Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Hunterwali

2026-05-08T15:47:45Z

Wikialpha49: Started a biography - done

{{Use British English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hunterwali
| image = Nadia-hunterwali-1935.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Homi Wadia]]
| producer = [[Wadia Movietone]]
| writer = [[Homi Wadia]]
| screenplay = [[Homi Wadia]] Joseph David
| story = J.B.H. Wadia
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Fearless Nadia]]
| music = Master Mohammed
| cinematography = Balwant Dave<ref name=hunt/>
| editing =
| studio = Wadia Movietone
| distributor = Wadia Movietone
| released = {{Film date|1935}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = Rs 80,000
| gross =
}}

'''''Hunterwali''''' ({{translation|A Woman with a Whip}}) is a 1935 Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] [[action film]] by the [[Wadia Movietone]] company of [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), featuring [[Fearless Nadia]] as the heroine. A story of a princess who fights injustice as the masked crusader Hunterwali (lit. "lady with the whip"), the film propelled Nadia and the Wadia brothers of Wadia Movietone to fame.

''Hunterwali'' was the first lead role for Nadia. She performed many stunts in the film, which were applauded by the audience. The film, an expensive venture, was a blockbuster. It inspired numerous products, incorporating Hunterwali in their brand names. Because of the movie's success, Nadia became a cult icon and starred in numerous stunt films, becoming Indian cinema's "earliest and most popular stunt actress".{{sfn|Britannica|2003|p=595}} A sequel to the film; [[Hunterwali Ki Beti]], was released in 1943, which made the former the first Indian movie ever to have a sequel.

==Plot==
The story begins on a stormy night, with a prologue explaining that Krishnavati and her infant son are getting evicted from her house by the Prime Minister ([[Vazier]]), Ranamal. Earlier, Ranamal had also had her brother murdered. The film switches to 20 years later, when Krishnavati's son Jaswant is an adult. The royal car hits Jaswant in an accident. Then the scene leads to Princess Madhuri (Fearless Nadia) offering Jaswant compensation in the form of gold for the injury caused. Jaswant gallantly refuses the gift, and the princess is attracted to him. The villain Ranamal also has a crush on the princess and wants to marry her. This proposal is opposed by her father, the king who is imprisoned by Ranamal. Madhuri assumes the role of "Hunterwali", a masked vigilante, the "protector of the poor and punisher of evildoers". She then goes around performing stunts like jumping over a moving carriage and then defeating 20 soldiers in one sweep with swashbuckling whipping style. She does not spare Jaswant either as she steals his prized possession, a horse called "Punjab", but soon gives it back to him. Jaswant plots his vendetta and finds Madhuri bathing nude in the river and kidnaps her and gifts her to Ranamal for a reward, but she later escapes. At the end, Madhuri and Jaswant join hands to fight Ranamal together and defeat him.<ref name=hunt>{{Cite web|url=http://nfaipune.nic.in/hunterwali.htm|title=Hunterwali: The Lady with the Whip|access-date=8 April 2013|publisher=National Film Archive of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006100724/http://nfaipune.nic.in/hunterwali.htm|archive-date=6 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20130616143551/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/253852/Hunterwali/overview NY Times]</ref>

==Cast==

The members of the cast were:<ref name=hunt/>
* [[Fearless Nadia]] (Mary Evans) as Princess Madhuri aka Hunterwali
* [[Boman Shroff]], as Jaswant
* [[Jaidev]], as Cunnoo, Hunterwali's sidekick
* Sharifa, as Krishnavati, mother of Jaswant
* Master Mohammed as the King
* [[John Cawas]]
* Gulshan
* Sayani
* Atish

==Production==
[[File:Hunterwali.jpg|thumb|Shot from the film.]]

''Hunterwali'' was a Black and White film running for 164 minutes.<ref>[http://www.citwf.com/film158677.htm CITWF]</ref> During the production, there was an objection to the film's title. Language pundits objected to the blending of two words; ''Hunter'', an English word denoting "whip" and ''wali'', which was a [[Hindi]] word made a corrupted hybrid which did not do justice to either language.{{sfn|Majumdar|2009|page=109}}

The main character in the film, Hunterwali/Madhuri, is the feisty and blue-eyed beauty, Nadia, in the disguise of a man. Mary Evans aka Nadia, an Australian entered Indian cinema in 1934 and had acted in two films, ''[[Desh Deepak]]'' and ''[[Noor-e-Yaman]]'', before ''Hunterwali''. ''Hunterwali'' was the first lead role of Nadia.{{sfn|Britannica|2003|p=595}} Her character for the role had evolved over the years with her training in riding, as a dancer, a fitness freak, a circus artist and as a theatre artist during the 1920s and early 1930s, which was accentuated by a svelte heavily built but supple Amazonian athletic figure with blond hair and blue-eyes. All these qualities made her an instant attraction to the Wadia brothers of Wadia Movietone, though initially, they were skeptical about a white woman "breaking into a Brown male bastion"<ref name=Open>{{cite web|url=http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/cinema/the-woman-with-a-whip|title=The Woman with a Whip|date=24 November 2012|access-date=8 April 2013|publisher=Open Theme Magazine}}</ref> of stunt films and acceptance by the conservative audience during the [[British Raj]].<ref name=Bomb>{{Cite web|url=http://theory.tifr.res.in/bombay/persons/me-wadia.html|title= Mary Evans Wadia, aka Fearless Nadia|access-date=8 April 2013|publisher= Theory.tifr.res}}</ref>

The producers Wadia Movietone (founded by the brothers [[JBH Wadia]] and [[Homi Wadia]]) specialised in stunt-based and mythological films at that time. The story line was developed by J.B.H. Wadia to suit Nadia's character. The plot is developed around the historical theme of a brave, fearless Indian girl who forgoes her royal luxurious lifestyle to be a people's person. The film was directed by Homi Wadia, Nadia's future husband, who also wrote the screenplay for the film, with Joseph David writing the dialogue.{{sfn| Majumdar|2009|page=109}}<ref name=hunt/><ref name=Open/><ref name=Stunt>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/28/stories/2005032801480100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050512192048/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/28/stories/2005032801480100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2005|title=What a stunt! |date= 28 March 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 April 2013}}</ref> The concept of ''Hunterwali'' was inspired by Hollywood films like ''[[Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood|Robin Hood]]'' (1922) starring [[Douglas Fairbanks]].{{sfn| Majumdar|2009|pages=104, 120}}{{sfn|Chowdry|2000|page=98}}

Inspired by the [[film serial]] ''[[The Perils of Pauline (1933 serial)|The Perils of Pauline]]'', Nadia did all her stunts.{{sfn|Britannica|2003|p=49}}{{sfn|Britannica|2003|p=595}} In the role of a masked avenging angel, the film pictured Nadia as a swashbuckling princess in disguise. In this disguise, she straddled on her horse around the countryside chasing enemies, wearing her hot pants, "with her big breasts and bare white thighs, and when she was not swinging from chandeliers, kicking or whipping men, she was righting wrong with her fists and imperious scowl."<ref name="KaurSinha2005">{{cite book|author1=Raminder Kaur|author2=Ajay J Sinha|title=Bollyworld: Popular Indian Cinema Through A Transnational Lens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGtNhQsLl7wC&pg=PA44|access-date=5 April 2013|date=13 July 2005|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-0-7619-3321-2|pages=35–36}}</ref>

The film is embellished with many [[bhajan]]s by Govind Gopal. One of the popular songs starts with "Hunterwali hai bhali duniya ki leth," which is a glorification of Hunterwali. Master Mohammed, who acted as the king who also provided the music score.<ref name=hunt/>
[[File:Hunterwali brochure (1936) (14522691445).png|Film brochure depicting Hunterwali|thumb]]
The Wadias had spent a fortune not only in making the film but also in its publicity campaign. It was premièred in Bombay at the Super Cinema, on [[Grant Road (South Mumbai, India)|Grant Road]]. It took six months to make with a budget of Rs. 80,000, which was a fortune. There were no takers for releasing the film, in view of adverse comments about the blonde beauty of a heroine, so the partners pooled their resources and launched a huge publicity campaign. As a result of which, there were huge crowds to see the film on its opening night, and thereafter it was a runaway success.<ref name="KaurSinha2005"/>

==Reception and legacy==

''Hunterwali'' was a runaway success and a bonanza in terms of money earned, as it ran for 25 weeks, making record earnings for the year.<ref name="KaurSinha2005"/> This was Nadia's and Wadia Movietone's first big success.{{sfn|Britannica|2003|p=595}}<ref name=hunt/>

Nadia as Hunterwali/Princess Madhuri was the highlight of the film, despite her inadequacy in rendering dialogues in Hindi.{{sfn| Majumdar|2009|page=105}} Both her stunts, on trains and horse carriages and with animals, and her blond appearance were well received by the audience.{{sfn|Britannica|2003|p=49}}<ref name=hunt/><ref name=Open/> A popular scene in the film was the moment when Hunterwali announced in the third reel that "aajse main Hunterwali hoon" ("from today, I am the woman with the whip"), which resulted in the maximum cheering from the crowd.<ref name="KaurSinha2005"/> Another memorable scene, presented as tableaux, is that of Hunterwali lifting a man over her head with the sidekicks pirouetting around her, performing gymnastics, in the middle of a chase; this type of scene would become a staple of most of her later films.{{sfn|Majumdar|2009|page=112}}

Hunterwali was the most popular character of its time and was listed as "Bollywood's best loved character" in 100 years of Indian cinema by [[CNN-IBN]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/12896-5.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325103909/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/12896-5.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 March 2013|title=100 Years of Cinema: 'Hunterwali' to 'Munnabhai', Bollywood's best loved characters |publisher=CNN-IBN| date=19 March 2013|access-date=9 April 2013}}</ref> Hunterwali's yell in the film "hey-y-y" became a catchphrase.<ref name="KaurSinha2005"/> Following the success of the film, Nadia became known as "Hunterwali Nadia" and went on to become a legendary figure in Indian cinema.{{sfn|Britannica|2003|p=72}}{{sfn|Britannica|2003|p=595}}{{sfn| Majumdar|2009|page=109}} Hunterwali Nadia emerged as a feminist icon of Hindi cinema, portrayed as the one who would break the [[glass ceiling]] and overturn the patriarchal order.{{sfn|Britannica|2003|p=49}} Despite her accented Hindi, Nadia achieved great stardom in the wake of the film,{{sfn|Britannica|2003|p=595}} becoming the highest-paid actress in the Indian film industry for the next two decades.<ref name="KaurSinha2005"/> Nadia's success and popularity were furthered by similar performances in films of the same genre – also huge hits – in the next few years.{{sfn| Majumdar|2009|page=109}}<ref name="Stunt"/>{{sfn|Chowdry|2000|page=98}}

''Hunterwali'''s adulation was exploited to promote various products with the name "Hunterwali" prefixed to the brand name, such as whips, belts, playing cards, [[chappal]]s, bags, bangles, match boxes, shoes, shirts, etc.{{sfn|Chowdry|2000|page=121}}{{sfn|Majumdar|2009|page=112}} Wadia later regretted that he did not patent the word "Hunterwali", which could have brought him a fortune in royalties. The suffix of the word, ''wali'', also became a fad with film producers who named many stunt films using it, like ''Cyclewali'', ''Chabukwali'' and ''Motorwali''.{{sfn| Majumdar|2009|page=109}} Wadia himself capitalised on the Hunterwali icon by releasing a sequel, ''[[Hunterwali Ki Beti]]'' ("daughter of Hunterwali"), with Nadia in 1943. Like ''Hunterwali'', the sequel became a blockbuster.<ref name="Bose2006">{{cite book|author=Mihir Bose|title=Bollywood: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LAaAQAAIAAJ|access-date=10 April 2013|year=2006|publisher=Tempus Pub.|isbn=978-0-7524-2835-2|page=150}}</ref>

A 62-minute retrospective documentary titled ''Fearless: the Hunterwali Story'' was made by Nadia's grandnephew [[Riyad Vinci Wadia]] in 1993 on the actress' life.{{sfn| Majumdar|2009|page=109}} In April 2013, during the centenary festival of [[Indian cinema]] in Delhi, the film along with the silent classic, ''Diler Jiger'' (1931, Gallant Hearts), was shown in the "tent cinema" erected as a part of the celebrations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tent cinema returns with 'Hunterwali', rare silent and talkies |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/tent-cinema-returns-with-hunterwali-rare-silent-and-talkies_133261.htm |publisher=Zee News |date= 29 April 2013 |access-date=3 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tent cinema revives early talkies with Hunterwali|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/tent-cinema-revives-early-talkies-with-hunterwali-360600|publisher=NDTV|date=30 April 2013|access-date=3 May 2013|archive-date=3 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503095502/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/tent-cinema-revives-early-talkies-with-hunterwali-360600|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Vishal Bharadwaj]]'s 2017 Hindi film ''[[Rangoon (2017 Hindi film)|Rangoon]]'' supposedly portrays her life and times with [[Kangana Ranaut]] playing Nadia's role.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rangoon—The story of the fiery 'Hunterwali'!|url=http://www.newsx.com/entertainment/44307-rangoon-the-story-of-the-fiery-hunterwali|work=Newsx.com|date=22 October 2016|access-date=20 Jan 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202082611/http://www.newsx.com/entertainment/44307-rangoon-the-story-of-the-fiery-hunterwali|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|first=Prem|last= Chowdry|title=Colonial India and the making of empire cinema: image, ideology and identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UNph7mAT2YC&pg=PA121|access-date=5 April 2013|year=2000|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-5792-2}}
*{{citation|first=Neepa|last= Majumdar|title=Wanted Cultured Ladies Only!: Female Stardom and Cinema in India, 1930s–50s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0M8ySqD5-HsC&pg=PA219|access-date=5 April 2013|year=2009|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=978-0-252-03432-9}}
* {{cite news|url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?articles=yes&pageid=37&max=true&articleid=Ar03700&sectid=15edid=&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=09-12-2012&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Bangalore+-+Times+Life&title=Hunterwali%2C+once+more&edname=&publabel=TOI|title=Hunterwali Once More|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 December 2012|access-date=9 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140713204727/http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/getpage.aspx?articles=yes|archive-date=13 July 2014|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|editor= Ramchandani, Indu|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT619|access-date=10 April 2013|year=2003|publisher=[[Britannica]], Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5|ref={{sfnref|Britannica|2003}}}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hunterwali}}
* {{IMDb title|0268376}}

{{Homi Wadia}}

[[Category:1935 films]]
[[Category:1935 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Homi Wadia]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian superhero films]]
[[Category:1930s action adventure films]]
[[Category:1930s superhero films]]

RRR: Behind and Beyond

2026-05-07T22:50:33Z

Wikialpha49: Created - done

{{Short description|2024 Indian documentary film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = RRR - Behind and Beyond.jpg
| caption = Official poster
| director =
| writer =
| producer = [[D. V. V. Danayya]]
| starring =
| cinematography = Suresh Sarangam
| editing = Sirisha Akshintala
| music = [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| studio = [[D. V. V. Danayya|DVV Entertainment]]
| distributor = Walls & Trends
| released = {{Film date|2024|12|20|df=y|ref1=}}
| runtime = 97 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/s-s-rajamoulis-rrr-behind-beyond-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi3mta0|title=S.S. Rajamouli's RRR: Behind & Beyond|website=www.bbfc.co.uk}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = {{ubl|English|Telugu}}
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''RRR: Behind and Beyond''''' is a 2024 Indian [[documentary film]] about the production of 2022 epic action drama film ''[[RRR]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRR: Behind & Beyond - Makers To Release A Documentary On SS Rajamouli's Blockbuster, Share First Poster |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rrr-behind-beyond-makers-to-release-a-documentary-on-ss-rajamoulis-blockbuster-7208242 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225222533/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/rrr-behind-beyond-makers-to-release-a-documentary-on-ss-rajamoulis-blockbuster-7208242 |url-status=live }}</ref> The documentary was shot during [[pre-production]] and filming and it was intended as a "[[behind-the-scenes]]" documentary for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=RRR Behind and Beyond trailer: Documentary to explore making of SS Rajamouli film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rrr-behind-and-beyond-trailer-documentary-to-explore-making-of-ss-rajamouli-film-2651222-2024-12-17 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225061532/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rrr-behind-and-beyond-trailer-documentary-to-explore-making-of-ss-rajamouli-film-2651222-2024-12-17 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-18 |title=Ram Charan Reveals How He Felt Jealous Of Jr NTR While Shooting RRR |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/ram-charan-reveals-how-he-felt-jealous-of-jr-ntr-while-shooting-rrr-10207470 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref>

The film was envisioned by Vajja Krishna Chaitanya, Sriharsha Chundru and Pradeep Meka of Walls & Trends.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Dec/28/ss-rajamouli-pens-a-heartfelt-note-to-rrr-documentary-team | title=SS Rajamouli pens a heartfelt note to RRR documentary team | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=5 December 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-12-09 |title='RRR: Behind & Beyond': Makers of 'RRR' confirm documentary on the SS Rajamouli directorial |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rrr-behind-beyond-makers-of-rrr-confirm-documentary-on-the-ss-rajamouli-directorial/article68964525.ece |access-date=2024-12-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was released on 20 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2024-12-20 |title=RRR documentary 'Beyond and Behind' set for theatrical release |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/life-style/rrr-documentary-beyond-and-behind-set-for-theatrical-release-931361 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2024-12-17 |title=S.S Rajamouli's RRR Behind & Beyond Launches to hit in theaters on December 20; watch trailer : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/s-s-rajamoulis-rrr-behind-watch-trailer/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |language=en |archive-date=22 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222184721/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/s-s-rajamoulis-rrr-behind-watch-trailer/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film explores the origin, writing and other production phases of the film. The lead cast and crew including [[S. S. Rajamouli]], [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]], [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]], [[Ram Charan]], [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]], [[A. Sreekar Prasad]], [[Prem Rakshith]], [[Sabu Cyril]], [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]] and others were featured and discussed about its production.

== Release ==
''RRR: Behind and Beyond'' was released on 20 December 2024 in limited [[Movie theater|movie theaters]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-17 |title=RRR Behind and Beyond trailer: SS Rajamouli says he was shooting with 'not one, but two tigers' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-behind-and-beyond-trailer-ss-rajamouli-says-he-was-shooting-with-not-one-but-two-tigers-9730652/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225092008/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/rrr-behind-and-beyond-trailer-ss-rajamouli-says-he-was-shooting-with-not-one-but-two-tigers-9730652/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was later released on [[Netflix]] on 27 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RRR Behind And Beyond OTT Release Date Announced: When And Where To Watch Documentary On SS Rajamouli's Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/netflix-to-stream-rrr-behind-and-beyond-documentary-on-dec-27-2024-9166083.html |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Aditya Devulapally of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave a positive review stating "''RRR: Behind and Beyond'' is a testament to the genius of SS Rajamouli and his team. It's a love letter to the art of filmmaking, showcasing the sweat, precision, and passion that go into creating a cinematic masterpiece".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2024-12-25 |title='RRR: Behind and Beyond' documentary review: Riveting exploration of Rajamouli's conviction to his creation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Dec/25/rrr-behind-and-beyond-documentary-review-riveting-exploration-of-rajamoulis-conviction-to-his-creation |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226183210/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Dec/25/rrr-behind-and-beyond-documentary-review-riveting-exploration-of-rajamoulis-conviction-to-his-creation |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Times Now]]''{{'s}} Raisa Nasreen also had a similar opinion and felt "''RRR'' is a visual spectacle, and ''RRR: Behind and Beyond'' serves as a testament to the magic created by the film".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-27 |title=RRR: Behind And Beyond Review: An Ode To SS Rajamouli's Most Celebrated Film Yet |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/read-our-review-of-ss-rajamoulis-rrr-documentary-article-116697954 |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3.5 out of 5 and stated "Acting as a guidebook to the film, the documentary provides insights into the painstaking efforts and ingenuity involved in its making, serving as a valuable guide for viewers to understand and appreciate the blockbuster on a deeper level".<ref>{{Cite news |title=RRR: Behind & Beyond Review : A fantastic insight into the making of SS Rajamouli's RRR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/movie-reviews/rrr-behind-beyond/ottmoviereview/116711224.cms |access-date=2024-12-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'' opined that the film "excels in celebrating the larger-than-life visuals and global success of ''[[RRR]]'', it leans heavily on a celebratory tone, often skimming over the challenges".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-27 |title=RRR Behind and Beyond review: A dazzling tribute, but low on technical nuances |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rrr-behind-and-beyond-review-a-dazzling-tribute-but-light-on-technical-nuances-ss-rajamouli-jr-ntr-ram-charan-2656161-2024-12-27 |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Modern Masters: S. S. Rajamouli]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|35078960}}
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:2024 documentary films]]
[[Category:Documentary films about films]]
[[Category:DVV Entertainments]]
[[Category:M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of S. S. Rajamouli]]

Thiruvottiyur Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T12:47:08Z

Wikialpha49: creating new info

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 10
| name = Thiruvottiyur
| map_image = Constitution-Thiruvottiyur.svg
| mla = [[K. P. Shankar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#dd1100|'''[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]'''|border=solid 1px #000}}
| latest_election_year = 2021
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
| established = 1967
| electors = 244,903
}}
'''Thiruvottiyur''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Thiruvallur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}</ref> Its State Assembly Constituency number is 10. It consists of a portion of [[Tiruvottiyur taluk]]. It falls under [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 25 January 2017}}</ref> It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu in India. Elections and winners in the constituency are listed below.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
=== Madras State ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[A. P. Arasu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[M. V. Narayanasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| P. Sigamony
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| [[Kumari Ananthan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress}}
|-
| [[1982 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly bye election|1982]]
| [[U Thangasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[G. K. J. Baarathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[T. K. Palanisamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[K. Kuppan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[T. C. Vijayan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[T. Arumugam (Thiruvottiyur MLA)|T. Arumugam]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| [[K. P. P. Samy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| K. Kuppan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| K. P. P. Samy{{ref label|†|†|†}}<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=10}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[K. P. Shankar]]
|-
|}

* {{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|43.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.03}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.34}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.94}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|64.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.58}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress}}|47.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|31.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.74}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|61.23}}
}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvottiyur}} {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Senthilkumar|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=110067 |percentage=53.15 |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Sundararajan|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=56503 |percentage=27.28 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Kuppan]]|party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=28320 |percentage=13.68 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sathya Bhaskar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=8413 |percentage=4.06 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=805 |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=53564 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 244903|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvottiyur<ref>{{cite web|title=Thiruvottiyur Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a010|access-date= 18 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. Shankar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=88,185 |percentage=44.34% |change=+1.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Kuppan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,524 |percentage=25.40% |change=-15.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Seeman |Seeman (Sebastian Simon)]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=6438550369547106&vanity=thehindu|title=Sebastian Simon alias Seeman is the founder of the political party Naam Tamilar Katchi|work=The Hindu|accessdate=18 August 2023}}</ref> |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=48,597 |percentage=24.43% |change=+22.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Mohan |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=7,053 |percentage=3.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Soundara Pandian |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,417 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,111 |percentage=0.56% |change=-0.98 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=37,661 |percentage=18.94% |change= 16.38% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=198,885 |percentage=64.99% |change= -1.93% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=81|percentage=0.04% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 306,004 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.09% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvottiyur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. P. Samy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=82,205 |percentage=43.25% |change=+2.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Balraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,342 |percentage=40.69% |change=-16.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. V. Arumugam |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=13,463 |percentage=7.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Vasanthakumari |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=4,025 |percentage=2.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Gokul |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=3,961 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sivakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,313 |percentage=1.74% |change=+0.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2,917 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,863 |percentage=2.56% |change= -14.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=190,061 |percentage=66.92% |change= -7.45% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 284,010 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.78% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvottiyur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Kuppan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=93,944 |percentage=57.03% |change=+11.7 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. P. Samy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,653 |percentage=40.47% |change=-5.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Venkata Krishnan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,719 |percentage=1.04% |change=+0.17 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,291 |percentage=16.57% |change= 15.56% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=164,716 |percentage=74.37% |change= 5.57% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,495 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.69% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvottiyur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. P. P. Samy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=158,204 |percentage=46.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Moorthy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=154,757 |percentage=45.33% |change=-9.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugan |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=21,915 |percentage=6.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ganesan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,977 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,447 |percentage=1.01% |change= -15.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=341,402 |percentage=68.79% |change= 20.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 496,267 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.60% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvottiyur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. Arumugam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=113,808 |percentage=54.94% |change=+32.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kumari Ananthan]] |party=Independent politician |votes=79,767 |percentage=38.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. G. Sekar |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,483 |percentage=4.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bullet J. Selvaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,221 |percentage=1.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gunasekaran |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=1,446 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,041 |percentage=16.43% |change= -25.10% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=207,167 |percentage=47.85% |change= -10.10% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 432,947 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -9.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] : Thiruvottiyur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[T. C. Vijayan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=115,939 |percentage=64.19% |change=+25.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Balraj |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,917 |percentage=22.65% |change=-33.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Soundararajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=16,329 |percentage=9.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Velmurugan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=4,559 |percentage=2.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Nallasivam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,511 |percentage=0.84% |change=-0.16 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=75,022 |percentage=41.53% |change= 23.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=180,624 |percentage=57.95% |change= -1.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 319,663 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.65% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvottiyur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Kuppan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=85,823 |percentage=56.54% |change=+25.12 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Pallanisamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,501 |percentage=38.54% |change=-7.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Abbu Gounder |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=4,796 |percentage=3.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Annamalai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,513 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,322 |percentage=18.00% |change= 3.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=151,797 |percentage=58.99% |change= -8.11% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 262,462 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.96% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvottiyur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Palanisamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,849 |percentage=45.58% |change=+0.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Rama Chandran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,777 |percentage=31.42% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. K. J. Bharathi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,782 |percentage=13.29% |change=-40.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. V. P. Bhoominathan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,863 |percentage=7.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thangal Mathialagan |party=Independent politician |votes=786 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,072 |percentage=14.16% |change= 4.57% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=148,866 |percentage=67.10% |change= -5.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 225,272 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.69% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvottiyur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. K. J. Baarathi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=65,194 |percentage=54.26% |change=+10.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Palaniswamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,684 |percentage=44.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,510 |percentage=9.58% |change= 6.20% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=120,141 |percentage=72.71% |change= 5.58% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,640 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |swing= 6.90% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvottiyur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kumari Ananthan]] |party=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |votes=48,451 |percentage=47.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Loganathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,993 |percentage=43.98% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. P. Elumalai |party=Janata Party |votes=8,604 |percentage=8.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,458 |percentage=3.38% |change= 0.47% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=102,296 |percentage=67.13% |change= 9.35% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,890 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 16.08% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvottiyur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sigamony |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,458 |percentage=31.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. V. Narayanaswamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,995 |percentage=28.37% |change=-25.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. K. Madhavan |party=Independent politician |votes=16,888 |percentage=19.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. Mutuswamy Naidu |party=Janata Party |votes=16,800 |percentage=19.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,463 |percentage=2.91% |change= -13.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,567 |percentage=57.77% |change= -9.23% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,299 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -22.45% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvottiyur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M. V. Narayanaswamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,487 |percentage=53.74% |change=-7.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatesalu Naidu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,391 |percentage=36.94% |change=-1.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. K. Madhavan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,057 |percentage=8.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Suriyamuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=877 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,096 |percentage=16.80% |change= -5.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,812 |percentage=67.00% |change= -8.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 149,448 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -7.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Thiruvottiyur<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. P. Arasu |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=51,437 |percentage=61.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Venkateswaralu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,564 |percentage=38.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,873 |percentage=22.47% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,001 |percentage=75.52% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,201 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coord|13.17|80.30|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]

Namita Gokhale

2026-04-29T04:43:24Z

Wikialpha49: Starting Initial Info W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1956)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Namita Gokhale
| image =File:Namita Gokhale at PubliCon 2012.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Namita Gokhale
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1956}}
| birth_place = [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Writer, Editor, Festival Director, Publisher
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| signature =
| website = {{URL|https://www.namitagokhale.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Namita Gokhale''' (born 1956) is an Indian fiction writer, editor, festival director, and publisher. Her debut novel, ''Paro: Dreams of Passion'' was released in 1984, and she has since written fiction and nonfiction, and edited nonfiction collections. She conceptualized and hosted the [[Doordarshan]] show ''Kitaabnama: Books and Beyond'' and is a founder and co-director of the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]]. She won the 2021 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-awards-in-20-languages/article38073568.ece|title = Sahitya Akademi announces awards in 20 languages|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 30 December 2021}}</ref> for her novel '[[Things to Leave Behind|Things to leave behind]]'.

==Early life and education==
Gokhale was born in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], in 1956.<ref name="Harmony 2018">{{cite news |title=On the write track |url=https://www.harmonyindia.org/people_posts/on-the-write-track/ |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=Harmony - Celebrate Age Magazine |date=January 2018}}</ref> She was raised in [[Nainital]]<ref name="Ganguly 1998">{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Nalini |title=Namita Gokhale and her overpowering obsession with the hills |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19980216-namita-gokhale-and-her-overpowering-obsession-with-the-hills-825691-1998-02-16 |access-date=18 June 2021 |work=India Today |date=February 16, 1998}}</ref><ref name="Gokhale 2016">{{cite news |last1=Gokhale |first1=Namita |title=In the shadow of the 'deodar' |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/ux9TuLsv5GAFN3IK3Da6pM/In-the-shadow-of-the-deodar.html |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=November 18, 2016}}</ref> by her aunts and her grandmother Shakuntala Pande.<ref name="Harmony 2018"/> She studied English literature [[Jesus and Mary College]] at [[Delhi University]], and at age 18<ref name="Telegraph 2011">{{cite news|last=Bhatia|first=Samita|title=Summer of sequels |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110612/jsp/graphiti/story_14100205.jsp |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=The Telegraph India |date=June 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618145345/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110612/jsp/graphiti/story_14100205.jsp |archive-date=June 18, 2011}}</ref> married Rajiv Gokhale and had two daughters while she was a student.<ref name="Ghoshal 2014" /><ref name="Harmony 2018"/> She refused to attend a course about the writings of [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], and was dismissed from university by age 26.<ref name="Harmony 2018"/><ref name="Ghoshal 2014" /> By age forty, she had survived cancer and her husband had died.<ref name="Harmony 2018" />

==Career==
While a student, at age 17,<ref name="IE 2011">{{cite news |title=Namita Gokhale takes potshots at elite society in new book |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/namita-gokhale-takes-potshots-at-elite-society-in-new-book/ |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=Agencies |date=May 30, 2011}}</ref> Gokhale began editing and managing the 1970s-era film magazine ''Super'', and continued publishing the magazine for seven years, until it closed in the early 1980s.<ref name="Sathyendran 2010" /><ref name="Ghoshal 2014" /><ref name="Harmony 2018" /> After ''Super'' closed, she began writing the story that became her debut novel.<ref name="Ghoshal 2014" />

In addition to her writing career, Gokhale hosted a hundred episodes of ''Kitaabnama: Books and Beyond'', a multilingual book-show she conceptualized for [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="Krithika 2017" /><ref name="Harmony 2018"/><ref name="Chakrabarti 2018" /> According to Raksha Kumar, writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'' in 2013, "''Kitaabnama'' tries to showcase the multilingual diversity of Indian literature by inviting laureates from different languages to talk about their work. It reminds one of the times when book stores were not overwhelmed by technical writing and self-help books; when literature and quality writing were not considered a waste of time; when the pleasure of reading was experienced by many."<ref name="Kumar 2013">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Raksha |title=Page turners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/page-turners/article5433271.ece |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=December 7, 2013}}</ref>

Gokhale is also a founder and co-director of the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]], along with [[William Dalrymple (historian)|William Dalrymple]]<ref name="Sathyendran 2010" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/about|title=Festival Directors and Producer|date=17 September 2013|publisher=Jaipur Literature Festival|access-date=June 19, 2021}}</ref> and [[Sanjoy K Roy]].<ref name="Ghosh 2020">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Tanushree |title='If journalists write the first draft of history from the ground, writers do it from a distance' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/jlf-digital-namita-gokhale-sanjoy-roy-interview-6360212/ |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=April 13, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Harmony 2018"/> She was also an advisor to the 'Mountain Echoes' literary festival in Bhutan.<ref name="IE 2011"/> She conceptualised the 'International Festival of Indian Literature-Neemrana' 2002, and 'The Africa Asia Literary Conference', 2006. Gokhale also advises The Himalayan Echo Kumaon Festival for Arts and Literature or the Abbotsford Literary Weekend.

From 2010 through 2012, she traveled and conducted administrative work as a committee member of Indian Literature Abroad (ILA), an initiative by the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India,<ref name="Telegraph 2011" /> for a project intended to translate contemporary literature from Indian languages into the eight UNESCO languages, but after funding was not provided by the government, she shifted her efforts to work with Jaipur Bookmark, the publishing imprint of the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]].<ref name="Sharma 2016">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Manik |title=Why did India's ambitious global translations project, die prematurely? |url=https://scroll.in/article/806685/why-did-indias-ambitious-global-translations-project-die-prematurely |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=April 16, 2016}}</ref>

She is also the co-founder-director of Yatra Books, established in 2005 with Neeta Gupta, a multilingual publishing company specialising in creative writing and translations in English, Hindi and Indian regional languages.<ref name="Harmony 2018"/><ref name="Telegraph 2011" />

==Influences==
In a 2017 interview with R Krithika of ''[[The Hindu]]'', Gokhale described the influences on her writing as "very insidious things. Books and ideas can trigger responses that take a long time to come to fruition."<ref name="Krithika 2017" /> She named ''[[The Tale of Genji ]]'' as a major influence, and listed "[[Tolstoy]], [[Dostoyevsky]], [[Muriel Spark]], [[Kalidasa]]."<ref name="Krithika 2017" /> In 1998, Nalini Ganguly writes for ''[[India Today]]'', "All of her work seems to be stuck with her personality as a Kumaoni Brahmin girl," and quotes Gokhale, "My way of looking at the world remains trapped in that primary identity; once you start loving the hills they hold on to you."<ref name="Ganguly 1998" /> In 2010, Nita Sathyendran writes for ''[[The Hindu]]'', "The author is also "deeply fascinated" by Indian mythology, with a lot of her books inspired by its tales and characters. It has also led her to writing books such as ''The Book of Shiva'' (on Shaivaite philosophy) and an illustrated version of the [[Mahabharata]] for children."<ref name="Sathyendran 2010" />

==Critical reception==
According to ''Harmony'' Magazine, Gokhale "burst upon the literary scene in 1984 with a rather unconventional but sparkling social satire, ''Paro: Dreams of Passion'', which swirled around the cocktail circuit of Delhi, capturing the shenanigans of Page 3 celebs, long before the term was even coined."<ref name="Harmony 2018"/> Somak Ghoshal, writing for ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' in 2014, described the novel as "A chronicle of the debauched existence of the rich and famous in Bombay (now Mumbai) and Delhi," that "invoked horror and outrage when it first appeared in India. Few seemed to have got its uproarious humour," and "If Indian parents forbade their children to touch the book, the reaction in the West was quite the opposite, where it was received as a work of literary, rather than pulp, fiction."<ref name="Ghoshal 2014">{{cite news |last1=Ghoshal |first1=Somak |title=Lounge Loves - Paro |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/9pKGzuWyyE0MIWS7hCvJdK/Lounge-Loves--Paro.html |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=April 12, 2014}}</ref> According to the ''[[Press Trust of India]]'' in 2020, it "has remained a cult classic."<ref name="PTI 2020">{{cite news |title=JLF director Namita Gokhale releases new book titled Jaipur Journals |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/jaipur-literature-festival-director-namita-gokhale-releases-new-book-titled-jaipur-journals/story-5wBLHijD2LZSzEAF3A72oO.html |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=January 25, 2020}}</ref> It was later re-issued as the double edition ''Double Bill: Priya and Paro'' in 2018,<ref name="IANS 2018">{{cite news |title=Behold readers! Two timeless novels to be launched in a double-bill edition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/behold-readers-two-timeless-novels-to-be-launched-in-a-double-bill-edition-5120696/ |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=April 2, 2018}}</ref> with the 2011 sequel ''Priya: In Incredible Indyaa'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Concept of 'Bharatiya Nari' a can of worms: Namita Gokhale |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/164852/concept-bharatiya-nari-can-worms.html |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=May 29, 2011 |quote=updated May 4, 2018}}</ref> described by Paro Anand, writing for ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' in 2011, as a "racy read"<ref name="Anand 2011">{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Paro |title=Climbing Shoes |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/climbing-shoes/277326 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=July 4, 2011 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723232023/https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/climbing-shoes/277326 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and by Somak Ghoshal, writing for ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' in 2014, as "not as well received" as ''Paro''.<ref name="Ghoshal 2014" /> A review of ''Priya'' by Kishwar Desai for ''[[India Today]]'' states, "Written in the same sparkling Hinglish style which had lent Paro its {{sic|humou|rous}} appeal, Priya's escapades are probably not as scandalous as her baate noire's were. But Gokhale's acerbic touch has not deserted her."<ref name="Desai 2011">{{cite news |last1=Desai |first1=Kishwar |title=This satire takes potshots at the shallow world of the elite |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/leisure/story/20110627-priya-in-incredible-indyaa-by-namita-gokhale-746540-2011-06-17 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[India Today]] |date=June 27, 2011}}</ref> In a 2011 review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Sravasti Datta writes ''Priya'' "intrigues but doesn't shock. Why? Because sexual frankness is everywhere, be it in books or films."<ref name="Datta 2011">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Sravasti |title=On the arrival of hag-lit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/on-the-arrival-of-haglit/article2153254.ece |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=July 3, 2011}}</ref>

In 1994, Gokhale published ''Gods Graves and Grandmother'', described by Subhash K Jha of ''[[India Today]]'' as "remarkable on two counts. First, its structure of a modern fable held aloft by the gauziest of irony. And second, its searching scan of life in the downwardly mobile class of the Indian metropolises migrants who, by emotional and pecuniary manipulation, get rich quick, breaching the bastion of the bourgeois class as a casual enterprise."<ref name="Jha 1994">{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Subhash K |title=Book review: Namita Gokhale's 'Gods, Graves and Grandmother' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19940915-book-review-namita-gokhale-gods-graves-grandmother-809636-1994-09-15 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[India Today]] |date=September 15, 1994 |quote=updated July 13, 2013}}</ref> It was later adapted into a musical play.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}

In 1998, Gokhale published the nonfiction ''Mountain Echoes: Reminiscences of Kumaoni Women'', a book of oral biography, that explores the [[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]] way of life through the lives of four women: her aunt [[Shivani]], the Hindi novelist,<ref name="Harmony 2018" /> her grandmother Shakuntala Pande, Tara Pande and Jeeya (Laxmi Pande),<ref name="Ganguly 1998"/><ref name="Sharma 1998">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Anjana |title=Rescuing The Past |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/rescuing-the-past/205229 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=March 23, 1998}}</ref> which was one of several of her works described by Nita Sathyendran, writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'' in 2010, that "narrate tales of strong women."<ref name="Sathyendran 2010">{{cite news |last1=Sathyendran |first1=Nita |title=A step beyond |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/A-step-beyond/article15695142.ece |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=November 19, 2010}}</ref>

Gokhale edited the 2014 book ''Travelling In, Travelling Out'', described by Danielle Pagani in ''[[The Hindu]]'' as an essay collection that "take the reader from Asia to America and Europe, discovering situations and different ways to travel. Every author shares his or her personal experience and the stories are very different from each other — from unusual encounters with Maoist guerrillas in the jungle to Western cities and difficulties encountered there by immigrants," and "Although rich in detail, some of the stories are short, leaving the readers wanting more."<ref name="Pagani 2014">{{cite news |last1=Pagani |first1=Danielle |title=Meaningful travels |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/meaningful-travels/article5862795.ece |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=April 2, 2014 |quote=updated May 21, 2016}}</ref>

Her novel ''Things to Leave Behind'' was published in November 2016.<ref name="Doshi 2017">{{cite news |last1=Doshi |first1=Tishani |title=Myth and memory from Kumaon |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/myth-and-memory-from-kumaon/article17407061.ece |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=March 5, 2017}}</ref> Shahnaz Siganporia writes for ''[[Vogue India]]'', "Veteran publisher, prolific author, founder-director of the Jaipur Literary Festival and advisor to Mountain Echoes in Bhutan—Namita Gokhale's latest novel is considered her most ambitious yet."<ref name="Siganporia 2016">{{cite news |last1=Siganporia |first1=Shahnaz |title=Namita Gokhale's new book explores love and caste in pre-Independence India |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/namita-gokhales-new-book-explores-love-and-caste-in-pre-independence-india |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=Vogue India |date=November 29, 2016}}</ref> Rakhshanda Jalil writes for ''[[Scroll.in]]'', "''Things To Leave Behind'' is the third in her trilogy of books on the Himalayas, coming after ''The Book of Shadows'' and ''A Himalayan Love Story''. As in the previous books, once again she demonstrates her strength in painting the most vivid pictures of the hills and dales in and around Naineetal and Almora. Her eye for the small details coupled with her near-photographic memory for the sights and sounds she imbibed as a child and the stories she heard from her grandmother and grand-aunts help in creating a virtual tableau before the reader's inward eye."<ref name="Jalil 2016">{{cite news |last1=Jalil |first1=Rakhshanda |title=Namita Gokhale's new novel of the Himalayas reminds us that history cannot be separated from fiction |url=https://scroll.in/article/824308/namita-gokhales-new-novel-of-the-himalayas-reminds-us-that-history-cannot-be-separated-from-fiction |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=December 17, 2016}}</ref> In a review by Ravi Shankar Etteth of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Gokhale is described as writing with "chutzpah, imagination and leaps of faith taken in the ordinary pursuit of the extraordinary."<ref name="Etteth 2016">{{cite news |last1=Etteth |first1=Ravi Shankar |title=Unsentimental poetry in prose |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2016/dec/10/unsentimental-poetry-in-prose-1546843--1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224093957/http://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/books/2016/dec/10/unsentimental-poetry-in-prose-1546843--1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2016 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=December 10, 2016}}</ref> Shreya Roy Chowdhury writes for ''[[The Times of India]]'' that the novel is the "third in a series set in the Kumaon hills between 1840 and 1912," and that the "experiences of Gokhale's own family, especially its women members, have informed her stories."<ref name="Chowdhury 2016">{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Shreya Roy |title=Namita Gokhale talks about her novel "Things to Leave Behind" at Times Lit Fest 2016 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/litfest/litfest-delhi/news/-Namita-Gokhale-talks-about-her-novel-Things-to-Leave-Behind-at-Times-Lit-Fest-2016/articleshow/55636730.cms |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=November 26, 2016}}</ref> In a review for ''Kitaab'', Dr. Pallavi Narayan writes, "the author seems to be pointing to the patriarchal functioning of much of society—documenting the histories of men while conveniently absenting the women, or portraying them as shadow figures. But what the novel is primarily about is the tussle of women with their dependence on men, and how this frames a woman's identity within that of the man "taking care" of her at the moment."<ref name="Narayan 2017">{{cite news |last1=Narayan |first1=Pallavi |title=Book Review: Things to leave behind by Namita Gokhale |url=https://kitaab.org/2017/03/14/book-review-things-to-leave-behind-by-namita-gokhale/ |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=Kitaab |date=March 14, 2017}}</ref> Annie Zaidi writes in a review for ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'', "The novel moves at a brisk trot, with the result that the drama inherent in the lives of these characters is rather underplayed. [...] Gokhale's light touch also masks her more serious musings upon the painful clamp of caste and religion, the lack of education and independent property, and how these negative forces narrowed lives in ways that could break a woman's spirit, or declaw a spirited one."<ref name="Zaidi 2017">{{cite news |last1=Zaidi |first1=Annie |title=Book review: Things to Leave Behind |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/bKKShgvK5VNTQsvxbf1IgP/Book-review-Things-to-Leave-Behind.html |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=January 3, 2017}}</ref>

Her first YA fiction book ''Lost in Time'' was published in 2017, and described by R Krithika of ''[[The Hindu]]'' as "a lovely tale of time travel, friendship, loss and love."<ref name="Krithika 2017">{{cite news |last1=Krithika |first1=R |title=In the write space |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/an-interview-with-namita-gokhale-about-her-new-ya-book/article21693382.ece |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=December 15, 2017}}</ref>

Gokhale edited the 2017 anthology of prose and poetry ''[[The Himalayan Arc|The Himalayan Arc: Journeys East of South-east]]'', featuring work by 28 authors from the region Gokhale described as "the bend of the Himalayas, the East of South-east, including Nepal, Bhutan, north-east India, and Myanmar."<ref name="Ahmad 2018">{{cite news |last1=Ahmad |first1=Omair |title=REVIEW: The Himalayan Arc, Journeys East of South-east |url=https://international.thenewslens.com/article/108375 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The News Lens]] |date=November 17, 2018}}</ref> In a review published in ''[[The News Lens]]'', Omair Ahmad writes, "These histories have largely been forgotten in favor of the lines drawn on the map by the British Empire and its successors, but they have re-emerged, and have to be understood, if we are to understand the complex political geography of the region."<ref name="Ahmad 2018"/>

Her 2020 novel ''Jaipur Journals'' features the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]].<ref name="Sahasrabudhe 2020">{{cite news |last1=Sahasrabudhe |first1=Aishwarya |title=Namita Gokhale's new book, Jaipur Journals, is a glimpse into multiple stories unfolding over five days of JLF |url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/namita-gokhales-new-book-jaipur-journals-is-a-glimpse-into-multiple-stories-unfolding-over-five-days-of-jlf-7957741.html |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=Firstpost |date=January 29, 2020}}</ref> Aishwarya Sahasrabudhe writes for ''Firstpost'', "we are taken in five days through the lives of some interesting characters who are in one capacity or another part of what is often referred to as the ''Kumbh Mela of Literature'', the Jaipur Literature Festival."<ref name="Sahasrabudhe 2020"/> Pragya Tiwari writes in a review for ''[[Scroll.in]]'', "Gokhale achieves the impossible by going beyond approximating the alchemy of the festival and leading us to its beating heart. The point of the festival is to keep asking repeatedly, like the heart beats – what does it mean to be a writer?"<ref name="Tiwari 2020">{{cite news |last1=Tiwari |first1=Pragya |title='Jaipur Journals' is set in a literature festival to explore the writing life in all its complexity |url=https://scroll.in/article/956046/jaipur-journals-is-set-in-a-literature-festival-to-explore-the-writing-life-in-all-its-complexity |access-date=20 June 2021 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=March 14, 2020}}</ref>

== Works ==
===Fiction===
* ''Paro: Dreams of Passion'', 1984
* ''Gods, Graves, and Grandmother'', 1994
* ''A Himalayan Love Story'', 1996<ref name="Moraes 2002">{{cite news |last1=Moraes |first1=Dom |title=Life in Wee Nooke |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/life-in-wee-nooke/217745 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=November 4, 2002}}</ref>
* ''The Book of Shadows'', 1999
* ''Shakuntala: The Play of Memory'', 2005<ref name="Nair 2005">{{cite news |last1=Nair |first1=Anita |title=Nymphet's Nemesis |url=https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/nymphets-nemesis/227673 |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=June 20, 2005 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* ''Priya: In Incredible Indyaa'', 2011
* ''The Habit of Love'', 2012
* ''[[Things to Leave Behind]]'', 2016
* ''Lost in Time: Ghatotkacha and the Game of Illusions'', 2017
* ''Betrayed by Hope : A Play on the Life of Michael Madhusudan Dutt'' (co-authored with Malashri Lal), 2020
* ''The Blind Matriarch'', published in 2021

===Non-fiction===
* ''Mountain Echoes – Reminiscences of Kumaoni Women'', 1994
* ''The Book of Shiva'', 2000
* ''The Puffin Mahabharata'', 2009
* ''In Search of Sita''(co-edited with Malashri Lal), 2009
* ''Travelling In, Travelling Out'' (edited), 2014
* ''Himalaya: Adventures, Meditations, Life''(co-edited with Ruskin Bond), 2016
* ''[[The Himalayan Arc|The Himalayan Arc: Journeys East of South-east]]'' (edited), 2018
* ''Finding Radha: The Quest for Love'', 2018

==Honors and awards==
* 2017 Centenary National Award for Literature from the [[Asam Sahitya Sabha]]<ref name="Krithika 2017" /><ref name="Harmony 2018"/>
* 2017 Valley of Words Book Award, Best English Fiction (''Things to Leave Behind'')<ref name="Chakrabarti 2018">{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Paromita |title=Reading Time: Namita Gokhale on her new novel and why the Jaipur Literature Festival is a perfect fit for Rajasthan |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/reading-time-namita-gokhale-on-her-new-novel-and-why-the-jaipur-literature-festival-is-a-perfect-fit-for-rajasthan-5023403/ |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=January 14, 2018}}</ref>
* 2018 [[International Dublin Literary Award]] long list (''Things to Leave Behind'')<ref name="Harmony 2018"/>
* 2019 [[Sushila Devi Literature Award]], 'Best Book of Fiction Written by a Woman Author' (''Things to Leave Behind'')<ref>{{cite news |title=Namita Gokhale wins Sushila Devi Literature Award |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/namita-gokhale-wins-sushila-devi-literature-award/1442166/ |access-date=19 June 2021 |work=Financial Express |agency=PTI |date=January 13, 2019}}</ref>
*2021 7th Yamin Hazarika Woman of Substance Award<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-09-06|title=Author Namita Gokhale receives 7th Yamin Hazarika Woman of Substance Award|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/author-namita-gokhale-yamin-hazarika-woman-of-substance-award-7491751/|access-date=2021-12-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
*2021 Sahitya Akademi Award<ref name="thehindu.com"/> for ''Things to Leave Behind''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.namitagokhale.in/ Official Website]
*[https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org Jaipur Literature Festival Official Website]

{{Sahitya Akademi Award winners for English}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gokhale, Namita}}
[[Category:Indian women publishers]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Lucknow]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century publishers (people)]]
[[Category:21st-century publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in English]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women novelists]]

Dhinidhi Desinghu

2026-04-27T07:38:34Z

Wikialpha49: new

{{Short description|Indian swimmer (born 2010)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| birth_date = 17 May 2010
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India
}}

'''Dhinidhi Desinghu''' (born 17 May 2010) is an Indian swimmer from [[Karnataka]]. She specialises in 200m freestyle. She also competes in 100m freestyle and 200m individual medley. She qualified for the [[India at the 2024 Summer Olympics|2024 Summer Olympics]] at Paris in the women's 200m freestyle event as she received a Universality Quota place.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Paris 2024: Srihari Nataraj and Dhinidhi Desinghu selected to represent India via Universality Quota |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/swimming/paris-2024-srihari-nataraj-dhinidhi-desinghu-selected-represent-india-universality-quota-sajan-prakash-fails-to-qualify-news/article68335029.ece |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=Paris Olympics: 14-Year-Old Dhinidhi & Srihari Will Represent India in Swimming |url=https://www.thequint.com/sports/2024-paris-olympics-14-year-old-dhinidhi-desinghu-srihari-nataraj-represent-india-swimming |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> She was India's youngest athlete at the Paris Games.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-26 |title=At age of 14, swimmer Dhinidhi Desinghu to be India's youngest athlete at Paris Olympics 2024 - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/sports/at-age-of-14-swimmer-dhinidhi-desinghu-to-be-indias-youngest-athlete-at-paris-olympics-2024-19433861.htm |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> She was also the youngest Indian athlete at the [[2022 Asian Games]].

== Early life and education ==
Desinghu was born on 17 May 2010 in [[Bangalore]]. She studied at Kendriya Vidyalaya DRDO, CV Raman Nagar, Bengaluru.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Pranav |first=R. |date=2022-07-29 |title=Dhinidhi Desinghu: Bengaluru's little swimming champ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/dhinidhi-desinghu-bengalurus-little-swimming-champ/article65661531.ece |access-date=2024-06-28 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2024-06-27 |title=Teen Dhinidhi for Olympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/teen-dhinidhi-set-to-be-youngest-indian-swimmer-at-paris-olympics/articleshow/111298859.cms |access-date=2024-06-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Desinghu started swimming as a leisure activity in 2018. Soon, she was spotted and took to competitive swimming. She trains under coach B. M. Madhu Kumar of Dolphin Aquatics. She was in limelight in 2023, setting a national record at the Junior and Sub-Junior National Aquatic Championship in 100m freestyle, and went on to get two more records in 200m freestyle and 200m individual medley. She also won seven gold medals at the National Games in Goa and took part in the World Championships at Doha.<ref name=":3" /> In 2024, she also won gold at the Karnataka Mini Olympics and Karnataka Junior and Sub-Junior Aquatic Championship.<ref name=":1" />

In July 2023, she won a gold at the 76th Senior National Aquatic Championships in women's 200m freestyle. She also won a gold at the 54th Singapore National Age Group in 200m freestyle in March 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dhinidhi DESINGHU {{!}} Profile {{!}} World Aquatics Official |url=https://www.worldaquatics.com/athletes/1706668/dhinidhi-desinghu/www.worldaquatics.com/athletes/1706668/dhinidhi-desinghu/profile |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=World Aquatics |language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Award
! scope="col"|Category
! scope="col"|Result
! scope="col"|Ref(s)
|-
|2025
|[[Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Bal Puraskar|Rashtriya Bal Puraskar]]
|Highest civilian honour for children
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhinidhi Desinghu Award: Young Swimmer Joins Elite Group |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/it-was-special-to-be-part-of-that-amazing-group-swimmer-dhinidhi-desinghu-3844568 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{World Aquatics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desinghu, Dhinidhi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2010 births]]
[[Category:Indian female freestyle swimmers]]
[[Category:Swimmers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Asian Games swimmers for India]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2024 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic swimmers for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Indore–Gwalior line

2026-04-21T18:08:07Z

Wikialpha49: Started a biography - done

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Gwalior Indore Manmad Railway Line
| color =
| logo = 
| logo_width = 100 px
| image = Gwalior Railway Station.JPG
| image_width =
| caption = Gwalior Junction the starting point on Indore–Gwalior line
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Madhya Pradesh]] & [[Rajasthan]]
| start = {{stnlnk|Indore Junction}}
| end = {{stnlnk|Gwalior Junction}}
| stations =
| routes =
| open = 1899
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railway]] [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock = [[Indian locomotive class WDM-2|WDM-2]], WDM-3A, WDG-3A, WDG-3C, [[Indian locomotive class WAG-5|WAG-5]] and [[Indian locomotive class WAG-7|WAG-7]]
| linelength =
| tracklength = {{convert|846|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| electrification = Yes
| speed = up to 130 km/h
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Indore–Gwalior line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Gwalior-Indore-Manmad line''', a {{convert|846|km|mi}} long electrified broad-gauge dual-track main trunk railway line, including the existing {{convert|516|km|mi}} long [[Indore–Gwalior_line#GI|Gwalior-Indore section]], existing {{convert|21|km|mi}} long [[Indore–Gwalior_line#ID|Indore–Dr. Ambedkar Nagar section]], and under-construction {{convert|309|km|mi}} long [[Indore–Gwalior_line#DM|Dr. Ambedkar Nagar-Manmad section]], connects the [[North India|north]], [[East India|east]] and [[Central India|central]] India with the [[Western Ghats|southwestern]] [[India]].<ref name=man1>[https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2050855]02 SEP 2024 3:30PM by PIB Delhi</ref> The main trunk line has several subbranch lines along the way forking out from the mainline to connect to other existing stations of the [[Indian Railway]] network, such as the existing {{convert|118.80|km|mi}} long [[Indore–Gwalior_line#BG|Bina-Guna line]] subbranch, existing {{convert|164.2|km|mi}} long [[Indore–Gwalior_line#RK|Ruthiyai-Kota line]] subbranch, existing {{convert|240|km|mi}} long [[Indore–Gwalior_line#BN|Bhopal-Nagda line]] subbranch, under-construction {{convert|333|km|mi}} long [[Indore–Gwalior_line#BR|Bhopal-Ramganj Mandi line]] subbranch, existing {{convert|41.3|km|mi}}long [[Indore–Gwalior_line#UD|Ujjain-Dewas line]] subbranch, and the proposed {{convert|76|km|mi}} long [[Indore–Gwalior_line#UA|Ujjain-Agar line]] subbranch (i.e. 100km long Ujjain-Gwalior line).

==History==

In 1899, The {{convert|119.7|km|mi}} long Gwalior–Shivpuri line was opened by Schindia State railway as a light rail. Later it was transferred to [[Gwalior Light Railway]].<ref>[https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history2.html irfca.org], 26 April 2019</ref> The light rail line used to run via Kampoo, Panihar, Ghatigaon, Mohana, Mansapoorah, Satanwara, Shivpuri, Kolaras & Badarwas. The line was converted to [[Broad gauge]] in 1997-1999 period & the alignment got changed between Mohana & Shivpuri. Old stations of Mansapoorah & Satanwara got abandoned & Mudkhera Karsana, Nayagaon & Khajuri got connected by rail. The new route is {{convert|124.2|km|mi}} now & is a single electrified line.

In 1932, {{convert|68.9|km|mi}}long Agar–Ujjain section was opened by Gwalior light railways.<ref>[https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-history3.html irfca.org], 26 April 2019</ref> But constant losses up to 1997 made Ujjain-Agar Line getting abandoned & scrapped by 1999.

==Main line & subbranches network==
{{anchor | Network }}

{{anchor | GI }}
* '''Gwalior-Indore line main branch (existing)''': it is {{convert|516|km|mi}} long electrified double line. This line has following subbranches forking out from the main route.

{{anchor | BG }}
** '''Bina-Guna line subbranch (existing)''': The first branch line is double electrified line from Bina Junction to Guna Junction with the Length of {{convert|118.80|km|mi}}.<ref>[https://indiarailinfo.com/search/475/0/1211 indiarailinfo.com], 25 April 2019</ref>

{{anchor | RK }}
** '''Ruthiyai-Kota line subbranch (existing)''': The second branch line is double electrified line from Ruthiyai Junction to Kota Junction with the length of {{convert|164.2|km|mi}}.<ref>[https://indiarailinfo.com/search/1210/0/891 indiarailinfo.com], 25 April 2019</ref>

{{anchor | BN }}
** '''Bhopal-Nagda line subbranch (existing)''': The third branch line is the double electrified line from Bhopal Junction to Nagda Junction with the length of {{convert|240|km|mi}}.<ref>[https://indiarailinfo.com/search/12/0/879 indiarailinfo.com], 25 April 2019</ref>

{{anchor | BR }}
** '''Bhopal-Ramganj Mandi line subbranch (under-construction)''': The new line from Ramganj Mandi Junction to Bhopal Junction via Jhalawar, Aklera, Biyavra Rajgarh, Parbatigarh, Sant Hirdaramnagar branches off from the Indore–Gwalior Mainline with the length of {{convert|333|km|mi}}. It will reduce the traffic on the existing Nagda–Maksi–Bhopal line and Kota–Bina line by facilitating a new route for transport to southern states and eastern states of India.<ref>[http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Budget_2017-18/Pink_Book_2017-18/07-Pink%20Book%202017-18-WCR.pdf WCR pink book 2017-18], 25 April 2019</ref>

{{anchor | UD }}
** '''Ujjain-Dewas line subbranch (existing)''': The fourth branch line is the double electrified line from Ujjain Junction to Dewas Junction with the length of {{convert|41.3|km|mi}}.

{{anchor | UA }}
** '''Ujjain-Agar line subbranch (proposed)''': The {{convert|76|km|mi}} long, historic narrow gauge line which was closed in 1975, will be rebuilt as a new broad-gauge line with extension to Jhalawar. The Final Location Survey (FLS) and Detailed Project Report (DPR) were recently in progress, but as of 2026 reports, but it is being prioritised for commencing construction in future.

{{anchor | ID }}
* '''Indore–Dr. Ambedkar Nagar line main line (existing)''': {{convert|21|km|mi}} long line from Indore to [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar railway station]].

{{anchor | DM }}
* '''Dr. Ambedkar Nagar-Manmad line main branch (under-construction)''': {{convert|309|km|mi}} long line from [[Dr. Ambedkar Nagar railway station]] to [[Manmad Junction railway station]], with 34 stations (30 new and 4 existing, including 17 new and 1 existing on 170 km long route in Madhya Pradesh and 13 new and 3 existing on 139 km long route in Maharashtra), will be completed by 2028-29. 18 stations in Madhya Pradesh across 4 districts (Indore, Dhar, Khargone, Badwani) are :Dr Ambedkar Nagar (existing), Kelod, Kamadpur, Jhadibaroda, Saray Talab, Neemgad, Chikatyawad, Gyaspur Khedi, Kothada, Jarwah, Ajandi, Baghadi, Kusmari, Jhulwania, Salikalan, Wanihar, Bawadad, and Malwan. 18 stations in Madhya Pradesh are: Sangvi BK (BK in Mahrashtra in village nameis short for Budruk which means "Greater"), Lauki, Shirpur, Dabhashi, Nardana (existing), New Dhule(existing), Kasbe Lalingnan, Purmepada, Zodge, Chikhalhol, Malegaon, Yesgaon BK, Mehun, Chondhi, Khatgaon, and Manmad (existing).<ref name=man2>[https://www.railpost.in/centre-approves-309-km-manmad-indore-new-line-a-detailed-report/ Centre approves 309-km Manmad Indore new line – a detailed report], 5 Sept 2024.</ref> Project will promote tourism in the region by providing shorter route between Western/ South-Western part of the country with Central India. This will increase the tourist footfall to various tourist/ religious places of Ujjain – Indore region including Sri Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga Temple.<ref>[https://indiarailinfo.com/station/blog/1211/13?&tp=22], 25 Jul 2020</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Railways|Transport}}

* [[Future of rail transport in India]]
** [[Bhopal_Junction_railway_station#BRML|Bhopal-Ramganj Mandi line]], under-construction with target completion by December 2027, will provide shorter route from Ludiana-Hisar-Jaipur-Kota to Bhopal
** [[Indore–Gwalior_line#DM|Manmad–Indore line]], target completion date of 2028-29.
** [[Indore-Dahod line]]
** [[Chhota Udaipur–Dhar line]], target completion date of 2027.
** [[Wardha–Nanded line]], under-construction via Yavatmal-Pusad target completion by 2027-28, will provide shorter route from North India to Pusad-Nanded.

* Existing
** [[Mathura–Vadodara section]]
** [[Chhota Udaipur–Dhar line]]
** [[Indore-Dewas-Ujjain section]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railways in Central India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indore-Gwalior line}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]

Hachhek Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:27:12Z

Wikialpha49: Started new data - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Mizoram legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hachhek
| type= SLA
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Mizoram (Hachhek highlighted).png
| state = [[Mizoram]]
| district = [[Mamit district|Mamit]]
| constituency_no = 1
| loksabha_cons = [[Mizoram Lok Sabha constituency|Mizoram]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Robert Romawia Royte]]
| party = [[Mizo National Front]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:21136}}
}}
'''Hachhek''' is one of the 40 [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Mizoram]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |work=ECI |publisher=Election Commission of India |url=http://eciresults.ap.nic.in |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215221429/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ |archivedate=2013-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=elections.in>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/mizoram/assembly-constituencies|title=Mizoram Assembly Constituency List|publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mamit district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|rowspan=2|Lalrinmawia Ralte
|{{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
|[[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Lalrindika Ralte
|-
|[[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Mizoram Assembly Election Results 2023: Full Name Of Constituency-Wise Winning Candidates">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=4 December 2023 |title=Mizoram Assembly Election Results 2023: Full Name Of Constituency-Wise Winning Candidates |language=en |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/mizoram-assembly-election-results-2023-full-name-of-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-2695294.html |accessdate=10 December 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210181843/https://zeenews.india.com/india/mizoram-assembly-election-results-2023-full-name-of-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-2695294.html |archivedate=10 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="Mizoram Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of winners seat-wise and constituency-wise">{{cite news|last1=Hindustan Times|title=Mizoram Assembly Election Results 2023: Full list of winners seat-wise and constituency-wise|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mizoram-assembly-election-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-mnf-zpm-congress-won-101701651076190.html|accessdate=10 December 2023|date=4 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210181953/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mizoram-assembly-election-results-2023-live-updates-winning-candidates-full-list-how-many-seats-mnf-zpm-congress-won-101701651076190.html|archivedate=10 December 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Robert Romawia Royte]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Mizo National Front}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Hachhek}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Robert Romawia Royte]]
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 5,705
|percentage = 32.42
|change = {{increase}}1.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = KJ Lalbiakngheta
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 5,399
|percentage = 30.68
|change = {{increase}}23.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Lalrindika Ralte
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,105
|percentage = 29.01
|change = {{decrease}}4.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Malsawmtluanga
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,259
|percentage = 7.15
|change = {{decrease}}16.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 130
|percentage = 0.74
|change = {{decrease}}0.6
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 306
|percentage = 1.74
|change = {{increase}}0.78
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 17,958
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Mizo National Front
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Hachhek<ref>{{cite web|title=Mizoram Legislative Election 2018- Statistical Report|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9687-mizoram-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalrindika Ralte
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 6202
|percentage = 33.32
|change = {{decrease}}12.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalrinenga Sailo
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 5836
|percentage = 31.36
|change = {{decrease}}0.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vanlalruata Pachuau
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 4399
|percentage = 23.64
|change = {{increase}}22.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = H. Lallianzuala
|party = Zoram People's Movement
|votes = 1373
|percentage = 7.38
|change = {{increase}}0.80
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Eddy Zosangliana Colney
|party = PRISM
|votes = 250
|percentage = 1.34
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalzenghaki
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 133
|percentage = 0.71
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = J. Lalsailova
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 91
|percentage = 0.49
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = C. Ramkinlova
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 78
|percentage = 0.42
|change = {{decrease}}13.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 250
|percentage = 1.34
|change = {{increase}}0.28
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 366
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 18,612
|percentage = 78.29
|change = {{decrease}}3.55
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2013 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Hachhek<ref name=Miz2013>{{cite web |url= http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |title= Assembly Elections December 2013 Results |publisher= Election Commission of India |access-date= 8 October 2021 |archive-date= 15 December 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131215065208/http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResult.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalrinmawia Ralte]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 7852
|percentage = 45.35
|change = {{decrease}}6.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Saikapthianga
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 5519
|percentage = 31.87
|change = {{decrease}}0.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalhmingthanga
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|votes = 2467
|percentage = 14.25
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalzamlova Tochhawng
|party = Zoram Nationalist Party
|votes = 1139
|percentage = 6.58
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pazawna
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 155
|percentage = 0.90
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 183
|percentage = 1.06
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2333
|percentage = 13.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 17315
|percentage = 81.84
|change = {{decrease}}2.06
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2008===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2008 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]: Hachhek<ref name="eci">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3666-mizoram-2008/ |title=Mizoram 2008 - Mizoram - Election Commission of India |date= |author= |accessdate= 8 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalrinmawia Ralte]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 6990
|percentage = 51.96
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = H. Lalenvela
|party = Mizo National Front
|votes = 4373
|percentage = 32.51
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = John Lalngilneia
|party = Mizoram People's Conference
|votes = 1840
|percentage = 13.68
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Laldinliana
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 139
|percentage = 1.03
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = P. C. Lalthanpuia
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 111
|percentage = 0.83
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2615
|percentage = 19.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13453
|percentage = 83.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Hachhek]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|24.175668|92.372431|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Mizoram}}

[[Category:Mamit district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Politics of Mizoram]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Mizoram]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Baljit Kaur

2026-04-18T23:06:10Z

Wikialpha49: Started a stub from scratch...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dr. Baljit Kaur
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Government of Punjab (India)|Minister of Social Security, Women and Child Development and Social Justice, Empowerment and Minorities]]<ref name="Mann keeps Home, 26 others, gives Finance to Cheema; Mines to Bains">{{cite news |last1= |title=Mann keeps Home, 26 others, gives Finance to Cheema; Mines to Bains |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/bhagwant-mann-keeps-home-harpal-singh-cheema-gets-finance-7830421/ |accessdate=23 March 2022 |date=22 March 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323164504/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/bhagwant-mann-keeps-home-harpal-singh-cheema-gets-finance-7830421/ |archivedate=23 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
| governor = [[Banwarilal Purohit]] [[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Bhagwant Mann]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Mann ministry]]
| term_start = 19 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = '''Member of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]'''
| term_start2 = 2022
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = Ajaib Singh Bhatti
| successor2 =
| majority2 = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| constituency2 = [[Malout Assembly constituency|Malout]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| profession = Doctor (eye surgeon)
| occupation =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Dr. Baljit Kaur''' is an Indian politician and an eye surgeon. She was elected to the [[Malout Assembly constituency]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/firsttime-highly-qualified-women-candidates-hit-the-ground-running-in-south-malwa-belt-101644695928125.html | title=First-time, highly qualified women candidates hit the ground running in south Malwa belt | publisher=Hindustan Times | date=13 February 2022 | accessdate=11 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/malout-punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1922927-2022-03-10 | title=Malout, Punjab Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: AAP's Dr. Baljit Kaur with 77370 defeats SAD's Harpreet Singh | publisher=India Today | accessdate=11 March 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
She worked as an eye surgeon in the government run Muktsar civil hospital. She resigned from her job and joined AAP.<ref name="The Chosen 12 March 2022">{{cite news|last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |title=The Chosen 13: 'Padwoman', Moga's doctor among Punjab's women MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/punjab-elections-results-aap-victory-congress-sad-candidates-7816401/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Playing 20 March 2022">{{cite news |title=The playing 11: CM Bhagwant Mann's cabinet ministers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/the-playing-11-cm-bhagwant-manns-cabinet-ministers-7827473/ |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
Kaur was elected as the [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. She represented the [[Malout Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She took oath as a cabinet minister along with nine other MLAs on 19 March at Guru Nanak Dev auditorium of [[Raj Bhavan, Punjab|Punjab Raj Bhavan]] in [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="Tribune 18 March 2022">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Ten Punjab ministers to take oath on Saturday |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-ministers-to-take-oath-on-saturday-378869 |access-date=18 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=18 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318092034/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-ministers-to-take-oath-on-saturday-378869 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NDTV 25K 19 March 2022">{{cite news |title=25,000 Government Jobs For Punjab: New Chief Minister's 1st Decision |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-000-government-jobs-for-punjab-new-chief-minister-bhagwant-manns-1st-decision-2831372 |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=NDTV.com |agency=Press Trust of India |date=19 March 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319125442/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/25-000-government-jobs-for-punjab-new-chief-minister-bhagwant-manns-1st-decision-2831372 |url-status=live }}</ref> Eight ministers including Kaur who took oath were greenhorn (first term) MLAs.<ref name="CabinetOath 19 March 2022">{{cite news |title=In Mann's first list of Cabinet ministers, 8 greenhorn MLAs |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/aap-finalises-names-of-10-ministers-in-punjab-giant-killers-ignored-7826232/ |access-date=19 March 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2022 |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319064250/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/aap-finalises-names-of-10-ministers-in-punjab-giant-killers-ignored-7826232/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

As a cabinet minister in the [[Mann ministry]] Kaur was given the charge of two departments of the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]]:<ref name="Tribune News 21 March 2022">{{cite news |title=Punjab portfolios announced; CM Mann keeps Home and Vigilance, Cheema gets Finance, Singla Health, Harbhajan Power |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/punjab-portfolios-announced-cheema-gets-finance-and-revenue-harbhajan-eto-power-dr-baljit-women-welfare-and-child-development-379489 |access-date=21 March 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
# Department of Social Justice, Empowerment & Minorities
# Department of Social Security and Development of Women and Children

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Malout Assembly constituency}}
{{#section-h:Malout Assembly constituency|2022 }}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Raj Kumar Verka]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Social Justice, Empowerment & Minorities]]
|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Razia Sultana]] }}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mann ministry|Punjab Cabinet minister]] for [[Departments of Government of Punjab, India|Social Security and Development of Women and Children]]
|years=2022–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Malout
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Baljit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Mann ministry]]

Dhakuria Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:30Z

Wikialpha49: new!

{{Short description|Former West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhakuria
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[South 24 Parganas]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| constituency_no = 151
| established = 1967
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Dhakuria Assembly constituency''' was a [[Vidhan Sabha|Legislative Assembly]] constituency of [[South 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Dhakuria Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf |title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006|access-date = 15 October 2010|work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

It was part of [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf | title = Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 to the 14th Lok Sabha | access-date = 1 November 2010 | work = Volume III Details For Assembly Segments Of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>
Before 2011, Dhakuria Assembly constituency was composed of the following: Ward Nos. [[Ward No. 91, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|91]], [[Ward No. 92, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|92]], [[Ward No. 93, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|93]], [[Ward No. 96, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|96]], [[Ward No. 99, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|99]], [[Ward No. 100, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|100]] of Kolkata Municipal Corporation.
Currently it is a part of [[Kasba, West Bengal Assembly constituency]]

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]||Dhakuria||[[Somnath Lahiri]]

||[[Communist Party of India]]<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1969||||[[Somnath Lahiri]]||Communist Party of India<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1971||||[[Somnath Lahiri]]||Communist Party of India<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1972||||[[Somnath Lahiri]]||Communist Party of India<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1977||||[[Jatin Chakraborty]]||[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1982||||[[Jatin Chakraborty]]||Revolutionary Socialist Party<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1987||||[[Jatin Chakraborty]]||Revolutionary Socialist Party<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1991||||[[Kshiti Goswami]]||Revolutionary Socialist Party<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|1996||||[[Kshiti Goswami]]||Revolutionary Socialist Party<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]||||[[Sougata Roy]]||[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]||||[[Kshiti Goswami]]||Revolutionary Socialist Party<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 19 October 2014}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]],<ref name=vidhansabha2006/> [[Kshiti Goswami]] of [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]] won the 151 Dhakuria assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Sougata Roy of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Sougata Roy of Trinamool Congress defeated, [[Kshiti Goswami]] of RSP in 2001.<ref name=vidhansabha2001/> [[Kshiti Goswami]] of RSP defeated Sukhendu Sekhar Roy of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996/> and Jatin Chakraborty, Independent, in 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991/> [[Jatin Chakraborty]] of RSP defeated Shankar Kanti Bhowmick of Congress in 1987,<ref name=vidhansabha1987/> Tushar Kanti Dasgupta of Congress in 1982<ref name=vidhansabha1982/> and Arabinda Prasad Dasgupta of Congress in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp151.htm |title = 151 - Dhakuria Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 October 2010}}</ref>

===1967-1972===
Somnath Lahiri of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] won the Dhakuria seat in 1972,<ref name=vidhansabha1972/> 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971/> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969/> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967/> Prior to the seat did not exist.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{South 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{coord|22.5104|N|88.3711|E|display=|region:IN_type:city|format=dms}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Prema Ishq Kaadhal

2026-04-15T11:17:39Z

Wikialpha49: Page - done

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prema Ishq Kaadhal
| image = "Prema Ishq Kaadhal".jpg
| caption = Theoretical poster
| director = [[Pavan Sadineni]]
| producer = [[Bekkam Venugopal]]
| screenplay = Pavan Sadineni
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Harshvardhan Rane]]
* [[Sree Vishnu]]
* Harish Verma
* [[Vithika Sheru]]
* [[Ritu Varma]]
* [[Sreemukhi]]
}}
| music = Shravan Bharadwaj
| editing = Goutham Nerusu
| cinematography = [[Karthik Gattamneni]]
| studio = [[Lucky Media]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|12|06}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Prema Ishq Kaadhal''''' ({{Translation|Love, love, love}}) is a 2013 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] [[anthology]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Pavan Sadineni]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pawan-sadineni-to-debut-as-director-with-prema-ishq-kadhal/255606-8-69.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222060334/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/pawan-sadineni-to-debut-as-director-with-prema-ishq-kadhal/255606-8-69.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 February 2013 |title=Pawan Sadineni to debut as director with 'Prema Ishq Kadhal' |publisher=[[IBNLive]] |date=7 May 2012 |accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> The film was produced by [[Bekkem Venugopal|Bekkam Venugopal]] of [[Lucky Media]]. The film stars [[Harshvardhan Rane]], [[Sree Vishnu]], Harish Verma, [[Vithika Sheru]], [[Ritu Varma]], and [[Sreemukhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Harshvardhan-Ranes-rocker-avatar/articleshow/19755448.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501070417/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-27/news-interviews/38861725_1_love-stories-movie-kadal |url-status=live |archive-date=1 May 2013 |title=Harshvardhan Rane's rocker avatar |first=Suresh |last=Kavirayani |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 October 2013}}</ref> The music was composed by Shravan Bharadwaj with cinematography was handled by [[Karthik Gattamneni]] and editing by Gowtham Nerusu. The film released on 6 December 2013.

The film's title contains three words that mean "love" ("Prema" in Telugu, "Ishq" in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] & "Kaadhal" in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]), and the film simultaneously depicts three love failure stories.

==Plot==

'''Story 1''':

Ranadhir "Randy" ([[Harshvardhan Rane]]) is a musician who runs a band in his café. One day after his performance, Sarayu ([[Vithika Sheru]]) meets him to applaud his talent. Eventually, their encounter turns into love. Sarayu encourages Randy to perform onstage. Even though music is only a hobby for him, Randy performs for Sarayu on the stage. The concert becomes a huge success, and he becomes famous. He starts performing as a full-time musician. Due to his busy schedule, there is no time for personal life, which leads to distance in his relationship with Sarayu. Sarayu loses trust in Randy's love as he avoids her. She pressures him to leave the music industry. He hesitantly agrees on the condition that he gives one last performance, but Sarayu does not accept the condition and gives Randy an ultimatum to choose between her and music. Before Randy's concert, he goes to Sarayu's residence and pleads to allow his last performance, but she does not agree. Suddenly Sarayu's brother ([[Ravi Prakash]]) catches them and creates havoc. Sarayu lies to her brother that Randy is a wayward Romeo. Heartbroken, Randy leaves her, coming to terms with her selfishness. He realizes that music is his love and life and decides to move on from her.

'''Story 2''':

Royal Raju ([[Sree Vishnu]]) is a carefree, good-for-nothing man from West Godavari district who comes to Hyderabad to woo a city girl. He wants to show off to his cousin that he can get a more beautiful girlfriend than his cousin's. He stays with his childhood friend. One night, a car crashes into a pole in front of Raju. Raju saves the driver, a drunk woman, and admits her to a hospital. She is Sameera ([[Ritu Varma]]), an ultra modern girl working as a stylist in the film industry. They both become friends. Though Raju tries to get Sameera's attention, Sameera ignores him. He manages to join as an assistant director in Millenium Star Mahanama's ([[Satyam Rajesh]]) film to get close to her as she is the stylist for the movie. Several comical circumstances ensue, and Mahanama asks Raju to get Sameera through the [[casting couch]]. Enraged, Raju slaps him, but Sameera, who does not know the context, misunderstands and avoids him. Raju tries to apologize to her, which results in her matrimonial matchmaking becoming a disaster. Eventually, Sameera realizes that he is innocent and apologizes for misunderstanding him. Later at a film function, both get drunk and make love at her home. The next day, Raju expresses his feelings for Sameera and proposes to her, but she rejects the proposal and says that their night together was just an accident. She mentions that she does not have any feelings for him. Even though he is a dumb country brute, she was only having fun with him. Heartbroken, Raju shares his pain with his friend and decides to aim big and find a purpose in life.

'''Story 3''':

Arjun (Harish Varma), an RJ in Radio Mirchi, is a playboy. One day he meets an orthodox girl Shanti ([[Sreemukhi]]), an IT professional from Chennai, through his friend Snigda "Sid" ([[Snigdha (actress)|Snigdha]]). He tries to flirt with her, but aware of his nature, she ignores him. Eventually, she agrees but only on certain conditions. Arjun proposes to her, which she neither accepts nor rejects. After a few circumstances because of Arjun, Shanti's promotion is put on hold by her boss. She starts avoiding him, claiming that she is becoming close to her boss. Later in a parking lot, Arjun notices Shanti getting intimate with her boss in his car. He realizes that he loves her very much but also questions her character. Shanti blames him for her nature and mentions that she was inspired by him to flirt with her boss (who is also interested in her) to get the promotion. She says that if they both married each other, this would be the prime reason to get a divorce. She says goodbye to him and decides to go back to Chennai. Later, Sid questions Arjun and Shanti's morals. Arjun replies that he thought the girl who cheated on him does not have character, but after meeting Shanti, he realizes that he himself does not have character either. Finally, Arjun, now a changed man, decides to apologize to every girl whom he tricked into a physical relationship.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Harshvardhan Rane]] as Ranadhir "Randy"
* [[Sree Vishnu]] as Royal Raju
* Harish Varma as Arjun
* [[Vithika Sheru]] as Sarayu
* [[Ritu Varma]] as Sameera
* [[Sreemukhi]] as Shanti
* [[Satyam Rajesh]] as Millennium Star Mahanama
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Mahanama's assistant
* [[Snigdha (actress)|Snigdha]] as Snigdha "Sid"
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Sarayu's brother
* Edward Stevenson Pereji
* Josh Ravi as Dolly
* [[Chandini Chowdary]] as one of Arjun's girlfriends (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/sep/05/chandini-chowdhury-pins-high-hopes-on-manu-7737.html|title=Chandini Chowdhury pins hopes on Manu|work=Cinema Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927222917/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/sep/05/chandini-chowdhury-pins-high-hopes-on-manu-7737.html|archive-date=27 September 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Production==

===Development===
The film was in pre-production stage from January 2012 to March 2013, where director [[Pavan Sadineni]] and producer [[Bekkem Venugopal|Bekkam Venugopal]] were keen in developing the narrative of the motion picture. During the pre-production time, Sadineni had directed a short film ''Bewars'', in which [[Karthik Gattamneni]] was the cinematographer and Vishnu Vardhan played the protagonist. Vardhan was cast to play in ''Prema Ishq Kaadhal'', and [[Harshvardhan Rane]] was roped in to play a rockstar in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-telugu-actor-harshvardhan-rane-to-play-a-rockstar/20130425.htm |title=Telugu actor Harshvardhan Rane to play a rockstar |first=Radhika |last=Rajamani |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=25 April 2013 |accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> [[Vithika Sheru]], who is paired opposite him also donned the hat of a stylist for the film,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/vithika-turns-stylist-for-prema-ishq-kaadhal-with-image-113052000173_1.html |title=Vithika turns stylist for 'Prema Ishq Kaadhal' (With Image) |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=20 May 2013 |accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> while Rane worked as the choreographer for the climax song.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Prema-Ishq-Kadhal-has-parallel-storylines/articleshow/26889233.cms |title=Prema Ishq Kadhal has parallel storylines - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2013-12-05 |accessdate=2014-08-05}}</ref>

Karthik Gattamneni, who is famous for cinematography and direction of short films from the studio [[Pondfreaks|Pondfreaks Entertainment]], was the film's cinematographer.

===Filming===
The principal photography for the movie began on 9 April 2013,<ref name="cinegoer">{{cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/news-archives/april-2013/prema-ishq-kadhal-regular-shoot-takes-off-160413.html |title=Prema Ishq Kadhal regular shoot takes off |publisher=cinegoer.net |date=16 April 2013 |accessdate=5 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007035331/http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/news-archives/april-2013/prema-ishq-kadhal-regular-shoot-takes-off-160413.html |archive-date=7 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the major scenes were shot in a special coffee shop set that was erected specially for this movie at Nanakramguda.<ref name="cinegoer"/> The filming of the movie was expected to end in May 2013.

The producer planned to select 100 city students and record their responses to the film and carry out the changes they suggest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130628/entertainment-tollywood/article/students-%E2%80%98cut%E2%80%99-t-town-movie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701234807/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130628/entertainment-tollywood/article/students-%E2%80%98cut%E2%80%99-t-town-movie |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 July 2013 |title=Students to 'cut' t-town movie |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=5 October 2013}}</ref> The film was shot in 50 days.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Prema Ishq Kaadhal
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Various
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 October 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film score|Score]]
| length =
| label = [[Madhura Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title = Alias Jaanaki
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack with six songs, composed by Shravan was released on 24 October 2013 through [[Madhura Audio]].<ref name = "Prema Ishq Kaadhal Spotify">{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/0Rl19vaibNaG5hAulfbqUO | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Prema Ishq Kaadhal (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 18 June 2023 }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track list<ref name = "Prema Ishq Kaadhal Spotify" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:48
| title1 = Prema Ishq Kaadhal
| extra1 = Shravan
| lyrics1 = [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
| length1 = 4:30
| title2 = Tulle Tulle
| extra2 = Sai Charan
| lyrics2 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| length2 = 4:04
| title3 = Sammatame
| extra3 = Sai Krishna
| lyrics3 = Krishna Chaitanya
| length3 = 4:21
| title4 = Gundu Soodhi
| extra4 = Varun Madhav
| lyrics4 = Krishna Chaitanya
| length4 = 3:48
| title5 = Chetakaani
| extra5 = Shravan
| lyrics5 = Krishna Chaitanya
| length5 = 5:08
| title6 = Tulle Tulle (Remixed)
| extra6 = Shravan
| lyrics6 = Krishna Kanth
| length6 = 3:55
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20131208112028/http://filmcircle.com/prema-ishq-kaadhal-review/

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]

Paralakhemundi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:31:42Z

Wikialpha49: Done - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Paralakhemundi}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Paralakhemundi
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 137
| type = SLA
| map_image = 137-Paralakhemundi.svg
| map_caption = Paralakhemundi assembly constituency in [[Gajapati district]]
| map_alt =
| division = Southern Division
| district = [[Gajapati district|Gajapati]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Berhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Rupesh Kumar Panigrahi]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,17,857{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Paralakhemundi''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Legislative Assembly|constituency]] of [[Gajapati district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=137|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408223825/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=137|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 April 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2014 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Parlakhemundi (137) District: Gajapati|accessdate= 5 April 2014}}</ref>

[https://ceoodisha.nic.in/acmaps/AC137.pdf Map of Paralakhemundi Constituency]

This constituency includes [[Paralakhemundi|Paralakhemundi Municipality]], [[Kashinagara|Kashinagara NAC]], [[Paralakhemundi|Goshani block]], [[Gumla block|Gumma block]] and [[Kashinagara|Kashinagara block]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp79.htm|title= 79 - Parlakhemundi Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 7 April 2014}}</ref>|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|37.58}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|35.92}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.2}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.53}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.52}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|71.80}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|28.22}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|63.21}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.65}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|33.00}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|33.37}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 16 elections were held till date. It was a 2 member constituency for 1952.

List of members elected from Paralakhemundi constituency are:<ref name="prevMLAs">{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Parlakhemundi Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/parlakhemundi.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 6 April 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Paralakhemundi Assembly Election Results 2024: Paralakhemundi Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/paralakhemundi-constituency-result-18137 |access-date=2025-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Rupesh Kumar Panigrahi]]
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|Koduru Narayana Rao
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|Kengam Surya Rao
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|Koduru Narayana Rao
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|rowspan=3|Trinath Sahu
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Darapu Lachana Naidu
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Trinath Sahu
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|rowspan=2|Bijoy Kumar Jena
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Independent}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Kurma Naikulu N.
|{{full party name with color|Utkal Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Darapu Lachana Naidu
|{{full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=2|Kurma Naikulu N.
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|-
| colspan="4"| {{center|''1956-1960 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Appena Dora Biswasrai
|{{full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|Jagannath Mishra
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 13th May 2024 in 1st phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 4th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Rupesh Kumar Panigrahi]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Koduru Narayana Rao by a margin of 3,998 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin
|title = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Paralakhemundi}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rupesh Kumar Panigrahi]]
|votes = 56,027
|percentage = 37.58
|change = {{up}}19.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Koduru Narayana Rao
|votes = 52,029
|percentage = 34.90
|change = {{down}}1.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bijay Kumar Patnaik
|votes = 35,674
|percentage = 23.93
|change = {{up}}7.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,488
|percentage = 1.00
|change = {{down}}0.33
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,998
|percentage = 2.68
|change = {{down}}7.83
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,49,069
|percentage = 67.91
|change = {{down}}1.36
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Konduru Narayan Rao defeated [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate Trirupati Panigrahy by a margin of 15,335 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Paralakhemundi<ref name="FP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-I) (AC/ PC) |url=http://ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase%201/Form%207%20A%20to%20English%28Phase-I%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=14 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Paralakhemundi Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Paralakhemundi Constituency (Seat) Election Results">{{cite news |last1=News18 |title=Paralakhemundi Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Paralakhemundi Constituency (Seat) Election Results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/paralakhemundi-election-result-s18a137/ |access-date=8 November 2022 |date=2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108120719/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/paralakhemundi-election-result-s18a137/ |archive-date=8 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Konduru Narayan Rao
|votes = 52,415
|percentage = 35.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Trirupati Panigrahy
|votes = 37,080
|percentage = 25.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Kalyani Gajapati
|votes = 26,645
|percentage = 18.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kengam Surya Rao
|votes = 24,040
|percentage = 16.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,944
|percentage = 1.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,335
|percentage = 10.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,45,927
|percentage = 69.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Kengam Surya Rao defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Koduru Narayana Rao by a margin of 1419 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Paralakhemundi<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Paralakhemundi|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS18137.htm?ac=137|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Paralakhemundi (137)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=137|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529231533/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=137|url-status=usurped|archive-date=29 May 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kengam Surya Rao
|votes = 61,014
|percentage = 45.1
|change = {{up}}6.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Koduru Narayana Rao
|votes = 59,595
|percentage = 44.1
|change = {{down}}7.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tripati Nayak
|votes = 6,938
|percentage = 5.1
|change = {{down}}0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1548
|percentage = 1.15
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,419
|percentage = 1.05
|change = {{down}}12
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,35,001
|percentage = 70.03
|change = {{up}}6.31
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,92,782
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Koduru Narayana Rao defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Trinath Sahu by a margin of 14,941 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=14941 |accessdate=5 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Paralakhemundi<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Koduru Narayana Rao
|votes = 58528
|percentage = 51.10
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Trinath Sahu
|votes = 43,587
|percentage = 38.06
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = T. Kuranna
|votes = 6,686
|percentage = 5.84
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,941
|percentage = 13.05{{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,14,556
|percentage = 63.72{{efn|2004 Voter turnout was 60.29%}}
|change = {{up}}3.43
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gajapati district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coords|18.78|84.09|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Gajapati district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

G. T. Boag

2026-04-07T12:53:44Z

Wikialpha49: new

{{Short description|British Indian civil servant, statistician and administrator}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Sir
| name = George Townsend Boag
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]]
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| order1 = Diwan of Cochin
| term_start1 = 1943
| term_end1 = 1944
| predecessor1 = [[A. F. W. Dickinson]]
| successor1 = [[C. P. Karunakara Menon]]
| order2 = Chief Secretary to the Government of the Madras Presidency
| term_start2 = 1938
| term_end2 = 1939
| premier2 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
| governor2 = [[John Erskine, Lord Erskine]]
| predecessor2 = [[C. F. Brackenbury]]
| successor2 = [[S. V. Ramamurthy]]
| order3 = Governor of Odisha (acting)
| term_start3 = 11 August 1938
| term_end3 = 8 December 1938
| predecessor3 = John Austen Hubback
| successor3 = John Austen Hubback
| governor_general3 = [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow]]
| premier3 = [[Bishwanath Das]]
| order4 = Chief Secretary of Madras Presidency
| term_start4 = 1938
| term_end4 = 1939
| governor4 =
| premier4 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]
| predecessor4 = [[C. F. Brackenbury]]
| successor4 = [[S. V. Ramamurthy]]
| order5 = Municipal Commissioner of Madras
| term_start5 = 1923
| term_end5 = 1925
| birth_date = 1884
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1969 (age 85)
| death_place = [[United Kingdom]]
| party =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| occupation =
| spouse =
}}

'''Sir George Townsend Boag''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] (1884–1969) was a British Indian civil servant, statistician and administrator who served as the Acting [[Governor of Odisha]] from 11 August 1938 to 8 December 1938.

== Early life ==

George Townsend Boag was born on 12 November 1884 to Rev. George Boag, the [[Vicar]] of [[Winster, Cumbria|Winster]] in [[Westmorland]].<ref name="westminstersp100">{{cite book|title=The record of old Westminsters: a biographical list of all those who are known to have been educated at Westminster school from the earliest times to 1927|author1=George Fisher Russell Barker |author2=Alan Herbert Stenning |author3=Geoffrey Reynolds Yonge Radcliffe |author4=John Beach Whitmore |author5=David Crighton Simpson |pages=100|publisher=Chiswick press|year=1928}}</ref> He gained admission to [[Westminster School]] on 21 January 1897<ref name="westminstersp100" /> and studied at the school from 1897 to 1903.<ref name="toip1150">{{cite book|title=The Times of India directory and year book including who's who|year=1948|publisher=Bennett, Coleman|pages=1150}}</ref> He was a Mure Scholar for the year 1901.<ref name="westminstersp100" /> He obtained his [[bachelor's degree|baccalaureate]] and master's degrees from the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref name="toip1150" /> In 1907, he passed the [[Indian Civil Service]] examinations and was allotted to the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name="archivep225">{{cite book|title=A manual of archival systems and the world of archives|pages=225|publisher=Siva Publications|author=M. Sundararaj|year=1999}}</ref>

== In India ==

=== Madras Presidency ===

Boag arrived in India in 1908 and served as a special settlement officer from 1912 to 1918.<ref name="archivep225" /> He was appointed to the Indian Nutrition Board and served as the Collector of Transtuffs from 1912 to 1918.<ref name="archivep225" /> From 1920 to 1922, Boag served as Superintendent of Census Operations for the Presidency succeeding J. C. Molony.<ref name="archivep225" /> Boag served as the Municipal Commissioner for Madras from 1923 to 1925.<ref name="archivep225" /> He was the Chief Secretary of Madras Presidency from 1925 to 1928 and 1934 to 1938.<ref name="whoswhop114">{{cite book|title=Who's who in India, Burma & Ceylon|pages=114|publisher=Who's Who Publishers (India) Ltd|year=1941}}</ref> Boag served as the [[District magistrate|District Collector]] of West Godavari in 1930 <ref name="whoswhop114" /> before being appointed the Superintendent of the Madras Presidency Archives succeeding A. V. Venkatarama Ayyar on 19 August 1930.<ref name="archivep254">{{cite book|title=A manual of archival systems and the world of archives|pages=254|publisher=Siva Publications|author=M. Sundararaj|year=1999}}</ref> Boag served as a member of the Indian Tariff Board from 1931 to 1933.<ref name="whoswhop114" />

He served as the [[District Grand Master]] of [[District Grand Lodge of Madras]] (1891-1900, 1933-1945).

=== Odisha ===

On 11 August 1938 the Governor of [[Odisha]], Sir John Austen Hubback proceeded on a leave.<ref name="Odishap261">{{cite book|title=Odisha, People, Culture, and Polity: People, Culture and Polity|pages=261|author=B. B. Jena|publisher=Kalyani Publications|year=1980}}</ref> Boag was appointed Acting Governor of Odisha in his stead and served from 11 August 1938 to 8 December 1938.<ref name="worldstatesmen">{{cite web|title=Provinces of British India: Odisha|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm#Odisha|publisher=World Statesmen}}</ref> As the Acting Governor of Odisha, he inaugurated the opening session of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] on 29 August 1938.<ref name="indianreviewp616">{{cite book|title=The Indian Review|pages=616|author=G. A. Natesan|author-link=G. A. Natesan|publisher=G. A. NAtesan & Co.|year=1938}}</ref>

On 12 September 1938 severe agitations broke out in the [[princely state]] of Dhenkanal demanding the abolition of stringent taxes.<ref name="dhenkanalrevolt1_p31">{{cite book|title=People's revolt in Odisha: a study of Talcher|pages=31|author=D. P. (Debi Prasad) Mishra|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|year=1998|isbn=81-7156-739-8 |id={{ISBN|978-81-7156-739-3}}}}</ref> The situation turned violent as the agitations intensified.<ref name="dhenkanalrevolt1_p31" /> The [[Eastern States Agency]], a federation of princely states of which Dhenkanal formed a part, resorted to police action.<ref name="dhenkanalrevolt1_p31" /> Large scale arrests were carried out and there was police firing in some areas.<ref name="dhenkanalrevolt1_p31" /> As a result of the disturbances in the neighbouring Dhenkanal, a large number of refugees poured into Odisha.<ref name="dhenkanalrevolt1_p32">{{cite book|title=People's revolt in Odisha: a study of Talcher|pages=32|author=D. P. (Debi Prasad) Mishra|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|year=1998|isbn=81-7156-739-8 |id={{ISBN|978-81-7156-739-3}}}}</ref> Boag kept the Viceroy of India regularly updated with the events at Dhenkanal.<ref name="dhenkanalrevolt1_p32" /> The influx of refugees reached such alarming proportions that refugee camps had to be established along the border towns.<ref name="dhenkanalrevolt1_p33">{{cite book|title=People's revolt in Odisha: a study of Talcher|pages=33|author=D. P. (Debi Prasad) Mishra|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|year=1998|isbn=81-7156-739-8 |id={{ISBN|978-81-7156-739-3}}}}</ref>

On 8 December 1938 Sir John Austen Hubback returned from leave and resumed his duties as Governor of Odisha. Boag was transferred back to Madras Presidency where he served as a member of the Special Advisory Council during Governor's rule and was given charge of the public, finance and revenue departments.<ref name="whoswhop9">{{cite book|title=Who's who in India, Burma & Ceylon|pages=9|publisher=Who's Who Publishers (India) Ltd|year=1941}}</ref> He served in the Council from 1939 to 1943.<ref name="indiaoffice_portraits">{{cite book|title=Portraits in the India Office Library and Records|pages=22|author=India Office Library and Records|publisher=British Library|year=1983|isbn=0-7123-0015-5 |id={{ISBN|978-0-7123-0015-5}}}}</ref> On 1943, he was appointed Diwan of Cochin and served from 1943 to 1944.<ref name="indiaoffice_portraits" /><ref name="worldstatesmen_kochin">{{cite web|title=Indian Princely States, Cochin - Dewans|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Kochin|publisher=World Statesmen}}</ref>

== Honours ==

George Townsend Boag was made a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Indian Empire]] in 1928 and a [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Star of India]] in 1936.<ref name="toip1150" /> He was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1941.<ref name="toip1150" />

== Boag's residence ==

Boag's official residence in Madras city was located at [[T. Nagar]].<ref name="madrasmusings">{{cite journal|title=Historic Residences in Chennai-2|journal=Madras Musings|author=V. Sriram|volume=18|issue=11|url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2018%20No%2011/historic_residences_of_chennai_2.html|date=November 2008}}</ref> The street in which it was situated was named Boag Road in his honour. The house was later purchased by [[Kurma Venkata Reddy Naidu]].<ref name="madrasmusings" /> In 1959, it was bought by Tamil film actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]] who renamed it ''Annai Illam''.<ref name="madrasmusings" /> Today, the house is owned by the actor's family who continue to reside here.<ref name="madrasmusings" />

== Works ==

* {{cite book|title=The Madras Presidency, 1881-1931|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.203864|author=George Townsend Boag|publisher=Government Press|year=1933}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Notes ==
{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=Collector of Transtuffs (Indian Nutrition Board)|before=|after=|years=1912-1918}}
{{succession box|title=Superintendent of Census Operations for the Madras Presidency|before=J. C. Molony|after=M. W. M. Yeats|years=1921-22}}
{{succession box|title=Municipal Commissioner of Madras city|before=|after=|years=1923-1925}}
{{succession box|title=Chief Secretary of Madras Presidency|before=|after=[[A. Y. G. Campbell]]|years=1925-1928}}
{{succession box|title=Governor of Odisha (Acting)|before=[[John Austen Hubback]]|after=[[John Austen Hubback]]|years=11 August 1938 – 8 December 1938}}
{{succession box|title=Member of Governor of Madras Advisory Council|before=|after=|years=1939-1943}}
{{succession box|title=Diwan of Cochin|before=A. F. W. Dickinson|after=C. P. Karunakara Menon|years=1943-1944}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boag, G.T.}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Westminster School, London]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Governors of Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Westmorland]]
[[Category:Diwans of Cochin]]

Manikkavacakar

2026-03-28T04:41:35Z

Wikialpha49: reworked layout and updated info for accuracy

{{Short description|9th century Tamil Shaiva saint}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Manikkavacakar
| image = Manikkavacakar, India, Tamil Nadu, Chola period, 11th-12th century AD, bronze - Linden-Museum - Stuttgart, Germany - DSC03795.jpg
| caption = Manikkavacakar, [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] bronze, 12th century India, at the [[Linden Museum]], [[Stuttgart]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_place = Tiruvadhavoor
| birth_name = Vaadhavoor Adigal
| philosophy = [[Shaivism]] [[Bhakti]]
| honors = [[Nalvar]] saint
| literary_works = ''[[Thiruvasagam]]'', ''[[Thirukkovaiyar]]'', ''[[Tiruvempavai]]''
| footnotes =
}}
'''Manikkavacakar''' was a 3rd-century Tamil saint and poet who wrote ''[[Thiruvasagam]] and [[Tirukkovaiyar|Thirukkovaiyar]]'', books of [[Shaiva]] hymns. Tamil scholars and researchers share that he was a minister to the [[Pandya]] king [[Nedunjeliyan II]] (3rd Century CE) and lived in [[Madurai]] (or) he was a minister to the Pandya king [[Arikesari Maravarman|Arikesari]] (6th Century CE).

He is revered as one of the [[Nalvar]] (''"group of four"'' in Tamil), a set of four prominent Tamil saints alongside [[Appar]], [[Sundarar]] and [[Sambandar]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Verma |first1=Rajeev |title=Faith & philosophy of Hinduism |date=2009 |publisher=Kalpaz Publications |location=Delhi, India |isbn=9788178357188 |page=153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7eo6vsvkEkC&dq=nalvar+appar+sundarar&pg=PA153}}</ref> The other three contributed to the first seven volumes ([[Tevaram]]) of the twelve-volume Saivite work [[Tirumurai]], the key devotional text of [[Shaiva Siddhanta]]. Manikkavacakar's ''Thiruvasagam'' and [[Thirukkovaiyar]] form the eighth volume. These eight volumes are considered to be the ''Tamil Vedas'' by the Shaivites, and the four saints are revered as ''Samaya Kuravar'' (''religious preceptors'')<ref name="Ponnaiah">{{cite book |last1=Ponnaiah |first1=V. Dr |title=The Saiva Siddhanta - Theory of Knowledge |date=1952 |publisher=Annamalai University |location=Annamalainagar |page=43 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheSaivaSiddhanta-TheoryOfKnowledgeByV.ponniah/page/n19/mode/2up |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref>

His works are celebrated for their poetic expression of the anguish of being separated from God, and the joy of God-experience,<ref name ="Ponnaiah"/>{{rp|48}} with ecstatic religious fervour.<ref name ="101mystics">{{cite book |last1=Subramanian |first1=V. K. |title=101 mystics of India |date=2006 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788170174714 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPPWvkKXwCwC}}</ref> In his expression of intimacy to God, Manikkavacakar mirrors the sentiments expressed by his fellow [[Bhakti movement|Bhakti period]] saints referring to the Lord as the "Divine Bridegroom"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788131711200 |page=617}}</ref> or the ''Nityamanavaalar'' ("Eternal Bridegroom"),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vanmikanathan |first1=G |title=Periya Puranam - A Tamil classic of the great Saiva saints of South India |date=1985 |publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math |location=Chennai |isbn=9788171205196 |page=50 |url=https://archive.org/details/periya-puranam-english-translation-vanmikanathan-g.-r.-k.-mutt-ocred/page/n3/mode/2up |access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> with whom he longed to be united in "divine nuptials".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sadarangani |first1=Neeti M. |title=Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact |date=2004 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-436-6 |page=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVQrKJbJ2JIC |language=en}}</ref>

== Period ==
'''3rd Century CE'''

We get historical details about Manikkavacakar from '''[https://shaivam.org/scripture/Tamil/2309/thiruvilaiyadal-puranam-padalam-58-to-61/#nariyai_pari&gsc.tab=0 Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam]''' written by Paranjothiyar. In this book, the song [https://shaivam.org/scripture/Tamil/2309/thiruvilaiyadal-puranam-padalam-58-to-61/#nariyai_pari&gsc.tab=0 2799] "arikanai thoduthu vezham attavan '''chezhiyan''' vayil theri kalai amaichar", and the song [https://shaivam.org/scripture/Tamil/2309/thiruvilaiyadal-puranam-padalam-58-to-61/#nariyai_pari&gsc.tab=0 3044] "pandiyan muthukil pattathu chezhiyan panniyar (wife) udambinil pattathu" clearly states that the king's name is '''Chezhiyan'''.

In Sangam literature, [http://www.sangathamizh.com/10paddu/10paddu-mathuraikaanchi-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF.html Pathupattu] describes [[Nedunjeliyan II]]'s wars in detail, including his ''kadumpakattu yaanai'' – a type of elephant known for its swift movements on the battlefield – while engaging combatants seated on horses. [[Nedunjeliyan II]] was adorned with many titles in Sangam literature, mostly after the chariots and elephants he possessed. So, the same king is referenced with the title '''Arimarthanan''' in the songs [https://shaivam.org/scripture/Tamil/2309/thiruvilaiyadal-puranam-padalam-58-to-61/#nariyai_pari&gsc.tab=0 2718], [https://shaivam.org/scripture/Tamil/2309/thiruvilaiyadal-puranam-padalam-58-to-61/#nariyai_pari&gsc.tab=0 2721] and [https://shaivam.org/scripture/Tamil/2309/thiruvilaiyadal-puranam-padalam-58-to-61/#nariyai_pari&gsc.tab=0 3081] found in Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam book.

Another reference describes that Manikkavacakar's period is [[Appar]]'s (6th Century CE)[https://shaivam.org/thirumurai/fourth-thirumurai/thirunavukkarasar-thevaram-thiruvarur-paadilam-puthaththi/ Tevaram 4.004 Thiruvaroor, Song 2] "Nariyai kuthirai seivanum" as this refers to the incident described by Manikkavacakar himself in his Thiruvasagam, [https://shaivam.org/thirumurai/eighth-thirumurai-thiruvasagam/anandhamalai/#gsc.tab=0 Section 50 ஆனந்தமாலை, song 7] "Nariyai Kuthirai pariyaki gnala mellam nihalvithuperiya mathuraiyellam picha thetrum perunthuraiyai".

In [[Pandyan art and architecture|Pandya Dynastry]], there is [[Pandya dynasty|no Pandiya king]] with the name as '''Arimarthanan,''' because it is a Title only. People mistakenly consider Manickkavacakar's period with that of the King [[Varaguna II]] (8th Century CE). Varaguna II is the king's name and people say his title as '''Arimarthanan.''' If Varaguna was the actual king, the Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam should have mentioned his name and the title. Instead, the songs refer him with the name, [[Nedunjeliyan II]] and his wife in the songs [https://shaivam.org/scripture/Tamil/2309/thiruvilaiyadal-puranam-padalam-58-to-61/#nariyai_pari&gsc.tab=0 2799] and [https://shaivam.org/scripture/Tamil/2309/thiruvilaiyadal-puranam-padalam-58-to-61/#nariyai_pari&gsc.tab=0 3044] and the title, '''Arimarthanan''' in [https://shaivam.org/scripture/Tamil/2309/thiruvilaiyadal-puranam-padalam-58-to-61/#nariyai_pari&gsc.tab=0 2718], [https://shaivam.org/scripture/Tamil/2309/thiruvilaiyadal-puranam-padalam-58-to-61/#nariyai_pari&gsc.tab=0 2721], [https://shaivam.org/scripture/Tamil/2309/thiruvilaiyadal-puranam-padalam-58-to-61/#nariyai_pari&gsc.tab=0 3081]. It negates that Manickkavacakar and Varaguna || are contemporaries. Meanwhile, the Thiruvilaiyadal puranam songs line, "Arikanai thoduthu vezham attavan chezhiyan vayil theri kalai amaichar" states that '''Chezhiyan''' the King is known for his bravery of killing Elephants. In Madurai Kanchi poem, Mangudi Maruthanar describes the wars of [[Nedunjeliyan II]] ('''Chezhiyan''') and that thousands of Elephants were killed in it.

'''6th Century CE'''

Narayana Ayyar, C. V. wrote the book ''[https://archive.org/details/OriginAndEarlyHistoryOfShaivismInSouthIndia/page/n9/mode/2up?view=theater Origin and Early History of Śaivism] in South India''. Madras University of Madras, 1974. In that book he has detailed about Manikkavacakar's period from page 398 to page 443 and concludes that his period is 6th Century CE.

==Life==
[[File:Manikkavachakar.jpg|thumb|Manikkavacakar statue in tribhanga holding Palm leaf written "Om Namah Shivaya" in Tamizh script on it. Statue is in AP State Archeological Museum|left]]
{{Tirumurai}}
Manikkavacakar is said to have been born in Vadhavoor (known today as Thiruvathavur, near [[Melur]] seven miles from [[Madurai]] in modern day [[Tamil Nadu|Tamilnadu]] state in South India).<ref name = "101mystics"/>

He belonged to the ''Pandithar'' Shaiva temple priest guild. His father was a temple priest. The guild wore a top tilted head knot "Purva Sikha" to denote servitorship to the God [[Shiva]]. A mural and statuette of Manikkavacakar with Purva Sikha head knot is seen in [[Tirupperunturai]] near Pudukkottai. A poetic and elaborate hagiography of Manikkavacakar and his works were written in the 16th Century CE and is called ''Tiruvilayadal puranam'', meaning "An account of divine deeds". Another one called ''Vadhavoorar puranam'' and yet another [[Sanskrit]] work of the 12th Century CE on the same saint are now missing.

According to accounts, the king of [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan dynasty]] had selected Manikkavacakar as one among his legion after seeing his military acumen. He was conferred with the title, ''"Thennavan bhramarayan"'' by the Pandyan king.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Iraianban |first1=Swamiji |title=Om Namashivaya |date=1999 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7017-373-1 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUT3i-bvcsYC |language=en}}</ref> The king had once entrusted him with a large amount of money to purchase horses for his cavalry. On his way he met an ascetic devotee of Shiva, who in fact was the God Himself. Manikkavacakar received enlightenment, realising that material things are transitory in nature and built a temple for Shiva in [[Tirupperunturai]] with the money given for purchasing horses.<ref>[[#B.S.|B.S.]] 2011, p. 77</ref> King Varaguna was also preached about the knowledge of reality and was blessed with salvation after Shiva made him realize about his worldly mistake.

Manikkavacakar's birth name is unclear, but he was known as Vadhavoorar after his birthplace. ''Manikkavacakar'' means 'man with words as precious as [[Ruby|Manikkam]]'.

According to [[Ramana Maharishi]], Manikkavacakar attained salvation by merging with a blinding bright light.<ref>Talks with Ramana Maharshi- chapter 215</ref>

==Literary works==
[[File:Manickavasagar.jpg|240px|thumb|Manikkavacakar (Wooden Image), [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] Museum, Vellore]]
Thereafter Manikkavacakar moved from one place to other, singing and composing devotional songs. Finally, he settled in [[Chidambaram]]. His [[Tiruvasakam]] is placed near the Murti of God Shiva there. Several verses of Tiruvasagam including the ''Accho Patikam,'' after singing which he attained [[Moksha|Mukti]] at Thillai Natarajar's feet, are also engraved on the walls of the [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Chidambaram temple]]. The ''[https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D Tiruchazhal]'' hymn, after singing which the communal Buddhists were exposed, is also engraved in one of the prakarams of the temple. The work, ''[[:ta:%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D|Thiruchitrambalakkovaiyar]]'' was sung entirely in [[Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Thillai Chidambaram]]. Throughout his work he discusses how important it is to forego attachments of life and to cultivate dispassionate, devoted, sincere and simple hearted love towards the Lord Shiva in order to attain his beatitude and also that the Five Tamil Letters of ''Na Ma Si Va Ya'' alone give one ''Mukti''.

Manikkavacakar's works have several parts. The ''[[Tiruvempavai|Thiruvempaavai]]'', a collection of twenty hymns in which he has imagined himself as a woman following the '' [[:ta:%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF %E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81|Paavai Nonbu]] '' and praising the God Shiva. The twenty songs of ''[[Tiruvempavai|Thiruvempaavai]]'' and ten songs of '' [https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D Tiruppalliezhuchi] '' on the Tirupperunturai Lord are sung all over Tamil Nadu in the holy month of '' [[Margazhi]] '' (The 9th month of the [[Tamil calendar]], December and January).

He wrote ''[[Tirukkovaiyar|Thirukkovaiyar]]'' before he attained Mukti in which he follows the tradition of having Lord Shiva as Thalaivan and considering himself as Thalaivi. It has a deeper meaning of ''Aanmah'' trying to reach ''Shivam''.

Manikkavacakar is believed to have won intellectual arguments with [[Buddhist]]s of [[Ceylon]] at Chidambaram.<ref>[[#B.S.|B.S.]] 2011, p. 162</ref> His festival is celebrated in the Tamil month of '' Aani '' (June - July). Manikkavacakar's hagiography is found in the ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam|Thiruvilaiyadar Puranam]]'' (16th century CE).

In 1921, an English translation of Manikkavacakar's hymns was done by Francis Kingsbury and GE Phillips, both of [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] (Edited by [[Fred Goodwill]]) and published in a book as ''Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite Saints'', by the Oxford University Press.<ref name=Saivite>{{cite book|last1=Kingsbury|first1=F|title=Hymns of the Tamil Saivite Saints (1921)|date=1921|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=84–127|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/guruguha/MusicResearchLibrary/Books-English/BkE-KingsburyF&PhillipsGE-Hymns-of-Tamil-Saivite-Saints-1921-0103.pdf|access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref>

==Associated temples==
Manikkavacakar visited various temples in Thanjavur, North Arcot, Chengalpattu, Madras, Tirunelveli and Madurai districts of Tamil Nadu and revered the deities.<ref>[[#B.S.|B.S.]] 2011, p. 36</ref>
*Sculptures illustrating his life are found in the Meenakshi-Sundhareshwarar temple in Madurai.<ref>{{cite book|last=R.K.K. |first=Rajarajan|title= Art of the Vijayanagara-Nayakas: Architecture and Iconography|publisher= Sharada Publications|location= Delhi|year= 2006}}</ref>
* Manikkavacakar is said to have built the temple of Siva in [[Tirupperunturai]].
* He is said to have lived at [[Chidambaram]], [[Tamil Nadu]].
* He is closely associated with [[Uthirakosamangai|Thiru Uthirakosamangai]].

''Tiruvempaavai'' is sung along with Sri Andal's ''[[Tiruppavai|Tiruppaavai]]'' widely across the temples in Tamil Nadu during the Tamil month of ''[[Tamil calendar|Margazhi]]'' (December - January).<ref>[[#B.S.|B.S.]] 2011, p. 74</ref>

Manikkavacakar's stone image is worshipped in almost all the Shiva temples of Tamil Nadu. A [[Chola bronze]] idol of Manikkavacakar with {{convert|57|cm|in|abbr=on}} size in standing posture dated about 12th Century was found in [[Velankanni]] in [[Nagapattinam district]]. He is sported with his right hand in ''Upadesa'' posture and left hand holding a palm leaf manuscript. He is sported also as wearing a thin loincloth and a sacred thread over his chest. Another bronze idol of Manikkavacakar with a height of {{convert|64|cm|in|abbr=on}} in standing posture dated about 1150 CE was found in [[Thiruvilandur|Tiruindalur]] in [[Nagapattinam district]]. Unlike other idols, in this idol he is sported with locks of hair encircled with beads of [[Rudraksha]]. These bronze images are stored in the Bronze gallery in [[Government Museum, Chennai]].<ref name=arch>{{cite report|title=An exhibition on Chola bronzes - 1000th anniversary of Thanjavur Big temple celebration|editor-last=T.S.|editor-first=Dr. Sridhar|url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/Library%20BOOk%20PDF/Chola%20Bronzes.pdf|page=45|publisher=Department of Archaeology & Government Museum|location=Chennai|year=2011}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=History of People and Their Environs|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|first1=Chandrababu|last1=B.S.|first2=Ganeshram|last2=S.|first3=Bhavani|last3=C.|year=2011|isbn=9789380325910|ref=B.S.}}
*{{cite book|title= Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend|isbn= 0-500-51088-1|first= Anna|last= Dallapiccola|year= 2002|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofhind0000dall}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94bRYdz08jc&list=PLrDHFXR22SMFonGp1s-w6ASr2HEq3EzAF Thiruvempavai explanation meaning]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GDuJ0HBFz74&list=PLrDHFXR22SMFh7srDqe7w4v2-jegOmZlT Thirupalliyezhuchi explanation meaning]
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Writers from Madurai]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Carnatic music]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:9th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu saints]]

Torrent Pharmaceuticals

2026-03-27T23:43:42Z

Wikialpha49: further fixed section per standard format and corrected details

{{short description|Indian multinational pharmaceutical company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited
| former_name = Trinity Laboratories (1959–1971)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{plainlist|
*{{BSE|500420}}
*{{NSE|TORNTPHARM}}}}
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|INE685A01028}}
| logo = TorrentPharmalogonew.svg
| foundation = {{start date and age|1959}}
| location = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| founder = [[U. N. Mehta]]
| key_people = Sudhir Mehta {{small|(Chairman Emeritus)}} [[Samir Mehta]] {{small|(Chairman)}} Aman Mehta {{small|(Managing director)}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Aman Mehta appointed Managing Director of Torrent Pharma |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/aman-mehta-appointed-managing-director-of-torrent-pharma/articleshow/121296215.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=20 May 2025}}</ref>
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = [[Pharmaceutical industry|Pharmaceuticals]]
| products = {{hlist|[[Pharmaceutical]]s |[[Generic drug]]s |[[Over-the-counter drug]]s |[[Vaccine]]s |[[Medical diagnosis|Diagnostics]] |[[Contact lens]]es |[[Veterinary medicine|Animal health]] }}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|11516|c}} (2025)
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|3721|c}} (2025)
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|1911|c}} (2025)
| assets = {{decrease}} {{INRConvert|14990|c}} (2025)
| equity = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|7591|c}} (2025)
| num_employees = 12,881 (2020)
| parent = [[Torrent Group]]
| homepage = [http://www.torrentpharma.com/ www.torrentpharma.com]
| footnotes = Financials {{as of|2025|03|31|lc=y|df=yes}}.<ref name="fy24">{{cite web |title=Torrent Pharma announces Q4 FY25 results |url=https://www.torrentpharma.com/assets/Press_Release_8d03753387.pdf |website=Torrent Pharmaceuticals |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Results Q4 And Year Ended 31-03-2025 |url=https://www.torrentpharma.com/assets/Consolidated_Results_12a4aea34e.pdf |publisher=Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited |access-date=28 May 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd''', [[d/b/a]] '''Torrent Pharma''', is an Indian [[multinational corporation|multinational]] [[pharmaceutical company]], part of the [[Torrent Group]] and headquartered in [[Ahmedabad]]. It was promoted by [[U. N. Mehta]], initially as Trinity Laboratories Ltd, and was later renamed Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

Torrent Pharmaceuticals operates in more than 40 countries with over 2,000 product registrations globally. Torrent Pharma is active in the therapeutic areas of cardiovascular, central nervous system, gastro-intestinal, diabetology, anti-infective and pain management segments. It also has a presence in therapeutic segments of nephrology, oncology, gynecology, respiratory and pediatrics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://business.medicaldialogues.in/torrent-pharma-q1-net-profit-up-33-percent-to-rs-216-crore/|title= Torrent Pharma Q1 net profit up 33 percent to Rs 216 crore
|date=23 July 2019|work=Medical Dialogues}}</ref>

==History==
{{expand section|date=May 2024}}
Torrent Pharmaceuticals was established in 1959 by [[U. N. Mehta]] as Trinity Laboratories. It was renamed Torrent Pharmaceuticals in 1971.<ref>{{cite news |title=Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd. |url=https://medicaldialogues.in/manufacturer/torrent-pharmaceuticals-ltd-2721747 |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=Medical Dialogues |date=7 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1997, Torrent Pharma and [[Sanofi]] established a 50:50 joint venture called Sanofi Torrent for selling Torrent Pharma's products.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanofi Torrent To Sell Torrent Pharma Products |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/sanofi-torrent-to-sell-torrent-pharma-products-197040701062_1.html |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=7 April 1997}}</ref> Torrent exited the joint venture by selling its stake to Sanofi in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |title=Torrent exits JV with Sanofi-Synthelabo: Reuters |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/2002/jan/30torren.htm |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=Rediff}}</ref>

In 2005, Torrent Pharmaceuticals acquired Heumann Pharma Generics GmbH, a [[Pfizer]] company based in Germany.<ref>{{cite news |title=Torrent to buy Pfizer group's Heumann Pharma |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/torrent-to-buy-pfizer-groups-heumann-pharma/articleshow/1154013.cms |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=28 June 2005}}</ref>

In 2013, Torrent Pharma acquired the India formulations business of [[Elder Pharmaceuticals]] for {{INRconvert|2004|c|mode=historical|year=2013}}.<ref>{{cite news |title=Torrent buys Elder Pharma business for Rs 2,004 crore |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/torrent-buys-elder-pharma-business-for-rs-2-004-crore/ |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=14 December 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2017, Torrent Pharma acquired the domestic business of [[Unichem Laboratories]] for {{INRconvert|3600|c|mode=historical|year=2017}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajagopal |first1=Divya |title=Torrent Pharma walks away with Unichem's domestic business for Rs 3,600 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/torrent-pharma-to-buy-unichem-labs-india-business-for-558-million/articleshow/61489554.cms |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=8 November 2017}}</ref>

In 2022, the company acquired skincare manufacturer Curatio Healthcare for {{INRconvert|2000|c|mode=historical|year=2022}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thacker |first1=Teena |title=Torrent Pharmaceuticals to acquire 100% of Curatio Healthcare for Rs 2,000 crores |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/torrent-pharmaceuticals-to-acquire-100-of-curatio-healthcare-for-rs-2000-crores/articleshow/94481136.cms |access-date=28 May 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=27 September 2022}}</ref>

==Recalls==
In 2018, Torrent Pharmaceuticals recalled tablets containing [[valsartan]]<ref name=ucm617821>{{cite web |title=Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Valsartan/Amlodipine/HCTZ, Valsartan/Amlodipine and Valsartan Tablets |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |url=https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm617821.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827214854/https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm617821.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 August 2018 |year=2018 |quote=Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited is voluntarily recalling ALL LOTS within expiry of Valsartan/Amlodipine/HCTZ, Valsartan/Amlodipine and Valsartan tablets to the consumer level due to the detection of trace amounts of an unexpected impurity found in an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufactured by Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceuticals. The impurity detected in the API is N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), which is a substance that occurs naturally in certain foods, drinking water, air pollution, and industrial processes, and has been classified as a probable human carcinogen as per International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification.}}</ref><ref name=ucm613916>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm613916.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724195435/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm613916.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2018 |title=FDA updates on valsartan recalls |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |year=2018}}</ref> and [[losartan]]<ref name=ucm628966>{{cite web |title=Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited Issues Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Losartan Potassium Tablets, USP |website=[[Food and Drug Administration]] |url=https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm628966.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225045421/https://www.fda.gov/Safety/Recalls/ucm628966.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 December 2018 |year=2018 |quote=Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited is voluntarily recalling 2 lots of Losartan potassium tablets, USP to the consumer level due to the detection of trace amounts of an unexpected impurity found in an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufactured by Hetero Labs Limited. The impurity detected in the API is N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), which is a substance that occurs naturally in certain foods, drinking water, air pollution, and industrial processes, and has been classified as a probable human carcinogen as per International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classification.}}</ref> due to the detection of [[N-nitrosodimethylamine|''N''-nitrosodimethylamine]] (NDMA) and [[N-Nitrosodiethylamine|''N''-nitrosodiethylamine]] (NDEA) respectively which are probable human carcinogens.

In September 2019, the FDA issued notice of a sixth [[product recall]] of losartan by Torrent Pharmaceuticals when certain batches of losartan contained the contaminant, N-methylnitrosobutyric acid (NMBA), above acceptable daily intake levels determined by the FDA.<ref name="fda9-23-19">{{cite web |title=Updated: Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited Expands Voluntary Nationwide Recall of Losartan Potassium Tablets, USP and Losartan Potassium / Hydrochlorothiazide Tablets, USP |url=https://www.fda.gov/safety/recalls-market-withdrawals-safety-alerts/updated-torrent-pharmaceuticals-limited-expands-voluntary-nationwide-recall-losartan-potassium-0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924062123/https://www.fda.gov/safety/recalls-market-withdrawals-safety-alerts/updated-torrent-pharmaceuticals-limited-expands-voluntary-nationwide-recall-losartan-potassium-0 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2019 |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration |accessdate=23 September 2019 |date=23 September 2019}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Pharmaceutical industry in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{Official}}

{{Torrent Group}}
{{Nifty 200 companies}}

[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Companies based in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies of India]]
[[Category:Pharmaceutical companies established in 1959]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Torrent Group]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Bombay State]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1959]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

{{med-company-stub}}

Technical High School Payyoli

2026-03-19T19:40:54Z

Wikialpha49: creating a entry.

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}{{Infobox school
| name = Govt. Technical High School Payyoli
| image =
| coordinates = {{coord|11.533|75.6078|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| caption = Front entrance of Technical High School Payyoli
| city = ayanikkad
| zipcode = 673521
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = [[India]]
| type = [[State school|Public]]
| established = 1983
| district =
| principal = K.C Sugathakumaran
| nickname = J.T.S
| website = {{URL|http://thspayyoli.blogspot.in}}
}}

Technical High Schools (T.H.S) is trade school at [[Payyoli]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Admissions open for Technical High Schools, 3,275 seats across Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2022/03/16/admissions-open-technical-high-schools-3275-kerala-education.html |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Admissions open for Technical High Schools, 3,275 seats across Kerala |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==

Technical High Schools (T.H.S) of Kerala, originally known as Junior Technical Schools (J.T.S) were started 1960-61. It is one of the 39 Technical High Schools in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Admissions open for Technical High Schools, 3,275 seats across Kerala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/career-and-campus/top-news/2022/03/16/admissions-open-technical-high-schools-3275-kerala-education.html |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Admissions open for Technical High Schools, 3,275 seats across Kerala |language=en}}</ref>

==About T.H.S Payyoli==
Govt.of Kerala under the control of Technical Education started Technical High Schools to impart trade level technical education in the High school level. The children above 12 years who are talented in the field of Engineering are admitted to 8th std in T.H.S, based on an entrance examination. A student who passes T.H.S are awarded technical high school leaving certificate(T.H.S.L.C) including a trade certificate. Apart from studies in general schools, it envisages to develop trade skills for the students by promptly training them in their trade through Engineering subjects, Workshop practicals along with general subjects. Our school offers training in four Trades Electronics, Welding, Fitting and Motor Mechanic. The school has won so many item of sports and arts.

== References ==
<references />
{{Portal|Schools}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1983]]
[[Category:Schools in Kozhikode district]]

Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai

2026-03-19T07:29:04Z

Wikialpha49: general reworked information as per guidelines and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian writer and scholar (1855-1897)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manonmaniyam P. Sundaram Pillai
| image = Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai.tif
| birth_name = Manmoniyam Perumal Sundaram
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1855|4|4}}
| birth_place = [[Kuttanad]], [[Travancore]] (present-day [[Alappuzha district]], [[Kerala]], India)
| spouse =
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1897|4|26|1855|4|4}}
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Writer]]|[[Scholar]]}}
}}

'''Manonmaniyam P. Sundaranar''' (4 April 1855 – 26 April 1897) was an Indian writer and scholar, noted for the famous [[Tamil drama]] ''[[Manonmaniyam]]''.<ref name=film>{{cite news|title=Manonmani 1942|author=Randor Guy|authorlink=Randor Guy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article961803.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 December 2010|access-date=11 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022161520/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article961803.ece|archive-date=22 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as the state song of Tamil Nadu [[Tamil Thai Valthu (Tamil Nadu)|Tamil Thai Valthu]].

==Career==

Sundaram showed his respect for Harvey, a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] Professor of Philosophy and English at The ''Maharaja's College'', by dedicating his drama ''Manonmaniyam'' to him, and naming his farmhouse after him.<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://www.internationalstory.gla.ac.uk/person/?id=WH11787 |title=University of Glasgow :: International Story :: Robert Harvey |publisher=Internationalstory.gla.ac.uk |date=2011-06-16 |accessdate=2015-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704100134/http://www.internationalstory.gla.ac.uk/person/?id=WH11787 |archive-date=4 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Together they wrote the book, ''Some Early Sovereigns of Travancore''.

The MDT Hindu College, Tirunelveli, of which he was the first Principal, describes his works as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mdthinducollegetirunelveli.org/princi.htm |title=Madurai Diraviyam Thayumanavar Hindu College, Tirunelveli |publisher=Mdthinducollegetirunelveli.org |date= |accessdate=2015-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510040840/http://www.mdthinducollegetirunelveli.org/princi.htm |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1885, he published ''Chathira Saugiragam'', commonly known as ''Nootrogai Villakkam''. He wrote and published his masterpiece ''Manonmaniam'' in 1891. In the same year, he became a member Fellow of [[Madras University]] (FMU). In 1897, ''Some Early Sovereigns of Travancore'' was published and he became a Member of [[Royal Asiatic Society]] (MRAS).{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Death==
He died of [[diabetes]] on 26 April 1897, at age 42. His son [[P. S. Nataraja Pillai]] served as Minister of Finance for [[Travancore-Cochin]] state from 1954–56 and was also a member of [[Constituent Assembly of India]]. He was elected to state legislative assembly of [[Kerala]] and to the [[Parliament of India|Indian Parliament]] as a [[Lok Sabha]] member. He was politically associated with the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Praja Socialist Party]] of India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1596.htm |title=Members Bioprofile |access-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804165501/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1596.htm |archive-date=4 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legacy==

[[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]] was named after him.

The 1942 cinema adaptation of ''[[Manonmani (film)|Manonmani]]'' is considered a classic film.<ref name=film/>

==Works==
*''Nūṟṟokai viḷakkam'' (''நூற்றொகை விளக்கம்'') ([[Tamil language|Tamil]],1888)
*''Maṉōṉmaṇīyam'' (''மனோன்மணீயம்'') ([[Drama]], 1891)
*{{cite book|title=Some early sovereigns of Travancore (திருவிதாங்கூர் பண்டை மன்னர் கால ஆராய்ச்சி|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=GoS1AAAAIAAJ}}|year=1894|publisher=P.S. Natarajan}}
*{{cite book|title=Some Milestones in the History of Tamil Literature: Found in an Enquiry Into the Age of Tiru Gnana Sambandha|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=FrwxAQAAMAAJ}}|year=1895|publisher=Addison & Company}}
*''Tamiḻttāy vāḻttu (தமிழ்த்தாய் வாழ்த்து)''

==See also==
*[[Tamil Thai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*Dr. Kanam Sankara Pillai, [http://www.saivaneri.org/manonmaniam-sundaram-pillai-or-manonmaniam-sundaranaar.htm Prof. Manonmaneeyam Sundaram Pillai MA (1855-1897)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121071241/http://www.saivaneri.org/manonmaniam-sundaram-pillai-or-manonmaniam-sundaranaar.htm |date=21 January 2010 }}
*[http://www.tamilnation.org/literature/pmunicode/mp105.htm Manonmaniyam] ([[Project Madurai]])

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, Manonmaniam Sundaram}}
[[Category:Indian Tamil writers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]
[[Category:Tamil dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:1897 deaths]]
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from British India]]
[[Category:Writers from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]

Sonar Kella

2026-03-15T09:00:16Z

Wikialpha49: further enhanced layout for accuracy and corrected details after review

{{short description|1971 mystery novel and 1974 film by Satyajit Ray}}
{{Split|Sonar Kella (film)|Sonar Kella (novel)|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox book 
| name = Sonar Kella (The Golden Fortress)
| image = Sonar Kella book front cover.jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| cover_artist = Satyajit Ray
| genre = [[Detective fiction]]
| publisher = [[Ananda Publishers]]
| release_date = 1971
| media_type = Print
| pages =
| isbn =
| preceded_by = [[Gangtokey Gondogol]]
| followed_by = [[Baksho Rahashya (novel)|Baksho Rahashya]]
}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sonar Kella
| image = Dvd sonar kella ray.jpg
| caption = DVD cover art
| director = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| studio = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| writer = Satyajit Ray
| starring = [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Santosh Dutta]], [[Siddartha Chatterjee]], [[Kushal Chakraborty]]
| music = Satyajit Ray
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1974|12|27|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget = Rs 12 [[lakh]]
| gross = Rs 75 lakh
}}

'''''Sonar Kella''''', also '''''Shonar Kella''''', is a 1971 mystery novel written by [[Bengali literature|Bengali writer]] and filmmaker [[Satyajit Ray]].<ref name="Roy2008">{{cite book|author=Pinaki Roy|title=The Manichean Investigators: A Postcolonial and Cultural Rereading of the Sherlock Holmes and Byomkesh Bakshi Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF3WegP2WzAC&pg=PA111|access-date=19 October 2012|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-849-4|pages=111–}}</ref><ref name="Robinson1992">{{cite book|author=Andrew Robinson|title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnkcLvYRNfMC&pg=PA359|access-date=19 October 2012|date=17 March 1992|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06946-6|pages=359–}}</ref> In 1974, Ray directed a film adaption of the book, also named ''Sonar Kella'', starring [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Santosh Dutta]], [[Siddartha Chatterjee]] and [[Kushal Chakraborty]].<ref name="Robinson1992" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Chatterjee|first=Soumitra|title=Fun, camels and greed control: Soumitra Chatterjee recalls the shoot of Satyajit Ray's 'Sonar Kella'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/975692/fun-camels-and-greed-control-soumitra-chatterjee-recalls-the-shoot-of-satyajit-rays-sonar-kella|access-date=2021-11-23|website=Scroll.in|date=16 November 2020 |language=en-US|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101071647/https://scroll.in/reel/975692/fun-camels-and-greed-control-soumitra-chatterjee-recalls-the-shoot-of-satyajit-rays-sonar-kella|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie was released in the [[United States]] as '''''The Golden Fortress'''''. It is the first film adaptation of Ray's famous sleuth [[Feluda]] and was followed by [[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|''Joi Baba Felunath'']], in English ''The Elephant God''.

==Plot==

The film begins with a school-boy Mukul Dhar ([[Kushal Chakraborty]]), who is said to be able to remember events of his previous life, and soon receives media attention. Dr. Hemanga Hajra ([[Sailen Mukherjee]]), a [[parapsychologist]], offers his help, believing it might help him in his own research. Mukul always remains sombre and paints [[peacocks]], [[forts]], [[camels]] and battlescenes at midnight; he mentions that he lived in the Golden Fortress (Sonar Kella) and that their house had many [[gems]]. Dr. Hajra decides to take Mukul on a trip to [[Rajasthan]], famous for forts, historical importance and desert landscape. Two seasoned fraudsters, Amiyanath Burman and Mandar Bose, plan to kidnap Mukul to capture the treasure. Their first attempt at the [[kidnapping]] fails when they pick up another boy, also named Mukul (Santanu Bagchi), from the same neighborhood. Alarmed by this, Mukul's father engages Pradosh Chandra Mitter a.k.a. [[Feluda]] ([[Soumitra Chatterjee]]), a private investigator, to protect his son. Feluda leaves for [[Rajasthan]] along with his cousin Tapesh a.k.a. [[Topshe]] ([[Siddartha Chatterjee]]), following Dr. Hajra. On their way, they meet and befriend Lalmohan Ganguly, a.k.a. [[Jatayu (Lal Mohan Ganguly)|Jatayu]] ([[Santosh Dutta]]), a popular thriller writer.

Meanwhile, Burman and Bose kidnap Mukul and push Dr. Hajra off a [[cliff]] to his presumed [[death]] at the [[Nahargarh Fort]] in [[Jaipur]]. Burman impersonates as Dr. Hajra and Bose impersonates as a globe-trotter. Dr. Hajra actually survives the fall and begins to pursue them. Feluda along with Topshe arrives in [[Jodhpur]] Circuit House and meets Burman, assuming him to be Dr. Hajra. Feluda begins to suspect Bose based on his [[clothes]] and his accent. Feluda even suspects "Dr. Hajra's" conduct as he appears lackadaisical in his approach. Mukul keeps saying he is followed by a "bad man". After visiting a few fortresses, Burman successfully [[hypnosis|hypnotizes]] Mukul, who reveals that the Golden Fortress is in [[Jaisalmer]]. Dr. Hajra reaches to the same conclusion by learning about the history of the Fort of [[Jaisalmer]] from a police inspector. Feluda learns that the [[Jaisalmer Fort]] is made of yellow limestone, giving it a golden glow. Burman leaves for Jaisalmer with Mukul immediately instructing Bose to follow suit after misguiding Feluda and others.

Bose lies to Feluda by saying that Burman/Dr. Hajra has already left with Mukul for [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]], in order to lead him on the wrong track. Feluda suspects foul play but cannot be sure. By chance, his eye falls upon the card of Dr. Hajra; an idea flashes in his mind and he rushes to check the register of the circuit house and finds that it is signed as 'Hazra' not 'Hajra'. He is now sure about the man impersonating as Dr Hajra, and leaves for Jaisalmer by car.

While on their way to railway station, Bose strands the trio (Feluda, Topshe, and Jatayu) on the highway by puncturing the tyre of their car. Undaunted, Feluda and his team takes a camel caravan to the nearest train station Ramdevra, from which he boards on the next train to Jaisalmer. At night, in the train, Bose attacks and attempts to stab Feluda to death, who anticipates the attack and nearly captures him. After a scuffle, Bose escapes to another compartment of the train. However, moments later, Bose falls out of the train after seeing the real Dr. Hajra in the other compartment and assuming him to be a [[ghost]].

The trio arrive in Jaisalmer along with Dr. Hajra. They rush to the fort where they find Burman searching for the treasure where Mukul recalls his home of previous life. Feluda confronts and captures Burman, telling him that there never was any treasure even if rebirth exists. They find that Mukul is cured of his obsession of previous life and has found his closure with it, and they return to [[Kolkata]]. This is where the movie ends.

==Characters==
* [[Feluda|Pradosh Chandra Mitter a.k.a. Feluda]]
* [[Topshe|Tapesh Ranjan Mitter a.k.a. Topshe]]
* [[Lalmohan Ganguly|Lalmohan Ganguly a.k.a. Jatayu]]
* Sidhu Jyatha
* Mukul Dhar
* Mandar Bose
* Amiyanath Burman
* Dr. Hemanga Hajra
* Dibbhojuthi Paul
* Binay Mitra

==Cast==
* [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as [[Feluda]]
* [[Siddartha Chatterjee]] as [[Topshe]]
* [[Santosh Dutta]] as [[Jatayu (Lal Mohan Ganguly)|Jatayu]]
* [[Kushal Chakraborty]] as Mukul Dhar
* [[Kamu Mukherjee]] as Mandar Bose
* [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]] as Sidhu Jyatha
* [[Haradhan Banerjee]] as Binay Mitra
* Shailen Mukherjee as Dr. Hemanga Hajra
* Ajoy Banerjee as Amiyanath Burman a.k.a. Bhavananda a.k.a. The Fake Dr Hemanga Hazra.
* Bishnupada Rudrapaul as Dibbhojuthi Paul
* Santanu Bagchi as Mukul, another boy
* Bimal Chatterjee as the grandfather of the other Mukul
* Ashok Mukherjee as the Journalist<ref>{{Citation|title=The Golden Fortress (1974) - IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072190/fullcredits|language=en|access-date=2019-09-23|archive-date=6 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406092459/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072190/fullcredits?|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Crew==
* [[Satyajit Ray]] - Director, Screenplay, Music Score (composer)
* [[Soumendu Roy]] - Cinematography
* [[Dulal Dutta]] - Editor
* Mangesh Deshai - Sound Mixing Engineer (Re recording)
* J.D Irani - Dubbing Sound Recordist
* Anil Talukdar - Guide Track Sound recordist
* Ashoke Bose - Production Designer
* Debayan Roy - Production Basic

==Awards==

* [[National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] & [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]([[22nd National Film Awards|1974]])
* Best Film, Direction and Screenplay, Government of West Bengal, 1974
* Best Feature Film for Children and Young Adults, Tehran, 1975
* [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]] ([[22nd National Film Awards|1974]])
* [[National Film Award for Best Child Artist]] ([[22nd National Film Awards|1974]])
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali]] ([[22nd National Film Awards|1974]])

==See also==
* [[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|''Joi Baba Felunath'']] (1979)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070629105911/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/sonar_kella.htm Sonar Kella]
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Mojo title|0319836}}

{{Feluda}}
{{Satyajit Ray}}
{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Bengali}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Films directed by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:1971 novels]]
[[Category:Feluda (film series)]]
[[Category:Feluda (novel series)]]
[[Category:Novels by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Indian novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Culture of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award]]
[[Category:Best Bengali Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1974 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Child Artist National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Bengali-language detective films]]
[[Category:1970s mystery novels]]

Nicholas Burns (actor)

2026-03-11T20:34:45Z

Wikialpha49: new stub!

{{Short description|English actor (born 1977)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nicholas Burns
| image = Nicholas Burns - IFFR 2015.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Burns at the [[IFFR]] 2015
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1977}}
| birth_place = [[Derby]], England
| occupation = Actor
| alma_mater = [[London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art]]
| years_active = 2002–present
| known_for = ''[[Nathan Barley]]'' ''[[Benidorm (British TV series)|Benidorm]]''
| notable_works =
| children = 3
}}
'''Nicholas Burns''' (born 1977) is an English actor, best known for his comic performance as the title character in ''[[Nathan Barley]]'' (2005). He played [[List of Benidorm cast and characters#Past characters|Martin Weedon]] in the [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] sitcom ''[[Benidorm (British TV series)|Benidorm]]'' (2007–2009, 2014) and Alex in ''[[No Heroics]]'' (2008). His other credits include ''[[The Mighty Boosh (TV series)|The Mighty Boosh]]'' (2005), ''[[The IT Crowd]]'' (2007), ''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]'', (both 2017), ''[[Manhunt (2019 TV series)|Manhunt]]'' (2019), ''[[Strike (TV series)|Strike]]'' (2020), ''[[The Serpent Queen]]'' (2022–present), ''[[A Small Light]]'' and ''[[Black Mirror]]'' (both 2023).

==Early life==
Burns was born in 1977 in [[Derby]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Nicholas Burn: From Benidorm to Derbados |url=https://www.greatbritishlife.co.uk/magazines/derbyshire/24796205.actor-nicholas-burns-nathan-barley-benidorm/ |website=Great British Life |access-date=20 August 2025 |language=en |date=22 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="derby"/> and educated at [[Repton School]]. He trained at the [[London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art]] (LAMDA).<ref name="lamda">{{cite web |title=Hope Can Set You Free |url=https://www.londonshakespeare.org.uk/prisondiaries/hope.htm |work=londonshakespeare.org.uk |access-date=24 August 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
In 2005, Burns played the titular leading role in the [[Channel 4]] comedy ''[[Nathan Barley]]''.<ref name="ind">{{cite web |title=Nicholas Burns - actor credits |url=https://www.independenttalent.com/actors/nicholas-burns/ |work=independenttalent.com |access-date=24 August 2023}}</ref> Burns has had recurring roles in the TV series ''[[Absolute Power (comedy)|Absolute Power]]'',<ref name="ind"/> ''[[Roman's Empire]]'',<ref name="ind"/> and the sketch show ''[[Man Stroke Woman]]''.<ref name="ind"/> Burns also made an appearance in ''[[The Mighty Boosh]]'' as the ruler of the planet Xooberon; in ''[[The IT Crowd]]'' as Jerome, the director of a musical called ''Gay!''; and in episode "[[At Bertram's Hotel]]" of ''[[Agatha Christie's Marple]]'' as Jack and Joel Britten.<ref name="ind"/> He had the role of an Australian tennis coach in ''The McClintock Factor'', a [[mockumentary]] chronicling the rise and fall of the former media tycoon and internet blogger Jeremy McClintock.<ref name="mcclintock">{{cite web |title=The McClintock Factor |url=http://jeremymcclintock.typepad.com/jeremy_mcclintock/2006/12/jeremy_mcclinto.html |work=Jeremy Mclintock |access-date=3 June 2010}}</ref>

Burns played a main role as [[List of Benidorm cast and characters#Past characters|Martin Weedon]] in the first three series of the ITV holiday comedy ''[[Benidorm (British TV series)|Benidorm]]'', alongside a cast that included [[Abigail Cruttenden]], who played his wife, [[Sheridan Smith]] and [[Johnny Vegas]].<ref name="benidorm">{{cite web |title=Nicholas Burns to return to Benidorm? |url=https://www.femalefirst.co.uk/tv/news/nicholas-burns-return-benidorm-1046342.html |work=femalefirst.co.uk |date=25 March 2017}}</ref>

Burns' stage credits include ''[[Much Ado About Nothing]]'' at the Sheffield [[Crucible Theatre]],<ref name="ind"/> the satire ''The Madness of George Dubya'' and ''[[Ghost Stories (play)|Ghost Stories]]'',<ref name="ind"/> both of which transferred to London's West End, Penelope Skinner's ''The Village Bike'' at the [[Royal Court Theatre|Royal Court]],<ref name="ind"/> ''[[The Recruiting Officer]]'' at the [[Donmar Warehouse]] and Pinero's ''[[The Magistrate (play)|The Magistrate]]'' at the [[Royal National Theatre]],<ref name="ind"/> a production included in season 4 of [[National Theatre Live]].<ref name="ind"/>

In April 2013, he returned to ''Benidorm'' as Martin Weedon, for series 6 of the show in 2014.<ref name="benidorm"/>

In 2020, Burns appeared in series four of ''[[Strike (TV series)|Strike]]'' and in ''[[Small Axe (anthology)|Small Axe]]''.<ref name="ind"/> In 2022, he played the role of [[Antoine de Bourbon]] in [[Starz]]'s ''[[The Serpent Queen]]'', alongside [[Samantha Morton]] and [[Liv Hill]].<ref name="ind"/>

In 2023, he starred as Keith Holligan in the series 6 episode "[[Demon 79]]" of [[Netflix]]'s ''[[Black Mirror]]'', alongside [[Anjana Vasan]]<ref name="mirror">{{cite web |title=Meet the cast of Black Mirror season 6 |author=Morgan Cormack |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/black-mirror-season-6-cast-netflix/ |work=radiotimes.com |date=25 June 2023}}</ref> and in ''[[A Small Light]]'' as [[Victor Kugler]].

==Personal life==
Burns is a lifelong supporter of [[Derby County F.C.]]<ref name="derby">{{cite web |title=Interview with actor and Derby County supporter Nicholas Burns |url=https://footballnews.net/video/interview-nicholas-burns |work=footballnews.net |date=17 February 2023}}</ref> He has two sons and a daughter.<ref name="derby"/>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[The World's End (film)|The World's End]]'' || Collaborator ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[War Book (film)|War Book]]'' || James ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[The Lady in the Van]]'' || Giles Perry ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Ghost Stories (2017 film)|Ghost Stories]]'' || Mark Van Rhys ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[The Little Stranger (film)|The Little Stranger]]'' || Peter Baker-Hyde ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Hope Gap]]'' || Gary ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Emma (2020 film)|Emma]]'' || Mr. Cole ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Censor (2021 film)|Censor]]'' || Sanderson ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Allelujah (film)|Allelujah]]'' || Minister ||
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="4"|2002 || ''Surrealissimo: The Scandalous Success of Salvador Dali'' || Young Artist || Television film
|-
| ''[[The Bill]]'' || Simon Beaumont || Episode: "[[List of The Bill episodes|005]]"
|-
| ''[[EastEnders]]'' || Adam || 1 episode
|-
| ''The House That Jack Built'' || Richard Asquith || Episode: "Dogs Don't Wear Hard Hats"
|-
| rowspan="3"|2003 || ''[[Manchild (TV series)|Manchild]]'' || Max || Episode #2.4
|-
| ''[[The Inspector Lynley Mysteries]]'' || Mick Cambrey || Episode: "A Suitable Vengeance"
|-
| ''[[Cambridge Spies]]'' || Rightwing Student || Episode #1.1
|-
| 2003–2005 || ''[[Absolute Power (comedy)#TV series|Absolute Power]]'' || Nick Mayer || 12 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2004 || ''[[A Touch of Frost]]'' || [[Detective Constable|DC]] Tranter || Episode: "[[List of A Touch of Frost episodes#Series Eleven (2003-2004)|Dancing in the Dark]]"
|-
| ''[[Swiss Toni]]'' || || Episode: "Speed Date"
|-
| rowspan="2"|2005 || ''[[The Mighty Boosh (TV series)|The Mighty Boosh]]'' || [[List of minor characters from The Mighty Boosh#King of Xooberon|The King]] || Episode: "[[The Mighty Boosh (series 2)|Fountain of Youth]]"
|-
| ''[[Nathan Barley]]'' || Nathan Barley || 7 episodes
|-
| 2005–2007 || ''[[Man Stroke Woman]]'' || Various || 12 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''Fear of Fanny'' || Christopher || Television film
|-
| ''[[Born Equal]]'' || Michael || Television film
|-
| rowspan="4"|2007 || ''[[Agatha Christie's Marple]]'' || Jack & Joel Britten || [[Agatha Christie's Marple#Series 3|Series 3]], episode: "[[At Bertram's Hotel]]"
|-
| ''[[Roman's Empire]]'' || Seb || 5 episodes
|-
| ''[[The IT Crowd]]'' || Jerome || Episode: "[[List of The IT Crowd episodes#Series 2 (2007)|The Work Outing]]"
|-
| ''[[Comedy Showcase]]'' || Rick Parish || Episode: "[[Comedy Showcase#2007 series|Other People]]"
|-
| 2007–2009, 2014 || ''[[Benidorm (British TV series)|Benidorm]]'' || [[List of Benidorm cast and characters#Past characters|Martin Weedon]] || Series regular, 23 episodes (series 1–3, 6)
|-
| rowspan="2"|2008 || ''[[Never Better]]'' || Charlie || Episode: "First Week Euphoria"
|-
| ''[[No Heroics]]'' || The Hotness || 6 episodes
|-
| rowspan="3"|2009 || ''[[Monday Monday]]'' || Nathan || Episode #1.3
|-
| ''[[Misfits (TV series)|Misfits]]'' || PC Wilson || Episode #1.2
|-
| ''[[Mister Eleven]]'' || Eddie || 2 episodes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Trinny & Susannah]]: From Boom to Bust'' || Leonard || Television film
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[The Sinking of the Laconia]]'' || Captain Coutts || Television film
|-
| ''[[Psychoville]]'' || Mark || Episode: "Hancock"
|-
| rowspan="3"|2012 || ''[[New Tricks]]'' || DCI Rosser || Episode: "Blue Flower"
|-
| ''[[Switch (British TV series)|Switch]]'' || Julian || Episode #1.3
|-
| ''Eggbox'' || Mr. Bruce || Television film
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Agatha Christie's Poirot]]'' || Inspector Meadows || Episode: "The Big Four"
|-
| ''[[The Tractate Middoth (A Ghost Story for Christmas)|The Tractate Middoth]]'' || George Earl || Television film
|-
| 2014 || ''[[The Crimson Field (TV series)|The Crimson Field]]'' || Major Gerard Yelling || Episode #1.3
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014–2017 || ''[[Crackanory]]'' || Various || 4 episodes
|-
| ''[[Uncle (British TV series)|Uncle]]'' || Ben || 11 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2015 || ''[[Coalition (film)|Coalition]]'' || [[Ed Balls]] || Television film
|-
| ''The Vote'' || Kenneth Robson || Television film
|-
| 2015–2016 || ''[[Marley's Ghosts]]'' || Michael || 9 episodes
|-
| rowspan="3"|2016 || ''[[Houdini & Doyle]]'' || Frederick Batch || Episode: "In Manus Dei"
|-
| ''[[Drunk History (British TV series)|Drunk History]]'' || Policeman || Episode: "Battle of Waterloo/Arthur Conan Doyle"
|-
| ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' || [[Theseus]] || Television film
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017 || ''[[Doctor Who]]'' || Lord Sutcliffe || Episode: "[[Thin Ice (Doctor Who episode)|Thin Ice]]"
|-
| ''[[The Crown (TV series)|The Crown]]'' || [[Anthony Nutting]] || Episodes: "Lisbon" and "Misadventure"
|-
| ''[[The Tunnel (TV series)|The Tunnel]]'' || Richard Carver || 2 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Wannabe (TV series)|Wannabe]]'' || Neil Clark || 4 episodes
|-
| ''[[Midsomer Murders]]'' || Barrett Lounds || Episode: "Drawing Dead"
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Manhunt (2019 TV series)|Manhunt]]'' || DI Richard Ambrose || 3 episodes
|-
| ''[[Harlots (TV series)|Harlots]]'' || Lord Leadsom || 8 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020 || ''[[Strike (TV series)|Strike]]'' || Torquil || Episode: "Lethal White: Part 3"
|-
| ''[[Red, White and Blue (2020 film)|Red, White and Blue]]'' || Mr. Purling || Part of ''[[Small Axe (anthology)|Small Axe]]'' anthology
|-
| 2022 || ''[[SAS: Rogue Heroes]]'' || Pilot || Episode #1.3
|-
| 2022–present || ''[[The Serpent Queen]]'' || [[Antoine de Bourbon]] || 13 episodes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''[[A Small Light]]'' || [[Victor Kugler]] || TV miniseries, 7 episodes
|-
| ''[[Black Mirror]]'' || Keith Holligan || Episode: "[[Demon 79]]"
|-
|2026
|''[[Death in Paradise]]''
|Rory Lyons
|Episode #15.8
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1372621/ Nicholas Burns] at the [[The Internet Movie Database|Internet Movie Database]] (imdb)

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Burns, Nicholas}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century English male actors]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art]]
[[Category:English male film actors]]
[[Category:English male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Derby]]
[[Category:People educated at Repton School]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

Ek Hi Raasta (1993 film)

2026-03-10T17:57:43Z

Wikialpha49: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{About|the 1993 film|other uses|Ek Hi Raasta (disambiguation){{!}}Ek Hi Raasta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek Hi Raasta
| image = Ek Hi Raasta.jpg

| caption = Release poster
| director =[[Deepak Bahry]]
| producer = Chander Sadanah
| writer = {{ubl|Lalit Mahajan|Sumeet Malhotra}}
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ajay Devgn]]|[[Raveena Tandon]]|[[Raza Murad]]|[[Saeed Jaffrey]]}}
| music = Mahesh Kishor
| cinematography = Damodar Naidu
| editing = Nazir Hakim
| distributor = Tips Muvbsic Films
| released = {{Film date|1993|10|22|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Ek Hi Raasta''''' (Hindi: एक ही रास्ता, Only One Way) is a 1993 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[Deepak Bahry]] about a [[terrorist]] with aspirations to rule India. The film stars [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Raza Murad]] and [[Saeed Jaffrey]].

== Plot ==
A terrorist named Kubla wants to rule India. So, he works with army officer Vikram to steal army information for him. However, there are others, including army trainee Karan who want to prevent this which causes problems between them.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Ajay Devgn]] as Karan Singh
* [[Raveena Tandon]] as Priya Choudhry
* [[Raza Murad]] as Kubla
* [[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Colonel Choudhry
* [[Deven Verma]] as Mehra
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Bhagat Singh
* [[Mohnish Bahl]] as Vikram Singh
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Army Officer Suraj Sachdev
* [[Arun Bakshi]] as Major Vijay Rathod
{{div col end}}

== Soundtrack ==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyric
|-
| 1
| "Meri Seeti Bas Gayee"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| [[Gulshan Bawra]]
|-
| 2
| "Kaliyon Ke Khilne Ka"
| [[Udit Narayan]], Bela Sulakhe
| Rani Malik
|-
| 3
| "Aankh Mere Yaar Ki Dukhe"
| [[Pankaj Udhas]]
| Naqsh Layalpuri
|-
| 4
| "Tere Mere Pyar Ka"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], Bela Sulakhe
| [[Kulwant Jani]]
|-
| 5
| "Yaar Ko Milne Jaana Hai"
| [[Vinod Rathod]]
| [[Dev Kohli]]
|-
| 6
| "Aankh Mere Yaar Ki Dukhe"
| [[Pankaj Udhas]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| Naqsh Layalpuri
|-
| 7
| "Pyar Ghazab Ki Cheez Hai"
| [[Vipin Sachdeva]]
| [[Dev Kohli]]
|}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0106799|title=Ek Hi Raasta}}

[[Category:1993 films]]
[[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]
[[Category:1993 action films]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Deepak Bahry]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{1990s-action-film-stub}}
{{Islam-film-stub}}

Poladpur

2026-03-08T07:18:07Z

Wikialpha49:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Poladpur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.985591|N|73.466735|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Poladpur Nagarpanchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5944
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 402303
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Poladpur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Raigad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].

== Etymology ==
Poladpur is a town named after Poladjung, one of the knights in the army of Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Konkan Connection|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/konkan-connection/641884/ |work=Financial Express |date=4 July 2010 |access-date=6 May 2024}}</ref> He was beaten and buried at Poladpur during the [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Nizam Shahi Sultanate]] Era by the elite warriors of the Chitre clan of CKPs. Hence, the name of the town. The grave of Poladjung can still be seen on the road beyond the town council joining the national highway on the banks of the Savitri River.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Poladpur had a population of 5,944. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Poladpur has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 69%. In Poladpur, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Location ==
Poladpur is located on the Mumbai-Goa Highway (NH 17) on the bank of the [[Savitri River]]. It is about 17 kilometers from [[Mahad]] and about 200 kilometers from Mumbai. The [[Ambenali ghat]] connects Poladpur to [[Mahabaleshwar]]. Many [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] (also known as "ST") buses stop here before proceeding to Kashedi Ghat.

Geographically Poladpur is close to the border of Raigad district and is one of the fast growing cities in the district. It connects [[Ratnagiri]] district at its south and [[Satara district]] at its east.

[[Mahabaleshwar]], one of the most popular tourist destinations in India is around 40 km from Poladpur city. From Poladpur one can also travel to [[Pratapgadh]] fort, a fort built by [[Shivaji Maharaj]] which is 15 km from the city.

== Historical importance ==
Kavindra Parmanand Govind Newaskar, a biographer of [[Shivaji]], was from Poladpur.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 June 2019 |title=Shri Shivbharat By Kavindra Parmanand Govind Newaskar |url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/postDetail.php?id=196174216674_10157035507881675 |access-date=6 May 2024 |publisher=Rare Book Society of India}}</ref> He took [[samadhi]] at Poladpur.

One of Shivaji's secretaries, [[Khando Ballal]], also known as Khando Ballal Chitnis, was from Poladpur. His descendants still live there.

Poladpur also has a Sadguru temple build by Prabhakar Sheth. This temple has 70 idols of saints and Hindu gods found across India.

In 1893, a leprosy home was founded in Poladpur by Haripant Kelkar and Rev. J. B. Bawa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=A. Donald |url=https://missiology.org.uk/pdf/e-books/miller_a-donald/an-inn-called-welcome_miller.pdf |title=An Inn Called Welcome: The Story of the Mission to Lepers 1874-1917 |publisher=The Mission to Lepers |year=1965 |location=London |pages=87-88}}</ref> The hospital still exists today and is run by [[The Leprosy Mission]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Where we work |url=https://www.leprosymission.in/who-we-are/where-we-work/ |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=The Leprosy Mission Trust India}}</ref>

In 2018, a bus carrying 34 passengers fell into a gorge in Poladpur while traveling to Mahabaleshwar. Only 1 person survived.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=28 July 2018 |title=33 feared killed as bus carrying Konkan varsity staff plunges into gorge in Maharashtra's Raigad |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bus-carrying-more-than-30-varsity-staff-plunges-into-gorge-many-dead/article24539775.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raigad district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Raigad district]]

Malli (film)

2026-03-07T05:45:43Z

Wikialpha49: enhance layout further and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Malli
| image = Malli (film).jpg
| director = [[Santosh Sivan]]
| writer = Santosh Sivan Ravi Deshpande
| producer = Santosh Sivan
| starring = Vanitha [[P. Shwetha]]
| cinematography = Santosh Sivan
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = Aslam Mustafa
| released = {{film date|2000|12|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 90 mins
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Malli''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[children's film]] directed by [[Santosh Sivan]]. The film met with widespread critical acclaim upon release, and has been shown at many film festivals including the [[Toronto International Film Festival]] and the New York International Children's Film Festival. It won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation]] at the [[46th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Malli |url=https://www.cfsindia.org/malli/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102043709/https://www.cfsindia.org/malli/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=Children's Film Society, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malli |url=http://www.ccfsouthasia.org/films/malli-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920041408/http://www.ccfsouthasia.org/films/malli-2 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |access-date=13 March 2024 |website=South Asian Children's Cinema Forum}}</ref>

The film revolves around the story of ''Malli'' (P. Shwetha), a poor girl who meets an old, local storyteller, who shares with her a story of a magical blue stone that can cure her best friend's muteness. With new horizons to pursue, she sets off to find this mysterious blue wishing stone.

==Plot==
Malli, a ten-year-old girl, tries her best to help her poor parents by collecting firewood. In between; she spies on the village veterinarian, who constantly converses with his patients from the animal world. Malli actually hero worships him; and even tries to imitate him secretly She has just two personal dreams: to own a new dress for the festival; and to get the blue bead, which can cure her friend's inborn deficiency. Old Monu, the village storyteller had in her tale of "The Good Spirit". Monu habitually conceives purely imaginary heroic tales which impress Malli very deeply. In that story, Monu illustrated how a ‘Good Spirit’ once had given Monu a blue bead as a gift. Malli bribes Monu with some honey. In return Monu recites to nonsensical, meaningless rhyme for inviting the Spirit. One back night, Malli tries to invite the Spirit with the rhyme, in vain. On the festival Malli is thrilled with her new yellow dress her way back from the woods, she rescues a fawn shot down by a poacher. After a long, hazardous journey through thick woods she reaches the Vet's house late at night and waits through the night while he treats the injured fawn. In the morning she begins her long trek back home with the new pet. At the riverside, finding the fawn's happy reaction to its bird community, Malli sets it free. Her despair is further compounded to find her new dress tattered beyond repair, when suddenly a bright object in the sand catches her eye – it's the blue bead!

==Cast==
*Vanitha as Cukoo
*[[P. Shwetha]] as Malli
*[[Janagaraj]] as the veterinarian
*Manoj Pillai as a forest officer<ref>{{cite web |last1=Banerjee |first1=Ambika Naithani & Rajiv |title=The new divas of film making industry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-new-divas-of-film-making-industry/articleshow/1467818.cms |website=The Economic Times |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124181737/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/the-new-divas-of-film-making-industry/articleshow/1467818.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Vishnuvardhan (director)| Vishnu Vardhan]] as Sundaram

==Production==
The film was made in 9 days on a shoestring budget of ₹25 lakh (worth ₹2.1 crore in 2021 prices) for National Centre for Children and Young People.

==Awards==
The film has been nominated for the following awards since its release:

'''2001 [[Independent Spirit Awards]] (United States)'''
* Nominated - Independent Spirit Award - Best Foreign Film - '''Malli''' - [[Santosh Sivan]]
'''2001 Political Film Society (United States)'''
* Nominated - PFS Award - Peace - '''Malli''' - [[Santosh Sivan]]
'''2001 [[International Press Academy|Satellite Awards]] (United States)'''
* Nominated - Golden Satellite Award - Best Motion Picture (Foreign Language) - '''Malli''' - [[Santosh Sivan]]
'''1999 Chicago International Children's Film Festival (United States)'''
* Nominated - Adult Jury Award - 2nd Place - '''Malli''' - [[Santosh Sivan]]

The film has won the following awards since its release:

'''1998 [[Cairo International Film Festival]] ([[Egypt]])'''
* Won - Golden Pyramid - Best Film - '''Malli''' - [[Santosh Sivan]]
* Won - Best Director - [[Santosh Sivan]]
'''2004 [[Los Angeles Indian Film Festival]] (United States)'''
* Won - Audience Award - Best Feature Film - '''Malli''' - [[Santosh Sivan]]
'''1999 [[National Film Awards]] (India)'''
* Won - Silver Lotus Award - Best Child Artist - [[P. Shwetha]]
* Won - Silver Lotus Award - Best Film on Environment Preservation/Conservation - '''Malli''' - [[Santosh Sivan]]

'''[[18th Ale Kino! Festival|18th]] [[Ale Kino! International Young Audience Film Festival|International Festival of Films For Children Ale Kino]], ([[Poznań]], [[Poland]], 15–20 May 2000)'''

* Poznan Goats for the Best Director - Santosh Sivan.
* Poznan Goats for the Best Child - actress - Swetha
* Poznan Goats for the Music - Aslam Mustafa
* Award for the special mentions for the Marcinek distinction

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0293385}}

{{Santosh Sivan}}

[[Category:1998 Indian films]]
[[Category:1998 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Santosh Sivan]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Child Artist National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

National Institute of Bank Management

2026-03-06T23:08:02Z

Wikialpha49: quick expand content per standard format

{{Short description|Central government research unit in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Primary sources|date=March 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2015}}
}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National Institute of Bank Management (NIBM) Pune, India
| logo = National Institute of Bank Management, Pune.jpg
| logo_size = 100px
| established = {{start date|1969}}
| type = Autonomous institution
| director = Partha Ray
| chairman = [[Governor, Reserve Bank of India]]
| city = [[Pune, Maharashtra|Pune]]
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| country = [[India]]
| postgrad =
| faculty =
| campus =
| parent = [[Reserve Bank of India]]
| website = {{url|https://www.nibmindia.org/}}
| coor =
}}

The '''National Institute of Bank Management''' ('''NIBM''') is an autonomous institute located in [[Pune]], [[India]]. It is an autonomous, apex institution for research, training, education and consultancy in bank management.

==About==
NIBM was established on September 24, 1969, by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), in consultation with the [[Government of India]] (GoI), as an autonomous apex institution for research, training, education and consultancy in Bank Management. Its mandate is to play a proactive role of "think-tank" of the banking system. NIBM is part of the grand vision of giving a new direction to the banking industry in India and making the same a more cost-effective instrument for national development.

NIBM is governed by a Board, its highest policy-making body and, the governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the chairman of the Governing Board.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIBM Governing Board |url=https://www.nibmindia.org/governing-board-members/}}</ref> The Governing Board includes representatives from the various member banks and educational institutes. Prof. Partha Ray<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIBM Director |url=https://www.nibmindia.org/directors-desk/}}</ref> is the current director of the institute.

==Activities==

===Research===
Research studies initiated by faculty members form the foundation of various academic activities at NIBM. The Institute Library has a rich collection of more than 70000 books and 130 journals, on various branches of management. NIBM is also equipped with state-of-the-art statistical packages and databases, to facilitate advanced research on banking and finance. Most of the research work seeks to address the existing and emerging challenges in the banking and financial sector in India and abroad. The institute also conducts Action Research Projects and projects sponsored by various institutions and government agencies including Reserve Bank of India; Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development; International Finance Corporation, and [[Asian Development Bank]]. Some of these studies assist in policy formulation and evaluation for individual banks and FIs, as well as the entire banking system. Faculty members publish their research in reputed national and international journals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIBM Faculty Publications |url=https://www.nibmindia.org/faculty-publications/}}</ref> They also conduct regular academic and practitioner-oriented conferences, on banking and finance.

NIBM faculty members have published ''The India Banking and Finance Report 2021''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBFR 2021 |url=https://spectrum.sagepub.in/books?access_types=open_access}}</ref> This is an initiative to disseminate their opinions on contemporary subjects such as macro-financial issues, corporate governance challenges, mergers and acquisitions, problems and prospects of the Bad Bank, latest risk management concepts and frontiers, digital transformation and leadership paradigms, etc.

===Training===
NIBM plays a very important role in capacity building of bank executives by offering training programmes in contemporary areas of banking and finance. Over more than 50 years, NIBM has conducted executive training programmes attended by more than 100,000 bankers from India and various other countries. Every year NIBM conducts about 150 training programmes attended by about 5000 participants from various banks and financial institutions. The programmes are tailored to the emerging needs of banking focusing on areas like credit, risk management, treasury, audit, compliance, international banking, information technology, marketing, leadership, etc. The trainings are offered in various formats (at NIBM campus/online/at the bank's location). NIBM also offers customized Executive Development Programmes, Functional Programmes (for a particular banking domain), Conferences and Workshops, Faculty Development Programmes for Staff Training College faculty members. NIBM training programmes are interactive in nature and various self-paced assignments and cases studies, etc. enrich the learning of the participants.

===Education===
The Institute had one of its major breakthroughs when it introduced Post Graduate Programme in Banking and Finance (PGPBF) in 2003–2004. Dr [[Bimal Jalan]], the then governor, RBI formally launched the PGPBF. This course enables the students to possess sound analytical foundation, innovative outlook and practical orientation to the nuances of banking and finance. Keeping in mind the expectations of the banking system, in 2009–2010, the Governing Board of the Institute changed the duration of the course from 1 year to 2 years. In 2013, the All India Council of Technical Education (AICTE), Government of India, granted approval to the Post Graduate Programme, which was then renamed as Post Graduate Diploma in Management (PGDM) – Banking and Financial Services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PGDM, NIBM |url=https://pgdm.nibmindia.org/}}</ref> NIBM- PGDM is well received by the banking industry and since inception, it has maintained cent per cent students placement in Commercial Banks, Financial Institutions, Rating Agencies, Consulting Firms and related industries.

===Consultancy===
Providing consultancy support to banks and financial institutions has always been one of the key strengths of the institute. The focus of our consultancy activities has evolved over time: during the 1970s and 1980s, the focus was more on providing support in [[organizational design]] and development, design and implementation of [[management information systems]], manpower planning, etc. With the introduction of the financial sector reforms at the initiative of the RBI and the Government of India in the early 90s, there were increasing demands from commercial banks to assist them in strategic business repositioning, organizational restructuring, human resource development, profitability and productivity strategies, etc. Towards the end of the 1990s, the NIBM took the lead in assisting the banks and financial institutions in setting up their integrated risk management system, asset liability management system, managing market risk, [[credit risk management]] system design, etc. Credit Rating for Large Corporate and SMEs developed by NIBM faculty are popular in banks. The institute has also successfully handled the HR issues in the recent merger of various banks. Presently the focus of the consulting activities is more on IRM, designing ICAAP, organizational restructuring, manpower planning, [[customer relationship management]], [[customer service]], etc.

=== On-line certification courses ===
In 2016–2017, Indian Banks Association (IBA) shortlisted NIBM as one of the training institutions for delivering on-line certification courses to improve skills and competencies of first and second line bank officials. NIBM, thus launched On-line Certification Courses<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIBM On-line Certification Courses |url=https://nibm.eabyas.in/}}</ref> in five areas, viz., Credit Management, Risk Management, Treasury Management, Accounts & Audit and Banking Operations Management. The on-line learning platform provides participants course material, quizzes, assignments, etc. The classroom learning experience is also provided through video-based sessions. There has been an overwhelming response from officers from banks and financial institutions to the online courses.

==Publications==
The institute, since its inception in 1969, has been bringing out a variety of publications in the form of books, journals, reports, mimeographs and working papers in tandem with its research and training functions. Apart from over 100 books, a major segment of the publications consisted of the 14 Programmed Learning Texts on operational banking published in the initial years of the NIBM, specifically to meet the training needs of the new entrants into the banking industry due to its geographic expansion in the 1970s.
 
A major activity is the regular publication of the following two quarterly journals in English:
* '''Prajnan''': ''Journal of Social and Management Sciences'': A Leading Refereed Quarterly Journal (launched in 1972).
* '''Vinimaya''': Presents conceptual and practical viewpoints of both bankers and management educationists (launched in 1979).

==Member banks==

The [[Reserve Bank of India]], the [[State Bank of India]], 11 Nationalised Banks and [[HSBC]] are the member banks of NIBM. While 18 banks in various categories are associate members of the institute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member and Associate Members of NIBM |url=https://www.nibmindia.org/members-associate-member/}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official|https://www.nibmindia.org}}
* [http://www.facebook.com/pages/National-Institute-of-Bank-Management-Pune-NIBM/125167177504267?ref=hl Official Facebook Account]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Banking schools in India]]
[[Category:Education in Pune]]

Okojuwoi

2026-03-05T20:39:57Z

Wikialpha49: Done

{{Short description|Extinct Great Andamanese language of India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Juwoi
| nativename = {{lang|okj|Oko-Juwoi}}
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Andaman Islands]]; west central and southwest interior Middle Andaman Island.
| extinct = by 1931
| ref = <ref name="vanDriem2001">{{Citation | title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language | author=George van Driem | date=2001 | publisher=BRILL | isbn=90-04-12062-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC | quote=''The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931.''}}</ref>
| familycolor = Andamanese
| fam1 = [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]]
| fam2 = Central Andamanese
| iso3 = okj
| linglist = okj.html
| glotto = okoj1239
| glottorefname = Okojuwoi
| ethnicity = [[Juwoi people|Juwoi]]
| map2 = Lang Status 01-EX.svg
| map = Languages_and_dialects_of_the_Andaman_Islands_at_British_contact.png
| mapcaption = {{legend|#00ff01|Oko-Juwoi}}
}}

The '''Juwoi language''', '''''Oko-Juwoi''''' (also ''Junoi''), is an extinct [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]] language, of the Central group. It was spoken in the west central and southwest interior of [[Middle Andaman]] by the [[Juwoi people]].

==History==
{{Off topic|date=March 2026}}
The Juwoi were one of the [[indigenous peoples]] of the [[Andaman Islands]], one of the ten or so [[Great Andamanese]] tribes identified by [[British Empire|British]] colonials in the 1860s. Their language was closely related to the other [[Great Andamanese languages]]. They were extinct as a distinct people by 1931.<ref name="vanDriem2001"/>

==Grammar==
The Great Andamanese languages are [[agglutinative]] languages, with an extensive prefix and suffix system.<ref name=Templ>Temple, Richard C. (1902). ''A Grammar of the Andamanese Languages, being Chapter IV of Part I of the Census Report on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands''. Superintendent's Printing Press: Port Blair.</ref> They have a distinctive [[noun class]] system based largely on body parts, in which every [[noun]] and [[adjective]] may take a [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] according to which body part it is associated with (on the basis of shape, or functional association). Thus, for instance, the *aka- at the beginning of the language names is a prefix for objects related to the [[tongue]].<ref name="Templ"/>

The prefixes are,

{| class=wikitable
! !!Juwoi
|-
!head/heart
|ôto-
|-
!hand/foot
|ôn-
|-
!mouth/tongue
|ókô-
|-
!torso (shoulder to shins)
|a-
|-
!eye/face/arm/breast
|re-
|-
!back/leg/butt
|ra-
|-
!waist
|
|}

Body parts are [[Inalienable possession|inalienably possessed]], requiring a [[possessive adjective]] [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] to complete them, so one cannot say "head" alone, but only "my, or his, or your, etc. head".

The basic pronouns are almost identical throughout the Great Andamanese languages.

'This' and 'that' are distinguished as ''k-'' and ''t-''.

Judging from the available sources, the Andamanese languages have only two [[cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]s — [[1 (number)|one]] and [[2 (number)|two]] — and their entire numerical lexicon is one, two, one more, some more, and all.<ref name="Templ"/>

== Sample ==
As an example, we give part of a [[creation myth]] in Oko-Juwoi, reminiscent of [[Prometheus]]:

{{interlinear|indent=2
|Kuro-t'on-mik-a Mom Mirit-la, Bilik l'ôkô-ema-t, peakar at-lo top-chike at laiche Lech-lin a, kotik a ôko-kodak-chine at-lo Karat-tatak-emi-in.
|Kuro-t'on-mik-in Mr. Pigeon, God ?-slep-t, wood fire-with stealing-was fire the.late Lech-to he, then he ?-fire-make-did fire-with Karat-tatak-emi-at.
|Mr. [[Pigeon]] stole a firebrand at Kuro-t'on-mika, while [[God]] was sleeping. He gave the brand to the late Lech, who then made fires at Karat-tatak-emi. (Translated by Portman)}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Andamanese languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Great Andamanese languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 20th century]]

{{lang-stub}}

Pazhaniappa Kalloori

2026-03-03T04:38:04Z

Wikialpha49: Data - done

{{No plot|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pazhaniappa Kalloori.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = R. Pavan
| producer = K. Prabhakaran
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Naveen Chandra|Pradeep]]
*[[Arjumman Mughal]]
*[[Madhu Shalini]]
*[[Akshaya Rao]]
}}
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| cinematography = G. B. Krishna
| editing =
| studio = [[Anbalaya Films]]
| distributor =
| runtime =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2007|12|21}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pazhaniappa Kalloori''''' ({{Translation|Pazhaniappa College}}) is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by R. Pavan and produced by [[Anbalaya Films]]. The film stars [[Naveen Chandra]] (credited as Pradeep), [[Arjumman Mughal]], [[Madhu Shalini]] and [[Akshaya Rao]] in lead roles. It was released on 21 December 2007.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Naveen Chandra|Pradeep]] as Parthi
*[[Arjumman Mughal]] as Priya
*[[Madhu Shalini]] as Malli
*[[Akshaya Rao]] as Madonna
*Ghajini as Dharani
*[[Ganja Karuppu]]
*[[Ganeshkar]] as Selva
*[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Parthi's mother
*[[Shakeela]] as Chechi
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Professor
*[[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Music teacher
*[[Krishnamoorthy (actor)|Krishnamoorthy]] as Police officer
*[[Vijay Krishnaraj]]
*[[Prem Kumar (Tamil actor)|Prem Kumar]]
*[[Suruli Manohar]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was first announced by [[Anbalaya Films]] in September 2004 under the title of ''Pasanga, Ponnunga, Oru College''. Film Institute graduate R. Pavan was revealed to be the director, with [[R. P. Patnaik]] as composer and G. B. Krishna as cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2004 |title=Cine News |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2004/Sep/13-09-04.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050301213107/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2004/Sep/13-09-04.htm |archive-date=2005-03-01 |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> Production delays meant that the film progressed slowly. [[Arjumman Mughal]] made her film debut,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quraishi |first=Irfan |date=18 March 2017 |title=Interview: Meet the Jammu Kashmir's bollywood sensation, actress Arjumman |url=https://kashmirpatriot.com/2017/03/18/interview-meet-jammu-kashmirs-bollywood-sensation-actress-arjuman/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911075822/http://kashmirpatriot.com/2017/03/18/interview-meet-jammu-kashmirs-bollywood-sensation-actress-arjuman/ |archive-date=11 September 2017 |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=kashmirpatriot.com}}</ref> and [[Naveen Chandra]] (credited as Pradeep) made his Tamil debut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-15 |title=Naveen Chandra shares pictures from babymoon in Goa: See pics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naveen-chandra-shares-pictures-from-babymoon-in-goa-see-pics/articleshow/97936595.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215131354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/naveen-chandra-shares-pictures-from-babymoon-in-goa-see-pics/articleshow/97936595.cms |archive-date=2023-02-15 |access-date=2025-04-10 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was largely shot at [[A. V. C. College]] in [[Mayiladuthurai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-06-10 |title=PAZHANIAPPA KALLOORI fast progressing |url=https://chennai365.com/news/pazhaniappa-kalloori-fast-progressing/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616023733/http://www.chennai365.com/news/pazhaniappa-kalloori-fast-progressing |archive-date=2007-06-16 |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Chennai365}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]], in his second Tamil film after ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' (2003).<ref>{{cite web |title=Palaniappa Kalluri (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/2AwYpStMyPjOr1HyORLAo7 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20240131040117/https://open.spotify.com/album/2AwYpStMyPjOr1HyORLAo7 |archive-date=31 January 2024 |access-date=22 June 2022 |work=[[Spotify]] }}</ref> The song "Parangimalai" is based on his own song "Ameerpet" from Telugu film ''[[Eeswar]]'' while "En Meesai" is based on "Tiya Tiyani" from Telugu film ''Sreeram''.{{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}
*Parangimalai – [[Silambarasan]]
*Vayasu Pasangala – [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
*En Meesai Suriyan – Mathangi
*Pattam Poochi – [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
*Vaa Endral – Tippu
*Goyango – Malathi
*Wine Shopla – R. P. Patnaik

== Release and reception ==
The film was released on 21 December 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pazhaniappa Kalloori (2007) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/pazhaniappa-kalloori |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Screen 4 Screen |archive-date=27 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227025639/https://screen4screen.com/movies/pazhaniappa-kalloori |url-status=live }}</ref> S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' opined that "Director Pavan should have burnt the midnight oil more to do the script, packing it with enough incidents with twist and turns to sustain audience interest. As it is his first film one can pardon him, but will the audience?"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=28 December 2007 |title=Flooded with new faces -- Pazhaniappa Kalloori |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/flooded-with-new-faces-pazhaniappa-kalloori/article2285153.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104223414/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/flooded-with-new-faces-pazhaniappa-kalloori/article2285153.ece |archive-date=4 January 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 June 2022 }}</ref> Malini Mannath from ''Chennai Online'' noted "the film, which seems like mindless entertainment during the first half, takes a more serious turn in the second, with a message weaved in" and that the story "depicts a typical college campus with characters and incidents that we have seen in many earlier campus films".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=2008-01-08 |title=Palaniappa Kalluri |url=http://chennaionline.com/Film/Moviereviews/Jan08/01PK.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116104212/http://chennaionline.com/Film/Moviereviews/Jan08/01PK.asp |archive-date=2008-01-16 |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref> A reviewer from ''Webdunia'' criticised Anbalaya Films for producing a film full of fighting, smoking and drinking scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2007 |title=பழனியப்பா கல்லூரி-‌விம‌ர்சன‌ம் |url=https://tamil.webdunia.com/movie-review-in-tamil/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF-%E2%80%8C%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E2%80%8C%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E2%80%8C%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-107122900007_1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240131043911/https://tamil.webdunia.com/movie-review-in-tamil/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF-%E2%80%8C%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E2%80%8C%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E2%80%8C%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-107122900007_1.htm |archive-date=31 January 2024 |website=Webdunia |language=ta |access-date=19 June 2022 }}</ref>

The film did not perform well commercially, with ''[[The Times of India]]'' calling it a "debacle" and ''[[News18]]'' noting it was poorly publicised.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2010 |title=Pradeep is a lucky guy! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pradeep-is-a-lucky-guy/articleshow/6037668.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907200233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/pradeep-is-a-lucky-guy/articleshow/6037668.cms |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-27 |title=Department: South actress Madhu Shalini makes B'wood debut |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/department-south-actress-madhu-shalini-makes-bwood-debut-838434.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618233413/https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/department-south-actress-madhu-shalini-makes-bwood-debut-838434.html |archive-date=18 June 2022 |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2007 drama films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. P. Patnaik]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Nageswari

2026-03-03T04:34:22Z

Wikialpha49: basic added structure to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{short description|2001 film by Rama Narayanan}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nageswari.jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Rama Narayanan]]
| producer = N. Radha
| writer = Pugazhmani
| screenplay =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ramya Krishnan]]|[[Karan (actor)|Karan]]|[[Vadivelu]]|[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]}}
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cinematography = [[N. K. Viswanathan]]
| editing = Rajkeerthi
| distributor =
| studio = [[Sri Thenandal Films]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2001|1|14|ref1=}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}

'''''Nageswari''''' ({{IPAc-en|n|ɑː|ɡ|eɪ|s|v|ər|i}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[devotional film]] written and directed by [[Rama Narayanan]]. The film stars [[Ramya Krishnan]] in the title role alongside [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] and [[Vadivelu]], while [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] plays a supporting role. The film, which had music composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]], was released on 14 January 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நாகேஸ்வரி / Nageshwari (2001) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/nageshwari |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121051516/https://screen4screen.com/movies/nageshwari |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Nagaveni and her brother are great devotees of Nageswari Amman. When a woman sees the devotion Nagaveni has for the deity, she decides to get her wayward son Eashwar married to her. The night before the wedding, Eashwar and his friends, who are drunk, tease and then kill Nagaveni's brother and then her. But she rises from the dead and arrives in time for the wedding. Once inside the house, she torments her husband and his four friends.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ramya Krishnan]] as Nageswari / Nagaveni
*[[Karan (actor)|Karan]] as Eashwar
*[[Vadivelu]]
*[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]]
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Devi's husband
*[[Babloo Prithiveeraj]] as Narayanan
*[[Ramesh Khanna]] as Appaji
*[[Riyaz Khan]]
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Manisha Koirala
*[[Omakuchi Narasimhan]]
*[[Mayilsamy]]
*[[Master Mahendran]] as Nanjappa
*[[Kullamani]]
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
;Uncredited
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]]
*[[Pandi (actor)|Lingeswaran]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nageswari (2001) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/Nageswari-songs-T0004533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231121044325/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/movie/Nageswari-songs-T0004533 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=25 March 2019 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Boom Boom" || [[Vadivelu]], [[Anuradha Sriram]] || Kalidasan
|-
| "Ennidam Ennidam Vaa" || [[Febi Mani]] || [[Pa. Vijay]]
|-
| "Gopala Yen Akka" || [[Anuradha Sriram]] || Kalidasan
|-
| "Muthu Muthu" || [[Vadivelu]], [[Swarnalatha]] || [[Muthulingam (poet)|Muthulingam]]
|-
| "Thullathe Thullathe" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || Kalidasan
|}

== Reception ==
Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' wrote "Though it is yet another film on the Goddess-protecting-her-devotees kind, it is more of a computer graphics-versus-a coherent story line here. The graphics are thrown in indiscriminately, without proper placement. No serious thought seems to have gone into how, and where it should be placed. So we have graphics – that too of the mediocre variety – intruding almost throughout the narration".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Film: Nageshwari |url=http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov94.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010128022400/http://chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov94.asp |archive-date=28 January 2001 |website=Chennai Online |access-date=11 June 2014 }}</ref> S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Dialogue by Pugazhmani is crisp. Produced by N. Radha, the story, screenplay and direction have been taken care of by Ramanarayanan. It is a low budget bhakti sentiment film for women".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=26 January 2001 |title=Film Review: Nageswari |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/01/26/stories/09260224.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605164439/http://www.hindu.com/2001/01/26/stories/09260224.htm |archive-date=5 June 2009 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Rama Narayanan}}
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Films about snakes]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rama Narayanan]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ruby Myers

2026-02-27T11:56:14Z

Wikialpha49: Post

{{Short description|Indian actress (1907–1983)}}
{{Other people|Sulochana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sulochana
| image = Sulochana in the 1920s.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| caption = Sulochana in the 1920s
| birth_name = Ruby Myers
| birth_date = 1907

| birth_place = [[Poona]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1983|10|10|1907|df=y}} <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100428060330/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/91437 Ruby Myers, Sulochana - Biography] ''[[British Film Institute]]''.</ref>
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1925–1983
| spouse =
| othername =
}}
'''Ruby Myers''' (1907 – 10 October 1983), better known by her stage name '''Sulochana''', was an [[Cinema of India#Silent era (1890s–1920s)|Indian silent]] and later [[Hindi cinema|Hindi film]] actress.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatna |first=Meher |date=2022-03-14 |title=Female Pioneers in International Cinema – Ruby Myers aka Sulochana |url=https://goldenglobes.com/articles/female-pioneers-international-cinema-ruby-myers-aka-sulochana/ |access-date=2025-01-30 |website=Golden Globes |language=en-US}}</ref> In her heyday she was one of the highest paid actresses of her time, when she was paired with [[Dinshaw Billimoria]] in [[Imperial Film Company|Imperial Studios]] films. In the mid-1930 she opened Rubi Pics, a film production house.<ref>[http://www.indiaheritage.org/perform/cinema/person/silentstar.htm Silent Screen Stars'] India Heritage:Performing Arts:Cinema In India:Personalities:Silent Screen Stars.</ref> Myers was awarded the 1973 [[Dada Saheb Phalke Award]], India's highest award in cinema for lifetime achievement.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dada Saheb Phalke Award Overview |url=http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=8 September 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718171203/http://dff.nic.in/PhalkeAward.aspx |archive-date=18 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Ruby Myers was born in 1907 in [[Poona]], [[British India]] into a [[Baghdadi Jewish]] family.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071209/spectrum/main6.htm Queens of hearts] ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', 9 December 2007.</ref>

==Film career==
[[File:Sulochana Indira M.A. (cropped).jpg|left|frame|Myers in ''Indira M.A.'' (1934)]]
The self-named Sulochana was among the early female stars of Indian cinema.{{cn|date=June 2025}}

She was working as a telephone operator when she was approached by Mohan Bhavnani of [[Kohinoor Film Company]] to work in films. She initially turned him down as acting was regarded as quite a dubious profession for women those days. However Bhavnani persisted and she finally agreed, despite having no knowledge of acting. She became a star under Bhavnani's direction at Kohinoor before moving on to the [[Imperial Film Company]] where she became the highest paid movie star in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1998268/|title=Ruby Mayer ''IMDb''}}</ref>

Among her popular films were ''Typist Girl'' (1926), ''[[Balidan|Balidaan]]'' (1927) and ''Wildcat of Bombay'' (1927).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hansen |first=Kathryn |year=1998 |title=Stri Bhumika: Female Impersonators and Actresses on the Parsi Stage |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=33 |issue=35 |pages=2299 |jstor=4407133}}</ref>

[[Image:Sulochana et D. Billimoria dans Heer Ranjah (1929).jpg|thumb|upright=0.68|Sulochana with [[Dinshaw Billimoria|D. Billimoria]] in ''Heer Ranjah'' (1929)]]

Three romantic films in 1928-29 with director R.S. Chaudhari - ''Madhuri'' (1928), ''Anarkali'' (1928) and ''Indira B.A.'' (1929) saw her at her peak of fame in the silent film era. When a short film on [[Mahatma Gandhi]] inaugurating a [[khadi]] exhibition was shown, alongside it was added a popular dance of Sulochana's from ''Madhuri'', synchronised with sound effects.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bollywoodirect.medium.com/remembering-ruby-myers-1907-10-october-1983-better-known-by-her-stage-name-sulochana-on-her-862301bf33b|title=Remembering Ruby Myers (1907–10 October 1983), better known by her stage name Sulochana on her 111th birth anniversary.}}</ref>

With the coming of sound, Sulochana found a lull in her career, as it now required an actor to be proficient in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]. Taking a year off to learn the language, she made a comeback with the talkie version of ''Madhuri'' (1932).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jewishcurrents.org/october-10-bollywoods-sulochana|title=October 10: Bollywood’s Sulochana}}</ref>

Further talkie versions of her silent hits followed, with ''Indira'' [now an] ''M.A.'' (1934), ''Anarkali'' (1935) and ''Bombay Ki Billi'' (1936).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://goldenglobes.com/articles/female-pioneers-international-cinema-ruby-myers-aka-sulochana/|title=Female Pioneers in International Cinema – Ruby Myers aka Sulochana}}</ref> Sulochana was back with a bang. She was drawing a salary of Rs. 5000 per month, she had the sleekest of cars (Chevrolet 1935) and one of the biggest heroes of the silent era, [[Dinshaw Billimoria|D. Billimoria]], as her lover with whom she worked exclusively between 1933 and 1939. They were an extremely popular pair - his [[John Barrymore]]-style opposite her Oriental 'Queen of Romance'. But once their love story ended so did their careers. Sulochana left Imperial to find few offers forthcoming. She tried making a comeback with character roles but even these were few.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://themagicpr.com/2017/10/17/shelcom-the-untold-story-of-bollywood-hear-the-rarest-story/|title=Shelcom – The Untold story of Bollywood Hear the Rarest story}}</ref> Sulochana established her own film studio, Rubi Pics, in the mid-1930s.

[[Image:Sulochana publicity still from Prem-Ki-Jyot (1939).jpg|thumb|upright=0.68|Sulochana in a publicity still from ''Prem Ki Jyot'' (1939)]]

In 1947, [[Morarji Desai]] banned ''[[Jugnu (1947 film)|Jugnu]]'', because it showed the "morally reprehensible" act of an aging fellow professor falling for Sulochana's vintage charms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianmemoryproject.com/cinema-citizens/#:~:text=In%201947%2C%20Morarji%20Desai%20banned,supporting%20role%20as%20Salim's%20mother.|title=40 SHORT BIOGRAPHIES OF INDIAN CINEMA PIONEERS WHO WORKED BETWEEN THE YEARS 1897 - 1947}}</ref> In 1953, she acted in her third ''[[Anarkali (1953 film)|Anarkali]]'', but this time in a supporting role as Salim's mother.

==Later life and death==
[[File:Ruby Myers 2013 stamp of India.jpg|Ruby Myers in 2013 stamp of India|thumb|left]]She received the Dada Saheb Phalke Award in 1973 for her lifetime contribution to Indian cinema.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070107125902/http://www.madurainetwork.com/india/dadasahebphalkeaward.html Madurainetwork.com - Dada Saheb Phalke Award]</ref> [[Ismail Merchant]] paid homage to her in ''Mahatma and the Bad Boy'' (1974).<ref>{{cite web |title=40 SHORT BIOGRAPHIES OF INDIAN CINEMA PIONEERS WHO WORKED BETWEEN THE YEARS 1897 - 1947 |url=https://www.indianmemoryproject.com/cinema-citizens/#:~:text=In%201947%2C%20Morarji%20Desai%20banned,supporting%20role%20as%20Salim's%20mother.}}</ref> She adopted a girl and named her Sarah Myers who after marriage was called Vijaylaxmi Shreshtha. Myers died in Mumbai in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Anindita |date=2020-02-13 |title=Ruby Myers: The Jewish-Indian Mega Film Star We Don't Remember {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2020/02/14/ruby-myers-jewish-indian-mega-film-star/ |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=Feminism in India |language=en-GB}}</ref> She died in 1983 in her flat in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://goldenglobes.com/articles/female-pioneers-international-cinema-ruby-myers-aka-sulochana/|title=Female Pioneers in International Cinema – Ruby Myers aka Sulochana}}</ref>
{{Clear}}[[File:Wildcat of Bombay 1927 (silent) (14245524943).png|thumb|150px|Still from the Wildcat of Bombay (1927)]]

==Selected filmography==
Her films include ''Cinema Queen'' (1926), ''Typist Girl'' (1926), ''Balidaan'' (1927), ''Wildcat of Bombay'' (1927) in which she played eight different characters, which was remade as ''Bombay Ki Billi'' (1936); ''Madhuri'' (1928), which was re-released with sound in 1932; ''Anarkali'' (1928), remade in 1945; ''Indira B.A'' (1929); ''Heer Ranjah'' (1929), and many others, such as ''[[Baaz (1953 film)|Baaz]]'' (1953).<ref>{{cite web |title=Female Pioneers in International Cinema – Ruby Myers aka Sulochana |url=https://goldenglobes.com/articles/female-pioneers-international-cinema-ruby-myers-aka-sulochana/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://themagicpr.com/2017/10/17/shelcom-the-untold-story-of-bollywood-hear-the-rarest-story/|title=Shelcom – The Untold story of Bollywood Hear the Rarest story}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bollywoodirect.medium.com/remembering-ruby-myers-1907-10-october-1983-better-known-by-her-stage-name-sulochana-on-her-862301bf33b|title=Remembering Ruby Myers (1907–10 October 1983), better known by her stage name Sulochana on her 111th birth anniversary.}}</ref>
[[Image:Sulochana dans Daku Ki Ladki (1933).jpg|thumb|upright=0.68|In ''Daku Ki Ladki'' (1933)]]
* ''Cinema Queen'' (1926)
* ''Typist Girl'' (1926)
* ''[[Balidan]]'' (1927)
* ''Wildcat of Bombay'' (1927)
* ''Anarkali'' (1928)
* ''Heer Ranjah'' (1929)
* ''Indira BA'' (1929)
* ''Noor-E-Alam / Queen of Love'' (1931)
* ''Daku Ki Ladki'' (1933)
* ''[[Saubhagya Sundari]]'' (1933)
* ''Sulochana'' (1933)
* ''Gul Sanobar'' (1934)
* ''Indira M.A'' (1934)
* ''Prem Ki Jyot'' (1939)
* ''[[Shair (film)|Shair]]'' (1949)
* ''[[The Jungle (1952 film)|The Jungle]]'' (1952)
* ''[[Baaz (1953 film)|Baaz]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Kadu Makrani (film)|Kadu Makrani]]'' (1960, [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]])
* ''[[Amrapali (film)|Amrapali]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Neel Kamal (1968 film)|Neel Kamal]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Mere Hamdam Mere Dost|Mere Humdum Mere Dost]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Julie (1975 film)|Julie]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Khatta Meetha (1978 film)|Khatta Meetha]]'' (1978)

==See also==
*[[List of Indian film actresses]]
*[[List of Indian Jews]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
* ''Great Masters of Indian Cinema: The Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners'', by D. P. Mishra, [[Publications Division]], [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India|Govt. of India]], 2006. {{ISBN|81-230-1361-2}}. page 16.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=pq_kryQIkQkC&dq=Sulochana+actress&pg=PA73 Actress Sulochana] ''Cinema at the End of Empire: A Politics of Transition in Britain And India'', by Priya Jaikumar, Duke University Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-8223-3793-2}}. Page 73.
* ''The Hundred Luminaries of Hindi Cinema'', by [[Dinesh Raheja]], Jitendra Kothari. India Book House Publishers, 1996. {{ISBN|81-7508-007-8}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HixlAAAAMAAJ&q=Ruby+Myers+Sulochana page 1871]

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1998268|name=Ruby Myers 'Sulochana'}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121008215011/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/specials/slideshows/20s/20-2.htm The Sirens of the Silent Era - Sulochana (Ruby Myers)(1907-1983)] ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.

* Rare Picture: https://www.flickr.com/photos/rashid_ashraf/31671546322/in/dateposted/
* Lipika Pelham, “The Vamp of Baghdad: How Jewish actresses shaped early 20th century Indian cinema”, Munich Research Centre for Jewish-Arabic Cultures Blog, 7 November 2025: https://www.jewisharabiccultures.fak12.uni-muenchen.de/the-vamp-of-baghdad-how-jewish-actresses-shaped-early-20th-century-indian-cinema/
* "Ruby Myers aka Sulochana (1907 - 10 October, 1983)": https://www.bombayjewisharchives.com/blank-11-1

{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Myers, Ruby}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iraqi-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Indian silent film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish actresses]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Actresses from Pune]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Jews]]
[[Category:Baghdadi Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish Indian film people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]

Bhakti

2026-02-15T03:33:38Z

Wikialpha49: typo fix

{{Short description|Devotional love, a concept in Indian religions}}
{{Redirect|Bhakt|the political term|Bhakt (pejorative)}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Hinduism small}}

'''''Bhakti''''' ({{langx|sa|[[:wikt:भक्ति#Sanskrit|भक्ति]]}}; [[Pali]]: ''bhatti'') is a concept common in [[Indian religions]] which means attachment, fondness for, devotion to, trust, homage, worship, piety, faith, or love.<ref name=monier>See [[Monier-Williams]], ''Sanskrit Dictionary'', 1899.</ref> In Indian religions, it may refer to loving devotion for a [[Ishvara|personal God]] (like [[Krishna]] or [[Devi]]), a formless [[ultimate reality]] (like [[Nirguna]] [[Brahman]] or the [[Waheguru|Sikh God]]) or an [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightened being]] (like a [[The Buddha|Buddha]], a [[bodhisattva]], or a [[guru]]).<ref name=encyclopediabrit>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/63933/bhakti Bhakti], ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2009)</ref><ref name="karen">Karen Pechelis (2011), "Bhakti Traditions", in ''The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies'' (Editors: Jessica Frazier, Gavin Flood), Bloomsbury, {{ISBN|978-0826499660}}, pp. 107–121</ref><ref name="swearer9" /><ref name="werner45" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name="hardip" /> Bhakti is often a deeply emotional devotion based on a relationship between a devotee and the object of devotion.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Hans G. Kippenberg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AdYfAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA295 |title=Concepts of Person in Religion and Thought |author2=Yme B. Kuiper |author3=Andy F. Sanders |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=1990 |isbn=978-3-11-087437-2 |page=295}}, Quote: "The foundations of emotional devotionalism (bhakti) were laid in south India in the second half of the first millennium of our era (...)".</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Indira Viswanathan Peterson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQwABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |title=Poems to Siva: The Hymns of the Tamil Saints |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-4008-6006-7 |pages=4, footnote 4}}</ref><ref name="nirgun">{{cite journal |last1=DeNapoli |first1=Antoinette |date=2018 |title=Earning God through the "One-Hundred Rupee Note": Nirguṇa Bhakti and Religious Experience among Hindu Renouncers in North India |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=408 |doi=10.3390/rel9120408 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A devotee is a '''[[Bhakti#Bhakta|bhakta]]''' or '''bhakt'''.

One of the earliest appearances of the concept is found in the [[Early Buddhist schools|early Buddhist]] ''[[Theragatha]]'' (''Verses of the Elders'') through the term ''bhatti''.{{Sfn|Dayal|1970|p=32}} Early texts such as the ''[[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]]'' and the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'', describe ''bhakti'' as contemplating God as a form of yoga.<ref>John Lochtefeld (2014), ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', Rosen Publishing (New York), {{ISBN|978-0823922871}}, pp. 98–100. Also see articles on bhaktimārga and jnanamārga.</ref>

Bhakti ideas have inspired many popular texts and saint-poets in India. The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', for example, is a [[Krishna]]-related text associated with the Bhakti movement in Hinduism.<ref name="Cutler" /> Bhakti is also found in other religions practiced in India,<ref>{{cite book|last=Flood|first=Gavin D.|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|year=2003|page=185|isbn=978-0-631-21535-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&pg=PA185}}</ref><ref name="Neill 2002 412">{{cite book|last=Neill|first=Stephen|title=A History of Christianity in India, 1707–1858|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|pages=412|isbn=978-0-521-89332-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC&pg=PA412}}</ref><ref name="Kelting 2001 87">{{cite book|last=Kelting|first=Mary Whitney |author-link=Mary Whitney Kelting|title=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Maṇḍaḷ Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|pages=87|isbn=978-0-19-514011-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC&pg=PA87}}</ref> and it has influenced interactions between Christianity and Hinduism in the modern era.<ref>A. Frank Thompson (1993), ''Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Perspectives and Encounters'' (Editor: Harold Coward), Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, {{ISBN|978-8120811584}}, pp. 176–186</ref><ref>Karen Pechelis (2014), ''The Embodiment of Bhakti'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, see Introduction chapter</ref> ''Nirguni bhakti'' (devotion to the divine without attributes) is found in [[Sikhism]], as well as Hinduism.{{Sfn|Lorenzen|1995|pp=1-2}}<ref name=hardip /> Outside India, emotional devotion is found in some [[Southeast Asia]]n and [[East Asia]]n Buddhist traditions.<ref name=swearer9 /><ref name=werner45 /><ref name=karunaratna435 />

The [[bhakti movement]], pioneered by the [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[Alvars]] and [[Nayanars]], that developed around the gods [[Vishnu]] ([[Vaishnavism]]), [[Shiva]] ([[Shaivism]]) and [[Devi]] ([[Shaktism]]) in the second half of the 1st millennium CE.<ref name="encyclopediabrit" /><ref name="karen" /><ref name="Rinehart">{{cite book |last=Rinehart |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMPYnfS_R90C&pg=PA45 |title=Contemporary Hinduism: Ritual, Culture, and Practice |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-57607-905-8 |page=45}}</ref><ref name="Flood">{{cite book |last=Flood |first=Gavin |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/131 131] |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Embree" /><ref>Jerry Bentley, ''Old World Encounters: Cross Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 120.</ref>

== Terminology ==
The Sanskrit word ''bhakti'' is derived from the verb root ''bhaj-'', which means "to worship, have recourse to, betake onself to" or ''bhañj-,'' which means "to break."<ref name="Cutler" /><ref name="Prentiss">{{cite book|last=Pechilis Prentiss|first=Karen|title=The Embodiment of Bhakti|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=US|year=1999|page=24|isbn=978-0-19-512813-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC&pg=PA24}}</ref><ref name="Werner">{{cite book|last=Werner|first=Karel|title=Love Divine: studies in bhakti and devotional mysticism|publisher= Routledge|year= 1993|pages= 168|isbn= 978-0-7007-0235-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYahlaJCLnYC&pg=PA168}}</ref><ref>John Bowker "Bhakti ." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Encyclopedia.com. 16 Oct. 2020 https://www.encyclopedia.com .</ref> The word also means "attachment, devotion to, fondness for, homage, faith or love, worship, piety to something as a spiritual, religious principle or means of salvation".<ref name=monier /><ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=bhakti&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 bhakti] Sanskrit English Dictionary, University of Koeln, Germany</ref>

The meaning of the term ''bhakti'' is analogous to but different from [[kama]]. Kama connotes emotional connection, sometimes with sensual devotion and erotic love. Bhakti, in contrast, is spiritual: a love and devotion to religious concepts or principles, that engages both emotion and intellection.<ref name=karen20>Karen Pechelis (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, pages 19-21</ref> Karen Pechelis states that the word ''bhakti'' should not be understood as uncritical emotion, but as committed engagement.<ref name=karen20 /> She adds that, in the concept of ''bhakti'' in Hinduism, the engagement involves a simultaneous tension between emotion and intellection, "emotion to reaffirm the social context and temporal freedom, intellection to ground the experience in a thoughtful, conscious approach".<ref name=karen20 /> One who practices ''bhakti'' is called a ''[[bhakta]]''.<ref>Karen Pechelis (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, page 3</ref>

The term ''bhakti'', in [[Vedas|Vedic]] Sanskrit literature, has a general meaning of "mutual attachment, devotion, fondness for, devotion to" such as in human relationships, most often between beloved-lover, friend-friend, king-subject, parent-child.<ref name="Cutler">{{cite book|last=Cutler|first=Norman|title=Songs of Experience|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1987|pages=1|isbn=978-0-253-35334-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=veSItWingx8C&pg=PA1}}</ref> It may refer to devotion towards a spiritual teacher ([[Guru]]) as ''guru-bhakti'',<ref>{{cite book|last=Sivananda|first=Swami|title=Guru Bhakti Yoga|publisher=Divine Life Society|year=2004|isbn=978-81-7052-168-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Vivekananda|first=Swami|title=The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda|publisher=Advaita Ashrama|year=1970| url =http://www.dlshq.org/download/gurubhaktiyoga.htm | pages=62}}</ref> or to a personal God,<ref name="Cutler" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Neusner, Jacob|title=World religions in America: an introduction|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2003|pages=128|isbn=978-0-664-22475-2}}</ref> or for spirituality without form ([[nirguna]]).<ref>Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, page 21</ref>

According to the Sri Lankan Buddhist scholar Sanath Nanayakkara, there is no single term in English that adequately translates or represents the concept of ''bhakti'' in Indian religions.{{sfn| Nanayakkara|1966|pp=678–80}} Terms such as "devotion, faith, devotional faith" represent certain aspects of ''bhakti'', but it means much more. The concept includes a sense of deep affection, attachment, but not wish because "wish is selfish, affection is unselfish". Some scholars, states Nanayakkara, associate it with ''saddha'' (Sanskrit: ''Sraddha'') which means "faith, trust or confidence". However, ''bhakti'' can connote an end in itself, or a path to spiritual wisdom.{{sfn| Nanayakkara|1966|pp=678–80}}

The term ''bhakti'' refers to one of several alternate spiritual paths to [[moksha]] (spiritual freedom, liberation, salvation) in Hinduism,<ref name=johnmartin /> and it is referred to as ''bhakti marga'' or ''[[bhakti yoga]]''.<ref name="Klostermaier">{{cite book|last=Klostermaier|first=Klaus|author-link=Klaus Klostermaier|title=A survey of Hinduism|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1989|pages=210–212|isbn=978-0-88706-807-2}}</ref><ref>Karen Pechelis (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, pages 14-15, 37-38</ref> The other paths are ''[[Jnana yoga|Jnana marga]]'' (path of knowledge), ''[[Karma marga]]'' (path of works), ''Rāja marga'' (path of contemplation and meditation).<ref name=johnmartin>John Martin Sahajananda (2014), Fully Human Fully Divine, Partridge India, {{ISBN|978-1482819557}}, page 60</ref><ref>KN Tiwari (2009), Comparative Religion, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120802933}}, page 31</ref>

The term ''bhakti'' has been usually translated as "devotion" in [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] literature.<ref>Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, pages 15-24</ref> The colonial era authors variously described ''bhakti'' as a form of mysticism or "primitive" religious devotion of lay people with monotheistic parallels.<ref name=paulcarus>Paul Carus, {{Google books|96sLAAAAIAAJ|The Monist|PA514}}, pages 514-515</ref><ref>DG Mandelbaum (1966), Transcendental and Pragmatic Aspects of Religion, American Anthropologist, 68(5), pages 1174–1191</ref><ref>DC Scott (1980), Hindu and Christian Bhakti: A Common Human Response to the Sacred, Indian Journal of Theology, 29(1), pages 12-32</ref> However, modern scholars state "devotion" is a misleading and incomplete translation of ''bhakti''.<ref name=karen2324 /><ref name="Gale">{{cite book|title=Gale Encyclopedia of Religion|pages=856–857|editor=Lindsay Jones|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2005|volume=2|isbn=978-0-02-865735-6}}</ref>

Many contemporary scholars have questioned this terminology, and most now trace the term ''bhakti'' as one of the several spiritual perspectives that emerged from reflections on the Vedic context and Hindu way of life. ''Bhakti'' in Indian religions is not a ritualistic devotion to a God or to religion, but participation in a path that includes behavior, ethics, mores and spirituality.<ref name=karen2324 /> It involves, among other things, refining one's state of mind, knowing God, participating in God, and internalizing God.<ref name=karen2324 /> Increasingly, instead of "devotion", the term "participation" is appearing in scholarly literature as a gloss for the term ''bhakti''.<ref name=karen2324>Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, pages 23-24</ref><ref name="Gale" />{{love sidebar|cultural}}

Diverse ideas continue in Hinduism, where both ''saguni'' and ''nirguni'' ''bhakti'' (devotion to divine with or without attributes) or alternate paths to spirituality are among the options left to the choice of a Hindu.{{Sfn|Lorenzen|1995|pp=1-2}}<ref name=johnmartin />

''Bhakti'' is an important term in Sikhism.{{Sfn|Lorenzen|1995|pp=1-2}} The term appears as ''bhagti'' ({{langx|pa|[[:wikt:ਭਗਤੀ#Punjabi|ਭਗਤੀ]]}}) in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]; there, it never appears alongside the terms ''nirgun'' or ''sargun''. [[David N. Lorenzen]] writes that ''bhakti'' of ''nirguni'' (which he considers as devotion to the divine without attributes) is particularly significant in Sikhism, and Sikhism is derived from it.{{Sfn|Lorenzen|1995|pp=1-2}}. However, Hardip Singh Syan writes that mainstream Sikh Gurus developed a separate conception of ''bhakti'' opposed to [[Varna (Hinduism)|the existing social structure]]. The [[Mina (Sikhism)|Mina]] sect, which vehemently opposed mainstream Sikhism and the [[Khalsa]], merged Sikh ''bhakti'' with Vaishnavite ''bhakti'' with the opposite aim, while producing literary works that affirmed traditional ''bhakti'' values.<ref name=hardip>Hardip Syan (2014), in ''The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies'' (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199699308}}, page 178</ref>

== History of Hindu bhakti ==
=== The Upanishads ===
The last of three epilogue verses of the [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]] (6.23), dated to be from 1st millennium BCE, uses the word ''Bhakti'' as follows:<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, page 326</ref><ref>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/266/mode/2up Shvetashvatara Upanishad], The Upanishads, Part II, Oxford University Press, page 267</ref>

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
yasya deve parā '''bhaktiḥ''' yathā deve tathā gurau <nowiki>।
tasyaite kathitā hyarthāḥ prakāśante mahātmanaḥ </nowiki><ref>[https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/श्वेताश्वतरोपनिषद् Shvetashvatara Upanishad 6.23] Wikisource</ref>

He who has highest ''Bhakti'' of ''Deva'' (God), just like his ''Deva'', so for his ''Guru'' (teacher),
To him who is high-minded, these teachings will be illuminating.
</poem>

|}}

This verse is one of the earliest use of the word ''Bhakti'' in ancient Indian literature, and has been translated as "the love of God".<ref name=paulcarus /><ref>WN Brown (1970), Man in the Universe: Some Continuities in Indian Thought, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520017498}}, pages 38-39</ref> Scholars<ref name=pauldeussenintro>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 301-304</ref><ref name=maxmullerinto>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n33/mode/2up The Shvetashvatara Upanishad], Oxford University Press, pages xxxii – xlii</ref> have debated whether this phrase is authentic or later insertion into the Upanishad, and whether the terms "Bhakti" and "Deva" meant the same in this ancient text as they do in the modern era. [[Max Muller]] states that the word ''Bhakti'' appears only once in this Upanishad, that too in one last verse of the epilogue, could have been a later addition and may not be theistic as the word was later used in much later ''Sandilya Sutras''.<ref name=maxmullerbhakti>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/n33/mode/2up The Shvetashvatara Upanishad], Oxford University Press, pages xxxiv and xxxvii</ref> Grierson as well as Carus note that the first epilogue verse 6.21 of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad is also notable for its use of the word ''Deva Prasada'' (देवप्रसाद, grace or gift of God), but add that ''Deva'' in the epilogue of the Shvetashvatara Upanishad refers to "pantheistic [[Brahman]]" and the closing credit to sage Shvetashvatara in verse 6.21 can mean "gift or grace of his Soul".<ref name=paulcarus />

===Post-Vedic movement===
{{See also|Hindu synthesis}}

Scholarly consensus sees ''bhakti'' as a post-Vedic movement that developed primarily during the [[Hindu Epics]] and [[Puranas]] era of Indian history (late first mill. BCE-early first mill. CE).<ref>"Scholarly consensus today tends to view bhakti as a post-Vedic development that took place primarily in the watershed years of the epics and Puranas." Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, page 17</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Monier Monier-Williams |author2=Ernst Leumann |publisher=Clarendon |place=Oxford |title=A Sanskrit-English dictionary, etymologically and philologically arranged : with special reference to cognate Indo-European languages |edition=new |year=1899 |oclc=152275976|author-link1=Monier-Williams }}</ref>

The ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' is the first text to explicitly use the word "bhakti" to designate a religious path, using it as a term for one of three possible religious approaches or [[yoga]]s (i.e. [[bhakti yoga]]).<ref>Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, page 5</ref>

The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (which focuses on [[Krishna]] bhakti) develops the idea more elaborately,<ref name="Cutler" /> while the ''[[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]]'' presents evidence of ''guru-bhakti'' (devotion to one's spiritual teacher).<ref name="Klostermaier" /><ref>{{Cite book| last = Singh| first = R. Raj|year=2006|title=Bhakti and philosophy|publisher= Lexington Books|pages=28|isbn=978-0-7391-1424-7| ref = name="Singh"}}</ref>

=== Bhakti movement ===
{{Main|Bhakti movement}}

[[File:Manavala mamunigal 03.jpg|thumb|[[Nammalvar]], considered the most prominent of the twelve [[Alvars]] ([[Tamil language|Tamil]] poet saints c. 5th to 9th century CE) whose hymns are compiled in the [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham|Nālāyira Divya Prabandham]]]]
[[file:Chaitanya sankirtan.jpg|thumb|Bengal illustration of the 15th century Krishna bhakta [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] performing [[kirtan]], devotional chanting and dancing, in the streets of [[Nabadwip]], Bengal.]]

The ''[[Bhakti Movement]]'' was a rapid growth of bhakti, first starting in the later part of 1st millennium CE, from [[Tamil Nadu]] in southern India with the Shaiva [[Nayanars]]<ref name="Embree">{{cite book|last=Embree|first=Ainslie Thomas | author-link=Ainslie Embree|author2=Stephen N. Hay |author3=William Theodore De Bary |title=Sources of Indian Tradition|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1988|pages=342|isbn=978-0-231-06651-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=An5mD6KMiSIC&pg=PA342}}</ref> and the Vaishnava [[Alvars]]. Their ideas and practices inspired bhakti poetry and devotion throughout India over the 12th-18th century CE.<ref name="Flood" /><ref name="Embree" /> The Alvars ("those immersed in God") were Vaishnava poet-saints who wandered from temple to temple, singing the praises of Vishnu. They hailed the [[Divya Desam|divine abodes]] of Vishnu and converted many people to [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name="Embree" />

[[File:Meerabai (crop).jpg|thumb|[[Meera]] (Mirabai) (circa 1498-1546) was one of the most significant poet-saints in the [[Vaishnava]] bhakti movement.<ref name=smpandey>SM Pandey (1965), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1061803 Mīrābāī and Her Contributions to the Bhakti Movement], History of Religions, Vol. 5, No. 1, pages 54-73</ref>]]

Like the Alvars, the [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] Nayanar poets were influential. The ''[[Tirumurai]]'', a compilation of hymns by sixty-three Nayanar poets, is still of great importance in South India. Hymns by three of the most prominent poets, [[Appar]] (7th century CE), [[Campantar]] (7th century) and [[Sundarar]] (9th century), were compiled into the ''[[Tevaram]]'', the first volumes of the ''Tirumurai''. The poets' itinerant lifestyle helped create temple and pilgrimage sites and spread devotion to Shiva.<ref>{{cite book|last=Olson|first=Carl|title=The many colors of Hinduism: a thematic-historical introduction|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|year=2007|pages=231|isbn=978-0-8135-4068-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVWKClYq4TUC&pg=PA231}}</ref> Early Tamil-Shiva bhakti poets quoted the [[Black Yajurveda|Krishna Yajurveda]].<ref>Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, pages 17-18</ref> The Alvars and Nayanars were instrumental in propagating the Bhakti tradition. The [[Bhagavata Purana]]'s references to the South Indian Alvar saints, along with its emphasis on ''bhakti'', have led many scholars to give it South Indian origins, though some scholars question whether this evidence excludes the possibility that ''bhakti'' movement had parallel developments in other parts of India.<ref>{{cite book| last=Sheridan| first=Daniel| title= The Advaitic Theism of the Bhagavata Purana |publisher=South Asia Books |location=Columbia, Mo |year=1986 |isbn=978-81-208-0179-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrtYYTjYFY8C}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=van Buitenen | first=J. A. B | chapter=The Archaism of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa | title=Encyclopedia Indica | year=1996 | editor=S.S Shashi | isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 | pages=28–45 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-sC1GkwH7sC&pg=PA28 | publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Scholars state that the ''bhakti'' movement focused on Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti and other deities, that developed and spread in India, was in response to the arrival of [[Islam]] in India about 8th century CE,<ref>Note: The earliest arrival dates are contested by scholars. They range from 7th to 9th century, with Muslim traders settling in coastal regions of Indian peninsula, to Muslims seeking asylum in Tamil Nadu, to raids in northwest India by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]]. See: Annemarie Schimmel (1997), Islam in the Indian subcontinent, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004061170}}, pages 3-7; Andre Wink (2004), Al-Hind: the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Brill Academic Publishers, {{ISBN|90-04-09249-8}}</ref> and subsequent [[Religious violence in India|religious violence]].<ref name=encyclopediabrit /><ref name=karen /><ref name=johnhawley /> This view is contested by other scholars.<ref name=johnhawley>John Stratton Hawley (2015), A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement, Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0674187467}}, pages 39-61</ref>

The Bhakti movement swept over east and north India from the fifteenth-century onwards, reaching its zenith between the 15th and 17th century CE.<ref name=schomer>Karine Schomer and WH McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120802773}}, pages 1-2</ref> According to Patton Burchett, the four key features of this early modern bhakti movement in north India were:<blockquote>First and foremost, these communities were united by a distinctive focus on personal devotion to the Divine, as opposed to other traditional pillars of Indic religiosity such as [[Jñāna|knowledge]], ritual, or the practice of [[yoga]] or [[asceticism]]. This devotion took place in the context of an intimate, loving relationship with the Divine in which caste, class, or gender typically were said to have no place. This was a bhakti that found its most characteristic expression in (a) the context of spiritual fellowship ([[satsaṅg]]) with other devotees (bhaktas), (b) the medium of song, (c) the idiom of passionate love (śṛṅgāra/mādhurya) or painful separation (viraha), and (d) the remembrance—in meditation, recitation, chant, and song—of the name(s) of God. Second, these new devotional communities of [[Mughal India]] were alike in their production and performance of devotional works, composed in vernacular languages, remembering the deeds of God (especially [[Krishna|Kṛṣṇa]] and [[Rama|Rām]]) and exemplary bhaktas. Third, important in all these communities was the performance and collection of songs attributed to renowned bhakti poet-saints like Kabīr, Raidās, and Sūrdās. Finally, despite their many differences, the vast majority of bhakti authors and sectarian communities in early modern North India came together in articulating a devotional sensibility distinct from—and often explicitly positioned in opposition to—certain [[Tantra|tantric]] paradigms of religiosity.<ref>Burchett, Patton (2019)

''Genealogy of Devotion - Bhakti, Tantra, Yoga, and Sufism in North India'', pp. 2-3. Columbia University Press.</ref></blockquote>Bhakti poetry and ideas influenced many aspects of Hindu culture, religious and secular, and became an integral part of Indian society.<ref name="Embree" /> It extended its influence to [[Sufism]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Flood|first=Gavin D.|title=The Blackwell companion to Hinduism|publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]]|year=2003|page=185|isbn=978-0-631-21535-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSfneQ0YYY8C&pg=PA185}}</ref> [[Christianity]],<ref name="Neill 2002 412" /> and [[Jainism]].<ref name="Kelting 2001 87" /> [[Sikhism]] was founded by [[Guru Nanak]] in the 15th century, during the bhakti movement period, and scholars have identified it as drawing from many Bhakti traditions and ideas.<ref>W. Owen Cole and Piara Singh Sambhi (1997), A Popular Dictionary of Sikhism: Sikh Religion and Philosophy, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700710485}}, page 22</ref>

Saints such as [[Mirabai]], [[Surdas|Soordas]], [[Narsinh Mehta]] composed several bhajans that were a path towards Bhakti for many, that are universally sung even today. A modern age saint, Shri Devendra Ghia (Kaka) has composed about 10,000 hymns. These hymns are related to bhakti, knowledge, devotion, faith, introspection and honesty.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BHAAV SAMADHI VICHAAR SAMADHI - KAKA BHAJANS |url=https://www.kakabhajans.org/ |access-date=11 June 2022 |website=Kakabhajans.org}}</ref>

The movement has traditionally been considered as an influential social reformation in Hinduism, and provided an individual-focused alternative path to spirituality regardless of one's birth caste or gender.<ref name="schomer" /> [[Postmodernism|Postmodern]] scholars question this traditional view and whether the [[Bhakti movement]] were ever a social reform or rebellion of any kind.<ref>Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, pages 10-16</ref> They suggest Bhakti movement was a revival, reworking and recontextualization of ancient Vedic traditions.<ref>Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2014), The Embodiment of Bhakti, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195351903}}, pages 15-16</ref>

== In Hinduism ==
=== Bhakti Yoga ===
{{Main|Bhakti yoga}}
The ''Bhagavad Gita'' introduces bhakti yoga in combination with ''[[karma yoga]]'' and ''[[jnana yoga]]'',<ref name="Minor">{{cite book|last=Minor|first=Robert Neil|title=Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavadgita|publisher=SUNY Press|year=1986|pages=3|isbn=978-0-88706-297-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku2DGm20WWUC&pg=PA3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Glucklich|first=Ariel|title=The Strides of Vishnu|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|pages=104|isbn=978-0-19-531405-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA104}}</ref> while the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' expands on bhakti yoga, offering nine specific activities for the bhakti yogi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2c-_DQAAQBAJ |title=Bhakti Yoga: Tales and Teachings from the Bhagavata Purana |date=2017-07-11 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-71439-0 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> Bhakti in the ''Bhagavad Gita'' offered an alternative to two dominant practices of religion at the time: the isolation of the sannyasin and the practice of religious ritual.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prentiss |first=Karen Pechilis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vu95WgeUBfEC |title=The Embodiment of Bhakti |date=2000-01-06 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535190-3 |pages=19 |language=en}}</ref> ''Bhakti Yoga'' is described by [[Swami Vivekananda]] as "the path of systematized devotion for the attainment of union with the Absolute".<ref>{{cite book|last=Sundararajan|first=K. R.|author2=Bithika Mukerji|title=Hindu Spirituality|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=2003|pages=306|isbn=978-81-208-1937-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LO0DpWElIRIC&pg=PA306}}</ref> In various chapters, including the twelfth chapter of the ''Bhagavad Gita'', Krishna describes ''bhakti yoga'' as one of the paths to the highest spiritual attainments.<ref name="Jacobsen">{{cite book |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. | year = 2005 | title = Theory And Practice of Yoga: Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson | page=351 | publisher = Brill Academic Publishers| isbn=978-90-04-14757-7}}</ref> In the sixth chapter, for example, the Gita states the following about bhakti yogi:
{{blockquote|
<poem>
The yogi who, established in oneness, Honors Me as abiding in all beings,
In whatever way he otherwise acts, Dwells in Me.

He who sees equality in everything, In the image of his own Self, Arjuna,
Whether in pleasure or in pain, Is thought to be a supreme yogi.

Of all yogis, He who has merged his inner Self in Me,
Honors me, full of faith, Is thought to be the most devoted to Me.<ref name=chapple>Christopher Key Chapple (Editor) and Winthrop Sargeant (Translator), The Bhagavad Gita: Twenty-fifth–Anniversary Edition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-1438428420}}, pages 302-303, 318</ref></poem>}}

The ''[[Shandilya Bhakti Sutra]]'' and ''[[Narada Bhakti Sutra]]'' define devotion, emphasize its importance and superiority, and classify its forms.<ref>{{cite book |last=Georg Feuerstein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTjewAEACAAJ |title=The Yoga Tradition |author2=Ken Wilber |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-208-1923-8 |pages=55 |author-link=Georg Feuerstein |author2-link=Ken Wilber}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Swami Vivekananda |title=The indispensable Vivekananda |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-7824-130-2 |editor=Amiya P Sen |page=212 |chapter=Bhakti Yoga |author-link=Swami Vivekananda |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=usBhrZcnJ78C&pg=PA212}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bary |first=William Theodore De|author2=Stephen N Hay|title=Sources of Indian Tradition|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1988|page=330|chapter=Hinduism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqzFZNF2RxgC&pg=PA330|isbn=978-81-208-0467-8}}</ref>

According to [[Ramana Maharshi|Ramana Maharishi]], bhakti is a "surrender to the divine with one's heart". It can be practiced as an adjunct to self-inquiry, and in one of four ways:{{sfn|Frawley|2000|p=133}}
# Atma-Bhakti: devotion to one's ''atma'' (Supreme Self)
# Ishvara-Bhakti: devotion to a formless being (God, Cosmic Lord)
# Ishta Devata-Bhakti: devotion to a personal God or goddess
# Guru-Bhakti: devotion to [[Guru]]

=== Nine forms of Bhakti ===
The ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (verse 7.5.23) teaches nine forms of bhakti:
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|# ''śravaṇa'' (listening to ancient texts)
# ''kīrtana'' (praying)
# ''smaraṇa'' (remembering teachings in ancient texts)
# ''pāda-sevana'' (service to the feet)
# ''archana'' (worshiping)
# ''namaskar'' or ''vandana'' (bowing to the divine)
# ''dāsya'' (service to the divine)
# ''sākhyatva'' (friendship with the divine)
# ''ātma-nivedana'' (self-surrender to the divine)
}}

The ''Bhagavata Purana'' describes many examples of bhakti, such as those exhibited by [[Prahlada]] and the [[gopi]]s. The behavior of the gopis in the ''Bhagavata Purana'' exemplifies the essence of bhakti. When separated from Krishna, the gopis practiced devotion by listening to his stories (''śravaṇa''), praising his glorious deeds (''kīrtana''), and other acts to keep him in their thoughts.<ref name="Halberman">{{cite book|last=Haberman|first=David L.|title=Acting as a Way of Salvation|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=2001|pages=133–134|isbn=978-81-208-1794-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ua-E20uyH9IC&pg=RA1-PA133}}</ref><ref>''Bhagavata Purana'', 7.5.23-24</ref>

=== Bhavas ===
Traditional Hinduism speaks of five different ''[[bhava#In bhakti traditions|bhāvas]]'' or "[[affective]] essences".<ref>{{cite book|last=Spivak|first=Gayatri Chakravorty | author-link=Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak|title=Other Asias|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|date=December 28, 2007|page=197}}</ref> In this sense, ''bhāvas'' are different attitudes that devotees takes according to their individual temperament to express devotion towards God in some form.<ref name="Akhilananda_180" /> The different ''bhāvas'' are:
# ''śānta'', placid love for God;
# ''dāsya'', the attitude of a servant;
# ''sakhya'', the attitude of a friend;
# ''vātsalya'', the attitude of a mother towards her child;
# ''madhurya'', the attitude of a woman towards her lover.<ref name="Akhilananda_180">{{cite book | last = Allport | first = Gordon W. |author2=Swami [[Akhilananda]] | title = Hindu Psychology | chapter = Its meaning for the West | publisher = Routledge | year = 1999 | page = [https://books.google.com/books?id=aANjt2mn27MC&pg=PA180 180]}}</ref>

Several saints are known to have practiced these ''bhavas''. The nineteenth century mystic, [[Ramakrishna]] is said to have practiced these five ''bhavas''.<ref name="isherwood-111">{{cite book|last=Isherwood|first=Christopher|title=Ramakrishna and his disciples|publisher=Vedanta Press|year=1980|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6qVMrumO-g0C&pg=PA111 111–112]|isbn=978-0-87481-037-0}}</ref> The devotion of [[Hanuman]] towards [[Rama]] is considered to be of ''dasya bhava''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sarma|first=Subrahmanya |title=Essence of Hinduism|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|year=1971|page=68}}</ref> The relationship of [[Arjuna]] and the cowherd boys of [[Vrindavan]] with [[Krishna]] is regarded as ''sakhya bhava''.<ref name="isherwood-111" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Hari Dutt |title=Glory of Spiritual India|publisher=Pustak Mahal|year=1999|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KQFOCy7DpQ0C&pg=PA95 95–96]|isbn=978-81-223-0439-8}}</ref> [[Radha]]'s love towards Krishna is ''madhurya bhava''.<ref name="isherwood-111" /> The affection of Krishna's foster-mother [[Yashoda]] towards him exemplifies ''vatsalya bhava''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Devanand|first=G.K.|title=Teaching of Yoga|publisher=APH Publishing|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=L3mBLHWxgPsC&pg=PA74 74]}}</ref> The ''[[Chaitanya Charitamrita]]'' mentions that [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]] came to distribute the four spiritual sentiments of Vraja loka: dasya, sakhya, vatsalya, and [[sringara]]. Sringara is the relationship of the intimate love.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

=== Murti ===
In ''bhakti'' worship, rituals are primarily directed towards physical images. The terms "[[murti]]" and "''vigraham''" are commonly used in Hinduism to describe these images. A ''murti'' denotes an object with a distinct form that symbolizes the shape or manifestation of a particular deity, either a god or goddess. A ritual called ''[[Prana pratishtha|pranapratishta]]'' is performed before worshipping a murti, establishing ''prana'' (life force) into the image and inviting the god or goddess to reside in the murti.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Flueckiger |first=Joyce Burkhalter |title=Everyday Hinduism |date=2015 |publisher=Wiley Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-6021-6 |location=Chichester, West Sussex |pages=77–86}}</ref>

=== Bhakti in the Teachings of Jagadgurus ===
Several [[Jagadguru|Jagadgurus]] placed a strong emphasis on ''bhakti'' as the path to [[Spiritualism (movement)|spiritual]] realisation.

*[[Nimbarka|Jagadguru Nimbarkacharya]] emphasized devotion to [[Radha and Krishna]], introducing [[Dvaitadvaita Vedanta|Dvaitadvait Vad]] (dualistic non-dualism), which balanced divine oneness and personal devotion.

*[[Ramanuja|Jagadguru Ramanujacharya]] taught [[Prapatti]] (complete surrender) and presented [[Vishishtadvaita|Vishishtadvait Vad]] (qualified non-dualism), combining reason and devotion.

*[[Madhvacharya|Jagadguru Madhvacharya]], through his [[Dvaita Vedanta|Dvait Vad]] (dualism), reinforced the idea that grace of a personal God was essential for liberation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-17 |title=Understanding Jagadguru Tradition: 5 Authentic Jagadgurus of The World |url=https://www.mid-day.com/buzz/article/understanding-jagadguru-tradition-5-authentic-jagadgurus-of-the-world-5652 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

*Jagadguru Madhvacharya’s teachings directly influenced [[Purandara Dasa|Saint Purandara Dasa]], a key figure in the [[Bhakti movement]], linking his philosophy to the broader devotional wave that swept through India.

*[[Kripalu Maharaj|Jagadguru Kripalu Ji Maharaj]] gave a new dimension to Bhakti practice in modern times with the method of Roopdhyan meditation, which involves meditating upon the divine forms and qualities of [[Radha]]-[[Krishna]], stating that true worship stems from mental surrender and heartfelt love rather than external rituals.

*Bhakti has been a unifying spiritual approach through different Jagadguru philosophies, ultimately rejuvenating [[Sanātana Dharma]] in various ages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-16 |title=Jagadguru Tradition: Difference between Original and 'Gaddi-Dhaari' Jagadgurus |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bizz-impact/jagadguru-tradition-difference-between-original-and-gaddi-dhaari-jagadgurus-article-151438264 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
== In other religions ==
[[File:Bodhi Tree Distant View - panoramio.jpg|thumb|The [[Bodhi Tree]] under which [[Gautama Buddha]] attained [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Enlightenment]] has been a major site of Buddhist bhakti since the earliest period of Buddhism.]]Devotional elements similar to bhakti are also a part of [[world religions|religions]]<ref name="pasquier">Michael Pasquier (2011), The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization, Wiley-Blackwell, {{ISBN|978-1405157629}}, See article on ''Devotionalism and Devotional Literature'', {{doi|10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0417}}</ref> such as Christianity,<ref name="pasquier" /><ref>L. D. Nelson and Russell R. Dynes (1976), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1384313 The Impact of Devotionalism and Attendance on Ordinary and Emergency Helping Behavior], Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 15, No. 1, pages 47-59</ref> Islam,<ref>GJ Larson, India's Agony Over Religion: Confronting Diversity in Teacher Education, SUNY Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2411-7}}, page 116</ref><ref>Roxanne Leslie Euben and Muhammad Qasim Zaman (2009), Princeton Readings in Islamist Thought, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691135885}}, pages 21-23</ref> Buddhism<ref>Minoru Kiyota (1985), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/30233958 Tathāgatagarbha Thought: A Basis of Buddhist Devotionalism in East Asia], Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2/3, pages 207-231</ref><ref>Pori Park (2012), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23943371 Devotionalism Reclaimed: Re-mapping Sacred Geography in Contemporary Korean Buddhism], Journal of Korean Religions, Vol. 3, No. 2, pages 153-171</ref><ref>Allan Andrews (1993), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3270396 Lay and Monastic Forms of Pure Land Devotionalism: Typology and History], Numen, Vol. 40, No. 1, pages 16-37</ref> and Judaism.<ref name="pasquier" /><ref>Anthony M. Stevens-Arroyo (1998), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1388029 The Evolution of Marian Devotionalism within Christianity and the Ibero-Mediterranean Polity], Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 37, No. 1, pages 50-73</ref>

=== Buddhism ===
[[File:Foreigners at Sanchi Stupa I North Gateway.jpg|thumb|A relief on the Northern Gateway of [[Sanchi|Sanchi Stupa]] number 1 showing devotees and musicians venerating the [[stupa]], which contained Buddha relics.<ref name="RS441">"Musicians generally described as "Greeks" from the eastern gateway at Sanchi" in {{cite book |last1=Stoneman |first1=Richard |title=The Greek Experience of India: From Alexander to the Indo-Greeks |date=2019 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691185385 |pages=441–444, Fig. 15.6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8MFnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA441}}</ref>]]

{{Main|Buddhist devotion|Faith in Buddhism}}

Bhakti (''bhatti'' in [[Pali]]) has always been a common aspect of [[Buddhism]], where offerings, prostrations, chants, and individual or group prayers are made to the [[Buddha]] and ''[[bodhisattvas]]'',<ref name="swearer9">Donald Swearer (2003), ''Buddhism in the Modern World: Adaptations of an Ancient Tradition'' (Editors: Heine and Prebish), Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195146981}}, pages 9-25.</ref><ref>Karen Pechelis (2011), The Bloomsbury Companion to Hindu Studies (Editor: Jessica Frazier), Bloomsbury, {{ISBN|978-1472511515}}, pages 109-112</ref> or to other [[Buddhist deities]].<ref name="child138">{{cite book|author=Louise Child|title=Tantric Buddhism and Altered States of Consciousness: Durkheim, Emotional Energy and Visions of the Consort |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYDeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-04677-6|pages=138–139}}</ref> According to [[Karel Werner]] Buddhist bhakti "had its beginnings in the earliest days".<ref name="werner45">Karel Werner (1995), ''Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism,'' Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0700702350}}, pages 45-46</ref> Perhaps the earliest mention of the term bhatti in all Indic literature appears in the early Buddhist ''[[Theragatha]]'' (''Verses of the Elders'').{{Sfn|Dayal|1970|p=32}} As such, Har Dayal writes that, bhakti "was an integral part of the Buddhist ideal from the earliest times".{{Sfn|Dayal|1970|p=32}} John S. Strong writes that the central meaning of Indian Buddhist bhakti was "recollection of the Buddha" (Sanskrit: [[Buddhānusmṛti|buddhanusmrti]]).<ref name=":6">Strong, John S. (2017). ''The Legend and Cult of Upagupta: Sanskrit Buddhism in North India and Southeast Asia,'' p. 117. Princeton University Press.</ref>

One of the earliest form of Buddhist devotional practice was the early Buddhist tradition of worshiping the Buddha through the means of [[stupa]]s and bodily relics ([[Śarīra|sarira]]).<ref>Sukumar Dutt (1988). ''Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture,'' p. 184. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher.</ref> Later (after about the third century CE), devotion using Buddha images also became a very popular form of Buddha bhakti.<ref>Sukumar Dutt (1988). ''Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture,'' p. 191. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher.</ref>

Sri Lankan scholar Indumathie Karunaratna notes that the meaning of ''bhatti'' changed throughout Buddhist history.<ref name="ik435" /> In [[Early Buddhist schools|early Buddhist]] sources like the [[Theragatha|''Theragāthā'']],{{sfn|Nanayakkara|1966|p=678}} ''bhatti'' had the meaning of 'faithful adherence to the [Buddhist] religion', and was accompanied with knowledge. Later on, however, the term developed the meaning of an advanced form of emotional devotion. This sense of devotion was thus different than the early [[Faith in Buddhism|Buddhist view of faith]].{{sfn|Nanayakkara|1966|p=679}}

According to Sanath Nanayakkara, early Buddhist refuge and devotion, meant taking the Buddha as an ideal to live by, rather than the later sense of self-surrender. But already in the [[atthakatha|Commentary]] to the [[Abhidhamma]] text ''[[Puggalapaññatti]]'', it is mentioned that the Buddhist devotee should develop his ''saddhā'' until it becomes ''bhaddi'', a sense not mentioned in earlier texts and probably influenced by the Hindu idea of ''bhakti''. There are instances where commentator [[Buddhaghosa]] mentions taking refuge in the Buddha in the sense of mere adoration, indicating a historical shift in meaning. Similar developments in Buddhist devotion took place with regards to worshipping the Buddha's [[Śarīra|relics]] and [[Buddhist art|Buddha images]].<ref name=":2">Gokhale, Pradeep. "The Place of Bhakti in Buddhism", in ''Illuminating the Dharma: Buddhist Studies in Honour of Venerable Professor KL Dhammajoti'', Edited by Toshiichi Endo, Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong, 2021.</ref>

The [[Mahāsāṃghika]] school of early Buddhism seems to have promoted devotional practice and bhakti to a high status and to have anchored this practice in the purity and radiance of the Buddha.<ref name=Pas1995>Pas, Julian F. (1995). ''Visions of Sukhavati: Shan-Tao's Commentary on the Kuan Wu-liang- Shou-Fo Ching'', pp. 26-30. Albany, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|0-7914-2520-7}}</ref> The ''[[Mahāvastu]]'', one of the few surviving Mahāsāṃghika texts, states:<blockquote>The purity of the Buddha is so great that the worship of the Exalted One is sufficient for the attainment of Nirvāna, and that one already acquires endless merit by merely walking round a stupa and worshipping it by means of floral offerings...from the Buddha’s smile, there radiate beams which illuminate the entire buddhafields.<ref name=Pas1995 /> </blockquote>

In later faith-oriented literature, such as the ''[[Avadana|Avadānas]],'' faith is given an important role in Buddhist doctrine. Nevertheless, faith (''śraddhā'') is discussed in different contexts than devotion (''bhakti''). ''Bhakti'' is often used disparagingly to describe acts of worship to deities, often seen as ineffective and improper for a Buddhist. Also, ''bhakti'' is clearly connected with a person as an object, whereas ''śraddhā'' is less connected with a person, and is more connected with truthfulness and truth. Śraddhā focuses on ideas such as the working of [[karma (Buddhism)|karma]] and [[merit transfer]].<ref name="Rotman 2008">{{cite book |last1=Rotman |first1=Andy |title=Thus Have I Seen: Visualizing Faith in Early Indian Buddhism |date=2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-045117-2 |chapter=Getting and Giving |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-0JCAAAQBAJ}}</ref> One source for Indian Buddhist devotion is the ''[[Divyavadana|Divyāvadāna]]'', which focuses on the vast amount of [[Merit (Buddhism)|merit]] (''{{IAST|puṇya}}'') that is generated by making offerings to Buddhas, [[stupa]]s and other [[Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India|Buddhist holy sites]].<ref name="princeton">{{cite book |last1=Buswell, Jr. |first1=Robert |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |last2=Lopez, Jr. |first2=Donald S. |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2013 |isbn=9781400848058 |page=262 |authorlink1=Robert Buswell Jr. |authorlink2=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.}}</ref>

This text contrasts faith in the Buddha with bhakti for mundane deities (such as Hindu gods), and in this case, it sees bhakti as something for those who are less developed spiritually.<ref name=":5">Rotman, Andy (2008). ''Thus Have I Seen: Visualizing Faith in Early Indian Buddhism,'' p. 245. Oxford University Press, USA.</ref> However, in other passages, the term is used positively, and in one story, the sage [[Upagupta]] says to the demon [[Mara (demon)|Mara]]:<blockquote>Even a very small bit of bhakti [toward the Buddha] offers nirvana to the wise as a result. In short, the wicked things that you [Māra] did here to the Sage, when your mind was blind with delusion, all of these have been washed away by the copious waters of [[Faith in Buddhism|śraddhā]] that have entered your heart.

- ''Divyāvadāna'' 360.1–4 [''Aśokāvadana'' 22.7-9] <ref>Sanskrit: svalpāpi hy atra bhaktir bhavati matimatāṃ nirvāṇaphaladā saṃkṣepād yat kṛtam. te vṛjinam iha muner mohāndhamanasā sarvaṃ prakṣālitaṃ tat tava hṛdaye gataiḥ śraddhāmbuvisaraiḥ</ref><ref name=":5" /> </blockquote>In the 11th century, the Bengali Buddhist scholar Rāmancandra Kavibhārati composed a work on Buddhist bhakti called the ''Bhakti Śataka.''<ref>Keune, Jon (2021). ''Shared Devotion, Shared Food: Equality and the Bhakti-caste Question in Western India,'' p. 49. Oxford University Press.</ref>

Today, affective devotion remains an important part of Buddhist practice, even in Theravada Buddhism. According to Winston King, a scholar on [[Theravada|Theravāda]] in [[Myanmar]], "warm, personalized, emotional" ''bhakti'' has been a part of the [[Burmese Buddhism|Burmese Buddhist]] tradition apart from the monastic and lay intellectuals.<ref name="King1964p173">{{cite book |author=Winston Lee King |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_dCAAAAIAAJ |title=A thousand lives away: Buddhism in contemporary Burma |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1964 |isbn=9780674887107 |pages=173–176}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=1981 |title=Bhakti in Early Buddhism |encyclopedia=Tradition and modernity in Bhakti movements |publisher=[[Brill (publisher)|Brill Archive]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLs3AAAAIAAJ |editor-last=Lele |editor-first=J |volume=31 |isbn=978-9004063709 |last1=Gokhale |first1=Balkrishna Govind |author-link=Balkrishna Govind Gokhale}}</ref> The [[Buddha]] is treasured by the everyday devout Buddhists, just like Catholics treasure [[Jesus]]. The orthodox teachers tend to restrain the devotion to the Buddha, but to the devout Buddhist populace, "a very deeply devotional quality" was and remains a part of the actual practice. This is observable, states King, in "multitudes of [[Burmese pagoda|Pagoda]] worshippers of the Buddha images" and the offerings they make before the image and nowhere else.<ref name="King1964p173" />

==== In Mahayana Buddhism ====
[[file:An elderly Tibetan women holding a prayer wheel on Lhasa, Barkhor.jpg|thumb|Tibet: An elderly Tibetan woman holding a [[prayer wheel]] on the [[Lhasa|Lhasa's]] pilgrimage circuit of Barkhor. The Barkhor, a quadrangle of streets that surrounds the [[Jokhang|Jokhang Temple]], is both the spiritual heart of the holy city and the main commercial district for Tibetans.]]

[[File:Prayers in front of Jokhang temple.jpg|thumb|''Bhakti'' (''{{langx|pi|bhatti}}''<ref name=karunaratna435>{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Malalasekera|editor1-first=Gunapala Piyasena|editor1-link=G. P. Malalasekera|first=Indumathie|last=Karunaratna|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Buddhism|title=Devotion|date=2000|volume=IV|publisher=Government of Ceylon|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/283214333/Enceylopaedia-of-Buddhism-Vol-IV|page=435}}</ref>) at a Buddhist temple, Tibet.]]

[[file:Longshan Temple (40842755631).jpg|thumb|Devotees chanting before an image of [[Guanyin]] (a feminine form of [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokiteshvara]]), at [[Longshan Temple metro station|Longshan Temple]], [[Taipei]], Taiwan.]]

[[file:Asan bajan wk.jpg|thumb|Nepalese Buddhists participating in a [[Gunla Bajan]] (a form of Nepalese Buddhist devotional song) procession in [[Kathmandu]], Nepal.]]
A rich devotionalism developed in Indian [[Mahāyāna Buddhism]] and it can be found in the veneration of the transcendent Buddha [[Amitabha]] of [[Pure Land Buddhism]] and of bodhisattvas like [[Manjushri|Mañjusri]], [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokiteshvara]] (known as [[Guanyin]] in East Asia and Chenrezig in Tibetan) and the goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]].{{Sfn|Dayal|1970|p=36}}<ref name="ik435">{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-last=Malalasekera|editor1-first=Gunapala Piyasena|editor1-link=G. P. Malalasekera|first=Indumathie|last=Karunaratna|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Buddhism|title=Devotion|date=2000|volume=IV|publisher=Government of Ceylon|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/283214333/Enceylopaedia-of-Buddhism-Vol-IV|pages=435–7|access-date=19 June 2017|archive-date=4 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104031259/https://www.scribd.com/document/283214333/Enceylopaedia-of-Buddhism-Vol-IV|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/early%20buddhist%20theory%20of%20knowledge_jayatilleke.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911084454/http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Early%20Buddhist%20Theory%20of%20Knowledge_Jayatilleke.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 September 2015|last1=Jayatilleke|first1=K.N.|author-link1=K.N. Jayatilleke|title=Early Buddhist theory of knowledge|date=1963|publisher=[[George Allen & Unwin]]|isbn=978-1-134-54287-1|page=384}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Mahayana sources like the ''[[Lotus Sutra]]'' describe the Buddha as the loving father of all beings, and exhorts all Buddhists to worship him.{{Sfn|Dayal|1970|p=34}}

Mahayana bhakti also led to the rise of temples which were focused on housing a central Buddha image, something which became the norm during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]].<ref name=":3">Sukumar Dutt (1988). ''Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture,'' pp. 193-94. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher.</ref> Gupta era Indian Mahāyāna Buddhism stressed bhakti towards the Buddha as a central virtue and liberally made use of Buddha images, which are often accompanied by attendant bodhisattvas.<ref name=":3" />

These new developments in Buddhist bhakti may have been influenced by the pan-Indian [[bhakti movement]], and indeed, many Gupta monarchs, who were devoted to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] [[Bhagavata]] religion also supported Buddhist temples and founded monasteries (including great ones like [[Nalanda mahavihara|Nalanda]]).<ref>Sukumar Dutt (1988). ''Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture,'' p. 180, 197. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher.</ref> Buddhists were in competition with the Hindu religions of the time, like the Bhagavatas and Shaivas, and they developed Buddhist bhakti focused on the Buddhas and bodhisattvas in this religious environment.{{Sfn|Dayal|1970|p=38}}

Mahāyāna interprets [[Buddhahood]] as a transcendent and eternal state (as found in the ''[[Lotus Sutra|Lotus Suta]]'') and is also equated with the ultimate reality ([[Dharmakāya|Dharmakaya]]).<ref name=":2" /> Bodhisattvas were also considered to be extremely powerful divinities that could grant boons and rescue people from danger.<ref name=":0" /> This shift towards devotion to a transcendent being in later Buddhism has been seen as being similar to [[Theism|theistic]] forms of Hindu bhakti.{{sfn|Nanayakkara|1966|pp=679–81}}<ref name=":1">Norio Sekido, [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ibk1952/41/1/41_1_533/_pdf ''Bhakti and Sraddha''.] Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies Vol. 41, No. 1, December 1992</ref> Mahayana Buddhist bhakti was also sometimes aimed at a [[Mahayana sutras|Mahayana sutra]], such as the ''[[Prajnaparamita|Prajñaparamita sutra]]'' and the ''[[Lotus Sutra]]''.<ref>Apple, James B. "Prajñaparamita", in ''Encyclopedia of Indian Religions,'' ed. by Arvind Sharma (2019). Springer.</ref><ref>Williams, Paul (2009). ''Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations,'' 2nd edition, p. 145. Routledge.</ref>

Some sources, like the ''[[Sukhāvatīvyūhasūtra]]'', even state that through devotion to the Buddha Amitabha one can attain rebirth in his [[Pure land|Pure Land]] and here one can be purified of all negative karma and eventually attain Buddhahood. As such, they make Buddha bhakti a central element of their [[soteriology]]. Bhakti in these sutras supersedes the making of good karma and cultivation of the path in favor of devotion to the Buddha Amitabha who can lead one to liberation in the Pure Land.<ref name=":2" /> This eventually came to be seen as its own path to liberation, its own ''mārga'', often called the "easy path". A text attributed to [[Nagarjuna]], the *''Dasabhumikavibhāsā'' (Chinese: ''Shí zhù pípóshā lùn'' 十住毘婆沙論, T.1521) teaches the "easy practice" which is simply being constantly mindful of the Buddhas.<ref>Williams, Paul (2008). ''Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd Edition,'' p. 244. Routledge.</ref>

All of these ideas became the foundation for the later development of East Asian [[Pure Land Buddhism]].

Mahayana Buddhist bhakti is grounded in the Mahayana ideals of the [[bodhisattva]], [[bodhicitta]] (the mind aimed at awakening for the benefit of all beings) and skillful means ([[upaya]]).<ref name=":0">Lewis, Todd T. (2000). ''Popular Buddhist Texts from Nepal: Narratives and Rituals of Newar Buddhism,'' p. 9. SUNY Press.</ref> Mahayana bhakti practices include various forms of ritual [[Puja (Hinduism)|pujas]] and prayers. The Mahayana form of the practice of [[Buddhānusmṛti]] (remembering the Buddha) could include visualization practices and recitation of the names of a Buddha or bodhisattva (as in ''[[nianfo]]'') was also a common method of devotional practice taught in numerous Indian sources.<ref name=":1" />

One common puja and prayer format in Indian Mahayana was the "seven part worship" (''saptāṇgapūjā'' or ''saptavidhā anuttarapūjā'').{{Sfn|Dayal|1970|p=54}} This often included various offerings of flowers, food, scents, and music.<ref>Sukumar Dutt (1988). ''Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India: Their History and Their Contribution to Indian Culture,'' p. 196. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher.</ref> This ritual form is visible in the works of [[Shantideva]] (8th century) and includes:{{Sfn|Dayal|1970|pp=54-57}}

* ''Vandana'' (obeisance, bowing)
* ''Puja'' (ritual worship with offerings etc.)
* ''Sarana-gamana'' (going for [[Refuge (Buddhism)|refuge]])
* ''Papadesana'' (confession of bad deeds)
* ''Punyanumodana'' (rejoicing in merit of the good deeds of oneself and others)
* ''Adhyesana'' (prayer, entreaty) and ''yacana'' (supplication) – request to Buddhas and Bodhisattvas to continue preaching Dharma
* ''Atmabhavadi-parityagah'' (surrender) and ''[[Transfer of merit|pariṇāmanā]]'' (the transfer of one's Merit to the welfare of others)

Devotion to the Buddhas and bodhisattvas continued to be a major part of the later [[Vajrayana]] Buddhist traditions of tantra.<ref name=":0" /> Vajrayana Buddhism also added another form of bhakti to their teachings: guru bhakti (i.e. [[guru yoga]]), devotion towards the tantric [[guru]]. In India, various forms of devotion were practiced, including tantric songs of realization called ''[[Songs of realization|Charyagitis]].'' These first arose in the so called ''[[Charyapada]]s'' of medieval Bengali [[Sahaja|Sahajiya]] Buddhism''.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barua |first=Dr. Rajen |title=Buddhism and Bhakti |url=https://www.boloji.com/articles/50353/buddhism-and-bhakti |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=www.boloji.com}}</ref>

As such, both in [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and [[East Asian Buddhism]], there remains a strong tradition of devotional veneration of various Buddhas and bodhisattvas (which includes making offerings and chanting their names or [[mantra]]s), and this is one of the most popular forms of lay Buddhist practice.<ref name="child138" />

=== Jainism ===
Bhakti has been a prevalent ancient practice in various Jaina sects, wherein learned [[Tirthankara]] (''Jina'') and human ''gurus'' have been venerated with offerings, songs and [[Aarti|Āratī]] prayers.<ref name=johncort>John Cort, Jains in the World : Religious Values and Ideology in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN, pages 64-68, 86-90, 100-112</ref>

Jainism participated in the Bhakti school of medieval India, and has a rich tradition of bhakti literature (''stavan'') though these have been less studied than those of the Hindu tradition.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. Whitney Kelting|title=Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the Negotiations of Jain Devotion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC |year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-803211-3|pages=87–88}}</ref> The ''Avasyaka sutra'' of Jains includes, among ethical duties for the devotee, the recitation of "hymns of praise to the Tirthankaras" as the second Obligatory Action. It explains this ''bhakti'' as one of the means to destroy negative karma. According to [[Paul Dundas]], such textual references to devotional activity suggests that ''bhakti'' was a necessary part of Jainism from an early period.<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Dundas|title=The Jains|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |year= 2003|publisher =Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-26605-5|pages= 170–171}}</ref>

According to [[Jeffery D. Long]], along with its strong focus on ethics and ascetic practices, the religiosity in Jainism has had a strong tradition of ''bhakti'' or devotion just like their Hindu counterparts. The Jain community built ornate temples and prided in public devotion for its fordmakers, saints and teachers. ''Abhisekha'', festival prayers, community recitals and ''Murti puja'' (rituals before an image) are examples of integrated bhakti in Jain practice. Some Jain monks, however, reject Bhakti.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeffery D Long|title=Jainism: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3gAAwAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85771-392-6|pages=111–114}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Sherry Fohr|title=Jainism: A Guide for the Perplexed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HMXuBQAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4742-2755-1|pages=91–102}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Lisa Owen|title=Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHK2WE8xAzYC |year=2012|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-20629-8|pages=xii, 2, 12–13, 117–126}}</ref>

Among Jain [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Murtipujaka]] tradition in modern times [[Vijayanandsuri]], [[Buddhisagarsuri]], Panyas Bhadrankarvijay, [[Kalapurnasuri]] and [[Yashovijaysuri]], honoured with the title of "Bhaktiyogacharya" among others are well recognised bhaktiyogis. <ref>{{cite book
|last=Yashovijaysuri
|title=Dhyan Antar Yatra
|publisher=Omkarsuri Aradhana Bhavan
|website=Jain Quantum
|url=https://jainqq.org/booktext/Dhyan_Antar_Yatra/043153
|access-date=15 February 2026
}}</ref>

==Bhakta==
'''Bhakta''' ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: भक्त) or '''bhakt''' (भक्त) is a devotee or worshiper in Hinduism, characterized by a deep, emotional, and personal connection to the divine. Bhaktas often express their faith through various means, including poetry, music, and active participation in worship. In the Bhakti traditions, saints like the [[Nayanars|Nayanmars]] and North Indian saints such as [[Kabir]] and [[Mirabai]] wrote poetry in local languages, expressing deep emotional devotion to God, creating a distinct ''Bhakta'' community within Hinduism. They use intimate language, often defying social norms, and see the divine presence in everyday lives and local surroundings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pechilis |first=Karen |url=http://archive.org/details/embodimentofbhak0000pech |title=The embodiment of bhakti |date=1999 |publisher=New York : Oxford University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-19-512813-0 |pages=9–41}}</ref>

The term [[Bhakt (pejorative)|bhakt]] may be used by the contemporary Indian media in a political context to refer to ardent supporters of Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] or the [[BJP]], particularly those who resort to [[deification]] and are therefore sometimes uncritical in their support.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=Subir |title=Fragile Hegemony: Modi, Social Media, and Competitive Electoral Populism in India |journal=International Journal of Communication |date=2017 |volume=11 |pages=4158–4180 |url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/6739/2161}}</ref>

The [[Bhagavad Gita]] verses 7.16-19 identifies four types of devotees (''bhaktas'') who engage in devotion:<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Bhagavad Gītā |date=2009 |publisher=Excelsior Ed., State Univ. of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-2842-0 |editor-last=Sargeant |editor-first=Winthrop |edition= |series=Suny series in cultural perspectives |location=Albany, NY |pages=334–337 |editor-last2=Chapple |editor-first2=Christopher Key |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=Huston}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sutton |first=Nicholas |url= |title=Bhagavad-Gita |date=2016-12-16 |publisher=Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies |isbn=978-1-366-61059-1 |pages=119–121 |language=en}}</ref>

* ''Arta'' (the distressed): Those who seek divine help in times of suffering.
* ''Jijnasu'' (the seeker of knowledge): Those who worship to gain spiritual understanding.
* ''Artharthi'' (the seeker of worldly success): Those who seek prosperity or material benefits through devotion.
* ''Jnani'' (the one who possesses knowledge): Those who have realized higher spiritual knowledge and are singularly devoted.

The Sanskrit word ''bhakta'' comes from the root "''bhaj''", which means "to serve".<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-02-24 |title=Bhakta, Bhākta: 29 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/bhakta |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> In the [[Rigveda]], "''bhakta''" originally meant a share or portion received by a worshiper from a deity. Later Vedic texts used it to mean someone who shares. The more common devotional meaning of related term ''[[bhakti]]'' as devotion, love, service, or attachment to a deity emerged with texts such as [[Bhagavata Purana]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Agarwala |first=Binod Kumar |date=2025-01-01 |title=Bhakti in the Bhagvadgītā |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40961-024-00341-4 |journal=Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research |language=en |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=17–47 |doi=10.1007/s40961-024-00341-4 |issn=2363-9962|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
== See also ==
*[[Bhajan]]
*[[Kirtan]]
*[[Buddhist chant]]
*[[Buddhist devotion]]
*[[Awgatha]] - Burmese Buddhist Devotion
*[[Novena]] – a form of devotion to [[Blessed Mary]], [[Christ]] or a saint in [[piety#as devotion|Christianity]] over nine successive days or weeks
*[[Kavanah]] – intention, devotion during prayer in [[Judaism]]
*[[Mettā]]
*[[Ravidassia religion]]
*[[Shaiva Siddhanta]]
*[[Bhakti movement]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dayal |first=Har |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZDXAAAAMAAJ |title=The Bodhisattva Doctrine in Buddhist Sanskrit Literature |date=1970 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-0-89684-032-4 |language=en}}
* {{Citation | last =Frawley | first =David | year =2000 | title =Vedantic Meditation: Lighting the Flame of Awareness | publisher =North Atlantic Books}}
* {{cite book|surname1=Lorenzen|given1=David N.|author-link1=David N. Lorenzen|year=1995|title=Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action|place=New York|publisher=[[SUNY Press]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpSxJg_ehnIC&pg=PA57|isbn=978-0-7914-2025-6}}
* {{Citation |editor1-last=Malalasekera |editor1-first=Gunapala Piyasena |editor1-link=G. P. Malalasekera |first=S. K. |last=Nanayakkara |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Buddhism |title=Bhakti |date=1966 |volume=II |publisher=Government of Ceylon |url=}}
== Further reading ==
*Swami [[Chinmayananda]], Love Divine – Narada Bhakti Sutra, Chinmaya Publications Trust, Madras, 1970
*Swami [[Tapasyananda]], Bhakti Schools of Vedanta, Sri Ramakrishna Math, Madras, 1990
*[[A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]], Srimad Bhagavatam (12 Cantos), The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust, 2004
*[[Steven J. Rosen]], ''The Yoga of Kirtan: conversations on the Sacred Art of Chanting'' (New York: FOLK Books, 2008)

== External links ==





{{Sister project links}}
*[http://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/lessons/lesson1/lesson1.php?s=0 Bhakti Poets: A History of Bhakti by Doris Jakobsh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060206062735/http://srimadbhagavatam.com/en1 The full text of the Bhagavata Purana (Srimad-Bhagavatam)]
*[http://www.sankaracharya.org/narada_bhakti_sutras.php English Translation of Narada Bhakti Sutra]
*[http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/29-1_012.pdf Hindu and Christian Bhakti: A Common Human Response to the Sacred], DC Scott (1980), Indian Journal of Theology, 29(1), pages12-32
*[https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2056168 Author and authority in the Bhakti poetry of north India], JS Hawley (1988), The Journal of Asian Studies, 47(02), pages 269–290.
*[http://jaar.oxfordjournals.org/content/74/3/646.short The politics of nonduality: Reassessing the work of transcendence in modern Sikh theology]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} (Nirguni Bhakti), A Mandair (2006), Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 74(3), pages 646–673.
*[http://soar.wichita.edu/bitstream/handle/10057/1733/LAJ+8.2_p102-115.pdf?sequence=1 Bhakti, Buddhism and the Bhagavad-Gita] Rob Reed (1977), Wichita, United States
*{{cite journal|url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/ec8c024df147995260000fc13721f2d1/|title=Bhakti in Early Buddhism|first=B. G.|last=Gokhale|year=1980|journal=[[Journal of Asian and African Studies]]|volume=15|issue=1–2|pages=16–28|doi=10.1177/002190968001500102|s2cid=144437763|url-access=subscription}}
*[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062410 The Transforming Gift: An Analysis of Devotional Acts of Offering in Buddhist "Avadāna" Literature], John Strong (1979), History of Religions, 18(3) (Feb., 1979), pages 221–237.

{{Yoga}}
{{Spirituality-related topics}}
{{Vaishnava philosophy}}

[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement|*]]
[[Category:Meditation]]
[[Category:Hindu practices]]
[[Category:Sanskrit words and phrases]]
[[Category:Yoga styles]]
[[Category:Yoga concepts]]

Hungama TV

2026-02-13T16:25:52Z

Wikialpha49: formatting fix

{{short description|Indian children's TV channel}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Hungama TV
| logo = Hungama TV.svg
| logo_caption = Logo used since 2005
| launch_date = {{start date and age|2004|09|25|df=y}} (SD)
<ref name=Dis>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/star-india-launches-disney-kids-pack-with-new-campaign-98252.html|title=Star India launches Disney Kids Pack with new campaign - Exchange4media|website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media|access-date=28 January 2020|archive-date=13 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013234805/https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/star-india-launches-disney-kids-pack-with-new-campaign-98252.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| owner = [[JioStar]]
| parent =
| picture_format = [[576i]] [[SDTV]]
| type = [[Television Channel]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = {{Plainlist|
* Hindi
* Telugu
* Tamil
}}
| area = [[India]] [[Nepal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dishhome.com.np/explore-channels|title=Explore Channels|access-date=13 July 2022|website=[[DishHome]]|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713053921/https://www.dishhome.com.np/explore-channels|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bangladesh]]
| network = [[JioStar]]
| headquarters = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| sister_channels = [[Super Hungama]] [[Disney Channel (Indian TV channel)|Disney Channel]] [[Disney Junior (Indian TV channel)|Disney Junior]]
| website =
| online_serv_1 = [[Airtel digital TV]] India
| online_chan_1 = SD
| online_serv_2 = [[Asianet Digital]] India
| online_chan_2 = SD
}}

'''Hungama TV''' is an Indian [[pay television|television]] channel aimed at children, mainly showcasing Japanese and Indian animated series. It was launched on 26 September 2004. It is wholly owned and operated by [[Disney Star|JioStar]], a joint-venture between [[Viacom18]] and [[Disney India]]. The channel primarily airs Japanese kids [[animation]] with some other [[children's television series]] in [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].

==History==
UTV and [[Ronnie Screwvala]] formed United Home Entertainment with 51% and 49% ownership interests, respectively. The company was formed to launch an Indian kids channel. It hired TAG for channel packaging. Chief Operating Officer Purnendu Bose was hired and was expected to hire 100 employees for the channel. Rs 100 crore was the expected initial investment with expectations of break even in three years. On 25 September 2004, Hungama TV started broadcasting as the first domestic kids channel in India.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bansal|first1=Shuchi|title=Hungama TV to fight for ad share|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hungama-tv-to-fight-for-ad-share-104040901069_1.html|access-date=24 May 2017|work=Business Standard India|date=9 April 2004|location=New Delhi|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516103006/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/hungama-tv-to-fight-for-ad-share-104040901069_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In March, 2005, one of the UTV founders, Zarina Mehta became Hungama's head of programming.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} In early 2006, she was promoted to chief operating officer of the channel.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Adesara|first1=Hetal|title=Hungama TV COO Zarina Mehta|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k6/ms_media/zarina.htm|access-date=24 May 2017|work=Indian Television|date=27 May 2006|archive-date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116120551/http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k6/ms_media/zarina.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July, 2006, [[Disney India]] acquired a controlling stake in Hungama TV from UTV Software Communications while also taking a 14.9% share in UTV.<ref>{{cite news|last=Leahy|first=Joe|title=Disney switches on to Hindi market|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1114f6f4-4347-11db-9574-0000779e2340|access-date=11 May 2014|newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 September 2006|author2=Sundeep Tucker}}</ref> In 2006, Disney acquired Hungama TV from UTV.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sinha|first=Ashish|title=UTV investment is long-term play|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/-utv-investment-is-long-term-play-108061801044_1.html|access-date=23 April 2014|newspaper=Business Standard|date=18 June 2008|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402161323/http://www.business-standard.com/article/technology/-utv-investment-is-long-term-play-108061801044_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The channel started with both live-action and animated programming but, following the success of ''[[Doraemon]]'', gradually shifted its focus to solely animated programming.<ref name=Laun>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/sep/sep229.htm|title=Hungama TV banking on movies, four driver shows|date=21 September 2004|access-date=28 December 2017|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128121110/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/sep/sep229.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/12801_Hungama-TV-to-focus-on-animation-now|title=Hungama TV to focus on animation now|date=28 September 2005|access-date=12 May 2018|archive-date=13 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513152043/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story/12801_Hungama-TV-to-focus-on-animation-now|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2013, Hungama started adding original Indian series as a part of a localisation strategy.<ref name=tvpost>{{cite news|title=Hungama TV gets new look, plans to add local shows {{!}} TelevisionPost.com|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/hungama-tv-gets-new-look-plans-to-add-local-shows/|access-date=24 May 2017|work=Television Post|date=10 October 2013|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820121302/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/hungama-tv-gets-new-look-plans-to-add-local-shows/|archive-date=20 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In October 2021, it was announced that the channel would gain an HD simulcast, alongside a sister network named '''Super Hungama''', a rebranding of Marvel HQ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 October 2021|title=Breaking News: Disney Star India exits English general entertainment; Star World, Star World HD and Star World Premiere HD to go off air by November 30|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2021/10/disney-star-india-exits-english-general-entertainment-star-world-star-world-hd-and-star-world-premiere-hd-to-go-off-air-by-november-30/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref> However on 30 November, the planned launch date of 11 December was then delayed to 1 March 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/disney-kids-to-launch-new-channel-super-hungama-on-1-march-220224?amp|title=Disney Kids to launch new channel ‘Super Hungama’ on 1 March|author=Indian Television|date=24 February 2022|access-date=25 February 2022|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224201844/https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/kids/disney-kids-to-launch-new-channel-super-hungama-on-1-march-220224?amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Hungama TV's sister, [[Super Hungama]], was officially launched on 1 March 2022, replacing Marvel HQ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Disney Kids Network to launch new channel Super Hungama - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/disney-kids-network-to-launch-new-channel-super-hungama-118684.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228024944/https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/disney-kids-network-to-launch-new-channel-super-hungama-118684.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Programming==
{{Main|List of programmes broadcast by Hungama TV}}

==Controversy==
A Hindi dub of the ''[[Crayon Shin-chan|Shin Chan]]'' anime started airing on Hungama TV on 19 June 2006, and it gained up to 60% of the channel's market share.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/recent-shows|title=Shin Chan on Hungama TV - Disney India|website=corporate.disney.in|language=en|access-date=2017-12-09|archive-date=4 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104231713/http://corporate.disney.in/disney-companies/media-networks/kids-channels/recent-shows|url-status=dead}}</ref> There were complaints from parents over the main character's behaviour and the attitudes exhibited towards elders on the show, both of which were seen as a negative influence on children. This resulted in the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] banning the show in 2008, and requiring the series to be censored when fans made several requests to have it brought back.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/india-bans-telecasting-of-shin-chan/151557.shtml|title=India bans telecasting of Shin Chan|website=www.merinews.com|access-date=2017-12-09|archive-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210015511/http://www.merinews.com/article/india-bans-telecasting-of-shin-chan/151557.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2004 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Anime television]]
[[Category:Children's television channels in India]]
[[Category:Disney India Media Networks]]
[[Category:Disney Star]]
[[Category:Disney television networks]]
[[Category:Indian animation]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2004]]
[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]

Vijay Gokhale

2026-02-12T06:11:02Z

Wikialpha49: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Distinguish|Vijay Keshav Gokhale}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Gokhale
| image = Vijay Gokhale.png
| alt =
| caption = Vijay Gokhale in 2023
| birth_name = Vijay
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|06|14}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| children = Ashutosh Gokhale
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Director}}
}}

'''Vijay Gokhale''' is an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]] film and television actor and director. In 1995 he acted in the television series ''[[Shrimaan Shrimati (TV series)|Shrimaan Shrimati]]''.<ref name="Filmography of Vijay Gokhale">{{cite web |title=Filmography of Vijay Gokhale |url=http://www.gomolo.com/vijay-gokhale-movies-list-filmography/333326 |publisher=Gomolo |access-date=22 November 2012 |archive-date=1 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201222140/http://www.gomolo.com/vijay-gokhale-movies-list-filmography/333326 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Director ===
* ''Dum Asel Tar'' (2012)
* ''[[Bharat Aala Parat]]'' (2007)

=== Actor ===
* ''Hi Mummy Hi Daddy''
* ''Dum Asel Tar''
* ''Parambi''
* ''Mamachya Rashila Bhacha''
* ''Tata Birla Ani Laila''
* ''Asami Kay Gunha Kela''
* ''Bhagam Bhag''
* ''Chala Khel Khelu Ya Doghe''
* ''Saline Kela Ghotala''
* ''Zhak Marali Bayko Keli''
* ''[[Bharat Aala Parat]]''
* ''[[Mumbaicha Dabewala]]''
* ''Baba Lagin''
* ''Mahercha Nirop''
* ''Hi Poragi Konachi''
* ''Polisachi Bayko''
* ''Gharandaaj''
* ''Sar Kas Shant Shant''
* ''Ek Unaad Divas''

== Television ==
* ''[[Shrimaan Shrimati (TV series)|Shrimaan Shrimati]]'' (1995-1999)
* ''Hum Aapke Hai Woh'' (1996-1998)
* ''[[Ghar Jamai (TV series)|Ghar Jamai]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Family No.1 (TV series)|Family No.1]]'' (1998)
* ''Dil Vil Pyar Vyar'' (1998-1999)
* ''[[C.I.D. (India TV series)|C.I.D.]]'' (2002)
* ''Hum Sab Ek Hain'' (1999-2000)
* ''Saat Phero Ki Hera Pherie''
* ''[[Tula Shikvin Changlach Dhada]]'' (2023-2025)
* ''[[Kamali (Marathi TV series)|Kamali]]'' (2025–present)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|3836224}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gokhale, Vijay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:1962 births]]

{{India-artist-stub}}

Pernia Qureshi

2026-02-01T06:59:58Z

Wikialpha49:

{{Short description|Indian stylist and entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pernia Qureshi
| image = Pernia Qureshi at Lakme Fashion Week 2016 - Day 3 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Quershi at [[Lakme Fashion Week]] in 2016
| citizenship = {{ubl|India (till 2008)|United States (since 2008)<ref name="citizenship">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/mar/22/dont-revoke-pio-card-of-moin-qureshis-daughter-till-april-15-hc-to-government-1954476.html Don't revoke PIO card of Moin Qureshi's daughter till April 15: HC to government]. [[Press Trust of India|PTI]]. 22 March 2019. ''[[New Indian Express]]''. "However, this court is prima facie of the view that in the meanwhile, the respondents (ministries and FRRO) be restrained from revoking the petitioner's PIO/OCI card till the next date of hearing, as it is not disputed that the petitioner (Pernia Qureshi) was a citizen of India for 12 years prior to being provided the PIO card," the court said in its order. Pernia Qureshi, a US citizen, has contended in her plea that she had applied for an OCI card in 2017 after the Indian government in January 2015 issued the notification stating that all existing PIO card holders shall be deemed to OCI card holders. She has said in the petition that she was a PIO card holder since 2008 and that it was valid till 2023.</ref>}}
| birth_place = Pakistan<ref name="sunday1">{{cite web|url=http://sunday.com.pk/people/23-Jan-2014/fashionista-extraordinaire-pernia-qureshi#.VkQv8LcrLIX|title=Fashionista Extraordinaire: Pernia Qureshi|work=Sunday Magazine|date=23 January 2014|accessdate=12 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055112/http://sunday.com.pk/people/23-Jan-2014/fashionista-extraordinaire-pernia-qureshi#.VkQv8LcrLIX|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead|quote=My trips to Pakistan have always been very good. Pakistan is like home to me. I have family there, I was born in Pakistan and my mother is from Pakistan.}}</ref>
| occupation = Entrepreneur, Kuchipudi Dancer, Actor, Stylist, Podcaster
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Arjun Prasad|2011|2012|end=div.}}<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Pernia-Qureshi-I-will-marry-when-the-time-is-right/articleshow/48388785.cms|title=Pernia Qureshi I will marry when the time is right|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 August 2015 }}</ref>
* {{marriage|Sahil Gilani|2018}}<ref name="md"/>
}}
}}
'''Pernia Qureshi''' is an Indian American [[fashion entrepreneur]] and classical dancer based in [[New Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPOJqAh98Yc Home Tour: Pernia Qureshi’s Bright And Airy Apartment In Mumbai]. January 11, 2019. ''Beautiful Homes''.</ref><ref name="femina">[https://img.perniaspopupshop.com/press/aug17/femina-2.pdf Re-designing The Game]. August 3, 2017. ''[[Femina (India)|Femina]]''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2022 |title=A style guide by ace designer Pernia Qureshi on kinder wardrobe staples |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/a-style-guide-by-ace-designer-pernia-qureshi-on-kinder-wardrobe-staples/2659424/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=I'd swipe Randeep Hooda right, says stylist/actor Pernia Qureshi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/i-d-swipe-randeep-hooda-right-says-stylist-actor-pernia-qureshi/story-tOj5IJMQfx3qCh1ST9YFYI.html |website=www.hindustantimes.com}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Qureshi's roots are from the town of [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=Sujata |date=2015-02-12 |title=We get a good night's sleep, says Pernia Qureshi |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/we-get-a-good-nights-sleep-says-pernia-qureshi/articleshow/46207860.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2020-05-22 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> She did her schooling from [[Woodstock School]] in [[Mussoorie]] India and is an alumnus of [[George Washington University]].<ref>[https://www.woodstockschool.in/alumni-spotlight-kilang-yanger-02/ Alumni Spotlight – Kilang Yanger '02] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724131916/https://www.woodstockschool.in/alumni-spotlight-kilang-yanger-02/ |date=24 July 2024 }}. 23 March 2021. Woodstock School.</ref><ref name="femina" /><ref name="n000">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=9 March 2017 |title=Girl on the move |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/fashion/girl-on-the-move/article17433458.ece |access-date=27 February 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Life and career ==
From a young age she has trained as a [[Kuchipudi]] dancer under the discipleship of [[Padma Bhushan]] Awardees [[Raja and Radha Reddy|Raja Radha Reddy]]. She has performed across India and worldwide. Her performances include the [[Commonwealth Games]], [[Khajuraho Dance Festival]] and [[Jashn-e-Rekhta|Jashn E Rekhta]] Festival.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pernia Qureshi and Imran Abbas Khan in Jaanisaar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Pernia-Qureshi-and-Imran-Abbas-Khan-in-Jaanisaar/articleshow/46455835.cms |accessdate=31 March 2015 |publisher=Times Of India}}</ref>

In her early career, Qureshi worked as a [[wardrobe stylist|stylist]] for ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'', and [[Condé Nast|CondeNast]], and designed costumes for the 2010 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Aisha (2010 film)|Aisha]]''. In 2012 Qureshi's entrepreneurial journey began when she founded Pernia's Pop Up Shop. It was India's first e-commerce platform selling Indian designer wear to a global clientele.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bright young thing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20110516-bright-young-thing-745937-2011-05-03 |website=indiatoday.intoday.in}}</ref>

Qureshi is a published [[author]]. Early in her career she released a book titled [https://www.penguin.co.in/book/be-stylish-with-pernia-qureshi/ Be Stylish] with [[Penguin Random House India|Penguine Random House India]]. It was published in October 2013 and is a fashion guide for South Asian women. It addresses body types, cultural context and occasion dressing among other things. Recently, Qureshi has published a book called [https://rolibooks.com/product/ammis-kitchen/ Ammi’s Kitchen] with [[Roli Books]]. It has her grandmother’s heirloom recipes with the best dishes [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] has to offer.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 January 2015 |title=Imran Abbas is the life of 'Jaanisaar' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/imran-abbas-is-the-life-of-jaanisaar/ |accessdate=26 Feb 2015 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="bollywoodlife1">{{cite web |date=11 March 2015 |title=First look of Pernia Qureshi and Imran Abbas Naqvi starrer Jaanisaar revealed! |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/first-look-of-pernia-qureshi-and-imran-abbas-naqvi-starrer-jaanisaar-revealed/ |accessdate=31 March 2015 |publisher=Bollywood Life}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title='Jaanisaar': Check Pernia Qureshi's royal avatar |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/jaanisaar-check-pernia-qureshis-royal-avatar-hindi-news-128149 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705082705/http://www.indiaglitz.com/jaanisaar-check-pernia-qureshis-royal-avatar-hindi-news-128149 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |accessdate=31 March 2015 |work=India Glitz}}</ref>

In 2024 Qureshi started India's first video podcast in the category of luxury, lifestyle and fashion. Fashionably Qureshi is a commentary and reflection on these industries in India today. Pioneers in lifestyle and fashion such as [[Sabyasachi Mukherjee|Sabyasachi]], [[Manish Malhotra]] and [[Sonam Kapoor]] have appeared as guests. The podcast, Fashionably Pernia, is available to view/hear on Spotify and Youtube.<ref name="md">[https://www.mid-day.com/news/world-news/article/see-photos--pernia-qureshi-gets-married-to-beau-sahil-gilani-in-turkey-21838152 Pernia Qureshi gets married to beau Sahil Gilani in Turkey]. ''[[mid-day]]''.</ref>

With a significant [[instagram]] following, Qureshi has partnered with several brands including [[Dyson (company)|Dyson]], Jio World Plaza, Tanqueray, [[BMW]], [[Conrad Hotels]], Levis, Chivas Regal and [[Lancome Paris]].

== Work ==
Pernia has played the lead role of a tawaif in Muzzafar Ali's period drama film, set in pre-independence India. The film's name is [[Jaanisaar]] and was released on 7th August, 2015.

== Filmography ==
* ''[[Jaanisaar]]'' (2015)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|3611165}}
*{{Instagram|perniaq}}
*{{Official website|perniaqureshibrands.com}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qureshi, Pernia}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pakistani descent]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American actresses of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American expatriate actresses in India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:People who lost Indian citizenship]]
[[Category:People with Overseas Citizenship of India]]
[[Category:George Washington University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:Woodstock School, Mussoorie alumni]]
[[Category:Harper's Bazaar people]]

H. V. Hande

2026-01-28T17:07:31Z

Wikialpha49: enhance references for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian medical practitioner and politician (born 1927)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = H V Hande
| office = [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|Minister for Health]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 9 June 1980
| term_end = 21 October 1986
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| predecessor = R. Soundararajan
| successor = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| office1 = 1st Deputy General Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = [[V. R. Nedunchezhiyan]] and [[ R. M. Veerappan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1927|11|28}}
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = Medical practitioner, politician
}}
'''H. V. Hande''' (born 28 November 1927) is an Indian medical practitioner and a politician. He was associated with [[Swatantra Party]], [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and was considered a close ally of [[C. Rajagopalachari]] and [[M. G. Ramachandran|M. G. R.]] He was [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly|legislator]] five times and was Health Minister in [[Tamil Nadu]] for two terms. He has also written books on Ramayana and Dr. Ambedkar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Books by H. V. Hande|url=https://www.amazon.com/H.-V.-Hande/e/B001ICKOL4|accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Authored by Dr HV Hande, book in 3 languages on Dr Ambedkar released in Bangalore|url=http://samvada.org/2012/news/authored-by-dr-hv-hande-book-on-ambedkar-released-by-in-bangalore/|publisher=Samvada.org|accessdate=4 July 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dr. HV Hande was born as one among the ten children of Dr. H. Venkataramana Hande, a surgeon working under [[British Raj]] and Mahalakshmi at [[Coimbatore]]. The family had their ancestral roots in [[Mangalore]].<ref>{{cite news |date=11 November 2012 |title=Off the record - A Mangalorean in Chennai |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/291538/off-record.html |accessdate=4 July 2013 |newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref> He completed his schooling from [[Nellore]], [[Penukonda]] and [[Mangaluru|Mangalore]] and did medical education from [[Kilpauk Medical College]] in 1950. He married Shanthi in 1954 and his sons Krishna Hande and Vishwanath Hande are doctors.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hande Hospital |url=http://www.medicards.in/userpage/detail_hospital.php?hospital_id=4151&menuId=12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130704145655/http://www.medicards.in/userpage/detail_hospital.php?hospital_id=4151&menuId=12 |archive-date=4 July 2013 |accessdate=4 July 2013 |publisher=Medicards.in}}</ref> He set up Hande Hospital in [[Chennai]] in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Multispeciality Hospital in Chennai |url=https://handehospital.org/ |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=Hande hospital |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Political career==
He has taken part in [[Quit India Movement]] during pre university days in [[Mangaluru|Mangalore]]. The electoral foray began when he contested as an Independent candidate from Graduates Constituency and became a member of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]] in 1964. Thereafter he joined [[Swatantra Party]] and was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] from [[Park Town (State Assembly Constituency)|Park Town constituency]] in the [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1967]] and [[1971 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1971]] elections.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref> In 1970 he became one of the All India Secretary of [[Swatantra Party]] and after the death of [[Rajaji]] he joined [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]. In 1978 he got elected to [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]] from the [[List of constituencies of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Madras City Graduates Constituency]]. In 1980 elections, Hande stood from the [[Anna Nagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Anna Nagar]] constituency as a candidate of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] and lost by a margin of 699 votes to [[M. Karunanidhi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sambandan |first=V. S. |date=2018-08-09 |title="Karunanidhi brought have-nots also to the forefront": H.V. Hande |url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/current-issues/article24640329.ece |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=www.thehinducentre.com |language=en}}</ref> In 1984 he got reelected to [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council|Legislative Council]].

He was Minister of Health (1980-86) twice in [[Third Ramachandran ministry|2nd and 3rd Ramachandran ministry]]. He transformed [[Public health]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] by bringing down [[Infant mortality]], combating [[Leprosy]], improving [[Primary health care]] facilities etc. The [[Medical Council of India]] honoured him with [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] in 1985 for excellence as a Health Minister. Another notable event in his stint was, in 1986 he announced the first [[HIV/AIDS]] case in [[India]] when reported in a study done at [[Christian Medical College Vellore]]<ref>{{cite news|last=V|first=Narayana Murthy|title=MGR was instrumental in eradicating polio: Hande|url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article341395.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513015643/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/article341395.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2016|accessdate=4 July 2013|newspaper=Indian Express|date=6 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-08-30 |title=The woman who discovered India's first HIV cases |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-37183012 |access-date=2025-10-21 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> He was also instrumental in the hospitalization and subsequent [[Air medical services|Air lifting]] of [[M. G. Ramachandran]] to [[SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University|Downstate Medical Center Brooklyn]] in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-12 |title=When MGR fell ill |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/when-mgr-fell-ill/article9201689.ece |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref> He ceased to be a legislator with abolition of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Council]] and after the death of [[M. G. Ramachandran|M. G. R]]. in 1987 he kept away from active legislative politics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=2023-03-16 |title=Legislative Council holds special place in Tamil Nadu history |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/legislative-council-holds-special-place-in-tamil-nadu-history/article66628020.ece |access-date=2025-10-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In 1999, he joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and he became National Council member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite news |date=9 November 2004 |title=MK stir not sincere, says Hande |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/09/stories/2004110914490400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050113235211/http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/09/stories/2004110914490400.htm |archive-date=13 January 2005 |accessdate=4 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He contested in the 2006 elections from Anna Nagar as a candidate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] but could only garner 9000 votes.<ref name="chatram">{{cite news |date=26 April 2006 |title=T.P. Chatram in a bad state: Hande |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/26/stories/2006042623200500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107071802/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/26/stories/2006042623200500.htm |archive-date=7 November 2007 |accessdate=4 July 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.handehospital.org/hvhande.htm Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430164128/http://www.handehospital.org/hvhande.htm |date=30 April 2013 }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hande, H. V.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971]]
[[Category:People from Coimbatore]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Swatantra Party politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Shubhmangal Online

2026-01-25T09:00:12Z

Wikialpha49:

{{Short description|2020 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shubhmangal Online.jpg
| image_size =
| company = Kanha's Magic
| genre = [[Romance film|Romance]] [[Drama]]
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| writer = Manish Dalvi Jitendra Gupta Vaibhav Chinchalkar
| producer = Manjiri Bhave
| director = Vaibhav Chinchalkar Nishant Surve Milind Pednekar
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2020|09|28}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2021|09|18}}
| num_episodes = 298
| opentheme = "Shubhmangal Online" by Aniruddha Joshi and Sharayu Date
}}

'''''Shubhmangal Online''''' ({{translation|Online marriage}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Teaser Of This Sukanya Mone, Sayali Sanjeev, And Suyash Tilak Starrer TV Show Out Now|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/shubh-mangal-online-new-teaser-of-this-sukanya-mone-sayali-sanjeev-and-suyash-tilak-starrer-tv-show-out-now/5f5f67b7be4e403225aefc37|access-date=2020-09-14|website=SpotboyE}}</ref> It starred [[Sayali Sanjeev]] and [[Suyash Tilak]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: I like to work hard irrespective of the fact that it's a film or a TV show, says Shubhamangal Online actress Sayali Sanjeev|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-i-like-to-work-hard-irrespective-of-the-fact-that-its-a-film-or-a-tv-show-says-shubhamangal-online-actress-sayali-sanjeev/articleshow/78538004.cms|access-date=2020-10-07|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It premiered from 28 September 2020 and ended on 18 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sukanya Mone, Sayali Sanjeev, And Suyash Tilak To Be Seen In A Brand New TV Show|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/shubh-mangal-online-sukanya-mone-sayali-sanjeev-and-suyash-tilak-to-be-seen-in-a-brand-new-tv-show/5f4e4bcbd3a3736d1b8cc294|access-date=2020-09-01|website=SpotboyE}}</ref> It is produced by Manjiri Bhave under the banner of ''Kanha's Magic''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: I always wanted to make a TV serial because it conveys ideas and thoughts better, Subodh Bhave on turning producer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-i-always-wanted-to-make-a-tv-serial-because-it-conveys-ideas-and-thoughts-better-subodh-bhave-on-turning-producer/articleshow/78237632.cms|access-date=2020-09-21|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
A marriage fixed during lockdown, where Sharvari and Shantanu have never meet personally, a few video calls is the reason of their life bond. Shantanu is shy guy who says that their parents have forced him for marriage whereas Sharvari seems like confident and fun loving girl.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shubhmangal Online: Suyash Tilak And Sayali Sanjeev Soon To Be Hitched In Reel Life|url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/shubhmangal-online-suyash-tilak-and-sayali-sanjeev-soon-to-be-hitched-in-reel-life/5f981d624a28e37ba117bd4c|access-date=2020-10-27|website=SpotboyE}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Sayali Sanjeev]] as Sharvari Gawaskar
* [[Suyash Tilak]] as Shantanu Sadavarte

=== Recurring ===
* [[Sukanya Kulkarni]] as Anupama Sadavarte
* [[Samidha Guru]] as Aishwarya Randive<ref>{{Cite news|title=Samidha Guru bids adieu to Shubhamangal Online; writes an emotional note to the team|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-i-always-wanted-to-make-a-tv-serial-because-it-conveys-ideas-and-thoughts-better-subodh-bhave-on-turning-producer/articleshow/78237632.cms|access-date=2021-06-14|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Amita Khopkar]] as Padma
* Smital Haldankar as Vidya Kanvinde
* Archana Nipankar as Rucha Gawaskar
* Rushikesh Wamburkar as Chinmay Kamat
* Guru Divekar as Harshad Gawaskar
* Ankita Panvelkar as Madhuri Gawaskar
* Shraddha Pokhrankar as Minakshi Palekar
* Asmita Khatkhate as Ratna
* Yogesh Kelkar as Jagdish Gawaskar
* Anand Ingale as Harinivas Guruji
* Milind Phatak as Shrikant Sadavarte
* Sachin Deshpande as Advocate Kirti Kumar Agnihotri

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Colors Marathi Awards 2020
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|''Best Negative Female''
|[[Samidha Guru]]
|Aishwarya
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘बायको अशी हव्वी’ आणि ‘शुभमंगल ऑनलाईन’ मालिकेत विवाह विशेष सप्ताह!|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/bayko-ashi-havi-and-shubhmangal-online-marriage-special-episode-marathi-serial-update-dcp-98-2505412/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''Best Mother''
|[[Sukanya Kulkarni]]
|Anupama
|-
|''Best Daughter-in-law''
|Sayali Sanjeev
|Sharvari
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt13220946}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/shubhmangal-online/3499381 ''Shubhmangal Online''] at [[JioCinema]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]

Baháʼí Faith in India

2026-01-21T04:48:16Z

Wikialpha49: Started some data w/ refs...

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Infobox religious group|group=Indian Baháʼís|image_caption=The [[Baháʼí House of Worship]] in [[Delhi]], commonly referred to as the [[Lotus Temple]], has won numerous architectural awards.|image=New Delhi Lotus.jpg|population={{Estimated|1,000,000–2,000,000}}{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=226}}{{sfn|Momen|2008|pp=154–5}}{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=10}} }}
{{Baháʼí sidebar}}

The [[Baháʼí Faith]] is an independent world religion that originated in Iran in the 19th century, with an emphasis on the spiritual unity of mankind.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=8}}{{sfn|World Christian Encyclopedia|2001|p=8}} Although it came from Islamic roots, its teachings on the [[Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion|unity of religion]] and its acknowledgement of [[Krishna]] as a divine [[Manifestation of God]] have created a bridge between religious traditions that is accepting of [[Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism|Hinduism]].{{sfn|Garlington|2006|p=251}}

During the lifetime of its founder, [[Baháʼu'lláh]], several Baháʼís settled in [[Mumbai]], and the community in India remained relatively small but active for its first 100 years.{{sfn|Garlington|2006|pp=248-9}} Baháʼís in India were mostly urban and of an [[Islam in India|Islamic]] or [[Zoroastrianism in India|Zoroastrian]] background until teaching efforts in the 1960s gained numerous enrollments in rural areas, initially in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{sfn|Garlington|2006|p=249}}{{sfn|Momen|2008|p=157}} By the mid-1990s the Baháʼí community of India claimed a membership of 2 million,{{sfn|Garlington|2006|p=250}} the highest of any country, though the active participation was only about 5% (100,000) in 2001,{{sfn|Warburg|2006|pp=225–6}} the lowest of any region. According to the Annual Report of the Baháʼí community, there were 61,650 Baháʼí core activities taking place in July 2020, with 406,000 participants.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

New Delhi's [[Lotus Temple]] is a [[Baháʼí House of Worship]] that opened in 1986 and has become a major tourist attraction that draws over 2.5 million visitors a year and over 100,000 visitors a day on some Hindu holy days,{{sfn|Garlington|2006|p=254}} making it one of the most visited attractions in the world.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=8}} In 2021, construction began on a local House of Worship in [[Bihar Sharif]].{{sfn|Bahá’í World News Service|2021}}

The Indian Baháʼí community is overseen by a national [[Spiritual Assembly]], a nine-member body elected annually at a convention of delegates. There are also elected regional and local councils that run teaching and consolidation at the state and local levels, and four appointed Baháʼí [[Institution of the Counsellors|Continental Counsellors]] have jurisdiction over India.{{sfn|Garlington|2006|p=256-7}} Baháʼí community life in India is similar to that of Baháʼís elsewhere in the world. Communal study of [[Baháʼí literature|Baháʼí scripture]] is done in classes designed for children, youth, or adults. Prayer meetings, along with celebrations of Baháʼí [[Nineteen Day Feast|Feasts]] and [[Baháʼí Holy Days|Holy Days]], the observance of the [[Nineteen-Day Fast|fast]] and other social behavior, are all practiced to varying degrees. Baháʼí teachers in India generally approach Baháʼí practices gradually and do not require converts to abandon traditional patterns of behavior, though no distinctions based on caste are recognized.{{sfn|Garlington|2006|p=253,254-5}}

Baháʼís in India have developed a number of educational institutions, some organized by the national Baháʼí organization, and others run by individual Baháʼís, which are known as "Baháʼí-inspired".{{sfn|Garlington|2006|p=255}} The [[New Era High School]] is an example of the former, and the [[Barli Development Institute for Rural Women]] is an example of the latter.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=120}} Other educational institutions in India are designed to teach the Baháʼí Faith directly, such as Indore Teaching Institute, which was established in 1962 during mass-teaching to help consolidate and train new Baháʼís in remote villages.{{sfn|Garlington|2006|p=255}}

==History==

Although the religion originated in Iran, the Baháʼí Faith recognises [[the Buddha]] and [[Krishna]] as the [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestations of God]].{{Sfn|Smith|2000|p=95, 195, 231}}

=== Bábí period ===
The roots of the Baháʼí Faith in India go back to the time of the [[Báb]] in 1844.{{sfn|National Baha'i Centre|2021}} Four Babís are known from India in this earliest period.{{sfn|Manuchehri|2001}} The first was Sa'id Hindi, one of the [[Letters of the Living]]. When the Báb planned to go to [[Hajj]], he instructed Sa’id Hindi to go to the Indian subcontinent and preach the message to the people of India.{{sfn|Fareed|2015}} The second was only known as Qahru'llah. Two other very early Bábís were Sa'in Hindi and Sayyid Basir Hindi. Additionally, four other Indians are listed among the 318 Bábís who fought at the [[Battle of Fort Tabarsi]].{{sfn|Momen|2000}} There is little evidence of any contact from these early Indian Bábís back to their homeland.

===Early Baháʼí period (1863-1892)===
During [[Baháʼu'lláh]]'s lifetime, as founder of the religion, he encouraged some of his followers to move to India,{{sfn|Momen|Smith|1993}} which Hájí Sayyid Mírzá and Sayyid Muhammad did. Hájí Sayyid Mahmúd also traded in Mumbai. These individuals were very successful as general merchants and commission agents but it wasn't until the 1870s that the religion spread beyond the small network of mostly Iranian expatriates in Mumbai and northern India.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=70}}{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=188}}

Jamál Effendi, also known as Sulayman Khan, was sent by Baháʼu'lláh to India approximately 1875. He became the leading figure of teaching efforts across the subcontinent, lasting over a decade, that brought in hundreds of new Baha'is, changing the community to a more diverse and widespread group.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=188}}{{sfn|Momen|2000}} Jamál Effendi was trained as a Sufi mystic and dressed accordingly, giving him prestige among Indian Muslims.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=188}} It was during this period of travel teaching that Jamál Effendi met with [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], who, after hearing of the teachings of Baháʼu'lláh and studying Baháʼí literature made his own claim to prophethood and founded the [[Ahmadiyya]] sect.{{sfn|Shah|2002|p=}} Effendi eventually settled in Burma and established a community of Baháʼís there.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=70}}

Around 1882 Mírzá Ibrahím, a relative of the Báb, helped establish the world's first Baháʼí printing and publishing company in Mumbai, the Násirí Press.{{sfn|Momen|2000}} [[Kitáb-i-Íqán|''The Book of Certitude'']] and ''[[The Secret of Divine Civilization]]'' were both published in 1882 using [[lithography]].{{sfn|Garlington|1997}}{{sfn|Momen|2000}} As the first place to print Baháʼí materials, India was instrumental in the distribution of key texts during this period.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=37}}

===Ministry of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (1892-1921)===
During the leadership of [[ʻAbdu'l-Bahá]], the Baháʼí groups around India were active and received frequent travel teachers from the Middle East and America. The 1900s saw the conversion of several Indians outside of the predominantly Muslim and Zoroastrian backgrounds that had made up the community to that point.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=49}} By 1908, there were high-functioning Baháʼí communities in Mumbai, [[Calcutta]], [[Aligarh]] and [[Lahore]].{{sfn|Garlington|1997}}

During this period the community started producing literature in Urdu, in addition to English, and another effort of nationally coordinated teaching projects advanced in 1910–11.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=49}}

Two notable converts during this period were Professor Pritam Singh and Narayanrao Vakil, both of whom went on to play significant leadership roles in the Indian Baháʼí community.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=49}} Pritam Singh was possibly the first Sikh in India to accept the Baháʼí Faith, and the first to publish a Baháʼí weekly magazine in India. He learned of the religion from [[Mírzá Mahmúd]] soon after his graduation from the University of Calcutta in 1904.{{sfn|National Baha'i Centre|2021}} Narayenrao Vakil (aka Narayenrao Rangnath Shethji) was a high-caste Hindu, possibly the first to accept the Baháʼí Faith. Vakil was born in [[Navsari|Nawsari]] and became a Baháʼí in 1909 after learning of it from Mirzá Mahram.{{sfn|National Baha'i Centre|2021}}

In December 1920 the first All-India Baháʼí convention was held in Mumbai for three days.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=49}} Representatives from India's major religious communities were present as well as Baha'i delegates from throughout the country. The resolutions arrived at included the collection of funds to build a ''Baha'i temple'', the establishment of a ''Baha'i school'' and the ''growth of teaching and translation work''{{sfn|Garlington|1997}}—goals reached before the end of the century (see below).

===Shoghi Effendi (1921-1959)===
[[File:Nagindas Master.jpg|thumb|160x160px|Mayor of Mumbai, Nagindas Master attended a Baha'i programme in 1944.]]
Following the passing of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in 1921, [[Shoghi Effendi]] was appointed head of the religion and he soon set about organizing Baháʼí communities around the world. In 1923, the first National [[Spiritual Assembly]] of India and Burma was elected.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=94}} In 1930 notable Baháʼí and world traveler [[Martha Root]] made an extensive teaching trip through India,{{sfn|Root|1930}} organized teaching plans were implemented from 1938 to 1953, and the expansion of Baháʼí literature into most of the major Indian languages continued to advance.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=94}}

The first Baháʼí summer school was able to be held in [[Shimla|Simla]] in 1938{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=94}} and in 1941 three new local communities with functioning [[Local Spiritual Assembly|Local Spiritual Assemblies]] had been established: [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] and [[Bangalore]]. These activities gained occasional awareness from social leaders in India like [[Mahatma Gandhi]].{{sfn|Gandhimohan|2000}}

In 1944, there were twenty-nine Local Spiritual Assemblies in India,{{sfn|Garlington|1997}} and by 1945, there were around 2,000 Baháʼís in all of South Asia.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=189}}

Through the first half of the twentieth century, the Baháʼís continued to grow with a focus away from the large cities and remained very active, but their numbers remained relatively small. By 1960 they had around 900 Baháʼís in India, with very few from Hindu backgrounds, but that changed dramatically in the 1960s.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=94}}

The Baháʼí Faith had the notable achievement of the conversion of Kishan Lal Malviya, a [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|scheduled caste]] leader from [[Shajapur]] (a district northeast of [[Ujjain]]), and of Dayaram Malviya, another scheduled caste leader, setting the stage for a rural dynamic of growth called "mass teaching." Shirin Fozdar also rose to prominence and served as a member of the [[National Spiritual Assembly]] of the Baháʼís of India from 1936 to 1951. Her main area of work from 1925 to 1950 was in a large community of Untouchables or [[Harijans]] in [[Ahmedabad]].{{sfn|Sarwal|1989}}

===Mass-teaching (1960-1991)===
Baháʼís in South Asia were predominantly urban and of an Islamic or Zoroastrian background until the 1960s.{{sfn|Momen|2008|p=157}} In 1961, there were 850 Baháʼís in India, mostly urban.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}} Various social and religious forces encouraged a broader outreach and a time of intensive missionary work, or [[Baháʼí teaching plans|mass teaching]].{{sfn|Garlington|1997}} The [[Baháʼí teachings]] were adapted for presentation to a clearly [[Hindu]] context familiar to the people of the countryside, using principles and language familiar to them:{{sfn|Garlington|1997}}

* The presentation of Baháʼu'lláh as the [[Kalki]] [[Avatar]] who according to the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' will appear at the end of the ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' for the purpose of reestablishing an era of righteousness
* Emphasizing the figures of [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]] and [[Krishna]] as past [[Manifestation of God (Baháʼí Faith)|Manifestations of God]] or [[Avatar]]s
* References to Hindu scriptures such as the [[Bhagavad Gita]]
* The substitution of [[Sanskrit]]-based terminology for [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] where possible (i.e., Bhagavan Baha for Baháʼu'lláh), and the incorporation in both song (''[[bhajan]]''){{sfn|Garlington|1998}} and literature of Hindu holy places, hero-figures and poetic images
* Hindi translations of Baháʼí scriptures and prayers that appeared during this period which are so heavily Sanskritized as to make it difficult to recognize their non-Hindu antecedents

Together with the teaching of the [[Baháʼí Faith and the unity of humanity|unity of humanity]] these approaches attracted many of the lower [[caste]]s.{{sfn|Nolley|Garlington|1997}} Also, in contrast to the case of the [[Neo-Buddhist]] movement, no effort was made to denounce Hinduism.{{sfn|Garlington|1997}} In short order most of a tiny village of some 200 people converted to the Baháʼí Faith ''en masse''.{{sfn|Garlington|1997}} The following year hundreds of people adopted the religion thanks to an open air conference where speeches could be heard. In two more years almost as many people converted as had been Baháʼís through regions of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Gujarat]].{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

During this period of growth, six conferences held in October 1967 around the world presented a viewing of a copy of the photograph of [[Baháʼu'lláh]] as part of the commemoration of the centenary of Baháʼu'lláh's writing of the ''[[Suriy-i-Mulúk]]'' (Tablet to the Kings). After a meeting in Edirne ([[Adrianople]]), Turkey, the [[Hands of the Cause]] travelled to the conferences, "each bearing the precious trust of a photograph of the Blessed Beauty [Baháʼu'lláh], which it will be the privilege of those attending the Conferences to view." [[Hand of the Cause]] [[Abul-Qasim Faizi]] conveyed this photograph to the Conference for Asia in India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Universal House of Justice|author-link=Universal House of Justice|title=Wellspring of Guidance, Messages 1963-1968|publisher=National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States|year=1976|location=Wilmette, Illinois|pages=109–112|url=http://bahai-library.com/uhj_wellspring_guidance|isbn=0-87743-032-2 }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=March 2021}}

In 1986 the Baháʼís in India opened the [[#Lotus Temple|Lotus Temple]] in New Delhi and pioneered regional (state) Baháʼí councils to devolve administrative work to more manageable levels.{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=94}}

===Modern India (1992-present)===
1992 was the 100th anniversary of Baha'u'llah's death, and was commemorated by the second [[Baháʼí World Congress]] in New York. The event was attended by about 30,000 Baháʼís, the largest ever gathering of Baháʼís up to that time.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=114}} The event was broadcast live to eight notable centers of Baháʼís around the world, one of which was New Delhi.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=114}}

==Statistics==
{| class="wikitable floatright" id="toc" cellspacing="4" float="right"
|+ '''Baháʼís in India'''
|- style="background:#ccf;"
! Date
! Size
! Source
|-
| 1900
| style="text-align:right;" | 100
| {{harvnb|World Christian Encyclopedia|1982|p=370}}
|-
| 1954
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,000{{efn|name=Smith2008|Number is cited as "South Asia" and doesn't separate India.}}
| {{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=83}}
|-
| 1961
| style="text-align:right;" | 850
| {{harvnb|World Christian Encyclopedia|1982|p=371}}
|-
| 1961
| style="text-align:right;" | 900
| {{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=94}}
|-
| 1963
| style="text-align:right;" | 65,000
| {{harvnb|World Christian Encyclopedia|1982|p=371}}
|-
| 1963
| style="text-align:right;" | 65,000
| {{harvnb|Garlington|1997}}
|-
| 1970
| style="text-align:right;" | 730,000
| {{harvnb|World Christian Encyclopedia|1982|p=370}}
|-
| 1973
| style="text-align:right;" | 222,000
| {{harvnb|World Christian Encyclopedia|1982|p=371}}
|-
| 1973
| style="text-align:right;" | 400,000
| {{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=94}}
|-
| 1975
| style="text-align:right;" | 870,000
| {{harvnb|World Christian Encyclopedia|1982|p=370}}
|-
| 1988
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,900,000{{efn|name=Smith2008}}
| {{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=83}}
|-
| 1990
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,400,000
| {{harvnb|World Christian Encyclopedia|2001|p=2:360}}
|-
| 1993
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,200,000
| {{harvnb|Smith|2008|p=94}}
|-
| 1995
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,440,000
| {{harvnb|World Christian Encyclopedia|2001|p=2:360}}
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,900,000
| {{harvnb|Warburg|2006|p=226}}
|-
| 2005
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,880,700
| {{harvnb|ARDA|2010}}
|-
| 2008
| style="text-align:right;" | 2,000,000
| {{harvnb|Momen|2008|pp=154–5}}
|-
| 2009
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,000,000
| {{harvnb|Hartz|2009|p=10}}
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align:right;" | 1,898,000
| {{harvnb|ARDA|2010}}
|-
|}

The question of how many Baháʼís are in India has been the source of much debate.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|pp=217-22}} From 1960 to 1990 the number of estimated Baháʼís went from under 1 thousand to as much as 2 million mostly poor, rural, and illiterate people from Hindu [[scheduled castes]].{{sfn|Smith|2008|p=94}} Unlike other religious conversions that require a rejection of Hinduism, Baháʼí teachers were affirming of Hindu beliefs, leaving some converts to continue with Hindu traditions side by side with the Baháʼí ones, each to varying degrees.{{sfn|Garlington|1984}} Without the need to change a convert's name, dress, or rituals, it is difficult to identify how many of the conversions were sustained and consolidated in the Baháʼí religion. The Baháʼís in India seem to have overextended themselves by accepting the large number of adherents and not having the resources to consolidate and maintain Baháʼí principles and practices among many rural villages.{{sfn|Momen|2008|pp=154-5}}

Based on activity data, about 100,000 Baháʼís in India were actively practicing the religion in 2001, representing an impressive growth of 10,000% in 40 years, but the larger number of self-identifying but inactive Baháʼís remains elusive to researchers.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|pp=217-22}} According to the Annual Report from the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of India, there were 61,650 Baháʼí core activities taking place in July 2020, with 406,000 participants.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

On the question of whether the number of Baháʼís in India was inflated by Baháʼí authorities, sociologist Margit Warburg studied the data and concluded that it was not. She wrote:{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=227}}

{{blockquote
|text=Inactive Baha'is constitute a burden rather than a resource for the Baha'i administration... The Universal House of Justice would have to adopt the radical policy of instructing the national spiritual assemblies to remove inactive Baha'is from the membership lists, if the goal was to count only active Baha'is. I therefore conclude that the issue of inflated official membership data stems from the present practice of not expelling inactive Baha'is; the numbers are not rooted in any sinister manipulation of data.}}

===Census data===
The census of India recorded 5,574 Baháʼís in 1991,{{sfn|Vijayanunni|1991}} 11,324 in 2001,{{sfn|Census|2001}} and 4,572 Baháʼís in 2011.{{sfn|Census|2011}}

The Indian census counts Baháʼís that are from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]] as Hindu. The 1971 census directions stated, "Scheduled castes can belong only to the Hindu or Sikh religions."{{sfn|Garlington|1984|p=184|loc=Note 44}} William Garlington, who studied the Baháʼís in India, said that none of the 88 thousand converts in Madhya Pradesh in the early 1960s were counted as Baháʼís on the census of 1971, the majority of which were from scheduled castes.{{sfn|Garlington|1984|p=167-8}} The ''[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]'' of 1982 and 2001 both state that Baháʼís are counted as Hindus on government censuses (though it did not specifically mention India), and not shown separately.{{sfn|World Christian Encyclopedia|1982}}{{sfn|World Christian Encyclopedia|2001|p=2:653}}

Professor Anil Sarwal, member of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of India, wrote of the 1991 census, "these figures do not reflect the true picture of the statistics of the Bahá'í community in India for various reasons. Bahá'í is included in the others category in the column of religion and many enumerators don't know about the Faith, or they tend to write religion as per the name of the person."{{sfn|Vijayanunni|1991}}


===Warburg's research===
[[Margit Warburg]] is a Danish sociologist who studied the Baháʼí faith for 25 years.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|p=24}} She believes that the ''World Christian Encyclopedia'' is not a reliable source of data on Baháʼí membership, and she produced her own analysis of Baháʼís in regions of the world, with a focus on India, based on the number of localities, Local Spiritual Assemblies, fund contributions, and other activity data.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|pp=217-22}} She estimated that in 2001 there were reliably 100,000 active Baháʼís in India, representing 5% of the 1.9 million enrolled, noting that, "The number of adherents who are active participants in their local Baha'i communities, of course, will always be smaller than the number of registered Baha'is." By contrast, she found that worldwide the activity rate was 18%, and in some western countries as high as 91%.{{sfn|Warburg|2006|pp=217-22}}


==Houses of Worship==
===Lotus Temple===
{{Main|Lotus Temple}}
[[File:Bahai-house-of-worship-delhi2.jpg|thumb|right|The Baháʼí House of Worship in Delhi.]]

The Lotus Temple, located in [[Delhi]], is a [[Baháʼí House of Worship]] that was dedicated in December 1986.{{sfn|Baháʼí News|1987}} Notable for its [[Lotus flower|flowerlike]] shape, it has become a [[Tourism in India|prominent attraction]] in the city. Like all Baháʼí Houses of Worship, the Lotus Temple is open to all, regardless of religion or any other qualification. The building is composed of 27 free-standing marble-clad "petals" arranged in clusters of three to form nine sides, with nine doors opening onto a central hall with a height of slightly over 34.27 metres and a capacity of 2,500 people. The Lotus Temple has won numerous architectural awards and has been featured in many newspaper and magazine articles. In 2001, [[CNN]] reporter Manpreet Brar referred to it as the most visited building in the world.{{sfn|Brar|2001}}

===Plans for Bihar Sharif House of Worship===
In 2012, the [[Universal House of Justice]] announced the locations of the first local [[Baháʼí House of Worship|Baháʼí Houses of Worship]] that would be built. One of the specified locations was in [[Bihar Sharif]], [[Bihar]], India.{{sfn|Baháʼí World News Service|2012}} In April 2020, the design for the Bihar Sharif House of Worship was unveiled.{{sfn|Bahá’í World News Service|2020}} In February 2021, a groundbreaking ceremony for the temple was held.{{sfn|Bahá’í World News Service|2021}} The ceremony included placing soil from villages across the state of Bihar, as a symbol of connection between all Bihari people and this House of Worship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-21 |title=Ground broken for first local Bahá’í temple in India {{!}} BWNS |url=https://news.bahai.org/story/1491/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Bahá’í World News Service |language=en}}</ref> The temple construction will include brick made of local dirt, which is meant to symbolize the integration and inclusion of its surroundings. Similar to the Lotus Temple, this temple will also have a single dome with nine geometric arches.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-29 |title=Local Temple design unveiled in India {{!}} BWNS |url=https://news.bahai.org/story/1421/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Bahá’í World News Service |language=en}}</ref>

==Educational institutions==
[[File:Rabbani Baháʼí School, Susera - Gwalior - Madhya Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Rabbani Baháʼí School, in Gwalior, operated from 1977 to 2016.]]
The Baháʼís in India run several educational programs that are open to people of any religious background.{{sfn|Momen|2008|p=159-60}} Many are in rural areas that focus on the vocational development of women, teaching marketable skills such as sewing and agriculture, as well as advancement in academics, hygiene, consultation, and spiritual qualities.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=123}}{{sfn|Momen|2008|p=159-60}} Some of the educational institutions integrate the Baháʼí teachings and the functioning of Baháʼí communities. The programs in India usually follow the model of training villagers in a way that they can return to their village and teach others.{{sfn|Momen|2008|p=159-60}}

Some examples are:
* The [[New Era High School]] is an internationalist Baháʼí school in [[Panchgani]], Maharashtra state. It was founded in August 1945, and was one of the first Baháʼí education projects in India. It expanded in 1953 and has attracted a considerable number of Indians from various castes and religions, along with students from around the world.{{sfn|Smith|2008|pp=305-6}} The school is under the supervision of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of India.
* The [[Barli Development Institute for Rural Women]] in [[Indore]], Madhya Pradesh, is a Baháʼí-inspired educational project, independent of the Baháʼí organization of India. It offers training in agriculture, literacy, health, and nutrition for rural women,{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=120}} and serves as a base for outreach/non-residential training centers. It was founded in 1985 under the suggestion of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of India,{{sfn|Baháʼí International Community|2003}} and in 1992 it won a Global 500 Environmental Action Award.{{sfn|Momen|2008|p=159-60}} The institute was recently profiled as part of a documentary on the religion.{{sfn|Odess-Gillett|2009}}
* The [[City Montessori School]] in [[Lucknow]], Uttar Pradesh, is the largest private school in the world, with 20 branches offering K-12 education. It was started by a Baháʼí couple and integrates Baháʼí principles such as academic excellence, globalism, and interfaith harmony.{{sfn|Hartz|2009|p=61}}{{sfn|Baháʼí World News Service|2002}}
* The Baháʼí Academy is an institution based in [[Panchgani]], Maharashtra state.{{sfn|Baháʼí News|2006}}
* The Rabbani Baháʼí School in [[Gwalior]], Madhya Pradesh, was built in 1977.{{sfn|India9|2014}} The school was closed down by the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá’ís of India in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-13 |title=पूर्व छात्र रब्बानी स्कूल शुरू करने सभा को लिखेंगे पत्र |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MP-GWA-HMU-MAT-latest-gwalior-news-044538-468015-NOR.html |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

==Notable events==

===ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's rescue===
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was sentenced to death by the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] authorities for activities that were believed to be seditious. A British Military Intelligence Officer, Major [[Wellesley Tudor Pole]], passed this information to the London office. [[Arthur Balfour|Lord Balfour]] immediately took steps to ensure the safety and rescue of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. All Indian Cavalry Brigade, under [[British Empire|British imperial]] control, was tasked to execute the mission. The Indian soldiers consisting of the [[Jodhpur Lancers]] and the [[Mysore Lancers]] were able to rescue ʻAbdu'l-Bahá with relatively few casualties.{{sfn|Pillay|2020}}

===Reference by the Supreme Court===
In 1994, the situation of the [[Babri Mosque]] was commented on by Members of the India Supreme Court highlighting the approach of the Baháʼís on multi-faith issues, quoting the statement ''Communal Harmony'' of the National Spiritual Assembly of India,{{sfn|One Country|1995}} which had been distributed to ministers, bureaucrats, district county workers, the superintendent of police, NGOs, and faith communities, in most of the official languages of India.{{sfn|Bodakowski|Marshall|2011}}

[[File:Bahai-House-Chandigarh-01.JPG|thumb|Baháʼí house in Chandigarh.]]

===Lotus Temple arrests===
In 2006, some former employees of the Lotus Temple made a complaint to the police that the trustees of the temple had been involved in various crimes including spying, religious conversion and producing false passports. The trial judge directed the police to arrest nine specific trustees, but the High Court later stayed the arrests.<ref>{{cite news |title=HC stays arrest of Lotus temple trustees |newspaper=webindia123.com |date=18 August 2006 |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20060818/425696.html |access-date=September 22, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=High Court stays arrest of Lotus temple trustees |newspaper=The Hindu.com |orig-date=August 19, 2006 |date=March 22, 2016 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/high-court-stays-arrest-of-lotus-temple-trustees/article3092632.ece |access-date=September 22, 2017 }}</ref>

===Letters protesting persecution in Iran===
{{Further|Persecution of Baháʼís#Iran}}
The governments of India and Iran generally maintain [[India-Iran relations|good relations]]. In 2001, the government of India voted against the United Nations resolution ''Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran'' raised in response to the [[persecution of Baháʼís]] in Iran,{{sfn|Baháʼí International Community|2008}} and it has voted against many such resolutions since that time.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} Despite this, many officials and prominent citizens of India have expressed serious concerns about the persecution of Baháʼís.

In June 2008 several leading jurists of India's legal system, journalists, and civil rights activist signed an open letter urging Iran to abide by international human rights conventions and calling for the immediate release of Baháʼís detained in the country. Signatories included: former Chief Justice of India Justice [[Jagdish Sharan Verma]], former Supreme Court judge Justice [[V.R. Krishna Iyer]], former Chief Justice of Delhi High Court Justice [[Rajinder Sachar]], former Attorney General [[Soli Sorabjee]], member, Law commission, [[Tahir Mahmood]], former chairperson, [[National Commission for Women]], Dr. [[Mohini Giri]], editorial director, ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', [[Vir Sanghvi]], senior columnist [[Kuldip Nayar]], president, World Council for Arya Samaj, [[Swami Agnivesh]], among others.{{sfn|The Tribune|2008}}

A similar open letter was published in February 2009, and signed by more than 30 prominent Indians, including Justice Iyer, actor [[Aamir Khan]], Maulana Khalid Rasheed, Swami Agnivesh, and many more. Calls for the release of imprisoned Baha'is have continued since that time, with many prominent Indians expressing their concern.{{sfn|The Hindu|2010}}{{sfn|NSA India|2011}}

===Cemetery vandalized===
The Baháʼís of [[Jaipur]] registered a complaint (technically a [[First Information Report]]) with police that their community burial ground had been attacked by a mob of about 40–50 Hindu people "led by a [[sarpanch]]", or head of the local [[gram panchayat]], on Friday October 31, 2015 about 11:30 AM in Shri Ram Ki Nangal village.{{sfn|Khan|2015}} ''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper claimed the Sarpanch was Nathu Jangid, head of the village government, member of the right-wing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] based on witness statement.{{sfn|Pupadhyay|2015}} The security guard was injured and the guard's room and prayer house were damaged. The FIR was registered by the local assembly treasurer for the Baháʼís.{{sfn|Mishra|2015}} In a public meeting representatives of the Baháʼís stated that they believe this is the first such incident in the history of the religion in the country, named the sarpanch, and recalled that it had been theirs since 2002. The Baháʼís made no comment on the political statement then because "it is in our religion to be apolitical."{{sfn|Khan|2015}} Indian newspaper ''The Wire'' published pictures of the site and damage and a claim by Sarpanch Jangid that the land had been illegally sold to the Baháʼís.{{sfn|Mishra|2015}} The [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]] of India has taken an interest in the case.{{sfn|Mishra|2015}}

==Notable Indian Baháʼís==
*[[Zia Mody]] is a corporate lawyer and businesswoman.
*[[Rehana Sultan]] is an Indian actress.

==See also==
* [[Religion in India]]
* [[Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism]]
* [[Baháʼí Faith in Asia]]
* [[Baháʼí Faith in Pakistan]]
* [[Islam in India]]
** [[Shia Islam in the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[Zoroastrianism in India]]
* [[Indo-Persian culture]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
===Books===
*{{cite book |last=Adamson |first=Hugh C. |date=2009 |series=The A to Z Guide Series, No. 70 |chapter= |title=The A to Z of the Baháʼí Faith |publisher=Scarecrow Press |place=Plymouth, UK |isbn=978-0-8108-6853-3}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Barrett |editor-first=David B. |date=1982 |title=Global Adherents of all religions |encyclopedia=[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]: A comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world |edition=1st |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Nairobi |ref={{sfnref|World Christian Encyclopedia|1982}} }}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Barrett |first1=David B. |last2=Kurian |first2=George T. |last3=Johnson |first3=Todd M. |year=2001 |title=Countries |encyclopedia=[[World Christian Encyclopedia]]: A comparative survey of churches and religions in the modern world |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |ref={{sfnref|World Christian Encyclopedia|2001}} }}
*{{cite book |last=Gandhimohan |first=M. V. |date=2000 |title=Mahatma Gandhi and the Baháʼís |url=http://bahai-library.com/gandhimohan_gandhi_bahais_nonviolence#10 |publisher=Baháʼí Publishing Trust of India |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-86953-82-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Garlington |first=William |date=2006 |chapter=Indian Baha'i tradition |title=Religions of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTqDAgAAQBAJ |editor-last=Mittal |editor-first=Sushil |editor-last2=Thursby |editor-first2=Gene R. |isbn=0415223903 |pages=247–260 |location=London |publisher=Routledge}}
*{{cite book |last=Garlington |first=William |date=1984 |chapter=Baha'i Conversions in Malwa, Central India |editor1-last=Cole |editor1-first=Juan |editor2-last=Momen |editor2-first=Moojan |title=From Iran East and West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xbzoJ5wFG4C |publisher=Kalimat Press |isbn=978-0-933770-40-9 |pages=157–85}}
*{{cite book |date=2016 |editor-last1=Grim |editor-first1=Brian |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Todd |editor-last3=Skirbekk |editor-first3=Vegard |editor-last4=Zurlo |editor-first4=Gina |title=Yearbook of International Religious Demography 2016 |publisher=Brill |volume=3 |pages=17–25 |url=http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/books/9789004322141 |doi=10.1163/9789004322141 |isbn=9789004322141 |last1=Grim |first1=Brian |last2=m. Johnson |first2=Todd |last3=Skirbekk |first3=Vegard |last4=Zurlo |first4=Gina }}
*{{cite book |last=Hartz |first=Paula |date=2009 |title=World Religions: Baha'i Faith |edition=3rd |url=https://bahai-library.com/hartz_bahai_faith |publisher=Chelsea House Publishers |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-1-60413-104-8}}
*{{cite book |last=Momen |first=Moojan |author-link=Moojan Momen |date=2008 |title=The Baha'i Faith |series=Beginner's Guide |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-1-85168-563-9}}
*{{cite book |last=Shah |first=Muhammad Ali |date=2002 |title=The Bahá'í Faith and Ahmadiyya: A Comparative Analysis |url=http://library.aiou.edu.pk/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=66021&query_desc=au%3A%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%20%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%20%D8%8C%20%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%20%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF |language=Urdu |publisher=Rawalpindi Baha'i Publishing Trust |location=Pakistan }}
*{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Smith (historian) |date=2000|title=A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith |publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]] |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=1-85168-184-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Smith (historian) |year=2008 |title=An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-86251-6 |location=Cambridge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7zdDFTzNr0C}}
*{{cite book |last=Warburg |first=Margit |author-link=Margit Warburg |date=2006 |title=Citizens of the world: a history and sociology of the Bahaʹis from a globalisation perspective |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-474-0746-1 |location=Leiden |oclc=234309958}}

===News media===
*{{cite news |last=Root |first=Martha |author-link=Martha Root |date=October 1930 |title=Miss Martha Root in India |url=https://bahai.works/Baha%27i_News/Issue_45/Text |work=Baháʼí News |volume=45 |pages=7–8 |publisher=National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of the United States and Canada |access-date=2021-11-30}}
*{{cite news |last=Brar |date=14 July 2001|title=Encore Presentation: A Visit to the Capital of India: New Delhi |newspaper=Cable News Network |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0107/14/i_hs.00.html |access-date=19 January 2015}}
*{{cite news |author= |date=July 1987 |title=Achievements of the Seven Year Plan |url=https://bahai-library.com/pdf/r/rabbani_achievements_seven-year_plan.pdf |page=3 |work=Baháʼí News |access-date=2021-12-01 |ref={{sfnref|Baháʼí News|1987}} }}
*{{cite news |author= |date=2006-08-17 |title=Baha'i Academy enters training agreement with top Indian University |url=https://news.bahai.org/story/470/ |publisher=Baháʼí World News Service |access-date=2021-12-01 |ref={{sfnref|Baháʼí News|2006}} }}
*{{cite news |last=Pillay |first=D. P. K. |author-link=D. P. K. Pillay |date=2020-09-24 |title=Forgotten tales of valour and courage: Chivalry and courage at the Battle for Haifa |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/forgotten-tales-of-valour-and-courage-chivalry-and-courage-at-the-battle-for-haifa/articleshow/78294876.cms |access-date=2021-12-01}}
*{{cite news |author=One Country |date=April 1995 |title=Supreme Court of India highlights Baha'i views on communal tolerance in Ayodhya decision |url=https://www.onecountry.org/story/supreme-court-india-highlights-bahai-views-communal-tolerance-ayodhya-decision |volume= 7 |issue=1 |access-date=2021-12-01}}
*{{Cite news |date=2008-06-19 |title=Iran asked to stop persecution of Bahaʼis |newspaper=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India |publisher=The Tribune Trust |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080620/main6.htm |ref={{sfnref|The Tribune|2008}} }}
*{{cite news |date=2010-01-09 |title=Concern over persecution of Bahaʼis in Iran |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Concern-over-persecution-of-Baharsquois-in-Iran/article16836695.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |ref={{sfnref|The Hindu|2010}} }}
*{{cite news |author=Baháʼí World News Service |date=2002-01-02 |title=In India, the world's largest school succeeds by focusing on globalism and morality |publisher=Baháʼí International Community |url=https://news.bahai.org/story/146/ |access-date=2021-12-07 }}
*{{cite news |author=Baháʼí World News Service |date=2012-04-22 |title=Plans to build new Houses of Worship announced |publisher=Baháʼí International Community |url=http://news.bahai.org/story/906 |access-date=2012-04-22 }}
*{{cite news |author=Bahá’í World News Service |date=2020-04-29 |title=Local Temple design unveiled in India |url=https://news.bahai.org/story/1421/ |access-date=1 November 2020}}
*{{cite news |author=Bahá’í World News Service |date=2021-02-21 |title=Ground broken for first local Bahá'í temple in India |url=https://news.bahai.org/story/1491/ |access-date=25 February 2021 }}
*{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Mohammad Hamza |date=November 1, 2015 |title=FIR lodged after mob vandalises Jaipur's lone Bahaʼi burial ground |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/fir-lodged-after-mob-vandalises-jaipurs-lone-bahai-burial-ground/ |newspaper=The India Express |location=Jaipur |access-date=November 1, 2015 }}
*{{cite news |last=Pupadhyay |first=Kavita |date=2015-11-01 |title=Baha'i burial place vandalised |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bahai-burial-place-vandalised/article7827577.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Jaipur |access-date=November 1, 2015 }}
*{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Sudhanshu |date=2015-11-01 |title=Bahaʼi Burial Ground Vandalised, Hand of BJP Sarpanch Alleged |url=http://thewire.in/2015/11/01/bahai-burial-ground-vandalised-hand-of-bjp-sarpanch-alleged-14518/ |newspaper=The Wire |access-date=November 2, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103230042/http://thewire.in/2015/11/01/bahai-burial-ground-vandalised-hand-of-bjp-sarpanch-alleged-14518/ |archive-date=November 3, 2015 |url-status=dead }}

===Journals===
*{{cite journal |last=Garlington |first=William |date=June 1997 |title=The Baha'i Faith in India: A Developmental Stage Approach |url=https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_faith_india |journal=Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies |volume=1 |issue=2}}
*{{cite journal |last=Garlington |first=William |date=January 1998 |title=Baha'i Bhajans: An example of the Baha'i Use of Hindu Symbols |url=https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_bhajans |journal=Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies |volume=2 |issue=1}}
*{{cite journal |last=Garlington |first=William |date=February 1999 |title=The Development of the Baha'i Faith in Malwa: 1941-1974 |url=https://bahai-library.com/garlington_development_bahai_malwa |journal=Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies |volume=3 |issue=1}}
*{{cite journal |last=Garlington |first=William |date=July 2001 |title=Baha'i Proselytization in Malwa, India |url=https://bahai-library.com/garlington_bahai_proselytization_malwa |journal=Occasional Papers in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies |volume=5 |issue=2}}
*{{cite journal |last=Manuchehri |first=Sepehr |date=April 2001 |title=Historical Accounts of two Indian Babis: Sa'in Hindi and Sayyid Basir Hindi |url=https://bahai-library.com/manuchehri_two_indian_babis |journal=Research Notes in Shaykhi, Babi and Baha'i Studies |volume=5 |issue=2}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Momen |first1=Moojan |author1-link=Moojan Momen |last2=Smith |first2=Peter |author2-link=Peter Smith (historian) |year=1989 |title=The Baha'i Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments |url=http://bahai-library.com/momen_smith_developments_1957-1988 |volume=19 |journal=Religion |issue=1 |pages=63–91 |doi=10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8|url-access=subscription }}
*{{cite journal |last=Momen |first=Moojan |author-link=Moojan Momen |orig-date=1999 |year=2000 |title=Jamál Effendi and the early spread of the Baháʼí Faith in Asia |url=http://bahai-library.com/bsr/bsr09/9B2_momen_jamal.htm |journal=[[Baháʼí Studies Review]] |volume=9}}
*{{cite journal |last=Sarwal |first=Anil |date=1989 |title=Shirin Fozdar: An Outstanding Pioneer |url=http://www.religiousunity.org/BahArt/Shirin%20Fozdar.htm |journal=Baháʼí Digest |access-date=2021-11-30}}

===Other===
*Census data
**{{cite web |editor-last=Vijayanunni |editor-first=M. |date=1991 |title=Bahá'í Population of India, 1991 |url=https://bahai-library.com/bahais_census_india_1991 |publisher=Baha'i Library Online}}
**{{Cite web |author=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |date=2001 |title=C-1 Appendix: Details of Religious Communities Shown Under Other Religious and Persuasions in Main Table C-1 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/TablesSeries2001.aspx |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=Census Digital Library |ref={{sfnref|Census|2001}} }}
**{{cite web |author=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner |date=2011 |title=C-1 APPENDIX - 2011 DETAILS OF RELIGIOUS COMMUNITY SHOWN UNDER 'OTHER RELIGIONS AND PERSUASIONS' IN MAIN TABLE C-1 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DDW00C-01%20Appendix%20MDDS.xlsx |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |access-date=2021-11-30 |ref={{sfnref|Census|2011}} }}
*{{cite web |title=Most Baha'i Nations (2010) |work=QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions > |publisher=The Association of Religion Data Archives |year=2010 |url=http://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp |access-date=Feb 12, 2015 |ref={{sfnRef|ARDA|2010}} |archive-date=April 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427001103/https://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |author=Baháʼí International Community |date=11 July 2003 |title=Empowering Young Women to Improve Rural Lives - The Story of the Barli Development Institute for Rural Women, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India |url=http://www.wfdd.org.uk/programmes/case_studies/barli.pdf}}
*{{cite web |last=Baháʼí International Community |author-link=Baháʼí International Community |title=UN General Assembly Resolution 2001 |publisher=Baháʼí International Community |year=2008 |url=http://info.bahai.org/article-1-8-3-23.html |access-date=2009-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822020659/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-8-3-23.html |archive-date=2009-08-22 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |last1=Bodakowski |first1=Michael |last2=Marshall |first2=Katherine |date=2011 |title=A Discussion with Farida Vahedi |url=https://bahai-library.com/bodakowski_interview_farida_vahedi }}
*{{cite thesis |last=Fareed |first=Abdul |date=2015 |title=Religious and Social Life of Religious Minorities |degree=PhD |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8000 |publisher=[[International Islamic University, Islamabad]] |language=en |archive-date=2021-04-29 |access-date=2021-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429220224/http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/8000 |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |last1=Momen |first1=Moojan |author-link1=Moojan Momen |last2=Smith |first2=Peter |author-link2=Peter Smith (historian) |date=1993 |title=Bahá'í History |url=https://bahai-library.com/encyclopedia_history |website=Baha'i Library Online}}
*{{cite web |author=National Baha'i Centre |date=2021 |title=Bahá'í Faith in India |url=https://www.bahai.in/bahai-faith-in-india/ |website=The Official Website of the Bahá’ís of India |location=New Delhi |access-date=2021-11-30}}
*{{cite web |last1=Nolley |first1=Charles |last2=Garlington |first2=William |date=March 1997 |title=India, Notes on Bahá'í Population |url=https://bahai-library.com/nolley_bahai_population_india |website=Baha'i Library Online }}
*{{cite web |last=Odess-Gillett |first=Warren |date=2009-05-18 |title=Interview with Jess Firth |publisher=WXOJ-LP |url=http://www.abahaiperspective.com/assets/mp3/abp-154.mp3/ |access-date=2021-12-01}}
*{{cite web |author=((India9)) |date=2014 |title=Rabbani School in Gwalior India |url=https://www.india9.com/i9show/Rabbani-School-19365.htm |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=www.india9.com |language=en}}
*{{cite web |date=May 2011 |title=Petition to the Iranian Government for Immediate Release of the staff and faculty of the Baha'i Institute of Higher Education |url=http://www.bahai.in/news/national-news-of-the-bahais-of-india/petition-to-the-iranian-government-for-immediate-release-of-the-staff-and-faculty-of-the-bahai-institute-of-higher-education.html |publisher=National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of India |access-date=September 22, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110901115805/http://www.bahai.in/news/national-news-of-the-bahais-of-india/petition-to-the-iranian-government-for-immediate-release-of-the-staff-and-faculty-of-the-bahai-institute-of-higher-education.html |archive-date=September 1, 2011 |url-status=dead |ref={{sfnref|NSA India|2011}} }}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Garlington |first=William |date=2006 |chapter=Indian Baha'i tradition |title=Religions of South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MTqDAgAAQBAJ |editor-last=Mittal |editor-first=Sushil |editor-last2=Thursby |editor-first2=Gene R. |isbn=0415223903 |pages=247–260 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |ref=none}}
*{{Cite book |last=Pearson |first=Anne M. |date=2022 |chapter=Ch. 49: South Asia |pages=603–613 |title=The World of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Oxfordshire, UK |isbn=978-1-138-36772-2 |editor-last=Stockman |editor-first=Robert H. |editor-link=Robert Stockman |doi=10.4324/9780429027772-56}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.bahai.in/ Official Website]
* [https://www.bahaipublishingtrust.in/?v=7516fd43adaa Baháʼí Publishing Trust] – based in India

{{Asia topic|Baháʼí Faith in}}
{{Religion in India topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baha'i Faith In India}}
[[Category:Baháʼí Faith in India]]

Sindhudurg Fort

2026-01-17T03:03:13Z

Wikialpha49: cleanup references per standard format to improve readability

{{Short description|Sea fort in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2007}}
{{Infobox military installation
| name = Sindhudurg Fort
| native_name =
| partof = [[States and Territories of India|Maharashtra]]
| location = [[Sindhudurg district]], [[Maharashtra]]
| image = [[File:Sindhudurg fort.JPG|300px]]
| caption = Sindhudurg fortress from the mainland.
| map_type = India Maharashtra
| map_size = 350
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Shown within [[Maharashtra]]
| type = Island
| code =
| coordinates = {{coord|16.043769|73.461416|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
|child = yes
|Part_of = [[Maratha Military Landscapes of India]]
|ID = 1739-011
|Year = 2025
|Criteria = Cultural: iv, vi
}}
| built = {{Start date|1664|11|25|df=y}} – 1667
| builder = [[Hiroji Indulkar]] (Chief Architect)
| materials =
| height =
| used =
| demolished =
| condition =
| ownership = [[Government of India]]
| open_to_public = Yes
| controlledby = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|33x30px]] [[Maratha Empire]] {{flagicon|India}} [[Government of India]] (1947-present)
| garrison =
| current_commander =
| commanders =
| occupants =
| battles =
| events =
| image2 =
| caption2 =
| website =
}}

'''Sindhudurg Fort''' (Marathi pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[sin̪d̪ʱud̪uɾɡ]]]) is a historical [[sea fort]] located in [[Arabian Sea]] near the [[Konkan region]] of [[Maharashtra]] in [[Western India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-29 |title=Sindhudurg Fort |url=https://www.mtdc.co.in/forts/sindhudurg-fort/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Maharashtra Bhraman |language=en-US}}</ref> The fort, commissioned by [[Shivaji Maharaj|Chhatrapati Shivaji]], was constructed between 1664 and 1667.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-13 |title=History {{!}} SINDHUDURG {{!}} India |url=https://sindhudurg.nic.in/en/about_district/history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813083122/https://sindhudurg.nic.in/en/about_district/history/ |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=2023-12-04 }}</ref> The fort lies off the shore of [[Malvan]] taluka of the [[Sindhudurg District]] in the [[Konkan]] region of Maharashtra, {{convert|450|km}} south of [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/TouristDelight/Forts/Forts.aspx?strpage=SindhudurgFort.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805064333/http://www.maharashtratourism.gov.in/MTDC/HTML/MaharashtraTourism/TouristDelight/Forts/Forts.aspx?strpage=SindhudurgFort.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-08-05|title=Sindhudurg Fort Location|access-date=2012-05-18}}</ref> It is a protected monument under the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of the protected monuments of Mumbai Circle district-wise|url=http://www.asimumbaicircle.com/images/list-of-protected-monuments-n-forts.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606093840/http://www.asimumbaicircle.com/images/list-of-protected-monuments-n-forts.pdf|url-status=usurped|archive-date=6 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Centrally Protected Monuments/Sites: State-wise and Circle-wise March, 2023 |url=https://asi.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/List-of-Centrally-Protected-Monuments-and-Sites-March-2023-1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204154852/https://asi.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/List-of-Centrally-Protected-Monuments-and-Sites-March-2023-1.pdf |archive-date=4 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-04 }}</ref>

==History==
{{Further info|Maratha Navy}}
Sindhudurg island-fort was built under [[Shivaji I]], the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=207}}</ref> The fort's foundation stone was laid on 25 November 1664.<ref>{{Cite web |title=झुंज सिंधुदुर्ग किल्ल्याची... |url=https://www.esakal.com/kokan/sindhudurg-news-sidhudurg-fort-story-74429 |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |date=27 September 2017 |language=mr-IN}}</ref> Construction was supervised by [[Hiroji Indulkar]] who took assistance from Portuguese engineers of Goa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Centre for Cultural Resources and Training |url=http://archive.org/details/fortsofmaharasht00cent |title=Forts of Maharashtra |date=2015 |publisher=Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT) |others=Public Resource}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Apte |first=Bhalchandra Krishna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgHlAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of the Maratha Navy and Merchantships |date=1973 |publisher=State Board for Literature and Culture |language=en}}</ref> The fort's main objective was to counter the rising influence of English, Dutch, French and Portuguese merchants in the Konkan coast, and to curb the rise of [[Siddi|Siddhis]] of [[Janjira State|Janjira]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tourdekokan.com/unconquerable-sea-fort-jinjira|title=Tour De Kokan : Explore Various Places & Information |website=Best Places to visit - Travel Information - Tour De Konkan}}</ref> The fort was built on a small island known as the Khurte island.

==Structural details==
[[Shivaji]] had brought 200 [[Vaddera]] people to build this fort. Over 4,000 pounds of lead were used in the casting and foundation stones were firmly laid down. Construction started on 25 November 1664. Built over a period of three years (1664-1667), the sea fort is spread over 48 acres, with a two-mile (3 km) long rampart, and walls that are {{convert|30|feet|m}} high and {{convert|12|feet|m}} thick. The massive walls were designed to serve as a deterrent to approaching enemies and to the waves and tides of the Arabian Sea. The main entrance is concealed in such a way that no one can pinpoint it from outside.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

The number of permanent residents living in the fort has been in decline since its abandonment. Most residents have moved out due to inadequate employment opportunities but some families remain. The fort is closed for tourists during rainy season due to high tides.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
* [[Maratha Navy]]
* [[List of forts in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of forts in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Commons category|Sindhudurg Fort}}{{Forts in Maharashtra}}
{{Forts in India}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}
{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}}
[[Category:Maratha Navy]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Forts in Sindhudurg district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sindhudurg district]]
[[Category:1656 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:Sea forts]]
[[Category:Maratha Military Landscapes of India]]

List of Bengali films of 1988

2026-01-14T09:58:37Z

Wikialpha49: corrected section also and updated info

#Redirect [[List of Bengali films]]

The Frank Anthony Memorial All-India Inter-School Debate

2026-01-13T02:24:42Z

Wikialpha49: creating a details

{{Short description|Inter-School National level Debate Competition organised by CISCE}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2014}}

The Frank Anthony Memorial All-India Inter-School English [[Debate]] is held in the honor of [[Frank Anthony]].

It is an annual debate competition organised by the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]] (CICSE). Participants represent their schools and are divided into two groups (Category I for students of Standards XI and XII and Category II for students of Standards IX and X). Over 1,600 schools participate in the event each year making it 2nd largest debate tournament in India after Indian Debate League.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/frank-anthony-inter-school-debate-championship-hosted-in-panchkula/articleshow/59650239.cms|title=Frank Anthony inter-school debate championship hosted in Panchkula |work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/inter-school-debate/441828.html|title=Inter-school debate|date=25 July 2017|work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/indian-debating-league-2023-concludes-after-6000-debates-across-450-schools-at-iit-delhi/|title=Indian Debate League|date=30 November 2023|work=The Tribune}}</ref>

The Debate competition is spread over three levels – Regional, Zonal and National Levels.

Each school sends two students from each group mentioned above. The topic is only revealed to the students an hour before the actual debate by way of opening a sealed envelope in their presence. This ensures that no pre-written material can be used in the debate. Students are expected to speak for a total time period of four minutes which is followed by two minutes of questioning and rebuttals. The students are allowed to and expected to refer to journals, magazines, and other books from the library during the one hour time to generate matter for their speaking time. No internet access or use of any electronic devices is allowed and referring to a written script during their speaking time is strictly discouraged and negatively marked

The debate is only open to [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|CISCE]] accredited schools.

== Various years of debate ==

=== 2009 ===

==== Round 3 – National ====

===== Category 1 =====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Date
! rowspan="2" | Host School
! rowspan="2" | Topic
! colspan="4" | Awards
|-
! Winner
! Best Speaker
! Runner-up speaker
! Second runner-up speaker
|-
| align="center" | ''20 September 2008'' || ''The Frank Anthony Public School, Lajpat Nagar, New Delhi'' || ''The Youth Should Aim for the stars and Forever Remain Dissatisfied'' || ''La Martiniere Girls College, Lucknow'' || ''Shreevar Rastogi'' || '' Radhica Kaushal'' ||
|}

=== 2010 ===

==== Round 3 – National ====

===== Category 1 =====

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Date
! rowspan="2" | Host School
! rowspan="2" | Topic
! colspan="4" | Awards
|-
! Winner
! Best Speaker
! Runner-up speaker
! Second runner-up speaker
|-
| align="center" |''20 September 2010''||''St. Jude's School, Dehradun''||''India Should Have Compulsory Military Service''||''Don Bosco School, Park Circus''||''Francisco Romaldo Mendes''|| ||
|}

=== 2011 ===

==== Round 3 – National ====

===== Category 2 =====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Date
! rowspan="2" | Host School
! rowspan="2" | Topic
! colspan="4" | Awards
|-
! Winner
! Best Speaker
! Runner-up speaker
! Second runner-up speaker
|-
| align="center" | ''18 April 2011'' || ''The Shri Ram School, Aravali, Gurgaon'' || ''India should abolish death penalty'' || ''Bishop Cotton School, Shimla'' || ''Akantuk Sharma'' || '' Uday Rustagi'' || ''Manisha Verma''
|}

=== 2012 ===

==== Round 3 – National ====

===== Category 2 =====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Date
! rowspan="2" | Host School
! rowspan="2" | Topic
! colspan="4" | Awards
|-
! Winner
! Best Speaker
! Runner-up speaker
! Second runner-up speaker
|-
| align="center" | ''25 September 2013'' || ''Modern High School, Calcutta'' || '' The youth of today will follow the values laid down by the older generation'' || ''Jamnabai Narsee School, Mumbai'' || ''Parth Jayaram'' || '' '' || ''Vedika Walia''
|}

=== 2013 ===

==== Round 3 – National ====

===== Category 2 =====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Date
! rowspan="2" | Host School
! rowspan="2" | Topic
! colspan="4" | Awards
|-
! Winner
! Best Speaker
! Runner-up speaker
! Second runner-up speaker
|-
| align="center" | 25 September 2013 ||The Frank Anthony Public School, Lajpat Nagar - IV, New Delhi || ''Most of the problems of students today arise from their unrestricted freedom'' || ''Jamnabai Narsee School, Mumbai'' || ''Kanishk Mittal'' || ''Maahir Shah'' || '''' |
|}

===== Category 1 =====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Date
! rowspan="2" | Host School
! rowspan="2" | Topic
! colspan="4" | Awards
|-
! Winner
! Best Speaker
! Runner-up speaker
! Second runner-up speaker
|-
| align="center" | 25 September 2013 ||The Frank Anthony Public School, Lajpat Nagar - IV, New Delhi || ''A world without discipline is lawless'' || ''Jamnabai Narsee School, Mumbai'' || ''Vedika Walia'' || ''Jaanvi Agrawal'' || ''Sidharth Nambiar''
|}

=== 2014 ===

==== Round 1 – Regional ====

The first round of debate of the year 2014 was conducted in the following schools and zones with the topic mentioned accordingly.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Region
! rowspan="2" | Date
! rowspan="2" | Host School
! rowspan="2" | Topic
! colspan="2" | Awards
|-
! Winners
! First Runners-up
|-
| align="center" | West ||12 July 2014||Gokuldham High School, Goregaon || "''Can the Environment sustain the current rate of Industrialization ?"''||Lilavatibai Podar School, Mumbai|||
Hiranandani Foundation School, Powai
|-
| align="center" | West ||12 July 2014||Eklavya School, Ahmedabad || "''Can the Environment sustain the current rate of Industrialization ?"''||S. N. Kansagra School, Rajkot|||
Anandniketan, Ahmedabad
|-
|}

==== Round 2 – Zonal ====

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Zone
! rowspan="2" | Date
! rowspan="2" | Host School
! rowspan="2" | Topic
! colspan="2" | Awards
|-
! Winners
! First Runners-up
|-
| align="center" | West ||19 August 2014 ||[[Bombay Scottish School, Mahim]] || '' " Can we Swap Thermal Energy for Nuclear Energy and save our environment?" ''|| S.N. Kansangra School, Rajkot || lil |None
|-
|}

==== Round 3 – National ====

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Date
! rowspan="2" | Host School
! rowspan="2" | Topic
! colspan="2" | Awards
|-
! Winners
! First Runners-up
!
|-
| align="center" | 25 September 2014 ||St. Gregorios High School, Chembur, Mumbai || The money spent in space research should be spent in protecting the environment'' ''|| Campion School Mumbai, Sujay Choksey || lil |-
|-Sujay Choksey
|}

=== 2015 ===

==== Round 1 – Regional ====
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Region
! rowspan="2" |Date
! rowspan="2" |Classes
! rowspan="2" |Host School
! rowspan="2" |Topic
! colspan="2" |First Place
|-
|West
|15 July 2015
|-
|West
|15 July 2015
|11th and 12th
|Jasudben ML School Khar
|Today friends have replaced family
|St Marys ICSE School Koperkhairane:
Shlok Parida & Poornima Jacob
|Bombay Scottish High School
|-
|North
|15 July 2015
|9th and 10th
|La Martiniere College, Lucknow
|Competition leads to the death of Relationships
|Winners: The Frank Anthony Public School, New Delhi
Jatin Jha and Oishani Chowdhary
|Runners Up: Scottish High, Gurgaon
|-
|North
|15 July 2015
|9th and 10th
|Scottish High, Gurgaon
|Competition leads to the death of Relationships
|Winners: St.Stephen's School, Chandigarh
Pratham Kalra and Kavya Garg
|-
|East
|15 July 2015
|9th and 10th
|Delhi Public School, Megacity(Kolkata)

South City International School
|Competition leads to the death of relationships.
|Winners at Delhi Public School Megacity: La Martiniere for boys, Kokata.
Vidush Sinha and Arka Chaterjee

Winners at South City International School: La Martinere for Girls

Mihikaa Goenka and Anandini Saha
|Runners Up: Our Lady Queen of the Missions.

Runners Up: The Heritage School, Kolkata

|-
|South
|15 July 2015
|9th and 10th
|
|Competitions lead to the death of relationships.
|Winners: Hari Sri Vidhya Nidhi School, Thrissur (Kerala)
|Eleza Vinod and Sangeetha T.S
|-
|}

==== National Rounds ====
The Category I Debate was won by The Heritage School, Kolkata, represented by Mohit Poddar and Sayantan Bhattacharyya. Mohit Poddar, of The Heritage School, Kolkata was adjudged the Best Speaker in the Finals. [[Loyola School, Jamshedpur]] were the runners-up.

The 2015 Category II debate was won by Aayush Rathod and Shrutika Mane of the [[Smt. Sulochanadevi Singhania School]], Thane and was held in Dehradun. Loyola School, Jamshedpur was the 2nd Runners-Up in this category too.

=== 2016 ===
The first round of the debate in 2016 was on July 15.
The National Round was held on September 25. Loyola School, Jamshedpur was the only school to have qualified for both the category 1 and Category 2 of the debate.

The National Winners for Category 2 were Nitya K Nair and Megha N Nair from L'ecole Chempaka, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The Best Speaker was Nitya K Nair. The national runners-up were Adarsh Sriram and Shivali Shah from Dhirubhai Ambani International School, Mumbai.

=== 2018 ===

==== Round 1 – Regional ====

The first round of debate of the year 2018 was conducted in the following schools and zones with the topic mentioned accordingly.

{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | REGION
! rowspan="2" | DATE
! rowspan="2" | HOST SCHOOL
! rowspan="2" | TOPIC
! colspan="2" | AWARDS
|-
! WINNERS
! FIRST RUNNERS-UP
|-
| align="center" |South
|11 July 2018||Sandeepani Vidya Niketan, Thrichur

Senior category

(11th & 12th grade)
| A healthy mind in a healthy body is not being encouraged in our schools.||'''''Best Debating Team:'''''
L'ecole Chempaka, Trivandrum

'''''Best Speaker:'''''

Nitya K Nair

'''''First Runner-up Speaker:''''' Megha N Nair
||
Pallikoodam
|-
| align="center" | East|| 11 July 2018|| [[Welland Gouldsmith School|Welland Gouldsmith School, Kolkata]]

Junior category

(9th & 10th grade)
| By sparing the rod, we have spoilt the child.|| '''''Best Debating Team:'''''
Don Bosco School, Siliguri

'''''Best Speaker:'''''

Latika Agarwal

(Nirmala Convent School)

'''''First Runner-up Speaker:'''''

Srijan Mitra

(Don Bosco School, Siliguri)
||[[Loreto House|Loreto House, Kolkata]]
|-
|}

==== National Finals 2018 ====

With the Diamond Jubilee of the council, the Frank Anthony memorial all India inter school debate competition's National finals were hosted in the Frank Anthony Public school, Delhi. The seniors round saw schools from all across India. The topic was "Famous dropouts are the ones that contribute most to society".
The National champions were St. James' School Kolkata, represented by Rustam Biswas and Souti Mukhopadhyay. Souti Mukhopadhyay also won the award for best speaker in the finals.

=== 2019 ===
=== ''ROUND 1 – REGIONAL'' ===
'''''Category (II) – Class IX & X''''' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Frank Anthony All India Inter School Debate Competition 2019|url=https://www.sgjskolkata.com/new_website/frank-anthony-all-india-inter-school-debate-competition-2019/}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|'''REGION'''
| ''' DATE'''
| ''' HOST SCHOOL'''
| '''TOPIC'''
| colspan="2" | ''' AWARDS'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''East''
| rowspan="2" |''19 July 2019''
| rowspan="2" |

''Saifee Golden Jubilee''

''English Public School,''

''Kolkata''

| rowspan="2" |''Education fosters Democracy''
| ''' WINNERS'''
| ''' FIRST RUNNERS-UP'''
|-
| ''Best Debating Team: -''

''Shuvajyoti Kar''

''and Ayantika Bag;''

''Saint Agnes School, Kharagpur''

''Best Speaker: -''

''Saswata Chakraborty;''

''Don Bosco School, Bandel''
|
''Don Bosco School, Bandel''

''Devyani Bhoomla;''

''Loreto House, Kolkata''
|}

'''Round 2 – Zonal'''

 
▼
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Zone
! rowspan="2" | Date
! rowspan="2" | Host School
! rowspan="2" | Topic
! colspan="2" | Awards
|-
! Winners
! First Runners-up
|-
| align="center" |South
|19 August 2019||Lakshmi School, Madurai ; Category II (9th & 10th grade) || "Democracy is only possible if there is responsible press"||Best Speaker: Michelle Simon, Pallikoodam, Kottayam
Best Team: Pallikoodam, Kottayam

(Michelle Simon and Thea Ann Jacob)
||
|-
|West
|19 August 2019
|Jankidevi Public School, Andheri (West), Mumbai;
Category II
|"Democracy is only possible if there is a responsible press"
|Best Speaker:
Upasana Nandi, P.G. Garodia School

Runner-up Speaker:

Advait Sangle, Hiranandani Foundation School, Powai, Mumbai

Best Team:

Hiranandani Foundation School, Powai (Mrigaanka Sharma and Advait Sangle)
|}

==== Round 3 – National Finals ====

'''Category I''' 
The topic for Category I was "The right to dissent is an integral part of any democracy."
St. James’ School, Kolkata won the national championship for the second consecutive year, represented by Souti Mukhopadhyay and Harsh Nawal.
Souti Mukhopadhyay was awarded Best Speaker, making them the only participant to have won the title in two consecutive national finals.
The Heritage School, Kolkata was declared second runner-up.

'''Category II''' 
The topic for Category II was "India needs an autocracy and not a democracy."
The team from Hiranandani Foundation School, Powai, Mumbai, comprising Mrigaanka Sharma and Advait Sangle, won the national championship.
Mrigaanka Sharma was awarded Best Speaker, and Advait Sangle was named First Runner-Up (Speaker).

{| class="wikitable"
! Date
! Host School
! Topic
! Awards
|-
| align="center" | 25 September 2019
| National English School, Kolkata
|
''"The right to dissent is an integral part of any democracy"'' (Category I) 
''“India needs an autocracy and not a democracy”'' (Category II)
|
'''Category I''' 
Winning Team: Souti Mukhopadhyay and Harsh Nawal (St. James' School, Kolkata) 
Best Speaker: Souti Mukhopadhyay (St. James' School, Kolkata) 
1st Runner-up (Speaker): Priyadarshini Dutt (Jamnabai Narsee School, Mumbai) 
'''Category II''' 
Winning Team: Mrigaanka Sharma and Advait Sangle (Hiranandani Foundation, Mumbai) 
Best Speaker: Mrigaanka Sharma (Hiranandani Foundation, Mumbai) 
1st Runner-up (Speaker): Advait Sangle (Hiranandani Foundation, Mumbai)
|}

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Frank Anthony Memorial All-India Inter-School Debate}}
[[Category:Asian debating competitions]]
[[Category:Schools debating competitions]]

Rio Raj

2026-01-12T15:28:12Z

Wikialpha49:

{{short description|Indian tamil movie actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rio Raj
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|02|17|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu, India]]
| spouse = Shruthi Rio
| children = 1
| occupation = {{Hlist| Actor | television host | Sun Music Video Jockey }}
| years_active = 2011–present
}}

'''Rio Raj''' is an Indian actor and video jockey, who has appeared in [[Tamil language]] films and television. He often worked on shows by network [[Star Vijay]], and [[Sun Music]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/rio-raj-confirms-being-part-of-bigg-boss-tamil/articleshow/78467313.cms|title=Rio Raj confirms being part of Bigg Boss Tamil?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 October 2020 }}</ref> before moving to work in Tamil cinema.<ref name="TOI180818"/><ref>{{Cite interview |interviewer=Akshara Viswanathan |first=Rio |last=Raj |url=https://guindytimes.com/articles/decide-what-not-to-do-says-actor-rio-raj-agni-2018 |title="Decide what NOT to do" – says Actor RIO RAJ | AGNI 2018 |website=guindytimes.com |date=29 October 2018}}</ref> He was listed by the [[The Times of India|Chennai Times]] as the ninth most "Desirable Man on Television 2020“.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chennai-times-20-most-desirable-men-on-television-2020/articleshow/82945621.cms|title= Chennai Times 20 Most Desirable Men on Television 2020|website= TimesofIndia.com|date=May 26, 2021}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rio Raj started his career as an actor in [[Star Vijay]]'s 2011 television drama ''Kana Kaanum Kalangal Kalloori Saalai'', a spin-off of ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]'' series. He later moved to work with [[Sun Music]] as a video jockey, hosting day-time shows such as ''Kaloorikalam'', ''Suda Suda Chennai'', and ''Free Ah Vidu'' among others. He returned to Star Vijay by portraying the lead role in the third season of the drama, ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)|Saravanan Meenatchi]]'', between 2016 and 2018.<ref name="TOI180818">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/after-7-years-saravanan-meenatchi-coming-to-an-end/articleshow/65307541.cms |title=After 7 years Saravanan Meenatchi coming to an end |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 August 2018}}</ref>

Following a supporting role in ''[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]'' (2017), Raj appeared in his first lead role in a feature film through the comedy drama, ''[[Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu Odu Raja]]'' (2019), produced by actor [[Sivakarthikeyan]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-am-forever-grateful-to-sivakarthikeyan-anna-rio-raj/articleshow/76368599.cms|title=I am forever grateful to Sivakarthikeyan anna: Rio Raj|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film opened to mixed reviews, with a critic noting he makes a "decent debut".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nenjamundu-nermaiyundu-odu-raja-review/article27914665.ece|title='Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu Odu Raja' review: A lesson in shooting blanks|first=Pradeep|last=Kumar|date=14 June 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/nenjamundu-nermaiyundu-odu-raja-review-an-average-comedy-entertainer-review-tamil-tgonXPbgicjci.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615002947/http://www.sify.com/movies/nenjamundu-nermaiyundu-odu-raja-review-an-average-comedy-entertainer-review-tamil-tgonXPbgicjci.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 June 2019|title=Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu Odu Raja review: An average comedy entertainer|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/nenjamundu-nermaiyundu-odu-raja/nenjamundu-nermaiyundu-odu-raja-review.html|title=Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu Odu Raja (aka) Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu Odu Rajaa review|date=14 June 2019|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> His next film ''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]'', another comedy drama, was delayed by the coronavirus pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/jan/12/rio-rajs-film-with-badri-titled-plan-panni-pannanum-16494.html|title=Rio Raj's film with Badri titled Plan Panni Pannanum|work=[[Cinema Express]]|date=12 January 2020 }}</ref> In October 2020, he participated in [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)|''Bigg Boss'' (Tamil season 4)]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/rio-raj-confirms-being-part-of-bigg-boss-tamil/articleshow/78467313.cms|title=Rio Raj confirms being part of Bigg Boss Tamil?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 October 2020 }}</ref> He was listed by the [[The Times of India|Chennai Times]] as the ninth most "Desirable Man on Television 2020“.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chennai-times-20-most-desirable-men-on-television-2020/articleshow/82945621.cms|title= Chennai Times 20 Most Desirable Men on Television 2020|website= TimesofIndia.com|date=May 26, 2021}}</ref>

In 2023, he acted in ''[[Broken Script]]'' followed by the romantic drama film, ''[[Joe (2023 film)|Joe]]''. The latter marked his debut as a lyricist and he calls it a major wish fulfilled from his bucket list.<ref>{{Cite news |title=திரை விமர்சனம்: புரோக்கன் ஸ்கிரிப்ட்|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1102968-broken-script-review.html |access-date=2023-08-21 |work=Hindu Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=‘I don’t think my career growth is slow’: 'Joe' actor Rio Raj|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Nov/29/i-dont-thinkmy-careergrowth-is-slow-joe-actorrio-raj-2636981.html |access-date=2023-11-29 |work=New Indian Express}}</ref> In 2025, he appeared in the drama ''[[Niram Marum Ulagil]]'' followed by the romantic comedy films, ''[[Sweetheart!]]'', ''[[Love Marriage (2025 film)|Love Marriage]]'' and ''[[Aan Paavam Pollathathu]]''.

==Filmography==

=== As actor ===

==== Films ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Film performances
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
!Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
!2016
|[[Sawaari (2016 film)|Sawaari]]
|Uncredited role
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2017
| ''[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]'' || Guna's friend
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
| ''[[Nenjamundu Nermaiyundu Odu Raja]]'' || Shiva
| ||
|-
! scope="row" | 2021
| ''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]'' ||Sembi
| ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/plan-panni-pannanum-trailer-is-here/articleshow/74573084.cms|title=Plan Panni Pannanum trailer is here |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |date=11 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2023
| ''[[Broken Script]]'' || Thambi Durai
| ||
|-
|''[[Joe (2023 film)|Joe]]''
||Joe
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2023 |
title= Rio Raj's film titled 'Joe'|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rio-rajs-film-titled-joe/articleshow/96971898.cms|website=Timesofindia.com}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 2025
|''[[Niram Marum Ulagil]]'' ||Athiyan
| ||<ref>{{cite news |title=ரியோ மற்றும் சேண்டியின் கதாப்பாத்திர போஸ்டரை வெளியிட்ட நிறம் மாறும் உலகில் படக்குழு {{!}} The team of Niram Maarum Ulagil released the character posters of Rio and Sandy. |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-team-of-niram-maarum-ulagil-released-the-character-posters-of-rio-and-sandy-759879 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |date=9 February 2025 |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sweetheart!]]''
|Vasu
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-28 |title=I'm happy that Yuvan sir is returning to romcom zone with my film, says Rio Raj |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/im-happy-that-yuvan-sir-is-returning-to-romcom-zone-with-my-film-says-rio-raj/articleshow/115759907.cms |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Love Marriage (2025 film)|Love Marriage]]''
|Gowtham
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
|''[[Aan Paavam Pollathathu]]''
|Shiva
|
|
|-
|{{TBA}}
|{{Pending film|Ram in Leela}}
|{{TBA}}
|Announced
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rio's next titled Ram in Leela, first look out|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/01/rio-rajs-next-titled-ram-in-leela-first-look-out|website=Cinema Express|date=2025-12-01|access-date=2025-12-01|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==== Television ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+Television stint
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Network
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2011–2012
| ''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]] – Kaloori Saalai''
| Pazhani
| rowspan="14" | [[Star Vijay]]
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2016–2018
| ''[[Saravanan Meenatchi (season 3)|Saravanan Meenatchi (Season 3)]]''
| Saravanan
| Lead Role
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2016–2018
| ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]] (Season 9)''
| Contestant
| 3rd Runner-Up
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2017–2019
| ''[[Ready Steady Po]] Season 1 & 2''
| rowspan="4" | Host
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2017–2018
| ''Wife Kaila Life''
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2018
|''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]] Fun Unlimited''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 2|Bigg Boss Season 2]] Kondattam''
| Special Show
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
| ''Bigg Boss Tamil Season 3''
| Guest
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2019–2020
| ''Dancing Super Stars''
| rowspan="2" | Host
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
| ''90s Kids vs 2k Kids''
| Special Show
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2020–2021
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)|Bigg Boss Tamil Season 4]]''
| Contestant
| 2nd Runner-Up
| <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Tamil 4 second runner-up Rio Raj thanks fans for love and support|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-4-second-runner-up-rio-raj-thanks-fans-for-love-and-support/articleshow/80400399.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 January 2021 }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2021
|''Varutha Padatha Valibar Sangam''
| rowspan="2" |Host
|Special Show for 6th Annual [[Vijay Television Awards]]
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Vijay Television Awards {{!}} Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam {{!}} 4th April 2021 - Promo 1| date=31 March 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9OX5EFkGAE|language=en|access-date=2021-11-07}}</ref>
|-
| ''Ready Steady Po Reloaded''
| Special Show
|
|-
! scope="row"|2024
|''[[Jodi Are U Ready]]''
|Co-Host
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2025
| ''Iru Malargal''
| Varun
| rowspan="14" | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|
<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/hima-bindhu-jeevitha-and-santhosh-set-to-play-the-leads-in-irumalargal/articleshow/121340716.cms|title=Hima Bindhu, Jeevitha and Santhosh set to play the leads in 'Irumalargal'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 May 2025|language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== As lyricist ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Song
!Composer
!Singer
!{{Reference heading}}
|-
|2023
|[[Joe (2023 film)|''Joe'']]
|"Kovai Kulira"
|[[Siddhu Kumar]]
|[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joe {{!}} Song - Kovai Kulira |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/tamil/joe-song-kovai-kulira/videoshow/105394216.cms |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Sweetheart!]]''
|"Amma Song"
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|Yuvan Shankar Raja, [[Sai Vignesh]]
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Rio}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Tamil people]]
[[Category:Indian video jockeys]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Erode district]]
[[Category:Tamil male television actors]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Tamil Nadu]]

Tadepalligudem

2025-12-31T11:09:36Z

Wikialpha49: creating a info

{{refimprove|date=July 2023}}

{{other uses|Tadepalle (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tadepalligudem
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Tadepalligudem Airport Airstrip.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Tadepalligudem Airstrip
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.815|N|81.526|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes = <ref name=civicbody>{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archive-date=28 January 2016|format=PDF}}</ref>
| government_type = Municipality
| governing_body = Tadepalligudem Selection Grade Municipality
| leader_title = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]]
| leader_name = [[Bolisetti Srinivas]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=civicbody />
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 50.76
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,30,348
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 26
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-andhrapradesh.php|title=Andhra Pradesh (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards - Population Statistics in Maps and Charts|work=citypopulation.de}}</ref>
| population_metro = 1,35,032
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name=census />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534101, 534102
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91–08818
| registration_plate = AP 37
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tadepalligudem''' is a city in [[West Godavari district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Tadepalligudem is the judicial headquarter of [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]. It is a Selection Grade [[municipality]] and the [[mandal]] headquarters of [[Tadepalligudem mandal]] and Tadepalligudem Revenue Division. It is one of the largest cities in [[West Godavari district]] <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - West Godavari |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf |website=Census of India|access-date=18 January 2015|pages=22–23, 42, 54|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Geography==
Tadepalligudem is located at {{Coord|16.8333|N|81.5000|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Tadepallegudem.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Tadepallegudem, India|work=fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 34 metres (114 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], the city had a population of 130,348. The total population constitute, 65,045 males and 65,305 females — a sex ratio of 1022 females per 1000 males - higher than the national average of 940 per 1000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sex Ratio |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=3 September 2014}}</ref> 9,048 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 4,662 are boys and 4,386 are girls—a ratio of 941 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 83.10% (male 86.60%; female 79.71%) with 78,557 literates, significantly higher than the national average of 73.00%.<ref name=census /><ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|access-date=3 September 2014|format=PDF}}</ref>

The urban agglomeration had a population of 135,032 of which males constitute 67,028 and females constitute 68,004 — a sex ratio of 1024 females per 1000 males - and 9,061 children are in the age group of 0–6 years. There are a total of 78,656 literates with an average literacy rate of 83.11%.<ref name=census />

== Civil Administration and Politics ==
[[Tadepalligudem Municipality]] was formed in the year 1958. It is a ''Selection–Grade Municipality'', which is spread over an area of {{convert|50.71|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} and has 40 election wards.<ref name=civicbody /> The present [[municipal commissioner]] of the city is Dr. A. Samuel;<ref>{{cite web |title=Key Contacts {{!}} Tadepallegudem Municipality |url=https://tadepallegudem.cdma.ap.gov.in/en/key-contacts |website=tadepallegudem.cdma.ap.gov.in}}</ref> the present chairmanship is vacant. [[Bolisetti Srinivas]] is the present MLA of [[Tadepalligudem Assembly constituency]]. He belongs to the [[Jana Sena Party]].{{cn|date=April 2025}}

== Education ==
[[File:Central Institutes Map of Andhra Pradesh.png|thumb|Central Institutes Map of Andhra Pradesh (click on the map to enlarge)]]

The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools of the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 November 2016 |format=PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education - Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date= 7 November 2016 }}</ref> [[National Institute of Technology, Tadepalligudem]] is the 31st [[National Institutes of Technology|NIT]] in the country, for which the foundation stone was laid in the town on 20 August 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the Institute|url=http://nitw.ac.in/nitandhra/|website=NIT Warangal|access-date=2 August 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729074623/http://www.nitw.ac.in/nitandhra/|archive-date=29 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=NIT-Warangal allots 60 seats for A.P. students for this year|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/nitwarangal-allots-60-seats-for-ap-students-for-this-year/article7384863.ece|access-date=2 August 2015|work=The Hindu|date=4 July 2015|location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>

== Transport ==
The town has a total road length of {{Convert|207.30|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Roads in each ULB of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|website=Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department - Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=28 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|archive-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> [[Asian Highway 45]] passes through the town, which is a part of the [[Golden Quadrilateral]] project. The [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] operates bus services from Tadepalligudem bus station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in Districts |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}</ref> [[Tadepalligudem railway station]] is located on [[Visakhapatnam–Vijayawada section]] of [[Howrah-Chennai main line]]. It is one of the thirteen ''A – category'' stations located in [[Vijayawada railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]]. Almost all the trains passing through Tadepalligudem have stoppages here.<ref name=division>{{cite web|title=Divisional info |url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1404647822154-Division%20profile.pdf |publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=23 July 2015|format=[[PDF]]}}</ref> Tadepalligudem has an airport which is currently not in use, built by the British to accommodate military aircraft during [[World War II]]. In 1942. The [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] proposed an airport in Tadepalligudem along with five other cities. [[Rajahmundry Airport]] is the nearest airport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/article139124.ece|title=Praful Patel foresees aviation sector recovery by 2011|author=Y. Mallikarjun|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Tadepalligudem railway station is selected under amrit bharat upgradation scheme, the station got funds of 27 crores.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM to lay foundation stone for 18 railway stations under Amrit Bharat Scheme |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2023/aug/06/pm-to-lay-foundation-stone-for-18-railway-stations-under-amrit-bharat-scheme-2602542.html |access-date=2023-08-31 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Climate ==

Tadepalligudem experiences hot and humid climate due to its proximity to the shore of Bay of Bengal. It has an average annual temperature of {{convert|28.2|C|F}}. May is the hottest and December is the coolest month of the year. Temperature crosses {{convert|40|C|F}} in summer.<ref name="climate">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Environment/2017-04-24/Severe-heat-continues-to-sizzle-West-Godavari/295402|title=Severe heat continues to sizzle West Godavari|date=27 April 2017|work=The Hans India|access-date=8 May 2017|language=en}}</ref> July receives most precipitation and annually the city receives an average rainfall of {{Convert|992|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/4946/|title=Climate: Tadepalligudem – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table – Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=11 May 2016}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Tadepalligudem, Andhra Pradesh
| metric first = Y
| single line = yes
| Jan high C = 29.1
| Feb high C = 31.7
| Mar high C = 34.5
| Apr high C = 36.7
| May high C = 38.6
| Jun high C = 36.9
| Jul high C = 32.4
| Aug high C = 32.0
| Sep high C = 32.2
| Oct high C = 31.4
| Nov high C = 29.8
| Dec high C = 28.8
| Jan low C = 18.9
| Feb low C = 20.3
| Mar low C = 22.6
| Apr low C = 25.8
| May low C = 27.9
| Jun low C = 27.2
| Jul low C = 25.4
| Aug low C = 25.3
| Sep low C = 25.3
| Oct low C = 24.3
| Nov low C = 21.3
| Dec low C = 18.8
| Jan rain mm = 3
| Feb rain mm = 6
| Mar rain mm = 6
| Apr rain mm = 14
| May rain mm = 40
| Jun rain mm = 123
| Jul rain mm = 229
| Aug rain mm = 186
| Sep rain mm = 170
| Oct rain mm = 166
| Nov rain mm = 40
| Dec rain mm = 9
| rain colour = green
|source= [http://en.climate-data.org/location/4946/ en.climate-data.org]
|date= 19 February 2016
}}

== See also ==
* [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population]]
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in West Godavari district]]

Shrikant Bashir

2025-12-26T02:46:37Z

Wikialpha49: creating a data.

{{Short description|Indian edgy action-drama series}}
{{unreliable sources|date=September 2022}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shrikant Bashir.jpg
| genre = [[Action-drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| writer = Shiraz Ahmed
| director = Santosh Shetty
| starring = [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] [[Pooja Gaur]] Ashmita Jaggi Yudhishthir Singh
| music =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 26
| producer = Praver Awal
| cinematography = Madhav Salunke
| editor =
| company = Banijay Asia
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}

'''Shrikant Bashir''' is a 2020 Indian edgy [[Drama (film and television)|action-drama]] [[Original programming|original series]], premiered on streaming service [[SonyLIV]] on 11 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title='इमली' एक्टर गशमीर महाजनी ने बताया, अचानक क्यों छोड़ दिया शो? इस वेब सीरीज में कर चुके हैं काम |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-imlie-actor-gashmeer-mahajani-reveals-why-did-he-leave-the-star-plus-show-worked-in-sonyliv-series-shrikant-bashir-22412520.html |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It was written by Shiraz Ahmed and helmed by Santosh Shetty,{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} starring [[Gashmeer Mahajani]], [[Pooja Gor]], Ashmita Jaggi, and Yudhishthir Singh in the lead roles. Previously titled as SOT: Surgical Operation Team, the series follows the titular duo who work for an intelligence agency that secretly works to save [[India]] from national and international threats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SonyLIV's next original Shrikant Bashir Makes It A Must-Watch For Its High-Octane Action Shots |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sonyliv-s-next-original-shrikant-bashir-makes-it-must-watch-its-high-octane-action-shots |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref> It was made under the production house of Banijay Asia.

== Cast ==

=== Main ===

* [[Gashmeer Mahajani]]
* [[Pooja Gor|Pooja Gaur]]
* Ashmita Jaggi
* Yudhishthir Singh
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]]
* [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra]]
* [[Mukul Dev]]

=== Recurring ===
{{Cast listing|*[[Sanjeev Pandey]] as Manjit Saxena
*Tanuka Laghate
*Dawood Khan
*Kunal Pant
*Imran Javed
*Bharat Patni
*Tareeq Ahmed Khan
*Shivraj Walvekar
*Chirag Bhanot
*Swarnim
*Savita Malpekar
*Rohit Choudhary
*[[Geetika Mehandru]]
*Nirbhay Wadhwa
*Sahil Chaddha
*Saurabh Sharma
*Vivana Singh
*Pooran Kiri
*Sushil Johri
*Chaya Devi
*[[Tarun Dudeja]]
*Gaurav Nain
*Saurabh Agrawal
*Laveena Tandon
*Vishwa Gulati
*Arun Gosani
*Rasik Dave
*Shyamraj Patil
*Bharat Chawla
*Sanatan Modi
*Rajat Malhotra
*Kunal Sharma
*Shaamraj Shaamraj
*Hitesh Sejpal
*Vishnu Vyas
*Amit Khare
*Pushpendra
*Rohit Chaudhary
*Kanchi Bansali
*Noyrika Bhatheja
*Ajit Shidhaye
*Payas Pandit
*Alok Sunger (raaj sunger)
*Navneet Sharma
*Nikhil Zope
*Mahesh Panavalkar
*Abhinav Attri
*Gargi Joshi
*Mohd Khaliq
*Shrushti Maheshwari
*Sushant Jain
*Deval Joshi
*Lokesh Tewari
*Shekhar Shashank
*Renil Shah
*Pushpendra Tiwari
*Garima Agarwal
*Akanksha Saini
*Rahul Sahu
*Nehika Singh Rajput
*Badrish Chhabra
*Kartik Baba}}

== Episodes ==

=== Season 1 ===
{{Series overview|color1=#812f09|link1=#Season_1|episodes1=26|released1={{Start date|2020|12|11|df=yes}}}}{{Episode table|background=#812f09|overall=|season=|title=|director=|writer=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = The Stolen Codes
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = A Tragic Twist
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = The Scam
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 4
| Title = Welcome to the Lion's Den
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 5
| Title = Cheers
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 6
| Title = The Trojan Horse
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| EpisodeNumber2 = 7
| Title = Evil: The Genesis
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| EpisodeNumber2 = 8
| Title = A String Operation
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| EpisodeNumber2 = 9
| Title = Hunt the Hunter
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 10
| EpisodeNumber2 = 10
| Title = First Victim
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 11
| EpisodeNumber2 = 11
| Title = Catch Me If You Can
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 12
| EpisodeNumber2 = 12
| Title = The Karma
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 13
| EpisodeNumber2 = 13
| Title = ROF-Ring Of Fire
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 14
| EpisodeNumber2 = 14
| Title = The Ultimate Chase
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 15
| EpisodeNumber2 = 15
| Title = The Apocalypse
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 16
| EpisodeNumber2 = 16
| Title = The Mastermind
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 17
| EpisodeNumber2 = 17
| Title = Tryst with Destiney
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 18
| EpisodeNumber2 = 18
| Title = Lockdown
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 19
| EpisodeNumber2 = 19
| Title = Checkmate
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 20
| EpisodeNumber2 = 20
| Title = A Quantum Leap
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 21
| EpisodeNumber2 = 21
| Title = Ray Of Hope
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 22
| EpisodeNumber2 = 22
| Title = Under Arrest
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 23
| EpisodeNumber2 = 23
| Title = Plan Of Action
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 24
| EpisodeNumber2 = 24
| Title = Dead End
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 25
| EpisodeNumber2 = 25
| Title = The Mission Unfolds
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}
{{Episode list/sublist
| EpisodeNumber = 26
| EpisodeNumber2 = 26
| Title = The Surgical Strike
| DirectedBy = Santosh Shetty
| WrittenBy = Shiraz Ahmed
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|11|df=y}}
}}}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical reviews ===
The series received mixed reviews

Joginder Tuteja of ''Koimoi'', a Bollywood entertainment website, rated the series at a 3/5, saying "Overall though, even if Shrikant Bashir may not go down as totally unique, what works in its favor is the fact that it is fast paced and ensures that audiences are hooked on to the proceedings. Notwithstanding the stock background score pieces that keep repeating themselves time and again, one can give this one as a comfortable watch with the entire family."<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2020 |title=Shrikant Bashir Review: A Cool Popcorn Entertainer With Gashmeer Mahajani Standing Out |url=https://www.koimoi.com/reviews/web-reviews/shrikant-bashir-review-a-cool-popcorn-entertainer-with-gashmeer-mahajan-standing-out/ |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref>

A reviewer for ''[[Mashable]]'' wrote "Gashmeer Mahajani and Yudhishtir Singh are on two ends of the acting spectrum in Shrikant Bashir and everyone else kind of falls somewhere in between."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Pramit |date=14 December 2020 |title='Shrikant Bashir' Review: Wear A Helmet Because You Might Put Your Head Through A Wall While Watching This Show |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/18928/shrikant-bashir-review-wear-a-helmet-because-you-might-put-your-head-through-a-wall-while-watching-t |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|id=12392274}}

[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original films]]

Maratha (caste)

2025-12-22T17:15:43Z

Wikialpha49: updated page

{{short description|Indian caste found predominantly in Maharashtra}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{For|Marathi people or Maharashtrians|Marathi people}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox caste
| caste_name = Maratha
| country = India
| region = [[Western India]] [[Central India]]
| populated_states = Majority: [[Maharashtra]] Minority: [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[Gujarat]]
| languages = {{unbulleted list|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]|[[Konkani language|Konkani]]}}
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| image =
| caption =
}}

The '''Maratha caste'''{{refn|group=note|"Maratha", in a wider sense may be extended to include all who inhabit [[Maharashtra]], and speak [[Marathi language|Marathi]] as their mother tongue.}} is composed of [[Maratha clan system|96 clans]], originally formed in the earlier centuries from the amalgamation of families from the peasant ([[Kunbi]]), shepherd ([[Dhangar]]), blacksmith ([[Lohar (caste)|Lohar]]), pastoral ([[Gavli]]), carpenter (Sutar), [[Bhandari caste|Bhandari]], [[Thakar (caste)|Thakar]] and [[Kolis|Koli]] castes in [[Maharashtra]]. Many of them took to military service in the 16th century for the [[Deccan sultanates]] or the [[Mughals]]. Later in the 17th and 18th centuries, they served in the armies of the [[Maratha Kingdom]], founded by [[Shivaji]], a Maratha Kunbi by caste. Many Marathas were granted hereditary [[fiefs]] by the Sultanates, and [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] for their service.<ref name="Gordon1993">{{cite book|author=Stewart Gordon|title=The Marathas 1600–1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA15|date=16 September 1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|pages=15–18|quote=Looking backward from ample material on the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, we know that Maratha as a category of caste represents the amalgamation of families from several castes - Kunbi, Lohar, Sutar, Bhandari, Thakar, and even Dhangars (shepherds) – which existed in the seventeenth century and, indeed, exist as castes in Maharashtra today. What differentiated, for example, "Maratha" from "Kunbi"? It was precisely the martial tradition, of which they were proud, and the rights (watans and inams) they gained from military service. It was these rights which differentiated them from the ordinary cultivator, ironworkers and tailors, especially at the local level|access-date=13 November 2019|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083928/https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA15|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Eraly2000">{{cite book|author=Abraham Eraly|title=Emperors of the Peacock Throne: The Saga of the Great Mughals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA435|year=2000|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-100143-2|pages=435|quote=The early history of the marathas is obscure, but they were predominantly of the sudra (peasant) class, though later, after they gained a political role in the Deccan, they claimed to be Kshatriyas (warriors) and dressed themselves up with pedigrees of appropriate grandeur, with the Bhosles specifically claiming descent from the Sidodia's of Mewar. The fact however is that the marathas were not even a distinct caste, but essentially a status group, made up of individual families from different Maharashtrian castes..|access-date=14 August 2020|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083857/https://books.google.com/books?id=04ellRQx4nMC&pg=PA435|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">"The name of the 'caste-cluster of agriculturalists-turned-warriors' inhabiting the north-west Dakhan, Mahārās̲h̲tra 'the great country', a term which is extended to all Marāt́hī speakers": {{EI2|author=P. Hardy|title=Marāt́hās|volume=6}}</ref><ref name="Hansen2018">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bf5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay|author=Thomas Blom Hansen|date=5 June 2018|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-18862-1|pages=31–|quote=Historically the term Maratha emerged in the seventeenth century from being an imprecise designation for speakers of Marathi to become a title of Martial honor and entitlements earned by Deccan peasants serving as cavalrymen in the armies of Muslim rulers and later in Shivaji's armies.|access-date=13 November 2019|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083858/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bf5ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Black2005">{{cite book|author=Jeremy Black|title=Why Wars Happen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ywx5Xr9QT4EC&pg=PT115|date=1 March 2005|publisher=Reaktion Books|isbn=978-1-86189-415-1|pages=115–|quote=In seventeenth and eighteenth century India, military service was the most viable form of entrepreneurship for the peasants, shepherds, ironworkers and others who coalesced into the Maratha caste|access-date=13 November 2019|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083858/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ywx5Xr9QT4EC&pg=PT115|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Christophe|last=Jaffrelot|author-link1=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJZp5tDuY-gC|year=2003|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|page=163|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8|access-date=21 May 2021|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083859/https://books.google.com/books?id=qJZp5tDuY-gC|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the Maharashtrian historian B. R. Sunthankar, and scholars such as Rajendra Vora, the "Marathas" are a "middle-peasantry" caste which formed the bulk of the Maharashtrian society together with the other [[Kunbi]] peasant caste. Vora adds that the Marathas account for around 30 per cent of the total population of the state and dominate the power structure in Maharashtra because of their numerical strength, especially in the rural society.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07qGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|title=Grass-Roots Democracy in India and China: The Right To Participate|editor=Manoranjan Mohanty|editor2=George Mathew|editor3=Richard Baum|editor4=Rong Ma|author=Rajendra Vora|publisher=Sage Publications|year=2007|quote=The Marathas, a middle-peasantry caste accounting for around 30 percent of the total population of the state, dominate the power structure in Maharashtra. In no other state of India we find a caste as large as the Marathas. In the past years, scholars have turned their attention to the rural society of Maharashtra in which they thought the roots of this domination lay.|isbn=9788132101130|access-date=16 September 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083858/https://books.google.com/books?id=07qGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sunthankar |first1=B. R. |title=Nineteenth Century History of Maharashtra: 1818-1857 |date=1988 |publisher=Shubhada-Saraswat Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85239-50-7 |page=122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SoNuAAAAMAAJ&q=kunbi+peasant |access-date=16 January 2020 |language=en |quote=The peasant castes of Marathas and kunbis formed the bulk of the Maharashtrian society and, owing to their numerical strength, held a dominating position in the old village organisation. |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083900/https://books.google.com/books?id=SoNuAAAAMAAJ&q=kunbi+peasant |url-status=live}}</ref>

According to [[Jeremy Black (historian)|Jeremy Black]], British historian at the [[University of Exeter]], "Maratha caste is a coalescence of peasants, shepherds, ironworkers, etc. as a result of serving in the military in the 17th and 18th century".<ref>{{cite book |title= Why Wars Happen |author= Jeremy Black |page= 111 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mdlUhsjJPDoC&pg=PA111 |year= 2005 |publisher= Reaktion Books |isbn= 9781861890177 |access-date= 14 September 2018 |archive-date= 14 April 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083900/https://books.google.com/books?id=mdlUhsjJPDoC&pg=PA111 |url-status= live }}</ref> They are the [[dominant caste]] in rural areas and mainly constitute the landed peasantry.<ref>{{cite book|title=Politics in Modern Maharashtra|quote=The second caste conflict which is of political significance is that of the Marathas and the Mahars. Marathas are dominant in rural areas and mainly constitute the landed peasantry.|author=V. M. Sirsikar|year=1995|page=64|publisher=Orient Longman}}</ref> As of 2018, 80% of the members of the Maratha caste were farmers.<ref>{{cite news |date= 9 September 2018 |title= Dowry, child marriage issues plague Maratha and Dhangar communities |url= https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dowry-child-marriage-issues-plague-maratha-and-dhangar-communities-5346895/ |access-date= 12 September 2018 |archive-date= 12 September 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180912094916/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dowry-child-marriage-issues-plague-maratha-and-dhangar-communities-5346895/ |url-status= live}}</ref>

Marathas are subdivided into 96 different clans, known as the ''[[Maratha clan system|96 Kuli Marathas]]'' or ''Shahānnau Kule.''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8PJFLeURhsC&pg=PA34 |title=The Culture of India |editor=Kathleen Kuiper |publisher=Rosen |year=2010 |isbn=978-1615301492 |page=34 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Louis Dumont|title=Homo hierarchicus: the caste system and its implications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XsOtRGdvIigC&pg=PA121|access-date=13 May 2011|year=1980|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0226169637|page=121|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083900/https://books.google.com/books?id=XsOtRGdvIigC&pg=PA121|url-status=live}}</ref> Three clan lists exist but the general body of lists are often at great variance with each other. These lists were compiled in the 19th century.<ref name="Gordon1993"/>{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=17}}
There is not much social distinction between the Marathas and [[Kunbis]] since the 1950s.<ref name="Catanach2021">{{cite book|author=I. J. Catanach|title=Rural Credit in Western India 1875–1930: Rural Credit and the Co-operative Movement in the Bombay Presidency|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4ntDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|date=28 May 2021|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-36800-2|pages=87–88|quote=The Malis were gardeners by caste, of about the same status as the Marathas. They had a reputation as a progressive caste, apparently taking easily both to education and to new agricultural pursuits. In truth, their chief advantage in the Nira canal area seems to have been their previous experience with irrigated crops; the original inhabitants of the area, mainly Marathas by caste[note 135], frequently made exceedingly poor attempts at imitating the Mali's methods. They also did not have the Malis' capital resources.[note 135]:Maratha is used here to cover both the original maratha peasant-soldier group and the Kunbi group of generally poorer peasants. The social distinction between the two groups appears to have all but died out in the first half of twentieth century.|access-date=11 July 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711132326/https://books.google.com/books?id=N4ntDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chhatrapati Shahu, the Piller of Social Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9hHAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|page=70|publisher=Bombay : Education Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra for President, Mahatma Jotirao Phule Vishwabharati, Gargoti, Dist. Kolhapur|author1=P.B.Salunkhe|author2=M.G.Mali|quote=Today the majority of the Maratha - Kunbi caste - cluster identify themselves as Marathas . During the early decades of the 20th Century political considerations turned Kunbis into Marathas. Today many rich Kunbis have become Marathas.|access-date=11 July 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711132327/https://books.google.com/books?id=d9hHAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Maratha king [[Shivaji]] founded the Maratha Kingdom that included warriors and other notables from Maratha and several other castes from Maharashtra.<ref name="kantak"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Constable |first1=Philip |access-date=28 November 2020 |title=The Marginalization of a Dalit Martial Race in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India. |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=439–478 |year=2001 |doi=10.2307/2659700 |jstor=2659700 |pmid=18268829 |s2cid=40219522 |quote=While the bulk of Shivaji's men were naturally Marathas, they included not only the allied castes of Dhangars and Gowalas, shepherds and herdsmen, but many who had no claim to kinship. For example Shivaji's famous infantry was composed largely of Bhandaris and Kolis. The Ramoshis... who afterwards formed the infantry of Haidar and Tipu in Mysore, were relied an for the capture of the hill forts, while the outcaste Mahars and Mangs served in his artillery, and in the garrisons of these forts – Patrick Cadell |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2659700 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128235515/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2659700 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It was dominant in India for much of the 18th century.

==Origin==

[[Christopher Bayly]] writes that the Marathas, [[Jat]] and [[Rajput]] rulers mostly originated from peasant or nomadic populace.<ref name="Jwhaley2012">{{cite book | editor =Joachim Whaley|author= C.A.Bayly | title=Mirrors of Mortality (Routledge Revivals): Social Studies in the History of Death | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2012 | isbn=978-1-136-81060-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIksZtWqrd0C&pg=PA164 | access-date=2025-03-14 | page=164|quote= It was among the rulers of these new predominantly, Hindu states - the Mahrattas in the west, the Jats near Delhi and the Bhumihar and Rajput rulers of the ganjetic plane itself - that the holy and funerary rites found their most energetic patrons. These ruling dynasties were often themselves drawn from nomadic or peasant communities of relatively low caste status. An essential aspect of the consolidation of their power was a claim to legitimacy which entailed regular association with the cult centers of orthodox Hinduism. By acquiring priests of sufficiently high status to perform ceremonies such as shraddha, these princes could hope to their claims to kshatriya(warrior) which was the pride of the old Hindu ruling houses.}}</ref><ref name="c156">{{cite book | last=Bayly | first=C.A. | title=Origins of Nationality in South Asia: Patriotism and Ethical Government in the Making of Modern India | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Oxford India paperbacks | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-19-564457-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTNuAAAAMAAJ | page=144}}</ref>

Modern research has revealed that the Marathas and Kunbi have the same origin. Most recently, the Kunbi origin of the Maratha has been explained in detail by historians Richard Eaton and [[Stewart N. Gordon|Stewart Gordon]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} Marathas who were distinguished from the Kunbi, in the past claimed genealogical connections with [[Rajputs]] of northern India.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=17}} However, modern researchers demonstrate, giving examples, that these claims are not factual. Modern scholars agree that Marathas and [[Kunbi]] are the same. Anthropologist J. V. Ferreira writes: "The Maratha claim to belong to the ancient 96 Kshatriya families has no foundation in fact and may have been adopted after the Marathas became with [[Shivaji]] a power to be reckoned with".<ref name="Ferreira">{{cite book |author=John Vincent Ferreira |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4XGwAAAAIAAJ |title=Totemism in India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1965 |pages=191, 202 |quote=Together with the Marathas, the Maratha Kunbi belonged originally, says Enthoven, to the same caste; and both their exogamous kuls and exogamous devaks are identical with those of the Marathas. Enthoven opines that the totemic nature of their devak system suggests that they are largely of a non-Aryan origin. ... The Kunbi cultivators are also Marathas but of a somewhat inferior social standing. The Maratha claim to belong to the ancient 96 Kshatriya families has no foundation in fact and may have been adopted after the Marathas became with Shivaji a power to be reckoned with.}}</ref> Gordon writes how the Maratha caste was generated from the [[Kunbi|Kunbis]] who served the Muslim rulers, prospered, and over time adopted different customs like different dressing styles, employed genealogists, started identifying as Maratha, and caste boundaries solidified between them. In the nineteenth century, economic prosperity rather than martial service to the Muslims replaced the mobility into Maratha identity. Eaton gives an example of the Holkar family that originally belonged to the [[Dhangar]] (shepherd) caste but was given a Maratha or even an "arch-Maratha" identity.<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard M. Eaton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PA200 |title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761: Eight Indian Lives, Volume 1 |date=17 November 2005 |publisher=Cambridge university press |isbn=9780521254847 |pages=191, 200 |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084553/https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC&pg=PA200 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Stewart Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA16 |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=February 2007 |publisher=cambridge university press |isbn=9780521033169 |pages=15, 16 |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084514/https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA16 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The other example, given by [[Susan Bayly]], is of the Bhonsles who originated among Maratha and Kunbi populations of the Deccani tiller-plainsmen.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA57 |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |date=2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521798426 |page=57 |language=en}}</ref> Similarly, scholars write that the [[Shinde]] (also known as Scindia<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9SIsAQAAIAAJ |title=Asian Review |publisher=East & West |year=1969 |page=340 |quote=The founder of the family was one Ranoji, who bore the common Maratha surname of Shinde, that by some mysterious process has been Italianized – possibly through the influence of the Filoze family — into Scindia |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220505174803/https://books.google.com/books?id=9SIsAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=5 May 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref>) Maratha clan originated from the [[Kunbi]] caste and the Scindia's founder was a servant of the Peshwa who would carry his slippers.<ref name="Embree1988">{{cite book |author=Ainslie Thomas Embree |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ |title=Encyclopedia of Asian history |publisher=Scribner |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-684-18899-7 |page=14 |quote=Ranoji Scindia (d. 1750), the founder of Gwalior state, started his political career reputedly as a slipper-bearer at the court of the peshwa, or prime minister, of the Marathas, but soon rose to high office. |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084516/https://books.google.com/books?id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ |archive-date=14 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ayyar1999">{{cite book |author=K. V. Krishna Ayyar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUtuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Zamorins of Calicut: From the Earliest Times Down to A.D. 1806 |publisher=Publication Division, University of Calicut |year=1999 |isbn=978-81-7748-000-9 |quote=The carrying of the Pallimaradi before the Zamorin on public occasions might have been due to the same reason as the carrying of a pair of golden slippers before Scindia, whose ancestor was the slipper - bearer of Peshwa Baji Rao - to show his respect for his original humble office which was the cause of his subsequent success |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084517/https://books.google.com/books?id=oUtuAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=14 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Chandra2003">{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BRuAAAAMAAJ |title=Essays on Medieval Indian History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-19-566336-5 |page=93 |quote=The Sindhias, it is well-known, were drawn from a Kunbi family which had the hereditary patel-ship of Kumberkerrab in the district of Wai. The origins of the Holkar were even more humble: they belonged to the caste of goat-herds (dungar), the family holding zamindari rights in the village of Hal. |access-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084506/https://books.google.com/books?id=1BRuAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=14 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="seminar417424">{{cite journal |author=Romila Thapar |year=1994 |title=Seminar – Issues 417–424 |page=59 |quote=Many peasant caste men who distinguished themselves in battle or otherwise served the ruler became Marathas . Witness the first Holkar who was a shepherd and the first Scindia who was a Kunbi personal servant of the Peshwa}}</ref> Dhanmanjiri Sathe states that "The line between Marathas and Kunbis is thin and sometimes difficult to ascertain".<ref>{{cite book |author=Dhanmanjiri Sathe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OM44DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |title=The Political Economy of Land Acquisition in India: How a Village Stops Being One |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2017 |isbn=9789811053269 |quote=For Maharashtra, Karve (1968) has reported that the line between Marathas and Kunbis is thin and sometimes difficult to ascertain |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414094410/https://books.google.com/books?id=OM44DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Iravati Karve]], an anthropologist, showed how the Maratha caste was generated from Kunbis who simply started calling themselves "Maratha". She states that Maratha, [[Kunbi]] and [[Mali caste|Mali]] are the three main farming communities of Maharashtra – the difference being that the Marathas and Kunbis were "dry farmers" whereas the Mali farmed throughout the year.<ref>{{cite book |author=Irawati Karmarkar Karve |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215170 |title=Anthropometric measurements of the Marathas |publisher=Deccan College Postgraduate Research Institute |year=1948 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215170/page/n16 13], 14 |quote=These figures as they stand are obviously wrong. The Marathas had not doubled their numbers between 1901 and 1911 nor were the Kunbis reduced by almost three-fourths. Either the recorders had made wrong entries or what is more probable, "Kunbi" as a caste-category was no longer acceptable to cultivators who must have given up their old appellation, Kunbi, and taken up the caste name, Maratha. ... The agricultural community of the Maratha country is made up of Kunbis, Marathas and Malis. The first two are dry farmers depending solely on the monsoon rains for their crop, while the Malis work on irrigated lands working their fields all the year round on well-water or canals and growing fruit, vegetables, sugarcane and some varieties of cereals}}</ref> Cynthia Talbot quotes a saying in Maharashtra, "when a Kunbi prospers he becomes Maratha".<ref>{{cite book |author=Cynthia Talbot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA67 |title=Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780198031239 |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084448/https://books.google.com/books?id=pfAKljlCJq0C&pg=PA67 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Kunbi origin has been one of the factors on the basis of which the head of Maharashtra State Backward Class Commission (MSBCC), a Judge, M.G. Gaikwad, and some others in 2018, stated that Maratha associations have submitted historical proofs and petitions to be included in the Other Backward Class. The decision for giving reservation in jobs and education for Marathas based on the petitions that Marathas and [[Kunbi|Kunbis]] are one and the same caste was upheld by the Mumbai court in 2019.<ref>{{cite news |date=21 May 2018 |title=Commission gets over 1L petitions, proof for Maratha reservation |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/commission-gets-over-1l-petitions-proof-for-maratha-reservation/articleshow/64263505.cms |url-status=live |access-date=19 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920081309/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/commission-gets-over-1l-petitions-proof-for-maratha-reservation/articleshow/64263505.cms |archive-date=20 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HC upholds Maratha quota |publisher=Pune Mirror |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/hc-upholds-maratha-quota/articleshow/69980525.cms |url-status=live |access-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705064924/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/hc-upholds-maratha-quota/articleshow/69980525.cms |archive-date=5 July 2019 |quote=The petitioners also argued that as per the MSBCC report, Marathas and Kunbis were one and the same caste}}</ref>

==History==
{{See also|Maratha Confederacy}}
The term ''Maratha'' referred broadly to all the speakers of the [[Marathi language]].<ref>W. J. Johnson (ed.), "Marāṭhā", ''A Dictionary of Hinduism'' (Oxford, 2009): "The name of a dominant caste in western India (Maharashtra), which was united into an independent Marāṭhā kingdom (or empire) by Śivajī in 1674. His successors, who eventually splintered into a confederacy, resisted first the Mughals and then the British. After a prolonged series of wars, they were finally defeated in 1818."</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/> In the 17th century, it also served as a designation for peasants from the [[Deccan Plateau]] who served as soldiers in the armies of Muslim rulers and later in the armies of Shivaji. Thus, the term ''Maratha'' became a marker of an endogamous caste for them.{{sfn|Hansen|2001|p=31}} A number of Maratha warriors, including Shivaji's father, [[Shahaji]], originally served in those Muslim armies.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |first=Stewart N. |last=Gordon |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author-link=Stewart N. Gordon |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-52126-883-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA35 |page=35 |quote=Second, we have that Marathas regularly served in the armies of the Muslim Deccan kingdoms.}}</ref> By the mid-1660s, Shivaji had established an independent [[Maratha kingdom]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Shivaji and the Decline of the Mughal Empire|first=M. N. |last=Pearson |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=35 |issue=2 |date=February 1976 |pages=221–235 |publisher=Association for Asian Studies |jstor=2053980 |doi=10.2307/2053980|s2cid=162482005 }}</ref> After Shivaji's death, Marathas{{Clarify|date=February 2024|reason=It was not just Maratha (caste) that fought the Mughals. They included all castes of Maharashtra.Also some Maratha clans served in Aurangzeb's army during this period.}} fought under his sons and defeated Aurangzeb in the [[Mughal–Maratha Wars]]. The Maratha empire was further expanded into a vast empire by the [[Maratha Confederacy]] including [[Peshwa]]s, stretching from central India<ref>Mehta, J. L. [https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA204 ''Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813'']</ref> in the south to [[Peshawar]]<ref name="Mikaberidze2011">{{cite book|author=Alexander Mikaberidze|title=Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA43|access-date=15 September 2013|date=31 July 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-337-8|pages=43–}}</ref> (in modern-day Pakistan) on the Afghanistan border in the north, and with [[expeditions in Bengal]] to the east.

The Confederacy remained the pre-eminent power in India until their defeat by the [[British East India Company]] in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1818).<ref>{{cite book |last=Chhabra |first=G.S. |year=2005 |orig-date=1971 |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India |publisher=Lotus Press |isbn=81-89093-06-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UkDi6rVbckoC}}</ref>{{page needed|date=December 2014}}

By the 19th century, the term ''Maratha'' had several interpretations in the British administrative records. In the [[Thane District]] [[District Gazetteer|Gazetteer]] of 1882, the term was used to denote elite layers within various castes: for example, "Maratha-Agri" within the [[Agri (caste)|Agri caste]] and "Maratha-Koli" within the [[Koli caste]].{{sfn|Hansen|2001|p=31}} In the [[Pune District]], the words [[Kunbi]] and Maratha had become synonymous, giving rise to the Maratha-Kunbi caste complex.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=45}} The Pune District Gazetteer of 1882 divided the Kunbis into two classes: Marathas and other Kunbis.{{sfn|Hansen|2001|p=31}} The 1901 census listed three groups within the Maratha-Kunbi caste complex: "Marathas proper", "Maratha Kunbis" and Konkan Maratha.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=47}}

According to Steele, in the early 19th century, Kunbis, who were agriculturists, and the Marathas who claimed [[Rajput]] descent and [[Kshatriya]] status, were distinguished by their customs related to widow remarriage. The [[Kunbi|Kunbis]] allowed it and the higher status Marathas prohibited it. However, there is no statistical evidence for this.{{sfn|Haynes|1992|p=65|ps= The prohibition of widow remarriage, Steele reported, served also to mark a ranking within caste groupings, distinguishing Maratha families claiming a Rajput descent and Kshatriya status from ordinary Kunbi communities of agriculturists: "such of them are the high Mahratta (as the families of the Satara Raja, and other houses of pure Mahratta descent) do not allow their widows to form Pat'. In the absence of any sort of statistical evidence, it is hard to know how accurate Steele's report was.}} However, the Kunbis and Marathas had [[hypergamy|hypergamous]] inter-community marriages – a rich Kunbi could always marry his daughter to a poor Maratha.<ref name="Omvedt66">{{cite book|author=Gail Marie Omvedt|quote=But hypergamous marriage existed between these groups: a rich Kunbi could always marry his daughter to a poor Maratha|title=Caste, Conflict, and Rebellion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_lKAQAAMAAJ|year=1966|publisher=University of California|page=60|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083901/https://books.google.com/books?id=K_lKAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IC98">{{cite book|title=India's Communities volume.5|quote=The Maratha had hypergamous relationship with the Kunbi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2|page=2213|access-date=4 October 2016|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083901/https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Historically, the Maratha population comprised more than 31% of the population in Maharashtra and the Kunbi was 7%, whereas the upper castes, [[Brahmin]]s, [[Saraswat]], and [[Prabhu Communities|Prabhus]], were earlier only about 4% of the population. The [[Other Backward Class]] population (other than the Kunbi) was 27% while the population of the [[Mahar]]s was 12%.<ref name="Jaffrelot09">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA217|pages=216, 217|title=Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies (Exploring the Political in South Asia)|editor1=Christophe Jaffrelot|editor2=Sanjay Kumar|publisher=Routledge India|year=2009|quote=The upper castes, composed mainly of Brahmins, constitute around 4 per cent of the total population. While Brahmins are found in all the districts of the state, the Saraswat and Prabhus, the two other literary castes of this category, are significant number only in Mumbai city.|isbn=9781136516627|access-date=9 March 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083930/https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA217|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Brahmins too demand for reservations in Maharashtra|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-brahmins-too-demand-for-reservations-in-maharashtra-2004800|access-date=24 July 2014|author=Dhaval Kulkarni|work=Daily News and Analysis|archive-date=29 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729172923/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-brahmins-too-demand-for-reservations-in-maharashtra-2004800|url-status=live}}</ref>

Gradually, the term ''Maratha'' came to denote an endogamous caste.{{sfn|Hansen|2001|p=31}} From 1900 onwards, the [[Satyashodhak Samaj]] movement defined the Marathas as a broader social category of non-Brahmin groups.{{sfn|Hansen|2001|p=32}} These non-Brahmins gained prominence in the [[Indian National Congress]] during the [[Indian independence movement]]. In independent India, these Marathas became the dominant political force in the newly formed state of Maharashtra.{{sfn|Hansen|2001|p=34}}

The ritual caste hierarchy in Maharashtra is led by the [[Deshastha]]s, [[Chitpawan]]s, [[Karhade]]s, Saraswats and the [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]]s. The Maratha are ranked lower under this classification than the above castes but are considered higher than the Kunbi, backward castes and castes that were considered ritually impure. According to the Chairperson of the Centre for Social Justice and Governance, this caste ranking is significant even in recent times in inter-caste matrimonial alliances between Maharashtrians.<ref>{{cite book | title =Writing Caste/Writing Gender: Narrating Dalit Women's Testimonies | page=28|publisher= Zubaan Books|year= 2013 |author= Sharmila Rege|quote= The traditional caste hierarchy was headed by the brahmin castes-the deshasthas, chitpawans, karhades, saraswats and the chandraseniya Kayastha prabhus.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rosenzweig |first1=Mark |last2=Munshi |first2=Kaivan |s2cid=15863505 |date=September 2006 |title=Traditional Institutions Meet the Modern World: Caste, Gender, and Schooling Choice in a Globalizing Economy |journal=American Economic Review |volume=96 |number=4 |pages=1225–1252 |doi=10.1257/aer.96.4.1225 |url=http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.96.4.1225 |quote=(p. 1228) High castes include all the Brahmin jatis, as well as a few other elite jatis (CKP and Pathare Prabhus).Low castes include formerly untouchable and backward castes (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Castes, as defined by the government of India). Medium castes are drawn mostly from the cultivator jatis, such as the Marathas and the Kunbis, as well as other traditional vocations that were not considered to be ritually impure. |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=19 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919155854/https://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/aer.96.4.1225 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Communal Identity in India: Its Construction and Articulation in the Twentieth Century|chapter=Race, caste and ethnic identity|page=138|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtztAAAAIAAJ&q=Maratha(MK)|author=Bidyut Chakrabarty|year=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=Of the six groups, four are Brahmins; one is high non-brahmin caste, Chandraseniya Kayashth Prabhu (CKP), ranking next only to the Brahmins; and the other is a cultivating caste, Maratha (MK), belonging to the middle level of the hierarchy.|isbn=978-0195663303|access-date=9 October 2020|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414094410/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtztAAAAIAAJ&q=Maratha%28MK%29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title= Rajarshi Shahu: a model ruler | publisher=kirti prakashan|page=20|year=1994|author = V. B. Ghuge| quote= In the Hindu social hierarchy the privileged classes were Brahmins, CKP's and others. Similarly other elite classes were Parsis and Europeans.}}</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot09"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/harrish-iyer-in-the-eye-storm-for-placing-a-matrimonial-advertisement/article7261345.ece|quote=Most of the advertisements exclude Other Backward Castes, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes from their purview. For instance, an advertisement seeking a groom for a girl from a Maratha caste in Maharashtra says she is born of "an inter-caste alliance" and that her "family values are liberal". The advertisement states a preference for a good-looking man who earns well. Yet, while seemingly progressive so far, it goes on to note the preferred castes: Hindu Brahmin Deshastha, Hindu Brahmin Gaud Saraswat, Hindu Brahmin Koknastha, Hindu Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu, and Hindu Maratha. The choice here is for Marathas and those above Marathas in hierarchy. It further clearly specifies in brackets, "OBC, SC/ST, please excuse" — clearly seeking to follow the older order of keeping the "untouchables" out of the varna system, but in a new form wherein all other castes on the ladder above the SCs, STs and OBCs are seen as marriageable.|title=Prejudice disguised as politeness|author=Suryakant Waghmore|access-date=9 October 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803171848/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/harrish-iyer-in-the-eye-storm-for-placing-a-matrimonial-advertisement/article7261345.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Internal diaspora==
Expansion of Maratha Empire also resulted in the voluntary relocation of substantial numbers of Maratha and other Marathi-speaking people outside Maharashtra, and across a big part of India. Today several significant communities descended from these emigrants live in the north, south and west of India. These descendant communities tend often to speak the local languages, although many also speak Marathi in addition. Notable Maratha families outside [[Maharashtra]] include Bhonsle of [[Tanjore]],<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-christian-schwartz-the-raj-guru-of-thanjavur-2669679| title=Christian Schwartz: The Raj-Guru of Thanjavur| date=30 September 2018| access-date=11 October 2018| archive-date=11 October 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011231440/https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-christian-schwartz-the-raj-guru-of-thanjavur-2669679| url-status=live}}</ref> [[Scindia]] of [[Gwalior]], [[Gaekwad]] of [[Baroda]], [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] of [[Indore]], [[Pawar]] of [[Dewas State (Maratha Confederacy)|Dewas]] and [[Dhar State|Dhar]], Ghorpade of [[Mudhol]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Culture ==

===Literacy===
In 17th century Maharashtra, the [[Brahmin|Brahmins]] and [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu|CKPs]] were the communities that had a system of [[Sanskrit education]] in [[Gurukula]] or secular education in clerical work or book-keeping. Education of all other castes and communities consisted of listening to oral reproductions from sacred texts like the [[Purana]]s and [[Kirtan]]s. However, despite lack of education, the Maratha caste due to their long tradition of service in military of the Yadavas and later the Muslim sultanates produced good soldiers and commanders.<ref name="kantak">{{cite journal |last=Kantak |first=M. R.|title=The Political Role of Different Hindu Castes and Communities in Maharashtra in the Foundation of the Shivaji's Swarajya |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |date=1978 |volume=38 |issue=1 |page=44 |jstor=42931051}}</ref>

Stewart Gordon writes that the prominent [[Ghorpade Dynasty|Ghorpade]] Maratha family, for instance, was not literate and had to use Brahmins as record keepers.<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge History of India, Volume 2, Part 4: The Marathas 1600–1818|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA27|page=27|author=Steward Gordon|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1993|quote=The Ghorpade family was Maratha and almost certainly illiterate. Record keepers were Brahmin, literate families.|isbn=9780521033169|access-date=28 July 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084444/https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&pg=PA27|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=People of India – Volume VI, Part 2|page=1436|quote=For example, the families having Bhosale and Ghorpade as surnames are believed to belong to the same clan-stock namely the Bhosale|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|publisher=Anthropological Survey of India|year=2004}}</ref>

[[Gail Omvedt]] concludes that during the British era, the overall literacy of Brahmins and CKPs was overwhelmingly high as compared to the literacy of the Maratha and Kunbi communities where it was strikingly low. The artisan castes were intermediate in terms of literacy. For all castes, men were more literate than the women from that caste(respectively). Female literacy, as well as English literacy, showed the same pattern among castes.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Omvedt |first=Gail|title=Development of the Maharashtrian Class Structure, 1818 to 1931|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |volume=8 |issue=31/33 |pages=1418–1419 |date=August 1973|quote=page 1426:There is difficulty in using such Census data, particularly because the various categories tended to be defined in different ways in different years, and different criteria were used in different provinces for classifying the population. Nonetheless, the overall trend is clear... page 1416: Table 1: Literacy of selected castes(male and female). Literacy caste (1921, 1931): CKP(57.3%,64.4%); Chitpawan (40.9%,55.2%); Deshastha (40.3%,55.8%); sonar (22%,23.1%); shimpi (tailor) (21.2%,29.6%); koshti (weaver)(11.0%,17.5%);Maratha in Bombay (?, 11.3%), sutar(4.0%,7.5%), teli(oil presser): (3.8%,7.5%), Maratha in ratnagiri(2.9%,?), dhobi(washerman) (2.9%, 5.7%); Mali (2.3%,8.7%); Mahar(1.2%,2.9%); dhangar(shepherd) (1.2%,2.7%); chambhar(1.1%, 2.0%); kumbhar (1.1%,2.0%), Mang (0.5%,1.6%), Kunbi (0.6%,?), Bania-Berar (27.9%, 46.6%), Rajput-Berar (8.7%,11.4%); page 1419: Male literacy rates were much higher than the male and female together, but show the same pattern, as does the literacy in English. Not only were the Brahmans and CKPs overwhelmingly dominant, but Maratha Kunbi figures were amazingly low, especially for Bombay province. Even allowing for the effects of sampling differences, the low rates for the Marathas Kunbis are striking, and it is noteworthy that many artisan castes were more literate. This also tended to be true in the central provinces-Berar.}}</ref>{{efn|Omvedt does add a proviso saying that: There is difficulty in using such Census data, particularly because the various categories tended to be defined in different ways in different years, and different criteria were used in different provinces for classifying the population. Nonetheless, the overall trend is clear}}

A Bhandari author from 1920s quotes, according to Monika Vaidya, that Brahmins are not to blame for the lack of education of Marathas, as shown by communities whose occupations required education, like the [[Prabhu Communities|Prabhu]]s, [[Saraswat]]s and [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu|CKP]]. These communities got education despite the barriers imposed by the Brahmins and it has been argued that the need for reservations does not arise if each community tries for its own development.<ref name="SeshanKumbhojkar2018">{{cite book|editor1=Radhika Seshan|editor2=Shraddha Kumbhojkar|title=Re-searching Transitions in Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOlgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA177|date=2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-94631-8|page=177|quote=Secondly, those whose occupations required an education, like the Prabhu, Saraswat and Kayastha castes, took education despite the barriers imposed by the Brahmins. However, the Marathas and Bhandaris failed to take to education and had only themselves to blame for their condition. Ignorance and inability to protect one's property are the results of a lack of education. Each must try for their own development, and concentration on education seems to be the best solution. By becoming educationally qualified, the need to ask for special concessions and reservations would not arise.|access-date=29 July 2019|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084517/https://books.google.com/books?id=cOlgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA177|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Marriages===
Like other Maharashtrian communities such as [[Kunbi]]s, [[Mali caste|Mali]]s, [[Mahar]]s, etc., the marriage of a man to his maternal uncle's (''mama'' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]) daughter is common in the Maratha community.<ref name="Agnes2011">{{cite book|author=Flavia Agnes|title=Family Law: Volume 1: Family Laws and Constitutional Claims|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT150|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-908826-3|pages=150–|quote=Among Maharashtrian communities such as Marathas, Kunbis, Malis, Mahars, etc., the marriage of a brother's daughter with a sister's son is common|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084454/https://books.google.com/books?id=1PQtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT150|url-status=live}}</ref> Maratha and Kunbis intermarried in a hypergamous way i.e. a rich Kunbi's daughter could always marry a poor Maratha. Anthropologist Donald Attwood shows giving an example of the Karekars of Ahmednagar that this trend continues even in recent times indicating that the social order is fluid and flexible.<ref name="Omvedt66"/><ref name="IC98"/><ref name="Agnes2011"/><ref name="AttwoodIsrael1988-Attwood">{{cite book|editor1=Donald W. Attwood|editor2=Milton Israel|editor3=Narendra K.Wagle|title=City, countryside and society in Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm5uAAAAMAAJ|date=1988|publisher=University of Toronto, Centre for South Asian Studies|isbn=978-0-9692907-2-8|quote=Consequently, I doubt if the terms Maratha and Kunbi ever had very distinct referents, and I take this as another indication of a fluid and flexible social order. Even today, for example, there is a small, local caste of farmers known as Karekars in Ahmednagar district, who are not normally considered true Marathas; yet some of the more successful Karekar families have intermarried with Marathas (Baviskar 1980; n.d.). I believe this process has occurred continuously in the "maratha country"...|author=Donal Attwood|page=182|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084413/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm5uAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Dowry Issues====
Being a politically dominant caste, the Marathas have not been able to progress beyond the social practices of [[Dowry system in India|Dowry]] (Dowry refers to the durable goods, cash, and real or movable property that the bride's family gives to the bridegroom, his parents, or his relatives as a condition of the marriage.<ref>{{Cite book| title = Dowry Deaths and Access to Justice in Kali's Yug: Empowerment, Law and Dowry Deaths| author= Jethmalani & P.K. Dey| year = 1995| pages = 36, 38}}</ref>). 80% of the Maratha community are farmers and there have been cases where the Maratha farmers had to sell their lands just to get their daughters married. Data compiled by the Maratha Kranti Morcha members showed that the expenditure incurred by an average low income and poor Maratha family has doubled in the last 10 years when it comes to dowry. A member said (in 2018), "The dowry amount ranges from Rs 7 lakh to Rs 50 lakh, depending on the profession of the groom. The lower-middle class Marathas too often have to bear an expenditure of Rs 7 lakh to Rs 10 lakh for a daughter's wedding. Even in the remote villages, a small and marginal farmer spends Rs 2 lakh to Rs 3.5 lakh on a daughter's wedding." Some caste members tried to use the Morcha to address the issue of Dowry but they did not get a positive response. [[Dowry system in India|Dowry]] has now attained a status symbol in the community and that is part of the issue.<ref>{{cite news|date=9 September 2018|title=Dowry, child marriage issues plague Maratha and Dhangar communities|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dowry-child-marriage-issues-plague-maratha-and-dhangar-communities-5346895/|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-date=12 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912094916/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/dowry-child-marriage-issues-plague-maratha-and-dhangar-communities-5346895/|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Widows====
Research by a sociologist has shown that the restrictions faced by widows among Marathi Brahmins, Saraswats and CKP were significantly more than those faced by widows in Maratha caste.<ref name="Dabir200097">{{cite book|title=women in distress|author=Neela Dabir|pages=97–99|publisher=Rawat Publishers|year=2000|quote=(page 97, 98) In the process of Brahminisation, other upper castes across the country, tried to imitate the Brahmins and followed similar norms in the matters of marriage, divorce or treatment of widows. In Maharashtra, for instance, the family norms among the Saraswats and CKPs were similar to those of the Brahmins. Marathas although politically powerful and economically well to do, were on the lower rung of the caste echelon. They had different ritual norms which were marginally lenient as compared to the Brahmins. In contrast, the women from the lower castes enjoyed a little more freedom in these matters. Widow remarriage was an accepted practice in many lower castes[Ranade,1991]...For the purpose of analysis, we have grouped these 56 castes into the following basic categories (1) Brahmin, Saraswat, and CKP (2) Maratha, and (3) other castes (page99) Table 8 reveals that women from the upper castes i.e. Brahmin, Saraswat, and CKP together form the largest group(46%) among the women admitted[in the Ashrams]...The data also reveals some significant differences in the marital status of Brahmin, CKP and Saraswat women on one hand and Maratha and other caste women on the other...These statistical differences acquire a special meaning when we look at them in the context of our earlier statement that oppression of widows and the restrictions on married women were far more severe for the women from Brahmin, CKP and Saraswat castes than for women from Maratha and other castes.}}</ref>

===Festivals and Gods===
Rosalind O'Hanlon, Professor at the [[University of Oxford]] stated that the Hindu God [[Khandoba]], also known by the name [[Mhasoba]], is traditionally very popular in the Maratha caste. She quotes about the devotion of the Marathas in the 19th century to Mhasoba as follows:{{blockquote|You will not find a single family among the Marathas who do not set up in the grounds around their village some stone or other in the name of Mhasoba, smear it with [[Lead(II,IV) oxide|red lead]], and offer incense to it; who without taking Mhasoba's name will not put his hand to the seed-box of the plough, will not put the harrow to the field, and will not put the measure to the heap of threshed corn on the threshing floor.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=155}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stx.ox.ac.uk/people/fellow/professor-rosalind-ohanlon|title=Professor Rosalind O'Hanlon|work=St Cross College |date=6 August 2012|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809153300/https://www.stx.ox.ac.uk/people/fellow/professor-rosalind-ohanlon|url-status=live}}</ref>|author=|title=|source=}}
Mhasoba was also worshiped by the [[Bhonsle]]s.<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DF_af8_547EC&pg=PT86|title=Sacred Animals of India|year=2014|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9788184751826|quote=Mahisha is called Mhasoba (Mahisha Baba or Father/Lord Mahisha) and worshipped by pastoral tribes in western and central India. Mhasoba is worshipped by the Katkari tribe of Maharashtra and the Bhosles (Shivaji's clan)|access-date=3 August 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084520/https://books.google.com/books?id=DF_af8_547EC&pg=PT86|url-status=live}}</ref>
The other Hindu deity popular in the Maratha community is the Goddess [[Bhavani]] of [[Tuljapur]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Maratha History Seminar, May 28–31, 1970: papers|page=123|author=Appasaheb Ganapatrao Pawar|publisher=Shivaji University|year=1971|quote=Referring to the chief deities of the Marathas, Khandoba and Bhawani, Edwards quotes Brahma Purana, according to which Shiva assumed the form of Malhari Martand, another name of Khandoba, while Bhawani was the consort of Shiva}}</ref>

Maratha leaders said that "Chhatrapati Shivaji is worshiped by the Maratha community, while different sections of society hold him in high esteem". "Shivaji Jayanti" (his birthday) is celebrated with folk dances, songs, plays and [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]]. There was some controversy over the date but it is now celebrated on 19 February. Earlier, the regional Marathi political parties – [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] as well as the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] were celebrating it as per the [[Tithi]] according to the [[Hindu Calendar]] ("Falgun Vadya Tritiya" – third day of the month of Falgun), whereas the State Government was celebrating it as per the [[Gregorian Calendar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/processions-folk-dances-mark-shivaji-jayanti-in-thane/articleshow/62988476.cms|title=Processions, folk dances mark Shivaji Jayanti in Thane|newspaper=Times of India|date=20 February 2018 |access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008125748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/processions-folk-dances-mark-shivaji-jayanti-in-thane/articleshow/62988476.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maratha-rally-seeks-to-end-row-over-shiv-jayanti-date-lets-celebrate-it-on-february-19-4789881/|title=Maratha rally seeks to end row over Shiv Jayanti date: 'Let's celebrate it on February 19'|access-date=26 August 2018|date=10 August 2017|archive-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820212525/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maratha-rally-seeks-to-end-row-over-shiv-jayanti-date-lets-celebrate-it-on-february-19-4789881/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/170518/celebrate-shivaji-jayanti-as-per-tithi-says-mns-chief.html|title = Celebrate Shivaji Jayanti as per tithi, says MNS chief|date = 17 May 2018|access-date = 28 August 2018|archive-date = 28 August 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180828134553/http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/170518/celebrate-shivaji-jayanti-as-per-tithi-says-mns-chief.html|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Varna status==
{{see also | Maratha (caste)#Origin}}
Research by modern anthropologists and historians has shown that the Maratha caste originated from the amalgamation of families from the peasant communities that belonged to the [[Shudra]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]]. However, after gaining political prominence with [[Shivaji|Shivaji's]] rise to power, this caste started claiming [[Kshatriya]] descent and genealogies were fabricated including those for Shivaji. Thus, the [[Maratha clan system|"96 clans"(Kuls)]](''96 Kuli Marathas'' or ''Shahānnau Kule'') genealogies were concocted most likely after Shivaji came to power. [[Stewart N. Gordon|Gordon]] explains that there are three such lists for the 96 clans compiled in the 19th century and they are "impossible to reconcile" due to this nature of origin of the caste. [[Christophe Jaffrelot|Jaffrelot]] writes that this process where Shudras pretend to be Kshatriyas and follow their customs is called "Kshatriyatization" and is a variation of [[Sanskritization]].<ref name="Eraly2000"/><ref name="Jaffrelot2006">{{cite book|author=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Dr Ambedkar and Untouchability: Analysing and Fighting Caste|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEWTSAe-KkQC&pg=PA39|year=2006|publisher=Permanent Black|isbn=978-81-7824-156-2|pages=39|quote=His theory, which is based on scant historical evidence, doubtless echoed this episode in Maharashtra's history, whereas in fact Shivaji, a Maratha-Kunbi, was a Shudra. Nevertheless, he had won power and so expected the Brahmins to confirm his new status by writing for him an adequate genealogy. This process recalls that of Sanskritisation, but sociologists refer to such emulation of Kshatriyas by Shudras as ' Kshatriyaisation ' and describe it as a variant of Sanskritisation.|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084407/https://books.google.com/books?id=zEWTSAe-KkQC&pg=PA39|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Keay2011">{{cite book|author=John Keay|title=India: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&pg=PT565|date=12 April 2011|publisher=Open Road + Grove/Atlantic|isbn=978-0-8021-9550-0|pages=565|quote=marathas not being accounted as of kshatriya status, a bogus genealogy had to be fabricated|access-date=23 August 2020|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084407/https://books.google.com/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&pg=PT565|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Gordon1993"/><ref name="Ferreira"/>

Modern scholars such as [[M. S. A. Rao]] and [[Francine Frankel]] also agree that the Varna of Marathas remained Shudra, an indication being: "the maratha practice of hypergamy which permitted inter-marriage with rising peasant kunbi lineages, and created a hierarchy of [[Maratha Clan System|maratha kuls]], whose boundaries were flexible enough to incorporate, by the twentieth century, most of the kunbi population".<ref name="Rao1989">{{cite book|page=XVI|author=M. S. A. Rao|title=Dominance and State Power in Modern India: Decline of a Social Order|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwluAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195620986|quote=An indication that the Shudra varna of elite marathas remained unchanged was the maratha practice of hypergamy which permitted inter-marriage with rising peasant kunbi lineages, and created a hierarchy of maratha kuls, whose boundaries were flexible enough to incorporate, by the twentieth century, most of the kunbi population.|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084523/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwluAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

By the late 19th century, some Brahmins made public proclamations of their Shudra status but some moderate Brahmins were keen to ally with the influential Marathas of [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in the interests of Indian independence from Britain. These Brahmins, motivated by such political reasons, supported the Maratha claim to Kshatriya status, but the success in this [[political alliance]] was sporadic and fell apart entirely following independence in 1947.<ref name="Kurtz 1994 63">{{cite book |first=Donald V. |last=Kurtz |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&pg=PA63 |title=Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |year=1994 |isbn=978-9-00409-828-2 |page=63}}</ref>

As late as the turn of 20th century, the Brahmin priests of [[Shahu of Kolhapur|Shahu]], the Maratha ruler of [[Kolhapur State|Kolhapur]] refused to use Vedic mantras and would not take a bath before chanting, on the grounds that even the leading Marathas such as Shahu and his family belonged to the Shudra varna. This opinion about the Shudra varna was supported by Brahmin Councils in Maharashtra and they stuck to their opinion even when they (the Brahmins) were threatened with the loss of land and property. This led to Shahu supporting [[Arya Samaj]] and [[Satyashodhak Samaj]] as well as campaigning for the rights of the Maratha community.<ref>{{cite book |title=Non-Brahmin Movement in Southern India, 1873–1949 |author= Kashinath Kavlekar |page=63| year=1979}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Indian National Congress and the political economy of India, 1885–1985 |author= Mike Shepperdson, Colin Simmons |page=109| year=1988}}</ref> He soon became the leader of the non-Brahmin movement and united the Marathas under his banner.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite web | title=Pune's endless identity wars | website=Indian Express | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pune-s-endless-identity-wars/734020/ | access-date=1 August 2015 | archive-date=1 February 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201192150/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pune-s-endless-identity-wars/734020 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Rajarshi Shahu Chhatrapati Papers: 1900–1905 A.D.: Vedokta controversy|publisher=Shahu Research Institute, 1985 – Kolhapur (Princely State)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mR4_AQAAIAAJ|year=1985|access-date=12 August 2020|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084407/https://books.google.com/books?id=mR4_AQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

Gaikwad, the leader of [[Sambhaji Brigade]], a prominent Maratha caste organisation, stated in an interview, that before Indian Independence, "Backward Class federation had raised the concerns of the [[Shudra]] communities including the Marathas".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/maratha-reservation-sambhaji-brigade-chief-talks-about-genesis-of-demand-118081400128_1.html|title=Maratha reservation: Sambhaji Brigade chief talks about genesis of demand|date=14 August 2018|author=Sukanya Shanta|newspaper=Business Standard India|access-date=13 September 2020|archive-date=9 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109034908/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/maratha-reservation-sambhaji-brigade-chief-talks-about-genesis-of-demand-118081400128_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Maratha caste does not have the [[upanayanam]] or "sacred thread ceremony" of ritually upper caste Hindus.<ref name="Wankhede2022">{{cite book | author = Asang Wankhede | date = 30 September 2022 | title = Affirmative Action for Economically Weaker Sections and Upper-Castes in Indian Constitutional Law: Context, Judicial Discourse, and Critique | publisher = Taylor & Francis | pages = | isbn = 978-1-00-065522-3 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3PiBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT99 | access-date = 4 November 2022 | archive-date = 4 November 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221104145225/https://books.google.com/books?id=3PiBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT99 | url-status = live }}</ref> However, despite the ritual status, the Marathas have significant political power.<ref name="Dabir200097"/>

In the 21st century, the [[Government of Maharashtra]] cited historical incidents for the claim of Shudra status of prominent Maratha families to form a case for [[Reservation in India|reservation]] for the Marathas in the state.<ref name=dnanewsjuly2014>{{cite news | title = Maharashtra to justify quota with historical evidence | year = 2014 | url = http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-maratha-quota-maharashtra-to-justify-quota-with-historical-evidence-1999962 | access-date = 27 July 2017 | archive-date = 28 July 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170728081856/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-maratha-quota-maharashtra-to-justify-quota-with-historical-evidence-1999962 | url-status = live }}</ref> Additionally, a report by an independent commission in November 2018 concluded that the Maratha caste is educationally, socially and economically a backward community.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/marathas-maharashtra-backward-class-reservation-1388767-2018-11-15 | title=Marathas are backward, says Maharashtra State Backward Commission | date=15 November 2018 | access-date=15 November 2018 | archive-date=16 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116090908/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/marathas-maharashtra-backward-class-reservation-1388767-2018-11-15 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/marathas-socially-and-economically-backward-panel/articleshow/66627715.cms | title=Marathas socially and economically backward: Panel | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=15 November 2018 | access-date=15 November 2018 | archive-date=16 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116142131/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/marathas-socially-and-economically-backward-panel/articleshow/66627715.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Affirmative Action==
{{Update|section|date=November 2022}}
In Karnataka, the Marathas are classified as [[Other Backward Class]]<ref name=Karnataka>{{cite web|title=CASTE LIST Government Order No.SWD 225 BCA 2000, Dated:30th March 2002. |url=http://kpsc.kar.nic.in/New%20Cast%20List.htm |website=KPSC |publisher=Karnataka Government |access-date=17 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920230051/http://kpsc.kar.nic.in/New%20Cast%20List.htm |archive-date=20 September 2014 }}</ref> with the exception of the Marathas of [[Kodagu]] district who are classified as a [[Scheduled Tribe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censuskarnataka.gov.in/ordersissued_PDF/19.SC%20ST%20List_2011.pdf|title=List of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|date=2010|website=censuskarnataka.gov.in|page=3|access-date=22 June 2021|archive-date=8 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708002917/http://censuskarnataka.gov.in/ordersissued_PDF/19.SC%20ST%20List_2011.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kstrimysuru.in/page/stlist|title=Scheduled Tribe List|date=2021|website=kstrimysuru.in|access-date=22 June 2021|archive-date=29 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229152929/http://kstrimysuru.in/page/stlist|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Maharashtra]], they were classified as a [[Forward caste]] by the [[Mandal commission]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Modi's upper-caste reservations card can help get 55 million households voting for him|author=Sunil Jain|year=2019|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/modi-upper-caste-reservations-card-lok-sabha-2019-election-affect/1436351/|access-date=22 April 2019|archive-date=22 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422074446/https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/modi-upper-caste-reservations-card-lok-sabha-2019-election-affect/1436351/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, they were classified as Socially and Educationally Backward (SEBC) and were granted 16% reservation in jobs and education. In 2019, the court upheld the quota but recommended that the quota be cut to 12%.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/maratha-quota-valid-but-should-be-lowered-to-12-13-from-16-bombay-high-court/cid/1693286 | title=Maratha quota valid but should be lowered to 12% -13% from 16% : Bombay High Court | access-date=15 November 2019 | archive-date=15 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115041040/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/maratha-quota-valid-but-should-be-lowered-to-12-13-from-16-bombay-high-court/cid/1693286 | url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2022, the Government of Maharashtra declared that needy Maratha students who live in hostels would be getting a stipend of Indian Rupees sixty thousand per year.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/state-announces-rs-60k-year-stipend-for-needy-maratha-students-in-govt-hostels-8246015/ | title=State announces Rs 60k/year stipend for needy Maratha students in govt hostels | date=3 November 2022 | access-date=14 November 2022 | archive-date=14 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114143947/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/state-announces-rs-60k-year-stipend-for-needy-maratha-students-in-govt-hostels-8246015/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Inter-caste issues ==

===Anti-Marwadi/Anti-Brahmin Deccan riots of 1875===
Claude Markovits, director of center of Indian and South-Asian studies, writes, that in 1875, in places such as [[Pune]] and [[Ahmednagar]], [[Marwari people|Marwadi]] moneylenders became victims of coordinated attacks by the "local peasantry of the Maratha caste". Historian, David Ludlen states that the motivation for the violence was destroying the debt agreements that the moneylenders held over the Maratha farmers. These riots were known as the "Deccan riots".<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Modern India, 1480–1950|page=359|author=Claude Markovits|editor=Claude Markovits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA359|quote=In 1875, in Maharashtra, in the regions of Poona and Ahmadnagar, moneylenders (sowcars), most often Marwaris, became the object of coordinated attacks by the local peasantry of the Maratha caste: this episode, known as the Deccan riots...|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2004|isbn=9781843311522|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084449/https://books.google.com/books?id=r2OKvG5wbaAC&pg=PA359|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GwCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA200|title=An Agrarian History of South Asia|author=David Ludlen|isbn=9781316025369|date=17 February 2011|page=200|publisher=Cambridge University Press |quote=In 1875, when a combination of a price slump and drought hit these districts, Maratha farmers attacked Marwari moneylenders, tearing up their debt agreements . ( Perhaps they had heard about the Mahadev Kolis who had cut off Marwari noses...|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404112117/https://books.google.com/books?id=3GwCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA200|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BHNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152|title=Merchant Communities in Asia, 1600–1980|author=Madeleine Zelin|isbn=9781317317890|date=6 October 2015|publisher=Routledge |access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084459/https://books.google.com/books?id=BHNECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152|url-status=live}}</ref> According to John McLane, the victims were mostly Marwadi moneylenders but [[Marathi language|Marathi]] speaking [[Brahmin]] moneylenders were usually spared.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efp9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA257|title=Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress|author=John R. McLane|page=257|isbn=9781400870233|date=8 March 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press |quote=The Government of Bombay was trying to limit the transfer of land from the cultivating castes(Marathas and Kunbis) to the money-lending and professional castes (marwaris, Gujars and Brahmans)...[überspringen]...The latent anti-Brahminism did not emerge much more clearly in 1901 than it had in during the deccan riots of 1875 when cultivators attacked money-lenders in Poona and Ahmednagar districts but, in the process, generally spared the Marathi speaking Brahman sahukars and singled out alien-seeming Marwaris and Gujars instead.|access-date=23 August 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084458/https://books.google.com/books?id=efp9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA257|url-status=live}}</ref> However, according to Lele, in Ahmednagar, Poona and Satara, the Marathas led the riots to challenge the [[Brahmin|Brahmins]], who were a majority of the money lenders.<ref name="Mohanty2018">{{cite book|author=B. B. Mohanty|title=Agrarian Transformation in Western India: Economic Gains and Social Costs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mndyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67|date=11 October 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-75333-6|pages=67|quote=The Deccan Riots of 1875 in Poona, Ahmednagar, and Satara, led by Marathas in a sense, were an attempt to challenge the dominance of the Brahmins, who were mostly the moneylenders (Lele 1981: 51).|access-date=11 June 2021|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611063323/https://books.google.com/books?id=mndyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT67|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{see also|Deccan Riots}}

===Anti-Brahmin Violence===
Following the assassination of [[Gandhi]] in 1948 by [[Nathuram Godse]], a [[Chitpawan Brahmin]] from Pune, other Brahmins in Maharashtra became targets of violence, mostly from elements from the Maratha caste.<ref name="malon"/><ref name="ullekh"/> Later, in Sangli, [[Jains]] and [[Lingayats]] joined the Marathas in their attacks against the Brahmins. Thousands of offices and homes were also set on fire. [[Sexual abuse|Molestation]] incidents were also reported during these attacks. On the first day alone, the number of deaths in Bombay were 15, and 50 in Pune.<ref name="AttwoodIsrael1988-Patterson"/>

One scholar has observed, "It will be too much to believe that the riots took place because of the intense love of Gandhiji on the part of the Marathas. Godse became a very convenient hate symbol to damn the Brahmins and burn their properties."
Donald Rosenthal opines that the motivation for the violence was the historic discrimination and humiliation that the Maratha community faced due to their caste status. He writes, "Even today, local Brahmins claim that the Marathas organized the riots to take political advantage of the situation".<ref name="ullekh">{{cite book|title=The Untold Vajpayee: Politician and Paradox|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4LZDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT39|page=39|author=Ullekh N P|publisher=Random House India|year=2018|isbn=9789385990816|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084409/https://books.google.com/books?id=w4LZDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT39|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="malon">{{cite book|title=State Intervention and Popular Response: Western India in the Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA11|editor1=Mariam Dossal|editor2=Ruby Malon|author=V.M.Sirsikar|page=11|isbn=9788171548552|year=1999| publisher=Popular Prakashan |access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084511/https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&pg=PA11|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Satara alone, the official reports{{citation needed|date=February 2020}} show that about 1000 houses were burnt in about 300 villages. There were "cruel, cold-blooded killings" as well – for example, one family whose last name happened to be 'Godse' had three of its male members killed. Brahmins suffered from serious physical violence as well as economic violence in the form of looting.<ref name="AttwoodIsrael1988-Patterson"/>

Maureen Patterson concludes that the greatest violence took place not in the cities of Mumbai, Pune and Nagpur – but in [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Kolhapur]] and [[Belgaum]]. Destruction was extensive in [[Kolhapur]]. Earlier in the century, [[Shahu of Kolhapur]] had actively collaborated with the British against the Indian freedom struggle which he identified being led by Chitpavan Brahmins such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Shahu was also actively involved in the anti-Brahmin movement as well. During the 1948 disturbances, in [[Sangli]], the local [[Jainism in Maharashtra|Jain]] and the [[Lingayat]] communities joined the Marathas in the attacks against the Brahmins. Here, specifically, the factories owned by the [[Chitpawan|Chitpawan Brahmin]]s were destroyed. This event led to the hasty integration of the [[Patwardhan]] ruled princely states into the Bombay Province by March 1948.<ref name="AttwoodIsrael1988-Patterson">{{cite book|editor1=Donald W. Attwood|editor2=Milton Israel|editor3=Narendra K. Wagle|author=Maureen Patterson|title=City, countryside and society in Maharashtra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm5uAAAAMAAJ|date=October 1988|publisher=University of Toronto, Centre for South Asian Studies|isbn=978-0-9692907-2-8|pages=35–58|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084413/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm5uAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>{{request quotation|date=October 2019}}

===Worli BDD Chawl violence===
The BDD [[Chawl]] in the Worli inner suburb of Mumbai is a complex of buildings which were built in 1920s to house workers employed by the textile mills.
In the 1970s, at the height of the [[Dalit Panther]] movement, fights between the Chawl's dominant Maratha population and the [[Dalit Buddhist movement|Neo-Buddhists]] living in 20-odd buildings resulted in full-scale riots. Violence between the communities continued through the 1970s to the early 1990s.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rao |first1=Srinath |title=With state govt's redevelopment plans for Mumbai's BDD chawls, is it time to let go of a familiar way of life? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/time-to-let-go-worli-bbd-chawl-4676690 |access-date=3 August 2018 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=28 May 2017 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804013926/https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/time-to-let-go-worli-bbd-chawl-4676690/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Sharma, R. N., & Yesudian, C. A. (1983). Group violence in a neighbourhood: A case study of Worli B.D.D. Chawls in Bombay. Indian Journal of Social Work, 43(4), 419–429.</ref>

===Other incidents of caste related violence===
==== Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute ====
[[Sambhaji Brigade]] is a branch of "Maratha Seva Sangh"(a Maratha caste organisation) and has committed acts of violence.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ah8qnXeeHKAC&pg=PA70|page=70|title=Storytellers @work|publisher=katha|year=2004|isbn=8189020013|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084500/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ah8qnXeeHKAC&pg=PA70|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, a mob of 150 Maratha activists attacked the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]] - the reason being a book by [[James Laine]]. The vandalism led to loss of valuable historic documents and an estimated loss of Rs 1.25 crore. Sanskrit and religious documents dating back to the 16th century were destroyed, translation of the [[RigVeda]] by the [[Shankaracharya]] was thrown on the road. A woman who tried to call the police had bricks pelted at her by the mob.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Protect-all-research-houses-Bori/articleshow/408950.cms|title=Protect all research houses: Bori|newspaper=Times of India|date=7 January 2004 |access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911122908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Protect-all-research-houses-Bori/articleshow/408950.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-407226,prtpage-1.cms 'Maratha' activists vandalise Bhandarkar Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911055833/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-407226,prtpage-1.cms |date=11 September 2018 }} [[Times of India]], 6 January 2004</ref>

====Ram Ganesh Gadkari Statue====
In 2017, the statue of [[Ram Ganesh Gadkari]], a noted playwright and poet who showed [[Sambhaji]] in a poor light in his 1919 play 'Rajsanyas', was uprooted and thrown in the river by Sambhaji Brigade. The [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]]([[CKP]]), the community to which Gadkari belonged later organised a meeting to protest this incident at the "Ram Ganesh Gadkari Rangayatan"(a theatre named after Gadkari) in [[Thane]]. As per Smriti Koppikar, "the symbols and markers of Brahmin and/or upper caste ideology have proved to be an eyesore for Marathas". [[Devendra Fadnavis]] said that the statue would be restored. At the location of the bust, the "Brahman Mahasangh"(a Brahmin caste organisation) kept a photo of Gadkari and [[Medha Vishram Kulkarni]] supported the Brahmin organisation's decision and announced that parts of the play would be read in Sambhaji Park. The BJP as well as the Shiv Sena alleged that the Sambhaji Brigade was trying to divide the community.<ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2017|url=https://scroll.in/article/826108/explainer-the-politics-behind-the-vandalism-of-a-legendary-marathi-playwrights-statue-in-pune|title=Maratha pride (and votes): Why the statue of a legendary Marathi playwright was vandalised in Pune|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810213503/https://scroll.in/article/826108/explainer-the-politics-behind-the-vandalism-of-a-legendary-marathi-playwrights-statue-in-pune|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 January 2017|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/BJP-creating-divide-along-caste-lines-Sambhaji-Brigade/article17070030.ece|title=BJP creating divide along caste lines: Sambhaji Brigade|access-date=4 January 2023|archive-date=4 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104224729/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/BJP-creating-divide-along-caste-lines-Sambhaji-Brigade/article17070030.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nitesh Rane]] later rewarded the vandals and made inflammatory remarks claiming that he had announced a reward earlier in 2016 for removing the bust, and was proud of the act carried out by the accused.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/cong-mla-rane-rewards-vandals/articleshow/56606356.cms|title=Cong MLA Rane rewards vandals|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109184927/http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/cong-mla-rane-rewards-vandals/articleshow/56606356.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Violence related to inclusion in the Other Backward Caste (OBC)====
[[File:Maratha-Kranti-Morcha.jpg|180px|right]]
In 2018, several incidents of violence were reported due to agitation over the delay of the inclusion of the Maratha caste in the [[Other Backward Class]] category. The agitation was started by the [[Maratha Kranti Morcha]]. In June 2018, the Marathas threatened violent protests if their demands were not met. In July, Maratha protests turned violent as the protesters attacked police and torched police vehicles. Several incidents, including some deaths, were reported in other locations as well – several police were injured by the mobs, public property was damaged and private cars were torched. In [[Navi Mumbai]] itself, hundreds of vehicles were torched and buses were set on fire in cities such as [[Mumbai]] and [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maratha-protests-2-fire-brigade-vehicles-torched-cops-attacked-in-aurangabad-as-maharashtra-bandh-turns-violent-2641069|title=Maratha protests: 2 fire brigade vehicles torched, cops attacked in Aurangabad as Maharashtra bandh turns violent|date=24 July 2018|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826051623/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maratha-protests-2-fire-brigade-vehicles-torched-cops-attacked-in-aurangabad-as-maharashtra-bandh-turns-violent-2641069|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/maratha-agitation-residents-pay-price-as-protesters-damage-160-private-vehicles-in-navi-mumbai/story-BVI8lnwseybgxw6KBAqijN.html|title=Maratha agitation: Residents pay price, as protesters damage 160 private vehicles in Navi Mumbai|date=27 July 2018|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730065443/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/maratha-agitation-residents-pay-price-as-protesters-damage-160-private-vehicles-in-navi-mumbai/story-BVI8lnwseybgxw6KBAqijN.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/marathas-threaten-violent-protest-for-reservation-as-maharashtra-govt-seeks-more-time-1272948-2018-06-29|title=Marathas threaten violent protest for reservation as Maharashtra govt seeks more time|website=India Today|date=29 June 2018 |access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145539/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/marathas-threaten-violent-protest-for-reservation-as-maharashtra-govt-seeks-more-time-1272948-2018-06-29|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maratha-reservation-protest-live-updates-mumbai-bandh-maharashtra-devendra-fadnavis-obc-status-5274626/|title=Maharashtra Bandh highlights: Ashok Chavan slams govt, says, 'Till when you'll deceive people in name of discussions'|date=25 July 2018|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=27 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727085111/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/maratha-reservation-protest-live-updates-mumbai-bandh-maharashtra-devendra-fadnavis-obc-status-5274626/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/40-buses-torched-stones-pelted-in-pune-as-maratha-quota-fire-burns-again-1828333.html|title=40 Buses Torched, Stones Pelted in Pune as Maratha Quota Fire Burns Again|date=30 July 2018 |access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731161854/https://www.news18.com/news/india/40-buses-torched-stones-pelted-in-pune-as-maratha-quota-fire-burns-again-1828333.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other inter caste issues===
====Medha Khole Incident====
In a widely publicised 2017 incident, a Brahmin scientist by the name of Medha Vinayak Khole(Deputy Director-General for the weather forecasting section) filed a police complaint against her Maratha domestic worker, Nirmala Yadav, for hiding her caste and "violating ritual purity and sanctity". Khole even insulted the latter's Gods, [[Khandoba]] (a popular God worshipped by most Marathi Hindu communities<ref>{{cite book|quote=Like Vitthal, Khandoba too is a regional deity of Maharashtra. While Vithoba is a deity of one's choice, Khandoba is the family deity of the majority of persons spread in Maharashtra, from Brahmins to Dalits.|title=Maharashtra, Land and Its People|publisher=Government of Maharashtra|year=2009|page=228}}</ref>) and [[Mhasoba]] (a Hindu God worshiped by Pastoral communities and very popular in the Marathas). The "Akhil Bhartiya Bramhan Mahasangh" initially came out in support of Khole. However, there were widespread protests not just by Maratha caste organisations but also by non-caste organisations like Domestic Workers Unions and Women's organisations and Khole was widely criticised.{{sfn|O'Hanlon|2002|p=155}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/imd-scientist-files-case-against-cook-for-posing-as-brahmin/article19644659.ece|title=IMD scientist files cheating case against cook for 'posing' as Brahmin|first=Shoumojit|last=Banerjee|date=8 September 2017|access-date=26 August 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910025704/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/imd-scientist-files-case-against-cook-for-posing-as-brahmin/article19644659.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.epw.in/engage/article/punes-%E2%80%98non-brahmin%E2%80%99-cook-and-myth-%E2%80%98caste-less%E2%80%99-middle-class|title=The 'Non-Brahmin' Cook from Pune and the Myth of the 'Caste-less' Middle Class|date=5 June 2015|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=50|issue=23|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803134106/https://www.epw.in/engage/article/punes-%E2%80%98non-brahmin%E2%80%99-cook-and-myth-%E2%80%98caste-less%E2%80%99-middle-class|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/scientist-cooks-up-a-storm-over-maids-caste/articleshow/60433392.cms|title=Scientist 'cooks' up a storm over maid's caste|access-date=26 August 2018|archive-date=3 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180803135519/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/scientist-cooks-up-a-storm-over-maids-caste/articleshow/60433392.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Kopardi gang rape and murder====

{{excerpt|Kopardi gang rape and murder}}

==Political participation==
The 1919 [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] of the British colonial government called for caste based representation in legislative council. In anticipation a Maratha league party was formed. The league and other groups came together to form the non-Brahmins party in the Marathi speaking areas in the early 1920s under the leadership of Maratha leaders [[Keshavrao Jedhe]] and Baburao Javalkar. Their early goals in that period were capturing the Ganpati and Shivaji festivals from Brahmin domination.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last1=Hansen|first1=Thomas Blom|title=Wages of violence : naming and identity in postcolonial Bombay|date=2002|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=978-0691088402|page=33|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA31|access-date=10 January 2017|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084504/https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA31|url-status=live}}</ref> They combined nationalism with anti-casteism as the party's aims.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jayapalan|first1=N.|title=Social and cultural history of India since 1556|date=2000|publisher=Atlantic Publishers and Distributors|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171568260|page=162|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWEk1p_b5YUC&q=Rawlinson,+George+++Maratha+Empire+bajirao+&pg=PR5|access-date=9 October 2020|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084459/https://books.google.com/books?id=WWEk1p_b5YUC&q=Rawlinson,+George+++Maratha+Empire+bajirao+&pg=PR5|url-status=live}}</ref> Later on in the 1930s, Jedhe merged the non-Brahmin party with the Congress party and changed the Congress party in the Maharashtra region from an upper-caste dominated body to a more broadly based but Maratha-dominated party.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Omvedt|first1=Gail|title=Non-Brahmans and Nationalists in Poona|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1974|volume=9|issue=6/8|pages=201–219|jstor=4363419}}</ref> Apart from Jedhe, most Congress leaders from the Maratha /Kunbi community remained aloof from the [[Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti|Samyukta Maharashtra campaign]] of the 1950s. However, they have dominated the state politics of Maharashtra since its inception in 1960.<ref name="Kurtz 1994 63"/>

The [[Indian National Congress|INC]] was the preferred party of the Maratha/Kunbi community in the early days of [[Maharashtra]] and the party was long without a major challenger, and enjoyed overwhelming support from the Maratha dominated [[Cooperative sugar factories in Maharashtra|sugar co-operatives]] and thousands of other cooperative organisations involved in the rural agricultural economy of the state such as marketing of dairy and vegetable produce, [[credit union]]s etc.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brass|first1=Paul R.|title=The politics of India since independence|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0521543057|page=142|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&q=Indian+provincial+elections,+1937+suffrage&pg=PR10|access-date=1 February 2017|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926052728/https://books.google.com/books?id=dtKe6XV8z7wC&q=Indian+provincial+elections,+1937+suffrage&pg=PR10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mishra|first1=Sumita|title=Grassroot politics in India|date=2000|publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170997320|page=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9kQcBmKcOsC&pg=PA27}}</ref> The domination by Marathas of the cooperative institutions and with it the rural economic power allowed the community to control politics from the village level up to the Assembly and [[Lok Sabha]] seats.<ref name="Routledge">{{cite book|last1=Vora|first1=Rajendra|editor1-last=Kumar|editor1-first=Sanjay|editor2-last=Jaffrelot|editor2-first=Christophe|title=Rise of the plebeians? : the changing face of Indian legislative assemblies|date=2009|publisher=Routledge|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0415460927|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Bharatiya+Janata+Party%22+maharashtra+maratha+brahmin&pg=PP1|chapter=Chapter 7 Maharashtra or Maratha Rashtra|access-date=9 October 2020|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926021642/https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&q=%22Bharatiya+Janata+Party%22+maharashtra+maratha+brahmin&pg=PP1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Popular Prakashan">{{cite book|editor-last=Kulkarni|editor-first=A.R.|editor-last2=Wagle|editor-first2=N.K.|last=Sirsikar|first=V.M.|title=State intervention and popular response : western India in the nineteenth century|date=1999|publisher=Popular Prakashan|location=Mumbai|isbn=81-7154-835-0|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&q=congress+%22sugar+lobby%22+maharashtra&pg=PR7|access-date=9 October 2020|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084505/https://books.google.com/books?id=t7f0JEWk6HMC&q=congress+%22sugar+lobby%22+maharashtra&pg=PR7|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the 1980s, this group has also been active in setting up private educational institutions.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dahiwale|first1=S. M.|title=Consolidation of Maratha Dominance in Maharashtra Economic and Political Weekly Vol. 30, No. 6 (Feb. 11, 1995), pp. 336–342 Published by|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1995|volume=30|issue=6|pages=336–342|jstor=4402382}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kurtz|first1=Donald V.|title=Contradictions and conflict : a dialectical political anthropology of a University in Western India|date=1994|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden [u.a.]|isbn=978-9004098282|page=50|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&q=ckp+prabhu+marathi&pg=PR7|access-date=9 October 2020|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084456/https://books.google.com/books?id=0X5DquN8LkIC&q=ckp+prabhu+marathi&pg=PR7|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Language and society : steps towards an integrated theory|last1=Singh|first1=R.|last2=Lele|first2=J.K.|date=1989|publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden|isbn=9789004087897|pages=32–42|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PLiAlGzLFQC}}</ref> Major past political figures of Congress party from Maharashtra such as [[Panjabrao Deshmukh]], [[Keshavrao Jedhe]], [[Yashwantrao Chavan]],<ref name="Popular Prakashan"/> [[Shankarrao Chavan]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baviskar |first1=B. S. |title=Cooperatives in Maharashtra: Challenges Ahead |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=2007 |volume=42 |issue=42 |pages=4217–4219 |jstor=40276570}}</ref> and [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA225|page=225|title=Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies (Exploring the Political in South Asia)|editor1=Christophe Jaffrelot|editor2=Sanjay Kumar|publisher=Routledge India|year=2009|quote=Vilasrao Deshmukh (from Congress), a Maratha from Marathwada|isbn=9781136516627|access-date=22 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084456/https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA225|url-status=live}}</ref> have been from this group.
[[Sharad Pawar]], who has been a towering figure in Maharashtrian and national politics, belongs to this group.<ref>{{cite book|title=India's 2009 Elections: Coalition Politics, Party Competition and Congress Continuity|publisher=SagePublications Pvt. Ltd|editor1=Paul Wallace|editor2=Ramashray Roy|date=9 May 2011|page=252|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ6HAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA252|quote=...Sharad Pawar, the founder of the NCP and also described as the Maratha Strong Man, who has been...|isbn=9788132107743|access-date=7 April 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084512/https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ6HAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA252|url-status=live}}</ref>

The state has had many Maratha government ministers and officials, as well as in local municipal councils, and panchayats. Marathas comprise around 32 per cent of the state population.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o9kQcBmKcOsC&pg=PA27 |page=27 |title=Grassroot Politics in India |first=Sumita |last=Mishra |publisher=Mittal Publications |location=New Delhi |year=2000 |isbn=9788170997320}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=New Farmers' Movements in India |editor-first=Tom |editor-last=Brass |first=D. N. |last=Dhanagare |publisher=Routledge/Frank Cass |location=Ilford |year=1995 |isbn=9780714646091 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_JRM7CCrMUC&pg=PA80 |page=80 |chapter=The Class Character and Politics of the Farmers' Movement in Maharashtra during the 1980s}}</ref> 10 out of 16 [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|chief ministers of Maharashtra]] hailed from the Maratha community as of 2012.<ref>Economic and Political Weekly: January 2012 First Volume p. 45</ref>

The rise of the Hindu Nationalist [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in recent years have not dented Maratha representation in Maharashtra Legislative assembly.<ref name="Routledge"/>

[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]'s strength mainly came from the Maratha support which it drew away from the Congress.<ref>{{cite book|title=Caste, Class, and Capital: The Social and Political Origins of Economic Policy in India|author=Kanta Murali|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|pages=236–237|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFLTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA236|quote=Shiv Sena's strength primarily came from Maratha support, which it drew away from the Congress|isbn=9781107154506|access-date=12 September 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084559/https://books.google.com/books?id=RFLTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA236|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1990, 24 MLAs elected from Shiv Sena were Marathas which increased to 33 in 2004 (more than 50%). Thus, researcher Vora concludes that the [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] has been emerging as a "Maratha Party".<ref>{{cite book|quote=The Shiv Sena is emerging as another Maratha party if we go by the number of Marathas elected on its ticket in the last four elections to the Vidhan Sabha.|pages=240, 241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|editor1=Christophe Jaffrelot|editor2=Sanjay Kumar|author=Rajendra Vora|title=Rise of the Plebeians?: The Changing Face of the Indian Legislative Assemblies|isbn=9781136516627|date=4 May 2012|publisher=Routledge |access-date=11 October 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084522/https://books.google.com/books?id=78rfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|url-status=live}}</ref>

Maratha Seva Sangh, a Maratha caste based organisation and its youth wing [[Sambhaji Brigade]] came into the political scene after the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute#Vandalism in 2004|BORI attack]]. The group distances itself from the Hindu nationalist parties like the [[BJP]] and [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] and invokes a secular anti-Brahmin genealogy from [[Shivaji]], [[Tukaram]], [[Jyotirao Phule]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar]]. In late 2004, Maratha Seva Sangh announced that they had established a new religion called ''Shiv Dharma'' to protest "Vedic Brahminism" and oppose Hinduism. The details of this are published in ''Jijau Brigade va Sambhaji Brigade Sanskarmala, Maratha Sanskarmala I''.<ref name="Deshpande2007">{{cite book|author=Prachi Deshpande|title=Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 1700–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12486-7|pages=266–267|quote=As many commentators noted after the BORI attack, the Maratha Seva Sangh and the Sambhaji Brigade seemed to suddenly on the political scene. There has yet been no substantiated scholarly or journalistic studies of this movement, which is a caste based Maratha led organization of Marathi society focused on rural youth belonging to the broad Maratha caste cluster...The Maratha Seva Sangh, for instance, consciously distances itself from the Hindu nationalist parties such as the BJP and Shiv Sena in invoking a secular anti-Brahman genealogy from Shivaji and Tukaram in the seventeenth century to Jyotirao Phule and B.R.Ambedkar in the nineteenth and twentieth. The Sambhaji Brigade is its youth wing. In late 2004, the group announced the establishment of a new religion, "Shiv Dharma", as a protest against Vedic Brahmanism and counterpoint to Hinduism, See Maratha Seva Sangh, Jijau Brigade va Sambhaji Brigade Sanskarmala, Maratha Sanskarmala I(Nagpur: N.p., n.d.). I am grateful to Lee Schlesinger for making this pamphlet available to me.|access-date=27 September 2019|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084523/https://books.google.com/books?id=96qrAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Military service==
[[File:Arms of Maratha History of India 1906.jpg|300px|thumb|Weapons used by soldiers of Maratha empire.]]
The Duke of Wellington, after defeating the Marathas, noted that the Marathas, though poorly led by their Generals, had regular infantry and artillery that matched the level of that of the Europeans and warned other British officers from underestimating the Marathas on the battlefield. He cautioned one British general that: "You must never allow Maratha infantry to attack head on or in close hand to hand combat as in that your army will cover itself with utter disgrace".<ref>Lee, Wayne (2011). Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World. NYU Press. {{ISBN|978-0-8147-6527-2}}. Pg. 85 [https://books.google.com/books?id=xatMrooibacC&pg=PA85]</ref>

[[Norman Gash]] says that the Maratha infantry was equal to that of British infantry. After the Third Anglo-Maratha war in 1818, Britain listed the Marathas as one of the Martial Races to serve in the British Indian Army although it was unclear whether this categorisation referred to the Maratha caste or a subset of some Marathi castes.<ref>Gash, Norman (1990). Wellington: Studies in the Military and Political Career of the First Duke of Wellington. Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7190-2974-5}}. Pg. 17
[https://books.google.com/books?id=eCC8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084607/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eCC8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA17&redir_esc=y|date=14 April 2023}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=U5FdJnnDhSwC&pg=PA189 Creative Pasts: Historical Memory And Identity in Western India, 1700–1960] From book: "In the early twentieth century, the Marathas were identified as a "martial race" fit for the imperial army, and recruitment of Marathas increased after World War I."</ref> Despite praising the military prowess of the Marathas, the British considered them inferior to Sikhs and Gurkhas in terms of other masculine traits due to prevailing Christian notions of being a "man at arm" in battlefield i.e., they disapproved of Maratha utilisation of guerrilla warfare in combat along with their uncharitable and ruthless attitudes.<ref>{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=F165bWv7goQC&q=maratha+non+martial+race&pg=PA28| title= Make Me a Man!: Masculinity, Hinduism, and Nationalism in India| publisher= University of new York| work= History| date= 2005| author= S Banerjee| pages= 32| isbn= 9780791483695| access-date= 9 October 2020| archive-date= 16 August 2022| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220816230108/https://books.google.com/books?id=F165bWv7goQC&q=maratha+non+martial+race&pg=PA28| url-status= live}}</ref> However, racial theories have been discredited.<ref>{{cite book|title=Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia|editor1=Jacqueline Suthren Hirst|editor2=John Zavoss|publisher=Routledge|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA280|isbn=9781136626685|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414084418/https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA280|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts]], commander-in-chief of the Indian Army 1885–1893, who came up with the "[[Martial Race]]" theory, stated that in order to improve the quality of the army, there was a need to use "more warlike and hardy races" instead of the current sepoys from Bengal, the Tamils, Telugus and the Marathas. Based on this theory, [[Gurkhas]] and [[Sikhs]] were recruited by the British army and they were "construed as martial races" in preference to other races in India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4GqdfG0EU8C&pg=PA26 |page=26 |title=Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism |first=Amiya K. |last=Samanta |publisher=APH Publishing |location=New Delhi |year=2000 |isbn=9788176481663 |access-date=3 October 2012|quote=The first step towards improving the quality of the army was to substitute men of more warlike and hardy races for the Hindustani sepoys of Bengal, the Tamils and Telugus of Madras and the so called Marathas of Bombay.}}</ref> Historian Sikata Banerjee notes a dissonance in British military opinions of the Maratha, wherein the British portrayed them as both "formidable opponents" and yet not "properly qualified" for fighting in the western manner, criticising the Maratha [[guerrilla]] tactics as an improper way of war. Banerjee cites an 1859 statement as emblematic of this disparity: {{blockquote|There is something noble in the carriage of an ordinary Rajput, and something vulgar in that of the most distinguished Mahratta. The Rajput is the most worthy antagonist, the Mahratta the most formidable enemy.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F165bWv7goQC&pg=PA33 |page=33 |title=Make Me a Man!: Masculinity, Hinduism, and Nationalism in India |first=Sikata |last=Banerjee |publisher=SUNY Press |location=Albany, NY |year=2005 |isbn=9780791463673 |access-date=2012-10-03}}</ref>}}

The [[Maratha Light Infantry]] regiment is one of the "oldest and most renowned" regiments of the Indian Army.<ref name="Edwards2003">{{cite book|author=Frank Edwards|title=The Gaysh: A History of the Aden Protectorate Levies 1927–61 and the Federal Regular Army of South Arabia 1961–67|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZux-2ZPoaIC&pg=PA86|access-date=15 September 2013|year=2003|publisher=Helion & Company Limited|isbn=978-1-874622-96-3|pages=86–}}</ref> Its First Battalion, also known as the ''Jangi Paltan'' ("Warrior Platoon"),<ref name="Perkins1994">{{cite book|author=Roger Perkins|title=Regiments: Regiments and Corps of the British Empire and Commonwealth, 1758–1993 : a Critical Bibliography of Their Published Histories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xn4sAAAAYAAJ|access-date=15 September 2013|year=1994|publisher=Roger Perkins|isbn=978-0-9506429-3-2}}</ref> traces its origins to 1768 as part of the Bombay Sepoys.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The battle cry of Maratha Light Infantry is ''Bol Shri Chattrapati Shivaji Maharaj ki Jai!'' ("Hail Victory to Emperor Shivaji!") in tribute to the Maratha sovereign and their motto is ''Shatrujeet'' (victory over enemy).<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Army: A Reference Manual|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziDfAAAAMAAJ&q=Bol+Shri+Chattrapati+Shivaji+Maharaj+ki+Jai|year=2000|page=89|publisher=Reliance Publishing House/ Reliance Books|author=Gautam Sharma|isbn=9788175101142|access-date=12 August 2020|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816230103/https://books.google.com/books?id=ziDfAAAAMAAJ&q=Bol+Shri+Chattrapati+Shivaji+Maharaj+ki+Jai|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Maratha clan system]]
* [[List of Maratha dynasties and states]]
* [[List of Maratha people|List of notable Maratha People]]
* [[Marhatta (region)|Marhatta region]]
* [[Maratha reservation agitation]]
* [[Thanjavur Marathi people]]
* [[Marathi people (Uttar Pradesh)|Marathi People in Uttar Pradesh]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{notelist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last1=Asher|first1=Catherine B.|last2=Talbot|first2=Cynthia|title=India Before Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC|access-date=20 October 2013|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-80904-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Christopher Alan|author-link=Christopher Bayly|title=Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fX2zMfWqIzMC|access-date=20 October 2013|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-38650-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC|access-date=20 October 2013|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6}}
* {{cite book |first=Thomas Blom |last=Hansen |title=Wages of Violence: Naming and Identity in Postcolonial Bombay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y3iNt0djbQC&pg=PA31 |year=2001 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-08840-3 }}
* {{cite book |first=Douglas E. |last=Haynes |title=Contesting Power: Resistance and Everyday Social Relations in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fmLgwzHwmtoC&pg=PA65 |year=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-07585-6 }}
* {{cite book|last=Ludden|first=David|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rxxttgAACAAJ|year=2013|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-85168-936-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Ludden|first=David|title=An Agrarian History of South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHi62S7vZlsC|access-date=20 October 2013|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-36424-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|author-link1=Barbara D. Metcalf|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|author-link2=Thomas R. Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C|access-date=20 October 2013|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-45887-0}}
* {{cite book |first=Rosalind |last=O'Hanlon |title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology: Mahatma Jotirao Phule and Low Caste Protest in Nineteenth-Century Western India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC |year=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52308-0 }}
* {{cite book|last=Robb|first=Peter|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQ-2VH1LO_EC&pg=GBS.PT31.w.1.2.18|year=2011|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-230-34549-2}}
* {{Cite book |first=K. S. |last=Singh |title=India's Communities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 }}
* {{cite book|last=Stein|first=Burton|author-link=Burton Stein|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC|access-date=20 October 2013|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Wink|first=André|title=Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics Under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGL3IQAACAAJ|access-date=20 October 2013|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-05180-4}}

{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}}{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Social groups of Goa]]

2021–22 Ranji Trophy Group A

2025-12-21T19:38:06Z

Wikialpha49: Started a post basic info

{{short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2021–22 Ranji Trophy Group A
| fromdate = 17 February
| todate = 26 June 2022
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] then [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions =
| count =
| participants = 4
| matches =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| website =
| previous_year = 2020–21
| previous_tournament = 2020–21 Ranji Trophy
| next_year =2022–23
| next_tournament =
}}
{{2021–22 Indian domestic cricket season}}
The '''2021–22 Ranji Trophy''' was the 87th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]], the premier [[first-class cricket]] tournament in India.<ref name=START1>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-returns-after-gap-year-due-to-covid-19-as-bcci-announces-2021-22-domestic-calendar-1268528 |title=Ranji Trophy returns as BCCI announces full 2021-22 domestic season |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/154550/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2021-22 |title=BCCI announces India's domestic season for 2021-22 |work=The Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref> It was contested by 38 teams, divided into eight groups, with four teams in Group A.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-to-be-held-in-two-phases-between-february-10-and-june-26-1299725 |title=BCCI unveils two-phased plan for Ranji Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> All the Group A league matches took place in [[Rajkot]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ranji-trophy-first-phase-from-feb-10-knockouts-from-may-30-matches-reduced-for-teams-7755175/ |title=65 matches, 9 venues, 2 phases: Ranji Trophy after 22 months |work=The Indian Express |access-date=3 February 2022}}</ref> The tournament was announced by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) on 3 July 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2021/news/154550/bcci-announces-india-s-domestic-season-for-2021-22|title=BCCI announces India's domestic season for 2021-22|work=Board of Control for Cricket in India|access-date=3 July 2021}}</ref> [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] won Group A to progress to the [[2021–22 Ranji Trophy#Knockout stage|knockout stage]] of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ranji-trophy-2021-22-sarfaraz-khan-century-puts-mumbai-in-quarter-finals-tamil-nadu-knocked-out-1303996 |title=Sarfaraz's century puts Mumbai in quarter-finals; Tamil Nadu knocked out |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>

==Points table==
{{2021–22 Ranji Trophy Group A}}

==Fixtures==
===Round 1===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 February 2022
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 148 (40.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Punit Bisht]] 93 (90)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = Eden Apple Tom 4/41 (9 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 505/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (140.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Ponnan Rahul 147 (239)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Aryan Bora]] 3/105 (32.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 191 (53.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Chirag Khurana]] 75 (70)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Basil Thampi]] 4/43 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Kerala won by an innings and 166 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280408.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium|Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Krishnaraj Srinath]] and Pranav Joshi
| motm = Eden Apple Tom (Kerala)
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Eden Apple Tom (Kerala), Kishan Lyngdoh and [[Larry Sangma]] (Meghalaya) all made their first-class debuts.
* [[Rohan Kunnummal]] (Kerala) and [[Vathsal Govind]] (Kerala) both scored their maiden centuries in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/ranji-trophy-2021-22-edhen-apple-tom-rohan-kunnummal-kerala-vs-meghalaya/article38427782.ece |title=Ranji Trophy: Edhen, Rohan help take Kerala take control |work=SportStar |access-date=17 February 2022 | first=P.K. |last=Ajith Kumar |date=17 February 2022 |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |place= [[Rajkot]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/cricket/2022/02/19/ranji-trophy-kerala-meghalaya-day-3.html|title=Ranji Trophy: Kerala close in on big win|date=19 February 2022|access-date=19 February 2022|work=OnManorama}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 February 2022
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 274 (96.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shubham Sharma (Madhya Pradesh cricketer)|Shubham Sharma]] 92 (206)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Arzan Nagwaswalla]] 5/59 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 331 (94.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Het Patel]] 72 (139)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ishwar Pandey]] 5/72 (25 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 251 (78 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Shubham Sharma (Madhya Pradesh cricketer)|Shubham Sharma]] 103[[not out|*]] (242)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Chintan Gaja]] 6/48 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 88 (37.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Karan Patel (cricketer)|Karan Patel]] 27 (55)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Kumar Kartikeya]] 5/34 (18.5 overs)

| result = Madhya Pradesh won by 106 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280409.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Anil Dandekar]] and [[C. K. Nandan]]
| motm = [[Shubham Sharma (Madhya Pradesh cricketer)|Shubham Sharma]] (Madhya Pradesh)
| toss = Gujarat won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Het Patel]] (Gujarat) made his first-class debut.
}}

===Round 2===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 24–27 February 2022
| team1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 388 (96.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Het Patel]] 185 (245)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[MD Nidheesh]] 5/54 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 439 (107.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Rohan Kunnummal]] 129 (171)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Siddharth Desai]] 5/132 (39 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 264 (85.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Karan Patel (cricketer)|Karan Patel]] 81 (150)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Jalaj Saxena]] 4/57 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 214/2 (35.4 Overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rohan Kunnummal]] 106[[not-out|*]] (87)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Chintan Gaja]] 1/42 (6 overs)

| result = Kerala won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280427.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium|Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = Pranav Joshi and [[Nitin Pandit]]
| motm = [[Rohan Kunnummal]] (Kerala)
| toss = Kerala won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Saurav Chauhan and Umang Kumar (Gujarat) both made their first-class debuts.
* [[Het Patel]] (Gujarat) and [[Karan Patel (cricketer)|Karan Patel]] (Gujarat) both scored their maiden first-class centuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/het-and-karans-maiden-tons-frustrate-kerala/article65081213.ece|title=Het and Karan's maiden tons frustrate Kerala|work=The Hindu|access-date=27 February 2022|first=Ajith Kumar|last=P K|place=[[Rajkot]]|date=25 February 2022}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 24–27 February 2022
| team1 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]
| team2 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 61 (35.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Wanlambok Nongkhlaw]] 19 (40)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Gaurav Yadav (cricketer)|Gaurav Yadav]] 5/11 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 499/6[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (132.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shubham Sharma (Madhya Pradesh cricketer)|Shubham Sharma]] 111 (169)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Akash Choudhary]] 2/77 (21 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 137 (56.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Punit Bisht]] 38 (64)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Anubhav Agarwal 5/38 (12 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Madhya Pradesh won by an innings and 301 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280428.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] and [[Krishnaraj Srinath]]
| motm = [[Gaurav Yadav (cricketer)|Gaurav Yadav]] (Madhya Pradesh)
| toss = Meghalaya won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Akshat Raghuwanshi]], Anubhav Agarwal (Madhya Pradesh) and [[Kilco Marak]] (Meghalaya) all made their first-class debuts.
}}

===Round 3===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 March 2022
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 585/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (204.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Yash Dubey]] 289 (591)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Jalaj Saxena]] 6/116 (51.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 432/9 (153 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Ponnan Rahul]] 136 (368)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Anubhav Agarwal 3/58 (24 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280446.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium|Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium C]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] and [[Nitin Pandit]]
| motm = [[Yash Dubey]] (Madhya Pradesh)
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 March 2022
| team1 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| team2 = [[Meghalaya cricket team|Meghalaya]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 555/8[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (141.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Bhargav Merai]] 223 (340)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Chirag Khurana]] 5/151 (43 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 166 (51.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Punit Bisht]] 59 (91)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Chintan Gaja]] 5/34 (12 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 =
| runs-team1-inns2 =
| wickets-team1-inns2 =

| score-team2-inns2 = 250 (73.5 overs) ([[Follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]] 133 (183)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Arzan Nagwaswalla]] 4/70 (19.5 overs)

| result = Gujarat won by an innings and 139 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280447.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium]], [[Rajkot]]
| umpires = [[Anil Dandekar]] and [[Rohan Pandit]]
| motm = [[Bhargav Merai]] (Gujarat)
| toss = Gujarat won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Bamanbha Shangpliang (Meghalaya), [[Manan Hingrajia]], Parth Vaghani and [[Priyesh Patel]] (Gujarat) all made their first-class debuts.
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}
{{Domestic cricket in 2021–22}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 2021-22}}
[[Category:2021 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 2021–22]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

Arts of West Bengal

2025-11-15T08:35:16Z

Wikialpha49: expand article after review and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|Cultural heritage of West Bengal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Culture of Bengal}}
The [[India]]n state [[West Bengal]] has a rich cultural heritage. Due to the reign of many different rulers in the past, arts and crafts in [[West Bengal]] underwent many changes giving an artistic diversity today in the forms of traditional handicrafts, terracotta, painting and carving, dances and music.

==Music==
{{multiple image|perrow=2/2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
|align=left
|image_style=border:none;
|background color=#F7E7CE
|image1=Baul Santiniketan.jpg
|image2=Chaitanya sankirtan.jpg
|footer=Left: Baul singers in performance at [[Santiniketan]], India; Right: Some Vaishnavism sub-traditions believe in public ''kirtan'' performance, with songs and dance. A painting of a 19th-century performance by Chaitanya group in [[Bengal]].
}}

The music of West Bengal includes multiple [[Bengali Music|indigenous]] musical genres such as [[Baul]], [[Bishnupur Gharana|Bishnupuri Classical]], [[Kirtan]], [[Shyama Sangeet]], [[Rabindra Sangeet]], [[Nazrul Geeti]], Atulprasadi, Dwijendrageeti, Paramartha Sangeet, Probhati Sangeet, Kantageeti, Ganasangeet, Adhunik Gaan, [[Rock music of West Bengal|Bengali rock]] etc. West Bengal has a rich culture with the classical and folk songs.

The [[Bishnupur Gharana]] is the sole [[Indian Classical Music|Classical]] (''[[Drupad]]'') ''[[gharana]]'' of [[Bengal]]. It originated in [[Bishnupur, Bankura]] with the court musicians of the [[History of Bankura district#Bishnupur kingdom|Malla Kings]].<ref name=Kings>{{cite web|url=http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/bishnupur-culture|title=Culture of Bishnupur|access-date=2011-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205193939/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/bishnupur-culture|archive-date=2012-02-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> The bauls are a mystic group of singers and musicals, immensely popular in the countryside. They perform using a [[khamak]], [[ektara]] and [[dotara]]. [[Rabindra Sangeet]], also known as Tagore songs, are songs written and composed by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name="Sigi 2006">{{cite book|last=Sigi|first=Rekha|title=Gurudev Ravindra Nath Tagore A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZW93OdoQIfIC&pg=PA90|year=2006|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-89182-90-8|page=90}}</ref> They have distinctive characteristics in the [[music of Bengal]], popular in India and Bangladesh.<ref name="Tagore 2007">{{cite book|last=Tagore|first=Rabindranath|title=Boyhood Days|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UWhnwlQyplEC&pg=PR12|year=2007|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-333021-9|page=xii}}</ref><ref name="Magic of Rabindra Sangeet">{{cite news|title=Magic of Rabindra Sangeet|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66947/magic-rabindra-sangeet.html|access-date=9 July 2013|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927055956/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/66947/magic-rabindra-sangeet.html|archive-date=27 September 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Rabindra Sangeet has been an integral part of Bengal culture for over a century.<ref name="Magic of Rabindra Sangeet" /><ref name="Dasgupta Guha p252">{{cite book|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Sanjukta|last2=Guha|first2=Chinmoy|title=Tagore-At Home in the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zfX4llLjyUC&pg=PA252|year=2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-1084-2|page=252}}</ref> [[Shyama Sangeet]] is a genre of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] devotional songs dedicated to the Hindu goddess Shyama or [[Kali]] which is a form of supreme universal mother-goddess Durga or parvati. It is also known as Shaktagiti or Durgastuti.

[[Kirtan]] is also a true song which describe the mythological epic.{{clarify| "true" does not seem to go with "mythological"|date=December 2022}} [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] starts the Hare Krishna movement from [[Nabadwip]].

Other songs like Hapu song, Bhadu song, [[Gombhira]], Tusu song, Bhatiyali song, [[Patua Sangeet]], Bolan Song etc. are all Bengali folk songs.

Generally all music dedicated to goddess Mother [[Kali]] is called '[[Shyama Sangeet]]' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. Two famous singers of this [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Shyama Sangeet]] are [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]] and [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]]. [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]]'s elder brother Prafulla Bhattacharya and middle brother [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]] were the first music teachers of saint artist [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]]. [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]] stopped singing devotional songs after finding devotional spirit in his brother Pannalal. However, after the demise of [[Pannalal Bhattacharya]], he contributed again in Bengali music with many devotional songs by his sweet, melodious voice.

Paramartha Sangeet is a collection of devotional songs, which were composed and sung by Maharshi Nagendranath Bhaduri, a renowned yogi and spiritual figure. Nagendranath Bhaduri founded "Sanatana Dharma Pracharini Sabha" in 1891, a society dedicated to spreading the message of Sanatana Dharma.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagendranath Bhaduri, Maharshi (1846 - 1926), COMPANIONS AND FOLLOWERS OF RAMAKRISHNA |date=2011 |publisher=Swami Bodhasarananda |isbn=978-81-7505-360-1 |location=Advaita Ashrama, 5 DEHI ENTALLY ROAD. KOLKATA 700 014 |pages=381 |language=English}}</ref>
This organization, later known as "Nagendra Math" under the guidance of his disciple Dhyanaprakash Brahmachari, published a compilation of songs called Paramartha Sangitabali. This compilation includes three songs composed by Nagendranath himself, which were reportedly sung in the presence of [[Ramakrishna]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nagendranath Bhaduri, Maharshi (1846 - 1926), COMPANIONS AND FOLLOWERS OF RAMAKRISHNA |date=2011 |publisher=Swami Bodhasarananda |isbn=978-81-7505-360-1 |location=Advaita Ashrama, 5 DEHI ENTALLY ROAD. KOLKATA 700 014 |pages=381 |language=English}}</ref>

==Dance==
{{multiple image|perrow=2/2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
|align=right
|image_style=border:none;
|background color=#F7E7CE
|image1=Dance with Rabindra Sangeet - Kolkata 2011-11-05 6669.JPG
|image2=Performance of Chhau dance of Purulia.jpg
|footer=Left: Dance with Rabindra Sangeet in [[Kolkata]]; Right: Chhau Mask dance parforming in the field.
}}

Songs and dances are connected with each other. The rich cultural heritage and creative minds of the people of Bengal are best reflected in their traditional folk dances like the ''martial dance'' or the ''harvest dance''. In modern West Bengal rural Bengal takes the lead in keeping the old customs and the associated song and dance. The folk dances of West Bengal deal with a variety of themes such as religion, prayers, festivals and rituals; others talk about society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharatonline.com/west-bengal/dance/index.html|title=West Bengal Dances - West Bengal Folk Dances, Folk Dances Bengal India|website=www.bharatonline.com|access-date=2018-04-25}}</ref>

{{multiple image|perrow=2/2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
|align=right
|image_style=border:none;
|background color=#F7E7CE
|image1=GuruMahua.jpg
|image2=
|footer=Left: Performance of [[Gaudiya Nritya]] by [[Mahua Mukherjee]]; Right: Gaudiya Nritya.
}}

===Gaudiya Nritya===
'''Gaudiya Nritya''' ({{langx|bn|গৌড়ীয় নৃত্য}}) or ''Gauriya Nritya'', is a [[Culture of Bengal|Bengali]] classical dance tradition.<ref name=roma2>Roma Chatterji (2005). [http://indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFL/article/view/359/400 Folklore and the Construction of National Tradition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212005043/http://indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFL/article/view/359/400 |date=12 February 2018 }}. ''Indian Folklife'' '''19''' (Folklore Abroad: On the Diffusion and Revision of Sociocultural Categories): 9. Accessed January 2014. "a classical dance tradition that has vanished from the urban areas".</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=West Bengal Tourism: Dance |url=http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/dance |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal |year=2011 |access-date=January 11, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021225635/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/dance |archive-date=October 21, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name=kumu/> It originates from [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]], also known as Gaur, in [[Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite book
|title=Gaudiya Nritya
|last=Mukherjee
|first=Mahua
|publisher=The Asiatic Society
|year=2000
|location=Kolkata
|language=bn
}}</ref>

It has been reconstructed by [[Mahua Mukherjee]].<ref name=kumu>{{cite news|first=Kumudha |last=Bharatram |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/dance-of-the-ancients/article1608014.ece |title=Dance of the ancients |newspaper=The Hindu |date=April 9, 2011 |access-date=November 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name=anjana>{{cite news|last=Rajan |first=Anjana |url=http://www.hindu.com/ms/2006/12/26/stories/2006122600040100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108051652/http://www.hindu.com/ms/2006/12/26/stories/2006122600040100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 8, 2012|work=[[The Hindu]] |title=The wheel has come full circle|date=December 26, 2006 }}</ref> It is not recognised as an [[Indian classical dance]] by the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]],<ref name=anjana/> but study of it is eligible for scholarships from the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/scholarship-to-young-artist.html|title=Scholarship to Young Artistes, 2005|publisher=Ministry of Culture. Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021161953/http://indiaculture.nic.in/indiaculture/scholarship-to-young-artist.html|archive-date=October 21, 2013|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Scholarly reception of the reconstruction ranges from caution to scepticism.<ref name=utpal>Utpal Kumar Banerjee (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=RdsJAQAAMAAJ&q=mahua+mukherjee ''Indian performing arts: a mosaic'']. New Delhi: Harman Publishing House. {{ISBN|9788186622759}}. p. 79: "re-creating Gaudiya Nritya as one of the acceptable classical styles will need a formal framework".</ref><ref name=leela>Leela Venkataraman (2006). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23005939 Negotiating the Extremes: dance]. ''India International Centre Quarterly'', '''33''' (1): 93-102. {{subscription required}} "one may have reservations about the classical dance repertoire visualised by [Mukherjee]".</ref><ref name=roma>Roma Chatterji (2005). p. 9: "Mukherjee tries to reconstitute a Bengali aesthetic within the perspective of pan-Indian civilisation".</ref><ref name=susan>Susan Leigh Foster (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xfvzAAAAMAAJ&q=gaudiya+nritya ''Worlding dance: Studies in international performance'']. Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. {{ISBN|9780230205949}}. p. 125: "I urgently distance my project from that of Kolkata-based scholar, Mahua Mukherjee".</ref>

[[File:Dhali Dance.jpg|thumb|Dhali Dance performance]]

===Martial dances===

As a cultural tradition there are many Bengali folk dances describing the mythological wars. These martial or war dances are [[Chhau dance|Purulia Chhau dance]], [[Raibenshe|Raibenshe dance]], Stick dance or Laghur Nritya, Ranapa Dance, Dhali and Paika Nritya, Kukri Nritya etc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dance.anantagroup.com/2012/03/west-bengal-folk-dance/|title=West Bengal folk dance|date=2012-03-02|work=Indian Classical Folk & Tribal Dance|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Harvest Dances===
The cultural folk dance is mostly related with seasons, sowing of seeds, rains, harvesting in [[West Bengal]]. It is celebrated with much ardor by village folks, especially the farming community. Gombhira dance of Malda district is associated with mythology. Tushu dance, Nabanna dance, Nnoila broto etc. are also related with farming. Some tribal dance like Santhali dance, Rabha dance, Mundari dance, Rajbanshi dance etc. performed to the accompaniment of a number of musical instrument and are quite elaborate in nature.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mythicalindia.com/features-page/5-popular-folk-dances-of-west-bengal/|title=5 popular folk dances of West Bengal|date=2016-05-11|work=MYTHICAL INDIA|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Masks==
{{main|Masks of West Bengal}}
[[File:Mask of West Bengal made from bamboo stock.jpg|thumb|Tribal bamboo mask from Dinajpur]]
Mask or Mukhosh of West Bengal, as it known and it has a mysterious history. Mostly it is used for the Mask Dance, a [[folk dance of West Bengal]]. The wearing of these masks is connected with early types of folklore and religion. There are various types of masks made of clay, wood, sponge wood or shola, pith, paper etc. Generally, half masks are made up of clay, pith and paper, and wooden masks are very rare. Some of the masks came from the Tribal{{clarify|tribes? Tribal areas?|date=December 2022}} of [[West Bengal]]. Geographically, West Bengal comes well within this mask using culture zone. Masks in West Bengal are mostly used in folk dance.<ref>Masks of West Bengal_Publisher:Indian Museum_kolkata_Author: Sabita Ranjan Sarkar</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/masks-of-west-bengal-NAE093/|title=Masks of West Bengal}}</ref> [[UNESCO]] selected The Rural Craft Hub of Bengal to showcase their artwork in Paris in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/sme-sector/west-bengal-rural-craft-hubs-help-artisans-double-their-incomes/articleshow/50862490.cms|title=West Bengal rural craft hubs help artisans double their incomes|last=Roy|first=Tasmayee Laha|date=2016-02-05|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-02-13}}</ref>

===Chhau mask===
{{main|Chhau Mask}} [[Chhau dance]] is listed on [[UNESCO|UNESCO's]] world heritage list of dances.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.utsavpedia.com/cultural-connections/indian-performing-arts/chhau-dance-of-purulia/|title=Chhau Dance: West Bengal's Performing Art Treasure {{!}} Utsavpedia|date=2015-07-30|work=Utsavpedia|access-date=2018-02-12|language=en-US}}</ref> The main difference between the Purulia chhau and Orisha chhau is in the use of the mask. Purulia chhau used the mask in dance, but Orisha does not have the mask thereby adding facial expression with body movement and gesture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://purulia.gov.in/distAdmin/departments/dico/chau_dance.html|title=The Official Website of Purulia District|website=purulia.gov.in|access-date=2018-02-12}}</ref> Purulia chhau dancers wear earthy and theatrical masks which represent the mythological characters.

===Gambhira mask===
{{see also|Wooden Mask of Kushmandi}}
Gambhira mask is a part of Gomira dance which originated in [[Uttar Dinajpur district|North]] and the [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|South Dinajpur]] of [[West Bengal]]. The word ''Gomira'' is colloquial from ''Gram-Chandi'', a female deity. The origin of this craft is no doubt very old and some of the craftsmen claim it is at least as old as the beginning of ''[[Kali Yuga]]''. The Gomira dances are organized to propitiate the deity and to usher in the ''good forces'' and drive out the ''evil forces''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/im_kol-79-16-5341 |title=Mask of Siknidhal (a malevolent deity)|work=Museum of India }}</ref> This mask is used in the war dance. It is also called '''''Mukha Khel''''' meaning the game of masks.

===Others===
[[Ghurni]] region of Krishnanagar has been a notable center of clay art for a long time. Their clay masks of Durga and others are well known for their beauty and the masks follow a contemporary style. Kolkata Kumartuli is well known for clay masks. The masks are made in clay and then sun-dried and finally coloured and decorated with sponge wood or foil. Potters have been receiving attention for sculpting Bengali deities. Dokra is unique folk art of West Bengal. Metal casting dokra mask is created various contemporary sculptures with this art form. Gita Karmakar, a female artist from Bankura, has been awarded the President's award. Her works of Dokra art are equally popular in other countries. Durga face is a well known shola mask of [[Murshidabad]]. It's mainly used as a decorative ptece. For making this masks, shola is pulled from water and dried. Then it is cut with the knife according to the design. The most attractive fact, Murshidabad is recognize for the shola work.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.biswabangla.in/ldf-blog/2015/9/22/the-mask|title=The Mask|work=Biswa Bangla|access-date=2018-04-18|language=en-US}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=December 2022}}

==Terracotta art==
===Architecture===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2/2
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| align = Center
| image_style = border: solid 1px #000;
| background color = #EEEEEE
| image1 = Jor Bangla Temple Arnab Dutta 2011.JPG
| image2 = Stone chariot of Bishnupur.jpg
| image3 = Terracotta work on Jor Bangla temple, Bishnupur 3.JPG
| image4 = Terracotta work on Shyamrai Temple Bishnupur 8.JPG
| footer = From top left to bottom right (a) [[Jor Bangla Temple]] of 16 century in Bankura; (b) historic stone chariot of Bankura; (c) Terracotta relief of temple of Bankura; (d) Terracotta motif.
}}

There are significant examples of fine arts in Bengal from earlier times such as terracotta art of Hindu temples. The roofing style of Bengali Hindu temple architecture is unique and closely related to the paddy roofed traditional building style of rural Bengal.<ref>3.http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/wb/wbtemps.htm</ref> Roofing styles include the [[Jor-bangla Style]], [[do-chala]], [[char-chala]], [[at-chala]], [[deul]], [[ek-ratna]], [[pancharatna (architecture)|pancharatna]] and [[Navaratna (architecture)|navaratna]]. [[Bishnupur, Bankura|Bishnupur]] in [[West Bengal]] has a remarkable set of such temples which being built from the [[Mallabhum|Malla dynasty]] are examples of this style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terracotta: A Timeless Craft of Bengal {{!}} Zineart |url=https://www.zineart.in/terracotta |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.zineart.in}}</ref> Most of these temples are covered on the outer surface with terracotta reliefs which contains plenty of secular materials making these important to reconstruct the social structure from these times.

[[File:Terracota Panel on Pratapeswartemple DSC 5494.jpg|thumb|Terracota Panel of Pratepshbra mandir, [[Kalna, India|Kalna]]]]
The temple structures contain gabled roofs which are colloquially called the chala, For example, a gabled roof with an eight sided pyramid structured roof will be called "ath chala" or literally the eight faces of the roof. And frequently there is more than one tower in the temple building. These are built of laterite and brick bringing them at the mercy of severe weather conditions of southern Bengal. [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]] is one example of the Bhanja style while the additional small temples of [[Shiva]] along the river bank are examples of southern Bengal roof style though in much smaller dimension.

===Terracotta dolls===
[[File:Bishnupur Terracotta Horse 3.JPG|thumb|left| Terracotta horses and elephants in Bishnupur]]
Terracotta or clay craft has been the symbol of man's first attempt at craftsmanship, just as the potter's wheel was the first machine invented to use the power of motion for a productive purpose. However, its association with religious rituals has imbibed it with deeper significance. In [[West Bengal]], terracotta traditions are found from the earliest times. They are symbols of fulfillment of aspirations of village folk. In order to cater to the commercial requirements of the modern global market, the village potter is often combining the traditional rural abstractions with refined urban tastes to show pieces of terracotta art.<ref name=horse>{{cite web| url = http://www.webindia123.com/westbengal/art/pottery3.htm
| title = Arts | access-date = 2009-06-22 | work = Bankura Pottery | publisher = Suni Systems (P) Ltd. }}</ref>

====Bankura Horse====
{{main|Bankura horse}}
In [[Bankura]], potters create terracotta horses and elephants. Over the centuries they have moved away from a realistic presentation to a representational presentation. Potter-artists of different regions focused on different parts of the animal body in such a manner that representation of the same became more important than representation of the entire body of the animal.<ref>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', (in Bengali), part I, 1976 edition, pp. 69-71, Prakash Bhaban</ref>

====Manasa chali====
{{main|Manasa chali}}
[[File:Manasa chali Panchmura মনসা চালি পাঁচমুড়া.jpg|thumb|Manasa chali of [[Panchmura]]]]
Manasa chali is the idol of Goddess [[Manasa]]. It is a unique [[terracotta]] sculpture of [[Panchmura]], [[West Bengal]]. Manasa chali has a small figure or a group of three figures in the middle, with rows of [[snake]] hoods fanning out in a half moon shape.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0_o9Qj1LOEC&q=manasa+chali&pg=PR12|title=Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur|last1=Dasgupta|first1=Samira|last2=Biswas|first2=Rabiranjan|last3=Mallik|first3=Gautam Kumar|date=2009|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788183242943|language=en}}</ref>

==Painting==
===Pattachithra===
{{See also| Kalighat painting}}{{multiple image|perrow=2/2|total_width=400|caption_align=center|align=right|image_style=border:none;|background color=#F7E7CE|image1 = Kalighat pictures sep sheets 81.jpg|image2 = The goddess durga on her lion kills the demon mahishasura, 1880, kalighat school.jpg|image3 = Boating (6124606361).jpg|image4 =|footer=From top left to bottom right (a) Kalighat kali mata in [[Kalighat painting|Kalighat Patachitra]]; (b) [[Durga]] and [[Mahishasura]], c.1880; (c) [[Jamini Roy]] boating painting as kalighat painting; (d) Manisha mata in Jamini Roy's painting.}}

Patachitra painting is a true cultural heritage of [[West Bengal]]. The patua community of West Bengal has an ancient history practicing the craft of patachitra. A quaint little village of [[Paschim Medinipur]], Naya is home to around 250 ''patuas'' or ''chitrakars''. Bengal patachitra has various aspects, like [[Chalchitra]], Durga Pat, Medinipur Patachitra, [[kalighat painting|kalighat Patachitra]], mud wall painting etc. D. P. Ghosh mentioned different style of Bengal patachitra in the districts of [[West Bengal]] in his book ''Folk Art of Bengal''.<ref name="ReferenceA">Craft council of west Bengal-1985-86, The Jarana Patachitra of Bengal- Mahamaya, p-112</ref>

The patachitra of different districts of [[West Bengal]] are characterized by many peculiarities in colour and design. The patachitra of [[Manbhum]], now known as [[Purulia district|Purulia]] can easily be distinguished by their preference for one particular shade of burnt sienna relieved by white and yellow patches and densely packed composition. The seated figures of [[Dasaratha]] and [[Chand Sadagar]] of [[Medinipur]] crowning the [[Ramayana]] and Kamale-Kamini scrolls are impressive and monumental.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> In the scrolls of pot of [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[Bankura district|Bankura]] and [[Burdwan district|Burdwan]] preference for Indian red background usually found, the scrolls of [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] preferred a dark brown. The [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[Manbhum]] 'pats' are peculiar and definitely modernistic with the abstract linear treatment.<ref>D. P. Ghosh, FOLK ART OF BENGAL, Visvabharati, p-4</ref>

====Chalchitra====
[[File:Chalchitra Kumartuli, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|[[Chalchitra]], a part of Bengal patachitra, referred to the background patachitra of the [[Durga]] Pratima]]
[[Chalchitra]] is a part of Bengal patachitra, It referred to the ''Debi Chal'' or ''Durga chala'', the background of the [[Durga]] pratima or idol.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Paschimbanger lokoshilpa o lokosamaj|last=tarapada santra|publisher=Kolkata: lokosanskriti o adibasi sanskriti kendra|year=2000|location=Kolkata|pages=12}}</ref> [[Patua]], the artists of Chalchitra called it ''Pata Lekha'', meaning "the writing of Patachitra".<ref name="Giusti, M 2014">Giusti, M. and Chakraborty, U. (ed.). ''Immagini Storie Parole. Dialoghi di formazione coi dipinti cantati delle donne Chitrakar del West Bengal''. Mantova: Universitas Studiorum, 2014, {{ISBN|978-88-97683-39-1}}</ref> 300–400 year old idols of [[Shakta Rash|Nabadwip Shakta Rash]] used Chalchitra as a part of Pratima. At one time, the use of Chalchitra had become faded, but now it has a great popularity.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/district/nadia-murshidabad/portrait-art-s-demand-at-nabadwip-1.700221|title=পটচিত্রের চাহিদা বাড়ছে নবদ্বীপের রাসে|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|first=দেবাশিস|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2018-04-14|language=bn-IN}}</ref> Chalchitra artist of [[Nabadwip]], Tapan Bhattacharya said- '''It's good to see a lost painting coming back around.'''
{{cquote||Tapan Bhattacharya}}

====Durga pot====

[[File:Durga sara Bengal Patachitra.jpg|thumb|[[Durga]] sara, an aspect of Bengal Patachitra]]
Durga pot or Durga sara is recognised as the worshiped patachitra. It is worshiped in the ''Hatsarandi Sutradhar society'' of [[Birbhum district]] on Durga puja time. This type of patachitra is also worshiped is [[Katwa]]. Durga Pot has a semi-circular patachitra where patachitra of Durga is in the middle position. Ram, Sita, Shib, Nandi-Vringi, Brahma, Vishnu, Shumbha-Nishumbha are painted on this kind of Chalchitra. [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanager]] Rajrajeshwari Durga is seen to be uniquely noticed. In the middle of the Chalchitra, there is Panchanan Shib and Parvati is beside him, on one side there is Dasha-mahabidya and the other side, there is [[Dashavatara|Dashabatar]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/state/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%9D-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%B2-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0-1.74260|title=অবক্ষয় আর অবলুপ্তির মাঝে বাংলার চালচিত্র - Anandabazar|last=ভট্টাচার্য|first=বিভূতিসুন্দর|work=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=2018-04-14|language=en}}</ref>

==Handicrafts==
===Clay art===
[[File:Bankura Terracotta Horses.jpg|thumb|right|Bankura horses]]
Clay art has an indigenous history in West Bengal. Ghurni of Nadia district is very popular for making the clay idols. West Bengal has an ancient heritage of dolls. Dolls have been customarily crafted by women from the potter communities. Dolls made of soft clay and fired-clay are available all over West Bengal. Each of these dolls are made differently. The terracotta dolls of Panchmura, hingul and tusu dolls of Bishnupur, jo dolls of Midnapore, kanthalia dolls of Murshidabad, sasthi dolls of Coonoor, manasha pots of Dakshindari and Shiva heads of Nabadwip are very famous.

===Kantha===
{{main|Kantha}}
{{see also|Nakshi Kantha}}
[[File:Kantha (bed cover), West BengalHonolulu Museum of Art 3928.1.JPG|thumb|right|Kantha of Bengal]]
Kantha Stitch is one of the most popular handicrafts of Santiniketan in the [[Birbhum district]] of [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roy|first1=Paramita|last2=Biswas|first2=Sattwick Dey|title=Opportunities and Constraints of the Kantha-stitch craftswomen in Santiniketan: a value chain analysis|url=https://www.academia.edu/7637451|journal=Journal of Social Work and Social Development|date=December 2011 |language=en}}</ref>

===Dokra===
Dokra art is the most interesting and creative art of West Bengal. The Dokras are now dispersed over the western part of West Bengal in four districts namely Bankura, Purulia, Midnapore and Burdwan and are mainly concentrated in Bankura and partly in Purulia. The Dokra artisans of Bankura make various kinds of images and figurines of gods and goddesses, birds and animals, like Lakshmi, Lakshmi-Narayan, Shiva-Parvati flanked by Ganesh and Kartik, elephants, horses, owls, peacocks etc.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Sourish |title=Dhokra Art and Artists of Bikna: Problems and Prospects |url=http://www.chitrolekha.com/V1/n2/03_Dhokra-art-artists-Bikna.pdf |website=The Chitrolekha Journal on Art and Design}}</ref>

===Wooden art===
{{multiple image|perrow=|total_width=400|caption_align=center
|align=none
|image_style=border:none;
|background color=
|image1=কাঠের পেঁচা, নতুনগ্রাম পশ্চিমবঙ্গ.jpg
|image2=Bengal handicrafts 09.jpg
|footer=Left: [[Wooden dolls, Natungram|Wooden owl]] of Natungram; Right: Wooden Gomira Masks of [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]].
}}

Wooden art is a very old tradition of West Bengal. Wooden protima or idol is seen in Indian Museum. The art-making wooden dolls have been an age-old practice in West Bengal and Natungram is one of them. Natungram, a village of West Bengal makes wooden dolls like Gouranga, Krishna, Bor-Bou, Gour-Nitai, owl etc.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://seemaawasthiblog.wordpress.com/2016/08/06/natungram-of-bardhaman-district-is-the-hub-for-wooden-doll-making-in-west-bengal/|title=Natungram of Bardhaman district is the hub for wooden doll making in West Bengal.|date=2016-08-06|work=Hand Made Toys|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Gomira masks of [[Uttar Dinajpur district|North]] and [[Dakshin Dinajpur district|South Dinajpur]] in [[West Bengal]] are also made of wood.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/im_kol-79-16-5341|title = Mask of Siknidhal (A malevolent deity)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/last-of-the-gomira-mask-makers-see-silver-lining/article19242786.ece|title=Last of the Gomira mask-makers see silver lining|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=2017-07-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Bamboo craft===
[[File:Bamboo Craft Stall - West Bengal State Handicrafts Expo - Milan Mela Complex - Kolkata 2014-12-06 1168.JPG|left|thumb|Bamboo Craft of West Bengal]]

Bamboo crafts are a very old and indigenous tradition in West Bengal. Different shapes and patterns of baskets are made using local traditions and techniques. In West Bengal, a tray-like bamboo basket is traditional. Different types of baskets, hand-held fan, sieves etc. are also made and painted with auspicious symbols and are used in marriage and other ceremonies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.craftandartisans.com/cane-bamboo-of-west-bengal.html|title=Cane & Bamboo of West Bengal {{!}} The Craft and Artisans|website=www.craftandartisans.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-25|archive-date=20 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720163140/http://www.craftandartisans.com/cane-bamboo-of-west-bengal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Culture of West Bengal]]
* [[Masks of West Bengal]]

{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Commons category|Art of West Bengal}}
{{Culture of West Bengal}}
{{West Bengal topics}}

[[Category:Arts of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity]]

Kotia, Koraput

2025-11-13T07:26:40Z

Wikialpha49: Started stub - done

{{Short description|Village in Odisha}}
{{morefootnotes|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kotia
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18|51|55|N|83|06|16|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]] and [[Andhra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Koraput district|Koraput]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat|Grama Panchayati]]
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name = [[Gummadi Sandhya Rani]] and Pitam Padhi
| Airport =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 1024
| population_total = 797
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref>
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Telgu language|Telgu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 06854
| registration_plate = OD-10 and AP-39
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Kotia''' is a village and the headquarters of Kotia [[Gram Panchayat|Grama Panchayat]]. Along with other villages of the Grama Panchayat, it is the subject of a long pending border dispute between the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Odisha]], which claim it as a part of Salur Mandal in Parvathipuram district and as a part of [[Pottangi]] block in [[Koraput District|Koraput district]] respectively.

==History==
The area under dispute forms a part of the Pottangi Tahsil under the Koraput District of the State of Odisha. The Gram Panchayat headquarters are at Kotia, and it comprises 28 villages, 21 of which form the subject of the dispute.

Both the Koraput and Parvathipuram Districts of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh formed a part of the undivided Vizagapatam District of Madras before 1936. The district had two divisions – a Settled portion along the coast and an Agency area that covered the rest of it. The latter was mostly un-surveyed and largely formed a part of the Zamindari estate of Jeypore, now a part of Odisha. The usual laws did not apply to this tract, and the Collector and District Magistrate administered the same under the Ganjam and Vizagapatam Act of 1839 in a personal capacity. Importantly, as the area was a private Zamindari, it was never surveyed in detail or its borders established. While many Talukas of the district fell within one or the other category, there were some – like Salur - that had both these divisions within their boundaries.

Before 1920, the disputed area was a part of the Salur Agency within the Taluka of the same name. In that year, the British Parliament through an Act carved out a new Agency district and, inter alia, abolished the Salur Agency. All of its 123 villages were transferred to the neighbouring Agency of the Pottangi Taluka (now a part of Odisha). This new district was abolished barely three years later by the Government, but the reorganisation of the Talukas was not interfered with. In 1927, the Government of Madras purportedly transferred 115 of these villages back to Salur and re-created a Salur Agency. After subsequent corrections in 1928, it was found that only 7 villages out of the 21 disputed villages formed a part of this re-transfer, while the other 14 continued as a part of the Pottangi Agency and Taluka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/andhra-odisha-dispute-over-21-border-villages-7188778/|title=Explained: The Andhra Pradesh-Odisha dispute over 21 border villages|date=18 February 2021}}</ref>

==Administrative Background==
These 7 villages along with seven others were initially a part of the Pachipenta Zamindari from which they had been purchased by the Maharaja of [[Jeypore]] in 1909. After the Government of India (Constitution of Orissa) Order, 1936, Vizagapatam District was divided and almost all of its Agency areas were incorporated into a new Koraput District. This district become a constituent of the new province of Orissa. The Act defined the borders of Orissa as ‘''(all of) Jeypore Impartible Estate…and…as much of Pottangi Taluk as is not included in the Estate''’. This was further elaborated upon in the 1st Schedule of the Constitution of India, 1950 which stated that Orissa comprises ‘(all areas) …that were immediately before the commencement of this Constitution…being administered as if they formed part of that Province’.

Post 1936, the Government of Odisha has continued administering all these 21 villages. General elections have been conducted here since 1952. The last elections in 2019 saw six booths in Kotia GP area and a turnout of approximately 63%. Similarly, elections to three tier Panchayat system have been regularly carried out as per schedule with elected Sarpanchs and Ward Members in place. There is also a Police Station, Health and Wellness Centre, Residential quarters for the staff, Anganwadis in each village, one Ashram School, primary schools and hostels throughout the so-called Disputed Area. Roads connect each and every village to Kotia and other parts of Pottangi Block. All residents hold FRA pattas, Aadhar cards and Voter IDs of Odisha State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/two-states-identity-crisis-for-tribals-of-kotia-group-of-villages/article26758216.ece|title=Caught between AP, Odisha: identity crisis for tribals of Kotia group of villages|first=Santosh|last=Patnaik|date=6 April 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Litigation==
After the creation of an Andhra Province in 1953, the new state also advanced claims on Kotia. The issue was discussed between the two Chief Ministers in 1968 in the presence of the Union Home Minister, but as no solution could be found, the State of Orissa approached the Hon’ble Supreme Court under Article 131. The Court granted a stay on all further constructions or development in the area while the matter was sub-judice. In 2006, the Hon’ble Supreme Court observed that the dispute was best resolved by the Union Parliament as the subject matter came within the proviso clause of Article 131 which excludes pre-Constitution treaty, agreements or similar instruments. The Court did note that counsels for both the states had given an undertaking to respect the status quo and the same was therefore recorded.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dashsharma |first=Dillip |date=April 2013 |title=The Story of Kotia Village Clusters |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/apr/engpdf/94-96.pdf |website=Odisha Review}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Koraput district]]

T. Chalapathi Rao

2025-11-03T16:49:39Z

Wikialpha49: creating a biography

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{for|the Indian film actor|Chalapathi Rao}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = T. Chalapathi Rao
| birth_name = Tatineni Chalapathi Rao
| image = T.ChalapathiRaoImg.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| alias =
| birth_date = 22 December 1920
| birth_place = [[Vuyyuru]], [[Krishna district|Krishna]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1994|02|22|1920|12|22|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| instrument =
| genre =
| occupation = [[Composer]], [[music director]]
| years_active = 1953-1984
| label =
| website =
}}
'''Tatineni Chalapathi Rao''' (22 December 1920 – 22 February 1994) was an Indian music composer who worked in Telugu cinema. His career spanned more than three decades from early 1950s, till 1980s. He was the cousin of [[T. Prakash Rao]].

== Early life ==
Born to Dronavilli Manikyamma and Rattayya in the village of [[Vuyyuru]] in the [[Krishna district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] on 22 December 1920, but he was adopted by Tatineni Koteswara Rao and his wife Kotamma. He was the cousin of [[T. Prakash Rao]].

==Career==
His first film as music director was the Telugu film ''Puttillu'' in 1953 jointly with another music director, Mohan Das. His first independent work was for the Tamil film ''[[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|Amara Deepam]]'' (1956). Thereafter until 1984 he scored music for around 125 films mostly in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and some in [[Tamil language|Tamil]].

He created many popular songs for films starring [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]. Through the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, Chalapathi Rao and Nageswara Rao gave innumerable hits. Notable among them are ''[[Illarikam]]'' (1959), ''Punarjanma'' (1963), ''Manushulu Mamatalu'' (1965), ''[[Navaratri (1966 film)|Navaratri]]'' (1966), ''[[Dharma Daata]]'' (1970) and ''[[Srimanthudu (1971 film)|Srimanthudu]]'' (1971); together with some real chartbusters in 1972 which include ''Datta Putrudu'', ''Manchi Rojulu Vachhayi'' and ''Raithu'' ''Kutumbam''. To the end the pair continued to create music for films including ''Kanna Koduku'' (1973), ''Palletoori Baava'' (1973), ''Aalu Magalu'' (1977) and ''Sri Rama Raksha'' (1978).

T. Chalapathi Rao's hit scores with other Telugu heroes including ''Manchi Rojulu Vachchayi'', ''Amma Nanna'', ''Manchi Manasu'' and ''Kamalamma Kamatam'' with [[Krishnam Raju]], ''[[Lakshadhikari]]'', ''Ramuni Minchina Ramudu'', ''Kalavaari Kodalu'' with [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and films such as ''Goodhachari 116'', ''Asadhyudu'' with [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]].

The last film he scored music for was ''Janam Manam'' in 1984.

==Personal life==
He was married to Annapurna with whom he did not have children and later married Dr Jamuna with whom he had two sons and a daughter.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!! Film!! Language!! Director!! Banner!! Notes
|-
| 1953 || ''Puttilu''|| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Dr. Raja Rao || Raja Productions || with C. Mohandas
|-
| 1954 || [[Parivartana (1954 film)|''Parivartana'']] || Telugu || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || Janata Pictures || with C. Mohandas
|-
| 1956 || [[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|''Amara Deepam'']] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || Venus Pictures || [[G. Ramanathan]] & [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]]
|-
| 1956 || [[Amara Deepam (1956 film)|''Amara Jeevi'']] || Telugu || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || Venus Pictures || [[G. Ramanathan]]
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Pathi Bakthi]]'' || Telugu || [[A. Bhimsingh]] || Buddha Pictures ||
|-
| 1958 || [[Uthama Puthiran (1958 film)|''Veera Pratap'']] || Telugu|| [[T. Prakash Rao]] || Venus Pictures || [[G. Ramanathan]]
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Illarikam]]''|| Telugu || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || [[Prasad Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1959 || [[Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai (1959 film)|''Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai'']] || Tamil || D. S. Rajagopal || Narasu Studios ||
|-
| 1959 || ''[[Uthami Petra Rathinam]]'' || Tamil || [[M. A. Thirumugam]] || Amara Productions ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Maa Babu]]'' || Telugu || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || Pragathi Art Productions ||
|-
| 1960 || ''[[Meenda Sorgam]]'' || Tamil || [[C. V. Sridhar]] || Madhuram Pictures ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Anbu Magan]]'' || Tamil || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || Pragathi Art Productions ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Punar Jenmam]]'' || Tamil || R. S. Mani || Vijaya Films ||
|-
| 1961 || ''Thandrulu Kodukulu'' || Telugu || K. Hemabharadara Rao || Raghuramayya Creations ||
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Sri Valli (1961 film)|Sri Valli Kalyanam]]'' || Telugu || [[T. R. Ramanna]] || Narasu Studios ||
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Lakshadhikari]]''|| Telugu || [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]] || [[Ravindra Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1963 || [[Punarjanma (1963 film)|''Punarjanma'']] || Telugu || [[K. Pratyagatma]] || [[Prasad Art Pictures]] ||
|-
|1963
|''Chandra Kumara''
|Kannada
|N. S. Varma
|H M Baba Productions
|M. Venkataraju is the co-music director.
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Kalavari Kodalu]]''|| Telugu || K. Hemambaradhara Rao || Raghuram Pictures ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Manchi Manishi]]''|| Telugu || [[K. Pratyagatma]] || Chaya Chitra ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Mane Aliya]]'' || [[Kannada]] || S. K. A. Chari || [[Prasad Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Nalvaravu]]''|| Tamil || Charlie–Maniam || S. V. Movies ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]'' || Telugu || [[K. Pratyagatma]] || Navayuga Films ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Mavana Magalu]]'' || Kannada || S. K. A. Chari || [[Prasad Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Badukuva Daari]]'' || Kannada || [[K. S. Prakash Rao]] || Balaram Pictures ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Gudachari 116]]'' || Telugu || M. Mallikarjuna Rao || [[Vauhini Studios]] ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Mangalasutram (film)|Mangalasutram]]'' || Telugu || A. K. Velan || Arunachalam Studios ||
|-
| 1966 || [[Navaratri (1966 film)|''Navaratri'']] || Telugu || [[T. Rama Rao]] || [[Prasad Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1966 || [[Zamindar (1966 film)|''Zamindar'']] || Telugu || [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]] || [[Ravindra Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Aada Paduchu]]''|| Telugu || K. Hemambharadhara Rao || Subhashini Art Pictures ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Maadi Veettu Mappilai]]'' || Tamil || S. K. A. Chari || [[Prasad Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1967 || ''Marapurani Katha''|| Telugu || V. Ramachandra Rao || Sri Productions ||
|-
| 1967 || ''Pattukunte Padivelu''|| Telugu || M. Mallikarjuna Rao || Navajyoti Films ||
|-
| 1967 || ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal|Shiva Leelalu]]''|| Telugu || [[A. P. Nagarajan]] || Sri Vijayalakshmi Pictures || with [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
| 1968 || ''Asadhyudu''|| Telugu || V. Ramachandra Rao || Tiger Productions ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Bangaru Gaajulu]]'' || Telugu || [[C. S. Rao]] || [[Ravindra Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1968 || [[Brahmachari (1968 Telugu film)|''Brahmachari'']] || Telugu || [[T. Rama Rao]] || [[Prasad Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Chelleli Kosam''|| Telugu || M. Mallikarjuna Rao || Jayasri Lakshmi Pictures ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Nadamanthrapu Siri''|| Telugu || [[T. Rama Rao]] || Navajyoti Pictures ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (1967 film)|Prema Katha]]''|| Telugu || [[Muktha Srinivasan]] || Muktha Films ||
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Parakkum Pavai|Srimanthulu]]''|| Telugu || [[T. R. Ramanna]] || R. R. Pictures ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Chiranjeevi''|| Telugu || [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] || Arunachalam Studios ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Madhura Milana''|| Kannada || || ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Madras to Pondicherry|Madras To Hyderabad]]''|| Telugu || [[Thirumalai–Mahalingam]] || Sri Venkateswara Cinetone ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Prema Kanuka''|| Telugu || V. Sobhanadri Rao || Digvijaya Films ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Akhandudu'' || Telugu || V. Ramachandra Rao || Tiger Productions ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Dharma Daata]]'' || Telugu || A. Sanjeevi || [[Ravindra Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Adrusta Jathakudu]]'' || Telugu || K. Hemambaradhara Rao || Subhashini Art Pictures ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Pavitra Hrudayalu]]'' || Telugu || [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] || Sri Vijaya Venkateswara Films ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Sisindri Chittibabu'' || Telugu || Akkineni Sanjeevi Rao || [[Ravindra Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Srimanthudu (1971 film)|Srimanthudu]]''|| Telugu || [[K. Pratyagatma]] || Viswa Bharathi Productions ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Datta Putrudu''|| Telugu || Tammareddy Lenin Babu || [[Ravindra Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Kiladi Bullodu''|| Telugu || Nandamuri Ramesh || Chitrakaka Films ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Manchi Rojulu Vachchayi''|| Telugu || V. Madhusudhana Rao || [[Gemini Studios]] ||
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Raitu Kutumbam]]''|| Telugu || [[T. Rama Rao]] || Nava Bharath Movie ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Doctor Babu]]''|| Telugu || Tammareddy Lenin Babu || [[Ravindra Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1973 || ''Kanna Koduku''|| Telugu || V. Madhusudhana Rao || Vishwa Bharti Production ||
|-
| 1973 || ''Mainaru Babu''|| Telugu || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || Saradhi and TPR Combines ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Palletoori Bava]]''|| Telugu || [[K. Pratyagatma]] || [[Prasad Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1974 || ''Adapillala Tandri''|| Telugu || K. Vasu || Satya Enterprises ||
|-
| 1974 || ''Gali Patalu''|| Telugu || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || Anil Arts ||
|-
| 1974 || ''Mugguru Ammayilu''|| Telugu || [[K. Pratyagatma]] || Navabharat Art Films ||
|-
| 1974 || ''Vani Dongala Rani''|| Telugu || Aamancharla Seshagiri Rao || Navodaya Art Movies ||
|-
| 1975 || ''Chinninati Kalalu''|| Telugu || [[K. Viswanath]] || [[Ravindra Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1975 || ''Devudu Chesina Pelli''|| Telugu || [[T. Rama Rao]] || Sri Lakshmi Productions ||
|-
| 1975 || [[Parivartana (1975 film)|''Parivartana'']] || Telugu || K. Hemambaradhara Rao || ||
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Ramuni Minchina Ramudu]]''|| Telugu || M. S. Gopinath || Rajeswari Fine Arts ||
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Samsaram (1975 film)|Samsaram]]'' || Telugu || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || Anil Productions ||
|-
| 1975 || ''Vayasochina Pilla''|| Telugu || [[Lakshmi Deepak]] || Krishiwala Pictures ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Alludochchaadu''|| Telugu || [[K. Pratyagatma]] || [[Prasad Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Amma Nanna''|| Telugu || Tammareddy Lenin Babu || [[Ravindra Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Mahatmudu]]''|| Telugu || M. S. Gopinath || Rajeswari Chitra ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Vanaja Girija''|| Telugu || Gautham || Sri Vanaja Movies ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Aalu Magalu''|| Telugu || [[T. Rama Rao]] || [[Prasad Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Ardhangi''|| Telugu || A. Mohan Gandhi || [[Prasad Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Athavarillu''|| Telugu || [[K. Pratyagatma]] || [[Prasad Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Gadusu Ammayi''|| Telugu || [[K. Pratyagatma]] || Dwarka Art Productions ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Mahanubhavudu''|| Telugu || K. Hemambharadhara Rao || Subhasini Combines ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Mohini Vijayamu''|| Telugu || N. S. Varma || Sri Venkatalakshmi Pictures || with M. Poornachandra Rao
|-
| 1978 || ''Manchi Manasu''|| Telugu || [[K. Pratyagatma]] || A. A. Combines||
|-
| 1978 || ''Sri Rama Raksha''|| Telugu || [[T. Rama Rao]] || Ajay Art Pictures ||
|-
| 1978 || ''Thalle Challani Daivam''|| Telugu || M. S. Gopinath || Rajeshwari Chitra Combines ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Kamalamma Kamatam''|| Telugu || [[K. Pratyagatma]] || [[Prasad Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Love Marriage''|| Telugu || Tammareddy Lenin Babu || [[Ravindra Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Janthu Prapancham'' || Telugu || || Sri Lakshminarayana Films ||
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Nayakudu Vinayakudu]]'' || Telugu || [[K. Pratyagatma]] || [[Prasad Art Pictures]] ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Thandava Krishna Tarangam'' || Telugu || Rajkumar || || with Sanjay Manikya
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Yuvatharam Kadilindi]]'' || Telugu || [[Dhavala Satyam]] || Navataram Pictures ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Harischandrudu]]''|| Telugu || [[U. Visweswar Rao]] || Vishwashanthi Movies ||
|-
| 1981 || ''Maro Kurukshetram'' || Telugu || Tammareddy Lenin Babu || Charita Film Combines ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Circus Prapancham''|| Telugu || [[U. Visweswar Rao]] || ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Keerthy Kantha Kanakam''|| Telugu || [[U. Visweswar Rao]] || Vishwashanthi Movies ||
|-
| 1984 || ''Janam Manam''|| Telugu || Mohan Das || Navaratnam Films ||
|-
|1985
|''Thayi Thande''
|Kannada
|V. Sathyanarayana
|U S R Pictures
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist|

<ref>{{cite book|title=Swarnayuga Sangeetha Darsakulu|year=2011|url=http://www.avkf.org/BookLink/display_titled_book.php?book_id=11953&PHPSESSID=46caaa3214a61f7381c728ae05bf4d7f}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=T. Chalapathi Rao|url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/telugu/music/T._Chalapathi_Rao.html|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=T. Chalapathi Rao All Telugu Songs|url=http://www.allbestsongs.com/telugu_songs/T-Chalapathi-Rao-All-Telugu-Songs.php|publisher=Allbestsongs.com}}</ref>

}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, T. Chalapathi}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]

Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri

2025-10-16T19:39:28Z

Wikialpha49: refined lead and improved wording to improve readability

{{Short description|Indian South African businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2024}}

'''Umar Hajee Ahmed Jhaveri''' was a [[Memons in South Africa|Memon]] [[Indian South African]] businessman. It was a court case concerning him that brought [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to South Africa. Jhaveri was the first president of the [[South African Indian Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |title=South African Indian Congress (SAIC) |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/south-african-indian-congress-saic |website=South African History Online |access-date=6 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230162944/https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/south-african-indian-congress-saic |archive-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mohandas K. Gandhi|state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jhaveri, Umar Hajee Ahmed}}
[[Category:South African Muslims]]
[[Category:South African people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{SouthAfrica-law-bio-stub}}

Shoshi Mukhi Das

2025-10-06T02:56:31Z

Wikialpha49: creating a post.

{{Infobox person
| birth_date = 1868
| birth_place = [[Sylhet]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = August 1921
| death_place = Sylhet, Bengal Presidency, British India
| occupation = Calvinistic missionary, teacher and nurse
| years_active = 1870s-1921
| employer = [[Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church]]
}}
{{Short description|Indian missionary, teacher and nurse}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}

'''Shoshi Mukhi Das''' (1868 – August 1921) was an Indian missionary of the [[Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church]], teacher and nurse.

== Early life and family ==
Das was born in [[Sylhet]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]], in 1868.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singer |first=Rita |title=DAS, SHOSHI MUKHI (1868 - 1921), missionary, teacher and nurse |url=https://biography.wales/article/s15-DASS-MUK-1868 |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Dictionary of Welsh Biography |language=en}}</ref> Her mother, Mary Das ({{Nee|Grose}}), was raised in the [[orphanage]] of [[Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church|Welsh Calvinistic]] missionary William Pryse (1820–1869) and converted to Christianity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Rees |first=David Ben |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8rMKm-Ee1dYC&dq=Shoshi+Mukhi+Das&pg=PA16 |title=Vehicles of Grace and Hope: Welsh Missionaries in India, 1800-1970 |date=2002 |publisher=William Carey Library |isbn=978-0-87808-505-7 |pages=15–16 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Aled Gruffydd |title=lechyd ac iachawdwriaeth: meddygaeth, y corff a'r drefn foesol ym Mengâl drefedigaethol 1840-1935 |url=https://gwerddon.cymru/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |journal=Gwerddon |date=2013 |page=15 |language=cy |doi=10.61257/hioz1764|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Her father Babu Gour Charan Das had worked for the Welsh Mission in India and the police force.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> There were seven children born to the family, including her sister Shushila Das (1870–1924).<ref name=":1" />

In 1891, Das' sister Shusila's fiancé was arrested during conflict in [[Manipur]] in the course of the [[Anglo-Manipur War]]. He was executed by beheading without a trial.<ref name=":1" />

== Missionary work ==
As teenagers, Das and her sister Shushila worked at the [[Zenana missions|zenana mission]] Girls School. In 1891, Das began medical training in [[Calcutta]].<ref name=":0" />

In 1892, Das' father paid for her to travel to Britain to undertake formal medical training in [[Glasgow]] so that she would qualify for medical missionary work.<ref name=":0" /> In May 1893, the General Assembly of the [[Welsh Calvinistic Methodist Church]] accepted her into the service of the Welsh Mission.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 May 1893 |title=The Welsh Calvinistic Methodists |url=https://newspapers.library.wales/view/3601563/3601571/102 |work=Carnarvon and Denbigh Herald and North and South Wales Independent |pages=8}}</ref> While in Britain, Das also gave public lectures about the history and culture of her country to Methodist audiences. She would wear a [[sari]] and sing [[Hymn|hymns]] in [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name=":0" />

Das returned to India in 1894.<ref name=":0" /> For her missionary work, Das taught in the morning as a schoolteacher, visited the zenanas in the afternoon and practiced medicine in the evenings.<ref name=":1" /> In 1896, her home in [[Karimganj]] burned down, then in 1897 an earthquake struck and [[malaria]] and [[cholera]] spread in the area of Sylhet.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Das caught malaria, suffered from [[dysentery]] and developed [[rheumatism]], was nursed by her sister Shushila until she could resume her missionary work.<ref name=":0" /> In 1904, Das wrote a report about the ''zenanas'' missionary work for the periodical ''The Friend of the Women of Bengal''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nag |first1=Sajal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVG_EAAAQBAJ&dq=Sushila+Das&pg=PT47 |title=Encounter and Interventions: Christian Missionaries in Colonial North-East India |last2=Kumar |first2=M. Satish |date=2023-08-07 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-92713-9 |language=en}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=September 2025}}

In 1913, Das was granted [[furlough]] from her missionary work due to ill health and travelled from Calcutta to Wales.<ref name=":0" /> During her furlough, Das lived at Oregon House in [[Aberystwyth]], [[Ceredigion]], received medical treatments at the Royal Infirmary,<ref name=":2" /> and gave talks to Welsh Methodists about her missionary work.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 January 1914 |title=Hindu lady's speech. Interesting missionary meeting in Swansea |url=https://newspapers.library.wales/view/4095554/4095562/137/ |work=Cambria Daily Leader |pages=8}}</ref> She lived in Wales until February 1915.<ref name=":2" /> Das returned to India and resumed her missionary work in Sylhet until September 1918. She died in August 1921 in Sylhet.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Christianity in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.peoplescollection.wales/items/2197261#?xywh=-490%2C0%2C1923%2C1315 1913 photograph of Das] at People's Collection Wales
{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Shoshi Mukhi}}
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Sylhet]]
[[Category:Indian Methodists]]
[[Category:Indian Methodist missionaries]]
[[Category:Methodist missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]
[[Category:Zenana missions]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow Medical School]]

Pathans of Punjab

2025-09-25T17:58:24Z

Wikialpha49: Done - done

{{Short description|Pashtun heritage people of Punjab}}

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox ethnic group|
| group = Pashtuns of Punjab
| population = 2,387,378 ([[2023 Pakistani census]]) [only includes those who speak Pashto as their mother tongue]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005130123/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf|archive-date=5 October 2024|title=TABLE 11 : POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX, and RURAL/URBAN - 2023 Census}}</ref>
| poptime =
| ref1 = <ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7czT4fipTyoC&q=punjabi+of+Pashtun+origin&pg=PA233 |title = The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy, 1971-94|isbn = 9781860641695|last1 = Shah|first1 = Mehtab Ali|date = 1997-12-31}}</ref><ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/>
| popplace = {{flagcountry|Pakistan}} ([[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]]) {{flagcountry|India}} ([[Punjab, India|East Punjab]]; specifically [[Malerkotla]], historically also [[Ludhiana]] and [[Jalandhar|Jullundhur]])
| langs = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Hindko language|Hindko]] • [[Pashto language|Pashto]] • [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] • [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| rels = [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]
| related = [[Pathans in India|Pathans]] • [[Pathans of Sindh]] • [[Rohilla]] • [[Pathans of Gujarat]] • Pathans of Rajasthan • [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh]] • [[Pathans of Bihar]]
}}
The '''Pashtuns of Punjab''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|پنجابی پٹھان}}}}; {{langx|ps|د پنجاب پښتانه}}), also called '''Punjabi Pathans'''<ref>''[https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Muslims/5UswAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=punjabi-pathans&dq=punjabi-pathans&printsec=frontcover Muslims]'' by S.H.M. Rizvi, Shibani Roy, & B.B. Dutta (1998) B.R. Publishing Corporation</ref><ref>Dr. Robert H. Schram ''[https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Mixed_Marriage_Interreligious_Interracia/mQDUAQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=punjabi+pathans&pg=PA244&printsec=frontcover Mixed Marriage ...Interreligious, Interracial, Interethnic]'' (2013)</ref> or '''Pathans''', are descendants of [[Pashtun diaspora|Pashtun settlers]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-19 |title=Pashtuns |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/pashtuns/ |access-date=2023-01-25 |website=Minority Rights Group |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Minahan |first=James B. |title=Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. |isbn=9781598846607}}</ref> an [[Iranian peoples|eastern Iranian]] ethnic group, in the [[Punjab region]] of [[Pakistan]]<ref name="Punjabi Musalmans by J M Wikely">''Punjabi Musalmans''; by J. M. Wikely, pages 133-134</ref> and [[India]].<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/> They were originally from the [[Pashtunistan|Pashtunistan region]] of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] bordering the Punjab region. Most of these Pashtun communities are scattered throughout the Punjab and have over time assimilated and integrated into the [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] society and culture.

These non-frontier Pathans are usually known by the town or locality in which they are settled, e.g. [[Lahori]] Pathans.<ref name="Punjabi Musalmans by J M Wikely" />

== History and origin ==
{{Further|Pashtun diaspora}}
[[File:A ride of Pathun recruits (16075083863).jpg|200px|right|thumb|Pathan recruits in the [[World War I|First World War]] as part of British Indian Army]]

Colonies of Pathans (Pashtun people) arriving in Punjab are accounted for by Sir Densil Ibbetson in the following manner:{{Quote|During the [[Khalji dynasty|Khilji]], [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] and [[Sur Empire|Surid]] dynasties many Pathans migrated to [[Punjab region|Punjab]] especially during the reign of [[Jalal-ud-din Khalji]], [[Bahlul Khan Lodi|Bahlul Lodi]] and {{nowrap|[[Sher Shah Suri]]}}.<ref>''Punjab Castes''; by Denzil Ibbetson (pg. 92-93)</ref>|Sir Denzil Ibbetson}}

The Pathans are speculated by some to be descendants of the soldiers of Alexander the Great who invaded the area in 327–323 BC. Archaeological evidence, however, suggests a Greek influence before this invasion. A phylogenetic study investigated the possible genetic relation of Pathans with Greeks and found evidence of a limited contributions of Greek genes in the Pathan population.<ref>[http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v15/n1/full/5201726a.html Sadaf Firasat (2007) Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan, ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' (2007) 15, 121–126.] {{doi|10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726}}</ref>

== Main divisions ==

=== Malerkotla Pathans ===
In the Indian Punjabi city of [[Malerkotla]], sixty-five percent of the total population is Muslim and out of this population, twenty percent are Punjabi Pathans.<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India">{{cite web|url = http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/StudyofthePathanCommunitiesinF.shtml|title = Study of the Pathan Communities in four States of India|publisher = Khyber|accessdate = 2007-06-07|url-status = usurped|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080514122925/http://www.khyber.org/articles/2007/StudyofthePathanCommunitiesinF.shtml|archivedate = 2008-05-14|quote=The capital of the state is also called Maler Kotla and it is situated at a distance of 28 miles to the South of Ludhiana and 36 miles from Patiala. It has a population of 100,000 and the total area of the state is 164 square miles. It comprises 213 villages and has rich fertile land plain broken by sand drifts here and there. The Muslims are 65% of the population and 20% of them are of Pathan origin.}}</ref>

These Pathans trace their ancestry to [[Sheikh Sadruddin|Shaikh Sadruddin-i-Jahān]], a pious man of the [[Sarwani|Sherwani]] of the Darband{{efn|''Darban Kalan and Frontier Region of Drazinda in FR [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]], NWFP''}} area of what is now the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan.<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/> [[Bahlul Khan Lodi|Bahlul Lodi]] (1451–1517), the Afghan king who had most of the western parts of India under his control, desired to rule [[Delhi]] and on his way, he was caught in a sand drift.<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/> While there was nothing visible in the darkness, the King spotted a dim light of a lamp still burning in the wind. It was the hut of Shaikh Sadruddin and when the king found out, he came to the hut to show his respect and asked the holy man to pray for him to bear a son and have victory.<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/> During 1451 and 1452, the king married off his daughter Taj Murassa to Shaikh Sadruddin after being enthroned in Delhi, and also gave him the area of Malerkotla.<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/> The descendants of Shaikh Sadruddin branched into two groups. One started ruling the state and were given the title of ''[[Nawab]]''.<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/> The other branch lived around the Shrine of Shaikh Sadruddin, controlling its revenue.<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/>

One notable thing about the Punjabi Pathans of [[Malerkotla]] is the fact the women strictly observe [[pardah]], albeit they are no longer required to wear the [[burqa]].<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/> In regards to language, Pashto was their primary language until 1903. Afterwards, the Malerkotla Pathans began to speak [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/> In the city, there are twenty-nine shrines to saints from [[Afghanistan]], whom the Malerkotla Pathans revere.<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/> Although the level of education is low among the community, many of these Pathans serve in the civil service, particularly in the [[Indian Police Service]].<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/> Others maintain businesses, rent property, and rear horses.<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/> Because the level of religiosity amongst Malerkotla Pathans is high, many families sent their children to [[madrasah]]s where Qur'anic education is compulsory. For higher education, many children study in schools in [[Patiala]] or [[Ludhiana]].<ref name="Khyber- Pathan Communities in India"/>

=== Multani Pathans ===
The descendants of Zamand very early migrated in large numbers to [[Multan]], to which province they furnished rulers, till the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], when a number of the [[Durrani|Abdali]] tribe under the leadership of Shah Husain were driven from Kandahar by tribal feuds, took refuge in Multan, and being early supplemented by other of their kinsmen who were expelled by [[Mirwais Hotak|Mir Wais]], the great [[Ghilji|Ghilzai]] chief, conquered [[Multan]] and founded the tribe well known in the Punjab as Multani Pathans.<ref>''Rise Of The Saddozais And Emancipation Of Afghans By Umar Kamal Khan (1999)''</ref><ref name="Seraik Pathan">Ahmad Khan, Hussain ''[https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Re_Thinking_Punjab/nV71AwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=pathans+of+punjab+niazi&pg=PA131&printsec=frontcover Re-thinking Punjab: The Construction of Siraiki Identity]'' (2004) National College of Arts</ref>

Their main clans were the Alizai, Badozai, Bamzai and Saddozai, all clans of the [[Durrani]] tribe.<ref name="Seraik Pathan"/> Other tribal communities include the [[Safi (Pashtun tribe)]], [[Babar (Pashtun tribe)|Babar]], [[Khogyani (Pashtun tribe)|Khakwani]], [[Tareen]].<ref>Imperial Rule in the Punjab 1818-1881 by J Royal Rosebury page 73</ref>
In [[Muzaffargarh District]], the Pathans of the district are related to the Multani Pathans. They settled in [[Muzaffargarh]] in the 18th century, as small groups of Multani Pathan expended their control from the city of Multan. There distribution is as follows; the Alizai Durrani are found at Lalpur, and the [[Popalzai]] are found in Docharkha, while the Babars are based in Khangarh and [[Tareen]] in Kuhawar are other important tribes.<ref>A Gazetteer of Muzaffargarh District Part A 1929 p. 76</ref>

== Demographics ==

=== Pakistan's Punjab ===
In Pakistan's [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab province]], at the time of the [[2023 Pakistani census|2023 census]], 2,3 million individuals spoke Pashto as their mother tongue, but many if not most of the Pashtuns who have settled in Punjab over the centuries don't speak Pashto anymore so aren't counted in such census.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TABLE 11 : POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX, and RURAL/URBAN - 2023 Census |url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005130123/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_11.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2024}}</ref>

== Notable Pathans of Punjab ==
* [[Imran Khan]], 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan
* [[Ashfaq Ahmed]], Pakistani writer, broadcaster and intellectual
* [[Yahya Khan]], Third President of Pakistan
* [[A. A. K. Niazi|Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi]], Pakistani army officer and last Governor of East Pakistan
* [[Muhammad Munir|Justice Munir]], 2nd Chief Justice of Pakistan
* [[Jehangir Khan Tareen|Jehangir Khan]], Pakistani businessman, politician and former minister for Industries
* [[Nazir Ahmed (physicist)|Dr. Nazir Ahmed]], Pakistani scientist, bureaucrat and founding chairman of the [[Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]]
* [[Shaukat Tarin]], Pakistani politician and former finance minister of Pakistan
* [[Ishaq Khan Khakwani]], Pakistani politician and former minister of State for Railways, IT & Telecom
* [[Kausar Niazi|Maulana Kausar Niazi]], Pakistani politician, religious leader and former federal minister
* [[Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi]], Pakistan movement activist and religious leader
* [[Humair Hayat Khan Rokhri]], Pakistani politician and member of the National Assembly of Pakistan
* [[Tariq Niazi|Tariq Masood Niazi]], Pakistani field hockey player
* [[Munir Niazi]], Pakistani poet of Urdu and Punjabi languages
* [[Sardar Mohammad Khan]], Linguistic researcher of [[Arabic]], [[English language|English]], [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]]
* [[Karamat Rahman Niazi]], former Chief of Naval Staff of Pakistan
* [[Shuja Khanzada]], Pakistan Army officer who fought in the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|War of '71]] and [[Siachen conflict|Siachen]], martyred in a suicide blast at [[Attock District|Attock]]
* [[Misbah-ul-Haq]], Pakistani cricketer

== See also ==
{{Portal|Punjab}}
*[[Pashtun diaspora]]
*[[Rohilla]]
*[[Pathans of Bihar]]
*[[Pathans of Kashmir]]
*[[Pathans of Gujarat]]
*[[Pathans of Sindh]]
*[[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Muhajir (Urdu-speaking people)|Muhajir people]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}

{{Pashtun Diaspora}}

[[Category:Pashtun diaspora|Punjab]]
[[Category:Pashtun tribes]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Saraiki tribes]]
[[Category:Pashtun diaspora in India]]

Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute

2025-09-25T12:22:26Z

Wikialpha49: enhanced page for clarity and fixed typos

{{Short description|Agricultural research center in Rajasthan, India}}
{{undisclosed paid|date=July 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute (CSWRI)
| native_name =
| image = Logo of Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute.png
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| punch line =
| mottoeng =
| established = 1962
| closed =
| type = Registered Society
| affiliation =
| endowment =
| officer_in_charge = Arun Kumar Tomar
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| director_general =
| total_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| scientists =
| city = [[Malpura]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|26.28|N|75.38|E|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Avikanagar
| former_names =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| other_name = CSWRI<ref>[http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/Central+Sheep+and+Wool+Research+Institute Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute - What does CSWRI stand for? Acronyms and abbreviations by the Free Online Dictionary]</ref>
| mascot =
| academic_affiliations = [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]]
| budget =
| website = {{URL|http://www.cswri.res.in|CSWRI}}
| logo = Decorated Indian elephant.jpg
| footnotes =
}}

'''The ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute (ICAR-CSWRI)''' is an [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] subsidiary commissioned for research, training and extension activities related to sheep and rabbits.<ref name="About CSWRI">{{cite web |title=About CSWRI |url=http://www.cswri.res.in/about_CSWRI.asp |website=ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute |access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref> The institute is an autonomous body and is sponsored by the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), [[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|Ministry of Agriculture]], Government of India. It is situated in Avikanagar, [[Malpura]], in [[Rajasthan]], India. It works in close liaison with the other ICAR institutes, Central Wool Development Board, Sheep and Wool Marketing Federation, the [[Departmentalization|Department]] of Biotechnology (GOI), Small Entrepreneurs, NGOs, State Animal Husbandry and Khadi gram and Cottage industries.<ref>[http://www.cswri.res.in/collaboration.asp Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/9936/509-947-1-SM.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y | title=Effect of graded levels of high glucosinolate mustard (''brassica juncea'') meal inclusion... | publisher=World Rabbit Service | via=upv.es | year=2003 | access-date=5 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/12/12/stories/2002121201701700.htm The Hindu Business Line : Rearing wool-breed sheep in jails]</ref>
{{farming}}

== Profile ==
The Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute was established in 1962 at Malpura, presently known as Avikanagar in Rajasthan, India,<ref name=autogenerated1>[https://archive.today/20140624124423/http://www.ilri.org/InfoServ/Webpub/fulldocs/X5541E/X5541E06.HTM Research on small ruminants in India]</ref> with a campus covering an area of 1510 hectares and with the principal objective to enhance the productivity of sheep and rabbit through scientific methods by developing and applying new technologies.<ref name=autogenerated2>[http://indianlivestockfarms.com/CENTRAL-SHEEP-and-WOOL-RESEARCH-INSTITUTE-156.html CENTRAL SHEEP & WOOL RESEARCH INSTITUTE - Govt. Organizations - Indian Livestock Farms] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807200520/http://indianlivestockfarms.com/CENTRAL-SHEEP-and-WOOL-RESEARCH-INSTITUTE-156.html |date=7 August 2013 }}</ref> The activities of the Institute are spread across three regional centres:<ref name=autogenerated2 />

'''The North Temperate Regional Station (NTRS)''': NTRS was established in 1963 at Garsa, [[Kullu]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]] and is engaged in research work on high quality germplasm of Gaddi Synthetic for improvement of sheep for fine wool production.

'''The Southern Regional Research Centre (SRRC)''': [[Sheep Research Center (Mannavanur)|SRRC]] was established in 1965 and is located at [[Mannavanur]], app 35 km from [[Kodaikanal]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is engaged in research on fine [[wool]] sheep and broiler rabbits.

'''Arid Region Campus (ARC)''': ARC was established in 1974 at Bikaner in [[Rajasthan]] with a land area of 636 hectares and has rearing facilities for [[Magra]] and [[Marwari sheep|Marwari]] sheep.

== Mandate ==
The mandate of the Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute is to engage in basic and applied research on sheep and rabbit production, health, utilization, training and transfer of technologies to beneficiaries.

The objectives of the Institute are:
* To undertake basic and applied research on all aspects of [[sheep]] and [[rabbit]] production.
* To develop, update and standardize meat, fibre and pelt technologies.
* To impart training on sheep and rabbit production and utilization.
* To transfer improved technologies on sheep and rabbit production to farmers, rural artisans and development workers.
* To provide referral and consultancy services on production and product technologies of sheep and rabbits.

==Infrastructure==
The institute is equipped with research laboratories attending to Animal Genetics, Physiology, Reproduction, [[Biochemistry]], Animal Health, Animal Nutrition and Animal climatic chamber. It has a farm area measuring 1591 hectares, [[cenchrus]] pasture land of 175 hectares and forest and ravine land extending to 522 hectares. The other infrastructural facilities include administrative building, library building, residential complex, guest house, auditorium, conference hall, committee room, Human dispensary and Kendriya Vidyalaya project school. An '''Agriculture Knowledge Management Unit''' (AKMU) operates at the institute.

The Institute rears about 3500 [[sheep]] of different breeds, 600 [[goat]] of Sirohi breeds and 600 [[rabbit]] breeds.

== Departments ==
[[File:German ewe grazing closeup.jpg|thumb|right|upright|140px]]
[[File:Rabbit in montana.jpg|150px|right]]
[[File:Domestic goat kid in capeweed.jpg|thumb|140px|right]]
[[File:Wool.www.usda.gov.jpg|thumb|140px|{{center|Long and short hair wool}}]]
CSWRI is departmentalised into six divisions, each attending to a specific set of activities.

===Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding===
Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding was started in 1966 under the name ''Sheep Genetic Section'' with a mandate to conduct research on improvement of indigenous breeds of sheep for wool and meat. It was renamed as Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding in 1975. Animal Genetics and Breeding Division carried out pioneer work in the field of crossbreeding for improving the production of mutton, carpet wool, apparel wool and pelt. Various crosses like Avikalin, Bharat Merino, Avimaans, Indian Karakul, Awassi X Malpura and Avivastra were developed at this division. Research was also carried out with indigenous goats (Marwari, Sirohi and Kutchi) to evolve milk and meat producing goats. The biochemical polymorphic studies were undertaken to study the inheritance of various blood constituents and to determine the possible association of these biochemical parameters with economic traits. Cytogenetic studies were initiated in 1982. In 1997, Garole, a prolific microsheep of West Bengal was introduced for increasing prolificacy of Malpura sheep. Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) for prolificacy has been practically used in the routine breeding programme. In 2008, Patanwadi inheritance was introduced into prolificacy project to improve the milk yield and mothering ability. Three breed prolific cross was produced in 2009 and strengthening of prolific flock is in progress. Recently study on understanding the genetic basis of immune response variability in sheep has been initiated. Stalwarts like Dr. M V Krishna Rao, Dr. O N Singh, Dr. R M Acharya, Dr. R Nagercenkar, Dr. A L Chaudhary, Dr. R N Singh, Dr. C L Arora, Dr. S D J Bohra, Dr. B U Khan, Dr. V K Singh and Dr. A L Arora had shaped the development and progress of this division. At present Dr. Arun Kumar is head of the division.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cswri.res.in/divisions_animal_genetics_breeding.asp | title=Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding | publisher=ICAR - Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute | access-date=5 July 2018 }}</ref>

===Division of Animal Nutrition===
The division had its origin in 1965 under the name, the Sheep Nutrition Section and was upgraded to cover all aspects of animal nutrition including grass land and [[forage]] [[agronomy]]. The division is mandated to:
* Evaluate various types of feed resources- pasture (grasses, [[legumes]]), top feed resources, agro-industrial by-products and non-conventional feeds.
* Determine nutritional requirements for various production functions in sheep and rabbits.
* Develop feeding strategies for sheep, goat and rabbit production.
* Identify and reduce the adverse effect of various anti-nutritional factors in the feed.
* Improve low grade roughages.

===Division of Animal Health===
The Division of Animal Health was originally with Sheep Husbandry section but was upgraded as an independent division in 1987. The initial mandate of the division was to cover the health related aspects of the flocks under the institute. Later, the division was expanded by obtaining diagnostic laboratories and other equipment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D8930.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714151733/http://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D8930.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Division of Physiology and Biochemistry===
CSWRI started a Physiology section 1965 for research on [[ovine]] physiology and reproduction with special emphasis on environmental physiology and applied reproduction. In 2003, the section was merged with Biochemistry section and the division was formed. Major projects of the division centers around [[Ram (sheep)|ram]] semen preservation, artificial insemination and adjudging the physiological adaptability of different strains developed at the institute.

===Division of Textile Manufacture and Textile Chemistry===
The division was started in 1962 when the institute was formed and is engaged in basic and applied research on various aspects of wool and other animal fibres. It is mandated to carry out research on:
* Fibre characterization and evaluation
* Grading of wool and scouring
* Woolen spinning
* [[Worsted]] spinning
* Weaving
* Chemical and mechanical finishing
* Product development
The division has a wool processing plant at its command since 1968, equipped with a boiler, weaving machinery, worsted spinning machinery and other types of wool and animal fibre processing machineries and produces wool products for sale.<ref>[http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/html/vol10_2/mpoornima.htm Bharat Merino Fine Wool Sheep Breed Of Sub Temperate Cold Climate] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618093740/http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/html/vol10_2/mpoornima.htm |date=18 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>

{{cite web|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/24844/1/IJFTR%2027(1)%2095-98.pdf |title=Dyeing of Indian wool with reactive dyes |publisher=Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research |date=March 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706075200/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/24844/1/IJFTR%2027(1)%2095-98.pdf |archive-date=6 July 2018 }}

</ref>

===Division of Transfer of Technology and Social Sciences===
TTS Division was established in 1972 and is the controlling centre of the institute on matters related to technology transfer. The division is entrusted with the responsibility to:
* Test and transfer the technologies being developed for increasing meat and wool production of sheep and rabbits.
* Survey and evaluate the productivity of sheep and rabbits in field conditions.
* Motivate farmers to increase sheep and rabbit production by adopting improved practices of breeding, feeding, reproduction, disease control, feed resource, wool utilization, marketing, etc.
* Create awareness in the sheep and rabbit farmers about improved animal husbandry practices.

The division is also active in farmer interaction programs such as health camps, sheep/farmer festivals, farmers' meets, forest festivals, observance of veterinary days and field visits.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>[http://iari.res.in/?option=com_content&view=article&id=409&Itemid=1149 Kisan Gosthi]</ref>

==Sections==
[[File:Lamb meat.jpg|thumb|120px|{{center|Shoulder of lamb}}]]
[[File:Goat chops.jpg|thumb|right|120px|{{center|Goat chops}}]]
[[File:Rabbit meat.jpg|thumb|right|120px|{{center|Rabbit meat}}]]
In addition to the six divisions, CSWRI has five sections attending to specified responsibilities.

===Animal Biotechnology Section===
The section, started in 2002, has a mandate to organise research on sheep [[genomics]], reproductive biotechnology, disease resistance and molecular [[parasitology]]. It conducts research at the molecular level on various traits to identify genes/markers for application in the development of commercially viable breeds.

===Grassland and Forage Agronomy Section===
The section is entrusted with the responsibility for research and development in the fields of agronomy and soil culture. It attends to the matters such as pasture development, agroforestry, soil and water conservation and management and improvement of fodder cultivation.<ref>[http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7187 Cambridge Journals Online - The Journal of Agricultural Science - Abstract - Seasonal changes in physiological responses and energy expenditure of sheep maintained on semi-ari...]</ref>

===Meat Science and Pelt Technology===
The section is primarily engaged in research on meat and meat products. The section has developed many meat and related products and is also involved in [[Fur|pelt]] related products by effective [[Carrion|carcass]] management.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TrJ_hVqUgyIC Rabbit Wool Industry - Kumar Ashok - كتب Google]</ref>

===Fibre Physics Section===
Fibre Physics section is a later addition to CSWRI and is primarily engaged in the research and development of high quality wool and animal fibres.

===PME Cell===
The Priority setting, Monitoring and Evaluation cell is the documentation centre of CSWRI and is responsible for the following activities:
* Coordination and synthesis of the recommendations of QRT RAC, IRC vision documents of Institute and ICAR to recommend research priorities of the institution.
* Annual updation and presentation of the report to the Director of the Institution for assigning research projects.
* Coordination and arranging for annual monitoring of each on-going project and evaluation of completed project through internal and external experts.
* Coordination and arranging for technology validation and/or impact assessment of successful technology claimed by Scientist(s) through internal and external experts.
* Regular sensitization and capacity building of research managers and scientists through training programmes.
* Maintenance of a database on all publications, technologies developed, IPRs, consultancies, projects undertaken and on-going projects.

===PC Cell, [[Network Project on Sheep Improvement]] (ICAR-NWPSI)===

[[Network Project on Sheep Improvement]] (NWPSI) was initiated on to undertake survey, evaluation and improvement of indigenous sheep breeds under native environment. Different breeds of sheep are being improved through selection and inter-se mating for wool and mutton production. The mandate of NWPSI is genetic evaluation and improvement of indigenous sheep by selection. Presently, there are six ongoing centres of NWPSI including four farm based units and two field based units located at difference parts of the country.
Coordination Cell: Project Coordinator Cell, NWPSI, ICAR-CSWRI, Avikanagar

Cooperating Units:

A. Farm based Cooperating units

1.ARC (CSWRI), Bikaner - Marwari sheep for Carpet Wool

2.CIRG, Makhdoom - Muzaffarnagri sheep for Dual purpose

3.MPKV, Rahuri - Deccani sheep for Dual purpose

4.SVVU, Palamner - Nellore sheep for Mutton

B. Field based Cooperating units

1.TANUVAS, Kattupakkam - Madras Red sheep for Mutton

2.ARC (CSWRI), Bikaner- Magra Sheep for Carpet wool

The objectives of NWPSI is Genetic improvement of indigenous sheep breeds by selection. The technical programme aims at improvement of indigenous sheep breeds under farm conditions wherein the male lambs are first ranked using selection index. Index incorporates body weight and wool yield at six months of age. Each field-based unit has four centres including a ram-rearing centre, covering a sheep population of about 1500 sheep per centre. The superior male lambs are selected from the farmers’ flocks on the basis of GFY1 and 6-month body weigh in Magra sheep and on six-month body weight basis in Madras Red sheep. Male lambs are initially identified at 3 month of age and are finally selected after first shearing. Selected male lambs from improver flocks are supplied for breeding to base flocks.

Breeding rams of high breeding value are produced from farm based unit every year for germplasm distribution. During the XI plan period about 900 improved breeding rams/ram lambs from five Farm Based Units were sold to different farmers/ State Govt/ NGOs for breed improvement programme and about 700 breeding rams / ram lambs were distributed in three Field Based Units for improvement of farmers flock. The Sheep Improvement Programmes will continue and efforts will be made to bring overall improvement in sheep productivity through distribution of superior germplasm and adoption of improved scientific management practices.

==Technological developments==
[[File:Sheep eating grass edit02.jpg|thumb|200px|{{center|[[Merino Sheep]]}}]]
[[File:Magra Sheep Flock.JPG|thumb|200px|Magra Sheep Flock]]
[[File:Sheeps MKL Bd. 14 1890 (128626788).jpg|right|200px|thumb|{{center|4 breeds of sheep, in the illustrated encyclopedia ''[[Meyers Konversationslexikon]]''}}]]
CSWRI is credited with scientific [[animal husbandry]] efforts in the development of new strains of sheep for wool production such as Avikalin [[sheep]] for carpet wool production and Bharat [[Merino]] sheep for fine wool production in temperate climate. The institute has also done research work with results in developing scientific breeding techniques of Malpura, [[Marwari sheep|Marwari]], [[Magra sheep|Magra]] and [[Magra sheep|Chokla]] sheep. It has also been successful in [[crossbreeding]] of Malpura, Garole and Patanwadi breeds of sheep.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://tonk.nic.in/cswri.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-06-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102021215/http://tonk.nic.in/cswri.html |archive-date=2013-11-02 }}</ref>

The institute has also developed:<ref name=autogenerated2 /><ref name=autogenerated3 />
* Development of elite sheep flocks such as Malpura (750), Chokla (550), Avikalin (350), Patanwadi (350), Patanwadi crosses (200), Garole (40) for genetic improvement and other technology development.
* Development of improved [[germplasm]] of Malpura sheep breed for meat.
* Development of Chokla sheep breed for carpet wool breed.
* Development of prolific Garole sheep breed.
* [[Artificial insemination]] (AI) in sheep with liquid semen.
* Indigenous intra-vaginal sponges for [[oestrus]] induction and synchronization.
* Intensive lamb rearing techniques for maximizing mutton production.
* Area-specific mineral mixture.
* Development of complete feed blocks.
* Development of planned flock health calendar for sheep flocks in semi-arid Rajasthan.
* Modified worm management technology.
* Targeted selective treatment (TST) approach for management of haemonchosis in sheep.
* Development of FROGIN: Software for forecasting gastrointestinal nematodiasis in sheep of Rajasthan.
* Development of an [[ELISA]] for diagnosis of [[paratuberculosis]] (Johne's Disease).
* Development of carpet from indigenous wool and its blends.
* Development of high productivity, low cost and profitable carpet manufacturing techniques.
* Development of dying technology using natural dyes for wool and specialty fibres.
* Value added meat products developed from mutton.

==Institute Technology Management Unit (ITMU)==
Institute Technology Management Unit is the controlling body of CSWRI with regard to [[intellectual property rights]] and [[technology transfer]] and operates as per guidelines issued by the ICAR. The unit was established in 2008 and is jointly funded by ICAR and National Agricultural Innovation Projects (NAIP).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.naip.icar.org.in/ |title=Home - NAIP |access-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140519040948/http://www.naip.icar.org.in/ |archive-date=19 May 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Agricultural Knowledge Management Unit==
The Agricultural Knowledge Management Unit (AKMU) is the information and knowledge management hub of CSWRI and the unit is mandated to:
* Enhance accessibility of research information.
* Build the capacity to organize, store, retrieve and use the relevant information into the agricultural research infrastructure.
* Provide electronic options to plan, execute, monitor and evaluate research programs.

CSWRI, recognised by the Government of India as a central research institute, is equipped with National Knowledge Network (NKN) connectivity @ one gigabit bandwidth, Internet connectivity to all Divisions & Sections through Broadband, Wired Local Area Network (LAN), Wireless Local Area Network and a secure Fortigate gateway system. It also maintains a library which stocks 10430 books, 11475 back volumes, 1117 office rules and regulations and 111 master and doctoral theses and subscribes 30 foreign journals, 81 Indian journals and 22 free/gratis journals. it also maintains a CD and database collection.

==Patents==
CSWRI holds patent rights several technological developments in the fields of cattle rearing and related areas.<ref name=autogenerated3 />
* Indigenous [[progesterone]] impregnated vaginal sponges for estrus synchronization in sheep
* Method to deliver nematophagous [[fungus]], [[Duddingtonia]] flagrans to sheep for biological control of [[Haemonchus contortus]].
* Area specific mineral-mixture pellets for augmenting reproduction and production in sheep.
* Production of fermented [[probiotic]] feed, production protocol, [[fermentation]] conditions, drying, storage and similar uses.
* Fermentation vessel for conducting gas production studies ([[in vitro]]): fabrication, protocol and uses.
* Low cost, indigenous cradle for safe restraining of sheep for pregnancy diagnosis.
* Low cost, indigenous vaginal sponges for [[estrus]] control in buffaloes.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.cswri.res.in/virtual_tour.asp Virtual tour]

==Further reading==
* {{Citation | author1=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | author2=United Nations Development Programme. Special Fund Component | author3=India | title=Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Rajasthan : India : final report | date=1969 | publisher=United Nations Development Programme | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/21285794 | access-date=24 June 2014 }}
* {{cite book
| url = http://www.fao.org/3/a-x6532e/X6532E07.htm
| title = Sheep and goat breeds of India
| author = R. M. Acharya
| year = 1982
| publisher = FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
| isbn = 92-5-101212-1
}}
* {{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XN0f6hSk8EoC&q=central+sheep+and+wool+research+institute
| title = Environmental Stress and Amelioration in Livestock Production
| author1=Veerasamy Sejian |author2=S. M. K. Naqvi |author3=Thaddeus Ezeji |author4=Jeffrey Lakritz |author5=Rattan Lal | year = 2012
| publisher = Springer
| isbn = 9783642292057
}}
* {{cite book
| url = http://igmoris.nic.in/files/Biosafety_data/CICR/Biosafety_test_on_Goat_Sheep_8.pdf
| title = Animal feeding Trial on Bio-safety with Biotechnologically Transformed BT Cotton crop Using Seed Meal
| author1 = S. A. Karim
| author2 = M. K. Tripathi
| year = 2007
| publisher = CSWRI
| access-date = 24 June 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000901/http://igmoris.nic.in/files/Biosafety_data/CICR/Biosafety_test_on_Goat_Sheep_8.pdf
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| url-status = dead
}}

* Annual Report 2013–2014, CSWRI [http://www.cswri.res.in/upload/Annual%20Report%202013-14.pdf]
* Vision 2050 of CSWRI [http://www.cswri.res.in/upload/VISION%202050%20CSWRI.pdf]
* {{cite book |url=http://openmed.nic.in/2337/01/magrawool.pdf |title=Production and quality of wool in Magra breed of sheep |author1=S. C. Mehta |author2=S. K. Chopra |author3=V. K. Singh |author4=M. Ayub |author5=V. Mahrotra |year=2004 |publisher=CSWRI |access-date=24 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411012933/http://openmed.nic.in/2337/01/magrawool.pdf |archive-date=11 April 2009 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite journal
| url = http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15707563-00002438
| title = Effect of nutritional restriction on growth, adaptation physiology and estrous responses in Malpura ewes
| author = Veerasamy Sejian, Saumya Bahadur1, S. M. K. Naqvi
| journal = Animal Biology
| year = 2014
| volume = 64
| issue = 2
| pages = 189–205
| publisher = CSWRI
| doi = 10.1163/15707563-00002438
| issn = 1570-7555
| url-access = subscription
}}

{{Portal|India}}
{{Higher education in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Animal husbandry in India]]
[[Category:Agricultural research institutes in India]]
[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Agricultural universities and colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Wool organizations]]
[[Category:Veterinary research institutes]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tonk district]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Animal husbandry in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sheep farming]]
[[Category:Veterinary medicine in India]]

Diocese of Krishnagar

2025-08-24T23:41:14Z

Wikialpha49: made

{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
|jurisdiction = Diocese
|name = Krishnagar
|latin = Dioecesis Krishnagarensis
|local = কৃশনগর এর বিশপের এলাকা
|country = {{flag|India}}
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta|Calcutta]]
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta|Calcutta]]
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]
|cathedral = Cathedral of the Holy Redeemer in [[Krishnanagar, Nadia]]
|cocathedral =
|area_km2 = 8,640
|population = 10,561,058
|population_as_of = 2004
|catholics = 61,158
|catholics_percent= 0.6
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop = [[Nirmol Vincent Gomes]]
|bishop_title = Bishop
|metro_archbishop = Thomas D’Souza
|coadjutor =
|auxiliary_bishops=
|emeritus_bishops =
|churches=|patron=|dissolved=|founded=|established=|sui_iuris_church=|denomination=|parishes=|headquarters=|territory=|flag=|coat=
|image=Roman Catholic Diocese of Krishnagar 08.jpg
|caption=Front view of the Diocese
|language=
}}

The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Krishnagar''' ({{langx|la| Krishnagaren(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Krishnagar]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Calcutta|Calcutta]] in India.

==History==
* 1855: Established as [[Missio Sui Iuris]] of Central Bengal from the [[Apostolic Vicariate of Western Bengal]]
* 19 July 1870: Promoted as [[Apostolic Prefecture]] of Central Bengal
* 1 September 1886: Promoted as Diocese of Central Bengal
* 7 June 1887: Renamed as Diocese of Krishnagar
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcdiocesekrishnagar.org/ |title=Welcome to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Krishnagar |publisher=Rcdiocesekrishnagar.org |date= |accessdate=2020-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.apostolicnunciatureindia.com/DiocesesofIndiaDispFull.aspx?DID=278|title = Apostolic Nunciature, India & Nepal}}</ref>

==Leadership==
;Superiors
* Fr. Albino Parietti, [[P.I.M.E.]] (1855 - 30 November 1864)
* Fr. Luigi Limana, [[P.I.M.E.]] (1864 - 17 March 1870)
;Apostolic prefects
* Fr. Antonio Marietti, [[P.I.M.E.]] (August 1870 - 1878)
* Fr. [[Francesco Pozzi (bishop)|Francesco Pozzi]], [[P.I.M.E.]] (April 1879 - 25 November 1886)
; Bishops of Krishnagar
* Bishop [[Francesco Pozzi (bishop)|Francesco Pozzi]], P.I.M.E. (25 November 1886 – 22 October 1905)
* Bishop [[Santino Taveggia]], [[P.I.M.E.]] (23 August 1906 – 1927)
* Bishop [[Stephen Ferrando]], S.D.B. (later Archbishop) (9 July 1934 – 26 November 1935)
* Bishop [[Louis La Ravoire Morrow]], S.D.B. (25 May 1939 – 31 October 1969)
* Bishop [[Matthew Baroi]], S.D.B. (17 September 1973 – 4 April 1983)
** Apostolic Administrator 1970 – 17 September 1973
* Bishop [[Lucas Sirkar]] (later Archbishop) (22 June 1984 – 14 April 2000)
* Bishop [[Joseph Suren Gomes]], S.D.B. (17 April 2002 – 17 April 2019)
* Bishop [[Nirmol Vincent Gomes]] (since 30 April 2022)

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Ven. [[Francesco Convertini]]<ref name="CCBI">{{cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|accessdate=Oct 17, 2019}}</ref>

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/kris0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkris.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{commons category|Roman Catholic Diocese of Krishnagar}}

{{coord|23.4052|N|88.4867|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishnagar}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1870]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Christianity in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1870 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Krishnanagar]]

First Omar Abdullah ministry

2025-08-22T15:33:07Z

Wikialpha49: stub!

{{Short description|Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India (2009–2015)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number =
| jurisdiction = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|State of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| flag = Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1952-2019).svg
| flag_border = true
| incumbent =
| image = Omar Abdullah Gupkar.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = [[Omar Abdullah]] [[Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir|Hon'ble Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| date_formed = 5 January 2009
| date_dissolved = 8 January 2015
| government_head = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| government_head_history =
| state_head = Governor [[N. N. Vohra]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number =
| political_parties = '''[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |JKNC]]''' ''' [[Indian National Congress |INC]]'''
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party = [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|JKPDP]]
| opposition_leader = [[Mehbooba Mufti]] (assembly)
| election = [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| last_election =
| legislature_term = 6 years
| budget =
| advice_and_consent1 =
| advice_and_consent2 =

| incoming_formation = 2008
| outgoing_formation =
| previous = Ghulam Nabi Azad ministry
| successor = [[Second Mufti Mohammad Sayeed ministry]]
}}
Omar Abdullah was sworn in as Chief Minister of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] on 5 January 2009. The list of ministers:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/omar-sworn-in-as-j-k-chief-minister/story-83OW134Reedz2xdy4Fq0pO.html|title = Omar sworn in as J&K chief minister|date = 5 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Omar-Abdullah-sworn-in-as-JK-CM/articleshow/3937342.cms|title = Omar Abdullah sworn in as J&K CM | India News - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=5 January 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/omar-abdullah-sworn-in-as-jk-cm/650998| title = Omar Abdullah Sworn In as J&K CM}} </ref>

==Cabinet ministers==
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =Chief Minister '''Other departments not allocated to any Minister'''
| minister1 = [[Omar Abdullah]]
| minister1_termstart = 5 January 2009
| minister1_termend = 8 January 2015
| minister1_party = Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title =Deputy Chief Minister
| minister1 = [[Tara Chand (Jammu-Kashmir politician)|Tara Chand]]
| minister1_termstart = 5 January 2009
| minister1_termend = 8 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Social Welfare , Ari Trainings and Public Grievances
| minister1 = [[Sakina Itoo]]
| minister1_termstart = 5 January 2009
| minister1_termend = 8 January 2015
| minister1_party = Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of School Education and Public Enterprises
| minister1 = [[Peerzada Mohammad Sayeed]]
| minister1_termstart = 5 January 2009
| minister1_termend = 8 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Forest, Ecology and Environment
| minister1 = [[Mian Altaf Ahmed Larvi]]
| minister1_termstart = 5 January 2009
| minister1_termend = 8 January 2015
| minister1_party = Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Health Engineering, Irrigation and Flood control
| minister1 = [[Taj Mohiuddin]]
| minister1_termstart = 5 January 2009
| minister1_termend = 8 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Urban Development and Urban Local Bodies, Tourism and culture
| minister1 = [[Nawang Rigzin Jora]]
| minister1_termstart = 5 January 2009
| minister1_termend = 8 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Industries and Commerce
| minister1 = [[Surjeet Singh Slathia]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 July 2009
| minister1_termend = 8 January 2015
| minister1_party = Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health, Horticulture and Floriculture
| minister1 = [[Sham Lal Sharma]]
| minister1_termstart = 5 January 2009
| minister1_termend = 8 January 2015
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Consumer Affairs, Public Distribution and Transport
| minister1 = [[Qamar Ali Akhoon]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 July 2009
| minister1_termend = 15 January 2013
| minister1_party = Jammu and Kashmir National Conference
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Technical Education, Youth Services & Sports and Medical
Education
| minister1 = [[R.S. Chib]]
| minister1_termstart = 11 July 2009
| minister1_termend = 15 January 2013
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}
# [[Sakina Itoo]] - Minister for Social Welfare and Administrative Reforms, Inspections, Trainings & Public Grievances
# [[Ali Mohammad Sagar]] [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|(JKNC)]] - Minister for Rural Development and Panchayats, Law & Parliamentary Affairs
# [[Mohammad Akbar Lone]] [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|(JKNC)]] - Minister for Higher Education
# Chowdhary Mohammad Ramzan
# [[Nasir Aslam Wani]] Minister of State for Tourism & Culture, Housing & Urban Development, PHE, Revenue & Relief
# Mir Saifullah
# Nazir Ahmed Khan Gurezi
# [[Feroz Ahmed Khan]] MOS Information and Technology
# Sajjad Ahmed Kichloo
# [[Ajay Sadhotra]]
# [[Ghulam Ahmad Mir]] [[Indian National Congress|(INC)]]
# Abdul Majid Wani [[Indian National Congress|(INC)]]
# [[Vikar Rasool Wani]] [[Indian National Congress|(INC)]]
# [[Aga Syed Ruhullah Mehdi]] - Science and Technology and Animal Husbandry

With One female Cabinet minister (Sakina itoo), the Omar Abdullah ministry was the first government of Jammu and Kashmir to appoint female Cabinet minister.

==See also==
*[[Second Omar Abdullah ministry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Omar Abdullah ministry}}
[[Category:2009 in Indian politics]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir ministries|Abdullah I]]
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:2014 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2009|Abdullah I]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2015|Abdullah I]]