
* [[Doug La Follette]], 2003–2006
* [[Joseph LeConte]], 1892–1898
* [[Richard M. Leonard]]
* Vivian Li
* [[Martin Litton (environmentalist)|Martin Litton]], 1964–1973
* [[Norman Livermore]]
* [[Alexander George McAdie]]
* [[Duncan McDuffie]]
* Maryann Nelson
* Charlie Ogle, 1999–2002
* [[Eliot Porter]]
* [[Bestor Robinson]]
* Richard C. Sill
* [[William Siri|William E. Siri]]
* [[Wallace Stegner]]
* René Voss, 1999–2002
* [[Adam Werbach]]
* [[Paul Watson]], 2003–2006
* [[Bernie Zaleha]], 2003–2009
* Ben Zuckerman, 2002–2005{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Earth sciences|Ecology|Environment|Energy|Mountains|Rivers}}
{{Div col}}
* [[Biodiversity]]
* [[Conservation movement]]
* [[Conservation ethic]]
* [[Earth Science]]
* [[Ecology]]
* [[Ecosystem]]
* [[Environmental education]]
* [[Environmental movement]]
* [[Grassroots Campaigns, Inc.]]
* [[Habitat conservation]]
* [[List of environmental organizations]]
* [[List of recreational organizations]]
* ''[[Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency]]''
* [[Nature]]
* [[Recycling]]
* ''[[Sierra Club v. Morton]]''
* [[Sierra cup]]
* [[Sustainability]]
* [[Timeline of environmental events]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* David Brower, ''For Earth's Sake: The Life and Times of David Brower'' (Salt Lake City: Peregrine Smith Books, 1990) {{ISBN|0879050136}}
* Michael McCloskey, ''In the Thick of It: My Life in the Sierra Club'' (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2005) {{ISBN|1559639792}}
* Tom Turner, ''Sierra Club: 100 Years of Protecting Nature'' (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1991) {{ISBN|0810938200}}
* [https://www.pacific.edu/university-libraries/find/holt-atherton-special-collections/john-muir-papers.html Holt-Atherton Special Collections John Muir Papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814001423/https://www.pacific.edu/university-libraries/find/holt-atherton-special-collections/john-muir-papers.html }}

== External links ==
* {{official website|www.sierraclub.org}}
* [https://www.addup.org Sierra Club's Addup.org]
* [http://www.tscf.org/ The Sierra Club Foundation]
* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf4j49n7st/?query=Sierra%2520Club Guide to the Sierra Club Members Papers] at [[The Bancroft Library]]
* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb087007ch/?query=Sierra%2520Club Finding Aid to Sierra Club Southwest Office records, 1900–2000], [[The Bancroft Library]]
* [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/hb9290139g/?query=Sierra%2520Club Finding Aid to the Sierra Club Board of Directors meeting minutes, 1892–1995], [[The Bancroft Library]]
* [https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/muir/ Finding Aid to John Muir Papers]

{{U.S. anti-nuclear|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Sierra Club| ]]
[[Category:Nature conservation organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Environmental organizations based in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Anti-nuclear organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Anti–nuclear power movement]]
[[Category:Climate change organizations based in the United States]]
[[Category:Climbing organizations]]
[[Category:Clubs and societies in California]]
[[Category:Hiking organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:History of California]]
[[Category:John Muir]]
[[Category:Water resource policy]]
[[Category:Non-profit organizations based in California]]
[[Category:527 organizations]]
[[Category:Organizations based in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Environmental organizations established in 1892]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1892]]
[[Category:1892 establishments in California]]
[[Category:International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons]]

President of Israel

2023-01-28T04:04:06Z

Wikimaniac:

{{Short description|Head of state of Israel}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = President
| body = the State of Israel
| insignia = Presidential Standard of IsraelSquare.svg{{!}}border
| insigniasize = 100px
| insigniacaption = Presidential standard
| native_name = {{Script/Hebrew|נשיא מדינת ישראל}}
| image = Isaac Herzog, July 2021 (D1233-049).JPG
| imagesize = 200px
| incumbent = [[Isaac Herzog]]
| incumbentsince = 7 July 2021
| style = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| residence = [[Beit HaNassi]]
| appointer = [[Knesset]]
| termlength = {{nowrap|Seven years, non-renewable}}
| salary = [[USD|US$]]173,255 annually<ref name="igcompaycheck">{{cite web|url=https://www.ig.com/uk/forex/research/pay-check|title=IG.com Pay Check|publisher=IG}}</ref>
| formation = 16 February 1949
| deputy = [[List of Knesset speakers|Speaker of the Knesset]]
| inaugural = [[Chaim Weizmann]]
| website = [http://www.president.gov.il/English/Pages/english.aspx Israel presidential website]
}}{{Politics of Israel}}

The '''president of the State of Israel''' ({{lang-he|נְשִׂיא מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל|Nesi Medinat Yisra'el}}, or {{lang-he|נְשִׂיא הַמְדִינָה|Nesi HaMedina|President of the State}}) is the [[head of state]] of [[Israel]]. The position is largely a ceremonial role,<ref>[http://www.president.gov.il/defaults/default_en.asp The Presidency in Israel] President of Israel.</ref> with executive power vested in the [[Cabinet of Israel|cabinet]] led by the [[Prime Minister of Israel|prime minister]]. The incumbent president is [[Isaac Herzog]], who took office on 7 July 2021. Presidents are elected by the [[Knesset]] for a single seven-year term.

==Election==
The President of Israel is elected by an [[absolute majority]] in the [[Knesset]], by [[secret ballot]]. If no candidate receives an absolute majority of votes in the first or second round of voting, the candidate with the least votes is eliminated in each subsequent round, if needed until only two remain.<ref>{{cite web|title=Loi fondamentale|url=https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA-Archive/1960-1969/Pages/Basic%20Law-%20The%20President%20of%20the%20State.aspx|website=mfa.gov.il|access-date=23 December 2020}}.</ref> From 1949 to 2000, the president was elected for a five-year term, and was allowed to serve up to two terms in office. Since 2000, the president serves a single seven-year term.

Any Israeli resident citizen is eligible to run for president. The office falls vacant upon completion of a term, death, resignation, or the decision of three-quarters of the Knesset to remove the president on grounds of misconduct or incapacity. Presidential tenure is not keyed to that of the Knesset, in order to assure continuity in government and the non-partisan character of the office. There is no [[vice president]] in the Israeli governmental system. If the president is temporarily incapacitated, or leaves office, the [[List of Knesset speakers|speaker of the Knesset]] becomes [[Acting (law)|acting]] president.

The [[1949 Israeli presidential election|first presidential election]] took place on 16 February 1949, and the winner was [[Chaim Weizmann]]. The [[1951 Israeli presidential election|second]] took place in 1951, as at the time presidential terms were linked to the length of the Knesset term (the [[1949 Israeli legislative election|first Knesset]] lasted only two years). [[1952 Israeli presidential election|Another election]] took place the following year after Weizmann's death.

Since then, elections have been held in [[1957 Israeli presidential election|1957]], [[1962 Israeli presidential election|1962]], [[1963 Israeli presidential election|1963]] (an early election following [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]]'s death), [[1968 Israeli presidential election|1968]], [[1973 Israeli presidential election|1973]], [[1978 Israeli presidential election|1978]], [[1983 Israeli presidential election|1983]], [[1988 Israeli presidential election|1988]], [[1993 Israeli presidential election|1993]], [[1998 Israeli presidential election|1998]], [[2000 Israeli presidential election|2000]], [[2007 Israeli presidential election|2007]], [[2014 Israeli presidential election|2014]], and [[2021 Israeli presidential election|2021]]{{Update after|2028|07|09}}. Six elections (1951, 1957, 1962, 1968, 1978, and 1988) have taken place with no opposition candidate, although a vote was still held.

[[Isaac Herzog]] was [[2021 Israeli presidential election|elected 11th President on 2 June 2021]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=יצחק הרצוג נבחר לנשיא ה-11 של מדינת ישראל| url=https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1Ye3TN900|access-date=2021-06-02 |website=ynet|language=he|last1=אזולאי |first1=מורן |last2=נחשוני |first2=קובי |last3=שומפלבי |first3=אטילה |last4=כהן |first4=גלעד }}</ref> His term started on 9 July.<ref>[https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/voting-begins-in-race-for-president-watch-669876 Isaac Herzog elected 11th President of the State of Israel by wide margin]</ref>

==Powers and responsibilities==
[[File:Office of the President of Israel by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|Office of the President of Israel (2007)]]
The powers of the President of Israel are generally equivalent to those held by heads of state in other parliamentary democracies and are largely dictated by [[Basic Laws of Israel|Basic Law: The Presidency]],<ref name=F>{{cite web| url= http://www.president.gov.il/defaults/default_en.asp |title= The Function and Purpose of the Presidency| publisher= Office of the President of Israel| website=president.gov.il}}</ref> which was passed in 1964.<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.knesset.gov.il/description/eng/eng_mimshal_yesod1.htm |title= The Existing Basic Laws: Full Texts| website= knesset.gov.il| publisher= Knesset (parliament of Israel)}}</ref> The Basic Law: The Government also includes sections on the powers of the president with reference to the [[Cabinet of Israel|government]].<ref name=F/> The president signs every law (except those that pertain to the president's powers) and international or bilateral treaties approved by the Knesset.<ref name=F/> In addition, the president endorses the credentials of ambassadors and receives the credentials of foreign diplomats, appoints the Governor of the [[Bank of Israel]], the [[State Comptroller of Israel|State Comptroller]] upon recommendation of the Knesset House Committee, members of the Council on Higher Education, the National Academy of Science, the Broadcasting Authority, the Authority to Rehabilitate Prisoners, the Chief Rabbinical Council, the [[Wolf Foundation]], the president of [[Magen David Adom]], the president of the [[Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities]], and ceremonially appoints the [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]]. The president also has the power to pardon or commute the sentences of both soldiers and civilians, and ceremonially appoints judges to courts, including the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Supreme Court]], after appointment by the [[Judicial Selection Committee (Israel)|Judicial Selection Committee]].

In addition, paragraph 29a of ''The Government'' basic law also states that the president must consent to the dissolution of the Knesset at the request of the Prime Minister when the government has lost its majority and can therefore no longer function effectively.<ref name=F/>

Unlike most presidents in parliamentary republics, the President of Israel is not even the ''nominal'' chief executive. [[Basic Law: The Government]] explicitly vests executive power in the Government (as the Cabinet is officially called). Presidential powers are usually exercised based on the recommendation of appropriate government ministers.

The president's most important role, in practice, is to help lead the process of forming a government. Israel's electoral system and fractured political landscape make it all but impossible for one party to govern alone, let alone win an outright majority of Knesset seats. After each election, the president consults with party leaders to determine who is most likely to command a majority in the Knesset.

===Other roles===
The president awards the [[Israel Prize]] on [[Yom Ha'atzmaut]] and the [[Wolf Prize]]. The president also serves as the main speaker at the opening ceremonies of the half-yearly [[Knesset]] conference, as well as at the annual official ceremonies for [[Yom Hazikaron]] and [[Yom HaShoah]].

==Presidential backgrounds==
Most Israeli presidents were involved in national politics or [[Zionism|Zionist]] activities before taking office. Some were also distinguished in other fields. For example, [[Chaim Weizmann]] was a leading research chemist who founded the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] in [[Rehovot]]; [[Zalman Shazar]] was an author, poet, and journalist; and [[Chaim Herzog]] was a military leader, attorney, and diplomat.

The first Israeli presidents were born in the former [[Russian Empire]]. The first native-born president, as well as the first with a [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi]] background, was [[Yitzhak Navon]]. The first president with a Western European background was [[Chaim Herzog]], who originally came from [[Belfast]], [[United Kingdom]]. The first president with a [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] background was [[Moshe Katsav]], who was born in [[Iran]].

==Political affiliation==
All Israeli presidents from [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]] to [[Ezer Weizman]] were members of, or associated with, the [[Israeli Labor Party|Labor Party]] and its predecessors, and have been considered politically moderate. [[Moshe Katsav]] was the first [[Likud]] president. These tendencies were especially significant in the April 1978 election of Labor's [[Yitzhak Navon]], following the inability of the governing Likud coalition to elect its candidate to the presidency. Israeli observers believed that,{{Citation needed}} in counterbalance to Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]]'s polarizing leadership, Navon, the country's first president of [[Sephardi]] origin, provided Israel with unifying symbolic leadership at a time of great political controversy and upheaval. In 1983, Navon decided to re-enter Labor politics after five years of non-partisan service as president, and [[Chaim Herzog]] (previously head of military intelligence and [[Israel Ambassador to the United Nations|Ambassador of Israel to the United Nations]]) succeeded him as Israel's sixth president. Likud's [[Moshe Katsav]]'s victory over Labor's [[Shimon Peres]] in 2000 (by secret ballot) was an [[Upset (competition)|upset]].

[[Albert Einstein]], a Jew, but not an Israeli citizen, was offered the presidency in 1952,<ref name=offer>{{cite web| url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Politics/einsteinlet.html| title= (Letter reprinted online) Offering the Presidency of Israel to Albert Einstein| date= 17 November 1952| first= Abba| last= Eban| author-link= Abba Eban| website= JewishVirtualLibrary.org| access-date= 18 October 2016}}</ref> but turned it down, stating: "I am deeply moved by the offer from our State of Israel, and at once saddened and ashamed that I cannot accept it. All my life I have dealt with objective matters, hence I lack both the natural aptitude and the experience to deal properly with people and to exercise official functions."<ref>{{cite web| url= https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Quote/Einstein_On_Presidency.html |title= Albert Einstein on His Decision Not to Accept the Presidency of Israel| website= JewishVirtualLibrary.org| publisher= citing The Einstein Scrapbook (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002)| access-date= 18 October 2016}}</ref> [[Ehud Olmert]] was reported to be considering offering the presidency to another non-Israeli, [[Elie Wiesel]], but he was said to be "very not interested".<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Olmert-backs-Peres-as-next-president |title= Olmert backs Peres as next president| first1= Gil| last1= Stern Stern Hoffman |first2= Herb |last2= Keinon| work= [[Jerusalem Post]]| date= 18 October 2006}}</ref>

==List of presidents of the State of Israel==
{{Main|List of presidents of Israel}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.gov.il/en/departments/president_of_the_state_of_israel Gov.il: President of the State of Israel Official website]
*[http://www.knesset.gov.il/president/eng/main_eng.htm Knesset.gov.il: President of the State of Israel Official website]

{{Israelpres}}
{{Israeli presidential elections}}
{{Use dmy dates}}

[[Category:Presidents of Israel| ]]
[[Category:Presidents by country|Israel]]
[[Category:1949 establishments in Israel]]

Rafale deal

2022-09-25T21:59:35Z

Wikimaniac: Article generated.

#REDIRECT[[Indian MRCA competition#Tender history]]

The Independent

2022-03-24T22:34:07Z

Wikimaniac: Created an influential manuscript.

{{short description|British online daily newspaper}}
{{about|the British newspaper}}
{{Redirect|Independent on Sunday|similar names|Sunday Independent (disambiguation){{!}}Sunday Independent}}

{{EngvarB}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = The Independent
| logo = <div style="line-height: 3em;">[[File:The Independent news logo.svg|240px]]</div>
| logo_size =
| image = The Independent screenshot, 25 July 2021.png
| caption = Homepage of ''The Independent'' in July 2021
| type = Print newspaper (1986–2016) Online only newspaper (2016–present)
| format = {{ubil|[[Broadsheet]] (1986–2003)|[[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]] (2003–2016)|Website only (2016–present)}}
| owners = {{Nowrap|[[Evgeny Lebedev]] (41%)<ref name="guardian">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/aug/04/independent-investor-saudi-links-raise-questions-about-editorial-freedom |title=Saudi ties raise doubts about Independent's editorial freedom |last=Ruddick |first=Graham |date=4 August 2017 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=25 February 2018 |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804173953/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/aug/04/independent-investor-saudi-links-raise-questions-about-editorial-freedom |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC is ind">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-40762906 |title=Is the Independent still independent? |last=Rajan |first=Amol |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=25 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025182103/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-40762906 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sultan Muhammad Abuljadayel (30%)<ref name="guardian" /><ref name="BBC is ind" /> Justin Byam Shaw (26%)<ref name="BBC is ind" /> Minor shareholders (3%)<ref name="BBC is ind" />}}
| publisher = Independent Digital News & Media Ltd
| editor = [[Geordie Greig]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1986|10|7|df=yes}}
| ceased publication= 26 March 2016 (print)
| political = [[Liberalism in the United Kingdom|Liberalism]]<ref name="liberalism1">{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/subscribe/our-story |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/subscribe/our-story |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Our Story |website=The Independent |access-date=2 October 2019}}</ref> [[Social liberalism]]<ref name="liberalLeft" />
| headquarters = [[Northcliffe House]], [[Kensington]], London, United Kingdom
| circulation =
| sister newspapers = ''The Independent on Sunday'' (1990–2016) ''[[I (newspaper)|i]]'' (2010–2013) Online only ''indy100'' (2013–present)
| ISSN = 1741-9743
| oclc = 185201487
| website = {{official URL}}
| image_size = 250px
| image_alt = border
}}

'''''The Independent''''' is a British [[online newspaper]]. It was established in 1986 as a national morning printed paper. Nicknamed the ''Indy'', it began as a [[broadsheet]] and changed to [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]] format in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/the-independent-launches-tabloid-version-to-give-readers-a-choice-581355.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/the-independent-launches-tabloid-version-to-give-readers-a-choice-581355.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |work=The Independent |title='The Independent' launches tabloid version to give readers a choice}}</ref> The last printed edition was published on Saturday 26 March 2016, leaving only the online edition.<ref name="BBC ind stop">{{cite news |title=Independent to cease as print edition |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35561145 |access-date=12 February 2016 |work=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=30 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130101310/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35561145 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The newspaper was controlled by [[Tony O'Reilly]]'s Irish [[Independent News & Media]] from 1997 until it was sold to the [[Russian oligarch]] and former [[KGB]] Officer [[Alexander Lebedev]] in 2010. Lebedev also co-owned ''[[Novaya Gazeta]]'' alongside [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] until the latter's [[Death and funeral of Mikhail Gorbachev|death]] on 30 August 2022.<ref name="i2010-03-25">{{cite news |title=Independent titles sold to Lebedev family company |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/independent-titles-sold-to-lebedev-family-company-1927436.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/independent-titles-sold-to-lebedev-family-company-1927436.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Independent |access-date=25 March 2010 |location=London}}</ref> In 2017, Sultan Muhammad Abuljadayel bought a 30% stake in ''The Independent''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sale of stake in Independent to Saudi investor, Sultan Muhammad Abuljadayel, has 'no influence' on editorial coverage, watchdog rules |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/saudi-arabia-ofcom-independent-ownership-a9107881.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/saudi-arabia-ofcom-independent-ownership-a9107881.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Independent }}</ref>

The daily edition was named National Newspaper of the Year at the 2004 [[British Press Awards]]. The website and mobile app had a combined monthly reach of 19,826,000 in 2021.<ref name="newsworks">{{cite web |url=https://www.newsworks.org.uk/the-independent |title=Newsworks |access-date=19 December 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815054123/https://www.newsworks.org.uk/the-independent |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==

=== 1986 to 1990 ===
Launched in 1986, the first issue of ''The Independent'' was published on 7 October in [[broadsheet]] format.<ref name="Griffiths">Dennis Griffiths (ed.) ''The Encyclopedia of the British Press, 1422–1992'', London & Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992, p. 330</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Thurman |first1=Neil |last2=Fletcher |first2=Richard |title=Are Newspapers Heading Toward Post-Print Obscurity? |journal=Digital Journalism |volume=6 |issue=8 |pages=1003–1017 |doi=10.1080/21670811.2018.1504625 |s2cid=219539486 |issn=2167-0811 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It was produced by Newspaper Publishing plc and created by [[Andreas Whittam Smith]], [[Stephen Glover (columnist)|Stephen Glover]] and [[Matthew Symonds]]. All three partners were former journalists at ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' who had left the paper towards the end of [[Michael Berry, Baron Hartwell|Lord Hartwell]]'s ownership. [[Marcus Sieff]] was the first chairman of Newspaper Publishing, and Whittam Smith took control of the paper.<ref>{{cite news |last=Glover |first=Stephen |title=The Independent: Reflections on the last 20 years |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/the-independent-reflections-on-the-last-20-years-418944.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/the-independent-reflections-on-the-last-20-years-418944.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=3 December 2012 |newspaper=The Independent }}</ref>

The paper was created at a time of a fundamental change in British newspaper publishing. [[Rupert Murdoch]] was challenging long-accepted practices of the print unions and ultimately defeated them in the [[Wapping dispute]]. Consequently, production costs could be reduced which, it was said at the time,{{by whom}} created openings for more competition. As a result of controversy around Murdoch's move to Wapping, the plant was effectively having to function under siege from sacked print workers picketing outside. ''The Independent'' attracted some of the staff from the two Murdoch broadsheets who had chosen not to move to his company's new headquarters. Launched with the advertising slogan "It is. Are you?", and challenging both ''[[The Guardian]]'' for centre-left readers and ''[[The Times]]'' as the newspaper of record, ''The Independent'' reached a circulation of over 400,000 by 1989.

Competing in a moribund market, ''The Independent'' sparked a general freshening of newspaper design as well as, within a few years, a price war in the market sector.{{citation needed}} When ''The Independent'' launched ''The Independent on Sunday'' in 1990, sales were less than anticipated, partly due to the launch of the ''[[Sunday Correspondent]]'' four months prior, although this direct rival closed at the end of November 1990. Some aspects of production merged with the main paper, although the Sunday paper retained a largely distinct editorial staff.

=== 1990–1999 ===
In the 1990s, ''The Independent'' was faced with price cutting by the Murdoch titles, and started an advertising campaign accusing ''The Times'' and ''The Daily Telegraph'' of reflecting the views of their proprietors, Rupert Murdoch and [[Conrad Black]]. It featured spoofs of the other papers' [[Masthead (British publishing)|mastheads]] with the words ''The Rupert Murdoch'' or ''The Conrad Black'', with ''The Independent'' below the main title.

{{notatypo|Newspaper Publishing}} had financial problems. A number of other media companies were interested in the paper. [[Tony O'Reilly]]'s media group and [[Trinity Mirror|Mirror Group Newspapers]] (MGN) had bought a stake of about a third each by mid-1994. In March 1995, Newspaper Publishing was restructured with a rights issue, splitting the shareholding into O'Reilly's [[Independent News & Media]] (43%), [[Trinity Mirror|MGN]] (43%), and [[PRISA|Prisa]] (publisher of {{Lang|es|[[El País]]}}) (12%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lewis |first1=Justin |last2=Williams |first2=Andrew |last3=Franklin |first3=Bob |last4=Thomas |first4=James |last5=Mosdell |first5=Nick |url=http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/jomec/resources/QualityIndependenceofBritishJournalism.pdf |title=The Quality and Independence of British Journalism: Tracking the Changes Over 20 Years |publisher=Cardiff School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies, Cardiff University |location=Cardiff |page=61 |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065101/http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/jomec/resources/QualityIndependenceofBritishJournalism.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 1996, there was another refinancing, and in March 1998, O'Reilly bought the other shares of the company for £30 million, and assumed the company's debt. Brendan Hopkins headed Independent News, [[Andrew Marr]] was appointed editor of ''The Independent'', and [[Rosie Boycott]] became editor of ''The Independent on Sunday''. Marr introduced a dramatic if short-lived redesign which won critical favour but was a commercial failure, partly as a result of a limited promotional budget. Marr admitted his changes had been a mistake in his book, ''My Trade''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/my-trade-a-short-history-of-british-journalism-by-andrew-marr-6161917.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804034821/http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/my-trade-a-short-history-of-british-journalism-by-andrew-marr-6161917.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 August 2012 |location=London |work=The Independent |title=My Trade: A short history of British journalism by Andrew Marr }}</ref>

Boycott left in April 1998 to join the ''[[Daily Express]]'', and Marr left in May 1998, later becoming the [[BBC]]'s political editor. [[Simon Kelner]] was appointed as the editor. By this time the circulation had fallen below 200,000. Independent News spent heavily to increase circulation, and the paper went through several redesigns. While circulation increased, it did not approach the level which had been achieved in 1989, or restore profitability. Job cuts and financial controls reduced the morale of journalists and the quality of the product.<ref name="Mad eyes">{{cite news |last=Lelic |first=Sarah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518124835/http://www.mad.co.uk/Logon/ArticleLogon.aspx?uiArticleID=ef7c2624-7002-45f7-96ed-21a040523aef&uiNavigationItemID=&uiPageID=8453a00f-9d1a-404a-beda-339905b6b8b4&PipelinedPage=%2FMain%2FNews%2FArticlex%2Fef7c2624700245f796ed21a040523aef%2FINM-eyes-emIndependentem-profit.html&PipelinedQueryString=uiArticleID%3Def7c2624-7002-45f7-96ed-21a040523aef%26uiNavigationItemID%3Dd8f9fd23-813a-47b2-9696-31d9ca23a265%26 |archive-date=18 May 2007 |url=http://www.mad.co.uk/Logon/ArticleLogon.aspx?uiArticleID=ef7c2624-7002-45f7-96ed-21a040523aef&uiNavigationItemID=&uiPageID=8453a00f-9d1a-404a-beda-339905b6b8b4&PipelinedPage=/Main/News/Articlex/ef7c2624700245f796ed21a040523aef/INM-eyes-emIndependentem-profit.html&PipelinedQueryString=uiArticleID%3def7c2624-7002-45f7-96ed-21a040523aef%26uiNavigationItemID%3dd8f9fd23-813a-47b2-9696-31d9ca23a265%26 |title=INM eyes Independent profit |url-access=subscription |publisher=mad.co.uk |access-date=28 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2000–2009 ===
Ivan Fallon, on the board since 1995 and formerly a key figure at ''The Sunday Times'', replaced Hopkins as head of Independent News & Media in July 2002. By mid-2004, the newspaper was losing £5 million per year. A gradual improvement meant that by 2006, circulation was at a nine-year high.<ref name="Mad eyes" />

In November 2008, following further staff cuts, production was moved to Northcliffe House, in Kensington High Street, the headquarters of [[Associated Newspapers Ltd|Associated Newspapers]].<ref name="Northcliffe move">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/nov/28/independent-titles-associated-newspapers-northcliffe-house |title=Independent titles to relocate to Associated Newspapers HQ |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=28 November 2008 |first=Mark |last=Sweney |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223213125/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/nov/28/independent-titles-associated-newspapers-northcliffe-house |url-status=live }}</ref> The two newspaper groups' editorial, management and commercial operations remained separate, but they shared services including security, information technology, switchboard and payroll.{{Citation needed}}

=== 2010–2016 ===
On 25 March 2010, Independent News & Media sold the newspaper to a new company owned by the family of [[Russian oligarchs|Russian oligarch]] [[Alexander Lebedev]] for a nominal £1 fee and £9.25 million over the next 10 months, choosing this option over closing ''The Independent'' and ''The Independent on Sunday'', which would have cost £28 million and £40 million respectively, due to long-term contracts. Alexander's son Evgeny became Chairman of the new company, with Alexander becoming a board director.<ref name="i2010-03-25" /><ref name=bintliff>{{cite news |last1=Bintliff |first1=Esther |title=Lebedev scoops up The Independent for £1 |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f4081652-373c-11df-b542-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f4081652-373c-11df-b542-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=20 September 2011 |newspaper=Financial Times |first2=Ben |last2=Fenton |location=London}}</ref> In 2009, Lebedev had bought a controlling stake in the ''[[London Evening Standard]]''. Two weeks later, editor [[Roger Alton]] resigned.<ref>Ponsford, Dominic (9 April 2010) [http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/roger-alton-steps-down-as-independent-editor/ "Roger Alton steps down as Independent editor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924224758/https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/roger-alton-steps-down-as-independent-editor/ }}, ''[[Press Gazette]]'' (London).</ref>

In July 2011, ''The Independent''{{'}}s columnist [[Johann Hari]] was stripped of the [[Orwell Prize]] he had won in 2008 after claims, to which Hari later admitted,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hari |first1=Johann |title=A personal apology |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/johann-hari/johann-hari-a-personal-apology-2354679.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/johann-hari/johann-hari-a-personal-apology-2354679.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Independent }}</ref> of plagiarism and inaccuracy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Johann Hari: George Orwell prize 'stripping' announcement delays amid plagiarism row |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/8660473/Johann-Hari-George-Orwell-prize-stripping-announcement-delays-amid-plagiarism-row.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/8660473/Johann-Hari-George-Orwell-prize-stripping-announcement-delays-amid-plagiarism-row.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=Telegraph.co.uk |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In January 2012, [[Chris Blackhurst]], editor of ''The Independent'', told the [[Leveson inquiry]] that the scandal had "severely damaged" the newspaper's reputation. He nevertheless told the inquiry that Hari would return as a columnist in "four to five weeks".<ref>{{cite news |last1=O'Carroll |first1=Lisa |title=Independent editor: Johann Hari scandal 'severely damaged' paper |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jan/10/independent-editor-johann-hari-scandal |work=The Guardian |access-date=28 January 2017 |archive-date=23 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223212832/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/jan/10/independent-editor-johann-hari-scandal |url-status=live }}</ref> Hari later announced that he would not return to ''The Independent''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Journalist Johann Hari rejects Independent return |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-16663180 |work=BBC News |access-date=21 June 2018 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703074848/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-16663180 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Jonathan Foreman (journalist)|Jonathan Foreman]] contrasted ''The Independent''{{'}}s reaction to the scandal unfavourably with the reaction of American newspapers to similar incidents such as the [[Jayson Blair]] case, which led to resignations of editors, "deep soul-searching", and "new standards of exactitude being imposed".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Foreman |first1=Jonathan |title=Dirty Hari – Commentary Magazine |url=https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/dirty-hari/ |work=Commentary Magazine |access-date=28 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202061752/https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/dirty-hari/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The historian [[Guy Walters]] suggested that Hari's fabrications had been an open secret amongst the newspaper's staff and that their internal inquiry was a "facesaving exercise".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walters |first1=Guy |title=An Open Letter to Andreas Whittam Smith |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/guy-walters/2011/07/johann-hari-independent-prize |work=www.newstatesman.com |language=en |access-date=28 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202034942/http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/guy-walters/2011/07/johann-hari-independent-prize |url-status=live }}</ref>

A proportion of articles are now behind a pay wall; that section is titled 'Independent Minds'.

''The Independent'' and ''The Independent on Sunday'' endorsed "Remain" in the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|Brexit referendum of 2016]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/the-right-choice-is-to-remain-a7090326.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/the-right-choice-is-to-remain-a7090326.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=The right choice is to remain |website=The Independent |language=en |access-date=22 February 2019}}</ref>

=== From 2016 ===
In March 2016 ''The Independent'' decided to close its print edition and become an [[online newspaper]]; the last printed edition was published on Saturday 26 March 2016. ''The Independent on Sunday'' published its last print edition on 20 March 2016 and was closed following that.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35561145 |title=Independent to cease as print edition |work=BBC News |access-date=22 February 2019 |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029183143/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35561145 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Content ==

=== Format and design ===

''The Independent'' began publishing as a broadsheet, in a series of celebrated designs. The final version was designed by Carroll, Dempsey and Thirkell following a commission by [[Nicholas Garland]] who, along with [[Alexander Chancellor]], was unhappy with designs produced by Raymond Hawkey and Michael McGuiness – on seeing the proposed designs, Chancellor had said "I thought we were joining a serious paper". The first edition was designed and implemented by Michael Crozier, who was Executive Editor, Design and Picture, from pre-launch in 1986 to 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bookdepository.com/Making-Independent-Michael-Crozier/9780340500613 |title=The Making of the "Independent" : Michael Crozier : 9780340500613 |website=www.bookdepository.com |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512133100/https://www.bookdepository.com/Making-Independent-Michael-Crozier/9780340500613 |url-status=live }}</ref>

From September 2003, the paper was produced in both broadsheet and tabloid-sized versions, with the same content in each. The tabloid edition was termed "compact" to distance itself from the more sensationalist reporting style usually associated with "tabloid" newspapers in the UK.<ref name="Bus Week">{{cite news |url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/dec2004/nf2004121_9347_db016.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050102085329/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/dec2004/nf2004121_9347_db016.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 January 2005 |title=British papers shrink to conquer |last=Carney |first=Beth |work=Business Week |access-date=2 May 2009}}</ref> After launching in the London area and then in [[North West England]],<ref name="Indy northwest">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/the-independent-announces-launch-of-compact-version-in-northwest-734372.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611012631/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/the-independent-announces-launch-of-compact-version-in-northwest-734372.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 June 2010 |title=The Independent announces launch of compact version in North-west |work=The Independent |location=UK |access-date=2 May 2009}}</ref> the smaller format appeared gradually throughout the UK. Soon afterwards, Rupert Murdoch's ''Times'' followed suit, introducing its own tabloid-sized version.<ref name="Brand Rep">{{cite news |url=http://www.brandrepublic.com/News/197504/Times-tabloid-pushes-sales-50000/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH |title=Times tabloid pushes up sales |last=Billings |first=Claire |publisher=Brand Republic |access-date=2 May 2009 |archive-date=16 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916194134/http://www.brandrepublic.com/News/197504/Times-tabloid-pushes-sales-50000/?DCMP=ILC-SEARCH |url-status=live }}</ref> Prior to these changes, ''The Independent'' had a daily circulation of around 217,500, the lowest of any major national British daily, a figure that climbed by 15% as of March 2004 (to 250,000). Throughout much of 2006, circulation stagnated at a quarter of a million. On 14 May 2004, ''The Independent'' produced its last weekday broadsheet, having stopped producing a Saturday broadsheet edition in January. ''The Independent on Sunday'' published its last simultaneous broadsheet on 9 October 2005, and thereafter followed a compact design until the print edition was discontinued.

On 12 April 2005, ''The Independent'' redesigned its layout to a more European feel, similar to France's ''[[Libération]]''. The redesign was carried out by a Barcelona-based design studio. The weekday second section was subsumed within the main paper, double-page feature articles became common in the main news sections, and there were revisions to the front and back covers.<ref name="Guard redesign">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/apr/12/theindependent.pressandpublishing |title=Independent redesign takes it forward |last=Brook |first=Stephen |work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=2 May 2009 |archive-date=18 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918183508/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/apr/12/theindependent.pressandpublishing |url-status=live }}</ref> A new second section, "Extra", was introduced on 25 April 2006. It is similar to ''The Guardian''{{'}}s "G2" and ''The Times''{{'}}s "Times2", containing features, reportage and games, including [[sudoku]]. In June 2007, ''The Independent on Sunday'' consolidated its content into a news section which included sports and business, and a magazine focusing on life and culture.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=37809 |title=News magazine look for relaunched Independent on Sunday |author=Dominic Ponsford |magazine=Press Gazette |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229200804/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=37809 |archive-date=29 December 2008}}</ref> On 23 September 2008, the main newspaper became full-colour, and "Extra" was replaced by an "Independent Life Supplement" focusing on different themes each day.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/sep/23/theindependent.pressandpublishing |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Independent goes full colour |first=Oliver |last=Luft |access-date=27 March 2010 |archive-date=7 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307164850/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/sep/23/theindependent.pressandpublishing |url-status=live }}</ref>

Three weeks after the acquisition of the paper by [[Alexander Lebedev]] and [[Evgeny Lebedev]] in 2010, the paper was relaunched with another redesign on 20 April. The new format featured smaller headlines and a new pullout "Viewspaper" section, which contained the paper's comment and feature articles.<ref name="pgazette">{{cite web |url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=45328&c=1 |title=Independent relaunch |last=Ponsford |first=Dominic |work=Press Gazette |access-date=20 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422175929/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=45328&c=1 |archive-date=22 April 2010}}</ref>

=== Front pages ===
Following the 2003 switch in format, ''The Independent'' became known for its unorthodox and campaigning front pages, which frequently relied on images, graphics or lists rather than traditional headlines and written news content. For example, following the Kashmir earthquake in 2005, it used its front page to urge its readers to donate to its appeal fund, and following the publication of the [[Hutton Inquiry|Hutton Report]] into the death of British government scientist [[David Kelly (weapons expert)|David Kelly]], its front page simply carried the word "Whitewash?"<ref name="PR week">{{cite news |url=http://www.prweek.com/uk/news/article/521627/Independent-breaks-front-page-mould-again-earthquake-appeal-coupon |title=Independent breaks front page mould again |last=Whitehead |first=Jennifer |work=[[PRWeek]] |access-date=1 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214001222/http://www.prweek.com/uk/news/article/521627/Independent-breaks-front-page-mould-again-earthquake-appeal-coupon |archive-date=14 February 2012}}</ref> In 2003, the paper's editor, Simon Kelner, was named "Editor of the Year" at the ''[[What the Papers Say]]'' awards, partly in recognition of, according to the judges, his "often arresting and imaginative front-page designs".<ref name="Indy award">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/independent-editor-wins-top-award-from-what-the-papers-say-judges-for-second-time-576954.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321123458/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/independent-editor-wins-top-award-from-what-the-papers-say-judges-for-second-time-576954.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 March 2011 |title=Independent editor wins top award |last=Burrell |first=Ian |work=The Independent |access-date=1 May 2009 |location=London}}</ref> In 2008, however, as he was stepping down as editor, he stated that it was possible to "overdo the formula" and that the style of the paper's front pages perhaps needed "reinvention".<ref name="Guard Kelner">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/jun/05/theindependent.pressandpublishing |title=Kelner says it's time to rethink "viewspaper" front pages |last=Brook |first=Stephen |work=The Guardian |location=UK |access-date=1 May 2009 |archive-date=16 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916042538/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/jun/05/theindependent.pressandpublishing |url-status=live }}</ref>

Under the subsequent editorship of [[Chris Blackhurst]], the campaigning, poster-style front pages were scaled back in favour of more conventional news stories.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/chris-blackhurst-independents-new-editor-lays-line/1100483 |title=Chris Blackhurst: The Independent's new editor lays it on the line |access-date=27 December 2017 |archive-date=27 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227235542/https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/chris-blackhurst-independents-new-editor-lays-line/1100483 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Sections ===
The weekday, Saturday and Sunday editions of ''The Independent'' all included supplements and pull-out subsections:

{|
|- valign=top
|width=50%|
Daily (Monday to Friday) ''The Independent'':
*"Monday Sport": A weekly pull-out containing reports of the previous weekend's sporting events.
Saturday's ''The Independent'':
*"Saturday Sport": A weekly pull-out containing reports looking ahead to the weekend's sporting events.
*"Radar": A compact, primarily [[listings magazine]], including television schedules, film and DVD reviews and events listings for the coming week. It also includes a round-up of the "50 best" items in a particular category. For example, over the Christmas period there are weekly supplements of "Gifts for him" and "Gifts for her".
*"Traveller": Contains travel articles and advertisements.
*"The Independent Magazine": A features magazine including sections on food, interiors and fashion.
|width=50%|
''The Independent on Sunday'':
*"Sport": A weekly pull-out containing reports of Saturday's sporting events.
*"The New Review": A features magazine.
*"Arts & Books": A culture supplement.
*"[[Rainbow List]]" An annually-updated list, first published in 2000, then as the "Pink List", of the most famous and influential people who have declared themselves lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Independent on Sunday's Pink List 2013 |website=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/the-independent-on-sundays-pink-list-2013-8876183.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/the-independent-on-sundays-pink-list-2013-8876183.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=24 November 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Rainbow-why">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/the-rainbow-list-2014-why-we-changed-the-name-from-the-pink-list-9774511.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/news/the-rainbow-list-2014-why-we-changed-the-name-from-the-pink-list-9774511.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=The Rainbow List 2014: Why we changed the name from the Pink List |work=The Independent on Sunday |access-date=25 November 2014 |author=Guest, Katy}}</ref>
|}

=== Online presence ===
On 23 January 2008, ''The Independent'' relaunched its online edition.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080706041210/http://www.independent.co.uk/service/welcome-to-the-independents-new-website-771573.html "Welcome to The Independent's new website"]. ''The Independent'' (web only). 23 January 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.journalism.co.uk/2/articles/530956.php |title=Independent unveils revamped website |work=Journalism.co.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025023739/http://www.journalism.co.uk/2/articles/530956.php |archive-date=25 October 2008}}</ref> The relaunched site introduced a new look, better access to the blog service, priority on image and video content, and additional areas of the site including art, architecture, fashion, gadgets and health. The paper launched [[podcast]] programmes such as "The Independent Music Radio Show", "The Independent Travel Guides", "The Independent Sailing Podcasts", and "The Independent Video Travel Guides". Since 2009, the website has carried short video news bulletins provided by the [[Al Jazeera English]] news channel.<ref name="Guard al Jazeera">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/jan/15/independent-al-jazeera-video-tie-up |title=Independent in al-Jazeera video tie-up |last=Fitzsimmons |first=Caitlin |work=guardian.co.uk (web only) |access-date=1 May 2009 |location=London |archive-date=25 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191225013601/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/jan/15/independent-al-jazeera-video-tie-up |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, ''The Independent'' launched a sister website, ''i100'', a "shareable" journalism site with similarities to [[Reddit]] and [[Upworthy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.journalism.co.uk/news/-not-just-another-newspaper-website-why-the-independent-launched-i100/s2/a557405/ |title=Why The Independent launched the new user-focused i100 |work=journalism.co.uk |access-date=8 September 2014 |archive-date=25 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125213726/https://www.journalism.co.uk/news/-not-just-another-newspaper-website-why-the-independent-launched-i100/s2/a557405/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Political views ==
''The Independent'' is generally described as centre<ref name="Centrist">{{cite book |editor=Ann Luce |title=Ethical Reporting of Sensitive Topics |quote=Examining UK publications, she found that the left-leaning The Guardian was enthusiastic, calling it the end of the fossil fuel era; the centrist The Independent labelled the agreement historic but offered a series of cautions; ... |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-351-16630-0}}</ref> to centre-left,<ref name="CentreLeft1">{{cite book |editor=F.N. Forman, N.D.J. Baldwin |title=Mastering British Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-WwZCwAAQBAJ&dq=Centre-left+%22The+Independent%22+UK+newspapers&pg=PA149 |page=149 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=978-1-137-02159-5}}</ref><ref name="CentreLeft2">{{cite book |editor=Nadia R. Sirhan |title=Mastering British Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eM_EAAAQBAJ&dq=Centre-left+%22The+Independent%22+UK+newspapers&pg=PA65 |quote=Newspapers in the U.K. can be differentiated politically from left to right with... The Independent a centre-left newspaper... |page=65 |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-3-030-17072-1}}</ref> [[Liberalism in the United Kingdom|liberal]]<ref name="liberalism1" /> and [[Social liberalism|liberal-left]].<ref name="liberalLeft">{{cite book |editor=Richard Rudin |title=Broadcasting in the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6EcBQAAQBAJ&dq=left-liberal+%22The+Independent%22+UK+newspapers&pg=PA112 |quote=...and a man with impeccable liberal credentials, being a former editor of the liberal–left newspaper The Independent. |page=112 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=978-0-230-34384-9 }}{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> When the paper was established in 1986, the founders intended its political stance to reflect the centre of the British political spectrum and thought that it would attract readers primarily from ''[[The Times]]'' and ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]''. It has been seen as leaning to the left wing of the political spectrum, making it more a competitor to ''[[The Guardian]]''. However, ''The Independent'' tends to take a liberal, pro-market stance on economic issues.<ref name="Wilby">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/apr/14/theindependent.pressandpublishing |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |title=It is. Is he? |first=Peter |last=Wilby |access-date=27 March 2010 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219145912/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/apr/14/theindependent.pressandpublishing |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The'' ''Independent on Sunday'' referred to itself as a "proudly liberal newspaper".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/editorial-a-liberal-gamble-too-far-8468336.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/editorial-a-liberal-gamble-too-far-8468336.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Editorial: a liberal gamble too far |work=The Independent |location=London}}</ref>

The paper has highlighted what it refers to as [[war crime]]s being committed by pro-government forces in the [[War in Darfur|Darfur]] region of Sudan.<ref name="Indy Darfur">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/darfur-the-evidence-of-war-crimes-459922.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422162206/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/darfur-the-evidence-of-war-crimes-459922.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 April 2008 |title=Darfur: The evidence of war crimes |last=Grice |first=Andrew |work=The Independent |access-date=1 May 2009 |location=London}}</ref>

The paper has been a strong supporter of [[electoral reform]].<ref name=lead2010may5 /> In 1997, ''The Independent on Sunday'' launched a campaign for the decriminalisation of cannabis. Ten years later, it reversed itself, arguing that skunk, the cannabis strain "smoked by the majority of young Britons" in 2007, had become "25 times stronger than [[hashish|resin]] sold a decade ago".<ref name="Indy cannabis">{{cite news |last1=Owen |first1=Jonathan |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/health-news/cannabis-an-apology-440730.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422184722/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/health-news/cannabis-an-apology-440730.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 April 2008 |title=Were we out of our minds? No, but then came skunk |work=The Independent on Sunday |access-date=2 May 2009 |location=London}}</ref>

The paper's opinion on the [[British monarchy]] has sometimes been described as [[republicanism in the United Kingdom|republican]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Katawala |first=Sunder |title=The monarchy is more secure than ever |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2012/02/monarchy-jubilee-media-public |access-date=11 August 2019 |newspaper=New Statesman |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811003553/https://www.newstatesman.com/blogs/the-staggers/2012/02/monarchy-jubilee-media-public |url-status=live }}</ref> though it officially identifies as reformist, wishing for a reformed monarchy that "reflects the nation over which it reigns and which is accountable to the people for its activities".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/subscribe/our-story |title=Our Story |work=The Independent |access-date=17 September 2022 |archive-date=18 June 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/subscribe/our-story |url-status=live }}</ref> Originally, it avoided royal stories, Whittam Smith later saying he thought the British press was "unduly besotted" with the Royal Family and that a newspaper could "manage without" stories about the monarchy.<ref name="Whittam Smith Royals">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/andreas-whittam-smith/debate-the-monarchys-future-but-nothing-will-change-629282.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709181216/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/andreas-whittam-smith/debate-the-monarchys-future-but-nothing-will-change-629282.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2010 |title=Debate the monarchy's future, but it will change nothing |last=Whittam Smith |first=Andreas |work=The Independent |access-date=1 May 2009 |location=London}}</ref>

In 2007, [[Alan Rusbridger]], editor of ''The Guardian'', said of ''The Independent'': "The emphasis on views, not news, means that the reporting is rather thin, and it loses impact on the front page the more you do that".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/what-happened-when-the-guardian-editor-met-piers-morgan-442870.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407190633/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/what-happened-when-the-guardian-editor-met-piers-morgan-442870.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2008 |title=What happened when the Guardian editor met Piers Morgan |work=The Independent |author=Morgan, Piers |location=London }}</ref> In a 12 June 2007 speech, British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]] called ''The Independent'' a "viewspaper", saying it "was started as an antidote to the idea of journalism as views not news. That was why it was called the Independent. Today it is avowedly a viewspaper not merely a newspaper".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6744581.stm |title=Blair on the media |work=BBC News |access-date=19 June 2007 |archive-date=23 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623085431/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6744581.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''The Independent'' criticised Blair's comments the following day<ref>Grice, Andrew (13 June 2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20081204102234/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/blairs-attack-provokes-anger-among-newspaper-editors-and-broadcasters-452891.html Blair's attack provokes anger among newspaper editors and broadcasters]". ''The Independent'' (London). Retrieved 9 December 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Kelner, Simon |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/simon-kelner-would-you-be-saying-this-mr-blair-if-we-supported-your-war-in-iraq-452901.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427050922/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/simon-kelner-would-you-be-saying-this-mr-blair-if-we-supported-your-war-in-iraq-452901.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2008 |title=Would you be saying this, Mr Blair, if we supported your war in Iraq? |work=The Independent |location=London |access-date=9 December 2009}}</ref> but later changed format to include a "Viewspaper" insert in the centre of the regular newspaper, designed to feature most of the opinion columns and arts reviews.

A leader published on the day of the [[2008 London mayoral election]] compared the candidates and said that, if the newspaper had a vote, it would vote first for the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] candidate, [[Siân Berry]], noting the similarity between her priorities and those of ''The Independent'', and secondly, with "rather heavy heart", for the incumbent, [[Ken Livingstone]].<ref name="London endorsement">{{cite news |title=If newspapers had a vote, this one would put its cross beside... (leader) |work=The Independent |page=28 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-if-newspapers-had-a-vote-this-one-would-put-its-cross-beside-818670.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-if-newspapers-had-a-vote-this-one-would-put-its-cross-beside-818670.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |quote=So consonant are her priorities with those of this paper that, if we could vote for mayor today, we would place our first-preference cross against her name. This would underscore the importance of the environment to both London and to the rest of the nation. Then, and with rather heavy heart, it would be illogical to do anything other than make Ken Livingstone our second choice.}}</ref>

An [[Ipsos MORI]] poll estimated that in the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]], 44% of regular readers voted [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]], 32% voted [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=2476&view=wide|title=Political Monitor Archive | Ipsos|access-date=10 January 2014|archive-date=11 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111065658/http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/poll.aspx?oItemId=2476&view=wide|url-status=live}}</ref> and 14% voted [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]], compared to 23%, 29%, and 36%, respectively, of the overall electorate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Voting by Newspaper Readership 1992–2010 |url=http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/2476/Voting-by-Newspaper-Readership-19922010.aspx?view=wide |work=Ipsos MORI General Election aggregates |publisher=Ipsos MORI |access-date=21 September 2011 |author=Ipsos MORI |author-link=Ipsos MORI |archive-date=21 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921073253/http://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/2476/Voting-by-Newspaper-Readership-19922010.aspx?view=wide |url-status=live }}</ref> On the eve of the 2010 general election, ''The Independent'' supported the Liberal Democrats, arguing that
<blockquote>
[T]hey are longstanding and convincing champions of civil liberties, sound economics, international co-operation on the great global challenges and, of course, fundamental electoral reform. These are all principles that this newspaper has long held dear.<ref name=lead2010may5>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-this-historic-opportunity-must-not-be-missed-1962527.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-this-historic-opportunity-must-not-be-missed-1962527.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=This historic opportunity must not be missed |work=The Independent |location=London}}</ref>
</blockquote>
However, before the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]], ''The Independent on Sunday'' desisted from advising its readers how to vote, writing that "this does not mean that we are a bloodless, value-free news-sheet. We have always been committed to social justice", but the paper recognised that it was up the readers to "make up [their] own mind about whether you agree with us or not". Rather than support a particular party, the paper urged all its reader to vote as "a responsibility of common citizenship".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/general-election-2015-every-vote-matters--as-a-responsibility-of-citizenship-10221727.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/general-election-2015-every-vote-matters--as-a-responsibility-of-citizenship-10221727.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=General Election 2015: Every vote matters – as a responsibility of |work=The Independent}}</ref> On 4 May 2015, the weekday version of ''The Independent'' said that a continuation of the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition after the general election would be a positive outcome.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/in-defence-of-liberal-democracy-10224221.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/in-defence-of-liberal-democracy-10224221.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Editorial: In defence of liberal democracy |work=The Independent }}</ref>

At the end of July 2018, ''The Independent'' led a campaign they called the "Final Say", a [[change.org]] petition by former editor [[Christian Broughton]], for a binding referendum on the [[Brexit]] deal between the UK and the European Union.<ref name="People's Vote">{{cite news |title=The referendum gave sovereignty to the British people, so now they deserve a final say on the Brexit deal |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/referendum-final-say-no-deal-brexit-peoples-vote-chequers-white-paper-will-of-british-people-a8461331.html |work=The Independent |no-pp=yes |page=Editorial |access-date=30 July 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=30 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730083448/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/referendum-final-say-no-deal-brexit-peoples-vote-chequers-white-paper-will-of-british-people-a8461331.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of October 2018, ''Independent Arabia'' is owned and managed by Saudi Research and Marketing Group (SRMG), a major publishing organisation with close ties to the Saudi royal family, and further news websites of ''The Independent'' in Persian, Turkish and Urdu run by the same company are planned.<ref>{{cite news |title=Independent's deal with Saudi publisher back under spotlight |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/oct/19/independent-deal-with-saudi-publisher-back-under-spotlight |last1=Waterson |first1=Jim |last2=Kamali Dehghan |first2=Saeed |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=24 July 2019 |archive-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725100833/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2018/oct/19/independent-deal-with-saudi-publisher-back-under-spotlight |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personnel ==

=== Editors ===
{|width=100%
|- valign=top
|width=50%|
''The Independent'':
:1986: [[Andreas Whittam Smith]]
:1994: [[Ian Hargreaves]]
:1995: [[Charles Wilson (journalist)|Charles Wilson]]
:1996: [[Andrew Marr]]
:1998: [[Rosie Boycott]]
:1998: [[Andrew Marr]] and [[Rosie Boycott]]
:1998: [[Simon Kelner]]
:2008: [[Roger Alton]]
:2010: [[Simon Kelner]]
:2011: [[Chris Blackhurst]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/a-new-editor-for-the-independent-2305588.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/a-new-editor-for-the-independent-2305588.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=A new editor for The Independent |work=The Independent |location=London}}</ref>
:2013: [[Amol Rajan]]<ref name="Turvill">William Turvill [http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/new-editors-independent-and-i-newspapers "Amol Rajan is made editor of The Independent as Chris Blackhurst becomes group content director"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409050542/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/new-editors-independent-and-i-newspapers }}, ''Press Gazette'', 17 June 2013</ref>
:2016: [[Christian Broughton]]<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/service/contact-us-759589.html Contact Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915095124/http://www.independent.co.uk/service/contact-us-759589.html }} – The Independent. Retrieved 26 January 2017.</ref>
:2023: [[Geordie Greig]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/jan/04/geordie-greig-appointed-editor-of-the-independent|title=Geordie Greig appointed editor of the Independent|first1=Jim|last1=Waterson|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=20 February 2023|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220143621/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2023/jan/04/geordie-greig-appointed-editor-of-the-independent|url-status=live}}</ref>
''The Independent on Sunday'':
:1990: [[Stephen Glover (columnist)|Stephen Glover]]
:1991: [[Ian Jack]]
:1995: [[Peter Wilby]]
:1996: [[Rosie Boycott]]
:1998: [[Kim Fletcher]]
:1999: [[Janet Street-Porter]]
:2002: [[Tristan Davies]]
:2008: [[John Mullin (journalist)|John Mullin]]
:2013: [[Lisa Markwell]]
|}

There have also been various guest editors over the years, such as [[Elton John]] on 1 December 2010, the Body Shop's [[Anita Roddick]] on 19 June 2003 and U2's Bono in 2006.

=== Writers and columnists ===
;Predominantly in ''The Independent'':

{{dynamic list}}
{{colbegin|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Yasmin Alibhai-Brown]]
* [[Bruce Anderson (columnist)|Bruce Anderson]]
* [[Paul Arden]]
* [[Archie Bland]]
* [[Thom Brooks]]
* [[Andrew Brown (writer)]]
* Cooper Brown
* [[Michael Brown (UK politician)|Michael Brown]]
* [[Simon Calder]]
* Ben Chu
* [[Alexa Chung]]
* [[Rob Cowan]]
* [[Sloane Crosley]]
* [[Tracey Emin]]
* [[Nigel Farage]]
* [[Mitch Feierstein]]
* [[Andrew Feinberg]]
* [[Helen Fielding]]
* [[Robert Fisk]]
* [[Eric Garcia (journalist)|Eric Garcia]]
* [[Chris Gulker]]
* [[Ian Hamilton (academic, born 1965)|Ian Hamilton]]
* [[Howard Jacobson]]
* [[Alex James (musician)|Alex James]]
* [[Peter Jenkins (journalist)|Peter Jenkins]]
* [[Owen Jones (writer)|Owen Jones]]
* [[Andrew Keen]]
* [[Dominic Lawson]]
* [[John Lichfield]]
* [[Philip Llewellin]]
* Laura Lyons<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/author/laura-lyons |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/author/laura-lyons |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Laura Lyons |website=The Independent}}</ref>
* [[Andy McSmith]]
* [[Donald Macintyre (journalist)|Donald MacIntyre]]
* [[Serena Mackesy]]
* [[Tracey MacLeod]]
* [[Rhodri Marsden]]
* [[Jan McGirk]]
* [[Deborah Orr]]
* [[Christina Patterson]]
* [[Peter Popham]]
* [[Simon Read (journalist)|Simon Read]]
* [[Steve Richards]]
* [[Lizzie Dearden]]
* [[Ash Sarkar]]
* [[Alexei Sayle]]
* [[Will Self]]
* [[LJK Setright]]
* [[Mark Steel]]
* [[Catherine Townsend]]
* [[Paul Vallely]]
* [[Brian Viner]]
* [[Lynne Walker (critic)|Lynne Walker]]
* [[Andreas Whittam Smith]]
* [[Claudia Winkleman]]
{{colend}}

;Predominantly ''The Independent on Sunday'':

{{dynamic list}}

{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Janet Street-Porter]]—Editor-at-Large
* [[Kate Bassett]]—Theatre
* [[Patrick Cockburn]], [[John Rentoul (journalist)|John Rentoul]], [[Joan Smith (novelist and journalist)|Joan Smith]], [[Paul Vallely]], and [[Alan Watkins]]—"Comment & Debate"
* [[Peter Cole (journalist)|Peter Cole]]—"On the Press"
* [[Rupert Cornwell]]—"Out of America"
* [[Hermione Eyre]]—Reviews
* [[Jenny Gilbert]]—Dance
* [[Christopher Hirst]] and Lucinda Rogers—"The Weasel" (weekly illustrated column 1995–2008)
* [[Dom Joly]]—"First Up" in The Sunday Review
* [[Tim Minogue]] and [[David Randall]]—"Observatory"
* [[Cole Moreton]]—"News Analysis" (Regular double-spread)
* [[Anna Picard]]—Opera and Classical
* [[Simon Price]]—Rock and Pop
{{colend}}

=== Photographers ===
*[[Timothy Allen]]
*[[Craig Easton (photographer)|Craig Easton]]
*Brian Harris

== Longford Prize ==
''The Independent'' sponsors the [[Longford Prize]], in memory of [[Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford|Lord Longford]].<ref name="Indy Longford">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prisoners-abroad-charity-wins-longford-prize-760111.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/prisoners-abroad-charity-wins-longford-prize-760111.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Prisoners Abroad charity wins Longford prize |last=Morris |first=Nigel |work=The Independent |access-date=1 May 2009 |location=London}}</ref>

== Related publications ==
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Independent on Sunday
| type = Sunday newspaper
| editor = [[Lisa Markwell]]<ref>Angela Haggerty [http://www.thedrum.com/news/2013/04/26/appointment-lisa-markwell-editor-independent-sunday-announced-owner-twitter "Appointment of Lisa Markwell as editor of Independent on Sunday announced by owner via Twitter"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501040840/http://www.thedrum.com/news/2013/04/26/appointment-lisa-markwell-editor-independent-sunday-announced-owner-twitter |date=1 May 2013 }}, ''The Drum'', 26 April 2013</ref>
| circulation = 155,661<ref name="Brook">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/mar/05/lebedev-buys-independent-newspapers |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Lebedev buys Independent newspapers |first=Stephen |last=Brook |access-date=27 March 2010 |archive-date=19 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819192825/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/mar/05/lebedev-buys-independent-newspapers |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ISSN = 0958-1723
| oclc = 500339994
| publisher = Independent Print Limited
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1990|df=yes}}
| ceased publication = {{end date|2016|3|20|df=yes}}
| sister newspapers = {{ubl|''The Independent''|''[[I (newspaper)|i]]'' (2010–2013)|''indy100''}}
}}

=== ''The Independent on Sunday'' ===
''The Independent on Sunday'' (''IoS'') was the Sunday sister newspaper of ''The Independent''. It ceased to exist in 2016, the last edition being published on 20 March; the daily paper ceasing print publication six days later.

=== The ''i'' ===
{{Main|i (newspaper)}}
In October 2010, the ''i'', a compact sister newspaper, was launched. The ''i'' is a separate newspaper but uses some of the same material. It was later sold to regional newspaper company [[Johnston Press]], becoming that publisher's flagship national newspaper. The ''i''{{'}}s online presence, ''i100'', was restyled as ''indy100'' and retained by Independent News & Media.{{citation needed}}

=== Indy100 ===
The online news site indy100 was announced by ''The Independent'' in February 2016, to be written by journalists but with stories selected by 'upvotes' from readers. "Because indy100 is from The Independent you can still trust us to take our facts very seriously (even the funny ones). Some of the stories will have been inspired by the brilliant work in ''The Independent''. Most will be from the crack team of indy100 journalists."<ref name="indy100 Oct 2019">{{cite web |title=About indy100.com |website=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/about-indy100-com-a6879446.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/about-indy100-com-a6879446.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref>

=== ''The (RED) Independent'' ===
''The Independent'' supported U2 lead singer Bono's [[Product RED]] brand by creating ''The (RED) Independent'', an occasional edition that gave half the day's proceeds to the charity.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vallely |first=Paul |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/article484149.ece |title=A red revolution on the high street |work=The Independent |location=London |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911190134/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/article484149.ece |archive-date=11 September 2006}}</ref> The first edition was in May 2006. Edited by Bono, it drew high sales.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newsdesigner.com/archives/002543.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527115019/http://www.newsdesigner.com/archives/002543.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 May 2006 |title=They found what they were looking for |work=NewsDesigner.com }}</ref>

A September 2006 edition of ''The (RED) Independent'', designed by fashion designer [[Giorgio Armani]], drew controversy due to its cover shot, showing model [[Kate Moss]] in [[blackface]] for an article about AIDS in Africa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pool |first=Hannah |url=https://www.theguardian.com/race/story/0,,1878483,00.html |title=Return to the dark ages |work=The Guardian |location=London}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
''The Independent'' was awarded "National Newspaper of the Year" for 2003<ref name=gazetteroll /><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=2000-2008-Winners |title=Press Awards Winners 2000–08 |access-date=2 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402232510/http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=2000-2008-Winners |archive-date=2 April 2016}}</ref> and the ''Independent on Sunday'' was awarded "Front Page of the Year" for 2014's "Here is the news, not the propaganda", printed on 5 October 2014.<ref name=gazetteroll>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=Winners-2014 |title=Press Awards: Winners for 2014 |access-date=2 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308205333/http://www.pressawards.org.uk/page-view.php?pagename=Winners-2014 |archive-date=8 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

''Independent'' journalists have won a range of British Press Awards, including:<ref name=gazetteroll />
* "Business & Finance Journalist of the Year": Michael Harrison, 2000; Hamish McRae, 2005; Stephen Foley, 2008
* "Cartoonist of the Year": Dave Brown, 2012
* "Columnist of the Year": Robert Chalmers (''Independent on Sunday''), 2004; Mark Steel, 2014
* "Foreign Reporter of the Year": Patrick Cockburn, 2014
* "Interviewer of the Year": Mathew Norman, 2007; Deborah Ross, 2011
* "Political Journalist of the Year": Francis Elliott (''Independent on Sunday''), 2005
* "Specialist Journalist of the Year": Michael McCarthy, 2000; Jeremy Laurance, 2011
* "Sports Journalist of the Year": James Lawton, 2010
* "Young Journalist of the Year": Johann Hari, 2002; Ed Caesar, 2006

In January 2013, ''The Independent'' was nominated for the Responsible Media of the Year award at the [[British Muslim Awards]].<ref name="asianimage">{{cite news |url=http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/10197507.Winners_honoured_at_British_Muslim_Awards/ |title=Winners honoured at British Muslim Awards |publisher=Asian Image |access-date=1 November 2015 |archive-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121173521/http://www.asianimage.co.uk/news/10197507.Winners_honoured_at_British_Muslim_Awards/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
''The Independent'' is regularly referenced in the [[Apple TV+]] comedy ''[[Ted Lasso]]'' as the employer of recurring character Trent Crimm ([[James Lance]]), a sceptical reporter who is very critical of Ted's coaching but touched by his compassion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perkins |first=Dennis |title=Hannah Waddingham tells Seth Meyers it's no shame that all the Ted Lasso boys love show tunes |url=https://www.avclub.com/hannah-waddingham-tells-seth-meyers-its-no-shame-that-a-1847471920 |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=The A.V. Club |language=en-us |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818050224/https://www.avclub.com/hannah-waddingham-tells-seth-meyers-its-no-shame-that-a-1847471920 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Independent Foreign Fiction Prize|''Independent'' Foreign Fiction Prize]]
* [[Vandalism on Bharatpedia#Miscellaneous|Brett Straub incident]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official|https://www.independent.co.uk/|mobile=m.independent.co.uk}}
*{{Twitter|id=Independent}}

{{People's Vote}}
{{Defunct newspapers of the United Kingdom}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Independent, The}}
[[Category:The Independent| ]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Centre-left newspapers]]
[[Category:Centrist newspapers]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Liberal media in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1986]]
[[Category:National newspapers published in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in London]]
[[Category:Online newspapers with defunct print editions]]
[[Category:Republicanism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Social liberalism]]

Draft:Zeeshan Khan

2021-05-10T03:43:30Z

Wikimaniac:

{{Infobox person
| name = Zeeshan Khan
| image = Zeeshan Khan.jpeg
| alt = 200px
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1990|10|30}}
| birth_place = Bhopal
| death_date = 
| education = Graduation from Bhopal School of Social Sciences; MBA dropout
| nationality =
| other_names =
| occupation = Entrepreneur, Environmentalist
| years_active =
| known_for = Beyond Smart Group, Relive Eco Foundation
| notable_works =
| father = Rashid Khan
| mother = Rizwana Khan
| spouse = Sameera Ali
}}

'''Zeeshan Khan''' (born on October 30, 1990) professionally known as the 'Eco Man of India' is an Indian entrepreneur and environmentalist from Bhopal, India. He is the CEO of Beyond Smart Group, a multi-venture organisation. Zeeshan was awarded the prestigious MP Ratna Award in 2018 and the India leadership award in 2019 for his contribution to the environment.

==Early life and education==
Zeeshan was born on October 30, 1990, in Bhopal to Rashid Khan and Rizwana Khan. He completed his graduation from Bhopal School of Social Sciences in 2012. Later he dropped out of his MBA from RKDF University in 2014. He is married to Sameera Ali.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=The Eco Man of India - Zeeshan Khan emerges Swachh Bharat icon, drives solid waste management|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/brandspot/pr-spot/the-eco-man-of-india-zeeshan-khan-emerges-swachh-bharat-icon-drives-solid-waste-management-913874.html|access-date=2021-05-05|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MBA Dropout Zeeshan Khan Working Towards Sustainable Development Of Society|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/brand-connect/mba-dropout-zeeshan-khan-working-towards-sustainable-development-of-society/59479/1|access-date=2021-05-05|website=Forbes India|language=en}}</ref>

He received affiliation from the [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]] and the [[Government of India]], Smart City initiative, and the [[United Nations]] in 2019 for his work<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.ETGovernment.com|title=Madhya Pradesh: Hi-tech aid for bumper harvest - ET Government|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/smart-infra/madhya-pradesh-hi-tech-aid-for-bumper-harvest/72315489|access-date=2021-05-05|website=ETGovernment.com|language=en}}</ref> and also participated in MTV India reality show MTV Stuntmania in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhopal's superbike craze in top gear|url=https://www.ndtv.com/bhopal-news/bhopals-superbike-craze-in-top-gear-468225|access-date=2020-11-18|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Career==
Zeeshan started his career working in a call centre before becoming a multimillionaire. He curated several innovative activities to educate people on the disastrous impact of the use of plastic in daily life. He started a plastic-free environment movement during the 3R forum in Indore in 2018. Zeeshan was responsible for the Plastic Donation Center in Bhopal, which was inaugurated by [[Jitu Patwari]], the Minister of Higher Education of Madhya Pradesh, [[Alok Sharma]], the Mayor of [[Bhopal]], and [[Vijay Dutta]], the Commissioner of [[Bhopal Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Enviromental Champ And Multi-Tasker – Plastic Donation Center|url=https://plasticdonationcenter.com/torquent-per-conubia-nostra/|access-date=2020-11-18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=Plastic donation centre launched on Mahatma Gandhi birth anniv|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/plastic-donation-centre-launched-on-mahatma-gandhi-birth-anniv.html|access-date=2020-11-18|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref>

He led the improvement of the ranking of [[Bhopal]] in the [[Swachh Survekshan]] 2020, with a sensor-based 'Smart restroom monitoring system to monitor public toilets in real-time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhopal startup develops smart restroom monitoring system to maintain cleanliness and social distancing in public toilets|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/bhopal-startup-develops-smart-restroom-monitoring-system-to-maintain-cleanliness-and-social-distancing-in-public-toilets|access-date=2020-11-18|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>

Zeeshan also started the “Garbage Café” initiative in [[Ambikapur]], India that gives food in exchange for plastic.<ref>{{Cite web|title=This Garbage Café offers food in exchange for plastic|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/environment/this-garbage-caf%C3%A9-offers-food-In-exchange-for-plastic/ar-BB10wIur|access-date=2020-11-18|website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

His company, Beyond Smart Group, is active in a variety of industries like Infrastructure, Manpower, Automobile, Technology, Medical & Art. Zeeshan has introduced a unique and first of its kind concept called 'Pickating' in Bhopal in the year 2018 to educate people on waste management and promote a litter-free city. Under this innovative program, twenty professional skaters went around the streets to pick up plastic and thereby clear the garbage off the roads.

He, co-founder Relive Eco Foundation, a company that working on launching an Eco India Movement.<ref>{{cite web|first1=ANI Press|last1=Release|access-date=2021-05-05|title=Meet the Eco Man of India - Zeeshan Khan, who is innovatively working towards sustainable world|url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/meet-the-eco-man-of-india-zeeshan-khan-who-is-innovatively-working-towards-sustainable-world-121011300581_1.html|website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref> During the COVID-19 pandemic, Zeeshan has also started #DisposeSafely campaign to make people aware of the importance of safe disposal of used masks and gloves to prevent the spread of the virus. He developed “Ok2Pass”, a digital document that provides secure proof of Covid-19 vaccination or negative test results at such places as airports, railway stations, malls, hospitals and so forth.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2021-05-05|title=Environmentalist Zeeshan of Bhopal develops digital document ‘Ok2Pass’ for Covid vaccine proof|url=https://www.siasat.com/environmentalist-zeeshan-of-bhopal-develops-digital-document-ok2pass-for-covid-vaccine-proof-2123435/|date=13 April 2021|website=The Siasat Daily}}</ref>

==Awards==
*MP Ratna Award (2018)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clipping of Free Press Journal - Free Press - Bhopal Edition|url=https://epaper.freepressjournal.in/c/42715867|access-date=2020-11-18|website=epaper.freepressjournal.in}}</ref>
*India Leadership Award (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-03|title=पर्यावरण मुहिम के लिए भोपाल के ज़ीशान खान को मिला इंडिया लीडरशिप अवार्ड - mobile|url=https://mp.punjabkesari.in/madhya-pradesh/news/bhushan-s-zeeshan-khan-got-india-leadership-award-1034068|access-date=2020-11-18|website=punjabkesari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=India Leadership Awards 2019 Winners Felicitated By Bollywood Actress Dia Mirza|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/pti-feed/india-leadership-awards-2019-winners-felicitated-by-bollywood-actress-dia-mirza/story/370595.html|access-date=2020-11-18|website=www.businesstoday.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhopal: Zeeshan Khan feted with India Leadership Award {{!}} Free Press Journal {{!}} Indianews-today.com|url=http://www.indianews-today.com/news/bhopal-zeeshan-khan-feted-with-india-leadership-award|access-date=2020-11-18|website=www.indianews-today.com}}</ref>
*UN Environment Hero (2019)
*Swachhata Brand Ambassador of Bhopal (2020)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{URL|https://zeeshankhan.in/}}
*{{Facebook|ecomanofindia}}
*{{Instagram|ecomanofindia}}
*{{Youtube|c=UCW638J1j5vw3VA5CCj0R2ww}}