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Meera (2023 film)

2023-10-03T23:20:04Z

WikiTranslator: Created page with '{{Short description| 2023 film directed by Dilip Dixit}}{{Use dmy dates |date=October 2023}} {{Use Indian English |date=October 2023}} {{Infobox film | name = Meera | image = | caption = | director = Dilip Dixit | producer = Khushanu Dixit | writer = Dilip Dixit | music = Aalap Desai | starring = {{Plainlist| * Heena Varde * Sanjay Parmar * Chetan Daiya * Maulik Chauhan }} | cinematogra...'

{{Short description| 2023 film directed by Dilip Dixit}}{{Notability|1=Films|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates |date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English |date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Meera
| image =
| caption =
| director = Dilip Dixit
| producer = Khushanu Dixit
| writer = Dilip Dixit
| music = Aalap Desai
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Heena Varde
* Sanjay Parmar
* Chetan Daiya
* Maulik Chauhan
}}
| cinematography = Suraj C Kurade
| studio = Intelliflix Productions LLP
| distributor =
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Gujarati
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|10|27}}
}}

'''''Meera''''' is a [[List of Gujarati films of 2023|2023]] [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] movie,<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/the-gujarati-film-meera-shines-with-55-global-awards-and-11-official-selections/articleshow/102902703.cms|title= The Gujarati film 'Meera' shines with 55 global awards and 11 official selections! – Times of India}}</ref> this film written and directed by Dilip Dixit<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/director-dilip-dixit-unveils-empowering-meera-a-journey-of-womens-resilience-exclusive/articleshow/103085992.cms|title= Director Dilip Dixit unveils empowering 'Meera': A journey of women’s resilience - Exclusive– Times of India}}</ref>, starring [https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/gujarati/actress/heena-varde Heena Varde] in titular role of Meera <ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/meera-first-look-the-heena-varde-starrer-promises-a-riveting-drama/articleshow/101923240.cms|title= ‘Meera’ first look: the Heena Varde starrer promises a riveting drama– Times of India}}</ref> along with Sanjay Parmar, Chetan Daiya, Maulik Chauhan<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/the-makers-of-meera-release-maulik-chauhans-character-poster/articleshow/103198897.cms?from=mdr|title= The makers of 'Meera' release Maulik Chauhan's character poster – Times of India}}</ref> and others. The film is produced by Khushanu Dixit.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.newzdaddy.com/gujarati-film-meera-a-tale-of-empowerment-and-triumph |title= “Gujarati Film ‘Meera’: A Tale of Empowerment and Triumph” – Newz Daddy}}</ref> .

== Plot ==
Meera is a girl growing up in a traditional village in Gujarat that is bogged down by Patriarchal practices. The film's narrative delves into her entrepreneurial success, which serves as a beacon of hope and inspiration for her fellow villagers. Her journey becomes a powerful symbol of women's empowerment and self-reliance, challenging the oppressive mindset deeply entrenched within their community.Meera's journey transcends her personal struggle. Her success prompts traditionalist in her community to confront their oppressive mindset. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Shawn |first1=Johnson |title=Director Dilip Dixit unveils the empowered ‘Meera’: The journey of women’s resilience |url=https://biz.crast.net/director-dilip-dixit-unveils-the-empowered-meera-the-journey-of-womens-resilience-exclusive-gujarati-movie-news-times-of-india/ |access-date=3 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Nav |first1=Jeevan |title=Teaser of Heena Varde starrer ‘Meera’, Gujarati film, is harbinger of women empowerment |url=https://navjeevanexpress.com/teaser-of-heena-varde-starrer-meera-gujarati-film-is-harbinger-of-women-empowerment/ |access-date=3 October 2023 |publisher=Nav Jeevan Express}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Heena Varde
* Sanjay Parmar
* Chetan Daiya
* Maulik Chauhan
* Magan Luhar
* Reeva Rachh
* Parmeshwar Sirsikar
* Kinnal Nayak
* Harshida Pankhaniya
* Dharal Shah
* Atul Lakhani
* Jiya Bhatt
* Neel Joshi

== Production ==
The movie has been produced by Khushanu Dixit under the banner of Intellifilx Productions LLP and Directed by Dilip Dixit. <ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/exclusive-behind-the-scenes-picture-from-meera/articleshow/102723664.cms?from=mdr|title= Exclusive behind-the-scenes picture from 'Meera'– Times of India}}</ref>. The music of the film has given by Aalap Desai. [[Aditya Gadhvi]], [[Aishwarya Majumdar]] & Alap Desai has given their voices for the song. The entire movie has been shoot at different part of [[Gujarat]].

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Meera
| type = Album
| artist = Alap Desai
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2023|09|23}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Intelliflix Productions
| misc = {{External media | audio1 = [https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/meera/K792VsxW2Vc_]}}
}}

=== Tracklist ===
The soundtrack of the album is composed by Alap Desai with lyrics written by Dilip Rawal. The soundtrack album consists of Five tracks.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:59
| title1 = Haatho Ma Haath
| extra1 = [[Aishwarya Majumdar]]
| music1 = Alap Desai
| lyrics1 = Dilip Rawal
| length1 = 4:15
| title2 = Haiya Ma Prit Jagaadi
| extra2 = [[Aditya Gadhvi]]
| music2 =Alap Desai
| lyrics2 = Dilip Rawal
| length2 = 6:18
| title3 = Amrutdhaar
| extra3 = [[Aditya Gadhvi]]
| music3 =Alap Desai
| lyrics3 = Dilip Rawal
| length3 = 3:15
| title4 = Dhartimata
| extra4 = Alap Desai
| music4 =Alap Desai
| lyrics4 = Dilip Rawal
| length4 = 3:57
| title5 = Avyo Avsar Rudo
| extra5 = Chorus
| music5 =Alap Desai
| lyrics5 = Dilip Rawal
| length5 = 2:07
}}

== Release ==
The teaser of the film was released on 2 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/gujarati/meera-official-teaser/videoshow/103993298.cms|title= Meera - Official Teaser – Times of India}}</ref>. The Audio Juke box of the film was released on 22 September 2023. The trailer of the film was released on digital platforms on 29 September 2023, which explores the theme of woman empowerment and entrepreneurial success<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/meera-trailer-heena-vardes-stellar-performance-shines-in-this-drama-movie/articleshow/104134601.cms|title= ‘Meera’ trailer: Heena Varde’s stellar performance shines in this drama movie – Times of India}}</ref>. The film is set to release in theatres on 27 October 2023.

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati films of 2023]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title| 28420155}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Gujarat]]

Trikkatiri Moonnumoorthi Temple

2023-09-02T13:06:24Z

WikiTranslator: Published a captivating reference.

#REDIRECT [[Trikkatiri]]

Martha Nussbaum

2023-04-19T05:32:56Z

WikiTranslator: Contributed a new entry to the platform.

{{Short description|American philosopher and academic (born 1947)}}
{{Use mdy dates}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| image = Martha Nussbaum 2010 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Nussbaum in 2010
| birth_name = Martha Craven
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|5|6}}
| birth_place = New York City, New York, U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Alan Nussbaum]]|1969|1987|end=div}}
| awards = {{unbulleted list | [[Kyoto Prize]] (2016) | [[Berggruen Prize]] (2018)}}
| school_tradition = {{hlist | [[Analytic philosophy]] | [[Aristotelianism]] | [[feminism]] | [[social liberalism]]}}
| main_interests = {{hlist | [[Political philosophy]] | [[ethics]] | [[feminism]] | [[liberal theory]]}}
| notable_ideas = [[Capability approach]]
| influences = {{hlist | [[Aristotle]] | [[Catharine MacKinnon]] | [[John Stuart Mill]] | [[Adam Smith]] | [[G. E. L. Owen]] | [[John Rawls]] | [[Bernard Williams]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2018/12/martha-nussbaum-there-s-no-tension-supporting-metoo-and-defending-legal-sex |title=Martha Nussbaum: "There's no tension in supporting #MeToo and defending legal sex work" |last=Wendland |first=Aaron James |date=December 7, 2018 |website=[[New Statesman]] |access-date=December 7, 2018 |archive-date=December 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207154245/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2018/12/martha-nussbaum-there-s-no-tension-supporting-metoo-and-defending-legal-sex |url-status=live }}</ref> | [[Amartya Sen]]}}
| education = [[Wellesley College]]<br />[[New York University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br />[[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| notable_works = {{unbulleted list | ''[[The Fragility of Goodness]]'' (1986) | ''Sex and Social Justice'' (1998) | ''Hiding from Humanity'' (2004) | ''From Disgust to Humanity'' (2010)}}
| institutions = {{unbulleted list | [[University of Chicago]] | [[Brown University]] | [[Harvard University]]}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[G. E. L. Owen]]
|influenced={{hlist | [[Amartya Sen]] | [[Elizabeth S. Anderson]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/01/07/the-philosopher-redefining-equality |title=The Philosopher Redefining Equality |last=Heller |first=Nathan |date=December 31, 2018 |magazine=[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]] |access-date=June 14, 2019 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502041009/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/01/07/the-philosopher-redefining-equality |url-status=live }}</ref> | [[Linda Martín Alcoff]] | [[Louise Antony]] | [[David G. Hebert]]}}
}}
'''Martha Craven Nussbaum''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ʊ|s|b|ɔː|m}}; born May 6, 1947) is an American philosopher and the current [[Ernst Freund]] Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the [[University of Chicago]], where she is jointly appointed in the law school and the philosophy department. She has a particular interest in [[Greek philosophy|ancient Greek]] and [[Roman philosophy]], [[political philosophy]], [[existentialism]], [[feminism]], and ethics, including [[animal rights]]. She also holds associate appointments in [[classics]], [[divinity]], and [[political science]], is a member of the Committee on Southern Asian Studies, and a board member of the Human Rights Program. She previously taught at [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Brown University|Brown]].<ref>[http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum/ "Martha Nussbaum"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025085154/https://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum }}, University of Chicago, accessed June 5, 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/martha-nussbaums-moral-philosophies|title=The Philosopher of Feelings|last=Aviv|first=Rachel|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=June 14, 2019|language=en|issn=0028-792X|archive-date=October 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013030121/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/martha-nussbaums-moral-philosophies|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nussbaum has written more than two dozen [[Martha Nussbaum bibliography|books]], including ''[[The Fragility of Goodness]]'' (1986), ''Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education'' (1997), ''Sex and Social Justice'' (1998), ''Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law'' (2004), ''Frontiers of Justice: Disability, Nationality, Species Membership'' (2006), ''From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law'' (2010), and ''Justice for Animals: Our Collective Responsibility'' (2023). She received the 2016 [[Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy]], the 2018 [[Berggruen Prize]], and the 2021 [[Holberg Prize]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2016/06/17/prof-martha-nussbaum-wins-kyoto-prize|title=Prof. Martha Nussbaum wins Kyoto Prize|access-date=October 31, 2017|archive-date=November 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119215259/https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2016/06/17/prof-martha-nussbaum-wins-kyoto-prize|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/30/arts/martha-nussbaum-berggruen-prize.html|title=Martha Nussbaum Wins $1 Million Berggruen Prize|newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=October 30, 2018|language=en|archive-date=October 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025020159/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/30/arts/martha-nussbaum-berggruen-prize.html|url-status=live|last1=Schuessler |first1=Jennifer }}</ref><ref name="holbergprisen.no">{{Cite web|title=Martha C. Nussbaum {{!}} Holbergprisen|url=https://holbergprisen.no/en/holberg-prize/prize-winners/martha-c-nussbaum|access-date=March 5, 2021|website=holbergprisen.no|language=nb-NO}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Nussbaum was born as '''Martha Craven''' on May 6, 1947, in New York City, the daughter of George Craven, a Philadelphia lawyer, and Betty Warren, an interior designer and homemaker. During her teenage years, Nussbaum attended [[The Baldwin School]] in [[Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania|Bryn Mawr]]. She described her upbringing as "East Coast [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|WASP]] elite ... very sterile, very preoccupied with money and status".<ref>McLemee, Scott. ''[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]''. [http://chronicle.com/free/v48/i06/06a01401.htm "What Makes Martha Nussbaum Run?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710072716/http://chronicle.com/free/v48/i06/06a01401.htm }}</ref> She would later credit her impatience with "mandarin philosophers" and dedication to [[public service]] as the "repudiation of my own aristocratic upbringing. I don't like anything that sets itself up as an in-group or an elite, whether it is the [[Bloomsbury Group|Bloomsbury group]] or [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida]]".<ref name="robertboynton1">Boynton, Robert S. ''The New York Times Magazine.'' [http://www.robertboynton.com/articleDisplay.php?article_id=55 Who Needs Philosophy? A Profile of Martha Nussbaum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523173436/http://www.robertboynton.com/articleDisplay.php?article_id=55 }}</ref>

After studying at [[Wellesley College]] for two years, she dropped out to pursue theatre in New York. She studied theatre and [[classics]] at [[New York University]], getting a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1969, and gradually moved to philosophy while at [[Harvard University]], where she received a Master of Arts degree in 1972 and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1975, studying under [[G. E. L. Owen]].{{Citation needed}}

==Career==

In the 1970s and early 1980 she taught philosophy and classics at Harvard, where she was denied tenure by the Classics Department in 1982.<ref name="robertboynton1" /> Nussbaum then moved to [[Brown University]], where she taught until 1994 when she joined the [[University of Chicago Law School]] faculty. Her 1986 book ''[[The Fragility of Goodness]]'', on ancient Greek ethics and Greek tragedy, made her a well-known figure throughout the humanities.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=The Philosopher of Feelings: Martha Nussbaum's far-reaching ideas illuminate the often ignored elements of human life – aging, inequality, and emotion.|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/martha-nussbaums-moral-philosophies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013030121/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/martha-nussbaums-moral-philosophies|archive-date=October 13, 2019}}</ref> At Brown, Nussbaum's students included philosopher [[Linda Martín Alcoff]] and actor and playwright [[Tim Blake Nelson]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singer|first=Mark|title=Tim Blake Nelson, Classics Nerd, Brings "Socrates" to the Stage|language=en|magazine=The New Yorker|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/04/15/tim-blake-nelson-classics-nerd-brings-socrates-to-the-stage|url-status=live|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926044632/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/04/15/tim-blake-nelson-classics-nerd-brings-socrates-to-the-stage|archive-date=September 26, 2019|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> In 1987, she gained public attention due to her critique of fellow philosopher [[Allan Bloom]]'s ''[[The Closing of the American Mind]].''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=Marylin|title=Martha Nussbaum: The Philosopher Queen|url=https://www.momentmag.com/martha-nussbaum-the-philosopher-queen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530172832/https://www.momentmag.com/martha-nussbaum-the-philosopher-queen/|archive-date=May 30, 2019|access-date=May 30, 2019|website=Moment Magazine}}</ref> More recent work (''Frontiers of Justice'') establishes Nussbaum as a theorist of global justice. Nussbaum's work on capabilities has often focused on the unequal freedoms and opportunities of women, and she has developed a distinctive type of [[feminism]], drawing inspiration from the liberal tradition, but emphasizing that liberalism, at its best, entails radical rethinking of gender relations and relations within the family.<ref>Nussbaum, Martha. ''Women and Human Development''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.</ref>

Nussbaum's other major area of philosophical work is the emotions. She has defended a ''neo-[[stoicism|Stoic]]'' account of emotions that holds that they are appraisals that ascribe to things and persons, outside the agent's own control, great significance for the person's own flourishing. On this basis, she has proposed analyses of grief, compassion, and love,<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. Poetic Justice: ''Literary Imagination and Public Life.'' Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.</ref> and, in a later book, of disgust and shame.<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Hiding from Humanity: Shame, Disgust, and the Law.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.</ref>

Nussbaum has engaged in many spirited debates with other intellectuals, in her academic writings as well as in the pages of semi-popular magazines and book reviews and, in one instance, when testifying as an expert witness in court. She testified in the Colorado bench trial for ''[[Romer v. Evans]]'', arguing against the claim that the history of philosophy provides the state with a "compelling interest" in favor of a law denying gays and lesbians the right to seek passage of local non-discrimination laws. A portion of this testimony, dealing with the potential meanings of the term ''tolmêma'' in Plato's work, was the subject of controversy, and was called misleading and even [[perjury|perjurious]] by critics.<ref>[http://linguafranca.mirror.theinfo.org/9609/stand.html The Stand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523024049/http://linguafranca.mirror.theinfo.org/9609/stand.html }} by Daniel Mendelsohn, from ''[[Lingua Franca (magazine)|Lingua Franca]]'' September 1996.</ref><ref>[http://www.robertboynton.com/articleDisplay.php?article_id=55 Who Needs Philosophy?: A profile of Martha Nussbaum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523173436/http://www.robertboynton.com/articleDisplay.php?article_id=55 }} by Robert Boynton from ''The New York Times Magazine'', November 21, 1999</ref>
[[File:Martha Nussbaum bij The School of Life.png|thumb|left|Nussbaum at [[The School of Life]], 2016]]
She responded to these charges in a lengthy article called "Platonic Love and Colorado Law".<ref>Martha C. Nussbaum. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1073514 "Platonic Love and Colorado Law: The Relevance of Ancient Greek Norms to Modern Sexual Controversies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309184743/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073514 }}, Virginia Law Review, Vol. 80, No. 7 (Oct. 1994), pp. 1515–1651.</ref> Nussbaum used multiple references from Plato's ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' and his interactions with Socrates as evidence for her argument. The debate continued with a reply by one of her sternest critics, [[Robert P. George]].<ref>George, Robert P. '"Shameless Acts" Revisited: Some Questions for Martha Nussbaum', Academic Questions 9 (Winter 1995–96), 24–42.</ref> Nussbaum has criticized [[Noam Chomsky]] as being among the leftist intellectuals who hold the belief that "one should not criticize one's friends, that solidarity is more important than ethical correctness". She suggests that one can "trace this line to an old Marxist contempt for bourgeois ethics, but it is loathsome whatever its provenance".<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/violence-on-the-left-nandigram-and-the-communists-of-west-bengal |title=Violence on the Left |author=Martha C. Nussbaum |journal=Dissent |access-date=January 12, 2014 |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015072433/https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/violence-on-the-left-nandigram-and-the-communists-of-west-bengal |url-status=live }}</ref> Among her academic colleagues whose books she has reviewed critically are [[Allan Bloom]],<ref>Martha C. Nussbaum, ''[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1987/11/05/undemocratic-vistas/ Undemocratic Vistas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815133256/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1987/11/05/undemocratic-vistas/ }}'', ''[[New York Review of Books]]'', Volume 34, Number 17; November 5, 1987.</ref> [[Harvey Mansfield]],<ref>Martha C. Nussbaum, ''[http://www.powells.com/review/2006_06_22 Man Overboard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123023/http://www.powells.com/review/2006_06_22 }}'', ''New Republic'', June 22, 2006.</ref> and [[Judith Butler]].<ref>Martha Nussbaum, ''The Professor of Parody'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', February 22, 1999; [http://www.akad.se/Nussbaum.pdf Copy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803112258/http://www.akad.se/Nussbaum.pdf }}</ref> Other academic debates have been with figures such as [[John Rawls]], [[Richard Posner]], and [[Susan Moller Okin]].<ref>[https://www.chronicle.com/article/what-makes-martha-nussbaum-run/ What Makes Martha Nussbaum Run?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710072716/http://chronicle.com/free/v48/i06/06a01401.htm#highlights}} (2001, Includes a timeline of her career, books and related controversies to that time.)</ref><ref>[http://bostonreview.net/martha-nussbaum-patriotism-and-cosmopolitanism Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060311090748/http://www.soci.niu.edu/~phildept/Kapitan/nussbaum1.html}} a 1994 essay</ref><ref>''The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future,'' [http://chiasmos.uchicago.edu/events/nussbaum.shtml audio and video recording] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001101512/http://chiasmos.uchicago.edu/events/nussbaum.shtml }} from the [http://internationalstudies.uchicago.edu/wbh.shtml World Beyond the Headline Series] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625145641/http://internationalstudies.uchicago.edu/wbh.shtml }}</ref><ref>David Gordon, [https://www.mises.org/misesreview_detail.aspx?control=42&sortorder=issue Cultivating Humanity, Martha Nussbaum and What Tower? What Babel?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020112311/http://mises.org/misesreview_detail.aspx?control=42 }}, ''Mises Review'', Winter 1997</ref> In January 2019, Nussbaum announced that she would be using a portion of her Berggruen Prize winnings to fund a series of roundtable discussions on controversial issues at the University of Chicago Law School. These discussions will be known as the Martha C. Nussbaum Student Roundtables.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/prof-martha-nussbaum-endows-student-roundtables-support-free-expression|title=Prof. Martha Nussbaum endows student roundtables to support free expression|website=University of Chicago News|language=en|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-date=November 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103055604/http://news.uchicago.edu/story/prof-martha-nussbaum-endows-student-roundtables-support-free-expression|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailynous.com/2019/01/23/nussbaum-uses-berggruen-winnings-fund-discussions-challenging-issues/|title=Nussbaum Uses Berggruen Winnings to Fund Discussions on Challenging Issues|last=Weinberg|first=Justin|website=Daily Nous|language=en-US|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512031902/http://dailynous.com/2019/01/23/nussbaum-uses-berggruen-winnings-fund-discussions-challenging-issues|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Capabilities Approach ===
{{Main|Capability approach}}
Nussbaum is well known for her contributions in developing the [[Capability approach|Capabilities Approach]] to well-being, alongside [[Amartya Sen]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schokkaert |first=Erik |title=The Capabilities Approach |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1084821 |language=en |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1084821|ssrn=1084821 |s2cid=15595011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=Measuring Justice: Primary Goods and Capabilities |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |editor-last=Brighouse |editor-first=Harry |language= |chapter= |editor-last2=Robeyns |editor-first2=Ingrid}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Vecchio |first1=Giovanni |last2=Martens |first2=Karel |title=Accessibility and the Capabilities Approach: a review of the literature and proposal for conceptual advancements |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2021.1931551 |journal=Transport Reviews |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=833–854 |doi=10.1080/01441647.2021.1931551 |s2cid=236382308 |issn=0144-1647}}</ref> The key question the Capabilities Approach asks is "What is each person able to do and to be?"<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nussbaum |first=Martha C. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/753976782 |title=Creating capabilities : the human development approach |isbn=978-0-674-06120-0 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |oclc=753976782}}</ref>{{Rp|page=18}} As such, the approach looks at combined capabilities: an individual's developable abilities (''internal abilities''), freedom, and opportunity.<ref name=":1" /> Here, "freedom" refers to the ability of a person to choose one life or another,<ref name=":2" /> and opportunity refers to social, political, and/or economic conditions that allow or disallow deny individual growth.<ref name=":1" />

Nussbaum asserts that all humans (and non-human animals) have a basic right to dignity. To provide human dignity, she states that governments must provide "at least a threshold level"{{Rp|page=33–34}} of the following capabilities: life; bodily health; bodily integrity; senses, imagination, and thought, emotions; practical reason; affiliation; other species; play; and control over one's environment, including political and material environments.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lozano |first1=J. Felix |last2=Boni |first2=Alejandra |last3=Peris |first3=Jordi |last4=Hueso |first4=Andrés |title=Competencies in Higher Education: A Critical Analysis from the Capabilities Approach: Competencies in Higher Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9752.2011.00839.x |journal=Journal of Philosophy of Education |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=132–147 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9752.2011.00839.x}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She was married to [[Alan Nussbaum]] from 1969 until they divorced in 1987, a period which also led to her [[conversion to Judaism]] and the birth of her daughter Rachel. Nussbaum's interest in Judaism has continued and deepened: on August 16, 2008, she became a ''[[bat mitzvah]]'' in a service at [[K.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple|Temple K. A. M. Isaiah Israel]] in Chicago's [[Hyde Park, Chicago|Hyde Park]], chanting from the ''[[Parashah]] Va-etchanan'' and the ''[[Haftarah]] Nahamu'', and delivering a ''D'var [[Torah]]'' about the connection between genuine, non-[[narcissistic]] consolation and the pursuit of [[global justice]].<ref>"The Mourner's Hope: Grief and the Foundations of Justice", ''The Boston Review'', November/December 2008., 18–20.</ref> Nussbaum's daughter Rachel died in 2019 due to a drug-resistant infection following successful transplant surgery.<ref>[https://hd-ca.org/news/in-memoriam-rachel-nussbaum-wichert "In Memoriam – Rachel Nussbaum Wichert,"] Human Development and Capability Association. December 17, 2019.</ref> At the time of her death she was a government affairs attorney in the Wildlife Division of [[Friends of Animals]], a nonprofit organization working for animal welfare. She and her mother co-authored four articles about wild animals.

Nussbaum dated and lived with [[Cass Sunstein]] for more than a decade.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/fashion/16samantha.html|url-access=limited|title=A Monster of a Slip|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Buckley|first1=Cara|access-date=July 31, 2018|archive-date=October 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013065700/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/fashion/16samantha.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They had been engaged to be married.<ref name="Keller 2002">{{cite news |last=Keller |first=Julia |author-link=Julia Keller |title=The Martha Show |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-09-29-0209290310-story.html |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126055629/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-09-29-0209290310-story.html |archive-date=January 26, 2019 |access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref> She had previously had a romantic relationship with [[Amartya Sen]].<ref name="Keller 2002"/>

When she became the first woman to hold the [[Harvard Fellow|Junior Fellowship at Harvard]], Nussbaum received a congratulatory note from a "prestigious classicist" who suggested that since "female fellowess" was an awkward name, she should be called ''[[Hetaera|hetaira]]'', for in Greece these educated courtesans were the only women who participated in philosophical symposia.<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education.'' Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1997. pp. 6–7.</ref>{{Relevance inline}}

==Major works==
{{Further|Martha Nussbaum bibliography}}

===''The Fragility of Goodness''===
''[[The Fragility of Goodness|The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy]]''<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. ''The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy.'' New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.</ref> confronts the [[ethical dilemma]] that individuals strongly committed to [[justice]] are nevertheless vulnerable to external factors that may deeply compromise or even negate their [[Eudaimonia|human flourishing]]. Discussing literary as well as philosophical texts, Nussbaum seeks to determine the extent to which [[reason]] may enable self-sufficiency. She eventually rejects the [[Platonism|Platonic]] notion that human goodness can fully protect against peril, siding with the [[Tragedy|tragic]] playwrights and [[Aristotle]] in treating the acknowledgment of vulnerability as a key to realizing the human good.

Her interpretation of [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' in particular drew considerable attention. Under Nussbaum's consciousness of vulnerability, the re-entrance of [[Alcibiades]] at the end of the dialogue undermines [[Diotima of Mantinea|Diotima]]'s account of the ladder of love in its ascent to the non-physical realm of the [[Theory of the forms|forms]]. Alcibiades's presence deflects attention back to physical beauty, sexual passions, and bodily limitations, hence highlighting human fragility.

''Fragility'' brought attention to Nussbaum throughout the humanities. It garnered wide praise in academic reviews,<ref>Barnes, Hazel E. ''Comparative Literature'', Vol. 40, No. 1 (Winter, 1988), pp. 76–77</ref><ref>Woodruff, Paul B. ''Philosophy and Phenomenological Research'', Vol. 50, No. 1 (Sep. 1989), pp. 205–210</ref> and even drew acclaim in the popular media.<ref>[[Bernard Knox|Knox, Bernard]]. "The Theater of Ethics". [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=4941 ''The New York Review of Books''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428140741/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=4941 }}</ref> [[Camille Paglia]] credited ''Fragility'' with matching "the highest academic standards" of the twentieth century,<ref>Paglia, Camille. ''Sex, Art, & American Culture''. NY: Vintage Books, 1991. pp. 206</ref> and ''The Times Higher Education'' called it "a supremely scholarly work".<ref>Hodges, Lucy. [http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=95200&sectioncode=26 ''And you may ask yourself...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403011431/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=95200&sectioncode=26 }}''</ref> Nussbaum's reputation extended her influence beyond print and into television programs like PBS's [[Bill Moyers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shoppbs.org/search/noResults.jsp?kw=2407861|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909144927/http://www.shoppbs.org/search/noResults.jsp?kw=2407861|url-status=dead|title=Shop PBS|archive-date=September 9, 2012|access-date=October 31, 2017}}</ref>

===''Cultivating Humanity''===
''Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education''<ref name=":3">Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education.'' Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1997.</ref> appeals to classical Greek texts as a basis for defense and reform of the [[liberal education]]. Noting the Greek [[Cynicism (philosophy)|cynic]] philosopher [[Diogenes of Sinope|Diogenes]]' aspiration to transcend "local origins and group memberships" in favor of becoming "a [[Global citizenship#World citizen|citizen of the world]]", Nussbaum traces the development of this idea through the [[Stoicism|Stoics]], [[Cicero]], and eventually the [[classical liberalism]] of [[Adam Smith]] and [[Immanuel Kant]]. Nussbaum champions [[multiculturalism]] in the context of [[ethical universalism]], defends scholarly inquiry into race, gender, and [[human sexuality]], and further develops the role of literature as narrative imagination into ethical questions.

At the same time, Nussbaum also censured certain scholarly trends. She excoriated [[deconstructionist]] [[Jacques Derrida]] saying "on [[truth]] [he is] simply not worth studying for someone who has been studying [[W. V. O. Quine|Quine]] and [[Hilary Putnam|Putnam]] and [[Donald Davidson (philosopher)|Davidson]]". She cites Zhang Longxi, who labels Derrida's analysis of [[Chinese culture]] "pernicious" and without "evidence of serious study".<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=41 126}} More broadly, Nussbaum criticized [[Michel Foucault]] for his "historical incompleteness [and] lack of conceptual clarity", but nevertheless singled him out for providing "the only truly important work to have entered philosophy under the banner of '[[Postmodern philosophy|postmodernism]].'<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=40}} Nussbaum is even more critical of figures like [[Allan Bloom]], [[Roger Kimball]], and [[George Will]] for what she considers their "shaky" knowledge of non-Western cultures and inaccurate caricatures of today's humanities departments.

''[[The New York Times]]'' praised ''Cultivating Humanity'' as "a passionate, closely argued defense of multiculturalism" and hailed it as "a formidable, perhaps definitive defense of diversity on American campuses".<ref>Shapiro, James. ''Beyond the Culture Wars''. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E4D61E3EF937A35752C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2/ ''The New York Times'']</ref> Nussbaum received the 2002 University of Louisville [[Grawemeyer Award]] in Education for ''Cultivating Humanity''.<ref>{{cite web |title=2002 – Martha Nussbaum |url=http://grawemeyer.org/2002-martha-nussbaum/ |website=Grawemeyer Awards |access-date=March 1, 2022}}</ref>

===''Sex and Social Justice''===
''Sex and Social Justice'' argues that sex and sexuality are morally irrelevant distinctions that have been artificially enforced as sources of [[social hierarchy]]; thus, [[feminism]] and [[social justice]] have common concerns. Rejecting anti-universalist objections, Nussbaum proposes functional freedoms, or central human capabilities, as a rubric of social justice.<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Sex & Social Justice.'' New York: [[Oxford University Press]], 1999. pp. 29–47.</ref>{{Unclear inline}}

Nussbaum discusses at length the feminist critiques of liberalism itself, including the charge advanced by [[Alison Jaggar]] that liberalism demands [[ethical egoism]]. Nussbaum notes that liberalism emphasizes respect for ''others'' as individuals, and further argues that Jaggar has eluded the distinction between [[individualism]] and self-sufficiency. Nussbaum accepts [[Catharine MacKinnon]]'s critique of abstract liberalism, assimilating the salience of history and context of group hierarchy and subordination, but concludes that this appeal is rooted in liberalism rather than a critique of it.<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Sex & Social Justice.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 55–80.</ref>

Nussbaum condemns the practice of [[female genital mutilation]], citing deprivation of [[normative]] human functioning in its risks to health, impact on sexual functioning, violations of dignity, and conditions of non-[[autonomy]]. Emphasizing that female genital mutilation is carried out by brute force, its irreversibility, its non-consensual nature, and its links to customs of [[Patriarchy|male domination]], Nussbaum urges feminists to confront female genital mutilation as an issue of injustice.<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Sex & Social Justice.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 118–130.</ref>

Nussbaum also refines the concept of "[[objectification]]", as originally advanced by [[Catharine MacKinnon]] and [[Andrea Dworkin]]. Nussbaum defines the idea of treating as an object with seven qualities: [[instrumental rationality|instrumentality]], denial of autonomy, inertness, [[fungibility]], violability, ownership, and denial of [[subjectivity]]. Her characterization of pornography as a tool of objectification puts Nussbaum at odds with [[sex-positive feminism]]. At the same time, Nussbaum argues in support of the legalization of prostitution, a position she reiterated in a 2008 essay following the [[Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal|Spitzer scandal]], writing: "The idea that we ought to penalize women with few choices by removing one of the ones they do have is grotesque."<ref>Martha Nussbaum, "[http://www.ajc.com/search/content/opinion/2008/03/13/spitzered_0314.html Trading on America's puritanical streak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317232352/http://www.ajc.com/search/content/opinion/2008/03/13/spitzered_0314.html }}", ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]'', March 14, 2008</ref>

''Sex and Social Justice'' was highly praised by critics in the press. ''[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]]'' declared: "She shows brilliantly how sex is used to deny some people—i.e., women and gay men—social justice."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/books/it/1999/04/19/nussbaum/|title=Rescuing the Feminist Book|author=Maria Russo|work=salon.com|access-date=May 27, 2008|archive-date=February 20, 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030220064140/http://www.salon.com/books/it/1999/04/19/nussbaum/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised the work as "elegantly written and carefully argued".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/03/14/reviews/990314.14ryanlt.html?scp=5&sq=martha+nussbaum&st=cse|title=Cultural Perversions|website=www.nytimes.com|access-date=October 31, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107112342/http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/03/14/reviews/990314.14ryanlt.html?scp=5&sq=martha+nussbaum&st=cse|url-status=live}}</ref> Kathryn Trevenen praised Nussbaum's effort to shift feminist concerns toward interconnected transnational efforts, and for explicating a set of universal guidelines to structure an agenda of social justice.<ref>Trevenen, Kathryn. "Global Feminism and the 'Problem' of Culture". ''Theory & Event'' 5.1 (2001).</ref> Patrick Hopkins singled out for praise Nussbaum's "masterful" chapter on sexual objectification.<ref>Hopkins, Patrick D. "Sex and Social Justice". ''Hypatia'' 17.2 (2002): 171–173.</ref> Radical feminist Andrea Dworkin faulted Nussbaum for "consistent over-intellectualization of emotion, which has the inevitable consequence of mistaking suffering for cruelty".<ref>Dworkin, Andrea R. "Rape is not just another word for suffering". ''Times Higher Education.'' August 4, 2000.</ref>

===''Hiding from Humanity''===

''Hiding from Humanity''<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.</ref> extends Nussbaum's work in [[moral psychology]] to probe the arguments for including two emotions—[[shame]] and [[disgust]]—as legitimate bases for legal judgments. Nussbaum argues that individuals tend to repudiate their bodily imperfection or [[animal]]ity through the projection of fears about contamination. This cognitive response is in itself irrational, because we cannot transcend the animality of our bodies. Noting how [[psychological projection|projective]] disgust has wrongly justified group subordination (mainly of women, Jews, and homosexuals), Nussbaum ultimately discards disgust as a reliable basis of judgment.
[[File:Nussbaum Martha2.jpg|thumb|upright|Nussbaum in 2004]]
Turning to shame, Nussbaum argues that shame takes too broad a target, attempting to inculcate [[humiliation]] on a scope that is too intrusive and limiting on human freedom. Nussbaum sides with [[John Stuart Mill]] in narrowing legal concern to acts that cause a distinct and assignable harm.

In an interview with ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]'' magazine, Nussbaum elaborated:
{{blockquote|Disgust and shame are inherently [[Hierarchy|hierarchical]]; they set up ranks and orders of human beings. They are also inherently connected with restrictions on [[liberty]] in areas of non-harmful conduct. For both of these reasons, I believe, anyone who cherishes the key democratic values of [[egalitarianism|equality]] and liberty should be deeply suspicious of the appeal to those emotions in the context of law and [[public policy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reason.com/news/show/33316.html|title=Discussing Disgust|work=Reason.com|date=2004-07-15|access-date=February 22, 2008|archive-date=February 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218040129/https://www.reason.com/news/show/33316.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Nussbaum's work was received with wide praise. ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' called her argument "characteristically lucid" and hailed her as "America's most prominent philosopher of public life".<ref>Wilson, John. ''You Stink therefore I am''.[http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2004/05/02/you_stink_therefore_i_am/?page=2/ ''The Boston Globe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071640/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2004/05/02/you_stink_therefore_i_am/?page=2%2F }}</ref> Her reviews in national newspapers and magazines garnered unanimous praise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/08/LVGC580JDU1.DTL&hw=nussbaum&sn=002&sc=952/|title=Philosopher warns us against using shame as punishment / Guilt can be creative, but the blame game is dangerous|work=SFGate}}</ref> In academic circles, Stefanie A. Lindquist of [[Vanderbilt University]] lauded Nussbaum's analysis as a "remarkably wide ranging and nuanced treatise on the interplay between emotions and law".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/nussbaum904.htm|title=''Stefanie A. Lindquist's Review''|access-date=October 31, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012004410/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/nussbaum904.htm|archive-date=October 12, 2008}}</ref>

A prominent exception was [[Roger Kimball]]'s review published in ''[[The New Criterion]]'',<ref>Kimball, Roger. ''The New Criterion''.[http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/23/sept04/shame.htm ''Does Shame have a Future?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203174720/http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/23/sept04/shame.htm }}</ref> in which he accused Nussbaum of "fabricating" the renewed prevalence of shame and disgust in public discussions and says she intends to "undermine the inherited moral wisdom of millennia". He rebukes her for "contempt for the opinions of ordinary people" and ultimately accuses Nussbaum herself of "hiding from humanity".

Nussbaum has recently drawn on and extended her work on disgust to produce a new analysis of the legal issues regarding sexual orientation and same-sex conduct. Her book ''From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and the Constitution'' was published by Oxford University Press in 2009, as part of their "Inalienable Rights" series, edited by Geoffrey Stone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Law/ConstitutionalLaw/?view=usa&ci=9780195305319|title=From Disgust to Humanity|work=oup.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604142304/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Law/ConstitutionalLaw/?view=usa&ci=9780195305319|archive-date=June 4, 2011}}</ref>

===''From Disgust to Humanity''===
In her 2010 book ''From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law'', Nussbaum analyzes the role that disgust plays in law and public debate in the United States.<ref>Nussbaum, Martha. Oxford University Press. "From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law" (2010)</ref> The book primarily analyzes constitutional legal issues facing gay and lesbian Americans but also analyzes issues such as anti-miscegenation statutes, segregation, antisemitism and the caste system in India as part of its broader thesis regarding the "politics of disgust".

Nussbaum posits that the fundamental motivation of those advocating legal restrictions against gay and lesbian Americans is a "politics of disgust". These legal restrictions include blocking [[sexual orientation]] being protected under [[anti-discrimination law]]s (see ''[[Romer v. Evans]]''), sodomy laws against consenting adults (See: ''[[Lawrence v. Texas]]''), constitutional bans against same-sex marriage (See: [[California Proposition 8 (2008)]] ). Nussbaum also argues that legal bans on conducts, such as nude dancing in private clubs, nudity on private beaches, the possession and consumption of alcohol in seclusion, gambling in seclusion or in a private club, which remain on the books, partake of the politics of disgust and should be overturned.<ref>Nussbaum, ''From Disgust to Humanity'', 154–155.</ref>

She identifies the "politics of disgust" closely with [[Lord Devlin]] and his famous opposition to the [[Wolfenden report]], which recommended decriminalizing private consensual homosexual acts, on the basis that those things would "disgust the average man". To Devlin, the mere fact some people or act may produce popular emotional reactions of disgust provides an appropriate guide for legislating. She also identifies the '[[wisdom of repugnance]]' as advocated by [[Leon Kass]] as another "politics of disgust" school of thought as it claims that disgust "in crucial cases ... repugnance is the emotional expression of deep wisdom, beyond reason's power fully to articulate it".

Nussbaum goes on to explicitly oppose the concept of a disgust-based morality as an appropriate guide for legislating. Nussbaum notes that popular disgust has been used throughout history as a justification for persecution. Drawing upon her earlier work on the relationship between disgust and shame, Nussbaum notes that at various times, racism, [[antisemitism]], and [[sexism]], have all been driven by popular revulsion.<ref name="Nussbaum 2004">{{Cite web |author=Nussbaum, Martha C. |url=http://chronicle.com/free/v50/i48/48b00601.htm |title=Danger to Human Dignity: The Revival of Disgust and Shame in the Law |work=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |access-date=November 24, 2007 |location=Washington, DC |archive-date=July 10, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710070415/http://chronicle.com/free/v50/i48/48b00601.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In place of this "politics of disgust", Nussbaum argues for the [[harm principle]] from [[John Stuart Mill]] as the proper basis for limiting individual liberties. Nussbaum argues the harm principle, which supports the legal ideas of [[consent]], the [[age of majority]], and [[privacy]], protects citizens while the "politics of disgust" is merely an unreliable emotional reaction with no inherent wisdom. Furthermore, Nussbaum argues this "politics of disgust" has denied and continues to deny citizens humanity and [[equality before the law]] on no rational grounds and causes palpable social harms to the groups affected.

''From Disgust to Humanity'' earned acclaim from liberal American publications,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanfranciscobookreview.com/current-events-politics/from-disgust-to-humanity-sexual-orientation-and-constitutional-law/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716003823/http://www.sanfranciscobookreview.com/current-events-politics/from-disgust-to-humanity-sexual-orientation-and-constitutional-law/|url-status=dead|title=''San Francisco Book Review''|archivedate=July 16, 2011|accessdate=March 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2246892/|title=Martha Nussbaum's From Disgust to Humanity.|work=Slate Magazine|access-date=December 4, 2010|archive-date=November 26, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126094914/http://www.slate.com/id/2246892|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=lets_be_rational_about_sex|title=Let's Be Rational About Sex|journal=The American Prospect|access-date=December 4, 2010|archive-date=June 11, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611234704/http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=lets_be_rational_about_sex|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdn.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/03/19/RVK51CG7JK.DTL&type=gaylesbian#ixzz0j13iukEO|title=''San Francisco Chronicle Book Review''|access-date=October 31, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308211309/http://cdn.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2010%2F03%2F19%2FRVK51CG7JK.DTL&type=gaylesbian#ixzz0j13iukEO|archive-date=March 8, 2012}}</ref> and prompted interviews in ''The New York Times'' and other magazines.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/13/magazine/13FOB-Q4-t.html|title=Gross National Politics|first=Deborah|last=Solomon|access-date=October 31, 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107164847/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/13/magazine/13FOB-Q4-t.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/back-talk-martha-c-nussbaum|title=Back Talk: Martha C. Nussbaum|journal=The Nation|access-date=December 4, 2010|archive-date=July 26, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726205622/http://www.thenation.com/article/back-talk-martha-c-nussbaum|url-status=live|last1=Smallwood|first1=Christine}}</ref> One conservative magazine, ''[[The American Spectator]]'', offered a dissenting view, writing: "[H]er account of the 'politics of disgust' lacks coherence, and 'the politics of humanity' betrays itself by not treating more sympathetically those opposed to the gay rights movement." The article also argues that the book is marred by factual errors and inconsistencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spectator.org/archives/2010/12/02/the-politics-of-humanity/ |title=The Politics of Humanity |work=The American Spectator |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204234502/http://spectator.org/archives/2010/12/02/the-politics-of-humanity |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref>

=== ''Creating Capabilities'' ===
The book ''[[Creating Capabilities]]'', first published in 2011, outlines a unique theory regarding the [[Capability approach]] or the [[Human development (economics)|Human development]] approach. Nussbaum draws on theories of other notable advocates of the Capability approach like [[Amartya Sen]], but has a distinct approach. She proposes to choose a list of capabilities based on some aspects of [[John Rawls|John Rawls']] concept of "central human capabilities."<ref>{{Citation |last1=Robeyns |first1=Ingrid |title=The Capability Approach |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/capability-approach/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Winter 2021 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=October 14, 2022 |last2=Byskov |first2=Morten Fibieger}}</ref> These ten capabilities encompass everything Nussbaum considers essential to living a life that one values.

Nussbaum's book combines ideas from the [[Capability approach]], [[development economics]], and [[distributive justice]] to substantiate a qualitative theory on capabilities. She criticizes existing economic indicators like GDP as failing to fully account for quality of life and assurance of basic needs, instead rewarding countries with large growth distributed highly unequally across the population.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Nussbaum |first=Martha C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gg7Q2V8fi8gC |title=Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-05054-9 |language=en}}</ref> The book also aims to serve as an introduction to the Capability approach more generally; it is accessible to students and newcomers to the material because of the current lack of general knowledge about this approach. Finally, Nussbaum compares her approach with other popular approaches to human development and economic welfare, including [[Utilitarianism]], [[Rawlsian Justice]], and [[Welfarism]] in order to argue why the Capability approach should be prioritized by development economics policymakers.<ref name=":02" />

==Awards and honors==

===Honorary degrees and honorary societies===
Nussbaum is a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1988) and the [[American Philosophical Society]] (1996).<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Martha+Nussbaum&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=December 16, 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> She is an Academician in the Academy of Finland (2000) and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (2008). She has 63 honorary degrees from colleges and universities across the US, Canada, Europe, Asia, and Latin America, including:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum|title=Martha Nussbaum|work=uchicago.edu|access-date=October 15, 2003|archive-date=October 8, 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031008155918/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.lawrence.edu/news/2013/06/martha-nussbaum-liberal-education-crucial-to-producing-democratic-societies.html|title=Martha Nussbaum: Liberal Education Crucial to Producing Democratic Societies|work=lawrence.edu|access-date=June 11, 2013|archive-date=September 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927210424/http://blogs.lawrence.edu/news/2013/06/martha-nussbaum-liberal-education-crucial-to-producing-democratic-societies.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum/|title=Martha Nussbaum|access-date=October 15, 2003|archive-date=October 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025085154/https://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2021/april/honorary-degrees.html|title=Honorary Degrees Awarded at 2021 Commencement|access-date=May 16, 2021|archive-date=April 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423191940/https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2021/april/honorary-degrees.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{div col}}
'''North America'''
* [[Harvard University]], Massachusetts <ref name="Harvard Gazette 2022">{{cite web | title=Harvard awards seven honorary degrees | website=Harvard Gazette | date=May 26, 2022 | url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/05/harvard-awards-seven-honorary-degrees-2/ | access-date=May 28, 2022}}</ref>
* [[Carnegie Mellon University]], Pennsylvania
* [[Knox College (Illinois)|Knox College]], Illinois
* [[Mount Holyoke College]], Massachusetts
* [[Wabash College]], Indiana
* [[Emory University]], Georgia
* [[Grinnell College]], Iowa
* [[Kenyon College]], Ohio
* [[Williams College]], Massachusetts
* [[Colgate University]], New York
* [[Bucknell University]], Pennsylvania
* [[The College of William and Mary]], Virginia
* [[Lawrence University]], Wisconsin
* [[The New School|The New School University]], New York City
* The [[Ohio State University]], Ohio
* The [[University of North Carolina at Asheville]], North Carolina
* [[Concordia University, St. Paul|Concordia College]], Minnesota
* [[Georgetown University]], Washington, D.C.
* The [[University of Toronto]], Canada
* [[Simon Fraser University]], Canada

'''Europe'''
* The [[University of St Andrews]], Scotland
* The [[University of Edinburgh]], Scotland
* The [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]], Belgium
* The [[University of Humanistic Studies]], Utrecht, Netherlands
* The [[École Normale Supérieure]], Paris, France
* [[Bielefeld University]], Germany
* The [[Institute of Social Studies]], Rotterdam, Netherlands
* [[Queen's University Belfast]], Northern Ireland
* The [[University of Athens]], Greece
* [[Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University]], Bucharest, Romania
'''Middle East'''
* The [[University of Haifa]], Israel
* The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], Israel
'''Africa'''
* The [[University of the Free State]], South Africa
'''Latin America'''
* [[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]], Peru
* [[University of Antioquia]], Colombia
{{div col end}}

===Awards===
* 1990: Brandeis Creative Arts Award in Non-Fiction
* 1991: [[PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay]] for ''Love's Knowledge''
* 1998: Ness Book Award of the [[Association of American Colleges and Universities]] (''Cultivating Humanity'')
* 2000: Book award of the [[North American Society for Social Philosophy]] (''Sex and Social Justice'')
* 2002: [[University of Louisville]] [[Grawemeyer Award]] in Education (''Cultivating Humanity'')
* 2003: [[Barnard College|Barnard College Medal]] of Distinction
* 2004: Honorary membership into [[Phi Beta Kappa]] at the [[University of Chicago]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://phibetakappa.tumblr.com/post/183141470703/martha-nussbaum |title=Martha Nussbaum |access-date=March 1, 2019 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807025557/https://phibetakappa.tumblr.com/post/183141470703/martha-nussbaum |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2004: Association of American University Publishers Professional and Scholarly Book Award for Law (''Hiding From Humanity'')
* 2005: listed among the world's Top 100 intellectuals by ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' (as well as in 2008 and 2010)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4314 |title=Foreign Policy: Top 100 Public Intellectuals |website= |accessdate=March 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529063528/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4314 |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]'' magazines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/intellectuals/results.htm |title=The Prospect/FP Global public intellectuals poll – results |publisher=Prospect |access-date=February 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122122228/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/intellectuals/results.htm  |archive-date=January 22, 2008}}</ref>
* 2007: Radcliffe Alumnae Recognition Award
* 2009: [[American Philosophical Society]]'s Henry M. Phillips Prize in Jurisprudence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/news.php?asset_id=1607|title=Nussbaum Receives Prestigious Prize for Law and Philosophy|author=anonymous|work=uchicago.edu|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-date=June 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610075051/http://news.uchicago.edu/news.php?asset_id=1607|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2009: Arts and Sciences Advocacy Award from the Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences ([[Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences|CCAS]]). CCAS bestows this award upon an individual or organization demonstrating exemplary advocacy for the arts and sciences, flowing from a deep commitment to the intrinsic worth of liberal arts education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ccas.net/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3636|title=Arts & Sciences Advocacy Award – Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences|website=www.ccas.net|access-date=May 2, 2016|archive-date=May 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531104602/http://www.ccas.net/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3636|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2010: Centennial Medal of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University
* 2012: [[Princess of Asturias Awards#Social Sciences (Ciencias Sociales)|Prince of Asturias Awards]] for Social Sciences
* 2014: [[John Locke Lectures]] at Oxford University.
* 2015: Premio Nonino, Italy
* 2015: Inamori Ethics Prize<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.case.edu/events/featured-events/inamori-ethics-prize/recipient/|title=2015 Recipient – University Events|work=case.edu – Case Western Reserve University|access-date=July 8, 2015|archive-date=July 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708124530/http://www.case.edu/events/featured-events/inamori-ethics-prize/recipient/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2016: [[Kyoto Prize]] in Philosophy, Japan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kyotoprize.org/en/laureates/latest/|title=Kyoto Prize, Inamori Foundation|website=Kyoto Prize, Inamori Foundation|access-date=October 31, 2017|archive-date=July 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730110430/https://www.kyotoprize.org/en/laureates/latest/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2017: [[Jefferson Lecture]]<ref name="IHEJeffLecture">[https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2017/01/19/martha-nussbaum-named-jefferson-lecturer "Martha Nussbaum Named Jefferson Lecturer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202011725/https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2017/01/19/martha-nussbaum-named-jefferson-lecturer }}, ''[[Inside Higher Ed]]'', January 19, 2017.</ref>
* 2017: Don M. Randel Award for Contribution to the Humanities, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
* 2018: [[Berggruen Prize]]<ref name=":0" />
* 2021: [[Holberg Prize]] "for her groundbreaking contribution to research in philosophy, law and related fields"<ref name="holbergprisen.no"/>
* 2022: The Order of Lincoln the highest award for public service conferred by the State of Illinois
* 2022: The Balzan Prize for "her transformative reconception of the goals of social justice, both globally and locally".

==See also==
{{Columns-list|
* [[American philosophy]]
* [[Capability approach]]
* [[List of American philosophers]]
* [[List of female philosophers]]
* [[List of animal rights advocates]]
* [[Nikidion]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum/ University of Chicago biography]
* [http://www.law.uchicago.edu/news/martha-c-nussbaum-anger-and-forgiveness-audio Nussbaum on Anger and Forgiveness (Audio) University of Chicago]
* [http://philosophy.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum.html Nussbaum's University of Chicago faculty website]
* [https://archive.today/20130419141247/http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/help/search.cfm?qt=Nussbaum&x=6&y=3 Nussbaum bibliographies]
* {{IMDb name|2257106}}
* [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/oct/27/weekend7.weekend Q&A with Martha Nussbaum] from ''[[The Guardian]]''
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b012r6vg 'Creating capabilities' Nussbaum interviewed] by [[Laurie Taylor (sociologist)|Laurie Taylor]] on [[BBC Radio 4]], July 2011
* {{C-SPAN|85953}}
** [http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Nus ''In Depth'' interview with Nussbaum, June 6, 2010] on [[C-SPAN]]
* Martha Nussbaum, [http://bostonreview.net/BR34.2/nussbaum.php Land of my Dreams: Islamic liberalism under fire in India], ''[[Boston Review]]'', March/April 2009. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727000755/http://bostonreview.net/BR34.2/nussbaum.php}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101204051702/http://www.iss.nl/About-ISS/History/Honorary-Fellows Profile] at the [[International Institute of Social Studies]]
* [https://thebestschools.org/features/most-influential-living-philosophers/#nussbaum Honored as one of ''50 Most Influential Living Philosophers'']
* [https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2021/06/30/dismantling-the-citadels-of-pride/?mc_cid=463cfce600&mc_eid=6561fcf1e9/ "Dismantling the 'Citadels of Pride': Claudia Dreifus, an interview with Martha C. Nussbaum"], ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'' (June 30, 2021)

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{{Prince of Asturias Award for Social Sciences}}
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Sikhism in Malaysia

2022-02-23T03:00:48Z

WikiTranslator: New page.

{{Infobox religious group
| group = Sikhism in Malaysia {{flagicon|Malaysia}}
| pop =100,000
| langs = [[Malay language|Malay]]{{·}}[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|image=Sikh infantry during the Battle of Kampar, taken between 1941-1942.jpg||flag=|regions=[[Kuala Lumpur]]|religions=[[Sikhism]]|image_caption=Sikh soldiers of the Indian Infranty Division during [[World War II]] involved in a fierce battle with the Imperial Japanese Army in the [[Battle of Kampar]], [[British Malaya]] (1941)}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
'''Malaysian Sikhs''' are known to be the fourth largest [[Malaysian Indian]] ethnic group. It is estimated that there are around 100,000 [[Sikhs]] in [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage |url=https://www.msu.com.my/ |website=Malaysian Sikh Union |quote=The population of the Sikhs has grown from 30,000 in 1930 to 130,000 in 2011.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Gobind Singh Deo is Malaysia's first Sikh minister |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/nri/nris-in-news/sikh-man-gobind-singh-deo-becomes-malaysias-first-minister/articleshow/64268155.cms?from=mdr |quote=Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Malaysia gets first Sikh minister |work=WION |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/gobind-singh-deo-appointed-as-the-first-sikh-minister-in-the-malaysian-cabinet-138820 |quote=Miri Indian Association president, Councillor Karambir Singh was quoted as saying by the Borneo Post. Malaysia has nearly 100,000 Sikh population}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=On the Gurdwara Trail in Malaysia: A Spiritual Experience |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/gurdwara-trail-malaysia-spiritual-experience |website=SikhNet |quote=The Malaysian Sikh community is the fourth largest ethnic group of Malaysian Indians. It is estimated that over 100,000 Sikhs reside in Malaysia. The Sikh population is the largest here among Southeast and East Asia.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian-origin appointed as first Sikh Minister in Malaysia |work=Connected to India |url=https://www.connectedtoindia.com/indian-origin-appointed-as-first-sikh-minister-in-malaysia-4080.html |quote=The whole Sikh community is happy over the appointment of Deo as a Minister in the Malaysia’s Cabinet. There are about 100,000 Sikhs in Malaysia occupying significant positions in the country.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Vaisakhi festivities showcase Sikh community's vibrancy |work=MalayMail |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2018/04/29/vaisakhi-festivities-showcase-sikh-communitys-vibrancy/1625376 |quote=“We are small in Malaysia — there are 100,000 of us — but you see us everywhere,” said Daljit....Daljit estimated between 100,000 to 120,000 travelled from north Indian region Punjab, where Sikhism originated, as well as Delhi and Mumbai.}}</ref>
==Early Sikh pioneers==
Sikhs were initially sent to British Malaya as political prisoners. The first few Sikhs to set foot in Malaya were Nihal Singh (better known as Bhai Maharaj Singh) and Kharak Singh,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sikhri.org/bhai_maharaj_singh_freedom_fighter_for_panjab|title=Bhai Maharaj Singh: Freedom Fighter for Panjab|last1=ਸਿੰਘ|first1=Harinder Singh {{!}} ਹਰਿੰਦਰ|last2=ਸਿੰਘ|first2=Harinder Singh {{!}} ਹਰਿੰਦਰ|website=Sikh Research Institute|language=en|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> who were deported from India due to anti-British involvement in 1849. These prisoners were sent to the Outram Road prison in what is now Singapore. In 1865, Sikhs were sent to Malaysia again as recruits in the armed forces in the British Empire mainly as police, military and guards.{{cn}}

== Sikh Community and migration ==
Regular Sikh migration to Malaya (Malaysia) started here in 1873. The Sikh community is the largest here among Southeast and East Asia. The earliest Sikhs settlers were Policemen. The first Sikh Gurdwara was set up in Cornwallis in 1873 inside police Lines. The first public Sikh Gurdwara was set up in 1903 in Penang. Sikhs occupied top positions in Military and Police during the British rule of Malaysia. There are as many as 15 Sikh Gurdwaras in [[Kuala Lumpur]] alone more than the number of mosques there, despite Muslims being the dominant demographic in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysian Sikhs are deep-rooted in Sikh culture more than [[Sikh diaspora]] anywhere in the world and are assimilated in mainstream keeping their identity intact.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sikhs in Asia Pacific's: Travels among the Sikh Diaspora from Yangon to Kobe|last=Kahlon|first=Swarn Singh|publisher=Manohar Publisher, New Delhi|year=2016|editor-last=Virk|editor-first=Dr. Hardev Singh|location=New Delhi}}</ref>
A group of Sikh businessmen in Malaysia has set up a network of International Sikh Entrepreneurs (NISE) to promote their products and services and generate opportunities among members.

== List of Malaysian Sikhs ==

* [[Melinder Bhullar]] - Model & [[Miss World Malaysia 2013]] winner
* [[Gobind Singh Deo]]- Malaysian politician, lawyer and former [[Minister of Communications and Digital]]
* [[Ramkarpal Singh|Ramkarpal Singh Deo]] - Malaysian politician and lawyer
* [[Jagdeep Singh Deo]] - Malaysian politician and lawyer
* [[Satwant Singh Dhaliwal]] - Malaysian geneticist, academic and author
* [[Kiran Jassal]] - Model
* [[K. S. Nijhar]] - Former Malaysian MP and politician
* [[B. S. Rajhans]] - Malay film director
* [[Kavita Sidhu]] - Actor
* [[Baljit Singh (field hockey, born 1986)|Baljit Singh]] - Former hockey player
* [[Baljit Singh (field hockey, born 1987)|Baljit Singh]] - Hockey player
* [[Bishan Singh (environmentalist)|Bishan Singh]] - Enviromentalist
* [[Karamjit Singh]] - Malaysian professional rally car driver
* [[Karpal Singh]] - Former Malaysian MP and politician
* [[Lall Singh]] - Cricketer
* [[Manrick Singh]] - Cricketer
* [[Sanjay Singh (squash player)|Sanjay Singh]] - Squash player
* [[Santokh Singh]] - Former Malaysian international football player
* [[Shebby Singh]] - Former Malaysian international football player
* [[Suresh Singh]] - Malaysian cricketer

==Gurdwaras in Malaysia==

There are a total of 119 [[gurdwara]]s throughout Malaysia. 42 of them are situated in the state of [[Perak]], where the majority of Sikhs in Malaysia resides.

*Johor
**Gurdwara Sahib Muar, Johor
**Gurdwara Sahib Batu Pahat, Johor
**Gurdwara Sahib Segamat, Johor
**Gurdwara Sahib Babe ke Guru Ram Das World, Machap, Johor
**Gurdwara Sahib Kluang, Johor
**Gurdwara Sahib Pontian, Johor
**Gurdwara Sahib Johor Bahru, Johor
*Kuala Lumpur
**Gurdwara Sahib Dharamsala, Kuala Lumpur
**Wadda Gurdwara Sahib Jalan Kampung, Kuala Lumpur
**Gurdwara Sahib Jalan Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur
**Gurdwara Sahib Jinjang, Kuala Lumpur
**Gurdwara Sahib Kampung Pandan Settlement, Kuala Lumpur
**Gurdwara Sahib Kuyow, Kuala Lumpur
**Gurdwara Sahib Mainduab, Kuala Lumpur
**Gurdwara Sahib Police, Kuala Lumpur [[File:Kuala Lumpur Gurdwara Sahib Police.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Sahib Police]]
**Gurdwara Sahib Police Depot, Kuala Lumpur
**Gurdwara Sahib Police Jalan Parliament, Kuala Lumpur
**Gurdwara Sahib Central Workshops Sentul, Kuala Lumpur
**Gurdwara Nanak Darbar Tatt Khalsa, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
**Gurdwara Sahib, Titiwangsa Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
**Gurdwara Sahib Majha Diwan Malaya
*Labuan
**Gurdwara Sahib Labuan <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pulaulabuan.com/gurdwara-sahib-temple/|title=Gurdwara Sahib Labuan|publisher=PulauLabuan.com|access-date=6 March 2021}}</ref>
*Kedah
**Gurdwara Sahib Kulim,Kedah
**Gurdwara Sahib Sungei Petani, Kedah
**Gurdwara Sahib Alor Star, Kedah
*Kelantan
**Gurdwara Sahib Tumpat, Kelantan
**Gurdwara Sahib Kota Bahru, Kelantan
**Gurdwara Sahib Kuala Krai, Kelantan
*Malacca
**Gurdwara Sahib Malacca
*Negeri Sembilan
**Gurdwara Sahib Mantin, Negeri Sembilan
**Gurdwara Sahib Kuala Klavang, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan
**Gurdwara Sahib Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan
**Gurdwara Sahib Seremban, Negeri Sembilan
**Gurdwara Sahib Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan
**Gurdwara Sahib Tampin, Negeri Sembilan
*Pahang
**Gurdwara Sahib Brinchang, Cameron Highlands, Pahang
**Gurdwara Sahib Bentong, Pahang
**Gurdwara Sahib Kuala Lipis, Pahang
**Gurdwara Sahib Tanah Rata, Pahang
**Gurdwara Sahib Raub, Pahang
**Gurdwara Sahib Mentakab, Pahang
**Gurdwara Sahib (Sikh Temple), Kuantan
*Penang
**Gurdwara Sahib Khalsa Dharmak Jatha, Penang
**Gurdwara Sahib Sikh Police, Penang
**Wadda Gurdwara Sahib, Penang
**Gurdwara Sahib Perai, Penang
**Gurdwara Sahib Butterworth, Penang
**Gurdwara Sahib Bukit Mertajam, Penang
*Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Khalsa Dharmik Sabha, Parit Buntar, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Pokok Assam, Taiping, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Taiping, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Sitiawan, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Sungei Siput Utara, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Chemor, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Kampong Kepayang, Ipoh, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Tanjong Rambutan, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Kuala Kangsar, Perak
**Gurdwara Shaheed Ganj Sahib, Kaniunting, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Bruas, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Bagan Serai, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Jelapang, Ipoh, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Sikh Dharmak Sabha, Ipoh, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Gunong Rapat, Ipoh, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Buntong, Ipoh, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Tambun, Ipoh, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Menglembu Regrouping Area, Ipoh, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Lahat, Ipoh, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Gopeng, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Malim Nawar, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Tanjong Tuallang, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Changkat Tin, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Ayer Papan, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Tronoh, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Pusing, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Siputeh, Ipoh, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Menglembu, Jalan Lahat, Ipoh, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Bercham, Ipoh, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Greentown, Ipoh, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Kampar, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Teluk Intan, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Slim River, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Changkat, Batu Gajah, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Batu Gujah, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Sri Guru Singh Sabha, Gopeng, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Malay States Guide, Taiping, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Police, Ipoh, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Tanjong Malim, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Bidor, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Tapah, Perak
**Gurdwara Sahib Tronoh Mines, Kampar, Perak
*Perlis
**Gurdwara Sahib Kangar, Perlis
*Sabah
**Gurdwara Sahib Singh Sabha, Lahad Datu, Sabah
**Gurdwara Sahib Tawau, Sabah
**Gurdwara Sahib Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
**Gurdwara Sahib Sandakan, Sabah
*Sarawak
**Gurdwara Sahib Kuching, Sarawak
**Gurdwara Sahib Sibu, Sarawak
**Gurdwara Sahib Bau, Sarawak ''(closed in 1950s)''<ref>{{cite web|title=Gurudwara Sahib Bau, Sarawak|url=https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/gurudwaras/gurudwaras-in-malaysia/gurudwara-sahib-bau-sarawak/ |language=en|work=All About Sikhs |accessdate=12 April 2023}}</ref>
**Gurdwara Sahib Miri, Sarawak
*Selangor
** Gurdwara Sahib Puchong, Selangor
**[[Gurdwara Sahib Klang]]
**Gurdwara Sahib Kalumpang, Selangor
**Gurdwara Sahib Kuala Kubu Baru, Selangor
**Gurdwara Sahib Berjuntai Tin, Selangor
**Gurdwara Sahib Klang, Selangor
**Gurdwara Sahib Shah Alam, Selangor
**Gurdwara Sahib Lembah Jaya, Ampang, Selangor
**Gurdwara Sahib Kajang, Selangor
**Gurdwara Sahib Batu Arang, Selangor
**Gurdwara Sahib Ampang, Selangor
**Gurdwara Sahib Guru Ram Das, Banting, Selangor
**Gurdwara Sahib Bukit Beruntung, Selangor
** Gurdwara Sahib Petaling Jaya
** Gurdwara Sahib Rawang
** Gurdwara Sahib Bandar Sunway
** Gurdwara Sahib Nanaksar, Serendah

==Controversy==
{{anchor|persecution}}
{{main | Human rights in Malaysia | label 1 = Human rights in Malaysia | Racism in Malaysia | label 2 = Racism in Malaysia | Bumiputera (Malaysia) | label 3 = Bumiputera laws}}
In 2017, a teaching module published by a leading Malaysian university ([[Universiti Teknologi Malaysia]], UTM) depicted Hindus in India as unclean and dirty in a slide. Another slide aimed at teaching the origins of Sikhism claimed that founder [[Guru Nanak]] had a poor understanding of [[Islam]] and had combined it with his surrounding Hindu lifestyle in forming the early foundation of the Sikh faith. A police report was lodged by the chairman of the [[Hindu Dharma Association of Malaysia]] in Sungai Petani district against UTM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/malaysia-varsitys-module-depicts-hindus-in-india-as-unclean-sparks-row/|title = Malaysia varsity's module depicts Hindus in India as unclean, sparks row|date = 14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.malaymail.com/s/1140889/deputy-minister-intervenes-over-utm-slides-on-dirty-hindus|title = Deputy minister intervenes over UTM slides on 'dirty' Hindus | Malay Mail}}</ref> Malaysia's Minister of Health, Deputy Minister of Education and others had condemned this incident. Due to these condemnations, UTM was forced to apologize.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.indiatimes.com/news/india/malaysian-university-publishes-a-paper-calling-hindus-in-india-unclean-forced-to-apologise-257714.html|title=Malaysian University Publishes a Paper Calling Hindus in India 'Unclean' Forced to Apologise!}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jainism in Southeast Asia]]
* [[Hinduism in Southeast Asia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.snsm.org.my/ Pertubuhan Belia Sikh Malaysia ]- Sikh Naujawan Sabha Malaysia

{{Asia topic|Sikhism in}}
{{Sikhism}}

[[Category:Sikhism in Malaysia| ]]